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Res. 00128-2018 Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Sección VI · Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Sección VI · 24/10/2018
OutcomeResultado
The Court dismisses the claim in its entirety, upholds the CGR's defense of lack of passive standing as to withdrawal from the forestry regime, and the State's and SINAC's defenses of lack of right; denies the nullity of the CGR reports and the compensation claims, while urging the administration to complete the environmental adjustment of the Management Plan.El Tribunal rechaza la demanda en todos sus extremos, acoge la defensa de falta de legitimación pasiva de la CGR respecto al retiro del régimen forestal y las de falta de derecho del Estado y SINAC; declara sin lugar la nulidad de los informes de la CGR y las pretensiones indemnizatorias, instando a la administración a completar el ajuste ambiental del Plan de Manejo.
SummaryResumen
The Contentious-Administrative Tribunal (Section VI) dismisses the lawsuit filed by private landowners within the Gandoca-Manzanillo National Wildlife Refuge (RNVS-GM) against the Comptroller General (CGR), the State, and SINAC. The plaintiffs challenged the validity of CGR reports (DFOE-AE-IF-03-2011 and DFOE-AE-IF-05-2011) ordering the suspension of environmental permits and construction licenses until the Zoning Regulation and Management Plan were adjusted to incorporate the environmental variable, delimit State Natural Heritage (PNE), and protect forest and wetland ecosystems. The court upholds the CGR's actions as valid, reasonable, and necessary under the precautionary principle and the environmental function of property. It rejects the claim that landowners may voluntarily withdraw from the forestry regime, holding that once incorporated into the mixed-nature refuge, a property constitutes a functional environmental unit from which unilateral withdrawal is impermissible. The court notes concern over prolonged delays in implementing the required adjustments and urges authorities to complete them to enable processing of private owners’ applications.La Sección VI del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo rechaza la demanda de propietarios privados del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo (RNVS-GM) contra la Contraloría General de la República (CGR), el Estado y el SINAC. Los demandantes cuestionaban la validez de informes de la CGR (DFOE-AE-IF-03-2011 y DFOE-AE-IF-05-2011) que ordenaban abstenerse de otorgar viabilidades ambientales y permisos de construcción en el refugio hasta ajustar el Reglamento de Zonificación y el Plan de Manejo para incluir la variable ambiental, delimitar el Patrimonio Natural del Estado (PNE) y proteger ecosistemas boscosos y humedales. El Tribunal declara sin lugar la nulidad solicitada y las pretensiones indemnizatorias por daño material y perjuicios, al considerar que las disposiciones de la CGR son válidas, razonables y necesarias para tutelar el ambiente, en aplicación del principio precautorio y la función ambiental de la propiedad. Desestima la alegación de voluntariedad para retirarse del régimen forestal, al entender que una vez incorporada una propiedad al diseño de un RNVS mixto, no puede retirarse por constituir una unidad funcional ambiental. Advierte, no obstante, sobre la dilación en el cumplimiento del ajuste ordenado y exhorta a las autoridades a culminarlo para reactivar los trámites de propietarios privados.
Key excerptExtracto clave
From this standpoint, this Tribunal shares the CGR's considerations regarding the necessary inclusion of the environmental variable in Zoning Regulations for areas that, as in this case being a mixed-ownership RNVS where public and private lands converge, impact the environment—an assessment that must be carried out in any development presenting a risk of environmental impact. (...) However, this Tribunal notes that to date, the CGR's provision regarding the adjustment of the Management Plan to environmental assessment instruments has not been effectively implemented. (...) it is necessary to urge the competent administrative units, within the strictest legal possibilities, to adopt and implement the necessary measures in the shortest possible time to ensure the inclusion of the environmental diagnosis in the RNVS-GM Management Plan, so that processing of construction permit applications for private land within the refuge area may be reactivated as soon as possible. Yet this does not justify admitting the claim to lift the measures ordered by the CGR regarding such applications, given the primacy of environmental protection derived from the precautionary principle that governs this field.Desde esa óptica, comparte este Tribunal las consideraciones de la CGR en cuanto a la necesaria ponderación de la variable ambiental dentro de los Reglamentos de Zonificación de áreas que, como en este caso, por tratarse de un RNVS de naturaleza mixta, en la que convergen propiedades de naturaleza demanial y privada, impactan en el medio ambiente, diagnóstico que de por sí, ha de realizarse en todo desarrollo que presente riesgo de impacto ambiental. (…) Con todo, observa este Tribunal que a la fecha, no se ha concretado efectivamente la disposición de la CGR en cuanto al ajuste del Plan de Manejo a los instrumentos de ponderación de la variable ambiental. (…) es necesario instar a las unidades administrativas competentes para que dentro de las posibilidades legales de rigor, se adopten y concreten en el menor plazo posible las medidas necesarias para satisfacer la inclusión del diagnóstico ambiental en el Plan de Manejo del RNVS-GM, de suerte que se puedan reactivar, cuando sea posible, los trámites de solicitudes de permisos de construcción respecto de los terrenos privados situados dentro del área de ese refugio. Empero, esa condición no permite admitir el reclamo formulado para que se levanten esas medidas dispuestas por la CGR en cuanto a ese tipo de solicitudes, dada la prevalencia de la tutela al ambiente como derivación del principio precautorio que se impone en este campo.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"En ese sentido, tratándose de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, dentro de estas, las que se encuentren integradas por propiedad pública y privada (mixtas), es necesario satisfacer esos diagnósticos ambientales, en la medida en que el régimen de uso de los bienes de titularidad privada deben ser congruentes con los fines de creación y de protección del área y un uso congruente con el desarrollo sostenible, sea, en armonía con el medio ambiente."
"In this sense, regarding Protected Wild Areas, particularly those comprising both public and private property (mixed), it is necessary to satisfy these environmental assessments, insofar as the use regime of privately owned lands must be consistent with the purposes of the area's creation and protection and a use in line with sustainable development, that is, in harmony with the environment."
Considerando VIII
"En ese sentido, tratándose de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, dentro de estas, las que se encuentren integradas por propiedad pública y privada (mixtas), es necesario satisfacer esos diagnósticos ambientales, en la medida en que el régimen de uso de los bienes de titularidad privada deben ser congruentes con los fines de creación y de protección del área y un uso congruente con el desarrollo sostenible, sea, en armonía con el medio ambiente."
Considerando VIII
"Esa porción de tierra se ha considerado parte de una sola unidad funcional ambiental y ecológica, por tanto, componente esencial de un ecosistema que busca ser protegido y conservado como ratio misma de la constitución del Área Silvestre Protegida, en esa categoría."
"That portion of land has been considered part of a single environmental and ecological functional unit, therefore an essential component of an ecosystem that seeks to be protected and conserved as the very rationale for the constitution of the Protected Wild Area in that category."
Considerando XI
"Esa porción de tierra se ha considerado parte de una sola unidad funcional ambiental y ecológica, por tanto, componente esencial de un ecosistema que busca ser protegido y conservado como ratio misma de la constitución del Área Silvestre Protegida, en esa categoría."
Considerando XI
"La materia ambiental impone limitaciones legítimas al ejercicio del derecho de edificación, componente del derecho de dominio (art. 264 Código Civil), lo que impone que las actividades edilicias, y con mayor razón, en este tipo de áreas protegidas, armonice con el principio de desarrollo sostenible y la función ambiental de la propiedad que da sustento a esas limitaciones."
"Environmental law imposes legitimate limitations on the right to build, a component of the right of ownership (Art. 264 Civil Code), which requires that construction activities, especially in this type of protected area, must be in harmony with the principle of sustainable development and the environmental function of property that underpins those limitations."
Considerando X
"La materia ambiental impone limitaciones legítimas al ejercicio del derecho de edificación, componente del derecho de dominio (art. 264 Código Civil), lo que impone que las actividades edilicias, y con mayor razón, en este tipo de áreas protegidas, armonice con el principio de desarrollo sostenible y la función ambiental de la propiedad que da sustento a esas limitaciones."
Considerando X
Full documentDocumento completo
VI.The first objection raised by the petitioners (accionantes) concerns a challenge to the CGR's authority to issue reports containing binding provisions on environmental matters. In the view of this Tribunal, the principle of protection of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment (derecho al ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado), as established in Article 50 of the Constitution (Carta Magna), in turn establishes the duty of the State, broadly understood, to undertake the necessary actions to give effect to that constitutional mandate. In the present case, the CGR contends that its actions are directed toward the protection of that environmental right, insofar as national wildlife refuges (refugios de vida silvestre) form part of the Natural Heritage of the State (Patrimonio Natural del Estado). In this regard, it should be noted that domestic legislation is replete with provisions aimed at protecting the environment.
Among these, Article 1 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (No. 7554 del 13 de noviembre de 1995) establishes the duty of the State to defend and preserve the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, in pursuit of the greatest well-being for the inhabitants of the Nation. In the same vein, Article 1 of the currently applicable Ley Forestal (No. 7575 del 16 de abril de 1996) provides: "This law establishes, as an essential and primary function of the State, the duty to ensure the conservation, protection, and management of natural forests, as well as the production, use, industrialization, and promotion of the country's forest resources allocated for that purpose, in accordance with the principle of adequate and sustainable use of renewable natural resources. (...)." Given its particular relevance to these proceedings, in light of the debate concerning various aspects of a national wildlife refuge (RNVS-GM), it is essential to refer to the regulatory definition of protected wildlife areas (áreas silvestres protegidas), a category to which a RVS belongs.
Along these lines, Article 32 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (No. 7554) provides: "Article 32. Classification of protected wildlife areas. The Executive Branch, through the Ministry of Environment and Energy, may establish protected wildlife areas in any of the management categories established, including those listed below: a) Forest reserves. b) Protected zones. c) National parks. d) Biological reserves. e) National wildlife refuges. f) Wetlands. g) Natural monuments. These management categories, and any that may be created in the future, shall be administered by the Ministry of Environment and Energy, except for those established in article 33 of this law. Municipalities must cooperate in the preservation of these areas." Insofar as the RVS-GM possesses or includes areas that constitute Natural Heritage of the State, a special duty of protection arises, derived from the objectives set forth in Article 35 of the same law, among which the following are listed: "a) To conserve natural environments representative of the different biogeographic regions and the most fragile ecosystems, in order to ensure the balance and continuity of evolutionary and ecological processes. b) To safeguard the genetic diversity of wild species upon which evolutionary continuity depends, particularly endemic, threatened, or endangered species. c) To ensure the sustainable use of ecosystems and their components, promoting the active participation of neighboring communities. d) To promote scientific research, the study of ecosystems and their balance, as well as the knowledge and technologies that enable the sustainable use and conservation of the country's natural resources. e) To protect and improve aquifer zones (zonas acuíferas) and watersheds (cuencas hidrográficas), in order to reduce and prevent the negative impact that may result from their mismanagement. f) To protect the natural and scenic surroundings of historical and architectural sites and centers, national monuments, archaeological sites, and places of historical and artistic interest that are important to the national culture and identity." On this point, the Sala Constitucional itself has affirmed the duty to protect the PNE, as noted, among other decisions, in voto No. 21258-2010 de las 14 horas del 22 de diciembre del 2010.
This duty of protection requires that, in cases such as the present one—where the area established as a RNVS is of a mixed nature—the areas falling within the public domain (dominio público) and qualifying as Natural Heritage of the State be delimited with due precision, as distinct from those that are within the private domain (dominio privado). In line with the foregoing, as noted above, in report DFOE-AE-IF-03-2011, the CGR observed that the Reglamento de Zonificación of the RNVS-GM did not clearly delineate the areas corresponding to the public estate (demanio público) and private domain, while also failing to account for the restrictions applicable due to the presence of forested ecosystems (ecosistemas boscosos) or wetlands on properties titled in favor of private individuals located in Zone 1 Llanura Costera Cocles Manzanillo. In light of these regulations, this Tribunal finds no violation of the distribution of powers that would prohibit the CGR from conducting investigations and issuing reports containing provisions on environmental matters.
It is on a case-by-case basis that it must be assessed whether the involvement of the oversight body (instancia contralora) constitutes a substitution of the powers of the bodies comprising the Environmental Administration (Administración Ambiental), but as a general rule, the existence of specialized units in that field does not restrict the oversight that the comptroller's office may exercise over it.
VII.Regarding the regulations governing the lands that comprise protected wildlife areas, the Regulations to the Biodiversity Law (Reglamento a la Ley de Biodiversidad) defines them as follows in article 3, subsection a): "A defined geographical area, officially declared and designated with a management category by virtue of its natural, cultural, and/or socioeconomic importance, established to meet specific conservation and management objectives." It has already been established that, pursuant to article 32 of the LOA, read in conjunction with the Biodiversity Law, No. 7788, and its implementing regulation, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 34433, the latter norm, in its Article 70, establishes that protected wildlife areas are: a) Forest reserves. b) Protected zones. c) National parks. d) Biological reserves. e) National wildlife refuges. f) Wetlands. g) Natural monuments. h) Marine reserves. i) Marine Management Areas. In the same vein, it establishes the types of RVS as follows:
"Article 70.—Management categories of ASP. For the purpose of classifying the various management categories of protected wildlife areas, the following technical criteria are established for each:
e.1) State-owned refuges. These are refuges in which the areas declared as such belong entirely to the State and are within the public domain. Their administration shall belong exclusively to SINAC. Their main objectives are: the conservation, research, and management of wild flora and fauna, particularly those species officially declared by the country to be endangered or to have reduced populations, as well as migratory and endemic species. Because these constitute Natural Heritage of the State, only research, training, and ecotourism activities may be carried out.
e.2) Privately owned refuges. These are refuges in which the areas declared as such belong entirely to private individuals. Their administration shall be the responsibility of the property owners and shall be supervised by SINAC. Their main objectives are: the conservation, research, and management of wild flora and fauna, particularly those species officially declared by the country to be endangered or to have reduced populations, as well as migratory and endemic species. On the lands of privately owned refuges, only productive activities may be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Reglamento de la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 32633-MINAE, del 10 de marzo del 2005, publicado en La Gaceta Nº 180 del 20 de setiembre del 2005.
e.3) Mixed-ownership refuges. These are refuges in which the areas declared as such belong in part to the State and in part to private individuals. Their main objectives are: the conservation, research, and management of wild flora and fauna, particularly those species officially declared by the country to be endangered or to have reduced populations, as well as migratory and endemic species. Their administration shall be shared between private owners and SINAC, such that on lands owned by the State only those activities previously indicated for state-owned refuges under subsection i) may be carried out, while on privately owned lands those activities set out for privately owned refuges under subsection ii) may be conducted, subject to the respective criteria and requirements." With respect to the present case, as noted, the RVS-GM was created by Decreto No. 16614, in force since el 29 de octubre de 1985, ratified by Decreto Ejecutivo No. 34043 del 11 de noviembre de 2007.
Articles 4 and 7 of Decreto 16614 require the issuance of a management plan (plan de manejo) as follows: "Article 4.—To carry out within the Refuge a forest harvesting plan (plan de aprovechamiento forestal), a reforestation project, or a proposed land-use change (cambio de uso al suelo), a management plan must be prepared and must receive the approval of the Dirección General Forestal." In the same vein, Article 7 of the same decree provided: "Article 7.—The Dirección General Forestal, through the Departamento de Vida Silvestre and the Dirección General de Recursos Pesqueros y Acuacultura, shall prepare a management plan for the use of marine resources, their products and by-products. Both divisions of the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería shall coordinate with the community development associations (asociaciones de desarrollo comunal) of neighboring localities on activities related to the resources mentioned in this article." As can be inferred from the recitals (parte considerativa) of that decree, the reason for its creation lies in the existence within the Talamanca area of resources such as mangroves (manglares), swamps (pantanos), forests, and reefs of unique value, as well as the only stand of yolillo and orey in the country, and the presence of endangered species such as the manatee, crocodile, caiman, tapir (danta), and various species of monkeys and felines.
The decree likewise refers to the existence along the coastal strip (franja litoral) of the only natural bed of mangrove oyster (ostión de magle), one of the few breeding grounds (criaderos) for tarpon (sábalo), and unique resident populations of lobster. However, considerando 5 of that decree also acknowledges that the area has beaches of great tourist potential under a regulated management regime. As a consequence of what is set out in Articles 4 and 7 just referenced, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 34946-MINAET issued the Reglamento de Zonificación del RNVS-GM.
Precisely upon reviewing the content of that Regulation, the CGR drew a series of observations, on the grounds that such planning had not taken into account the delimitation and regulations applicable to the lands forming part of the PNE, given the presence of forest or wetland ecosystems (ecosistemas boscosos o de humedales) in properties titled in the name of private parties, in the Llanura Costera Cocles Manzanillo zone. In that regard, the CGR recounts that through official communication DFOE-AE-0452 del 03 de septiembre del 2013, the Environmental and Energy Services Oversight Division, with respect to the environmental variable (variable ambiental) in that zoning (zonificación), noted that it was necessary for SINAC to submit a new request to SETENA for the environmental clearance (viabilidad ambiental) of that regulation, prior to certifying compliance with provision b) of report No. DFOE-AE-IF-03-2011.
VIII.Regarding the need for that zoning regulation to satisfy the environmental variable in the terms established by the CGR, it should be noted—as was previously indicated—that through official communication No. DFOE-AE-0087 (2713) del 18 de febrero del 2015, the CGR made modifications to the provisions of report DFOE-AE-IF-03-2011, in view of the fact that through official communication DM-578-2014 del 11 de noviembre del 2014, the head of MINAE stated that the authority to issue management plans (planes de manejo) belonged to the Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (CONAC), and therefore was not within the powers of the Director of SINAC. Likewise, through official communication SG-143-2014-SETENA del 02 de julio del 2014, an agreement of the Plenary Commission corresponding to ordinary session No. 73-2014-SETENA del 01 de julio del 2014, Article 27, was forwarded, in which it is held that the environmental clearance is to be granted to the Management Plan (Plan de Manejo) and not to the Zoning Regulation.
Given this background, the CGR modified some of the provisions originally issued so as to require the Minister of Environment and Energy to "Review and issue the Management Plan of the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca Manzanillo, as submitted by the Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, pursuant to provision b) of this official communication. Notify the Contraloría General of the number of the Decreto Ejecutivo and of La Gaceta in which said Plan is published, within the two calendar months following receipt of the Plan submitted by the Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación." —condition a—. For its part, condition b) directed CONAC to "Adjust and approve the Management Plan of the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca Manzanillo, such that the zoning determined therein conforms to technical standards and legality, field technical studies, and observance of the provisions set forth in Articles 18 and 19 of Ley Nro. 7575, as well as fulfillment of the objectives for which the Refugio was created.
Submit the Management Plan to the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental for processing of the environmental clearance; no later than 18 de diciembre de 2015. Once environmental clearance is obtained, submit the Management Plan to the Minister of Environment and Energy for processing of its issuance, no later than 15 de abril de 2016. Send to the Contraloría General a copy of the official communication through which it submits the Management Plan to the Minister of Environment and Energy, no later than 22 de abril de 2016." Likewise, it issued two new provisions to the Plenary Commission of the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental: to establish parameters for permitting the environmental valuation (valoración ambiental) of management plans of Protected Wild Areas (Áreas Silvestres Protegidas) classified in the category to which the Management Plan of the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca Manzanillo belongs; and to rule on the environmental clearance of the Management Plan of the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca Manzanillo, as submitted by the Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación.
It is upon that configuration of provisions that the examination proposed by the parties is entered into. In that regard, pursuant to numeral 17 of the LOA, in connection with Article 1 of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 32967-MINAE, it is necessary that such planning include an environmental impact assessment (estudio de impacto ambiental) for the execution of projects or activities that, by their nature and content, entail the risk of altering or contaminating the environment, as well as the mandatory nature of said variable in all land-use planning (planificación de uso del suelo). Article 1 of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 32967 establishes in its opening paragraph: "Article 1.—Introduction of the environmental variable into Regulatory Plans or other Land-Use Planning. In all land-use planning developed in the country, including cantonal or local regulatory plans (planes reguladores), public or private, in which the development of activities, works, or projects that may generate effects on the environment is planned, the environmental variable must be integrated in accordance with the Procedure for the Introduction of the Environmental Variable into Regulatory Plans or other Land-Use Planning set forth in Anexo 1 of this decree.
Which is also made available to the public at the offices of the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental – SETENA and on the website of the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Comercio and of the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos. (...)".
Contrary to what the petitioners argue, this Tribunal considers that the literal wording of that provision does not support the position that this environmental variable is only subject to evaluation within regulatory plans, whether cantonal or local, public or private, to the exclusion of instruments such as Management Plans of Protected Wild Areas. Upon close examination, the grammatical reference to that type of regulatory plan serves only as an example of inclusion within the factual situation previously defined by the provision, which consists of all land-use planning. That is, it is not limited solely to regulatory plans, but extends to any programmatic land-use instrument that may impact the environment. In that regard, this Chamber shares the State's view that Management Plans of Protected Wild Areas are planning instruments that seek to guide the management of land use toward fulfillment of the objectives for which they were created, thereby seeking to orient land management decisions not only on state-owned land but also on private land.
From that angle of analysis, they are strategic mechanisms for the conservation and management of those areas, and therefore there is no normative reason to deny the requirement of an environmental assessment (diagnóstico ambiental) in that type of programming. As the State indicates, the fact that a zoning instrument encompasses both public and private areas—the latter through agreements with private parties concerning the conservation of their assets—does not lead to the conclusion that compliance with environmental regulations and the actions proper to due environmental stewardship need not be met, including, as in these cases, fulfillment of the conservation objectives that gave rise to the creation of ASP, as well as zoning strategies that include properties of a mixed nature.
Hence, given the content of Decreto 34946-MINAET (Reglamento de Zonificación del RNVS-GM), and the land-use regime that defines zones of residential, recreational-residential, tourist-hotel, special hotel, protection, camping, sports, parking, urban commercial, commercial, institutional, quarrying (tajos), and cultural heritage types (see Article 1), as well as the designation of recommended uses, conditionally recommended uses, prohibited uses, property dimensions, densities, and setbacks, it becomes necessary to define the harmony and balance of that land-use management program with the ecosystems sought to be protected in that area, given the need to compare the specific use against the general or cumulative impact on the refugio, arising from the presence of a coastal ecosystem that, on account of its fragility, has been the subject of protection efforts.
On this matter, with respect to the need for environmental impact evaluations (evaluaciones de incidencias ambientales) in the development of human activities—including zoning and land-use projects in environmentally relevant areas—in voto 1220-2002 del 06 de febrero del 2002, in which it analyzed an action of unconstitutionality (acción de inconstitucionalidad) filed against the Reglamento de Procedimientos de SETENA, Decreto 26228-MINAE, and other regulations, the Sala Constitucional stated, in the essential part:
"...It was already noted that the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente establishes in Article 17, as a development of what is provided in Article 50 of the Constitution, the obligation to have an environmental impact assessment in order to carry out activities or projects that by their nature may alter or contaminate the environment. As the Procuraduría correctly notes in its report, the environmental impact assessment is conceived by the legislature as a technical procedure that makes it possible to control a possible environmental alteration and the consequent harm to ecosystems. Without a doubt, this is a technical matter whose detailed regulation goes beyond the scope of the legislative process and may, as a matter of principle and within the existing legal framework, be regulated by the Executive Branch. The Ley Orgánica del Ambiente states clearly that '...Human activities that alter or destroy elements of the environment or generate waste, toxic or hazardous materials, shall require an environmental impact assessment established in this law...', which allows one to affirm, upon a correct reading, that no human activity that may alter or contaminate the environment can forego the aforementioned environmental impact assessment.
The formula devised by the Executive Branch to establish, prima facie, whether the human activity undertaken may alter or destroy the environment has been the submission of the form known as the 'Preliminary Environmental Assessment.' It is not then, as the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo maintains in its report, that the Executive Branch has absolute discretion to designate which projects must carry out the environmental impact assessment, since by virtue of the Constitution itself (Art. 50) and the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, as a general principle, every human activity that modifies the surroundings 'shall require' the said assessment. It is therefore the condition of the project or work that will determine, on a case-by-case basis, whether or not an environmental impact assessment is required, and not the establishment of arbitrary conditions through regulatory means. The regulation should only establish the manner in which the conditions of the project will be ascertained, and that is what will determine the appropriateness or inappropriateness of the environmental impact assessment.
This means that the defense and preservation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, as conceptualized in Article 50 of the Constitution, is the fundamental right of every person and functions as an unavoidable general principle, so that in this area it is not possible to make generic exceptions (in urban planning matters and other topics addressed by Articles 19 and 20) to exempt compliance with environmental obligations, as doing so runs the risk of stripping the constitutional guarantee of a state response in defense of the environment of its constitutional status.
In light of the foregoing, the mechanism used by the Executive Decree to determine a priori which activities or works are exempt from environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental), based on the size of the project, the existence of land-use plans (planes reguladores), the number of persons involved in the operation or activity, the number of rooms, the project classification (social interest), or land use (uso del suelo), evidences an excess in the exercise of regulatory power (potestad reglamentaria) that goes beyond the referral to Article 17 of the Organic Environment Law (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, LOA) and that empties of content the right of inhabitants to have the Public Authorities exercise direct environmental control—not through delegation to environmental technical supervisors (regencias)—in the application of the protective legislation. This is not to say that the Executive Branch cannot, by regulatory means, determine, on the basis of precise technical studies, that a given activity or project does not require environmental impact studies; but such a determination presupposes that it be duly reasoned and justified.
It must be borne in mind that in cases where an exception is made to a control of superior (constitutional) rank, the reasonableness and proportionality of the exceptional circumstance will be subject to judicial review, whether through ordinary legal proceedings or constitutional review (control de constitucionalidad). As regards the general framework conceived by the derived Constituent Power (Constituyente derivado), however, a blanket exception whose only justification or basis is the existence of the very rule that so declares it is inadmissible.(…)" Viewed in this light, this Tribunal shares the CGR's considerations regarding the necessary assessment of the environmental variable within Zoning Regulations (Reglamentos de Zonificación) for areas that, as in this case—because they constitute a National Wildlife Refuge (Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre, RNVS) of a mixed nature in which state-owned, public-domain (demanial) and private properties converge—have an impact on the environment; this diagnosis, in and of itself, must be conducted in every development that presents a risk of environmental impact.
On closer inspection, Article 17 of the LOA and Article 1 of Decreto 32967 do not constitute an exhaustive list of planning instruments that must necessarily include an environmental impact assessment. As the Constitutional Court (Tribunal Constitucional) indicated in the ruling just cited, the EIA is a technical procedure that makes it possible to monitor a potential environmental alteration with the consequent impact on ecosystems; consequently, an understanding of its utility and purpose would not support treating the references set out in those rules as exhaustive or comprehensive (taxatividad o exhaustividad). On the contrary, an analysis of the regulatory scenarios set forth in Decreto No. 32967-MINAE shows that all land-use planning (planificación de uso del suelo) must include such environmental measurement, regardless of the type of property involved, which supports the conclusion that territorial planning (planificación territorial) to be implemented within a protected wilderness area (área silvestre protegida, ASP) requires that this variable be assessed.
This holds true regardless of whether a Zoning Regulation of an RNVS or a protected wilderness area may not, at the outset, form part of a land-use plan (plan regulador). On this point, it is worth highlighting what was stated by the CGR's Environmental Services Oversight Division in memorandum DFOE-AE-0452, to the effect that the mere fact that the Guide for the Formulation of Management Plans for Protected Wilderness Areas and the Procedural Manual for the Publication of Management Plans for SINAC's Protected Wilderness Areas does not establish the procedure or the requirement for environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) does not nullify the obligation to carry it out, given the primacy of superior rules such as Article 50 of the Constitution (Carta Magna), Article 17 of the LOA, and Article 1 of Executive Decree No. 32967-MINAE. Likewise, the need for that environmental diagnosis (diagnóstico ambiental) not only in the Zoning Regulation of the RNVS-GM but also in the management plan for that sector was noted by SETENA.
Indeed, in the course of follow-up actions to monitor compliance with the CGR's directives, SETENA memorandum SG-DEAE-267-2013 of June 7, 2013, addressed to the Executive Directorate of SINAC, states, in the relevant part:
"…By virtue of your memorandum SINAC-DE-912, in which you specifically request that we evaluate the document 'Zoning Regulation of the Gandoca-Manzanillo National Wildlife Refuge (Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo),' with a view to this Secretariat granting environmental viability thereto, I must inform you of the following: The minimum contents established in said decree include the environmental assessment studies known as environmental fragility indices (índices de fragibilidad ambiental, IFAs), which are not provided in the documentation you submitted; likewise, the environmental scope analysis (análisis de alcance ambiental, AAA), in which the proposed zoning is evaluated, is also not included in the submitted documentation. Finally, the so-called sustainable development regulation (reglamento de desarrollo sostenible, RDS) has not been included in the documentation submitted for evaluation.
What you have provided—as you correctly state in your memorandum—is the Zoning Regulation of the Gandoca Manzanillo National Wildlife Refuge, which is not subject to evaluation by this Secretariat in the terms prescribed by the aforementioned decree, that is, evaluation of IFAs, AAA, and RDS. Under these circumstances, the submitted document does not comply with the provisions of Decreto No. 32964-MINAE, and it is therefore not appropriate to grant environmental viability; accordingly, it would not be possible to respond affirmatively to the explicit request to make an exception in order to grant environmental viability to the regulation in question, precisely because what has been submitted does not conform to the provisions of Decreto No. 3296-7MINAE." (Image 146, folder 1, CD evidence) This was subsequently reiterated in memorandum DEAE-247-2014 of June 30, 2014, in which SETENA informed the Plenary Commission (Comisión Plenaria) that, pursuant to CGR memorandum DFOE-SD-1285 (previous item), through memorandum SG-DEAE-267-2013, SINAC had been notified that the environmental diagnosis included the IFAs, AAA, and RDS, none of which had been submitted.
This position was endorsed by the Plenary Commission through agreement ACP-08-14 of July 1, 2014. (Images 191–193, folder 1, CD evidence) Viewed from this angle, the requirement set out in item b) of CGR memorandum DFOE-AE-0087 of February 18, 2015 (2713), which directed the National Conservation Areas Council (Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, CONAC):
"b) To the National Conservation Areas Council: Adjust and approve the Management Plan (Plan de Manejo) of the Gandoca Manzanillo National Wildlife Refuge, so that the zoning determined therein is consistent with technical standards and legality, field technical studies, and the provisions of Articles 18 and 19 of Ley Nro. 7575, as well as the purposes for which the Refuge was established. Submit the Management Plan to the National Technical Environmental Secretariat for processing of environmental viability; this must be done no later than December 18, 2015. Once environmental viability has been obtained, submit the Management Plan to the Minister of Environment and Energy for processing of its issuance, no later than April 15, 2016. Submit to the Contraloría General a copy of the memorandum through which the Management Plan is sent to the Minister of Environment and Energy, no later than April 22, 2016." —does not display the flaws alleged by the petitioners, namely that the issuance of the aforementioned Zoning Regulation does not require compliance with the environmental variable assessment.
In the view of this Tribunal, in the case of Protected Wilderness Areas—including those composed of both public and private property (mixed)—those environmental diagnoses must be satisfied, inasmuch as the regime governing the use of privately owned property must be consistent with the purposes of the area's establishment and protection, as well as with a use consonant with sustainable development, that is, in harmony with the environment. Such considerations therefore require that the proposed land-use regime within the respective management plan for the zone be assessed.
As appears in the record, the Plenary Commission of SETENA, in the agreement adopted under item 10 of ordinary session No. 070-2015-SETENA of May 26, 2015, agreement number ACP-55-15, taking into account the modifications made to memorandum DFOE-AE-IF-03-2011 as amended by CGR memorandum DFOE-AE-0087 of February 18, 2015 (2713), determined that environmental viability assessment was not required for management plans of Protected Wilderness Areas, given that no such scenario is expressly contemplated under an analysis of Decreto No. 32967. (Images 223–228, folder 1, CD evidence) However, subsequently, in the agreement adopted under item 2 of ordinary session No. 0127-2015-SETENA of September 10, 2015, agreement number ACP-119-15, and while noting that it maintained the position expressed in agreement number ACP-55-15 mentioned ut supra, and in compliance with the CGR's directives, it issued that decision solely for the case of the RNVS-GM.
In that regard, it agreed to approve the proposed terms of reference (términos de referencia) for the incorporation of the environmental variable into the RNVS-GM Management Plan, mixed category, as set out in memorandum DEAE-288-2015 by geographer Nuria Chavarría; as a result, it directed SINAC to proceed with requesting the opening of the respective administrative file (expediente administrativo) at SETENA, for the purpose of processing the Environmental Assessment of the aforementioned Management Plan. (Images 232–234, folder 1, CD evidence) From the foregoing it follows that the review and adjustment of the RNVS-GM Management Plan has SETENA's endorsement for the granting of environmental viability. That said, it is necessary to reiterate that this Chamber shares the position stated by the CGR regarding the challenged conduct, to the effect that the interplay of the rules cited above both permits and requires that such planning instruments likewise include an analysis of environmental feasibility (factibilidad ambiental), given that these instruments—by permitting or potentially enabling activities that will have an impact on the environment that the creation of a Protected Wilderness Area, in this case of a mixed nature, seeks to protect—must include such a diagnosis in order to evaluate their harmony and consistency with the environment and with the purpose pursued in establishing the ASP.
On this particular point, it should be noted that through a submission dated October 9, 2018, the State informed the Tribunal that, pursuant to Plenary Commission of SETENA agreement No. CCP-185-2017, adopted under item 09 of ordinary session 121-2017 of September 27, 2017, with respect to item e) of Report DFOE-AE-IF-03-2011—which requires a ruling on the environmental viability of the RNVS-GM Management Plan—that analysis has not been completed because it remains in progress; moreover, given the constitutional challenge (acción de inconstitucionalidad) pending against Ley No.- 9223, which establishes the new boundaries and areas of the RNVS-GM (case file 14-019174-0007-CO), no final decision can be issued until that challenge is resolved. This circumstance will be addressed below.
IX.On the Subject Matter of Report DFOE-AE-IF-03-2011. The petitioners challenge the content of the report in question on the grounds that it is partial and limited, inasmuch as it considered only one zone of the refuge, and they consider it illegitimate that the results of that analysis should be applied to their properties, since such application restricts the exercise of the right of ownership (derecho de dominio).
From the analysis of that official communication, it follows that the underlying study was conducted for the period from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2009, through a review of the administrative file (expediente administrativo) documentation pertaining to the Management Plan (Plan de Manejo) of the RNVS-GM and its zoning (zonificación), as well as related documentation, in accordance with the General Auditing Standards Manual for the Public Sector, No. M-2-2006-CO-DFOE. That report states that the review of that documentation established that the Reglamento de Zonificación issued by means of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 34946-MINAET of December 6, 2008, did not take into account the delimitation of, or the regulations applicable to, lands forming part of the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado, PNE), nor the restrictions arising from the presence of forest (ecosistemas boscosos) or wetland (humedal) ecosystems on titled real properties (bienes inmuebles titulados) belonging to private parties located in the area known as the "Llanura costera Cocles-Manzanillo." It further notes that official communication ACLAC-073-2011 from the Área de Conservación La Amistad Caribe stated that the zoning maps did not record the precise delimitation of the PNE, despite efforts having been undertaken to carry out a cadastral survey (levantamiento catastral) of the Refuge.
The report criticized the fact that: "...the land uses (usos de suelo) permitted by that Reglamento in the Llanura Costera Cocles Manzanillo apply equally to all parcels without distinguishing whether they constitute PNE, real properties with land-use restrictions currently held by private parties, or parcels with any other status. As a result, the aforementioned Llanura Costera, covering an area of 933.78 ha³, is subdivided into fifteen zones, namely: agricultural (104.73 ha); residential (56.06 ha); recreational-residential (78.52 ha); hotel-tourism (204.15 ha); and other categories designating recommended uses and conditional recommended uses that fall outside what is permitted on PNE lands, or that fail to specify restrictions associated with the presence of environmentally fragile ecosystems currently held by private parties." As a complement to that review of administrative files within that time range, the cited report specifies: "For the purpose of supplementing the analysis, this Contraloría General requested the cooperation of the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo ... and of the Instituto Nacional de Transferencia en Tecnología Agropecuaria ... to carry out a field sampling exercise on certain parcels located in the residential and hotel-tourism zones of the aforementioned Llanura Costera Cocles Manzanillo, in order to ascertain the respective biological, forestry, and edaphological (edafológicas) conditions and thereby document the state in which those parcels are found." After referring to the findings of the reports submitted by the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo and INTA, the report concluded that the cases described revealed the presence of parcels within the Llanura Costera Cocles Manzanillo exhibiting high levels of environmental fragility (fragilidad ambiental), which were nonetheless not being adequately protected; in some instances, notwithstanding the presence of forest or wetland areas, the parcels had been intervened to the point of being adversely affected, contrary to the conservation purposes underlying the creation of the Refuge.
From that standpoint, the references made to Zone 1 of the RNVS-GM in the analyses conducted by the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo and INTA are a complement to the documentary examination previously carried out by the CGR and did not, in any way, pertain exclusively to that zone. On the contrary, the content of that report reveals that, despite prior awareness of the existence of areas forming part of the PNE, those geographic areas had not been properly identified or delimited in the aforementioned Reglamento, as noted in official communication ACLAC-073-2011. Likewise, the report reveals that the use permitted under the Reglamento does not distinguish whether a parcel constitutes PNE or a parcel of another nature subject to restrictions. Both issues are determinative for the proper protection of the protected wilderness area (Área Silvestre Protegida), insofar as the land-use regime makes it possible to identify the activities permissible with a view to protecting the PNE and, correspondingly, the type of administrative restriction applicable to a given geographic area.
The contested act underscores the importance of that definition by stating: "With respect to the aforementioned Llanura costera Cocles-Manzanillo, this area is characterized as a narrow coastal plain less than one kilometer wide from Puerto Viejo to Punta Manzanillo...This zone is important as a buffer zone (área de amortiguamiento), as it controls sedimentation and contamination on the coral reefs located just meters from the beach, which could (sic) be adversely affected by erosion from the hillsides to the south of the sector; furthermore, hydrological studies identify this area as containing the most important aquifer (acuífero) in the region...". Moreover, based on the reports of the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo and INTA, it is apparent that the parcels in the sample area exhibit conditions of high environmental fragility, lack adequate protection, and—notwithstanding the presence of forest or wetland—have been intervened to the point of being adversely affected, which, it bears repeating, is contrary to the conservation purpose that justified the creation of the Refuge in question.
It was precisely on the basis of those considerations that report DFOE-03-2011, in the provisions section under subsection c), established the following: "c) To the Plenary Commission of SETENA: Refrain from granting environmental viabilities (viabilidades ambientales) within the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo until the Reglamento de Zonificación has been officially approved in accordance with the revisions and adjustments noted above. Forward to this Contraloría General a copy of the resolution of the Plenary Commission containing the relevant instructions, no later than July 30, 2011." It is clear that the absence of an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) in the Management Plan issued for the RNVS-GM entails, as a direct consequence, the impossibility of granting environmental viabilities for specific parcels or sectors located within that protected wilderness area, given that the latter must be regarded as a single environmental protection unit by virtue of the unified conservation purpose conferred upon it at its creation.
The analysis of those specific environmental viabilities is therefore contingent upon both the Management Plan and the Reglamento de Zonificación. On this point, as the CGR's representative notes, this Court had already ruled in case file No. 11-4480-1027-CA, which was an ordinary proceeding brought by the company known as Palma Verde Socratea S.A. against the State, in which the plaintiff sought a declaration of nullity of resolution DEA-1984-2011, which had ordered the suspension of the environmental viability application process for development works on a property owned by the plaintiff located within the RNVS-GM, on the grounds that the suspension of the environmental assessment process was unlawful and that the Contraloría report on which SETENA had based the suspension—the same report being analyzed in this proceeding—had been issued nearly three years prior (at that point in time), after which several environmental licenses (licencias ambientales) had been granted.
In judgment No. 248-2012-VI of 16:00 hours on November 2, 2012, this Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, Sección VI, ruled in the relevant part as follows: "... In light of the foregoing, it is determined that the grounds invoked by the defendant in the challenged act are real and well-founded; that there is no failure to apply the law, since within the legal framework alleged to have been violated, regulations are subordinate to statute pursuant to the invoked Article 129 of the Constitución Política; and that the Contraloría report ordering the suspension, which is the ground invoked in the challenged act, does set forth—both legally and technically—the reasons why the regulation is considered to fail to comply with Article 17 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, that the forest zones and wetland zones are not adequately protected, and that the State Natural Heritage has not been delimited; such that, by virtue of Articles 7 and 50 of the Constitución Política, the State, by accepting the suspension order issued by the Contraloría, is complying with both its constitutional obligations and those derived from statutes and international treaties on environmental protection—that is, it is taking a protective measure to safeguard the environment, keep it healthy and ecologically balanced, and giving effect to the precautionary principle (principio precautorio), which, like all dimensions of environmental law, constitutes a cross-cutting principle applicable to all public functions, which must respond both legally and technically to protect the environment and must be present at all times in the factual and legal considerations that inform its actions.(...)".
Although that judgment did not proceed to analyze the validity of the CGR report, reference to it is necessary insofar as it demonstrates that the act in question reflects the technical grounds that led to the conclusion that Article 17 of the LOA had been disregarded due to the insufficient protection of forest zones and wetlands and the failure to delimit the PNE—grounds that justified the suspension of the proceedings ordered in that file. Again, if it was determined that an environmental diagnosis (diagnóstico ambiental) was necessary for the Management Plan, such that the Reglamento de Zonificación, in the absence of that requirement, exhibited that irregularity, it is clear that the authorizations of types of use or the granting of building authorization titles (títulos de habilitación edilicia—construction licenses), insofar as they depend on that planning, must be suspended until the environmental variable has been brought into compliance as described.
In light of that logical connection, it was decided to order SETENA to refrain from granting environmental viabilities, and the Municipalidad de Talamanca to similarly refrain from granting construction permits (permisos de construcción), until the Management Plan was adjusted with respect to the aforementioned matter.
X.Regarding construction permits, by means of official communication DFOE-AE-0159 (4811) of June 24, 2011, the Environmental and Energy Services Division of the Operational and Evaluative Oversight Division of the CGR communicated to the Municipalidad de Talamanca "Report No. DFOE-AE-IF-05-2011 containing the results of the study on certain land-use permits granted by the Municipalidad de Talamanca on lands within the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo." In that act, the following is set forth in the relevant part regarding the results of the study of certain cases in which the Municipalidad de Talamanca granted precarious land-use permits (permisos de uso de suelo en forma precaria) and construction permits for buildings erected on parcels located within the boundaries of the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo, during the period from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2009.
Regarding the results, the report states: "1- It was determined that the Concejo Municipal de Talamanca granted precarious land-use permits on three parcels of State Natural Heritage (PNE) located within the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone (Zona Marítimo Terrestre, ZMT) of the Refugio Gandoca-Manzanillo, which are legally void, given that all were granted under the authority of Law No. 6043, Ley sobre Zona Marítimo Terrestre, which does not apply within that Refuge pursuant to Article 73 of that same statute. Furthermore, the Municipalidad granted those permits without having the legal standing (legitimación) to do so, since administrative authority over that Refuge is vested in the Ministerio del Ambiente, Energía y Telecomunicaciones (MINAET) through SINAC. ..."
It determined that the Local Council (Concejo Local) lacked competence to grant land-use permits (permisos de uso de suelo) issued in regular session (sesión ordinaria) No. 27 of November 8, 2006, concerning the land described in cadastral plan (plano catastrado) L-658883-2000; a permit granted in regular session No. 41 of February 21, 2007, cadastral plan L-1155267-2007; and a use permit in special session (sesión extraordinaria) No. 76 of July 17, 2008, for the land under cadastral plan L-660211-2000. It noted that those cases are located within the area of the RNVS-GM, which overlaps with the boundaries originally occupied by the Bribri Indigenous Territory (territorio Indígena) of Kekoldi, established by Decreto Ejecutivo No. 7267 of August 9, 1977, whose boundaries were ratified by the Ley Indígena No. 6172 of November 29, 1977. In that report, the following directives were issued to the Municipal Council (Concejo Municipal) and to the Mayor (Alcalde Municipal) of Talamanca: "a) To the Municipal Council of Talamanca: i- Review the legality of the precarious land-use permits granted for lands within the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo, in order to take the legally appropriate actions, especially pursuant to Article 73 of the Ley sobre Zona Marítimo Terrestre Nro. 6043 and Article 32 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente Nro. 7554.
Inform this oversight body of the actions taken, by means of an official communication to be submitted no later than May 30, 2012. ii- Refrain henceforth from granting precarious use permits for lands within the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo. Submit to this Contraloría General, no later than July 30, 2011, a copy of the Municipal Council resolution adopting this measure. b) To the Mayor of Talamanca: i- Review the legality of the construction permits (permisos de construcción) granted for lands within the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo in order to assess the existence of possible nullities and to take the corresponding legally appropriate actions, respecting due process (debido proceso), in observance of technical and legal considerations, and especially pursuant to Article 32 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente Nro. 7554 and Article 58 of the Ley de Biodiversidad Nro. 7788.
Inform this oversight body by official communication of the actions taken, no later than August 31, 2012. ii- Refrain henceforth from granting construction permits for lands within the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo, until such time as the Zoning Regulation (Reglamento de Zonificación) revised by SINAC and MINAET is officially adopted, in accordance with what was requested by this oversight body in report DFOE-AE-IF-03-2011 of May 31, 2011. Submit to this Contraloría General, no later than July 30, 2011, a copy of the administrative resolution by which the pertinent instructions are issued. (...)". (Images 183-192 of the main file) Since the validity of item b) ii) of that official communication is being questioned — specifically the abstention from granting construction permits — it must be clarified that, given that this is a Wildlife Refuge (Refugio de Vida Silvestre) of a mixed category, which therefore involves both private and public properties, it is evident that the protection of the right to private property, enshrined in Article 45 of the Constitution (Carta Magna), requires that administrative restrictions (limitaciones administrativas) imposed on the substantive content of the right of ownership (derecho de dominio) be legitimate and rational.
Along these lines, the analysis of the environmental variable makes it possible to generate inputs and technical criteria that objectively justify the restrictions that prove necessary for a given geographic area or activity, while also serving as a tool that would lead to the elimination of excessive restrictions not grounded in technical references and assessments. In this regard, administrative restrictions share certain common limits, which include the following:
- They must be proportional to the administrative need they are meant to satisfy; - They must have some plausible justification and must genuinely respond to an administrative need; - It is required that they do not alter, disintegrate, or dismember the property; - They must be valid in their form, competence, purpose, and intent.
The foregoing implies the legal duty to tolerate administrative restrictions for reasons of public necessity and social interest. Nevertheless, it is clear that by virtue of a restriction of this nature, the practical effect cannot be to render the property dysfunctional — that is, to deny the proper exercise of the right of ownership with respect to its essential attributes — since in such a case there would be a de facto expropriation (expropiación de hecho), with the legal consequences this entails, namely, the duty to compensate the holder who has been deprived of that right.
In this case, by virtue of the principle of the environmental function of property (función ambiental de la propiedad), whose foundation rests on the interplay of Articles 45 and 50 of the Constitution, the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, and the Ley Forestal, even private properties located within protected wildlife areas (áreas silvestres protegidas) must satisfy the use regime in accordance with the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, in keeping with the postulate of sustainable development (desarrollo sostenible) and prior environmental assessment (evaluación ambiental). In that vein, for example, within the limits derived from the aforementioned environmental function, the exercise of any human activity that could potentially bring about an alteration to the environment requires an environmental assessment prior to the commencement of activities (Art. 17 LOA); furthermore, the land-use regime must be consistent with the management or land-use plans applicable to the geographic area, so as to protect the purpose for which the Protected Wildlife Area (Área Silvestre Protegida) was created (in this type of matter). Moreover, within that use regime, it is necessary to restrict activities that could potentially interrupt the natural cycles of ecosystems, such as intrusion into the natural regeneration cycles of forests or wetlands.
From this perspective, conditioning the granting of construction permits or the continuation of environmental impact study (estudio de impacto ambiental) processing procedures does not constitute an unreasonable imposition in the specific case, given that there must be harmony between the individual analysis of such procedures and the general framework represented by the Management Plan (Plan de Manejo). This is a derivation applicable to the case at hand of the preventive, precautionary, and in dubio pro natura principles that operate in this area of law, and of the clear protection and conservation of the protected zones at issue, pursuant to Articles 22 of the Ley de Biodiversidad No. 7788 and 42 of the LOA. It is clear that environmental law imposes legitimate restrictions on the exercise of the right to build — a component of the right of ownership (Art. 264 Civil Code) — which requires that building activities, and even more so in this type of protected area, be harmonized with the principle of sustainable development and the environmental function of property that underpins those restrictions. Therefore, in assessing whether or not to grant construction permits, it is necessary to have a Management Plan that conforms to the conditions of ecological harmony already discussed.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Tribunal observes that, to date, the CGR's directive regarding the adjustment of the Management Plan to environmental assessment instruments has not been effectively carried out. As has been set forth, through a brief filed on October 9, 2018, the State informed the Tribunal that, by means of SETENA's Plenary Commission agreement No. CCP-185-2017, adopted in Article 09 of regular session 121-2017 of September 27, 2017, it was indicated — with respect to subsection e) of Report DFOE-AE-IF-03-2011, which requires a decision on the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) of the Management Plan for the RNVS-GM — that said analysis has not been completed as it is still being processed, and that, given the constitutional challenge (acción de inconstitucionalidad) pending against Ley No. 9223, which establishes the new boundaries and areas of the RNVS-GM (file 14-019174-0007-CO), it is not possible to issue a final decision until that challenge is resolved.
(Image 729 of the main file) That is to say, from the issuance of the questioned CGR report to the present, the processing and resolution of the environmental viability procedures for the Plan have not been completed, which directly prevents the resolution and granting of construction permits or environmental impact studies for project applications submitted by owners of private properties located within the RNVS-GM. This circumstance could well come to affect the free disposition of privately owned properties — an aspect that, for reasons of orderly analysis, will be examined below. However, this does not lead to a finding of invalidity of the directives issued by the CGR, which, in light of the foregoing, are considered reasonable, consistent, and necessary in relation to the findings of the investigation that produced report No. DFOE-AE-IF-03-2011; for it would serve no purpose to require the inclusion of the environmental assessment within the Management Plan for the REGAMA if the granting of construction permits and environmental feasibility studies for private properties located within the refuge area is not restricted.
It should be noted that the aforementioned official communication not only makes reference to the potential illegality of construction permits granted in areas whose management fell within the competence of the Refuge administrator — that is, MINAE — but also to the impossibility of continuing to grant construction permits until such time as the matter relating to the adjustment of the Zoning Regulation is clarified.
XI.On the Claims Related to the Voluntary Nature of the Forestry Regime.
In the subsidiary claim, the following is asserted: "1- That the present action be upheld and that it be declared that we, as private property owners, have the right to voluntarily withdraw from the forestry regime (régimen forestal) at any time upon request, given that it constitutes a voluntary submission regime and not a perpetual easement (servidumbre perpetua)." Now, it has been established in these proceedings — a fact not in dispute — that the plaintiff entities hold estates (heredades) located within the area of the RNVS-GM, reference to which may be found in proven fact No. 2) of this judgment (fallo). It has already been established that, by virtue of the environmental and social function of private property, Article 45 of the Constitution itself, in its third paragraph, provides for the possibility of imposing restrictions on the right of ownership for reasons of public interest, from which it is clear that this is not an absolute right, insofar as it imposes the legal duty to accept such restrictions.
In that regard, it is reiterated that, in the ecological sphere, the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente itself imposes on the State (and other public entities) the obligation to promote sustainable development, which entails the exercise of private property in congruence and harmony with the environment, so that human activities are carried out in a manner coordinated with environmental regeneration. This implies that economic and environmental development must be promoted in a sustainable manner. The foregoing justifies the imposition of limits on the exercise of such economic, productive, or private human activities, so that the impact on the environment is minimized or, alternatively, so that its maintenance or regeneration is permitted. In cases such as this one, such an ideological vision — with formal normative expression — entails that, where private properties are located within environmentally sensitive areas that carry a special protection regime, the activities to be carried out must fall within the scope of planned use, oriented toward the protection of those ecosystems.
Thus, in the case of Protected Wildlife Areas (Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, ASP), land use must be made subject to prior assessments of the potential impact on the natural resources present in the protected area — such as wetlands (humedales), marine resources, and soil capacity — in accordance with the use regime that, as a matter of principle and by technical reasonableness, must have weighed the synergy between productive activities and ecological considerations. In this regard, Article 34 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (No. 7554), by way of reference, imposes the duty to adopt preventive measures in ASP to prevent or eliminate the exploitation and occupation of the entire State-owned area, and to enforce the ecological, geomorphological, and aesthetic characteristics that determined its establishment. That same purpose is developed in Article 35 of the same Act, insofar as it sets forth the objectives of the creation, conservation, management, development, and oversight of protected areas (áreas protegidas), among which the following may be mentioned solely by way of reference: "a) To conserve natural environments representative of the different biogeographic regions and of the most fragile ecosystems, in order to ensure the balance and continuity of evolutionary and ecological processes;
"Article 37.- Powers of the Executive Branch. When establishing protected wildlife areas, regardless of their management category, the Executive Branch, through MINAE, is authorized to include within their boundaries any private properties or portions thereof necessary to fulfill the objectives set forth in this Act and to implement them in accordance with the respective management plan (plan de manejo), or to create legal easements (servidumbres legales) for ecological protection and compliance with this Act. In the case of national parks, biological reserves, or state-owned national wildlife refuges, the land shall be acquired through purchase, expropriation, or both procedures, with prior compensation. In the cases of forest reserves, protected zones (zonas protectoras), mixed wildlife refuges, and wetlands, the properties or portions thereof may also be purchased or expropriated, unless, at the request of the owner, they are voluntarily submitted to the forestry regime (régimen forestal).
Such submission shall be recorded in the Public Registry of Property as an encumbrance on the property, which shall remain in effect for the period established in the management plan. Private properties affected pursuant to this article, by virtue of being located within national parks, biological reserves, wildlife refuges, forest reserves, and protected zones, shall be included within state protected areas only from the moment they have been purchased or legally expropriated, except when they are voluntarily submitted to the Forestry Regime. In the case of forest reserves, protected zones, and wildlife refuges, where payment or expropriation has not taken place and while it is being carried out, the areas shall be subject to an environmental land-use plan (plan de ordenamiento ambiental) that includes the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) and, subsequently, to the management, recovery, and resource-replacement plan.
(This preceding paragraph was amended by Article 72, subsection c) of the Ley Forestal, N° 7575 of February 13, 1996, which was in turn amended by Article 114 of the Ley de Biodiversidad, N° 7788 of April 30, 1998.)
The Executive Branch is authorized, through MINAE, to carry out the expropriations contemplated in this article, in accordance with the Ley de expropiaciones No. 7495, of May 3, 1995." As can be observed, that provision establishes the possibility of including privately owned lands within mixed-category National Wildlife Refuges (Refugios Nacionales de Vida Silvestre, RNVS), for which purpose the State may opt to purchase or expropriate them, or the holders of those properties may voluntarily submit to the forestry regime, in which case the appropriate registration entry shall be made, its validity lasting for the period established in the management plan. In that regard, once the holder of the right of ownership (derecho de dominio) has voluntarily entered the forestry regime, the validity of that encumbrance regime is maintained for the period established in the management plan. Pursuant to that provision, once those private properties have been acquired by purchase or expropriation, or once the owner has voluntarily submitted to the forestry regime, they become incorporated into the state protected wildlife areas.
However, the same provision specifies that while such acquisition is being carried out, those properties remain subject to the Management Plan or Environmental Land-Use Plan. From that angle of analysis, and contrary to what the plaintiffs assert, once a private property has been included within the design of a RNVS — even though its inclusion was voluntary — it cannot equally be withdrawn, insofar as that portion of land has been considered part of a single functional environmental and ecological unit and, therefore, an essential component of an ecosystem intended to be protected and conserved as the very rationale for the establishment of the Protected Wildlife Area in that category. Otherwise, an unquestionable impairment of the integrity of that ecosystem would result if the owner were permitted — upon severance from the forestry regime — to put the land to a use different from that established in the respective Management Plan for that area.
In any event, as Article 37 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente rightly provides, even in cases where the State's acquisition process is still pending, those properties would remain subject to the restrictions on use arising from the respective Management Plan and Zoning Regulation (Reglamento de Zonificación), regulatory instruments which, by virtue of special competence, constitute the reference point for determining land use in those zones. Indeed, the environmental protection stemming from the Ley Forestal itself (No. 7575), which imposes the principle of sustainable development, requires that the use regime for those areas be consistent and in keeping with the resource-protection policies defined by the environmental management instrument, which likewise connects with the environmental custodial purposes set out in Article 14 of the Ley de Biodiversidad. This purpose is evident from what has already been set forth — specifically, that construction permits for those private properties could not be granted in contravention of those environmental regulations (the Management Plan and Zoning Regulation of the RNVS-GM) — regardless of whether the private owners are enrolled in the forestry regime or not, since, ultimately, the protective purpose of the PNE prevails in these proceedings.
At this point, it is worth highlighting what has been stated by the State and the CGR (Contraloría General de la República), a matter not rebutted by the plaintiffs, to the effect that the territorial space at issue in these proceedings is a mixed-category RNVS that, by design, includes both public and private property, in a case where the establishment process for REGAMA under Executive Decree No. 16614-MAG was carried out in agreement with the community, without there appearing in the record any element that would support a contrary conclusion; consequently, apart from what has been stated, the private properties forming part of the refuge area are subject to the restrictions inherent to that regime. Of course, if that regime were to result, in material terms, in a substantial hollowing-out of the right of ownership — that is, in a dysfunction of that right — the State's duty to expropriate those private lands would arise.
However, as has been noted, the measures challenged in this case impose rational requirements regarding the assessment of the environmental variable and the suspension of construction permit proceedings, given the situations detected with respect to the implications and content of the Zoning Regulation issued under Executive Decree No. 34946-MINAET of December 6, 2008. Such CGR measures do not prevent the exercise of the essential attributes of the right of ownership of private proprietors, even though they condition the processing and granting of construction permits on the inclusion of the environmental assessment in the Management Plan of the RNVS-GM; this does not, however, amount to or imply a substantial suppression of the right of property. It should be noted that the parties have failed to demonstrate that they had initiated any proceedings to that end. Nevertheless, as was noted above, by means of a brief dated October 9, 2018, the State informed the Tribunal that, pursuant to SETENA Plenary Commission agreement No. CCP-185-2017, adopted under Article 09 of ordinary session 121-2017 of September 27, 2017, it was indicated — with regard to subsection e) of Report DFOE-AE-IF-03-2011, which requires a ruling on the environmental viability of the Management Plan for the RNVS-GM — that said analysis had not been completed, as it remained pending, and that, given the constitutional challenge (acción de inconstitucionalidad) pending against Act No. 9223, which establishes the new boundaries and areas of the RNVS-GM (case file 14-019174-0007-CO), no final decision could be issued until that challenge was resolved.
(Image 729 of the main file.) This reveals a troubling delay in the completion of the conformity adjustments required by the CGR measures, which entails an infringement on the rights of the property owners to dispose of their properties, insofar as there is still no definition as to the permissible use regime for those properties. That circumstance prevents the resolution and granting of construction permits or environmental impact studies in response to project applications submitted by owners of private properties located within the RNVS-GM, which, beyond any doubt, curtails those private landowners' ability to make use of their properties. From that standpoint, it is necessary to urge the competent administrative units to adopt and concretely implement, within the applicable legal possibilities and in the shortest possible time, the measures necessary to incorporate the environmental assessment (diagnóstico ambiental) into the Management Plan of the RNVS-GM, so that, when possible, the processing of construction permit applications with respect to private lands located within that refuge area may be reactivated.
However, that condition does not allow for the acceptance of the claim seeking the lifting of those CGR measures with respect to that type of application, given the prevailing protection of the environment as a derivation of the precautionary principle (principio precautorio) that governs in this field.
The foregoing, because it was formulated in primary claim (pretensión principal) 3 and in subsidiary claim (pretensión subsidiaria) 1, which state respectively: "3.- That the provisions that have paralyzed the plaintiffs' properties be rendered without effect." and "1.- That the present action be granted and that it be declared that the undersigned, in our capacity as private landowners, have the right to voluntarily withdraw from the forestry regime (régimen forestal) at any time we so request, since it is a voluntary submission regime and not a perpetual easement (servidumbre perpetua)."
XII.On indemnification claims. In connection with this point, the following indemnification claim is set forth in the subsidiary claims: "3.- That the defendants be jointly and severally ordered to pay material damages (Daño Material) and consequential losses (perjuicios) caused to each of the plaintiffs. Material damages as a consequence of the freeze that their lands have suffered due to the impossibility of carrying out any type of construction during 70 months, entirely restricting their use and disposition in an area of high appeal and strong real estate market activity, for which I (sic) prudentially estimate said damages in the amount of one million colones for each of the plaintiffs. Consequential losses for the depreciation suffered in land values in the area, as a result of the aforementioned paralysis and its effects on the real estate market, and especially for contributing to creating a climate of high legal uncertainty in the area where the claimants' properties in this proceeding are located, and in general for all private property within REGAMA, the mixed-ownership property (propiedad mixta) that concerns us here, for which I (sic) provisionally estimate said losses in the amount of one million colones for each of the plaintiffs.
Both amounts are provisional and will be determined at the judgment enforcement (ejecución de sentencia) stage. (Images 58-105, 546, 549-552 of the main file)". The relief sought requires making some (brief) references to the civil liability (responsabilidad civil) regime of the Public Administration. Under the terms of Article 190 of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública), the Administration is liable for its lawful or unlawful, normal or abnormal functioning. It should be noted that the legislator's reference is not simply to acts, but extends to all administrative functioning (Article 49 of the Political Constitution), a concept that reflects any form of expression of administrative will, whether formal or material, and that also encompasses dysfunction, namely, administrative omissions. Said liability is therefore framed within a predominantly objective regime, grounded in both the theory of damage and risk and the balance of the patrimonial equation.
In essence, this aims to provide compensatory reparation to those who have suffered a harm attributable to the public authority as a center of authority that proves to be unlawful at its core. This purpose-driven criterion in turn produces a full transformation in the central axis of liability itself, since it abandons the analytical observation of the subject who caused the harm and the characterization of that subject's conduct, in order to take the position of the victim, who, diminished in their legal situation, is exempt from proving any subjective parameters of the acting public official (except as regards their personal liability). This undoubtedly brings about a shift in the very conceptual basis of liability, since the Administration will be liable whenever its normal or abnormal, lawful or unlawful functioning causes harm that the victim does not have a duty to bear, whether patrimonial or extra-patrimonial, regardless of their subjective legal situation and the ownership or position of power they hold, provided, of course, that the indispensable prerequisite of the causal link (nexo causal) is met.
On this topic, see the extensive analysis carried out in ruling no. 584 of 10 hours 40 minutes of August 11, 2005, of the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice (Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia). From this standpoint, the legislation establishes as grounds for attribution unlawful or lawful conduct, as well as normal or abnormal functioning. In the case of lawful conduct and normal functioning, the Legal System establishes conditions and requirements that determine its applicability; among them, the damage must be special or abnormal, meaning it must fall upon a small proportion of those affected or, in the second case, must have exceptional intensity. In these instances, liability only covers the damage, and not lost profits (lucro cesante) (Articles 194 and 195 of the General Law of Public Administration). For its part, in the case of unlawful conduct and abnormal functioning, liability is full.
In any case, given those grounds for attribution, it must be established that the harm is the consequence of those actions or omissions, in order to establish the causal link that allows the attribution of liability to the public authority. In addition to this, in cases of abnormality and unlawfulness, the adjudicator must conduct an examination of public functioning in order to determine whether there has in fact been conduct that departs from legality or runs contrary to the principles of administrative efficiency. In such cases, it is decisive to clearly infer the existence of those criteria, since otherwise the treatment and analysis of each case must differ, depending on the type of functioning to which the detriment is attributed. Exempting grounds for such liability include the victim's own fault, the act of a third party, and force majeure. However, in each proceeding the adjudicator must examine whether the exonerating effect of such circumstances is total or only partial, in which latter case it can only produce a reducing effect on the liability of the administrative body.
Again, the concurrence of those aspects is the burden of the Administration. This compensatory obligation subsists even in respect of harm caused as a result of wrongful acts committed by its officials or employees in the performance of their duties or in connection with the position they hold. Indeed, Article 191, in relation to Article 199, both of the General Law of Public Administration, ascribe to the State objective liability for the actions or omissions of its officials when they have used their position or the means that position provides them to cause a harmful effect in the legal sphere of a third party that the latter is not obligated to bear. To that extent, those means or instruments are channels of causal connection that give rise to liability, by virtue of the modal, instrumental, or indirect link with the public service. It should be noted that this indemnification obligation is also grounded in the concept of unlawfulness (antijuridicidad) at the core, translatable as the absence of any duty to bear the harm.
Put more simply, whenever a harm is suffered as a consequence of a public act or omission, whether active or passive, that the victim is not obligated to bear, the indemnification obligation arises as a direct derivation of the principle of full reparation of harm that flows from Article 41 of the Political Constitution. Hence, within the scope of coverage of this objective liability system, there are included the harms that may arise from normal functioning or from lawful conduct, since in such cases, notwithstanding the principle that public action conforms to legality or to the efficiency rules guiding it, if a harmful effect is produced that the individual is not obligated to bear, it must be compensated. Of course, in such instances the harm must be special (inflicted on a small proportion of those affected) or abnormal (that is, of exceptionally intense scope, beyond the normal margins of tolerance), giving rise to reparability of the harm, but not of lost profits, pursuant to the rules set forth in Articles 194 and 195 of the General Law of Public Administration.
In any case, it should be noted that not all harm is compensable, but only that which the Legal System considers unlawful at its core. Indeed, only that harm which, when measured against the legal system as a whole, can be deemed unlawful at its core, is compensable; the contrary would lead, as the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice has held, to affirming compensation for harmful conduct in respect of a detriment that the Legal System does not reproach and which, on the contrary, it tolerates and accepts as normal and justified, which would lead to the imminent insolvency of the State, which in the national context is directly or indirectly linked to a large number of areas of activity. Put more simply, unlawfulness at the core exists whenever a legal provision establishes the obligation to repair a harm contrary to law that the victim is not obligated to bear, regardless of the grounds for attribution.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, it should be noted that not all harm is compensable, but only that which is actual, quantifiable, and individualizable. The breadth of the protection framework of the Administration's objective liability system does not excuse the obligation to demonstrate that the harm is the consequence of a public course of conduct. In turn, the factual framework from which it is viable to derive the harm to non-patrimonial interests must also be demonstrated. It is not sufficient to allege the existence of suffering or harm; at a minimum, the facts that have allegedly given rise to such detriment must be demonstrated. This follows from the burden of proof (carga de la prueba) principle, which derives from Article 58, subparagraph e), of the CPCA in relation to Article 196 of the LGAP, and Article 41.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure, No. 9342, by establishing the requirement that the party alleging a right must prove the constituent facts thereof.
This does not involve a reversal of the burden of proof in a field grounded on full reparation of harm and whose pillars are harm and created risk, but rather the minimum proof of the grounds for attribution and the facts giving rise to the harm, as elementary prerequisites for the attribution of liability and thus the arising of the reparatory obligation. Article 82 of the Code of Administrative Litigation Procedure (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo) establishes as one of the purposes of the proceeding the determination of the actual truth of the facts, by any means of proof whatsoever. However, this does not relieve the party who claims to hold a right enforceable against a third party, such as the right to reparation for harm, of the obligation to prove the factual grounds supporting that right, as well as the very existence of the harm. The foregoing is without prejudice to those cases in which the suffering arises as a logical consequence of an administrative course of conduct.
The foregoing also derives from the provisions of Article 196 of the General Law of Public Administration, insofar as it states: "In all cases the alleged damage must be actual, quantifiable, and individualizable in relation to a person or group." The actuality of the harm in a specific case depends directly on the demonstration of the causal link, which allows connecting the harmful result to an action or omission of a Public Administration. This is also established in Article 58 of the aforementioned Code, insofar as it imposes on the plaintiff the duty to state the causes of the claimed harm, what it consists of, and its prudential estimate. Although this requirement is set forth in the indicated provision when the reparatory request is ancillary, it must be satisfied all the more so when the core framework of the claim is indemnification, since in those cases, establishing those prerequisites is the minimum basis for granting the relief requested. In that context, it is not sufficient to argue the probable existence of damages; their actuality must be proven.
Similarly, within this general framework, it should be noted that the indemnification action (acción indemnizatoria) sought against the Public Administration is subject to a statute of limitations (prescripción) of four years, pursuant to Article 198 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública.
XIII.In the present case, the first issue to be addressed is whether or not there exists a harm that may be considered a valid basis for indemnification. Under Article 196 of the LGAP, the compensable harm (daño indemnizable) must be actual, assessable, and individually identifiable (matters already addressed above), and must further be unlawful (antijurídico) in nature — that is, the affected party must have no legal duty to bear it. Furthermore, the party seeking redress must establish both the existence of the harm and the existence of the causes to which it is attributed, so that the adjudicator may verify the existence of a causal relationship (relación de causalidad) between the antecedent event to which it is attributed and the injury as a consequence of that cause, while also weighing whether the harm is attributable or imputable to the party against whom it is alleged. As anticipated above, the delay evidenced in these proceedings with respect to due compliance with the directives issued by the CGR regarding the environmental assessment (evaluación ambiental) of the Management Plan (Plan de Manejo) for the RNVS-GM, as well as the suspension of processing of environmental impact studies and construction permits until the Management Plan is regularized (together with the zoning regulation issued by Decreto 34946-MINAET), may well constitute a cause of disruption to the exercise of the right of ownership (derecho de dominio) by private property holders.
However, that circumstance alone does not automatically give rise to the existence of a real, actual, and individually identifiable harm that would justify the granting of the indemnification claim being asserted.
Within the framework of the plaintiffs' allegations, the claims for damages and losses (daños y perjuicios) they assert are grounded in speculation that finds no support in the merits of the record. It should be noted that with regard to material damages (daños materiales), the plaintiffs associate these with the impossibility of using and disposing of their properties for the period during which the "freeze" has been maintained, as well as with the restriction on the use of properties that they consider to be located in an area of high appeal and strong real estate activity. Likewise, they ground their losses (perjuicios) in the alleged depreciation (depreciación) suffered in land values in the area, as a result of the paralysis and its effects on the real estate market, and in particular by contributing to creating a climate of high legal uncertainty (inseguridad jurídica) in the area where the plaintiffs' properties in these proceedings are located and, more broadly, affecting all private property within the RNVS-GM.
Having carefully weighed the claim, this Tribunal does not find that the plaintiffs have duly established the actual occurrence of the injuries for which they seek redress. On closer examination, their claims rest on subjective assessments which, regardless of their merit, require — in order to serve as a proper basis for indemnification — the submission of evidentiary elements that would allow those harmful consequences to their respective legal spheres to be considered established. There is not a single piece of proof (probanza) in the record from which the existence of such damages and losses could be inferred or deduced, even remotely, and on those grounds the claim under review cannot be granted. Such alleged detriments cannot be assumed by this Tribunal, given that they cannot even be regarded as the logical and necessary consequence of the delays complained of. They are therefore mere conjectures on the part of the plaintiffs, unsupported by tangible and objective evidence, which leads without further ado to their rejection.
The foregoing is not precluded by the plaintiffs' assertion that such estimates are provisional and would be determined in the enforcement phase (fase de ejecución de sentencia) of the judgment (sentencia). In that regard, pursuant to Article 122, paragraph m) of the CPCA, the judgment rendered in this type of contentious-administrative proceeding may order the award of damages and losses in the following terms:
"i) A ruling on their existence and amount, provided they are duly proven in the record at the time the judgment is rendered. ii) An abstract ruling, when their existence is established but their amount is not. iii) An abstract ruling, when neither their existence nor their amount is established, provided they are a consequence of the administrative conduct or the administrative-law relationship that is the subject of the claim." Under that mandate, in conjunction with Article 58, paragraph e) of the CPCA and Article 196 of the LGAP, the referral of the quantification of damages to the enforcement phase requires that the occurrence of damages — whose quantification (liquidación) could not be determined during the ordinary or constitutive phase of the proceedings — must have been established beforehand, at least in abstract terms, so that the specific details of the extent of the injuries may be deferred to that phase of the proceedings.
In any event, it is emphasized that the fundamental and non-deferrable requirement is that the existence of the harm must have been established — which has not occurred in this case. Furthermore, not even under item iii) of paragraph m) of the previously cited Article 122 would it be possible to grant the claims under examination, given that it has been established that those administrative acts do not exhibit the grounds for invalidity alleged by the claimants. In light of the foregoing, this aspect of the claim must be dismissed.
XIV.Corollary. Analysis of the defenses raised. Upon service of process as required by law, the Contraloría General de la República raised the defenses of lack of passive standing (legitimación ad causam pasiva) and lack of legal right (falta de derecho). The State, for its part, raised the defense of lack of legal right. SINAC raised the defense of lack of legal right.
With regard to the CGR, concerning the claim related to the voluntary withdrawal from the forest management regime (régimen forestal), the defense of lack of passive standing must be upheld, inasmuch as, as that party correctly asserts, such a request does not involve in any way conduct or competencies that are proper to that specialized oversight body. Membership in or withdrawal from a forest management regime, as well as the possibility of voluntary inclusion or withdrawal of private property owners from that regime, is a matter outside the decision-making authority of that supervisory body (instancia de fiscalización); consequently, under the terms of Article 12.1 in relation to Article 12.5 of the CPCA, the relationship of enforceability of effects (oponibilidad) of the claim against that party is not present, which leads to the upholding of the aforementioned defense. In all other respects, the defense of lack of legal right is upheld. That same defense is upheld with respect to the State and SINAC, both as to the principal and the subsidiary claims. Consequently, the claim must be dismissed in its entirety.
"VI.- El primer reproche que formulan las accionantes, se traduce en un cuestionamiento de las competencias de la CGR para la emisión de informes que contienen disposiciones vinculantes en materia ambiental. Para este Tribunal, la relación del principio de tutela del derecho al ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado que impone el numeral 50 de la Carta Magna, establece a su vez el deber del Estado, en sentido amplio, de emprender las acciones debidas que permitan la efectividad de esa máxima constitucional. En la especie, la CGR alega que sus acciones van direccionadas a la tutela de ese derecho ambiental, en la medida en que los refugios de vida silvestre forman parte del Patrimonio Natural del Estado. En ese sentido, cabe señalar que la normativa patria es prolija en disposiciones que ostentan un fin tutelar del medio ambiente. Dentro de estas, el numeral 1 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (No. 7554 del 13 de noviembre de 1995) establece el deber del Estado de defender y preservar el derecho al ambiente sano y equilibrado ecológicamente, en búsqueda del mayor bienestar para los habitantes de la Nación.
En esa misma orientación, el canon primero de la Ley Forestal vigente (No. 7575 del 16 de abril de 1996) estipula: "La presente ley establece, como función esencial y prioritaria del Estado, velar por la conservación, protección y administración de los bosques naturales y por la producción, el aprovechamiento, la industrialización y el fomento de los recursos forestales del país destinados a ese fin, de acuerdo con el principio de uso adecuado y sostenible de los recursos naturales renovables. (...)". Por ser de especial relevancia en este proceso, dado el debate sobre aspectos varios de un refugio de vida silvestre (RNVS-GM), es determinante remitir a la regulación del concepto de áreas silvestres protegidas, categoría de la cual forma parte un RVS. En esa línea, el canon 32 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (No. 7554) señala: "Artículo 32. Clasificación de las áreas silvestres protegidas.
El Poder Ejecutivo, por medio del Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía, podrá establecer áreas silvestres protegidas, en cualquiera de las categorías de manejo que se establezcan y en las que se señalan a continuación: a) Reservas forestales. b) Zonas protectoras. c) Parques nacionales. d) Reservas biológicas. e) Refugios nacionales de vida silvestre. f) Humedales. g) Monumentos naturales. Esas categorías de manejo y las que se creen en el futuro, serán administradas por el Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía, salvo las establecidas en el artículo 33 de esta ley. Las municipalidades deben colaborar en la preservación de estas áreas." En la medida en que el RVS-GM posee o incluye áreas que son patrimonio natural del Estado, se impone un deber especial de protección, como derivación de los objetivos que fija el numeral 35 de esa misma ley, dentro de los que se enlista: "a) Conservar los ambientes naturales representativos de las diferentes regiones biogeográficas y de los ecosistemas más frágiles, para asegurar el equilibrio y la continuidad de los procesos evolutivos y ecológicos. b) Salvaguardar la diversidad genética de las especies silvestres de las que depende la continuidad evolutiva, particularmente las endémicas, amenazadas o en peligro de extinción. c) Asegurar el uso sostenible de los ecosistemas y sus elementos, fomentando la activa participación de las comunidades vecinas. d) Promover la investigación científica, el estudio de los ecosistemas y su equilibrio, así como el conocimiento y las tecnologías que permitan el uso sostenible de los recursos naturales del país y su conservación. e) Proteger y mejorar las zonas acuíferas y las cuencas hidrográficas, para reducir y evitar el impacto negativo que puede ocasionar su mal manejo. f) Proteger los entornos naturales y paisajísticos de los sitios y centros históricos y arquitectónicos, de los monumentos nacionales, de los sitios arqueológicos y de los lugares de interés histórico y artístico, de importancia para la cultura y la identidad nacional." Desde ese plano, la misma Sala Constitucional ha puesto de manifiesto el deber de protección del PNE, como fuese indicado, entre otros, en el voto No. 21258-2010 de las 14 horas del 22 de diciembre del 2010.
Ese deber de protección obliga a que, en casos como el presente, en el que la zona que se ha constituido como un RNVS, es de naturaleza mixta, se delimite con la precisión debida, las áreas que son de dominio público y encajan dentro de la categoría de Patrimonio Natural del Estado, de aquellas que son de dominio privado. A tono con lo expuesto, como se ha indicado arriba, en el informe DFOE-AE-IF-03-2011, la CGR advierte que en el Reglamento de Zonificación del RNVS-GM no estaba claramente delimitadas las áreas correspondientes a demanio público y privado, a la vez que no se consideraban las limitaciones aplicables por la presencia de ecosistemas boscosos o de humedales en bienes titulados a favor de particulares, que se localizan en la zona 1 Llanura Costera Cocles Manzanillo. A la luz de esas regulaciones, no observa este Tribunal infracción alguna al régimen de competencias que prohíba a la CGR realizar investigaciones y rendir informes que contengan disposiciones en menesteres ambientales.
Es en cada caso que habrá de ponderarse si la participación de esa instancia contralora supone una sustitución de competencias de los órganos que integran la Administración Ambiental, pero en términos generales, la existencia de unidades especializadas en esa materia, no restringe el control que sobre esa materia podría realizar la instancia contralora. VII.- Sobre las regulaciones de los terrenos que componen las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, el Reglamento a la Ley de Biodiversidad, las denomina de la siguiente manera en el artículo 3 inciso a): "Espacio geográfico definido, declarado oficialmente y designado con una categoría de manejo en virtud de su importancia natural, cultural y/o socioeconómica, para cumplir con determinados objetivos de conservación y de gestión." Ya se ha establecido que al tenor del artículo 32 de la LOA, en relación con la Ley de Biodiversidad, No. 7788 y su reglamento, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 34433, esta última norma en su numeral 70, establecen que las áreas silvestres proptegidas son: a) Reservas forestales. b) Zonas protectoras. c) Parques nacionales. d) Reservas biológicas. e) Refugios nacionales de vida silvestre. f) Humedales. g) Monumentos naturales, h) Reservas Marinas, e i) Áreas Marinas de Manejo.
En esa misma línea, establece los tipos de RVS en el siguiente sentido: "Artículo 70.-Categorías de manejo de ASP. Para efectos de la clasificación de las distintas categorías de manejo de áreas silvestres protegidas se establecen los siguientes criterios técnicos para cada una de ellas:
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