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Res. 08928-2004 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 18/08/2004
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber denied the unconstitutionality action against Executive Decree 29277-MINAE, upholding its validity.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar la acción de inconstitucionalidad contra el Decreto Ejecutivo 29277-MINAE, confirmando su validez.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber dismisses the unconstitutionality action against Executive Decree 29277-MINAE, which declared San Lucas Island a National Wildlife Refuge and the Puntarenas estuary a wetland. The Municipality of Puntarenas, represented by its mayor, alleged that the decree violated municipal autonomy and the principle of normative hierarchy by removing its authority over those areas. The Chamber concludes that environmental protection transcends local interest and is a matter of national concern, so the Executive Branch acted within its legal powers. It determines that the declared areas are public domain property belonging to the Nation, and that the laws transferring them to the Municipality only granted administrative control, not ownership. The Chamber also notes that the lack of prior municipal authorization, required by Article 84 of the Wildlife Conservation Law, is a matter of mere legality to be discussed in the administrative contentious jurisdiction, not at the constitutional level.La Sala Constitucional desestima la acción de inconstitucionalidad contra el Decreto Ejecutivo 29277-MINAE, que declaró la Isla San Lucas como Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre y el Estero de Puntarenas como humedal. La Municipalidad de Puntarenas, representada por su alcalde, alegó que el decreto violaba la autonomía municipal y el principio de jerarquía normativa al quitarle la administración de esos bienes. La Sala concluye que la protección del ambiente trasciende el interés local y es un asunto de interés nacional, por lo que el Poder Ejecutivo actuó dentro de sus competencias legales. Además, determina que los bienes declarados son de dominio público, pertenecientes a la Nación, y que las leyes que los traspasaron a la Municipalidad solo le otorgaron su administración, no la propiedad. La Sala también señala que la falta de autorización previa de la Municipalidad, requerida por el artículo 84 de la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, es un asunto de mera legalidad que debe discutirse en la vía contencioso-administrativa, no constitucional.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Considering: VII.- On the alleged violation of municipal autonomy. [...] Within this framework of strict environmental protection, the Political Constitution also provides specific rules regarding the legal regime applicable to public domain property. [...] Thus, it is clear that the Costa Rican legal system confers special and qualified protection to property intended for public use or enjoyment, and even greater safeguards when regulating environmental public property. These are properties belonging to the Nation, as they are destined for a purpose of undeniable general utility, for which the central State has been entrusted with their administration, whenever expressly provided by law, so that environmental policies follow consistent parameters aligned with the need for integral and continuous environmental protection. VIII.- On the procedure provided for in Article 84 of Law 7317. [...] However, it is clear that obtaining the agreement of a municipality or other public entity before a declaration such as the one under review is an obligation arising from a legal provision, not a constitutional norm or principle.Considerando: VII.- Sobre la alegada violación a la autonomía municipal. [...] En este marco de estricta protección del medio ambiente, la Constitución Política también dispone reglas concretas relativas al régimen jurídico aplicable a los bienes de dominio público. [...] Así las cosas, es claro que el ordenamiento jurídico costarricense confiere una especial y calificada protección a los bienes afectados al uso o disfrute público, y reviste dicha tutela de mayores cuidados todavía al regular los bienes públicos ambientales. Se trata de bienes pertenecientes a la Nación, por estar afectados a una finalidad de innegable utilidad general, y que para ello ha sido encomendada su administración, en los casos en que así lo determina expresamente la Ley, al Estado central, con el objeto de que las políticas en materia de ambiente sigan parámetros congruentes y acordes con la necesidad de una integral y continua protección del ambiente. VIII.- Sobre el procedimiento previsto en el artículo 84 de la Ley 7317. [...] No obstante, es claro que lograr la aquiescencia de una municipalidad u otro ente público antes de una declaratoria como la que se analiza, es un deber que se origina de una disposición legal, y no de una norma o principio constitucional.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"La protección del ambientre trasciende el interés meramente local, para constituirse un asunto de interés nacional, por lo que las acciones del Estado central como delegado de la Nación soberana para el cumplimiento de sus fines asociativos, en tanto propicien una efectiva defensa de sus bienes naturales, resulta no sólo válida, sino incluso indispensable."
"Environmental protection transcends mere local interest, constituting a matter of national interest, so actions by the central State as delegate of the sovereign Nation for the fulfillment of its associative purposes, insofar as they promote an effective defense of its natural assets, are not only valid but even indispensable."
Considerando VII
"La protección del ambientre trasciende el interés meramente local, para constituirse un asunto de interés nacional, por lo que las acciones del Estado central como delegado de la Nación soberana para el cumplimiento de sus fines asociativos, en tanto propicien una efectiva defensa de sus bienes naturales, resulta no sólo válida, sino incluso indispensable."
Considerando VII
"Los bienes dominiales, bienes dominiales, bienes o cosas públicas o bienes públicos, que no pertenecen individualmente a los particulares y que están destinados a un uso público y sometidos a un régimen especial, fuera del comercio de los hombres."
"Public domain property, whether called dominical goods, public things, or public goods, does not belong individually to private persons and is intended for public use and subject to a special regime, outside the commerce of men."
Considerando VII
"Los bienes dominiales, bienes dominiales, bienes o cosas públicas o bienes públicos, que no pertenecen individualmente a los particulares y que están destinados a un uso público y sometidos a un régimen especial, fuera del comercio de los hombres."
Considerando VII
"Lograr la aquiescencia de una municipalidad u otro ente púbico antes de una declaratoria como la que se analiza, es un deber que se origina de una disposición legal, y no de una norma o principio constitucional."
"Obtaining the agreement of a municipality or other public entity before a declaration such as the one under review is an obligation arising from a legal provision, not a constitutional norm or principle."
Considerando VIII
"Lograr la aquiescencia de una municipalidad u otro ente púbico antes de una declaratoria como la que se analiza, es un deber que se origina de una disposición legal, y no de una norma o principio constitucional."
Considerando VIII
Full documentDocumento completo
Constitutional Chamber Date of Resolution: August 18, 2004, at 16:37 Case File: 03-006587-0007-CO Type of matter: Action of unconstitutionality Constitutional control: Dismissal judgment Relevance Indicators Relevant judgment Related Judgments Content of Interest:
Type of content: Majority vote Branch of Law: 3. MATTERS OF CONSTITUTIONALITY CONTROL Topic: ENVIRONMENT Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
8928-04. PROTECTED WILDLIFE ZONES. Executive Decree number 29277-MINAE of 01/11/2001. Declares the area comprising Isla San Lucas and the coastal marine area a National Wildlife Refuge.
Case File: 03-006587-0007-CO Res: 2004-08928 CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San Jose, at sixteen hours and thirty-seven minutes on August eighteenth, two thousand four.- Action of unconstitutionality filed by OMAR OBANDO SUÁREZ, holder of identity card number 6-095-294, in his capacity as Mayor of the Municipality of Puntarenas, against Executive Decree number 29277-MINAE, of January eleventh, two thousand one. Also participating in the proceedings were Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Echeverría, Minister of Environment and Energy, and Farid Beirute Brenes, Deputy Attorney General.
Action of unconstitutionality filed by OMAR OBANDO SUÁREZ, holder of identity card number 6-095-294, in his capacity as Mayor of the Municipality of Puntarenas, against Executive Decree number 29277-MINAE, of January eleventh, two thousand one. Also participating in the proceedings were Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Echeverría, Minister of Environment and Energy, and Farid Beirute Brenes, Deputy Attorney General.
Whereas:
Drafted by Magistrate Vargas Benavides; and,
Considering:
I.The rules of standing in actions of unconstitutionality. Article 75 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction regulates the conditions that determine the admissibility of actions of unconstitutionality, requiring the existence of a matter pending resolution in an administrative or judicial venue in which the unconstitutionality is invoked, a requirement that is not necessary in the cases provided for in the second and third paragraphs of that article, that is, when, due to the nature of the norm, there is no individual or direct harm; when it is based on the defense of diffuse interests or those that concern the community as a whole; or when it is filed by the Attorney General, the Comptroller General, the Prosecutor General, or the Ombudsman (Defensor de los Habitantes), in these latter cases, within their respective spheres of competence. According to the first of the assumptions provided for in paragraph 2° of Article 75 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, the norm in question must not be susceptible to concrete application that would subsequently allow the challenge of the applicatory act and its consequent use as a base matter.
The text in question provides that it proceeds when "due to the nature of the matter, there is no individual or direct harm," that is, when, due to that same nature, the harm is collective (antonym of individual) and indirect. This would be the case of acts that harm the interests of certain groups or corporations as such, and not properly those of their members directly. Secondly, the possibility of acting in defense of "diffuse interests" is provided for; this concept, whose content has been gradually outlined by the Chamber, could be summarized in the terms used in the judgment of this court number 3750-93, of fifteen hours on July thirtieth, nineteen ninety-three)
"… Diffuse interests, although difficult to define and even more difficult to identify, cannot be in our law - as this Chamber has already stated - merely collective interests; nor so diffuse that their ownership is confused with that of the national community as a whole, nor so concrete that they result in identified or easily identifiable specific persons, or personalized groups, whose standing would derive, not from diffuse interests, but from the corporate ones that concern a community as a whole. These are, therefore, individual interests, but at the same time, diluted in more or less extensive and amorphous groups of people who share an interest and, therefore, suffer actual or potential harm, more or less equal for all, which is why it is rightly said that they are equal interests of the groups that find themselves in certain circumstances and, at the same time, of each one of them.
That is, diffuse interests partake of a dual nature, as they are at once collective - being common to a generality - and individual, for which reason they can be claimed in such capacity" In summary, diffuse interests are those whose ownership belongs to groups of people not formally organized, but united by a specific social need, a physical characteristic, their ethnic origin, a specific personal or ideological orientation, the consumption of a certain product, etc. The interest, in these cases, is blurred, diluted (diffuse) among an unidentified plurality of subjects. In these cases, of course, the challenge that a member of one of these sectors could make pursuant to paragraph 2° of Article 75 must necessarily refer to provisions that affect them as such. This Chamber has listed various rights that it has classified as "diffuse," such as the environment, cultural heritage, the defense of the country's territorial integrity, and the sound management of public spending, among others.
In this regard, two clarifications must be made: on the one hand, the aforementioned assets transcend the sphere traditionally recognized for diffuse interests, since they refer in principle to aspects that affect the national community and not particular groups within it; environmental damage does not just affect the residents of a region or the consumers of a product, but it harms or puts at serious risk the natural heritage of the entire country and even of Humanity; likewise, the defense of the sound management of public funds authorized in the National Budget is an interest of all the inhabitants of Costa Rica, not just any single group of them. On the other hand, the enumeration made by the Constitutional Chamber is no more than a simple description inherent to its obligation – as a jurisdictional body – to limit itself to hearing the cases submitted to it, without it being possible in any way to come to understand that only those rights that the Chamber has expressly recognized as such can be considered diffuse rights; the foregoing would imply an undesirable overturn in the scope of the Rule of Law, and its correlative "State of rights," which – as in the case of the Costa Rican model – is based on the premise that what must be expressed are the limits on freedoms, since these underlie human nature itself and therefore do not require official recognition.
Finally, when paragraph 2° of Article 75 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction speaks of interests "that concern the community as a whole," it refers to the legal assets explained in the preceding lines, that is, those whose ownership rests with the very holders of sovereignty, with each of the inhabitants of the Republic. It is not, therefore, a matter of any person being able to come to the Constitutional Chamber in guardianship of any interests whatsoever (popular action), but rather that every individual may act in defense of those assets that affect the entire national community, without it being valid in this field either to attempt any kind of exhaustive list.
II.The standing of the plaintiff in this case. Based on what was stated in the preceding paragraph, it is clear that Mr. Omar Obando Suárez has sufficient standing to bring action against Executive Decree number 29277-MINAE of January eleventh, two thousand one, without it being necessary for him to have a prior matter that serves as a basis for this action. Not because he comes in defense of the interests of a corporation, to which the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction has not granted direct standing, but because he comes in defense of the interests of the inhabitants of the Municipality of Puntarenas, that is, in guardianship of diffuse interests, since in his judgment, this community has been deprived of an asset that belongs to it. Therefore, based on the provisions of Article 75, paragraph 2ª of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, the appropriate course is to recognize the plaintiff's standing to initiate this proceeding.
III.Other admissibility aspects. It being clear that the plaintiff has sufficient standing to file this complaint in the terms stated, it only remains to indicate that the challenged acts are among those provided for in Article 73, subsection a) of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, as it concerns a public act of a general nature (a Decree ordering the declaration of Isla San Lucas as a wildlife refuge and the Estero de Puntarenas as a wetland), a matter whose constitutionality may be reviewed through this avenue. Furthermore, the plaintiff filed his petition in compliance with the requirements stipulated in numerals 78 and 79 of the procedural law. In conclusion, this action is admissible, and therefore, we must immediately proceed to discuss its object and merits.
IV.Object of the challenge. This action of unconstitutionality is aimed at attacking the validity of Executive Decree number 29277-MINAE of January eleventh, two thousand one. The text of said norms is as follows:
“Considering:
1º—That as a direct consequence of population increase, intensive agriculture, urbanization, pollution, overexploitation of marine resources, and other forms of intervention in the ecological and hydrological system, wetland ecosystems, mainly in the Gulf of Nicoya, are being lost at an accelerated rate, which could bring serious consequences for biodiversity, fishing activities, and the country's economy in the medium and long term.
2º—That Isla San Lucas, located in the Gulf of Nicoya, contains important cultural features, as well as biological resources associated with both the island area and the coastal marine zone that are important to protect.
3º—That the Gulf of Nicoya constitutes a natural nursery for many marine species that are utilized by the surrounding communities.
4º—That wetlands constitute an important site for feeding, refuge, and reproduction for a great variety of wild species, for which reason their protection and conservation is of special importance.
5º—That the integrated rational management of marine resources contributes to satisfying regional needs for research, recreation, environmental education, scenic beauty, as well as the utilization of renewable natural resources, exploited rationally.
They decree:
Article 1º—The State-owned National Wildlife Refuge is declared for the area comprised of: a terrestrial portion made up of Isla San Lucas, located in the Gulf of Nicoya, IGN Cartographic Sheet named Golfo, Edition 3-IGNCR at Latitude North 9º 56’ and Longitude West 84º 54. 5’ with an extension of 4.62 square km and the coastal marine area, composed of the waters around the island with a depth of up to 6 m.
Article 2º—A Marine-Coastal Protection Zone is declared in accordance with the provisions of Article 42 of the Organic Environmental Law, the marine area described according to IGN Cartographic Sheet named Golfo, Edition 3-IGNCR delimited between: Point 1.- located at Punta Cirial of Isla San Lucas, with Lambert coordinates 213480 North (N) and 438650 East (1), to continue in a straight line to the point with coordinates 217850 N-445870 E (2), which on the ground coincides with vertex 5 of Cadastral Plan No. P-602653-85, continues along the western boundary of this property until reaching vertex 23 of Cadastral Plan P-665031-2000, to continue along the east and north boundaries of this lot until reaching vertex 8, to continue with a general south bearing approximately 38 meters and approximately 40 meters west until reaching the lot described in Cadastral Plan P-665032-2000 at vertex 1 and continuing along that north and west boundary until reaching No. 3, these plans describing the property that will house the facilities of the Puntarenas marine park, today Property of INCOFER.
This last point with approximate coordinates 217750 N- 445500 E (3), to continue in a straight line to Punta Cocos of Isla San Lucas at Coordinates 215000 N - 438400 E(4). It continues along the low tide line of Playa Coco until reaching the starting point of this description of the marine protection zone, located at Punta Cirial at coordinates 213480 North (N) and 438650 East (1). Excluded from this description is the area existing between Punta Cirial and Punta Cocos of Isla San Lucas, which encompasses waters up to 6 meters deep already included as part of the Isla San Lucas Wildlife Refuge described previously in Article 1 of this decree.
Article 3º—The Estero de Puntarenas is declared as the Humedal del Estero de Puntarenas y Manglares Asociados, which is described according to IGN Cartographic Sheets named Golfo, Edition 3-IGNCR and Chapernal Edition 2-IGNCR, starting from a point located at the west end of Barrio el Carmen of the City of Puntarenas at Lambert coordinates 217850 North, 442980 E (1) (edge of the Estero). It follows that edge of the Estero to the intersection with Estero Chacarita at the point with coordinates 218350 N-450400 E (2). From here, it takes a straight line to the other edge of the estero at coordinates 218500 N-450350 E (3), to follow that margin of Estero Chacarita with a north and east bearing until reaching point 219900 N - 452850 E (4), which coincides with the outer limit of the mangrove as described by the already cited Golfo and Chapernal sheets, along which it continues to the left bank of the Guacimal River, that is, passing through points such as those described below:
219800 N – 452600E (5) 220000 N – 452700 E (6) 220500 N – 452450 E (7) 221100 N – 452350 E (8) on Estero de los Negros 221500 N – 451450 E (9) 220300 N – 450100 E (10) 221500 N – 449500 E (11) 221250 N – 448500 E (12) 220600 N – 448200 E (13) 221350 N – 447450 E (14) 220700 N – 447300 E (15) 221100 N – 447100 E (16) 221000 N – 446500 E (17) 220550 N – 446100 E (18) 221200 N – 445700 E (19) 220850 N – 444700 E (20) 220450 N – 444550 E (21) 221750 N – 443350 E (22) 223300 N – 443000 E (23) 222700 N – 441800 E (24) 222900 N – 441500 E (25) 222500 N – 441000 E (26) 223200 N – 440600 E (27) 223500 N – 439100 E (28) 223250 N – 438800 E (29) Point (29) located on the left bank of the Guacimal River, along which it continues downstream to its mouth at point 222900 N -438100 E (30), to continue along the low tide line with a southeast bearing to the mouth of Estero Pelusa at coordinates 219900N - 443400 E (31).
From here it takes a straight line with a southwest bearing until reaching the starting point of this description of the Estero de Puntarenas Wetland and associated Mangroves at coordinates 217850 North, 442980 East (1) located at the edge of the Estero, in Barrio el Carmen of the City of Puntarenas.
Article 4.—The Administration of the protected areas declared herein shall be the responsibility of the Ministry of Environment and Energy and of the institutions established by current regulations. The management categories established in this decree shall be governed in accordance with the provisions established on this matter by current legislation. The extraction of marine species shall be permitted based on the regulations established by the Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture (INCOPESCA).
Article 5.—It shall enter into force upon its publication.” The plaintiff estimates that the challenged norms violate the constitutional principles of legality and municipal autonomy, as well as the norms contained in Articles 169 and 170 of the Political Constitution. The Chamber must refer in particular to each of the claims alleged by Mr. Obando Suárez.
On the merits:
V.Hierarchical arrangement of legal norms. The plaintiff estimates that the Executive Branch, by declaring Isla San Lucas a national wildlife refuge (refugio nacional de vida silvestre) and the Estero de Puntarenas a wetland (humedal) via Decree, contravened norms contained in three laws of the Republic, which grant the administration of such property to the Municipality of Puntarenas, while the Decree in question grants its administration to the Ministry of Environment and Energy. In this regard, the first thing that must be emphasized is that the legal system is an ordered system of rules, arranged according to criteria of hierarchy, competence, temporality, speciality, etc. Thus, the superior norm always prevails over the inferior one, annulling it if it is prior to the latter and derogating it if it is subsequent. The norm whose enactment falls to a public entity endowed with autonomy, be it the central State, a decentralized institution, or a particular body, cannot be supplanted by one issued by another body or entity; the one issued by the entity endowed with sufficient competence must always prevail.
Likewise, when faced with norms of the same rank issued by entities or bodies competent to do so, the special norm must be applied in lieu of the general one, if the situation subject to regulation is within the scope of factual foresight contained in the special rule. Thus, for the issuance of the challenged Decree to constitute a violation of the principle of legal regularity and hierarchy of the sources of Public Law, it would necessarily have to be a norm for which the Executive Branch is competent, because otherwise the problem would be reduced to a discussion about the competence for the enactment of said act. In that sense, Article 50 of the Political Constitution provides that: “...The State shall guarantee, defend, and preserve that right. The law shall determine the corresponding responsibilities and sanctions...” It is clear then that the State is obliged to take the necessary provisions aimed at protecting the environment.
Said concept of State must be understood in a broad sense, inclusive of other public entities that, by having their own legal personality, are nonetheless equally intended to satisfy the general interest, and particularly to safeguard the environment. However, it is evident that the central State is the entity primarily entrusted with the defense of the environment, which is reaffirmed in the Organic Law of the Environment, number 7554 of October 4, 1996, which delegates to the Ministry of Environment and Energy a good portion of the competences in this matter, without discharging other public entities from their responsibilities in this field. Said Law recognizes the power of the Executive Branch (President of the Republic and Minister of Environment and Energy) to establish protected areas, as is evident from the relationship of Articles 32 subsections e) and f) and 42 of Law number 7554.
In the same way, the Wildlife Conservation Law, number 7317 of October 30, 1992, in its Article 84, authorizes the Executive Branch to establish national wildlife refuges within forest reserves and on the lands of decentralized institutions, including municipalities. Therefore, there is no invasion of municipal competences in the challenged Decree, as the Executive Branch is clearly empowered to declare protected wildlife areas, without prejudice to the undeniable duties that local governments hold regarding the environment. It remains to determine whether the challenged Decree is invalid for attempting the derogation of legal-rank norms, as the plaintiff alleges.
VI.Hierarchical arrangement of legal norms. (Second part) The legal-rank norms that the plaintiff believes were violated by the Decree subject to this proceeding are Articles 1 and 2 of the Law for the Transfer of Isla San Lucas to the Municipality of Puntarenas, number 5469 of April 25, 1974, which, in addition to transferring the Island to the aforementioned corporation, authorize it to use it for the development of a tourist center; numeral 78 of the Maritime Terrestrial Zone Law, number 6043 of March 2, 1977, insofar as it determines that Isla San Lucas shall conserve its current legal situation under the administration of the Municipality of Puntarenas; and Article 7 of the Law Declaring Urban Zone of the City of Puntarenas and Reforming Other Laws, number 4071 of January 22, 1968, which provides for the transfer to the Municipality of Puntarenas of the ownership of the channel, basin, or bed of the Estero de Puntarenas and the waters that flow through it, insofar as they are located in front of the city of Puntarenas.
This last norm was authentically interpreted by the Legislative Assembly through Law number 4155 of July 16, 1968, in the sense that: “what is transferred to the Municipality of the central canton of Puntarenas is the ownership over the maritime terrestrial zone (zona marítimo terrestre) comprising the salt flat or mangrove (salado o manglar), adjacent to the esteros that drain into the Puntarenas estuary, and the two hundred meters on firm land bordering said salt flat, which is declared an urban zone of the city of Puntarenas”. For its part – as stated – the Decree in question declares Isla San Lucas a national wildlife refuge and the Estero de Puntarenas a wetland, granting its administration to the Ministry of Environment and Energy. A superficial analysis of the matter could lead one to think that Decree 29277-MINAE attempts to derogate what is provided in the cited laws. Nonetheless, we must remember that the competence to establish conservation areas is granted to the Executive Branch by various legal-rank norms (cf. preceding paragraph), in direct development of the norm contained in Article 50 of the Political Constitution.
Thus, when the Executive Branch makes a declaration of this type, it does so by express legal authorization and in compliance with its constitutional duties regarding the environment, therefore it is not the Decree that creates the legal regime of protected areas, but rather it is merely the means that allows for a swift and effective protection of the environment, by leaving to the competent technical bodies the assessment of the environmental reasons that lead to the determination of a zone of this nature. This being the case, the challenged Decree is not unconstitutional for attempting to reform the cited legal norms, since it is norms of the same and higher rank that allow the Executive Branch to act as it did in defense of the integrity of the environment.
VII.On the alleged violation of municipal autonomy. In the plaintiff's judgment, the challenged Decree implies a violation of the autonomy that the Political Constitution recognizes for the Municipality of Puntarenas. Although this topic is closely related to those analyzed in the two preceding paragraphs, it is necessary to make some additional clarifications. Thus, in the first place, we must analyze the scope of the duty to protect the environment in relation to the various entities and bodies that make up the Public Administration. In that sense, this Constitutional Court has widely recognized the duty of protection owed to the right to enjoy a healthy and harmonious environment, enshrined in Articles 21, 50, and 89 of the Political Constitution:
“III.– On the right. Article 50 of the Political Constitution establishes that every person has the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. The right to a healthy environment has broad content that equates to the aspiration to improve the human being's living environment, such that it goes beyond natural conservation criteria to place itself within every sphere in which the person develops, be it family, work, or the environment in which they live. Hence, it is affirmed that it is a transversal right, that is, one that moves throughout the entire legal system, modeling and reinterpreting its institutes. The environment is defined by the Royal Spanish Academy of Language as the 'set of physical circumstances that surround living beings,' which further emphasizes the general nature of the right. In contrast, the right to an ecologically balanced environment is a more restricted concept referring to an important part of that environment in which the human being develops, to the balance that must exist between the advancement of society and the conservation of natural resources.
Both rights are expressly recognized in Article 50 of the Political Constitution, which outlines the Social State of Law. The location of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment within the constitutional regulations of the Social State of Law is the point from which it must be analyzed. The Social State of Law produces the phenomenon of incorporating into the fundamental text a series of political objectives of great social relevance and the introduction of an important number of social rights that ensure the common good and the satisfaction of the basic needs of individuals. In this perspective, the Political Constitution emphasizes that the protection of natural resources is an adequate means to safeguard and improve the quality of life for all, which necessitates the intervention of public authorities over factors that can alter the balance of natural resources and, more broadly, hinder a person's development and growth in a healthy environment.
(...) The Political Constitution establishes that the State must guarantee, defend, and preserve that right. Prima facie, to guarantee is to ensure and protect the right against some risk or necessity, to defend is to veto, prohibit, and impede any activity that threatens the right, and to preserve is an action aimed at sheltering the right in advance from possible dangers in order to make it endure for future generations. The State must assume a dual behavior of doing and not doing; on the one hand, it must refrain from itself threatening the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, and on the other hand, it must assume the task of dictating the measures that allow compliance with constitutional requirements.” (Ruling number 00644–99 of eleven hours twenty-four minutes of January 29, 1999; in the same sense, one can consult number 4947-2002 of nine hours and twenty-four minutes of May 24, 2002) Likewise, in a recent ruling, the following was added:
"Our Political Constitution, in its Article 50, expressly recognizes the right of all current and future inhabitants of this country to enjoy a healthy environment in perfect balance. Compliance with this requirement is a fundamental guarantee for the protection of public life and health, not only of Costa Ricans, but also of all members of the world community. The violation of these fundamental precepts entails the possibility of harm or endangerment of interests in the short, medium, and long term. Pollution of the environment is one of the forms through which the integrity of the environment can be broken, with results that are most often imperishable and cumulative. The Costa Rican State is obligated to act preventively, avoiding—through oversight and direct intervention—the performance of acts that harm the environment, and in the correlative and equally unavoidable prohibition of fostering its degradation" (Ruling number 2002-04830 of sixteen hours of May 21, 2000, criterion reiterated in ruling 2002-8996 of ten hours and fourteen minutes of September 6, 2002) Within this framework of strict environmental protection, the Political Constitution also provides specific rules concerning the legal regime applicable to public domain property.
Thus, Article 121 subsection 14) regulates it generally, providing that property "belonging to the Nation" may only definitively leave its domain through authorization by the Legislative Assembly. These are properties that, due to their legal nature and ownership, insofar as they belong to the Nation and are intended to satisfy the general interest, enjoy special legal protection. Therefore, they are not susceptible to appropriation by private individuals, nor even by the Public Administration, for purposes other than those derived from their own essence and nature. Their protection and administration correspond to the State, in the name of the Nation (cf. volume III of the Acts of the National Constituent Assembly, Session number 168, page 468). In its jurisprudence, this Chamber has established the basic principles of the legal regime of domain assets (bienes dominiales); in particular, in ruling number 2306-91 of fourteen hours forty-five minutes of November 6, 1991, it determined the following rules, which have continued to be applied consistently since that resolution:
"…The public domain is composed of properties that manifest, by the express will of the legislator, a special purpose of serving the community, the public interest. These are the so-called dominical assets, domain assets, public goods or things, or public ownership, which do not belong individually to private parties and are intended for public use and subject to a special regime, outside the commerce of men. That is, affected by their own nature and vocation. Consequently, these properties belong to the State in the broadest sense of the concept, are affected by the service they provide, which is invariably essential by virtue of express norm. Characteristic features of these properties are that they are inalienable, imprescriptible, non-seizable, cannot be mortgaged nor be subject to liens in the terms of Civil Law, and administrative action replaces interdicts to recover domain. As they are outside of commerce, these properties cannot be subject to possession, although one can acquire a right to the use, although not a right to property.
The use permit is a unilateral legal act issued by the Administration, in the exercise of its functions, and what is placed in the hands of the private party is the useful domain of the property, with the State always reserving the direct domain over the thing…" A corollary of the foregoing is that only by Law can they be deprived of the special regime that regulates them, disaffecting them, separating them from the public purpose to which they are linked. An express and specific legislative act is required, such that there is no doubt whatsoever of the legislator's will to remove a specific and individualized property from the public domain. Article 14 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), number 7575, of February 13, 1996, gives forest lands and forests the character of domain assets:
“Article 14.- Non-seizable and inalienable condition of the natural heritage The forest lands and forests that constitute the natural heritage of the State, detailed in the preceding article, shall be non-seizable and inalienable; their possession by private parties shall not cause any right in their favor, and the State's action for recovery (acción reivindicatoria) for these lands is imprescriptible. Consequently, they cannot be registered in the Public Registry through possessory information and both the invasion and occupation of them shall be sanctioned pursuant to the provisions of this law.” According to the classification given by environmental regulations, the forest or natural heritage of the State is composed of forest reserves, biological reserves, protective zones, wildlife refuges, wetlands, and natural monuments (Article 32 of the Organic Law of the Environment, number 7554, of September 18, 1995).
This being the case, it is clear that the Costa Rican legal system confers special and qualified protection to properties affected for public use or enjoyment, and further reinforces said protection when regulating public environmental assets. These are properties belonging to the Nation, because they are affected to a purpose of undeniable general utility, and for this purpose their administration has been entrusted, in cases where the Law expressly so determines, to the central State, so that environmental policies follow congruent parameters in accordance with the need for integral and continuous environmental protection. Even though for registration effects, domain assets can be registered in the name of the public entity responsible for their stewardship, the truth is that these properties do not belong to any particular public entity, but to the Nation. Hence, it can be affirmed that in the present case, when Laws 5469 and 4071 determined the transfer of Isla San Lucas and the Estero de Puntarenas to the Municipality of that canton, what they did was determine which public entity would be responsible for administering said properties, because being domain assets, their owner has been and is the Nation.
From this perspective, the Chamber must conclude that what was done by the Executive Branch in the present case falls within the framework of its competences, as it allows it to fulfill the duty imposed by Article 50 of the Political Constitution, as well as the abundant regulation produced by International Law regarding the unavoidable obligation of the State to protect the environment, adopting all suitable measures to achieve a comprehensive and effective guarantee. Thus, although municipalities have undeniable duties in this field, it is evident that environmental protection transcends merely local interest, to become a matter of national interest, therefore the actions of the central State as a delegate of the sovereign Nation for the fulfillment of its associative goals, insofar as they foster an effective defense of its natural resources, are not only valid but even indispensable.
A decree such as the one challenged, by determining—based on technical criteria not open to discussion in this venue—that Isla San Lucas and the Estero de Puntarenas are areas of environmental interest that require a special legal regime, could never harm municipal autonomy, recognized in Articles 169 and 170 of the Political Constitution. The legislator itself intended to reserve these competences for the Executive Branch, insofar as these are interests of the national community. Thus, Law number 7152 of June 5, 1990 created the Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mines, constituted it as the rector of the environmental sector, and entrusted it, due to its technical specialty, with the task of "Issuing, by executive decree, norms and regulations, of a mandatory nature, related to the rational use and protection of natural resources, energy, and mines" (Article 2 subsection ch). The power of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (successor to the competences of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Mines) to administer national refuges and wetlands derives further from Articles 82 and 84 of the Wildlife Conservation Law, 32 of the Organic Law of the Environment, 13 of the Forestry Law, and 58 of the Biodiversity Law.
In conclusion, this Chamber does not find in the challenged acts any violation of the autonomy of the Municipality of Puntarenas, since the aspects they regulate are of interest to the entire community, and not only to the inhabitants of the central canton of Puntarenas.
VIII.On the procedure provided for in Article 84 of Law 7317. Finally, it behooves this Chamber to rule on the alleged violation by the Executive Branch of the rules provided for in Article 84 of the Wildlife Conservation Law, number 7317 of October 30, 1992. The norm in question provides the following:
"ARTICLE 84.- The Executive Branch is authorized to establish national wildlife refuges within forest reserves and on the lands of autonomous or semi-autonomous institutions and municipalities, subject to the favorable agreement of the latter. They may also establish them on private lands, subject to the authorization of the owner. In the event of opposition from the latter, the corresponding expropriation must be decreed." (The underlining is not from the original) In the present case, it is not evident that the Executive Branch obtained the favorable opinion of the Municipality of Puntarenas before proceeding to declare Isla San Lucas and the Estero de Puntarenas as a national wildlife refuge and wetland, respectively. Nonetheless, it is clear that obtaining the acquiescence of a municipality or other public entity before a declaration such as the one under review is a duty that originates from a legal provision, and not from a constitutional norm or principle.
The competence conferred upon the Constitutional Chamber in Articles 10 of the Political Constitution and 73 and following of Law 7135 is to carry out the function of constitutional review, that is, to verify the conformity of norms and other acts with respect to constitutional norms and principles, as well as the rules of International Law in force in the Republic. For the verification of the legality of public acts, Article 49 of the Fundamental Law expressly provided for the creation of the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, without the Chamber being able to invade the sphere of competences of that venue. In effect, in the instant case we are faced with the apparent transgression of a legal-rank norm, and since this is a matter of mere legality, it does not fall to this Chamber to rule on the merits of this claim.
IX.Conclusion. Based on the arguments contained in the preceding paragraphs, this Chamber has reached the conclusion that Executive Decree number 29277-MINAE, of January 11, 2001, is not unconstitutional for the reasons invoked by the plaintiff, therefore, in accordance with the provisions of Article 87 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, the appropriate course is to dismiss the present action of unconstitutionality in all its claims.-
Therefore:
The action is dismissed.- Luis Fernando Solano C.
President Ana Virginia Calzada M. Adrián Vargas B.
Gilbert Armijo S. Ernesto Jinesta L.
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Control constitucional: Sentencia desestimatoria Indicadores de Relevancia Sentencia relevante Sentencias Relacionadas Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 3. ASUNTOS DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
8928-04. ZONAS PROTEGIDAS DE VIDA SILVESTRE. Decreto Ejecutivo número 29277-MINAE de 11/01/2001. Declara Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre el área comprendida por la Isla San Lucas y el área marino costero Res: 2004-08928 SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San Jose, a las dieciséis horas con treinta y siete minutos del dieciocho de agosto de dos mil cuatro.- Acción de inconstitucionalidad promovida por OMAR OBANDO SUÁREZ, portador de la cédula de identidad número 6-095-294, en su condición de Alcalde de la Municipalidad de Puntarenas contra el Decreto Ejecutivo número 29277-MINAE, de once de enero de dos mil uno. Intervinieron también en el proceso Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Echeverría, Ministro del Ambiente y Energía y Farid Beirute Brenes, Procuraduría General Adjunto. Acción de inconstitucionalidad promovida por OMAR OBANDO SUÁREZ, portador de la cédula de identidad número 6-095-294, en su condición de Alcalde de la Municipalidad de Puntarenas contra el Decreto Ejecutivo número 29277-MINAE, de once de enero de dos mil uno.
Intervinieron también en el proceso Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Echeverría, Ministro del Ambiente y Energía y Farid Beirute Brenes, Procuraduría General Adjunto. Resultando: 1.- Por escrito recibido en la Secretaría de la Sala el dieciocho de junio de dos mil tres (folio 1), el accionante solicita que se declare la inconstitucionalidad del Decreto Ejecutivo número 29277-MINAE de once de enero de dos mil uno. El Decreto se impugna en cuanto viola el principio de autonomía municipal. Señala que mediante Ley número 5469 de veinticinco de abril de mil novecientos setenta y cuatro, se traspasó la propiedad de la Isla de San Lucas a la Municipalidad de Puntarenas. Por Ley número 4071 del seis de diciembre de mil novecientos setenta y uno se traspasó al cantón central de Puntarenas el dominio sobre el cause o álveo del Estero de Puntarenas. A pesar de lo anterior, el artículo 4° del Decreto Ejecutivo número 29277-MINAE impugnado establece que la administración de las áreas declaradas zonas protegidas en los artículos 1° y 3°, a saber, la Isla de San Lucas y el Estero de Puntarenas, será competencia del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y de las instituciones establecidas por la normativa vigente.
Considera que el Decreto impugnado no solo afecta los intereses municipales, sino los de la colectivad. Estima además que viola el principio de jerarquía de las normas, pues vía Decreto, se pretende desconocer los efectos del traspaso realizado a través de una Ley. Adicionalmente, el contenido del Decreto nunca fue consultado a la Municipalidad de Puntarenas, no obstante afectar en forma directa sus intereses. Concluye que las normas impugnadas son contrarias a los artículos 169 y 170 de la Constitución Política. Solicita que se declare la inconstitucionalidad del decreto impugnado y se ordena la suspensión de su aplicación a partir del momento en que esta acción sea admitida. 2.- A efecto de fundamentar la legitimación para promover esta acción de inconstitucionalidad, el actor invoca lo dispuesto en el párrafo segundo del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, por considerar que acude en defensa de intereses municipales y colectivos. 3.- Por resolución de las quince horas cuarenta y cinco minutos del veintisiete de agosto de dos mil tres (visible a folio 38 del expediente), se le dio curso a la acción, confiriéndole audiencia a la Procuraduría General de la República y al Ministro de Ambiente y Energía. 4.- La Procuraduría General de la República rindió su informe visible a folios 45 a 82.
En cuanto a la legitimación, considera que el Alcalde Municipal de Puntarenas está plenamente legitimado para interponer la acción en defensa de intereses corporativos. En relación con el fondo, indica que el criterio delimitador entre las jurisdicciones constitucionales y ordinarias es el grado de las reglas contenidas en el principio constitucional de legalidad y el orden jerárquico de las normas. Señala que la Sala Constitucional ha establecido como elemento indicativo de ello el que, además de quebrantar el artículo 11 constitucional, se quebrante lo dispuesto en otras normas constitucionales. Considera que el quebranto alegado en esta acción en relación con el principio de legalidad y el orden jerárquico de las normas, cae dentro de los casos de disconformidad entre una determinada ley y un reglamento, lo que corresponde conocer a la jurisdicción ordinaria, por tratarse de una conflicto de legalidad.
No basta que la disconformidad quebrante el principio de legalidad y el orden jerárquico de las normas; es preciso que se lesione otra disposición constitucional, según la doctrina de la Sala Constitucional. Por ello, es preciso determinar si efectivamente se han violado los artículos 169 y 170 de la Constitución Política. El artículo 169 es una garantía institucional en relación con la esfera de materias que, por su carácter local, corresponde a las municipalidades gestionar; se trata de un ámbito de materias cuya gestión el legislador no puede sustraer a las municipalidades para atribuírselas a otros entes u órganos públicos. El artículo 170 garantiza que el ejercicio de toda competencia otorgada por el legislador a las municipalidades, se dé en forma autónoma. Se trata de un complemento a la garantía institucional del artículo 169 pues evita que, a la hora de coordinar competencias de los distintos entes y órganos públicos, se supedite el ejercicio de las que corresponden a las municipalidades en razón del carácter local de la materia atribuida, al ejercicio de competencias de otros entes y órganos.
El aspecto central a dilucidar en la acción es si la administración de un humedal y de una isla que han sido declarados como áreas protegidas es un asunto local, de conformidad con lo que establece el artículo 169 constitucional, que por disposición del artículo 170 ibídem corresponde en forma exclusiva y excluyente a la Municipalidad de Puntarenas. Siguiendo esta línea, indica que la competencia para declarar áreas protegidas, en atención a un interés nacional y no local, como es la tutela y protección del ambiente, le corresponde a un ente estatal nacional como lo es el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía. La Sala Constitucional ha dicho que es obligación del Estado la protección y tutela del ambiente. Aún cuando la noción de Estado puede incluir tanto entes centrales como descentralizados de la Administración Pública, tanto funcional como territorialmente, la protección y tutela del ambiente debe ser tenido como un interés de naturaleza preponderantemente nacional, aunque tenga una dimensión local.
La competencia del Ministerio para declarar áreas silvestres protegidas, está regulada en varias leyes, a saber, la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (artículos 32 y 42), la Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre (artículos 82 y 84) regula los Refugios de Vida Silvestre. Así, el marco normativo que regula el establecimiento y administración de las áreas silvestres protegidas, dentro de las que se encuentran los refugios de vida silvestre y los humedales, es de rango legal. El Poder Ejecutivo lo único que hace a través del Decreto es delimitar la porción del territorio nacional que se convierte en área protegida, bajo alguna de las categorías de manejo que la Ley establece, sin que tenga importancia a qué régimen jurídico de propiedad está sometido (propiedad pública de carácter demanial o propiedad privada) ni que ente u órgano lo administra, sea ente nacional de la administración central o descentralizada, o local, como las municipalidades.
Con la declaratoria de un área silvestre protegida se tutela un interés público nacional, no local. Ello encuentra fundamento en los artículos 58, 60 y 61 de la Ley de Biodiversidad. El marco legal que regula lo relacionado con las áreas silvestres protegidas tutela un interés público de orden nacional, garantizado por la Constitución Política como derecho fundamental. Para ello, cualquier área o zona del territorio nacional puede ser declarada área silvestre protegida, con lo cual pasa a ser administrada por el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía. En el caso de las áreas o zona sometidas a un régimen de dominio público, no se produce un cambio de titular, sino de administrador, pues en razón de su carácter demanial, pertenecen a la Nación. El artículo 13 de la Ley Forestal y sus reformas establece que el terreno declarado área silvestre pasa a formar parte del patrimonio natural del Estado, cuya administración corresponde al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía.
Es por ello que la declaratoria de área silvestre protegida hecha respecto de un bien demanial cuya administración le ha sido atribuida a un ente municipal, no transgrede el artículo 169 constitucional, pues dicha atribución no se hace en función de un interés local. Los bienes demaniales son de la Nación y los distintos entes u órganos públicos lo que hacen es administrarlos. Ello aplica asimismo para aquellos bienes demaniales cuya administración el legislador atribuye a una municipalidad determinada. Si una Municipalidad administra un bien demanial, lo que hace es gestionar un interés nacional, no local, a menos que el uso o fin público a este afecto el bien demanial sea la prestación de un servicio de naturaleza local. En ese sentido, el ente encargado de su administración puede ser modificado por el legislador, sin que con ello quebrante lo dispuesto por el 169 constitucional. Lo expuesto es de aplicación a los casos de la Isla San Lucas y el estero de Puntarenas y manglares asociados, que son bienes demaniales.
El artículo 78 de la Ley de la Zona Marítimo Terrestre dispone que la Isla San Lucas estará bajo la administración de la Municipalidad de Puntarenas. Sin embargo, ello no modificó la naturaleza demanial de la isla, sino que solamente determinó a cuál ente corresponde su administración. Tanto la Ley 4071 (art. 7°) como la número 5469 (art. 1°) atribuyen la administración de dos bienes demaniales a la Municipalidad de Puntarenas. Posteriormente, el Decreto impugnado, en sus artículos 1° y 3°, declara esos bienes como áreas silvestres protegidas, con fundamento en lo dispuesto en los artículos 32 y 42 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y 82 de la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, con lo que pasan a ser administrados por el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía. Si se interpreta que la competencia del Ministerio proviene del Decreto citado, las leyes citadas o son inconstitucionales, o devienen inaplicables pues es por medio de leyes que a las instituciones autónomas o semiautónomas y a las municipalidades se les atribuye la administración o propiedad de los bienes demaniales, lo que en todo caso, correspondería dilucidar a la jurisdicción ordinaria, no a la constitucional.
Recomienda que se declare sin lugar la presente acción. 5.- Carlos Manuel Rodríguez Echandi, en condición de Ministro de Ambiente y Energía contesta a folio 83 la audiencia conferida, manifestando que el fundamento jurídico del Decreto Ejecutivo número 292777-MINAE está en la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, artículos 32 y siguientes, y en la obligación que tiene el Ministerio de adoptar las medidas adecuadas para prevenir el aprovechamiento y la ocupación y hacer respetar las características ecológicas, geomorfológicas y estéticas del lugar. Alega que durante los últimos años, el estero de Puntarenas se ha contaminado, sin que las autoridades locales hayan hecho algo para resolver el problema. Señala que una inspección realizada por biólogos del Ministerio durante los días veintisiete y veintiocho de agosto de dos mil tres, demostró que existen elementos suficientes para proteger la isla como área silvestre.
Al desaparecer el Centro Penal y no haberse realizado actividades productivas, se produjo un proceso de regeneración natural, lo que supone un aumento en la biodiversidad que ha convertido la isla en un bosque secundario. La isla está protegida entonces, no solo por la Ley de Vida Silvestre, sino también por la propia Ley Forestal. Alega que la jurisprudencia de la Sala Constitucional respalda la actuación del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, la cual se ha ajustado a los tratados internacionales suscritos sobre la materia y la legislación tutelar del ambiente. 6.- Por escritos recibidos en la Secretaria de la Sala Constitucional los días ocho y veintiuno de octubre de dos mil tres (folios 102 y 116), el Alcalde Municipal de Puntarenas manifiesta su oposición a las manifestaciones dadas por la Procuraduría General de la República y el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía en sus informes. Alega que un Reglamento no puede violar la Constitución Política (normas o principios) y si ello ocurre, corresponde a la Sala Constitucional dilucidar el conflicto.
Existen leyes que otorgan la propiedad y administración de la Isla de San Lucas y el Estero, a la Municipalidad de Puntarenas, a saber, artículos 1° de la Ley número 5469 y artículos 9 y 78 de la Ley número 6043, Ley sobre Zona Marítimo Terrestre. Resulta entonces indiscutible que la propiedad y la consecuente capacidad de administración y decisión con relación a la Isla de San Lucas y al Estero de Puntarenas, corresponde a la Municipalidad de Puntarenas. La autonomía municipal, consagrada en los artículos 169 y 170 de la Constitución Política da a las corporaciones municipales la potestad de darse su propio gobierno, fijar sus propios objetivos y metas. Por ello, no puede el Estado, a través de un Decreto Ejecutivo, intervenir en la administración política y de gobierno de un ente municipal. El Estado tiene la obligación de proteger y tutelar el ambiente y los recursos naturales; esa noción de Estado incluye a las corporaciones municipales.
Asimismo, y en el caso concreto, la Isla de San Lucas es un bien demanial que pertenece a la Nación, como los otros bienes propiedad de la Municipalidad de Puntarenas. Agrega que el artículo 84 de la Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre, dispone que el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía está facultado para establecer refugios de vida silvestre en propiedad estatal, mixta o privada, sea en reservar forestales o en terrenos de instituciones autónomas o semiautónomas y municipales, con la previa autorización de éstas. Sin embargo, en el caso concreto la Municipalidad de Puntarenas nunca tomó ningún acuerdo autorizando tal declaratoria.
Luis Fernando Solano C.
Ana Virginia Calzada M. Adrián Vargas B.
Gilbert Armijo S. Ernesto Jinesta L.
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