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Res. 07754-2020 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 24/04/2020
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber ordered ICAA to ensure sufficient water distribution during prolonged interruptions and to solve short-term problems caused by production source shortages within one month, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.La Sala ordenó al ICAA garantizar el reparto suficiente de agua durante interrupciones prolongadas y solventar en un mes los problemas de corto plazo derivados de la escasez en las fuentes de producción, debido a la pandemia de COVID-19.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber reviewed an amparo filed by an elderly woman from Hatillo 2, San José, who reported extended drinking water cuts, aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although previous jurisprudence had accepted dry-season shortages as not attributable to the Water and Sewer Institute (ICAA), the Court reconsidered its stance given the health emergency. Evidence showed that ARESEP had warned ICAA about infrastructure investment backlogs and significant unaccounted-for water losses, and that project execution capacity had been lacking. The Chamber partially granted the appeal, ordering ICAA to immediately ensure sufficient water distribution during prolonged interruptions and to implement short-term actions within one month to address production shortages, without prejudice to medium- and long-term solutions.La Sala Constitucional conoció un recurso de amparo interpuesto por una adulta mayor residente en Hatillo 2, San José, quien denunció cortes prolongados del servicio de agua potable, situación que se agravó por la pandemia de COVID-19. Aunque la jurisprudencia previa del Tribunal validaba los desabastecimientos en época seca como una situación no imputable al ICAA, la Sala reconsidera su postura a la luz de la emergencia sanitaria. Consta que el ICAA había sido advertido por la ARESEP sobre el rezago en inversión en infraestructura y las significativas pérdidas de agua no contabilizada, y que la capacidad de ejecución de proyectos no ha sido la deseable. La Sala declaró parcialmente con lugar el recurso, ordenando al ICAA garantizar el reparto suficiente de agua ante interrupciones prolongadas, y a implementar en el plazo de un mes acciones de corto plazo para solventar los problemas de escasez en las fuentes de producción, sin perjuicio de soluciones a mediano y largo plazo.
Key excerptExtracto clave
In this regard, as in the cited precedents, the Chamber observes that, in principle, the lack of drinking water service results from a shortage issue. However, the national emergency caused by COVID-19 requires this Court to reconsider the above-mentioned thesis. In this respect, not only is it evident that the water shortage problem has been present since 2017, but ARESEP also pointed out that ICAA faced a backlog in infrastructure investment and significant losses from unaccounted-for water. Furthermore, the regulator also stated that the project execution capacity of drinking water operators has not been as desired. Thus, before continuing to validate any shortage situation, and due to the COVID-19 pandemic (whose fatal repercussions are public and notorious in other latitudes), ICAA must implement the corresponding actions to solve in the short term the problems caused by water scarcity in production sources, without prejudice to its projected medium- and long-term solutions. This is ordered because access to this liquid amid this pandemic becomes fundamental to prevent further spread, according to the Ministry of Health's recommendations.Sobre el particular, tal y como ocurrió en los precedentes de cita, la Sala observa que, en principio, la falta del servicio de agua potable responde a un problema de desabastecimiento. No obstante, la situación de emergencia nacional provocada por el COVID-19, hace necesario que este Tribunal se replantee la tesis supra citada. Al respecto, no solo consta que la problemática de desabastecimiento de agua se venía reflejando desde el 2017, sino que la ARESEP puntualizó que el ICAA tenía un rezago en la inversión en infraestructura y, además, significativas pérdidas por concepto de agua no contabilizada. Asimismo, el ente regulador también afirmó que la capacidad de ejecución de los proyectos por parte de los operadores del servicio de agua potable no ha sido la deseable. De ahí que, previo a seguir validando alguna situación de desabastecimiento y en virtud de la pandemia por el COVID-19 (cuyas fatales repercusiones son públicas y notorias en otras latitudes), el ICAA debe implementar las acciones correspondientes a los efectos de solventar a corto plazo los problemas generados por la escasez de agua en las fuentes de producción, sin perjuicio de las soluciones a mediano y largo plazo que tenga proyectadas. Lo anterior se dispone, por cuanto el acceso a este líquido en medio de esta pandemia se torna fundamental para evitar una mayor propagación, según las recomendaciones del Ministerio de Salud.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"No obstante, la situación de emergencia nacional provocada por el COVID-19, hace necesario que este Tribunal se replantee la tesis supra citada."
"However, the national emergency caused by COVID-19 requires this Court to reconsider the above-mentioned thesis."
Considerando III
"No obstante, la situación de emergencia nacional provocada por el COVID-19, hace necesario que este Tribunal se replantee la tesis supra citada."
Considerando III
"el acceso a este líquido en medio de esta pandemia se torna fundamental para evitar una mayor propagación, según las recomendaciones del Ministerio de Salud."
"access to this liquid amid this pandemic becomes fundamental to prevent further spread, according to the Ministry of Health's recommendations."
Considerando III
"el acceso a este líquido en medio de esta pandemia se torna fundamental para evitar una mayor propagación, según las recomendaciones del Ministerio de Salud."
Considerando III
"se ordena a Yamilette Astorga Espeleta, en su condición de presidenta ejecutiva del ICAA, o a quien ocupe ese cargo, que, de manera INMEDIATA, gire las órdenes correspondientes y disponga lo necesario dentro del ámbito de sus competencias para que, ante interrupciones prolongadas del servicio de agua y teniendo en cuenta la pandemia de coronavirus COVID-19, se garantice a la población afectada el reparto suficiente de ese líquido a los efectos de que puedan suplir sus necesidades básicas e implementar las recomendaciones de aseo que las autoridades de salud han emitido."
"Yamilette Astorga Espeleta, in her capacity as Executive President of ICAA, or whoever holds that position, is ordered to IMMEDIATELY issue the corresponding orders and arrange what is necessary within the scope of her powers so that, in the event of prolonged interruptions to the water service and taking into account the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, the affected population is guaranteed a sufficient supply of that liquid so that they can meet their basic needs and implement the hygiene recommendations issued by the health authorities."
Por tanto
"se ordena a Yamilette Astorga Espeleta, en su condición de presidenta ejecutiva del ICAA, o a quien ocupe ese cargo, que, de manera INMEDIATA, gire las órdenes correspondientes y disponga lo necesario dentro del ámbito de sus competencias para que, ante interrupciones prolongadas del servicio de agua y teniendo en cuenta la pandemia de coronavirus COVID-19, se garantice a la población afectada el reparto suficiente de ese líquido a los efectos de que puedan suplir sus necesidades básicas e implementar las recomendaciones de aseo que las autoridades de salud han emitido."
Por tanto
Full documentDocumento completo
Constitutional Chamber Date of Resolution: April 24, 2020, at 09:45 Case File: 20-004883-0007-CO Type of Matter: Amparo appeal Relevance Indicators Relevant judgment Related Judgments Judgment with protected data, in accordance with current regulations Content of Interest:
Type of content: Majority Vote Branch of Law: 4. GUARANTEE MATTERS Topic: PUBLIC SERVICES Subtopics:
DRINKING WATER.
007754-20. PUBLIC SERVICES. THE COSTA RICAN INSTITUTE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS IS ORDERED, IN LIGHT OF THE COVID-19 (CORONAVIRUS) PANDEMIC, TO RESOLVE THE DRINKING WATER SUPPLY PROBLEM IN HATILLO. VCG05/2020 Other References: Judgment: 7183-19, 19080-19, 8791-19 *200048830007CO* CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine forty-five o'clock on April twenty-fourth, two thousand twenty.
Amparo appeal processed in case file no. 20-0048830007-CO, filed by [Name 001], identity card [Value 001], against the COSTA RICAN INSTITUTE OF AQUEDUCTS AND SEWERS (ICAA), the MINISTRY OF HEALTH, the MUNICIPALITY OF SAN JOSÉ, and the REGULATORY AUTHORITY FOR PUBLIC SERVICES (ARESEP).
Whereas:
7- By means of a document received at the Secretariat of the Chamber at 10:05 hours on April 2, 2020, Johnny Araya Monge renders a sworn report in his capacity as Mayor of San José. He indicates that there is no opposition regarding the qualifications (calidades) of the appellant or the people who live with her. He points out that the municipality is aware that in various sectors of the Central canton of San José, during the months of February and March of this year, there have been rationing or suspensions of the drinking water service. He adds that the same has happened on those dates in previous years. He states that the municipality has had to hire tanker trucks to supply some of the Child Care and Development Centers (CEDUDI), located in the Hatillo and Pavas districts, as well as overnight centers for homeless persons, administrative offices, and municipal buildings, which has complicated the provision of certain services.
He expresses that this has been done to avoid leaving the vulnerable population without drinking water during the Covid 19 emergency. He argues that what is specifically said by the appellant is not specifically known to him; however, he is familiar with the problem of water rationing. He mentions that he does not know the schedules of the rationing or service suspensions, nor the supply that has been given through tanker trucks. He affirms that the supply by means of tanker trucks has not been carried out by the municipality. He states that he does not know if the service has been restored or if it is provided uninterruptedly. He notes that the municipality does not provide drinking water service, as this is the exclusive competence of ICAA. He affirms that the local government does not have the availability to supply the canton's residents with drinking water, since it does not have the necessary infrastructure or equipment.
He affirms that the problem is not new, but rather occurred in 2014, 2015, and 2016. He explains that the suspensions of drinking water service, as reported, are executed by ICAA and are due to the lack of water resources in the country, natural phenomena such as ENOS, and the insufficient capacity to serve the general population, which causes water resource shortages (desabastecimientos) in critical areas, such as Hatillo, Pavas, Zapote, among others. He argues that on the ICAA website there is information about the suspension of service in different areas of the territory. He explains that the municipality has been cautious in matters of urban renewal and planning to prevent these types of problems. He adds that it is verified that projects have an environmental impact assessment and that applications for construction permits previously have the respective Drinking Water and Sanitary Sewerage Availability (Disponibilidad de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado Sanitario) from ICAA.
He indicates that agreements have been made with other municipalities (La Unión, Curridabat, and Montes de Oca) to rescue the Río María Aguilar basin and the existing aquifers in that channel, also replicating the initiative for the Torres river, for the purpose of protecting the water resource. He requests that the appeal be dismissed.
At the same time, this Ministry monitors, through a Drinking Water Quality Program, the quality of this resource, with its own funds; emphasizing the most vulnerable populations, such as the ASADAS and rural aqueducts; reporting anomalies to the service administrator and ordering improvements if necessary.” It states that there is no record of any formal complaint by the appellant before the Hatillo Health Governing Area Directorate, so the details of the appellant’s place of residence and/or any means of contacting him are unknown. They request the appellant’s details for the purpose of conducting the corresponding visit and being able to verify whether the ICAA is complying with the agreement reached with the Ombudsman's Office and the neighbors, regarding the schedule and palliative measures. They indicate that, in the event of any impact, they will issue the corresponding administrative acts.
It explains that the Ministry of Health has taken the necessary measures regarding the conditions of this water resource, since it requested the publication of an amendment to Executive Decree No. 38924-S “Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable” in order to increase the chlorination level in the water supplied to populations and not only improve quality but also allow the State and local governments to draw from a greater number of sources requiring a higher level of chlorination, increasing the availability of the resource. It adds that a higher level of chlorination makes it easier to maintain the required residual so that it remains in storage for a longer time in times of scarcity, if necessary. It states that the Ministry of Health monitors the quality of this resource with its own funds, for which purpose it reports anomalies to the service administrator and orders improvements if necessary. It requests that the appeal be dismissed.
| Phase/Activity | Estimated Start Date | Estimated Completion Date | % Completed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-investment Phase | 01/15/2019 | 02/09/2021 | 64.00 |
| Financing Phase | 07/15/2019 | 06/03/2021 | 79.00 |
| Final Design Phase | 10/31/2019 | 07/08/2021 | 10.00 |
| Bidding and Award Phase | 06/15/2020 | 02/03/2022 | - |
| Execution Phase | 12/16/2019 | 11/01/2022 | 13.00 |
10. BPIP No. 2680: Expansion of the production of the Acueducto Metropolitano through the implementation of new wells in San Rafael, Alajuela. The project consists of the construction and commissioning of 2 wells (Goal 1 and Goal 2) located on the property with cadastre number 2-1682624-2013 belonging to the Consejo Nacional de Producción (CNP). The production of these wells is intended to be incorporated into System ME-A-19 Puente de Mulas. Additionally, from the Santa Ana Pumping Station, flow will be pumped towards the Puente de Mulas 2 Pumping Station in Escazú through the construction of an approximately 1 km line that will interconnect both pumping stations, in order to improve the drinking water supply service conditions in sectors critically affected during the dry season, such as Barrios del Sur—among them Hatillo—of San José, Alajuelita, and San Juan de Dios de Desamparados. Project life cycle: Start 02/01/2019 End 11/01/2023
| Phase/Activity | Estimated Start Date | Estimated Completion Date | % Completed |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-investment Phase | 02/01/2019 | 02/10/2021 | 65.0 |
| Financing Phase | 08/14/2019 | 08/03/2021 | 7.0 |
| Final Design Phase | 08/03/2021 | 07/29/2022 | 0.0 |
| Bidding and Award Phase | 07/29/2022 | 03/30/2023 | - |
| Execution Phase | 03/30/2023 | 11/24/2023 | 0.0 |
(…) San José, April 3, 2020.” 10- Through a document received at the Secretariat of the Chamber at 3:34 p.m. on April 14, 2020, Roberto Jiménez Gómez, in his capacity as general regulator and chairman of the board of directors of the Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos, submits a sworn report. He indicates that, from the facts alleged by the appellant, no action or omission by ARESEP can be inferred. He points out that the petitioner has not filed a formal complaint or grievance before the Dirección General de Atención al Usuario of that entity. He notes that the function of ARESEP is the following: “It is the entity responsible for regulating the provision of public services in Costa Rica. Its Special Law No. 7593 assigns it the function of setting public service rates and ensuring compliance with quality, quantity, reliability, continuity, timeliness, and optimal provision standards.
This regulatory entity includes within its internal organization the Intendencia de Agua, the department responsible for carrying out regulation functions related to aqueduct and sewerage services.” He mentions that, in accordance with the review of the records of the Dirección General de Atención al Usuario of the ARESEP (DGAU), as well as the means available to users (physical or digital) for filing complaints, there is no record of a formal complaint and/or grievance filed by the appellant, making it impossible to verify the information referred to regarding the details of the indicated place of residence and/or any means of contacting her. He states that, although the details of the appellant’s place of residence are unknown due to the absence of a complaint before that regulatory entity, it is a notorious fact that, due to the meteorological conditions from the onset of the dry season, the problem described by the appellant (water shortages or rationing) occurs in different areas of the country, due to the concurrence of various factors.
He states that the Intendencia de Agua of the ARESEP determined that, despite the health emergency situation due to the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, significant interruptions to the aqueduct service have occurred in the country in recent months, which can be categorized as: 1. Rationing. 2. Unscheduled suspensions (leaks). 3. Scheduled suspensions, related to service infrastructure maintenance. 4. Systems with continuous impact. He explains that ARESEP will process any complaint or grievance regarding the provision of regulated public services; however, there is no record that this has occurred in the specific case. He argues that, as far as ARESEP is concerned regarding what was stated by the appellant, it has no record of the hours of rationing or shortage of the drinking water service, nor of the supply provided by tanker trucks in the locality of her domicile. He states that the referred actions were not carried out by the Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos, insofar as it is the ICAA’s responsibility to resolve everything related to the drinking water supply and it is responsible for providing the service in the community of the protected party.
He explains that on the ICAA website, specifically in the “Interrupciones y/o Faltas de Agua” section, there are details of the scheduled rationing due to the dry season, specifying the province, the canton (including the Hatillos area), and the neighborhoods that will be affected by the water shortage, as well as the approximate time ranges. He adds that this site also contains press releases containing the current rationing program. He explains that, in accordance with the Ley de la Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos, the Reglamento Interno de Organización y Funciones of that entity, and the Ley General de la Administración Pública, it is necessary to file a complaint or grievance for ARESEP to intervene. He expresses that although the ICAA, in the report submitted to this Court, referred to ARESEP in relation to the provisions of Articles 5 and 33 of the Technical Regulation: “Prestación de los Servicios de Acueducto, Alcantarillado Sanitario e Hidrantes (AR-PSAyA2015)”, regarding the continuity and interruption of water service, any non-compliance with the specific technical regulations on quality, quantity, continuity, timeliness, and optimal provision of public services that the regulatory body issues and publishes must be reported for its respective processing.
He asserts that even though there is no record of any complaint or grievance, due to the national emergency caused by COVID-19, ARESEP has issued the corresponding measures to allow the continuity of the exercise of that entity’s functions, such that department heads were instructed to ensure the continuity of operations in the areas under their command, with special attention to critical processes. He cites Articles 25, 38, and 41 of the ARESEP Law, numeral 2 of the ICAA Constitutive Law, and ordinals 266 and 267 of the Ley General de Salud, which determine the competence of the ICAA regarding the drinking water supply. He explains that the actions executed by ARESEP to reduce the impact of water rationing have been the following: “1) Field visits carried out in different locations of the country. On March 18 and 25, 2020, officials of the Intendencia de Agua of Aresep conducted field visits in different locations of the country, where interviews were carried out with users of the public service in question.
In this regard, given the findings detected in the oversight visits regarding the actions of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados and with special attention to the health situation the country is going through, it should be noted that the Intendencia de Agua of Aresep reiterated three specific provisions to that Institution in order to satisfy the needs of the users, according to the referenced regulations, and thereby contribute to combating the disease caused by the COVID-19 virus, namely, the requested Institution was asked to: • Respect the rationing schedules it informs the user. • Provide the alternative drinking water supply services, as established in Articles 33 and 58 of regulation ARPSAYA2015. • Comply with all the conditions established by regulation ARPSAYA-2015 in the case of rationing. Along the same lines, it should be noted that, as of March 31, 2020, through official communication OF-0256-IA-2020, the Intendencia de Agua of Aresep referred to the shortage forecasts and contingency plans for the 2020 summer of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados in all its regions, and made the following recommendations directed to the Institute: “[…] a. Submit within a period of six months the detail of the uncommitted installed capacity or, failing that, the deficit (under critical summer conditions) for each of the aqueduct systems it administers.
Consider an El Niño phase condition for the calculation of the captured source’s production. b. In new presentations of its contingency plans, for the peripheral regions, as it does for the Área Metropolitana Region, detail specifically: The projects proposed to mitigate the effects of summer. The expected contribution, measured in flow and in population supplied, from the implementation of these works [...]”.
Regarding this matter, it is important to mention that this official communication was the foundational antecedent for the Executive Branch to issue Directive N°076-5, published in Supplement N°69 to La Gaceta N°66 of Tuesday, March 31, 2020, which decreed that providers of the public drinking water service must cease the cutting of services to delinquent customers during the health crisis caused by the Coronavirus pandemic, as well as proceed with the connection of those services currently suspended. 4. On March 18, 2020, through Press Release, Bulletin N°10-2020, the recommendation to the Presidency of the Republic made in official communication OF-0247-RG-2020 was reported to the Costa Rican population. It is pertinent to indicate that, in this Bulletin N°10-2020, the Regulatory Authority reminded the aqueduct providers that they must maintain controls on the chlorination of drinking water, as disinfecting and chlorinating facilitates the elimination of this virus and also helps prevent the development of other types of health conditions that could aggravate the risk situation currently being experienced in the country.
Additionally, a call was made to the citizenry to be responsible with the payment of public services on the established dates, so as not to cause another problem due to a lack of financial resources required by public entities, and to use water responsibly in their homes. 5. On March 20, 2020, through official communication OF-0215-IA-2020, the Water Intendancy indicated to the main aqueduct service operators that, given the national emergency the country is currently facing due to the spread of COVID-19 and in order to determine the impact on operators' costs and expenses because of this situation, they are required, within a period of 20 business days following the end of the emergency decree, to submit the following to the regulatory body: a. Actions taken to minimize the impact of COVID-19 on the public health of the populations served according to the respective service and on the finances of each operator.
This is in accordance with the provisions of the Executive Branch through decrees or specific provisions through official communications. b. Financial economic quantification of the costs and expenses derived from each of the actions indicated in the previous point. c. Possible impact on revenues from the provision of the public service derived from the emergency process and the impact of COVID-19. d. Contingency plans prepared for the impact on the provision of regulated services due to the massive spread of the virus, clearly indicating the economic cost of implementing these plans. The foregoing request is based on the fact that it must be kept in mind that, in times of crisis, service provision must continue (going concern), and therefore it is the responsibility of the operators to take all necessary actions to ensure this provision, actions that may or may not have a significant economic cost, hence the need to quantify it and analyze whether it entails any significant financial imbalance in the regulated services. 6.
On March 26, 2020, official communication OF-0245-IA-2020 was issued, wherein providers of the public drinking water service were reminded of the duty to comply with Directive N°076-S. In this regard, and given the impact on public health resulting from the immediate and complete compliance with Directive N°076-S, the main implications of this directive were reiterated: • The measures contemplated in this Directive stem from considering life and health as fundamental rights of the population, which, in order to be realized, especially in the current situation regarding the presence of Covid-19, depend on the availability of drinking water supply through aqueducts. • Through Executive Decree 42227-MP-S of last March 16, a state of national emergency has been declared, which supports various extraordinary measures that must be taken to guarantee the right to life and health of the general population. • To achieve these objectives, it is important that the companies supplying drinking water comply with the provisions of this Directive.
In this sense, as of the effective date of Directive N°076-5, providers were required to assess what was indicated, especially regarding the following: • Suspension of cuts or disconnections for lack of payment or delinquency of the drinking water service for residential, preferential, and commercial users. • Restoration of service to all those residential, preferential, and commercial users whose drinking water service is disconnected for lack of payment or delinquency and who expressly request the restoration of service; avoiding, as far as possible, the abuses that could arise from this situation, to prevent a significant impact on the provider's finances. • The restoration of suspended services and the halting of disconnections applies to all existing cases, even for cases of delinquency that occurred prior to the issuance of this Directive. • The measure will be in effect for the next 60 calendar days, with the possibility of being extended if sanitary conditions warrant it. • This suspension of disconnections and restoration of service to currently disconnected users does not imply that debts are forgiven or that there is no obligation to pay for the drinking water supply service.
All users are obligated to pay for the services supplied. In the event of delinquency, payments must be made or initiated, at the latest, once the period indicated in the Directive ends, or any other period that may be established upon reviewing its scope, taking into account economic conditions and the financial balance of the provider. • Given the nature of the service and the current form of billing, payment, and collection, where different services related to water (aqueduct, sewerage, hydrants, and water tariff) are billed on a single receipt, it should be understood that the authorization covers all public services billed. • Each company providing the drinking water supply service must internally evaluate alternative mechanisms for future collection, taking into account payment arrangements with users, so that the amounts owed are collected and the impact on the company's finances is minimized.
Providers were also asked that, if special situations not foreseen in the cited Directive or in this official communication arise, they should proceed to communicate them promptly to the Water Intendancy of Aresep. Additionally, as a result of situations that have recently arisen, it was reported that the restoration of service to currently disconnected users does not depend on reaching a payment arrangement with the user. This situation, which is desirable under normal circumstances, is not so in the current conjuncture, where the availability of service for all users has special implications for the health and lives of all people. Finally, the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados was asked to forward this official communication to the Asociaciones Administradoras de Sistemas de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado Comunales (ASADAS) for their respective implementation. 7. On March 26, 2020, official communication OF-0240-1A-2020 was issued in response to a query made by an Asociación Administradora de Sistemas de Acueductos y Alcantarillados Comunales (ASADA) regarding the possibility of providing a solidarity discount, due to the health emergency, on the consumption billing for the ASADA's subscribers for a period of three months.
In response to the query, the Water Intendancy of Aresep informed them that since the rates of the ASADAS are maximum rates, the communal aqueduct may charge a lower rate, provided that the conditions indicated in that official communication, which is attached as documentary evidence, are met. 5) Strengthening of the oversight strategy In the exercise of its powers, Aresep, through the Water Intendancy, has also reinforced its regulatory signal regarding water rationings (racionamientos) and suspensions of the water resource. The following actions were taken in this regard: A. Request for updated information with a higher level of detail: In order to determine and evaluate the measures being taken to reduce the number of annual water rationings (racionamientos) carried out by the companies supplying the aqueduct service, the following information on the topic of water rationings (racionamientos) was requested from the providers (AyA and ESPH): For the years 2019 and 2020: 1.
Places where supply continues to be rationed. a. Village b. District c. Canton d. Province e. System to which it belongs (code in the case of AyA) f. Possible affected population g. Expected impact schedule. 2. Reason why the water rationing (racionamiento) continues. 3. Short- and medium-term solutions proposed for these sectors (improvement plan) and their incorporation within the investment plans. 4. Contingency Plan for the next summer (year 2020). 5. Short- and medium-term solutions proposed for these sectors (improvement plan) and their incorporation within the investment plans. It is worth highlighting that this information continues to be requested from the operators through the periodic matrix. B. Presentation of dry season (estiaje) plans and investment solutions for 2020. In this regard, at the end of 2019, operators were asked to present their dry season (estiaje) plans to the Water Intendancy and the actions to decrease these water rationings (racionamientos) in 2020.
Of the investment plans, the following stand out: 1. The Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados decrees a state of emergency on its systems. 2. The Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados invests approximately 31.157 billion colones in 23 projects to face the drought for years to come and is committed to its Orosi project. 3. The Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados concludes the year 2019 with 8 projects benefiting 242,850 people out of approximately 600,000 affected. 4. The affected systems in both operators are the same over the years; the actions taken in previous years decreased the impact (the number of hours of impact) or the affected population. 5. The Regulatory Authority has approved sufficient resources to make the necessary investments for the water rationings (racionamientos); however, the project execution capacity on the part of the operators has not been as desired.
C. Coordination with external entities. 1. Coordination takes place with external entities such as the Ministry of Health, specifically in the Puriscal sector, to determine vulnerable locations or those with continuity problems. 2. Engagement with the Instituto Meteorológico Nacional at periodic meetings to determine crisis periods since operators have different dry season (estiaje) schedules for 2020. 3. Engagement with the Comisión Nacional de Emergencias (CNE) for cases of suspensions due to emergencies. In accordance with the previous actions taken by Aresep aimed at decreasing the impact of drinking water rationings (racionamientos), it should be noted that these are based on the obligation of providers to comply with the mandates established by Law N°.7593, especially regarding the provisions of Article 14 of this Law, which obligates every public service provider to "(...) be prepared to ensure, in the short term, the provision of the service in the face of an increase in demand" (subsection i); and "provide the service under adequate conditions and with the regularity and security that its nature, the concession, or the permit indicates" (subsection j).” It requests that the appeal against ARESEP be declared without merit.
Drafted by Judge Rueda Leal; and,
Considering:
I.Purpose of the appeal. The appellant indicates that she is an elderly person over 70 years of age who lives in Hatillo 2 with her 76-year-old husband, her 40-year-old daughter, and her 10-year-old granddaughter. She states that the community they live in suffers from water rationings (racionamientos) and suspensions, initially due to the scarcity of that liquid. She narrates that on March 9, 2020, they had water from 4:15 to 6:00 a.m.; however, it was so little that she could barely collect enough to drink and cook. She mentions that, due to the above, the water was not enough to fill the toilet tanks or to wash clothes. She alleges that they have been without water in their homes for more than 40 hours. She points out that between 1:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m. of that same day, a neighbor told them that there was a tanker truck (camión cisterna) at the site, which allowed them to collect some water; however, she complains that at that time there was no kind of notice informing them that the tanker trucks (camiones cisterna) were nearby.
She maintains that, because of this, the other inhabitants of the area could not collect water. She relates that the executive president of ICAA reported that due to Covid-19 they would provide water at two times during the day; nevertheless, such a statement has not been fulfilled. She asks that her right to receive drinking water at reasonable times and durations be respected. II.- Proven facts. Of importance for the resolution of this matter, the following facts are deemed as proven: The appellant is an elderly person. (Consultation on the website of the Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones). In 2017, 2018, and 2019, ICAA experienced that, generally starting in February, the water production sources begin to be depleted, reaching their minimums in April of each year, so that, despite having the infrastructure to purify it, the lack of rain decreases the available resource. (ICAA Report). The southern tanks of ICAA have supply shortage (desabastecimiento) problems and are the ones that supply the water service for the Hatillos area.
These tanks, in turn, take the liquid mainly from the La Valencia system and are reinforced by the Puente de Mulas systems (through Bello Horizonte) and Tres Ríos systems via the Curridabat tanks. (Report from the appealed authority). ICAA has the infrastructure to purify water; however, the sources do not have the capacity to provide the required resource. (Report from the appealed authority). Supply shortages (desabastecimientos) depend on a series of factors such as: population demand (which varies with the time of day, temperature, day of the week, etc.), the production available at the time, the level in the storage tank, the topographical elevation of the service, the distance from the service to the distribution point, among others. (Report from the appealed authority). In the dry season of previous years, the southern tank system could be reinforced for a longer time with water from the Tres Ríos purification plant; however, due to the problems faced throughout the aqueduct, the reinforcement has been minimized.
(Report from the appealed authority). ICAA has developed several projects that are already in operation and, in the last two years, nearly 500 liters per second were incorporated with the Doña Lela, San Miguel, and Palermo wells and CNPs 7, 8, and 9; however, it has not been enough to avoid the summer effect being experienced. (Report from the appealed authority). In 2019, ICAA began operating the Chigüite well, which incorporates 20 liters per second into the Tres Ríos system, directly aiding the Curridabat system, and this allows reinforcing the southern tanks during some moments of the day. (Report from the appealed authority). At the end of 2019, the Water Intendancy of ARESEP requested that operators present their dry season (estiaje) plans and the actions to decrease the water rationings (racionamientos) in 2020. From the plans provided, ARESEP highlights that sufficient resources have been approved for the purpose of making the necessary investments for the water rationings (racionamientos); however, the project execution capacity on the part of the operators has not been at the desired level.
(ARESEP Report). As of March 6, 2020, ICAA has an additional flow of around 100 l/s available at the Tres Ríos plant to reinforce some of the affected systems, including the southern tank system. (Report from the appealed authority). On March 9, 2020, the Hatillo 2 area had water from 4:15 to 6:00 a.m. (Uncontroverted fact). On March 9, 2020, the appellant received water from a tanker truck (camión cisterna). (Statement consigned in the filing brief). As of March 10, 2020, the date of filing the appeal, water service had not yet been restored in Hatillo 2. (Uncontroverted fact). The water distribution logs of ICAA record, in relation to Hatillo 2, the following: On March 4, 2020, the following trips were made: One to "Hatillo 2-4-8". One to "Hatillo "#1,#2"" On March 5, 2020, eight trips were made to "Hatillo, Hatillos 2 and 4, Colegio Cedes Don Bosco". On March 6, 2020, three trips were carried out to "Hatillo 8, 2, Colegio Brenes Mesén".
On March 7, 2020, the following trips materialized: One to "Parque nacional Mara Redonda. Hatillo # 2-Hatillo #8". One to "Hatillo 2". One to "Hatillo 2-4-8" Three to "Hatillo 2 Valdeado" On March 8, 2020, the following trips were perpetrated: One to "Hatillo #2- Hatillo #8-INA Florida". Two to "Hatillo 2 and surroundings" Two to "Hatillos 2, 3,5". On March 9, 2020, two trips were consummated to "Hatillo #1, Hatillo centro and Hatillo #2". (Evidence provided by the appealed authority). Users can consult the following communication channels to learn about the impact bulletins in their respective communities via: line 800- REPORTE (7376783); application for devices SERVICIOS AYA; WhatsApp: 8376-5103; and Facebook: INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS. (Report from the appealed authority). On March 12, 2020, ICAA was notified of the course of this amparo. (Notification record).
On March 12, 2020, ICAA interconnected the W5 well to the ME-A-17 La Valencia system, which will allow reinforcement of water supply in the most critical sectors of the capital, such as the Hatillos. (ICAA Report). The Water Intendancy of ARESEP, through official communication N°. OF-0200-IA-2020 dated March 16, 2020, addressed to the executive president of ICAA, stated: “(…) However, despite the fact that the country is currently in a health emergency situation, different localities in the country, especially in the San José Metropolitan Area, are suffering constant water rationings (racionamientos), justified by AyA as occurring because during the dry season the aqueduct system faces a water deficit combined with an increase in liquid consumption during the summer months. Given this, the Regulatory Authority reiterates that it is the responsibility of the providers to implement a permanent planning policy that allows for the prevention of situations like this, based on efficiency standards and considering the adverse circumstances that occur during the annual dry season (estiaje) and drought period.
In particular, they must be capable of developing an adequate response capacity and contingency plan to avoid water rationings (racionamientos) during drought periods. Providers are aware that the impact of climate change on water resources translates into a limitation on the quantity of the resource, and since one of the fundamental principles of public services is their continuity, it is essential that they make the necessary efforts to improve the problem of water scarcity affecting the localities they serve in a sustained manner, and not just momentarily. The foregoing contrasts with the persistence of water rationing (racionamiento) problems over several years and in a large number of communities, which reaffirms that these are not situations that can be classified as acts of God or force majeure (caso fortuito o fuerza mayor). Although the Regulatory Authority is aware of the institutional efforts made by its represented entities to avoid the impacts on the population derived from the water rationings (racionamientos) that have occurred in recent years, this problem is increasingly recurrent and affects a greater number of people.
The reasons are multiple, but this regulatory Authority draws attention to the lag in infrastructure investment and the significant losses due to non-revenue water (agua no contabilizada, ANC). It is essential that AyA solve both problems within a reasonable timeframe. Notwithstanding the warnings made by the Regulatory Authority on the matter, and above all, having had national and international knowledge of the current outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the water rationings (racionamientos) by AyA continue to be a recurring measure, and users continue to suffer from the lack of water, thus undermining the country's health system and, from a regulatory point of view, the fundamental principle of continuity in the provision of public services; its obligation, in accordance with Article 14, subsections i) and j) of Law N°7593, being to be prepared to ensure the provision of the service in a regular and safe manner in the short term.
The different explanations that AyA has offered in various instances regarding the reasons that have led to the high levels of supply shortages (desabastecimiento) in several areas of the country, especially in the San José Metropolitan Area, do not allow concluding that they should be excluded from the application of the cited article 95 or that these are acts of God or force majeure (casos fortuitos o de fuerza mayor), given that, as previously indicated, the water rationing (racionamiento) situation has recurred over several years. Consequently, AyA is instructed in this act to proceed with the adjustment in the amount of service billing to all its subscribers affected by the water rationings (racionamientos), for the following cases where Article 95 of the Technical Regulation AR-PSAYA-2015 applies, that is: a) When the provision of service is less than 16 natural hours per day for at least 20 natural days per month; and b) When the suspension of service for 24 natural hours occurs for more than three consecutive natural days or more than 7 non-consecutive natural days, both within the same month.
This provision is independent of others that have been issued with the aim of correcting the water rationing (racionamiento) situations that have recurred within a reasonable timeframe; therefore, AyA cannot assume that the application of the cited Article 95 exempts it from correcting the typified problem. Additionally, this Regulatory Authority must be notified, within a maximum period of five business days, of the mechanism that will be implemented to comply with this provision." (Evidence provided by ARESEP). On March 27, 2020, ICAA began the replacement of pipes in sectors of Hatillo 2 with higher-capacity ones, which will increase the available flow for the homes on Villanea Street, 50A Street, 52 Street, 54A Street, and the mall between 54 A Street and 56 Street, with a 70% progress rate, as the interconnections and the connection of service lines are still pending. (ICAA Report).
On March 27, 2020, ICAA interconnected a new well (W16) to the ME-A-17 La Valencia system, which will reinforce the water supply in the most critical sectors of the capital, such as the Hatillos. This well has a production capacity of 75 liters per second (l/s), equivalent to the daily consumption of 18,500 people. (ICAA Report). ICAA is currently executing the project "BPIP N° 2680: Expansion of the production of the Metropolitan Aqueduct through the implementation of new wells in San Rafael, Alajuela" in order to improve the drinking water supply conditions in sectors critically affected during the dry season, such as the southern neighborhoods, among them Hatillo. The project started on February 1, 2019, is projected to end on November 1, 2023, and its phases are as follows: Phase/Activity Estimated start date Estimated end date % completed
Pre-investment Phase 01/02/2019 10/02/2021 65.0 Financing phase 14/08/2019 03/08/2021 7.0 Final design phase 03/08/2021 29/07/2022 0.0 Bidding and awarding phase 29/07/2022 30/03/2023 - Execution phase 30/03/2023 24/11/2023 0.0 (ICAA Report). III.-Specific case. In the sub examine, the appellant indicates that she is an elderly person over 70 years of age who lives in Hatillo 2 with her 76-year-old husband, her 40-year-old daughter, and her 10-year-old granddaughter. She states that the community they live in suffers from water rationings (racionamientos) and suspensions, initially due to the scarcity of that liquid. She narrates that on March 9, 2020, they had water from 4:15 to 6:00 a.m.; however, it was so little that she could barely collect enough to drink and cook. She mentions that, due to the above, the water was not enough to fill the toilet tanks or to wash clothes. She alleges that they have been without water in their homes for more than 40 hours.
She points out that between 1:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m. of that same day, a neighbor told them that there was a tanker truck (camión cisterna) at the site, which allowed them to collect water; however, she complains that at that time there was no kind of notice informing that the tanker trucks (camiones cisterna) were nearby. She maintains that, because of this, the other inhabitants of the area could not collect water. She relates that the executive president of ICAA reported that due to Covid-19 they would provide water at two times during the day; however, such a statement has not been fulfilled. She asks that her right to receive drinking water at reasonable times and durations be respected. From the study of the case records, it is proven that the appellant is an elderly person. The southern tanks of ICAA have supply shortage (desabastecimiento) problems and are the ones that supply the water service for the Hatillos area.
These tanks take the liquid mainly from the La Valencia system and are reinforced by the Puente de Mulas systems (through Bello Horizonte) and Tres Ríos systems via the Curridabat tanks. ICAA has the infrastructure to purify water; however, the sources do not have the capacity to provide the required resource. Supply shortages (desabastecimientos) depend on a series of factors such as: population demand (which varies with the time of day, temperature, day of the week, etc.), the production available at the time, the level in the storage tank, the topographical elevation of the service, the distance from the service to the distribution point, among others. In the dry season of previous years, the southern tank system could be reinforced for a longer time with water from the Tres Ríos purification plant; however, due to the problems faced throughout the aqueduct, the reinforcement has been minimized.
ICAA has developed several projects that are already in operation and, in the last two years, nearly 500 liters per second were incorporated with the Doña Lela, San Miguel, and Palermo wells and CNPs 7, 8, and 9; however, it has not been enough to avoid the summer effect being experienced. In 2019, ICAA began operating the Chigüite well, which incorporates 20 liters per second into the Tres Ríos system, directly aiding the Curridabat system, which allows reinforcing the southern tanks during some moments of the day. At the end of 2019, the Water Intendancy of ARESEP requested that operators present their dry season (estiaje) plans and the actions to decrease the water rationings (racionamientos) in 2020. From the plans provided, ARESEP highlights that sufficient resources have been approved for the purpose of making the necessary investments for the water rationings (racionamientos); however, the project execution capacity on the part of the operators has not been at the desired level.
As of March 6, 2020, ICAA has an additional flow of around 100 l/s available at the Tres Ríos plant to reinforce some of the affected systems, including the southern tank system. On March 9, 2020, the Hatillo 2 area had water from 4:15 to 6:00 a.m. On March 9, 2020, the appellant received water from a tanker truck (camión cisterna). As of March 10, 2020, the date of filing the appeal, water service had not yet been restored in Hatillo 2. The water distribution logs of ICAA record, in relation to Hatillo 2, the following: i) On March 4, 2020, the following trips were made: a. One to "Hatillo 2-4-8". b. One to " Hatillo "#1, #2"". ii) On March 5, 2020, eight trips were made to " Hatillo, Hatillos 2 and 4, Colegio Cedes Don Bosco". iii) On March 6, 2020, three trips were carried out to " Hatillo 8, 2, Colegio Brenes Mesén". iv) On March 7, 2020, the following trips materialized: a. One to " Parque nacional Mara Redonda. Hatillo # 2-Hatillo #8". b. One to " Hatillo 2". c. One to " Hatillo 2-4-8". d.Three to "Hatillo 2 Valdeado". v) On March 8, 2020, the following trips were perpetrated: a.
One to "Hatillo #2- Hatillo #8-INA Florida". b. Two to "Hatillo 2 and surroundings". c. Two to "Hatillos 2, 3, 5". vi) On March 9, 2020, two trips to "Hatillo #1, Hatillo centro and Hatillo #2" were completed. Users may consult the following communication channels to find out about service disruption bulletins in their respective communities: 800-REPORTE hotline (7376783); SERVICIOS AYA device application; WhatsApp: 8376-5103 and Facebook: INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS. On March 12, 2020, the ICAA was notified of the filing of this amparo. On March 12, 2020, the ICAA interconnected well W5 to the ME-A-17 La Valencia system, which will help reinforce water supply in the most critical sectors of the capital, such as the Hatillos. The Intendencia de Agua of ARESEP, through official communication no. OF-0200-IA-2020 of March 16, 2020, addressed to the executive president of ICAA, stated: “(…) Nevertheless, and despite the fact that the country is currently in a health emergency situation, different localities in the country, especially in the San José Metropolitan Area, are suffering constant water rationing, justified by AyA as occurring because during the dry season, the aqueduct system faces a water deficit compounded by increased liquid consumption during the summer months.
In view of this, the Regulatory Authority reiterates that it is the responsibility of the providers to implement a permanent planning policy that allows for the prevention of situations like this, based on efficiency standards and considering the adverse circumstances that occur during the annual dry season (estiaje) and drought period. In particular, they must be capable of developing an adequate response capacity and a contingency plan to avoid water rationing during drought periods. Providers are aware that the impact of climate change on waters translates into a limitation in the quantity of the resource, and given that one of the fundamental principles of public services is their continuity, it is essential that they make the necessary efforts to improve the water scarcity problem affecting the localities they serve in a sustained manner and not merely momentarily. The foregoing contrasts with the persistence of rationing problems over several years and in a large number of communities, which reaffirms that these are not situations that can be classified as a fortuitous event (caso fortuito) or force majeure (fuerza mayor).
Although the Regulatory Authority is aware of the institutional efforts made by its represented entities to avoid the impacts on the population derived from the water rationing that has occurred in recent years, this problem is increasingly recurrent and affects a larger amount of the population. The reasons are multiple, but the attention of this Regulatory Authority is drawn to the lag in infrastructure investment and the significant losses from the concept of non-revenue water (agua no contabilizada, ANC). It is imperative that AyA solve both problems within a reasonable period. Notwithstanding the warnings made by the Regulatory Authority on this matter, and above all, having become aware nationally and internationally of the current outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the water rationing by AyA continues to be a recurring measure and users continue to suffer from a lack of water, thereby undermining the country's health system and, from a regulatory point of view, the fundamental principle of continuity in the provision of public services; its obligation, according to Article 14 subsections i) and j) of Law No. 7593, is to be prepared to ensure the provision of the service in a regular and safe manner in the short term.
The different explanations that AyA has offered in various instances regarding the reasons that have led to the high levels of supply shortages in several areas of the country, especially in the San José Metropolitan Area, do not allow for the conclusion that they should be excluded from the application of the aforementioned Article 95 or that these are fortuitous events or force majeure, given that, as indicated previously, the rationing situation has occurred recurrently over several years. Consequently, AyA is instructed in this act to proceed with the adjustment in the billing amount for services to all its subscribers affected by the rationing, for the following cases in which Article 95 of the Technical Regulation AR-PSAYA-2015 applies: a) When the provision of the service is less than 16 natural hours daily for at least 20 natural days per month; and b) When the suspension of the service for 24 natural hours lasts more than three consecutive natural days or more than 7 non-consecutive natural days, both in the same month.
This provision is independent of others that have been issued with the intent of correcting, within a reasonable time, the rationing situations that have recurrently occurred; therefore, AyA cannot assume that the application of the aforementioned Article 95 exempts it from correcting the categorized problem. Additionally, it must communicate to this Regulatory Authority, within a maximum period of five business days, the mechanism it will implement to comply with this provision.” On March 27, 2020, the ICAA began replacing pipes in sectors of Hatillo 2 with higher-capacity ones, which will allow increasing the available flow for homes on Villanea Street, 50A Street, 52 Street, 54A Street, and the tree-lined walkway between 54A Street and 56 Street, with 70% progress, as interconnections and service connection lines are still pending. On March 27, 2020, the ICAA interconnected a new well (W16) to the ME-A-17 La Valencia system, which will help reinforce water supply in the most critical sectors of the capital, such as the Hatillos.
This well has a production capacity of 75 liters per second (l/s), equivalent to the daily consumption of 18,500 people. The ICAA is executing the project "BPIP No. 2680: Expansion of the Metropolitan Aqueduct production through the implementation of new wells in San Rafael, Alajuela" in order to improve potable water supply conditions in sectors critically affected during the dry season, such as the southern neighborhoods, including Hatillo. The project began on February 1, 2019, and is projected to conclude on November 1, 2023.
In relation to this issue, the Chamber has maintained a defined jurisprudential line. By judgment no. 2019-019080 at 9:20 a.m. on October 4, 2019, it resolved:
“III.- Regarding the potable water shortage due to the dry season. Concerning this problem that currently affects many communities in the national territory, this Chamber, through judgment No. 2019-007183 at 9:20 a.m. on April 26, 2019, considered the following:
“…III.- ON THE SPECIFIC CASE. While it is true that this Court has recognized, in repeated jurisprudence, that access to potable water is a constitutional right, derived from the rights to health, life, a healthy environment, food, and decent housing, among others, it is also true that currently, multiple shortage problems of the vital liquid occur, generated during the dry season (in the same sense, see judgments No. 2009-12511 at 5:59 p.m. on August 11, 2009, No. 2010-015448 at 12:15 p.m. on September 17, 2010, No. 2014-004918 at 2:30 p.m. on April 9, 2014, No. 2017-006082 at 9:45 a.m. on April 28, 2017, and No. 2016-007550 at 9:05 a.m. on June 3, 2016). In this regard, the State's responsibility is to implement the necessary and optimal measures to provide an effective solution to these problems. From this perspective, it is proven in the case file that, in the area indicated by the appellant, water outages have occurred in recent months, which the respondent authority acknowledges and details.
However, it was possible to prove that the suspensions claimed by the service users are not the product of negligence or arbitrariness on the part of the respondent Institute, but rather are due to a general supply shortage situation in all systems during the dry season. In that sense, it was proven that the respondent authority has communicated through various means that during this season water rationing will occur due to the deficit caused by the reduction of flows that supply the catchment tanks and by the increase in water consumption. Specifically, Zapote belongs to the San José Operation zone, which is supplied by water stored in the Curridabat Tanks, which are fed by water from the Tres Ríos System. It is on record that, during normal production, the Curridabat Tanks present a storage volume of 85% at the start of the day; however, currently the levels reach 20% of their capacity, which makes the area prone to shortages.
These occur when the population's demand exceeds the existing storage and vary depending on the population's demand, current production, the storage tank level, the topographical elevation of the service, the distance from the service to the distribution point, the elevation of the zone, etc. Zapote is one of the highest areas, so the impact of the water shortage will be greater; this affectation occurs only in the dry season and not constantly throughout the year. Normally, shortages begin around 10:00 a.m. and the system begins its recovery around 11:00 p.m. This problem is supported by the distribution of water via tanker trucks for vulnerable population centers. The respondents indicated that they have carried out works to reinforce the system and benefit the communities of the highest sectors; they have also carried out interconnections in the La Pacífica area to transfer that sector to another operation zone to shorten the coverage area of the Curridabat Tanks; the operation supplied by the Cipreses tank was expanded to cover part of San José that was exclusively supplied by the Curridabat Tanks.
As a long-term measure, the respondent Institution promotes projects focused on the control of non-revenue water. As a result of the above, it has worked on exploiting new sources currently in operation for the benefit of the GAM population and has been working on the development of a project that aims to increase production benefiting the GAM by up to 2500 liters per second, a project currently in the design phase and expected to be completed in 2025. Likewise, they prove that the Palermo, Chigüite, Doña Lela, CNP 9, and CNP 10 wells are currently operating in the GAM. This Court considers that, despite verifying the existence of a potable water service shortage in the community where the appellant resides, the respondent authorities demonstrated that they have acted within their material possibilities in order to achieve adequate redistribution. Likewise, this Chamber considers that the shortage occurs only during the dry season and not during all months of the year or all hours of the day, and this situation is communicated to the population through various means.
Additionally, it is valued that the institution has carried out works to reinforce the system and has taken corrective and preventive measures, among which is the study being conducted for the exploitation of new sources currently in operation, which will benefit the GAM population and aims to increase production by up to 2500 liters per second. On the merits of the foregoing, the Chamber rules out that the Administration was negligent in addressing the problems in the supply of potable water service in the affected area; therefore, the appeal is declared without merit, as is effectuated. The foregoing, without prejudice to reminding the respondent institution of its duty to continue carrying out works to reinforce the system and avoid shortages during the dry season…”.
IV.Regarding the water shortage alleged by the appellants. In the case at hand, the appellants allege arbitrary rationing of the potable water supply in the Mata Redonda sector. Regarding these facts, in the reports signed by the general manager and the deputy manager of GAM Systems Management, both from the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados -which are considered given under oath, with timely warning of the consequences, including criminal ones, provided for in Article 44 of the law governing this jurisdiction-, it is accepted that the cited locality, along with the rest of the Metropolitan Aqueduct, is being affected by the impact of this year's dry season. Although they clarify that the shortages occur in the Mata Redonda sector during some hours of the day, always in the afternoon, so the population does have access to potable water through the pipeline network for much of the day.
They have explained that due to the onset of that season in the country, the flows of the sources are reduced, and with them, the production flows. They also maintain that this situation is due to an increase in population consumption because the seasonal conditions demand a greater amount of water than in the rainy season. Likewise, they report that despite being in the months when the rainy season is typically already established in the country, as a result of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon that is having an influence, the rains have not been able to recharge sources and the systems have maintained affectations that translate into a more pronounced decrease in the flows that the Institution can take from these sources to make them potable and supply the population. Nevertheless, they indicate that their represented entity proceeds to inform the population of the situation the country is experiencing regarding the reduction of natural potable water sources, which not only affects the Mata Redonda areas but extends to the entire national territory.
They state that AyA makes available to users the following means to communicate events that affect the provision of water service: 800-REPORTE Hotline (7376783), AyA website, mobile application (available for download on Android and iOS platforms): "Servicios AyA", institutional WhatsApp, 57 personalized service points, and Facebook page. Furthermore, through its shortage bulletins, it indicates a time when it is believed that, on average, the population will not have service; however, during the indicated time, some people (from the lowest parts of the pressure zone) will still have service, while those who live in the highest parts will have been without service for a while. In this context, the Chamber understands that the alleged situation does not arise directly from a problem of material impossibility, but rather from external, uncontrollable, and fortuitous conditions that occur temporarily, and not permanently, in the provision of the claimed public service.
Circumstances that have forced the respondent institution to use communication media to inform about the situation of the systems and ask the population to take appropriate measures to face the shortages until the flow conditions in the sources recover their usual flow, as well as to become aware of the need not to waste the available resource. Although the Chamber understands that we are dealing with the provision of an essential service, the truth is that, besides the existence of an objective cause, the respondent authority has adopted measures to address the problem; that is, it has not neglected the situation alleged by the appellants. Note that it has been indicated that as part of the efforts made by the Institution to reduce the affectation resulting from shortages, several projects have been developed, which are already in operation. Last year, approximately 500 liters per second were incorporated with the Dona Lela, San Miguel, and Palermo wells and CNP 7, 8, and 9; however, this was not enough to avoid the summer effect being experienced.
The Chigüite well has also just been put into operation, incorporating 20 liters per second into the Tres Ríos system, which directly helps the Curridabat system and allows the Southern Tanks to be reinforced during some moments of the day. In addition to the above, it is noted that contrary to what the petitioners claimed, in the last six months of 2019, no availability in the potable water service has been granted for real estate developments in the Mata Redonda — San José sector. In fact, the last three availability requests were denied, and a letter was delivered to the interested parties indicating the infrastructure they would have to build at their own expense before being able to count on the availability of potable water service. As well as that the real estate projects currently under construction in that locality have the respective availability in the potable water service, approved long before the shortage problems occurred in the area.
Furthermore, the real estate projects under construction are supplied through a single meter and have a private storage tank and pumping system. Under this reasoning, like the previous precedent, the appropriate course is to declare the appeal without merit because it was not demonstrated that the lack of potable water service is capricious, arbitrary, or unfounded on the part of AyA, as it was also proven that solutions have been sought to the problem generated by the geographical and climatic conditions suffered by the Mata Redonda area, and that measures have been taken to address this situation. Besides the fact that the alleged indiscriminate construction, which is not such, has no impact on the aforementioned problem.”
Likewise, in resolution no. 2019-008791 at 9:30 a.m. on May 17, 2019, this Court ordered:
“III.- On the non-compliance with rationing schedules. After analyzing the evidential elements provided, this Court rules out the violation of the appellant's right to health. From the report issued by the respondent authority, it is verified that on April 23 and 24, 2019, there was a shortage in different communities in the vicinity of Guadalupe, specifically in Santa Eduviges. First of all, it must be clear that, according to what the ICAA indicated, the institution does not apply rationing in the sector where the amparo petitioner resides; the affectation is produced by the shortage when the population consumes all the available storage, which is what has been stored during the night, when the population's demand drops, the foregoing given the scarcity generated by the dry season. Now then, as explained by the ICAA, the pipeline network functions as a large storage tank, because once the storage tanks are emptied, there is water inside the pipes, whose consumption cannot be detected.
Once the tank is empty, the pipeline gradually discharges, but at a rate that is not known, as it depends on many factors, such as the climate, the day of the week, the time of day, and is therefore variable each day. This makes it almost impossible to predict the time when the water available to the user will run out. The ICAA, through its shortage bulletins, indicates a time when it is believed that, on average, the population will not have service; however, during the indicated time, some people (from the lowest parts of the pressure zone) will still have service, while those who live in the highest parts will have been without service for a longer time. As such, the respondent institution cannot be blamed for the failure to comply with the approximate liquid supply schedule, as it is not something the entity plans for, but rather depends directly on the demand and the particular conditions of the system, including climatological ones.
IV.From the report rendered under oath by the Executive President of the ICAA, as well as from the reading of the evidence provided, it is clear that the respondent entity has implemented measures aimed at mitigating the effects of the water scarcity, among them: a) supply via tanker trucks, especially to educational centers and health centers, b) on April 8, 2019, a boundary between the Guadalupe and Moravia zone was opened to reinforce the Guadalupe sector, c) on April 7 and 11, 2019, significant non-visible leaks affecting the system were intervened upon, d) on April 9, 2019, a “bypass” was enabled to further reinforce from the Guadalupe tank the reinforcement provided to the San Blas tank, e) rationing has been carried out in the Coronado, Los Cuadros, and Montes de Oca sectors with the aim of reinforcing the Guadalupe supply with water from the Tres Ríos Plant, i.e., distributing the deficit, f) coordination has been carried out with ICE in order to extract more water from the reservoir during this dry season with the purpose of increasing production in Tres Ríos, and currently around 100 l/s additional flow is available at the Tres Ríos Plant to reinforce some of the affected systems, including Guadalupe, and, g) in the long term, the Metropolitan Aqueduct Expansion Project is planned, which aims to increase production benefiting the Greater Metropolitan Area by up to 2500 liters per second, which is projected to be completed in 2025.
In this Court's opinion, the ICAA has diligently addressed the reported problem. Under this order of considerations, this section of the appeal is deemed inadmissible. Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Chamber reminds the ICAA of its obligation as the governing entity for water resource management to continue implementing the necessary measures with the purpose of addressing the water scarcity problem, in such a way that its impact on the quality of life of users is lessened and the right of access to potable water is guaranteed”.
On this matter, as occurred in the cited precedents, the Chamber observes that, in principle, the lack of potable water service responds to a shortage problem. However, the national emergency situation caused by COVID-19 makes it necessary for this Court to reconsider the thesis cited above. In this regard, it is not only on record that the water shortage problem has been reflected since 2017, but ARESEP pointed out that the ICAA had a lag in infrastructure investment and, in addition, significant losses from non-revenue water. Likewise, the regulatory body also stated that the project execution capacity on the part of the potable water service operators has not been as desired.
Hence, prior to continuing to validate any shortage situation and in light of the COVID-19 pandemic (whose fatal repercussions are public and notorious in other latitudes), the ICAA must implement the corresponding actions for the purpose of solving the problems generated by water scarcity in the production sources in the short term, without prejudice to the medium and long-term solutions it has planned. The foregoing is ordered because access to this liquid in the midst of this pandemic is fundamental to prevent further spread, according to the recommendations of the Ministry of Health. Note that, after notification of the filing of this amparo, the ICAA made two interconnections with wells to reinforce supply in the affected systems and, in addition, in Hatillo 2, replaced pipes with higher-capacity ones, which demonstrates that it indeed had actions within its reach to at least try to mitigate the situation; however, it is not on record that these have solved what was alleged.
Although it appears that the ICAA has managed the distribution of potable water via tanker trucks in Hatillo 2, it is not clearly discernible if the quantity of water was sufficient to meet the basic needs of the affected persons. In that sense, the fact that, in a forty-hour period, the appellant only had access to the service for less than two hours dimension the magnitude of the problem and demonstrates the transgression of the appellant's right to water access. Due to the foregoing, the appeal against the ICAA is upheld, in the terms to be issued in the operative part of the judgment.
In relation to the other respondent authorities, it is not evidently apparent that they have any type of direct responsibility for the facts alleged by the appellant. Therefore, the appeal against them is declared without merit.
IV.Documentation provided to the case file. The parties are warned that, if they have provided any paper documents, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device, or one produced by new technologies, these must be collected from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material that is not collected within this period will be destroyed, as provided in the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", approved by the Corte Plena in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI, and published in the Boletín Judicial number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The appeal is partially granted only with respect to the ICAA. Yamilette Astorga Espeleta, in her capacity as executive president of the ICAA, or whoever holds that position, is ordered to IMMEDIATELY issue the corresponding orders and arrange what is necessary within the scope of her powers so that, in the event of prolonged interruptions of water service and taking into account the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, the affected population is guaranteed sufficient distribution of this liquid for the purpose of meeting their basic needs and implementing the hygiene recommendations that the health authorities have issued. In addition, within a period of ONE MONTH, the corresponding actions must be implemented for the purpose of solving, in the short term, the problems generated by the scarcity of production sources, without prejudice to the medium and long-term solutions it has planned. It is warned that, should this order not be complied with, they could incur the crime of disobedience and that, in accordance with Article 71 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, imprisonment of three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, shall be imposed on anyone who receives an order that must be complied with or enforced, issued in an amparo proceeding, and does not comply with it or does not cause it to be complied with, provided the offense is not more severely punished.
The Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados is ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts that serve as the basis for this declaration, which shall be liquidated in the execution of the judgment in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. In all other respects, the appeal is declared without merit. Let it be notified.
Fernando Castillo V.
Paul Rueda L.
Nancy Hernández L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ana María Picado B.
*ZEDEDGLB3UK61* Telephones: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2295-3712 / 2549-1633. Electronic address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 mts. South of the Iglesia del Perpetuo Socorro). Reception of matters concerning vulnerable groups: Edificio Corte Suprema de Justicia, San José, Distrito Catedral, Barrio González Lahmann, calles 19 and 21, avenidas 8 and 6 Observations by SALA CONSTITUCIONAL COVID19 RELEVANTE Classification prepared by SALA CONSTITUCIONAL of the Poder Judicial.
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It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 08-05-2026 23:10:58.
Indicadores de Relevancia Sentencia relevante Sentencias Relacionadas Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS Subtemas:
AGUA POTABLE.
007754-20. SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS. SE ORDENA A LAS AUTORIDADES DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS, QUE, ANTE LA PANDEMIA POR COVID-19 (CORONAVIRUS), SE ARREGLE EL PROBLEMA DE SUMINISTRO DE AGUA POTABLE EN HATILLO. VCG05/2020 Otras Referencias: Sentencia: 7183-19, 19080-19, 8791-19 *200048830007CO* SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas cuarenta y cinco minutos del veinticuatro de abril de dos mil veinte .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente n.º 20-0048830007-CO, interpuesto por [Nombre 001], cédula de identidad [Valor 001], contra el INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADO (ICAA), el MINISTERIO DE SALUD, la MUNICIPALIDAD DE SAN JOSÉ y la AUTORIDAD REGULADORA DE SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS (ARESEP) .
Resultando:
Fecha estimada de inicio Fecha estimada de finalización % completado Fase de Pre-inversión 15/01/2019 09/02/2021 64.00 Fase de financiamiento 15/07/2019 03/06/2021 79.00 Fase de diseño final 31/10/2019 08/07/2021 10.00 Fase de licitación y adjudicación 15/06/2020 03/02/2022 - Fase de ejecución 16/12/2019 01/11/2022 13.00 10. BPIP N° 2680: Ampliación de la producción del Acueducto Metropolitano a través de la implementación de nuevos pozos en San Rafael, Alajuela El proyecto consiste en la construcción y puesta en marcha de 2 pozos (Goal 1 y Goal
Redacta el Magistrado Rueda Leal; y,
Considerando:
I.Objeto del recurso. La recurrente indica que es una persona adulta mayor de 70 años que vive en Hatillo 2 con su esposo de 76 años, su hija de 40 años y su nieta de 10 años. Manifiesta que la comunidad que habita en la que vive sufre de racionamientos y suspensiones de agua, en principio, por la escasez de ese líquido. Narra que el 9 de marzo de 2020 tuvieron agua de las 4:15 a las 6:00 horas; sin embargo, fue tan poca que con costos pudo recoger para tomar y cocinar. Menciona que, debido a lo anterior, el agua no alcanzó para llenar los tanques de los inodoros ni tampoco para lavar la ropa. Alega que tienen más de 40 horas sin agua en sus hogares. Señala que, entre las 13:00 y 14:00 horas de ese mismo día, un vecino les indicó que había un camión cisterna en el sitio, lo que les permitió recoger un poco agua; empero, acusa que, en ese momento, no hubo ningún tipo de aviso que informara que los camiones cisterna se encontraban cerca.
Sostiene que, debido a lo anterior, los otros habitantes de la zona no pudieron recoger agua. Refiere que la presidenta ejecutiva del ICAA informó que con motivo del Covid 19 pondrían agua en dos momentos del día; no obstante, tal afirmación no ha sido cumplida. Pide que se respete el derecho que tiene de recibir agua potable en horarios y tiempo razonables. II.- Hechos probados. De importancia para la resolución de este asunto se estiman como demostrados los siguientes hechos: La recurrente es una persona adulta mayor. (Consulta en la página web del Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones). En 2017, 2018 y 2019, el ICAA experimentó que generalmente, a partir de febrero, se comienzan a agotar las fuentes de producción de agua y que estas llegan a sus mínimos en abril de cada año, por lo que, pese a que cuenta con la infraestructura para potabilizarla, la falta de lluvias disminuye el recurso disponible.
(Informe del ICAA). Los tanques del sur del ICAA tienen problemas de desabastecimiento y son los que suplen el servicio de agua para la zona de los Hatillos. Estos tanques a su vez toman el líquido principalmente del sistema La Valencia y se refuerzan con los sistemas de Puente de Mulas (a través de Bello Horizonte) y de Tres Ríos por medio los tanques de Curridabat. (Informe de la autoridad recurrida). El ICAA cuenta infraestructura para potabilizar el agua; sin embargo, las fuentes no tienen la capacidad de proporcionar el recurso requerido. (Informe de la autoridad recurrida). Los desabastecimientos dependen de una serie de factores tales como: la demanda de la población (que varía con la hora del día, la temperatura, el día de la semana, etc), la producción que se tenga en el momento, el nivel en el tanque de almacenamiento, la cota topográfica del servicio, la distancia del servicio al punto de distribución, entre otras.
(Informe de la autoridad recurrida). En la época seca de años anteriores, el sistema de tanques del sur se podía reforzar por más tiempo con agua proveniente de la planta potabilizadora de Tres Ríos; no obstante, debido a los problemas que se afrontan en todo el acueducto, el refuerzo se ha minimizado. (Informe de la autoridad recurrida). El ICAA ha desarrollado varios proyectos que ya están en operación y, en los dos últimos años, se incorporaron cerca de 500 litros por segundo con los pozos Doña Lela, San Miguel y Palermo y los CNP 7, 8 y 9; sin embargo, no ha sido suficiente para evitar el efecto de verano que se está experimentando. (Informe de la autoridad recurrida). En 2019, el ICAA comenzó a operar el pozo Chigüite que incorpora 20 litros por segundo al sistema de Tres Ríos con lo que se ayuda directamente al sistema de Curridabat y esto permite reforzar durante algunos momentos del día los tanques del sur.
(Informe de la autoridad recurrida). A finales de 2019, la Intendencia de Agua de la ARESEP solicitó a los operadores exponer sus planes de estiaje y las acciones para disminuir los racionamientos en 2020. De los planes aportados, la ARESEP destaca que se han aprobado los recursos suficientes a los efectos de realizar las inversiones necesarias para los racionamientos; sin embargo, la capacidad de ejecución de los proyectos por parte de los operadores no ha sido la deseable. (Informe de la ARESEP). A partir del 6 de marzo de 2020, el ICAA dispone de alrededor de 100 l/s adicionales de caudal en la planta de Tres Ríos para reforzar algunos de los sistemas afectados entre los que se incluye el de tanques del sur. (Informe de la autoridad recurrida). El 9 de marzo de 2020, la zona de Hatillo 2 tuvo agua de las 4:15 a las 6:00 horas. (Hecho incontrovertido). El 9 de marzo de 2020, la recurrente recibió agua de un camión cisterna.
(Manifestación consignada en el escrito de interposición). Al 10 de marzo de 2020, fecha de la interposición del recurso, aún no se había restablecido el servicio de agua en Hatillo 2. (Hecho incontrovertido). Las bitácoras de reparto de agua del ICAA consignan, en relación con Hatillo 2, lo siguiente: El 4 de marzo de 2020 se hicieron los siguientes viajes: Uno a “ Hatillo 2-4-8”. Uno a “ Hatillo “#1,#2” El 5 de marzo de 2020 se efectuaron ocho viajes a “ Hatillo, Hatillos 2 y 4, Colegio Cedes Don Bosco”. El 6 de marzo de 2020 se llevaron a cabo tres viajes a “ Hatillo 8, 2, Colegio Brenes Mesén”. El 7 de marzo de 2020 se materializaron los siguientes viajes: Uno a “ Parque nacional Mara Redonda. Hatillo # 2-Hatillo #8”. Uno a “ Hatillo 2”. Uno a “ Hatillo 2-4-8” Tres a “Hatillo 2 Valdeado” El 8 de marzo de 2020 se perpetraron los siguientes viajes: Uno a “ Hatillo #2- Hatillo #8-INA Florida”.
Dos a “ Hatillo 2 y alrededores” Dos a “ Hatillos 2, 3,5”. El 9 de marzo de 2020 se consumaron dos viajes a “ Hatillo #1, Hatillo centro y Hatillo #2”. (Prueba aportada por la autoridad recurrida). Los usuarios pueden consultar los siguientes canales de comunicación para informarse de los boletines de afectación en sus respectivas comunidades a través: línea 800- REPORTE (7376783); aplicación para dispositivos SERVICIOS AYA; WhatsApp: 8376-5103 y Facebook: INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS. (Informe de la autoridad recurrida). El 12 de marzo de 2020, el ICAA fue notificado del curso de este amparo. (Acta de notificación). El 12 de marzo de 2020, el ICAA interconectó el pozo W5 al sistema ME-A-17 La Valencia, el cual permitirá reforzar el abastecimiento de agua en los sectores más críticos de la capital, como los Hatillo. (Informe del ICAA). La Intendencia de Agua de la ARESEP, mediante oficio n.º OF-0200-IA-2020 de 16 de marzo de 2020 dirigido a la presidenta ejecutiva del ICAA, expuso: “(…) No obstante, y pese a que el país se encuentra actualmente en una situación de emergencia sanitaria, diferentes localidades del país, especialmente en Área Metropolitana de San José, se encuentran sufriendo constantes racionamientos de agua, justificado por el AyA en que esto sucede porque durante la época seca, el sistema de acueducto afronta un déficit de agua sumado al aumento en el consumo del líquido durante los meses de verano.
Ante esto, la Autoridad Reguladora reitera que es responsabilidad de os prestadores implementar una política permanente de planificación que permita prevenir situaciones como esta, basados en estándares de eficiencia y considerando las circunstancias adversas que se dan durante la época anual de estiaje y de sequía. En particular, deben ser capaces de desarrollar una capacidad de respuesta y un plan de contingencia adecuado para evitar los racionamientos de agua en los periodos de sequía. Los prestadores tienen conocimiento que el impacto del cambio climático en las aguas se traduce en una limitación en la cantidad del recurso y siendo uno de los principios fundamentales de los servicios públicos su continuidad, es indispensable que realicen los esfuerzos necesarios para mejorar de manera sostenida y no solo momentánea el problema de escasez de agua que afecta a las localidades a las que les brinda el servicio.
Lo anterior contrasta con la persistencia de los problemas de racionamiento a lo largo de varios años y en una gran cantidad de comunidades, lo que reafirma que no se trata de situaciones que se puedan catalogar como caso fortuito o fuerza mayor. Aunque la Autoridad Reguladora es consciente de los esfuerzos institucionales realizados por sus representadas para evitar los impactos en la población derivados de los racionamientos de agua que se han dado en los últimos años, este problema es cada vez más recurrente y afecta a una mayor cantidad de población. Las razones son múltiples, pero llama la atención de esta Autoridad reguladora el rezago en la inversión en infraestructura y las significativas pérdidas por concepto de agua no contabilizada (ANC). Es imprescindible que AyA solucione ambos problemas en un plazo prudencial. No obstante las advertencias realizadas por la Autoridad Reguladora sobre el particular y sobre todo, haberse tenido conocimiento a nivel nacional e internacional del actual brote de la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19), los racionamientos de agua por parte del AyA continúan siendo una medida recurrente y los usuarios siguen sufriendo la falta de agua, vulnerando con ello el sistema de salud del país y desde el punto de vista regulatorio, el principio fundamental de continuidad en la prestación de los servicios públicos; siendo su obligación de acuerdo con el artículo 14 incisos i) y j) de la Ley N°7593, el estar preparados para asegurar en el corto plazo la prestación del servicio de manera regular y segura.
Las diferentes explicaciones que ha ofrecido el AyA en varias instancias sobre las razones que han llevado a los altos niveles de desabastecimiento de varias zonas del país, especialmente en el Área Metropolitana de San José, no permite concluir que se les deba excluir de la aplicación del citado artículo 95 o que se trate de casos fortuitos o de fuerza mayor, dado que, tal y como se indicó anteriormente, la situación de racionamientos se ha presentado en forma recurrente a lo largo de varios años. En consecuencia, se instruye en este acto al AyA, para que proceda con el ajuste en el monto de la facturación de los servicios a todos sus abonados afectados por los racionamientos, para los siguientes casos en que aplica el artículo 95 del Reglamento Técnico AR-PSAYA-2015 sea: a) Cuando la prestación del servicio sea menor a 16 horas naturales diarias durante al menos 20 días naturales al mes; y b) Cuando la suspensión del servicio durante 24 horas naturales por más de tres días naturales consecutivos o más de 7 días naturales no consecutivos, ambos en el mismo mes.
Esta disposición es independiente de otras que han girado en el sentido de corregir en un tiempo prudencial las situaciones de racionamiento que recurrentemente se han presentado; por lo que AyA no puede asumir que la aplicación del citado artículo 95 le exime de corregir la problemática tipificada. Adicionalmente, debe comunicarse a esta Autoridad Reguladora, en un plazo máximo de cinco días hábiles, el mecanismo que implementará para cumplir con esta disposición”. (Prueba aportada por la ARESEP). El 27 de marzo de 2020, el ICAA inició la sustitución de tuberías en sectores de Hatillo 2 por unas de mayor capacidad, lo que permitirá aumentar el caudal disponible para los hogares de calle Villanea, calle 50A, calle 52, calle 54A y alameda entre calles 54 A y calle 56, con un avance del 70%, ya que faltan las interconexiones y la conexión de acometidas. (Informe del ICAA). El 27 de marzo de 2020, el ICAA interconectó un nuevo pozo (W16) al sistema ME-A-17 La Valencia, el cual permitirá reforzar el abastecimiento de agua en los sectores más críticos de la capital, como los Hatillos.
Este pozo tiene una capacidad de producción de 75 litros por segundo (l/s), el equivalente al consumo diario de 18.500 personas. (Informe del ICAA). El ICAA se encuentra ejecutando el proyecto “BPIP N° 2680: Ampliación de la producción del Acueducto Metropolitano a través de la implementación de nuevos pozos en San Rafael, Alajuela” con el fin de mejorar las condiciones de abastecimiento de agua potable en sectores con afectación crítica durante la época seca, tales como los barrios de sur, entre ellos Hatillo. El proyecto inició el 1º de febrero de 2019, tiene proyectado finalizar el 1º de noviembre de 2023 y sus fases son las siguientes: Fase/Actividad
Fecha estimada de inicio Fecha estimada de finalización % completado Fase de Pre-inversión 01/02/2019 10/02/2021 65.0 Fase de financiamiento 14/08/2019 03/08/2021 7.0 Fase de diseño final 03/08/2021 29/07/2022 0.0 Fase de licitación y adjudicación 29/07/2022 30/03/2023 - Fase de ejecución 30/03/2023 24/11/2023 0.0 (Informe del ICAA). III.-Caso concreto. En el sub examine, la recurrente indica que es una persona adulta mayor de 70 años que vive en Hatillo 2 con su esposo de 76 años, su hija de 40 años y su nieta de 10 años. Manifiesta que la comunidad que habita en la que vive sufre de racionamientos y suspensiones de agua, en principio, por la escasez de ese líquido. Narra que el 9 de marzo de 2020 tuvieron agua de las 4:15 a las 6:00 horas; sin embargo, fue tan poca que con costos pudo recoger para tomar y cocinar. Menciona que, debido a lo anterior, el agua no alcanzó para llenar los tanques de los inodoros ni tampoco para lavar la ropa.
Alega que tienen más de 40 horas sin agua en sus hogares. Señala que, entre las 13:00 y 14:00 horas de ese mismo día, un vecino les indicó que había un camión cisterna en el sitio, lo que les permitió recoger agua; empero, acusa que, en ese momento, no hubo ningún tipo de aviso que informara que los camiones cisterna se encontraban cerca. Sostiene que, debido a lo anterior, los otros habitantes de la zona no pudieron recoger agua. Refiere que la presidenta ejecutiva del ICAA informó que con motivo del Covid 19 pondrían agua en dos momentos del día; no obstante, tal afirmación no ha sido cumplida. Pide que se respete el derecho que tiene de recibir agua potable en horarios y tiempo razonables. Del estudio de los autos se tiene por demostrado, que la recurrente es una persona adulta mayor. Los tanques del sur del ICAA tienen problemas de desabastecimiento y son los que suplen el servicio de agua para la zona de los Hatillos.
Estos tanques toman el líquido principalmente del sistema La Valencia y se refuerzan con los sistemas de Puente de Mulas (a través de Bello Horizonte) y de Tres Ríos por medio los tanques de Curridabat. El ICAA cuenta infraestructura para potabilizar el agua; sin embargo, las fuentes no tienen la capacidad de proporcionar el recurso requerido. Los desabastecimientos dependen de una serie de factores tales como: la demanda de la población (que varía con la hora del día, la temperatura, el día de la semana, etc), la producción que se tenga en el momento, el nivel en el tanque de almacenamiento, la cota topográfica del servicio, la distancia del servicio al punto de distribución, entre otras. En la época seca de años anteriores, el sistema de tanques del sur se podía reforzar por más tiempo con agua proveniente de la planta potabilizadora de Tres Ríos; no obstante, debido a los problemas que se afrontan en todo el acueducto, el refuerzo se ha minimizado.
El ICAA ha desarrollado varios proyectos que ya están en operación y, en los dos últimos años, se incorporaron cerca de 500 litros por segundo con los pozos Doña Lela, San Miguel y Palermo y los CNP 7, 8 y 9; sin embargo, no ha sido suficiente para evitar el efecto de verano que se está experimentando. En 2019, el ICAA comenzó a operar el pozo Chigüite que incorpora 20 litros por segundo al sistema de Tres Ríos, con lo que se ayuda directamente al sistema de Curridabat y esto permite reforzar durante algunos momentos del día los tanques del sur. A finales de 2019, la Intendencia de Agua de la ARESEP solicitó a los operadores exponer sus planes de estiaje y las acciones para disminuir los racionamientos en 2020. De los planes aportados, la ARESEP destaca que se han aprobado los recursos suficientes a los efectos de realizar las inversiones necesarias para los racionamientos; sin embargo, la capacidad de ejecución de los proyectos por parte de los operadores no ha sido la deseable.
A partir del 6 de marzo de 2020, el ICAA dispone de alrededor de 100 l/s adicionales de caudal en la planta de Tres Ríos para reforzar algunos de los sistemas afectados, entre los que se incluye el de tanques del sur. El 9 de marzo de 2020, la zona de Hatillo 2 tuvo agua de las 4:15 a las 6:00 horas. El 9 de marzo de 2020, la recurrente recibió agua de un camión cisterna. Al 10 de marzo de 2020, fecha de la interposición del recurso, aún no se había restablecido el servicio de agua en Hatillo 2. Las bitácoras de reparto de agua del ICAA consignan, en relación con Hatillo 2, lo siguiente: i) El 4 de marzo de 2020 se hicieron los siguientes viajes: a. Uno a “Hatillo 2-4-8”. b. Uno a “ Hatillo “#1, #2”. ii) El 5 de marzo de 2020 se efectuaron ocho viajes a “ Hatillo, Hatillos 2 y 4, Colegio Cedes Don Bosco”. iii) El 6 de marzo de 2020 se llevaron a cabo tres viajes a “ Hatillo 8, 2, Colegio Brenes Mesén”. iv) El 7 de marzo de 2020 se materializaron los siguientes viajes: a. Uno a “ Parque nacional Mara Redonda.
Hatillo # 2-Hatillo #8”. b. Uno a “ Hatillo 2”. c. Uno a “ Hatillo 2-4-8”. d.Tres a “Hatillo 2 Valdeado”. v)El 8 de marzo de 2020 se perpetraron los siguientes viajes: a. Uno a “ Hatillo #2- Hatillo #8-INA Florida”. b. Dos a “Hatillo 2 y alrededores ”. c. Dos a “Hatillos 2, 3,5 ”.vi) El 9 de marzo de 2020 se consumaron dos viajes a “Hatillo #1, Hatillo centro y Hatillo #2 ”. Los usuarios pueden consultar los siguientes canales de comunicación para informarse de los boletines de afectación en sus respectivas comunidades a través: línea 800- REPORTE (7376783); aplicación para dispositivos SERVICIOS AYA; WhatsApp: 8376-5103 y Facebook: INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS. El 12 de marzo de 2020, el ICAA fue notificado del curso de este amparo. El 12 de marzo de 2020, el ICAA interconectó el pozo W5 al sistema ME-A-17 La Valencia, el cual permitirá reforzar el abastecimiento de agua en los sectores más críticos de la capital, como los Hatillo.
La Intendencia de Agua de la ARESEP, mediante oficio n.º OF-0200-IA-2020 de 16 de marzo de 2020 dirigido a la presidenta ejecutiva del ICAA, expuso: “(…) No obstante, y pese a que el país se encuentra actualmente en una situación de emergencia sanitaria, diferentes localidades del país, especialmente en Área Metropolitana de San José, se encuentran sufriendo constantes racionamientos de agua, justificado por el AyA en que esto sucede porque durante la época seca, el sistema de acueducto afronta un déficit de agua sumado al aumento en el consumo del líquido durante los meses de verano. Ante esto, la Autoridad Reguladora reitera que es responsabilidad de os prestadores implementar una política permanente de planificación que permita prevenir situaciones como esta, basados en estándares de eficiencia y considerando las circunstancias adversas que se dan durante la época anual de estiaje y de sequía.
En particular, deben ser capaces de desarrollar una capacidad de respuesta y un plan de contingencia adecuado para evitar los racionamientos de agua en los periodos de sequía. Los prestadores tienen conocimiento que el impacto del cambio climático en las aguas se traduce en una limitación en la cantidad del recurso y siendo uno de los principios fundamentales de los servicios públicos su continuidad, es indispensable que realicen los esfuerzos necesarios para mejorar de manera sostenida y no solo momentánea el problema de escasez de agua que afecta a las localidades a las que les brinda el servicio. Lo anterior contrasta con la persistencia de los problemas de racionamiento a lo largo de varios años y en una gran cantidad de comunidades, lo que reafirma que no se trata de situaciones que se puedan catalogar como caso fortuito o fuerza mayor. Aunque la Autoridad Reguladora es consciente de los esfuerzos institucionales realizados por sus representadas para evitar los impactos en la población derivados de los racionamientos de agua que se han dado en los últimos años, este problema es cada vez más recurrente y afecta a una mayor cantidad de población.
Las razones son múltiples, pero llama la atención de esta Autoridad reguladora el rezago en la inversión en infraestructura y las significativas pérdidas por concepto de agua no contabilizada (ANC). Es imprescindible que AyA solucione ambos problemas en un plazo prudencial. No obstante las advertencias realizadas por la Autoridad Reguladora sobre el particular y sobre todo, haberse tenido conocimiento a nivel nacional e internacional del actual brote de la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19), los racionamientos de agua por parte del AyA continúan siendo una medida recurrente y los usuarios siguen sufriendo la falta de agua, vulnerando con ello el sistema de salud del país y desde el punto de vista regulatorio, el principio fundamental de continuidad en la prestación de los servicios públicos; siendo su obligación de acuerdo con el artículo 14 incisos i) y j) de la Ley N°7593, el estar preparados para asegurar en el corto plazo la prestación del servicio de manera regular y segura.
Las diferentes explicaciones que ha ofrecido el AyA en varias instancias sobre las razones que han llevado a los altos niveles de desabastecimiento de varias zonas del país, especialmente en el Área Metropolitana de San José, no permite concluir que se les deba excluir de la aplicación del citado artículo 95 o que se trate de casos fortuitos o de fuerza mayor, dado que, tal y como se indicó anteriormente, la situación de racionamientos se ha presentado en forma recurrente a lo largo de varios años. En consecuencia, se instruye en este acto al AyA, para que proceda con el ajuste en el monto de la facturación de los servicios a todos sus abonados afectados por los racionamientos, para los siguientes casos en que aplica el artículo 95 del Reglamento Técnico AR-PSAYA-2015 sea: a) Cuando la prestación del servicio sea menor a 16 horas naturales diarias durante al menos 20 días naturales al mes; y b) Cuando la suspensión del servicio durante 24 horas naturales por más de tres días naturales consecutivos o más de 7 días naturales no consecutivos, ambos en el mismo mes.
Esta disposición es independiente de otras que han girado en el sentido de corregir en un tiempo prudencial las situaciones de racionamiento que recurrentemente se han presentado; por lo que AyA no puede asumir que la aplicación del citado artículo 95 le exime de corregir la problemática tipificada. Adicionalmente, debe comunicarse a esta Autoridad Reguladora, en un plazo máximo de cinco días hábiles, el mecanismo que implementará para cumplir con esta disposición”. El 27 de marzo de 2020, el ICAA inició la sustitución de tuberías en sectores de Hatillo 2 por unas de mayor capacidad, lo que permitirá aumentar el caudal disponible para los hogares de calle Villanea, calle 50A, calle 52, calle 54A y alameda entre calles 54 A y calle 56, con un avance del 70%, ya que faltan las interconexiones y la conexión de acometidas. El 27 de marzo de 2020, el ICAA interconectó un nuevo pozo (W16) al sistema ME-A-17 La Valencia, el cual permitirá reforzar el abastecimiento de agua en los sectores más críticos de la capital, como los Hatillos.
Este pozo tiene una capacidad de producción de 75 litros por segundo (l/s), el equivalente al consumo diario de 18.500 personas. El ICAA se encuentra ejecutando el proyecto “ BPIP N° 2680: Ampliación de la producción del Acueducto Metropolitano a través de la implementación de nuevos pozos en San Rafael, Alajuela” con el fin de mejorar las condiciones de abastecimiento de agua potable en sectores con afectación crítica durante la época seca, tales como los barrios de sur, entre ellos Hatillo. El proyecto inició el 1º de febrero de 2019 y tiene proyectado finalizar el 1º de noviembre de 2023. En relación con este tema, la Sala ha tenido definida una línea jurisprudencial. Por sentencia n.º 2019-019080 de las 9:20 horas de 4 de octubre de 2019 resolvió:
“III.- En cuanto al desabastecimiento de agua potable por la época seca. Respecto a esta problemática que, actualmente, afecta a muchas comunidades del territorio nacional, esta Sala mediante sentencia No. 2019-007183 de las 9:20 hrs. del 26 de abril de 2019, consideró lo siguiente:
“…III.- SOBRE EL CASO CONCRETO. Si bien es cierto, este Tribunal ha reconocido, en reiterada jurisprudencia, que el acceso al agua potable es un derecho constitucional, derivado de los derechos a la salud, la vida, al medio ambiente sano, a la alimentación y la vivienda digna, entre otros, también lo es que en la actualidad, se presentan múltiples problemas de desabastecimiento del líquido vital, generados durante la época seca (en igual sentido véanse las sentencias Nº 2009-12511 de las 17:59 horas del 11 de agosto del 2009, Nº 2010-015448 de las 12:15 hora del 17 de setiembre de 2010, Nº 2014-004918 de las 14:30 horas del 09 de abril de 2014, Nº 2017-006082 de las 09:45 hrs. del 28 de abril de 2017 y Nº 2016-007550 de las 09:05 del 3 de junio de 2016). Al respecto, la responsabilidad del Estado es la de implementar las medidas necesarias y óptimas para dar solución eficaz a estos problemas.
Desde esta perspectiva, se acredita en autos que, en la zona señalada por el recurrente, se han presentado cortes de agua en los últimos meses, lo cual reconoce y detalla la autoridad recurrida. No obstante, se pudo acreditar que las suspensiones reclamadas por los usuarios del servicio no son producto de la negligencia o arbitrariedad de parte del Instituto accionado, sino que estas se deben a una situación de desabastecimiento general de todos los sistemas durante la época seca. En ese sentido se acreditó que, la autoridad accionada ha comunicado a través de diversos medios que durante esta época se producirán racionamientos de agua debido al déficit ocasionado por la reducción de los caudales que abastecen los tanques de captación y por el incremento del consumo de agua. Específicamente, Zapote pertenece a la zona de Operación San José, la cual es abastecida por medio de agua almacenada en los Tanques de Curridabat, los cuales se alimentar de agua proveniente del Sistema de Tres Ríos.
Consta que, durante la producción normal, los Tanques de Curridabat al iniciar el día presentan un volumen de almacenamiento del 85%; no obstante, actualmente los niveles alcanzan un 20% de su capacidad, lo que lleva a que la zona sea propensa a desabastecimientos. Estos se producen cuando la demanda de la población supera el almacenamiento que se tiene y varían dependiendo de la demanda de la población, la producción que se tenga en el momento, el nivel en el tanque de almacenamiento, la cota topográfica del servicio, la distancia del servicio al punto de distribución, la elevación de la zona, etc. Zapote es una de las zonas más altas por lo que el impacto del desabastecimiento de agua será mayor, dicha afectación se da únicamente en la época seca y no de forma constante a lo largo del año. Normalmente, los desabastecimientos inician alrededor de las 10:00 a.m. y el sistema comienza su recuperación alrededor de las 11:00 p.m. se apoya este problema mediante el reparto de agua con camiones cisterna para centros de población vulnerables.
Los accionados indicaron que, han realizado trabajos para reforzar el sistema y beneficiar a las comunidades de los sectores más altos, también, han realizado interconexiones en la zona de La Pacífica para trasladar ese sector a otra zona de operación para acortar el área de cobertura de los tanques de Curridabat, se amplió la operación abastecida por el tanque de Cipreses para abarcar parte de San José que era abastecida exclusivamente por los Tanques de Curridabat. Como medida a largo plazo, la Institución recurrida impulsa proyectos que van enfocados al control del agua no contabilizada. Producto de lo anterior, ha trabajado en explotar nuevas fuentes que se encuentran actualmente en operación para el beneficio de la población del GAM y se ha estado trabajando en la elaboración de un proyecto que pretende aumentar hasta en 2500 litros por segundo la producción que beneficia al GAM, proyecto que se encuentra en la etapa de diseño y se concluiría en el año 2025.
Asimismo, acreditan que, en la actualidad tienen operando en la GAM los pozos de Palermo, Chigüite, Doña Lela, CNP 9 y CNP 10. Este Tribunal considera que, pese a que se comprueba que efectivamente existe el desabastecimiento del servicio de agua potable en la comunidad que reside el recurrente, las autoridades recurridas demostraron que han actuado dentro de sus posibilidades materiales a fin de lograr una adecuada redistribución. Asimismo, considera esta Sala que, el desabastecimiento se da únicamente en época seca y no durante todos los meses del año ni durante todas las horas del día y dicha situación es comunicada a la población por diversos medios. Adicionalmente, se valora que la institución ha realizado trabajos para reforzar el sistema y ha tomado medidas correctivas y preventivas, entre las cuales se encuentra el estudio que realiza para la explotación de nuevas fuentes que se encuentran actualmente en operación, lo que beneficiara la población del GAM y que pretende aumentar hasta en 2500 litros por segundo la producción.
En mérito de lo expuesto, la Sala descarta que la Administración haya sido omisa en la atención de los problemas en el suministro del servicio de agua potable en la zona afectada, por ende, se impone declarar sin lugar el recurso, tal como en efecto se hace. Lo anterior, sin perjuicio de recodarle a la institución recurrida su deber de continuar realizando trabajos para reforzar el sistema y evitar el desabastecimiento durante la época seca…”. IV.- Respecto al desabastecimiento de agua acusado por los recurrentes. En el sub lite, los recurrentes acusan racionamientos arbitrarios del suministro de agua potable en el sector de Mata Redonda. Sobre tales hechos, en los informes suscritos por el gerente general y el subgerente de Gestión de Sistemas GAM, ambos del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados -que se tienen dados bajo fe de juramento, con oportuno apercibimiento de las consecuencias, incluso penales, previstas en el artículo 44 de la ley que rige esta jurisdicción-, se acepta que la citada localidad está siendo afectada, junto al resto del Acueducto Metropolitano, del impacto de la época seca de este año.
Aunque aclaran que los desabastecimientos se presentan en el sector de Mata Redonda durante algunas horas del día, siempre en horas de la tarde, por lo que la población sí cuenta durante gran parte del día con el acceso al agua potable a través de la red de tuberías. Han explicado que debido a la entrada de esa temporada en el país, los caudales de las fuentes se reducen y con ello los caudales de producción. También sostienen que esa situación obedece a un aumento en el consumo de la población debido a que por las condiciones de la época se demanda una mayor cantidad de agua que en la estación lluviosa. Igualmente, informan que a pesar de estar en los meses en los que típicamente en el país se encuentra ya instalada la estación lluviosa, producto del fenómeno El Niño-Oscilación Sur (ENOS) que está influyendo, las lluvias no han sido capaces de recargar fuentes y los sistemas han mantenido afectaciones que se traducen en una disminución más pronunciada en los caudales que la Institución puede tomar de estas fuentes para potabilizarlas y abastecer a la población.
No obstante, indican que su representada procede a informar a la población, la situación que vive el país con respecto a la reducción de las fuentes naturales de agua potable, lo cual no solo afecta a las zonas de Mata Redonda, sino que se extiende a todo el territorio nacional. Refieren que el AyA pone a disposición de las personas usuarias los siguientes medios para comunicar los eventos que afectan la prestación del servicio de agua: Línea 800-REPORTE (7376783), página web de AyA, aplicación para celular (disponible para su descarga en las plataformas Android e iOS): "Servicios AyA", whatsApp institucional, 57 puntos de atención personalizada y página de Facebook. Además, a través de sus boletines de desabastecimiento, indica una hora en la que se cree que en promedio la población no tendrá servicio, sin embargo, en el horario indicado, habrá gente (de las partes más bajas de la zona de presión) que aun tenga servicio, mientras que los que viven en las partes más altas, ya tienen rato sin estar con el servicio.
En este contexto, la Sala entiende que la situación acusada no surge de manera directa de un problema de imposibilidad material, sino, de condiciones ajenas, fuera de control y fortuitas que se presentan en forma temporal, y no permanentes, en la prestación del servicio público reclamado. Circunstancias que han obligado a la institución recurrida a utilizar los medios de comunicación, para informar sobre la situación en la que se encuentran los sistemas, y pedir a la población tomar las medidas pertinentes para afrontar los desabastecimientos hasta que las condiciones de caudales en las fuentes recuperen su caudal habitual, así como tomar conciencia de la necesidad de no desperdiciar el recurso disponible. Aunque la Sala entiende que estamos ante la prestación de un servicio de primera necesidad, lo cierto es que, además de la existencia de una causa objetiva, la autoridad recurrida ha adoptado medidas para atender el problema, o sea, que no se ha desatendido de la situación acusada por los recurrentes.
Nótese que se ha indicado que como parte de los esfuerzos realizados por la Institución para reducir la afectación producto de los desabastecimientos, se han desarrollado varios proyectos, que ya están en operación. El año pasado se incorporaron cerca de 500 litros por segundo con los pozos Dona Lela, San Miguel y Palermo y los CNP 7, 8 y 9; sin embargo, esto no fue suficiente para evitar el efecto de verano que se está experimentando. También se acaba de poner a operar el pozo Chigüite, que incorpora 20 litros por segundo al sistema de Tres Ríos con lo que se ayuda directamente al sistema de Curridabat y esto permite reforzar durante algunos momentos del día los Tanques del Sur. Aunado a lo anterior, se tiene que contrario a lo alegado por los tutelados, en los últimos seis meses del año 2019 no se han brindado disponibilidades en el servicio de agua potable para desarrollos inmobiliarios en el sector de Mata Redonda — San José.
Incluso, las últimas tres solicitudes de disponibilidad fueron negadas y se entregó a los interesados una carta donde se les indicaba la infraestructura que deberían construir de su propio peculio antes de poder contar con la disponibilidad en el servicio de agua potable. Así como que los proyectos inmobiliarios que, actualmente, se construyen en esa localidad, cuentan con la respectiva disponibilidad en el servicio de agua potable, aprobadas tiempo antes de que se presentaran los problemas de desabastecimiento en la zona. Además, los proyectos inmobiliarios en construcción se abastecen por medio de un único medidor y cuentan con tanque de almacenamiento y sistema de bombeo privado. Bajo esa tesitura, al igual que el anterior antecedente, lo que corresponde es declarar sin lugar el recurso porque no se demostró que la falta del servicio de agua potable sea antojadiza, arbitraria o sin fundamento por parte de AyA, pues igualmente se comprobó que se han buscado soluciones a la problemática generada por las condiciones geográficas y climáticas que sufre la zona de Mata Redonda, así como que se han tomado medidas para atender esa situación.
Aparte de que la acusada construcción indiscriminada, que no es tal, tampoco tiene incidencia en la referida problemática”. Asimismo, en la resolución n.º 2019-008791 de las 9:30 horas de 17 de mayo de 2019 este Tribunal dispuso: “III.- Sobre el incumplimiento de los horarios de racionamiento. Después de analizar los elementos probatorios aportados, este Tribunal descarta la lesión al derecho a la salud del accionante. Del informe rendido por la autoridad recurrida, se constata que los días 23 y 24 de abril de 2019, existió un desabastecimiento en distintas comunidades de los alrededores de Guadalupe, propiamente en Santa Eduviges. Ante todo se debe tener claro que, de acuerdo con lo indicado por el ICAA, la institución no aplica racionamientos en el sector donde reside el amparado; la afectación es producida por el desabastecimiento cuando la población consume la totalidad del almacenamiento disponible, que es el que se ha podido almacenar durante la noche, cuando la demanda de la población baja, lo anterior, dada la escasez generada por la época seca.
Ahora bien, según fue explicado por el ICAA, la red de tuberías funciona como un tanque de almacenamiento de gran tamaño, pues una vez que los tanques de almacenamiento son vaciados, existe agua dentro de las tuberías, cuyo consumo no se puede detectar. Una vez que el tanque queda vacío, la tubería se va descargando, pero a una tasa que no es conocida, ya que depende de muchos factores, tales como el clima, el día de la semana, la hora del día, por lo que es variable cada día. Esto hace casi imposible predecir la hora en la cual se va a ir acabando el agua disponible para el usuario. El ICAA a través de sus boletines de desabastecimiento, indica una hora en la que se cree que en promedio la población no tendrá servicio, sin embargo, en el horario indicado, habrá gente (de las partes más bajas de la zona de presión) que aún tengan servicio, mientras que los que viven en las partes altas, desde un tiempo mayor, no cuentan con el servicio.
Así las cosas, no se puede endilgar a la institución recurrida el que no se cumpla con el horario aproximado de suministro del líquido, pues no es algo que la entidad planifique, sino que depende directamente de la demanda y de las condiciones particulares del sistema, incluso climatológicas. IV.- Del informe rendido bajo juramento por la Presidenta Ejecutiva del ICAA, así como de la lectura de la prueba aportada, se desprende que la entidad recurrida ha ejecutado medidas con el propósito de paliar los efectos de la escasez de agua, entre ellas: a) el abastecimiento mediante camiones cisterna, especialmente a centros educativos y centros de salud, b) el 8 de abril de 2019, se abrió un límite entre la zona de Guadalupe y Moravia, para reforzar el sector de Guadalupe, c) el 7 y el 11 de abril de 2019, se intervinieron fugas importantes no visibles, que estaban afectando el sistema, d) el 9 de abril de 2019, se habilitó un “bypass” para reforzar desde el tanque de Guadalupe, aún más el refuerzo que se le hace al tanque de San Blas, e) se han efectuado racionamientos en los sectores de Coronado, Los Cuadros y Montes de Oca con el objetivo de reforzar el abastecimiento de Guadalupe con el agua proveniente de la Planta de Tres Ríos, es decir repartir el déficit, f) se ha coordinado con el ICE con el fin de extraer más agua del embalse en esta época seca con la finalidad de aumentar la producción en Tres Ríos, y actualmente se dispone de alrededor de 100 l/s adicionales de caudal en la Planta de Tres Ríos, para reforzar algunos de los sistemas afectados, entre los que se incluye el de Guadalupe y, g) a largo plazo se tiene planeado ejecutar el Proyecto de Ampliación del Acueducto Metropolitano, que pretende aumentar en hasta 2500 litros por segundo la producción que beneficia al Gran Área Metropolitana, mismo que se proyecta concluir en el año 2025.
En criterio de este Tribunal, el ICAA ha abordado de forma diligente la problemática denunciada. Bajo este orden de consideraciones, este extremo del recurso deviene improcedente. No obstante lo anterior, esta Sala recuerda al ICAA su obligación como entidad rectora de la gestión del recurso hídrico, de seguir implementando las medidas necesarias con el propósito de abordar el problema de escasez de agua, de tal forma que se aminore su repercusión sobre la calidad de vida de los usuarios y se garantice el derecho de acceso al agua potable”. Sobre el particular, tal y como ocurrió en los precedentes de cita, la Sala observa que, en principio, la falta del servicio de agua potable responde a un problema de desabastecimiento. No obstante, la situación de emergencia nacional provocada por el COVID-19, hace necesario que este Tribunal se replantee la tesis supra citada. Al respecto, no solo consta que la problemática de desabastecimiento de agua se venía reflejando desde el 2017, sino que la ARESEP puntualizó que el ICAA tenía un rezago en la inversión en infraestructura y, además, significativas pérdidas por concepto de agua no contabilizada.
Asimismo, el ente regulador también afirmó que la capacidad de ejecución de los proyectos por parte de los operadores del servicio de agua potable no ha sido la deseable. De ahí que, previo a seguir validando alguna situación de desabastecimiento y en virtud de la pandemia por el COVID-19 (cuyas fatales repercusiones son públicas y notorias en otras latitudes), el ICAA debe implementar las acciones correspondientes a los efectos de solventar a corto plazo los problemas generados por la escasez de agua en las fuentes de producción, sin perjuicio de las soluciones a mediano y largo plazo que tenga proyectadas. Lo anterior se dispone, por cuanto el acceso a este líquido en medio de esta pandemia se torna fundamental para evitar una mayor propagación, según las recomendaciones del Ministerio de Salud. Nótese que, luego de la comunicación del curso de este amparo, el ICAA efectuó dos interconexiones con pozos para reforzar abastecimiento en los sistemas afectados y, además, en Hatillo 2 sustituyó tuberías por otras de mayor capacidad, lo cual demuestra que sí tenía acciones a su alcance para al menos tratar de mitigar la situación; empero, no consta que estas hayan solventado lo acusado.
Si bien se desprende que el ICAA ha procurado la repartición de agua potable por medio de camiones cisterna en Hatillo 2, no se aprecia con claridad si la cantidad de agua fue suficiente para suplir a las necesidades básicas de las personas afectadas. En ese sentido, el hecho de que, en un lapso de cuarenta horas, la recurrente solo haya tenido acceso al servicio por menos de dos, dimensiona la magnitud del problema y evidencia la transgresión al derecho de acceso al agua de la recurrente. Debido a lo anterior se impone la estimatoria del recurso en contra del ICAA, en los términos que se dictarán en parte dispositiva de la sentencia. En relación con las demás autoridades recurridas, no se aprecia de manera evidente que tengan algún tipo de responsabilidad directa en los hechos acusados por la recurrente. De ahí que se declara sin lugar el recurso en su contra. IV.- Documentación aportada al expediente .
Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, éstos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI. Por tanto: Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso únicamente respecto del ICAA.
Se ordena a Yamilette Astorga Espeleta, en su condición de presidenta ejecutiva del ICAA, o a quien ocupe ese cargo, que, de manera INMEDIATA, gire las órdenes correspondientes y disponga lo necesario dentro del ámbito de sus competencias para que, ante interrupciones prolongadas del servicio de agua y teniendo en cuenta la pandemia de coronavirus COVID-19, se garantice a la población afectada el reparto suficiente de ese líquido a los efectos de que puedan suplir sus necesidades básicas e implementar las recomendaciones de aseo que las autoridades de salud han emitido. En adición, en el plazo de UN MES, deberán implementarse las acciones correspondientes a los efectos de solventar a corto plazo los problemas generados por la escasez de las fuentes de producción, sin perjuicio de las soluciones a mediano y largo plazo que tenga proyectadas. Se advierte que de no acatar la orden dicha, podrían incurrir en el delito de desobediencia y que, de conformidad con el artículo 71 de la Ley la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se le impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado.
Se condena al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. En lo demás, se declara sin lugar el recurso. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Paul Rueda L.
Nancy Hernández L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ana María Picado B.
*ZEDEDGLB3UK61* Observaciones de SALA CONSTITUCIONAL COVID19 RELEVANTE Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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