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Res. 00584-2008 Tribunal de Trabajo Sección IV · Tribunal de Trabajo Sección IV · 20/10/2008
OutcomeResultado
The Court affirms the ruling recognizing discretionary vehicle use as in-kind salary and orders CNFL to pay the salary differences and costs.El Tribunal confirma la sentencia que reconoció el uso discrecional del vehículo como salario en especie y condenó a la CNFL al pago de las diferencias salariales y costas.
SummaryResumen
The Labor Court confirms the lower court ruling that recognized the discretionary use of a vehicle as in-kind salary for employees of the Compañía Nacional de Fuerza y Luz (CNFL). The defendant argued the vehicle was a work tool and that CNFL, as a public company, was subject to the Public Administration Salaries Law, whose Article 9 excludes such benefits from in-kind salary. Following Second Chamber jurisprudence, the court held that discretionary use outside working hours constituted an economic benefit forming part of the salary. Moreover, it found that an administrative act from 1988 had expressly recognized this right, valuing it at 37% of total salary, and that this act was never annulled through a lesividad proceeding. Thus, the principle of non-contradiction of one’s own acts prevails, and the appeals are dismissed, confirming the award of in-kind salary and costs.El Tribunal de Trabajo confirma la sentencia de primera instancia que reconoció el uso discrecional de un vehículo como salario en especie para trabajadores de la Compañía Nacional de Fuerza y Luz (CNFL). La demandada alegó que el vehículo era una herramienta de trabajo y que la CNFL, al ser una empresa pública, estaba sujeta a la Ley de Salarios de la Administración Pública, cuyo artículo 9 excluye prestaciones como el vehículo del concepto de salario en especie. El Tribunal, siguiendo jurisprudencia de la Sala Segunda, sostuvo que el uso discrecional fuera de la jornada laboral constituía un beneficio económico que debía considerarse parte del salario. Además, determinó que existió un acto administrativo de 1988 que reconoció expresamente ese derecho, valorándolo en un 37% del salario total, y que dicho acto nunca fue anulado mediante un procedimiento de lesividad. Por tanto, prevalece la intangibilidad de los actos propios y se rechazan los agravios, confirmando la condenatoria al pago del salario en especie y las costas.
Key excerptExtracto clave
“...the vehicle provided by the defendant to the plaintiff was granted not only as an indispensable tool for performing his duties, but could also be used outside working hours, at his discretion, for personal purposes. This discretionary use, outside working hours, continued throughout all the years of the employment relationship, undoubtedly represented an economic benefit for the worker, which must therefore be considered as part of his salary, legally and effectively paid. ...in this case there was an express recognition of the right, which cannot be disregarded here, since the act by which those rights were declared was never annulled through the corresponding procedure.”“...el automotor concedido por la demandada, al actor, se le otorgó no sólo como una herramienta indispensable para que pudiera realizar sus labores, sino que también podía utilizarlo, fuera de la jornada laboral, en forma discrecional y para sus fines personales. Ese uso discrecional, fuera de las horas laborales, continuado durante todos los años en que duró la relación de trabajo, representó, sin duda, un beneficio económico para el trabajador; el cual debe considerarse, entonces, como parte del salario, legal y efectivamente pagado. ...en este caso medió un reconocimiento expreso del derecho, lo cual no puede ser desconocido en esta sede, dado que el acto por el cual se declararon sus derechos nunca fue anulado por el procedimiento correspondiente.”
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Ese uso discrecional, fuera de las horas laborales, continuado durante todos los años en que duró la relación de trabajo, representó, sin duda, un beneficio económico para el trabajador; el cual debe considerarse, entonces, como parte del salario, legal y efectivamente pagado."
"This discretionary use, outside working hours, continued throughout all the years of the employment relationship, undoubtedly represented an economic benefit for the worker, which must therefore be considered as part of his salary, legally and effectively paid."
Considerando IV
"Ese uso discrecional, fuera de las horas laborales, continuado durante todos los años en que duró la relación de trabajo, representó, sin duda, un beneficio económico para el trabajador; el cual debe considerarse, entonces, como parte del salario, legal y efectivamente pagado."
Considerando IV
"el principio constitucional de intangibilidad de los actos propios (non venire contra factum propium) que dimana de los artículos 11 y 34 de la Constitución Política, impide al Estado anular los actos declarativos de derechos subjetivos a favor del administrado."
"The constitutional principle of intangibility of one's own acts (non venire contra factum proprium) arising from Articles 11 and 34 of the Political Constitution prevents the State from annulling acts that declare subjective rights in favor of the individual."
Considerando IV
"el principio constitucional de intangibilidad de los actos propios (non venire contra factum propium) que dimana de los artículos 11 y 34 de la Constitución Política, impide al Estado anular los actos declarativos de derechos subjetivos a favor del administrado."
Considerando IV
"En el sub litem, el acuerdo de Junta Directiva que determinó el reconocimiento de vehículo de uso discrecional como salario en especie y lo fijó en un 37% del salario total, es un acto administrativo válido y eficaz."
"In the case at hand, the Board of Directors’ agreement that recognized the discretionary-use vehicle as in-kind salary and set it at 37% of total salary is a valid and effective administrative act."
Considerando IV
"En el sub litem, el acuerdo de Junta Directiva que determinó el reconocimiento de vehículo de uso discrecional como salario en especie y lo fijó en un 37% del salario total, es un acto administrativo válido y eficaz."
Considerando IV
Full documentDocumento completo
Having reviewed the grievances filed by the defendant's representative, it is not feasible to vary the ruling handed down in the first instance. It is true that the vehicle was provided for the performance of the plaintiffs' own work duties; however, the defendant was fully aware that the plaintiffs used the vehicle at their discretion. The case law has been clear in establishing that, in the situation where the vehicle was given to the workers, its use constitutes part of the salary in kind (salario en especie). The Second Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, in Resolution number 36 of ten hours and twenty minutes of February sixth, two thousand two, indicated on the subject: "…VII.- From the foregoing, it is concluded that the motor vehicle granted by the defendant to the plaintiff was provided not only as an indispensable tool for him to perform his duties, but he could also use it, outside the workday, at his discretion and for his personal purposes.
That discretionary use, outside working hours, continued throughout all the years the employment relationship lasted, undoubtedly represented an economic benefit for the worker; which should therefore be considered as part of the salary (salario), legally and effectively paid. (In a similar vein, see judgment No. 454, of 10:00 a.m., of August 10, 2001)…". Based on the foregoing, this grievance must be rejected. Regarding the second grievance, concerning the erroneous application of the legal regime for officials of the Compañía Nacional de Fuerza y Luz, we must say that in a case similar to the one discussed here, the Second Chamber, in Resolution 709 of ten hours and thirty-five minutes of August twenty-second, two thousand eight, has already issued an opinion on the matter, stating, in what is relevant: "…Like RECOPE, the Company must be considered part of the public sector (sector público), in the broad sense of its meaning, and as noted, it was subject to Ley N° 6.821, of October 14, 1982 (Ley de Creación de la Autoridad Presupuestaria), which, although repealed, was in force during most of the period of the factual situation analyzed here, and according to what is regulated in Article 1 of the Ley de Administración Financiera de la República y Presupuestos Públicos (Ley N° 8.131, published October 16, 2001), it also became subject to that other body of public-law regulations and always to the general, non-specific, guidelines issued by the Autoridad Presupuestaria on salary matters (see Article 21 of the law).
This linkage of public enterprises like the defendant to public-policy budget (and salary) guidelines was also reflected in the judgment of the Constitutional Chamber N° 12.953, of 4:25 p.m. on December 18, 2001, which, although always referring to RECOPE, its considerations are applicable to the defendant. In what is relevant, it was indicated: '...a) Public Enterprises maintain the initiative for their own management, and the central Executive cannot directly order them how to act;
Later, at the request of the Ministry of Finance dated May 10, 1989 (folio 21), income tax was withheld on the percentage of salary valued as payment in kind (salario en especie), deducting 3.7% monthly from the plaintiffs' salaries for that concept, beginning in July 1989 (folios 22, 28, 36, 43, 50, 65, 98, 114, 119). Likewise, that portion of the salary was recognized and paid in the subsequent year-end bonuses (aguinaldos) (folios 36, 65). In 2003, they were notified that the vehicles they used at their discretion would be labeled and must remain at the defendant's facilities after the workday, thereby eliminating the discretionary use (folios 63, 64, 70, 79, 81, 100, 101, 103, 117, 120). Subsequently, they were notified that the corresponding income tax deduction would cease as of April 2003 (folios 62, 80, 97, 113). Thus, it is clear that in this case there was an express recognition of the right, which cannot be disregarded in this venue, given that the act by which their rights were declared was never annulled through the corresponding procedure.
In that sense, in the cited judgment No. 844-2006, it was stated: “...the Tribunal's thesis is not shared, as it is deemed incorrect because it disregards the effects of administrative acts that grant rights, which are presumed valid until annulled through the legal procedures in force. Except for the exceptions provided in Article 173 of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública) (cases of evident and manifest nullity, or revocation due to a serious divergence between the effects of the act and the public interest), the constitutional principle of the irrevocability of one's own acts (non venire contra factum proprium), which emanates from Articles 11 and 34 of the Political Constitution (Constitución Política), prevents the State from annulling acts declaratory of subjective rights in favor of the administered party, as established by Article 183, subsection 3, of the General Law of Public Administration, which states: 'Outside the cases provided in Article 173, the administration may not ex officio annul acts declaratory of rights in favor of the administered party, and to obtain their elimination, it must resort to the lesivity contentious proceeding (contencioso de lesividad)...'.
The lesivity contentious proceeding is regulated in numeral 35 of the Law Regulating the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction (Ley Reguladora de la Jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativa), which establishes: '1. When the Administration itself, author of any act declaratory of rights, intends to demand its annulment before the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction, it must first declare it harmful to public, economic, or other interests, within a period of four years from the date it was issued.' (on this subject, see ruling No. 108 of 9:40 a.m. on March 12, 2003). In the sub litem case, the Board of Directors' agreement that determined the recognition of a vehicle for discretionary use as payment in kind and set it at 37% of the total salary is a valid and effective administrative act, under which the right arose in favor of the plaintiff to have that item paid, and having been issued on October 25, 1988, it was consolidated in light of the provisions of Article 35 of the Law Regulating the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction; therefore, the claimant is entitled to the payment of benefits with the discretionary use of the vehicle computed as payment in kind, as this is an exceptional case, like the one resolved by this Chamber in the aforementioned ruling No. 23-99.” In accordance with the reasons set forth, it is therefore concluded that the rights derived from the act by which the discretionary use of the vehicle was recognized to the plaintiffs as payment in kind cannot be disregarded, since its annulment was never sought within the legal period and through the procedure established by the applicable regulations...”.
Thus, it being established that the Second Chamber acknowledges that there was never an administrative act declaring the annulment of the act that recognized the vehicle granted to the plaintiffs as payment in kind, this objection must also be rejected. Finally, the grievance regarding the order to pay costs is not acceptable, given that we are in the presence of litigation where the defendant is being ordered to pay the plaintiffs the payment in kind they ceased to receive, which has been disputed in the jurisdictional venue; therefore, in accordance with Article 221 of the Civil Procedure Code (Código Procesal Civil), which expressly states: “In the resolutions provided in subsections 3) and 4) of Article 153, the losing party shall be ordered to pay the personal and procedural costs”; applicable to our matter by express reference of Articles 452 and 454 of the Labor Code (Código de Trabajo), the order to pay costs must be upheld.
Consequently, the proper course is to affirm what has been the subject of the appeal.” Finally, the grievance regarding the award of costs is not acceptable, given that we are in the presence of a dispute where the defendant is being ordered to pay the plaintiffs the in-kind salary they ceased to receive, and which has been contested in a jurisdictional venue, so that in accordance with article 221 of the Civil Procedure Code which expressly states: “In the resolutions provided for in subparagraphs 3) and 4) of article 153, the losing party shall be ordered to pay personal and procedural costs”; applicable to our subject matter by express referral of articles 452 and 454 of the Labor Code, the award of costs must be upheld. Consequently, the appropriate action is to issue confirmation of that which has been the subject of appeal."
“IV.- Vistos los agravios formulados por el representante de la accionada, no es factible variar lo que viene dispuesto en primera instancia. Es cierto que el vehículo fue dado para el cumplimiento de las funciones propias del trabajo de los demandantes; no obstante, la demandada conocía plenamente que los actores hacían uso discrecional del vehículo. La jurisprudencia ha sido clara al establecer que en la situación en que fue otorgado el vehículo a los trabajadores, el uso de éste viene a constituir parte del salario en especie. La Sala Segunda de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, en la Resolución número 36 de las diez horas veinte minutos del seis de febrero del dos mil dos, sobre el tema indicó: “…VII.- De lo expuesto se concluye que, el automotor concedido por la demandada, al actor, se le otorgó no sólo como una herramienta indispensable para que pudiera realizar sus labores, sino que también podía utilizarlo, fuera de la jornada laboral, en forma discrecional y para sus fines personales.
Ese uso discrecional, fuera de las horas laborales, continuado durante todos los años en que duró la relación de trabajo, representó, sin duda, un beneficio económico para el trabajador; el cual debe considerarse, entonces, como parte del salario, legal y efectivamente pagado. (En un sentido semejante, puede consultarse la sentencia No. 454, de las 10:00 horas, del 10 de agosto del 2.001)…”. Por lo expuesto, este agravio debe ser rechazado. Con respecto al segundo agravio, acerca de la errónea aplicación del régimen jurídico de los funcionarios de la Compañía Nacional de Fuerza y Luz, debemos decir que en un caso similar al aquí discutido, la Sala Segunda en la Resolución 709 de las diez horas treinta y cinco minutos del veintidós de agosto del dos mil ocho, ya emitió criterio al respecto al expresar en lo que interesa: “…Al igual que RECOPE, la Compañía debe considerarse como parte del sector público, en el sentido amplio de su significado, y como se apuntó, estuvo sujeta a la Ley N° 6.821, del 14 de octubre de 1982 (Ley de Creación de la Autoridad Presupuestaria), que si bien se encuentra derogada, estuvo vigente durante la mayor parte del período de la situación fáctica que aquí se analiza y según lo regulado en el artículo 1 de la Ley de Administración Financiera de la República y Presupuestos Públicos (Ley N° 8.131, publicada el 16 de octubre del 2001), también quedó sometida a esa otra normativa de carácter iuspublicista y siempre a las directrices de carácter general, no concretas, emitidas por la Autoridad Presupuestaria en materia salarial (véase el artículo 21 de la ley).
Esa vinculación de las empresas públicas como la demandada a las directrices de política presupuestaria (y salarial) de orden público, también se vio reflejada en la sentencia de la Sala Constitucional N° 12.953, de las 16:25 horas del 18 de diciembre del 2001, que aunque siempre referida a RECOPE, sus consideraciones son de aplicación a la accionada. En lo que interesa, se indicó: “...a) las Empresas Públicas mantienen la iniciativa de su propia gestión y el Ejecutivo central no puede ordenarles directamente como deben actuar;
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