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Res. 01743-2024 Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo · Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo · 20/03/2024
OutcomeResultado
The Court partially grants the claim: it rejects the indemnification claims for lack of proof of current damage, but upholds the generic claim to act and orders the Municipality of Garabito to exercise its legal powers to demand hydraulic works to mitigate flooding, under warning of criminal liability.El Tribunal declara parcialmente con lugar la demanda: rechaza las pretensiones indemnizatorias por falta de prueba del daño actual, pero acoge la pretensión genérica de hacer y ordena a la Municipalidad de Garabito ejercer sus potestades legales para exigir obras hidráulicas que mitiguen las inundaciones, bajo apercibimiento de responsabilidad penal.
SummaryResumen
The Administrative Litigation Court partially grants the claim against the Municipality of Garabito for abnormal omission in overseeing the Vistas de Leona project. It finds that the local government failed in its duty to inspect and control construction and storm drainage permits it issued, and did not implement mitigation measures ordered by the Ministry of Health and the Constitutional Chamber to prevent flooding in the Las Lapas Condominium. Indemnification claims are rejected due to lack of proof of current compensable damage, but the Municipality is ordered to immediately exercise its police powers to require the developer to carry out necessary hydraulic works and prevent future harm, retaining jurisdiction for eventual liquidation of future damages.El Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo declara parcialmente con lugar la demanda contra la Municipalidad de Garabito por funcionamiento anormal omisivo en la fiscalización del proyecto Vistas de Leona. Se acredita que el gobierno local incumplió sus deberes de inspección y control sobre los permisos de construcción y desfogue pluvial otorgados, y no ejecutó las medidas de mitigación ordenadas por el Ministerio de Salud y la Sala Constitucional para evitar inundaciones en el Condominio Las Lapas. Se rechazan las pretensiones indemnizatorias por falta de prueba del daño resarcible actual, pero se ordena a la Municipalidad ejercer de inmediato sus potestades de policía para exigir al desarrollador las obras hidráulicas necesarias y prevenir futuras afectaciones, reteniendo jurisdicción para la eventual liquidación de daños futuros.
Key excerptExtracto clave
IV. SUBJECT OF THE PROCEEDINGS: From the analysis of the case file, the claim and its prayers for relief, as well as the concluding arguments made during the oral and public hearing, it follows that the subject of this proceeding is to determine whether the predominantly objective liability of the Municipality of Garabito is established, attributable to abnormal operation (by material omission), derived from its breach of obligation in the following aspects: 1) Failure to supervise the Vistas de Leona Project, which, in its opinion, was built without the respective municipal construction permit. With regard to storm drainage mechanisms, the only permit is the 'Sewer', which, in the plaintiff's opinion, only refers to internal sewers and not to external storm drainage. [...] [...] Based on the foregoing, it sets out as relief, on the one hand, to declare the conduct of the Municipality of Garabito non-conforming to the legal order due to the aforementioned omissions; and on the other hand, it establishes a generic claim to act, so that said Local Government 'carries out and ensures the execution of necessary works in order to avoid and reverse the harmful consequences of its unlawful conduct against the plaintiff, as well as to demand [...] any necessary work in compliance with the unapplied legal regulations on urban planning in general and on storm drainage and disposal in particular.'IV. OBJETO DEL PROCESO: Del análisis de los autos, demanda y sus pretensiones, así como de los argumentos conclusivos efectuados durante la celebración de la audiencia del juicio oral y público, se deriva que el objeto del presente proceso consiste en determinar si en la especie se configura la responsabilidad preeminentemente objetiva de la Municipalidad de Garabito, imputable por funcionamiento anormal (por conducta material omisiva), derivada del incumplimiento de su obligación de los siguientes aspectos: 1) Falta de fiscalización del Proyecto Vistas de Leona, el cual, en su criterio, se construyó y se edificó sin contar con el permiso de construcción municipal respectivo. En lo que se refiere a los mecanismos pluviales, el único permiso consiste en el “Alcantarillado”, el cual, en criterio de la actora, sólo se refiere a los alcantarillados internos no al desfogue pluvial hacia lo externo. [...] [...] A partir de lo anterior, esboza como pretensiones, por un lado, el declarar disconforme con el ordenamiento jurídico la conducta de la Municipalidad de Garabito por las omisiones citadas; y por el otro, establece una pretensión genérica de hacer, a fin de que dicho Gobierno Local "realice y vele por la realización de obras necesarias a fin de evitar y revertir las consecuencias perjudiciales de su actuar ilegítimo en contra de la actora, así como a exigir [...] cualquier obra necesaria en cumplimiento de la normativa legal desaplicada en materia urbanística en general y en materia de desfogues y disposición de aguas pluviales en lo particular".
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"La responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado tiene sustento en la naturaleza misma de la Administración Pública como gestora de los intereses colectivos."
"The patrimonial liability of the State is based on the very nature of the Public Administration as manager of collective interests."
Considerando VIII, punto 1
"La responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado tiene sustento en la naturaleza misma de la Administración Pública como gestora de los intereses colectivos."
Considerando VIII, punto 1
"[...] el deber legal de soportar del desfogue de las aguas, es siempre que sea un flujo razonable aspecto que no sucede en el caso en la especie [...]"
"[...] the legal duty to tolerate the discharge of water is always that it be a reasonable flow, which does not occur in the present case [...]"
Considerando IX, punto 1
"[...] el deber legal de soportar del desfogue de las aguas, es siempre que sea un flujo razonable aspecto que no sucede en el caso en la especie [...]"
Considerando IX, punto 1
"No resulta ajustado al bloque de legalidad que se pretenda desplazar la responsabilidad de un proyecto nuevo en otro que es de mayor antigüedad, y que éste último deba soportar la gran cantidad de agua pluvial que se desfoga."
"It is not adjusted to the rule of law to attempt to shift the responsibility of a new project onto an older one, and that the latter must bear the large amount of stormwater discharged."
Considerando IX, punto 1
"No resulta ajustado al bloque de legalidad que se pretenda desplazar la responsabilidad de un proyecto nuevo en otro que es de mayor antigüedad, y que éste último deba soportar la gran cantidad de agua pluvial que se desfoga."
Considerando IX, punto 1
"Se acoge parcialmente la demanda; en lo apelado, se confirma la sentencia. Se ordena a la Municipalidad de Garabito ejercer de inmediato, sin más dilación, todas sus potestades legales y de imperio [...] para exigir al desarrollador las obras hidráulicas necesarias [...]"
"The claim is partially granted; the appealed judgment is confirmed. The Municipality of Garabito is ordered to immediately exercise, without further delay, all its legal and sovereign powers [...] to require the developer to carry out the necessary hydraulic works [...]"
Por Tanto
"Se acoge parcialmente la demanda; en lo apelado, se confirma la sentencia. Se ordena a la Municipalidad de Garabito ejercer de inmediato, sin más dilación, todas sus potestades legales y de imperio [...] para exigir al desarrollador las obras hidráulicas necesarias [...]"
Por Tanto
Full documentDocumento completo
PROCEDURAL ACTIONS. As part of the procedural path relevant to the resolution of this proceeding, the following is noted:
I.By means of the lawsuit brief filed on October 10, 2019, and adjusted on July 1, 2021, the plaintiff formulated the following claims, so that the judgment declares the following: "MAIN CLAIMS That the conduct of the Municipalidad de Garabito consisting of the following omissions be declared non-compliant with the legal system: • Inaction, lack of oversight (fiscalización) and lack of use of legal tools at its disposal in the face of the irregular urban development represented by the Vistas de Leona Condominiums (Facts #12, 21, 25, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 39). • Failure to grant the Municipal Permit for the construction of both Vistas de Leona condominiums (Facts # 12, 18, 19, 22, 23 and 25). • Failure to require the usual requirements, endorsements and construction permits, such as the Storm Drainage Permit (Permiso de Desfogue Pluvial) and the timely authorization from the Ministry of Health, the Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillados and the INVU (Facts # 12, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25 and 26). • Failure to comply with specific actions and works that other institutions ordered the Municipality to implement and oversee, such as: the mitigation measures ordered by the Comisión Nacional de Emergencia; the control, oversight, conducting of studies and taking of measures as recommended by the Ministry of Health; the hydrological study and infrastructure works ordered by A. y A. and, the oversight ordered by SETENA (Facts #24, 25, 26, 37 and 39). • Failure to comply with what was ordered by the Constitutional Chamber regarding 'reaching a solution regarding the facts alleged by the amparo petitioner'.
(Facts # 31, 32, 33, 24 and 35). • Municipal failure to require specific works from Vistas de Leona that departments of the Municipality itself recognized as necessary (Facts # 12, 30 and 36). • Failure to resolve the complaint filed by the plaintiff here (Facts # 29 and 30). B- Generic claim to ACT: Order the MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO to effectively exercise its legal and sovereign powers and to carry out and ensure the carrying out of the necessary works to prevent and reverse the harmful consequences of its unlawful actions against the plaintiff, as well as to require from any violator any necessary work in compliance with the legal regulations not applied in urban planning matters in general and in storm drainage and disposal matters in particular, for the cessation of the impact on the legitimate interests and rights of the plaintiff. C- Order the MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO to pay compensation for the present damages that have been caused, as well as for future ones caused as a result of its negligence, non-compliant actions and omissions in everything related to the improper disposal of stormwater from the Vistas de Leona mega-condominium project, which will be liquidated in the sentence execution phase.
D- Order the MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO to pay both sets of costs of these proceedings, which will be liquidated at the appropriate procedural stage." Said claims remained intact during the Preliminary Hearing held at 1:55 p.m. on December 15, 2021. (See images 02 to 68, and 1380 to 1419 of the judicial file in electronic format, as well as the minutes of the preliminary hearing, visible in images 1478 to 1482 of the judicial file in electronic format and audio of the preliminary hearing in the SIGAO System).
II.The lawsuit having been transferred to the Municipalidad de Garabito, by resolution at 1:56 p.m. on October 31, 2019, by the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda; on January 8, 2020, it answered the lawsuit negatively, requesting that it be dismissed in all its terms. Likewise, it requested that the plaintiff be ordered to pay both sets of costs. (See images 643 to 645, 667 to 688 of the judicial file in electronic format).
III.By resolution at 2:06 p.m. on April 1, 2020, the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda granted a hearing to the plaintiff to address the response of the Municipalidad de Garabito, for a period of three (3) business days. This was done on April 21, 2020, by the plaintiff, reiterating its arguments and offering documentary, testimonial and expert counter-evidence. (See images 903 to 946 of the judicial file in electronic format).
IV.By brief dated July 1, 2021, the plaintiff, the company CJO DESARROLLOS INTEGRALES S.A., partially withdrew from its lawsuit, in order to maintain only its action against the Municipalidad de Garabito, and also adjusted the claims, which were fixed as set forth in point I of this Resolution. (See images 1380 to 1419 of the judicial file in electronic format).
V.By resolution at 11:16 a.m. on July 9, 2021, the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda accepted the partial withdrawal of the lawsuit, ordering the partial closure of the case, and continuing the proceeding only against the Municipalidad de Garabito. (See images 1420 to 1421 of the judicial file in electronic format).
VI.By resolution at 10:02 a.m. on September 27, 2021, the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda granted a hearing to the Municipalidad de Garabito, for a period of three (3) business days, so that it could issue a pronouncement on the brief expanding the claims made by the plaintiff, and also summoned them to the preliminary hearing. (See images 1431 to 1434 of the judicial file in electronic format).
VII.On October 4, 2021, the Municipalidad de Garabito addressed the adjustment of the claims made by the plaintiff, keeping the offer of evidence it made with the answer to the lawsuit intact. (See images 14337 and 1438 of the judicial file in electronic format).
VIII.The preliminary hearing was held on December 15, 2021, with the presence of all parties. In it, the parties stated that they found no defects in the procedure, the claims filed with the lawsuit and adjusted on July 6, 2021, remained intact, all facts of the lawsuit except for the second fact were determined as contested, and upon the plaintiff's request to have the General Comptroller of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República) as an interested third party, at that act, the Procedural Judge rejected it. The administrative file in the name of Condominio Vista Leona, and the amparo appeal filed by Mr. Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata, were admitted as common evidence of the parties. All evidence presented by the plaintiff was admitted, both in its lawsuit and in its reply, and documentary evidence 1 to 10, 47, 49, 50, 51, 66 and 61 presented with the lawsuit was rejected. And the documentary evidence offered by the defendant corresponding to Annexes No. 1 and No. 3 was admitted. The performance of an expert examination was also admitted, and the evacuation of two witnesses proposed by the plaintiff. (See Audio in SIGAO and minutes of the Preliminary Hearing visible in images 1478 to 1482 of the judicial file in electronic format).
IX.On October 6, 2022, Engineer Alberto Serrano Pacheco submitted the required expert report (informe pericial), regarding which, by resolution at 8:21 a.m. on October 20, 2022, the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda granted a hearing for a term of three (3) business days to the parties so they could issue the respective pronouncement. (See images 1490 to 1567 of the judicial file in electronic format).
X.By brief dated October 26, 2022, the Municipalidad de Garabito addressed the Expert Report (Informe Pericial) made by Mr. Alberto Serrano Pacheco. (See images 1573 to 1580 of the judicial file in electronic format).
XI.On April 26, 2023, the company Inmobiliaria Abarca & Barrantes S.A., as owner of the filial lot No. 21 of the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, requested to be considered as a co-adjuvant of the plaintiff in this proceeding, "given that the result of the action affects the sphere of its interests." (See images 1610 to 1612 of the judicial file in electronic format).
XII.On February 26, 2024, the oral and public hearing was held with the presence of all parties to the proceeding, where the plaintiff stated the request to include Mr. Luis Rodolfo Calderón as legal representative of the company Inmobiliaria Abarca & Barrantes S.A. and the admission of evidence for better resolution. Both requests were accepted by the Tribunal, granting a period of three (3) business days for the Municipality to address said evidence. Regarding procedural cleansing aspects, none were found by any of the parties; opening arguments were made, the statement of the judicial expert, Mr. Alberto Serrano Pacheco, with ID No. 2-0514-0061, was received, along with the expert witness, Mr. José Gerardo Roig Loria, with identity card No. 3-0259-0214, and the witness Paulino Vargas Calderón with identity card No. 6-0202-0076; and finally, conclusions were given orally. This Tribunal, by virtue of the nature of the proceeding, declared it as very complex processing, in light of numerals 111 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativa and 47 of the Reglamento Autónomo de Organización y Servicio de la Jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativa y Civil de Hacienda. (See minutes of the oral and public hearing, visible in images 1662 to 1668 of the judicial file in electronic format, and Audio and video in SIGAO).
XIII.By brief dated February 29, 2024, the Municipalidad de Garabito requested an extension of the period granted in the oral and public hearing, given that it did not have access to the evidence for better resolution, due to a computer support issue. In response to said request, the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, by resolution at 11:43 a.m. on March 5, 2024, did not grant the requested extension, by virtue of there being no justifications not attributable to the defendant to extend the granted period. (See images 1643 to 1647 of the judicial file in electronic format).
XIV.In the proceedings, the legal prescriptions and terms have been observed, and no defects, flaws or omissions that could cause the nullity of the actions or defenselessness to the parties are perceived. This resolution is issued unanimously and after prior deliberation of the members of this Tribunal.
Drafted by Judge Morales Herra, with the affirmative vote of Judges Bolaños Salazar and Mejías Rodríguez.
WHEREAS
The representation of the plaintiff, after the preliminary hearing and before the oral and public hearing, on February 22, 2024, presented a request to admit evidence for better resolution, consisting of some videos of floods that occurred in the months of June and October 2022. Regarding which, a hearing was granted to the defendant by this Tribunal during the Oral and Public Hearing for a period of three (3) business days to address it. The foregoing, based on the first part of numeral 50, subsection 2) of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. However, its pronouncement is not recorded, as noted in the recitals set forth above. Now, as recorded in the case file, regarding this evidence, the parties were granted a prior hearing so they could issue the statements they deemed pertinent in compliance with the principles of contradiction, bilaterality and due process and the right of defense.
It is the responsibility of the defendant to procure a copy of said evidence, which was available at the Judicial Office, as indicated in the Oral and Public Hearing. Regarding the evidence for better resolution, the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice has uniformly held that it "(...) is not evidence of the parties. It is the Judge's evidence. It is optional for the judge if deemed indispensable for issuing judgment. Being optional, it does not bind the judge to evacuate it. In this sense, the Chamber has resolved on many occasions that there is no defect of defenselessness nor lack of evacuation of suitable evidence if it is evidence for better resolution. Even if the possibility of its evacuation had been considered, it remains at the judge's discretion who may dispense with it without the need to issue any resolution. Simply by not ordering it, it is understood to be rejected.
In this sense, among others, rulings number 23 of 2:20 p.m. on March 4, 1992, 34 of 10:45 a.m. on May 28, 1993 and 83 of 2:40 p.m. on December 22, 1993, could be seen." (See First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, Resolution No. 00059-1995 of 3:20 p.m. on May 31, 1995). That being so, this Tribunal, in light of the claims and exceptions presented by the parties, considers the evidence referred to above to be useful and pertinent, as it incorporates demonstrative elements that are relevant for the correct decision of the conflict, and therefore adopts the decision to admit it in this litigation. Evidence that will be evaluated together and under the rules of sound rational criticism, in accordance with the provisions of numeral 82, subsection 1) of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. Likewise, it is considered useful as a historical reference to be taken as evidence for better provision (prueba para mejor proveer), the certifications issued by the Public Registry, and which were excluded by the Procedural Judge during the preliminary hearing; however, given the characteristics of this proceeding and in light of the adversarial process, it is considered relevant to include as evidence for better resolution the certifications numbered 3, 4, 7, 8 and 9 in the complaint (libelo de la demanda).
In accordance with the cast of documentary evidence admitted in this proceeding, the following facts are considered demonstrated and relevant for the issuance of this Resolution, having the corresponding support:
(See Official Communication No. IMN-DA-1747-2008 dated June 17, 2008, visible at folio 107 of the administrative file Amparo Appeal No. 11-2417-007-CO submitted by the defendant).
Said plant also lacks Municipal permits. 3- There are mitigation works, gabions (gaviones) with large stone (piedra papa) and mattresses, placed in the channel of the same stream (quebrada), with a height of one meter in some parts, a width of 4 meters, and over an approximate distance of 1,500 linear meters of gabions. We subsequently verified that, as a result of the dragging of sediments from said stream, there are a large number of dead trees downstream. (…)” (See Inspection Report on Banco Improsa Property adjacent to Punta Leona, dated January 13, 2009, visible at images 230 to 236 of the judicial file in electronic format).
The situation on our land, before the construction of the house and for a short time after, was normal, in the so-called common area or tree-lined walkway (alameda) 8 meters wide, which had minimal or insignificant water runoff during the winter months, but which dried up in the summer, and into whose west boundary end empties a box culvert (alcantarilla de cuadro) 140 meters long, with a section of 1.20 x 1.40 m, which is part of the condominium's stormwater evacuation system, and which continues under a paved road, towards the fluvial discharge. 5. However, the previous situation changed radically and drastically, because a water surge similar to a stream occurred in the north common area, approximately in the winter of 2007, as a result of the New Vistas de Leona Residential Project, (…) Additionally, due to the earthworks (movimientos de tierra) of the Villa Leona Condominium, (…) flooding of streets and properties occurred within the Las Lapas Condominium, with thousands of cubic meters of mud, water, and debris.
This provoked event ran from the heights of the slopes of the Vistas de Leona Condominium southward to Las Lapas, exactly in the direction of three properties away from ours, right through the unbuilt lot behind the few trees they left, and the momentary solution was to build a ditch (zanja), which passes behind our properties along the east boundary, and with the two following winters has washed out the rear road, with a depth greater than one and a half meters (…). After several floods, two have finally reached the terrace of my house, there has been sloughing of the edges of the land of the stormwater discharge (desfogue pluvial) and which so far have only dampened some chairs that are on a level approximately two meters higher; likewise, the current has left debris in the grass and ornamental plants, with serious danger to our goods and risk to the life of the occupants. (…) Consequently, the situation is real and the problem has been artificially created by the earth removal works and connection without neighbor permission and at the expense of the Las Lapas sewer system (alcantarillado), and not my property or the perimeter wall that prevents the passage of water, or that they must endure the floods, or remain at the mercy of the risk of an avalanche or suffer flooding of mud and debris in front of my property and with flooding of neighboring properties.” (See Unnumbered Official Communication dated September 16, 2009, visible at images 183 to 201 of the judicial administrative file in electronic format).
Mitigation and Prevention Measures (…) In the La Lapas residential area in Punta Leona, flooding problems are occurring when heavy rainfall takes place in the area; therefore, it is indicated to follow the following recommendations: (…) A study must be submitted demonstrating that the discharge of both fluvial and black water does not affect the environment and the lower parts where the residential area is located. (…) If it is demonstrated that there is an effect, the corresponding mitigation works must be carried out in order to solve the problem. (…) Added to the above would be if it is necessary to make changes to the residential area's sewer system. (…) A culvert must be placed in the ditch located at the rear part of the dwellings, for the reduction of the erosive process and soil conservation. Furthermore, it is reminded that any anomaly in terms of construction techniques and standards IS UNDER THE TOTAL RESPONSIBILITY of the institutions that grant permits, (…) and Municipality of Garabito for not requesting the corresponding reports, inspections, and corrections.” (The highlighting corresponds to the original). (See Technical Report No. DPM-INF-1574-2009 dated December 18, 2009, issued by the Department of Prevention and Mitigation, which runs at images 202 to 208 of the judicial file in electronic format).
On the other hand, in one of the lowest parts of this stream there is an apparent invasion of the stream's protection zone where a residential complex called ‘Residencial Las Lapas’ was built (…) In the urbanization, the waters of the stream were channeled by means of a cement block structure that has an approximate diameter of 140 [cm] wide by 150 centimeters high, covered on top with paving stones (adoquines) that crosses the entire residential complex; precisely the mentioned block and concrete structure begins where the house of the complainant, Mr. Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata, is located. (…) the structure belonging to house number 35 is practically located 2 meters from the channel. (…) the stream channel and clearly visible the upper part of the complainant's house entirely in the stream protection zone. As already stated, the tributaries feeding the stream come from the micro-basin that is upstream of ‘Residencial Lapas’ and on its banks is the Villa Leona project, this stream is also fed by waters coming from a small patch of forest and also those that come by runoff from the Calle Vieja a Punta Leona.
(…) Another important point to consider is the fact that the common area, as indicated by the complainant, is being affected when there are heavy downpours by the presence of mud and water. Part of the common area that he complains about includes, among others, the central part of Residencial Lapas completely paved with paving stones (adoquinada), which is apparently a stream protection zone, which must be determined by MINAET. (…)” Sending said report to the Municipality of Garabito, Department of Engineering and Department of Road Board (Junta Vial), “for their information and so that the corresponding measures be taken regarding what has been mentioned, according to their competences.” (See images 211 to 222 of the judicial file in electronic format).
(…) In the Las Lapas condominium, the existence of a stream (quebrada) was observed located on the north side of filial 35; in said stream there is scour of the land on both banks, scour was also observed in the land in the storm channel (canal pluvial) located on the condominium street behind filial plot 35. On the access street in front of filial 35, the stream is channeled by means of a box culvert (alcantarilla de cuadro) and piped underneath the existing roadbed with a run of approximately 85 meters in an east-west direction (…) its outlet is located at a street intersection west of the condominium, the stream continues its course in a green area of the condominium. The map of the Las Lapas condominium indicates a green zone 8 meters wide and another green zone 13 meters wide, these two zones are free common areas (áreas común libre) of the condominium, in which no existing channel of intermittent or perennial type is indicated.
(…) For the final stormwater discharge of the project (…), two external easements (servidumbres externas) were established whose authorization was supported by means of a Sworn Statement (Declaración Jurada). The channel to which the Vistas de Leona Condominium project discharges continues its course crossing downstream the Las Lapas condominium in an East-West direction, through the green areas indicated on the Las Lapas Condominium map as free common areas. The indication by MINAE of the public domain channel that affects the Las Lapas Condominium and which is the final discharge point of the Vistas de Leona condominium, was given through document IMN-DA-1747-2008 dated in the year 2008, and the Las Lapas project was approved by INVU in the year 2004. In the maps of the Las Lapas condominium approved by INVU in 2004, no water body affecting the project is established, much less are setbacks (retiros) indicated for this concept; the green areas indicated on the map also do not establish that they are for intermittent or seasonal flow channels.
For the Vistas de Leona Project, the corresponding Hydrological study of the project up to its discharge point authorized by the Municipality was submitted. The Hydrological study with the downstream basin affectation by the discharge from the Vistas de Leona project was not submitted to this department; it corresponds to the Municipality to request said study prior to the authorization of the stormwater discharge. Both the Las Lapas condominium project and the remaining stages that make up the Vistas de Leona project do not have maps approved by AYA. The Vistas de Leona Condominium project has approved maps only for the first construction stage corresponding to 150 filials. For the approval of the remaining stages of the Vistas de Leona condominium project, the Municipality of Garabito must request the corresponding hydrological study of the project's affectation on the downstream basin and, based on it, take the pertinent measures by requesting from the developer the infrastructure works required, in order to avoid affectation of the basin, of the projects and properties located downstream of the authorized discharge site.” (See Inspection Report No. SUB-G-AID-UEN-PyC-URB-I-2011-12 visible at images 298 to 302 of the judicial file in electronic format).
The stormwater discharge channel runs through the entire central area of the project and presents a large quantity of sediments from the slopes of the constructed terraces. 11. The sediments from the channel are dragged, together with other stormwater that integrates downstream from other urban development projects built up to Playa Mantas.” (See Technical Report No. ASA-532-2011-SETENA, dated March 17, 2011, visible at images 340 to 347 of the judicial file in electronic format).
(See image 295 of the judicial file in electronic format).
A bottleneck formed at the culvert (alcantarilla) of Subsidiary Farm 35 of the Las Lapas Condominium, causing overflows of those waters affecting properties of that Condominium, generating serious damage to those properties with increasing frequency without a solution to the problem having been sought to date by the consulting company and engineer Castillo.” (See Official Letter No. TH-025-2015 dated January 21, 2014 [sic], visible at images 367 to 369 of the judicial file in electronic format).
The alleged fact that says ‘Having carried out basic studies, preliminary studies, plans, designs, and technical inspection regarding the stormwater runoff flow that led to floods in the house of engineer Rodolfo Calderón Mata, and the Las Lapas Residential Complex’ has not been proven - Because there remains doubt whether the floods are a consequence of deficient professional work by engineer Castillo Rojas, or are a consequence of the piping (entubado) of the stream that borders the house of Engineer Rodolfo Calderón Mata, carried out by the developers of the Las Lapas residential complex. It is noteworthy that, in the cadastre of the property of Engineer Calderón Mata, the complainant, the bordering stream is marked as an easement (alameda), into which the stormwater from the complainant's house is discharged, and the required setback (retiro) for a stream is not respected. Facts observed on folio 717 corresponding to the cadastre, and 701 to 709 corresponding to inspection report SPR-001-1780-OMBS. (…)” (See Agreement No. 40 of the Board of Directors of the CFIA, Official Letter No. JDG-01010-14/15 dated August 27, 2005, visible at images 370 to 386 of the judicial file in electronic format).
The following are considered unproven facts of relevance for the issuance of the judgment, either because the parties failed to meet their burden of proof, or because this Court did not find suitable evidence that, in light of the principle of sound criticism (principio de la sana crítica), would allow them to be accredited:
From the analysis of the court records, the lawsuit and its claims, as well as the conclusive arguments made during the oral and public trial hearing, it follows that the purpose of this proceeding is to determine whether, in this case, the preeminently objective liability of the Municipality of Garabito is configured, attributable to abnormal operation (due to material omission), arising from the breach of its obligation regarding the following aspects:
Consequently, it also refutes that the Municipality did not request “basic preliminary studies and analyses,” and that a calculation report (memoria de cálculo) was presented late, where express reference is made to the lack of capacity of the stormwater system of the Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium.
In another vein, it must be pointed out that, according to the court records, the plaintiff resorted to different instances to report and request intervention in the flood situation affecting the Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium, going in due course to the Federated College of Engineers and Architects, the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados), the National Commission for Risk Prevention and Emergency Response (Comisión Nacional para la Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, CNE), the National Environmental Technical Secretariat, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, and the Municipality of Garabito. Now then, due to the purpose of the litigation, which was joined with the response to the lawsuit, and subsequent adjustment made by the plaintiff on July 1, 2021, accepted by this Contentious-Administrative and Civil Treasury Court through the resolution at 10:02 a.m. on September 27, 2021, an adjustment of claims on which the municipal government pronounced itself on October 4, 2021, this proceeding will be limited to judging the conduct of the Municipality of Garabito solely regarding what the plaintiff established as omission conduct, but not the other public entities that, in some way or another, have legally attributed powers in matters of stormwater and environmental impact.
Reserving, as will be stated below, the powers of inter-institutional coordination and cooperation that are provided for within the legal framework. On the other hand, it must also be clarified that, at the time of filing the lawsuit, it was directed not only against the Municipality of Garabito but also against all the companies owning the neighboring properties of the Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium, including Banco Improsa as trustee of the property where the Vistas de Leona Project is developed, a judicial action that the plaintiff withdrew from, as noted in preceding lines. For this reason, the aspects included in the lawsuit that refer to said legal entities have not been considered by this Collegiate Chamber, nor the evidence and arguments that were at the time provided by the former defendants, nor the reply filed at the time by the plaintiff regarding these, except for what was expressly admitted at the Preliminary Hearing by the Processing Judge.
Hence, the legality review of the conducts of the then-defendants has not been part of this process either, as it falls outside the purpose of the litigation. Finally, in compliance with the principle of party disposition (principio dispositivo), and taking into consideration the framework of the proceeding that has been defined by the plaintiff's representation, regarding the fact that it submitted to this Contentious Jurisdiction the claim to review the conduct of the Municipality of Garabito, only regarding abnormal operation by omission, it follows that the legality review of the administrative acts issued by it, and their verification in accordance with the legal framework, falls outside the present proceeding. Even though the court records infer that there were tangentially generic arguments outlined by the plaintiff, the fact of the matter is that, from the wording of the claims adjusted by the plaintiff, and the fact that it decided to withdraw the action against the legal entities that were recipients of these administrative acts, it is determined that said formal acts were not submitted for judicial review by the plaintiff in this process, therefore the analysis of whether these formal acts have any defect in their essential elements (motive, content, procedure, will, and purpose) is also not part of the process.
This is reiterated because, within its claims, it did not request the declaration of nullity of formal acts issued by the Municipality of Garabito (only non-conformity within the omission conduct), nor did it allege in its lawsuit and adjustment of claims the existence of any defect in the elements of said acts. Hence, the foregoing will be the decision framework of this Collegiate Chamber.
As indicated above, in its statement of claim, reply, and arguments made during the closing arguments phase of the oral and public trial hearing, the plaintiff is the owner of subsidiary lot No. 35 of the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium (in different parts of this resolution, reference is made to said condominium using different nomenclatures, given that they are transcribed as such from the institutions that participated in the various events outlined in the claim; however, all refer to the same urban development complex). Said Condominium is located in the Punta Leona Tourist Complex, in the place called Mantas, in the District of Jacó, in the Canton of Garabito in the Province of Puntarenas. It is therefore within the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Garabito. It narrates that said recreational house has been used by the plaintiff’s representative, Mr. Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata, since 2005, in that year “(…) and during prior years, the course and drainage of the waters was normal; specifically, in the common area or 8-meter-wide tree-lined walkway to the North of my represented party’s subsidiary lot, a small ditch functioned in its center, where water runoff was insignificant in the winter months and remained dry in the summer months.
That tree-lined walkway joins and continues at its West end with the (…) box culvert under the cobblestone street in Las Lapas Condominium, with a section of 1.25 m x 1.50 m, appropriate until then for the stormwater drainage of (Las Lapas Condominium) itself and of a small surrounding area with dense vegetation cover.” It points out that, starting in 2007, with the development of a housing project, comprised of the Vistas de Leona Horizontal Residential Condominium with Individualized Primary Subsidiary Lots and the One Hundred Forty-Nine Horizontal Residential Condominium in Individualized Primary Subsidiary Lots of the Vistas de Leona Horizontal Residential Condominium, and which for the purposes of this resolution will be referred to as the Vistas de Leona Project, whose area is more than 20 hectares, and more than 300 subsidiary lots, compared to the smaller area of the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium, of only 2.1 hectares, and 60 subsidiary lots; it has been suffering a series of flooding from stormwater in some of the houses that face the cobblestone street, where the previously described box culvert is located underneath said street.
It comments that, in the winter of 2008, “another abnormal situation of flooding occurred from the waters that ran through the common areas to the North of Subsidiary Lot 35 and to the East of the Las Lapas Condominium, the origin of those waters being the Vistas de Leona residential project, which caused flooding of streets, houses, and lots of the Las Lapas Condominium, also leaving mud and debris.” It argues that, with the passage of years, and the progress of construction of the Vistas de Leona Project, the floods have worsened, and that it even “increased in the volumes of stormwater improperly channeled towards the Las Lapas Condominium, with the consequent continuing damages, currently evolving, to the East road of our Condominium and the North tree-lined walkway of the plaintiff’s property (both common areas of the Las Lapas Condominium).” Regarding the damages subject to this proceeding, it affirms that they have been occurring continuously since 2007 and have been increasing to date, which consist of the following: i) Damages to the East Road (Common Area, Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium), which it summarizes as damages to the gravel road without ditches or drains, resulting from the actions of discharging waters from the Vistas de Leona project and because a drain was dug without authorization, generating damages from erosion and increased flow, “to the point that by the winter of the last year, 2018, the gully ended up being 3.7 meters deep by five meters wide, and encroaches on more than half the width of the cited auxiliary gravel road, making it currently impassable.” ii) Damages to the Tree-lined Walkway (Common Area, Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium).
It notes that, “What was originally a tree-lined walkway of grassed green area (common area to the North of my represented party’s subsidiary lot), and which in the most severe rainy seasons served in its center as a very small ditch of a few centimeters deep for the conveyance of stormwater from nearby areas, became, as a harmful consequence of the actions and omissions of the defendants, a river more than 3 meters deep, with frequent events of water overflow. This, apart from the degradation or loss of the condominium’s common area, began to erode the land very close to the foundations upon which my represented party’s recreational house sits.” iii) Damages to the Plaintiff’s Recreational House (Private Area, Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium). It alludes that mainly landslides have been caused on the edges of the land and floods have been suffered that have reached the terrace of the recreational house, and that have left debris from weeds and mud there and in the gardens.
Other damages it attributes are “the rendering useless of the rear access to the dwelling and the exposure of the foundations of both the North retaining wall and the columns next to the terrace. Also, other dwellings in the Las Lapas Condominium have suffered flooding, specifically numbers 21 and 22.” Other effects on the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium and at the entrance of the tree-lined walkway that the plaintiff describes consist of: “The two routes and the damages in the tree-lined walkway and the gravel road (both common areas of the Las Lapas Condominium) converge. The illegal channeling of waters from a sector of Vista de Leona onto the gravel road (Route Two) reached the entrance of what was once a tree-lined walkway and which today they have turned into an intermittent river, made possible by a natural topographical depression or channel that comes from the East (Route One), which now also transports water discharged by the mega project Vistas de Leona, resulting in the waters improperly discharged onto the gravel road colliding with those coming from the other sector of Vistas de Leona, causing that union to create swirling waters that also undermine and erode the common areas of the Las Lapas Condominium.
Thus, at the entrance to the tree-lined walkway, there is also a destructive whirlpool effect per se. As a result of all this and as we have seen, starting in the year 2007, floods have been occurring in a large part of the common areas of the Las Lapas Condominium, including water overflow onto dwellings and onto the cobblestone street that is over the box culvert that crosses the Las Lapas Condominium from East to West.” Now, in its view, all these damages originate from the omitted conduct of the Municipality of Garabito, in that, on one hand, it granted partitioned permits, which was identified by the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos as a serious fault by those responsible for the works, and on the other hand, due to the inertia in the oversight of the permits granted, allowing the Project to be built without the required supervision and outside the legal provisions on environmental matters and stormwater drainage.
All of the foregoing, in its view, demonstrates the non-conforming conduct of the defendant, causing it damages that must be repaired in favor of its represented party. Requesting that in the judgment: “The conduct of the Municipality of Garabito consisting of the following omissions be declared non-conforming with the legal system: • Inaction, lack of oversight, and lack of use of legal tools at its disposal in the face of the irregular urban development represented by the Vistas de Leona Condominiums (Facts #12, 21, 25, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 39). • Failure to grant the Municipal Permit for the construction of both Vistas de Leona condominiums (Facts # 12, 18, 19, 22, 23, and 25). • Failure to require the usual requirements, endorsements, and construction permits, such as the Stormwater Drainage Permit and the timely authorization from the Ministry of Health, the Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA), and the INVU (Facts # 12, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25, and 26). • Failure to comply with actions and specific works that other institutions ordered the Municipality to implement and oversee, such as: the mitigation measures ordered by the Comisión Nacional de Emergencia (CNE); the control, oversight, carrying out of studies, and taking of measures as recommended by the Ministry of Health; the hydrological study and the infrastructure works ordered by AyA; and, the oversight ordered by SETENA (Facts #24, 25, 26, 37, and 39). • Failure to comply with what was ordered by the Constitutional Chamber regarding ‘reaching a solution regarding the events alleged by the amparo petitioner.’ (Facts # 31, 32, 33, 24, and 35). • Failure of municipal requirement for specific works from Vistas de Leona that departments of the Municipality itself recognized as necessary (Facts # 12, 30, and 36). • Failure to resolve the complaint filed by the plaintiff herein (Facts # 29 and 30).
B- Generic claim TO DO: Order the MUNICIPALITY OF GARABITO to the effective exercise of its legal and coercive powers and to carry out and ensure the carrying out of the necessary works in order to avoid and reverse the harmful consequences of its illegitimate actions against the plaintiff, as well as to demand from any infringer any necessary work in compliance with the legal regulations not applied in urban planning matters in general and in matters of drainage and stormwater disposal in particular, for the cessation of the affectation of the legitimate interests and rights of the plaintiff. C- Order the MUNICIPALITY OF GARABITO to pay compensation for the present damages that have been caused, as well as for the future ones caused as a result of its negligence, non-conforming actions, and omissions in everything related to the improper disposal of stormwater from the Vistas de Leona megaproject of condominiums, which compensation shall be liquidated in the judgment enforcement phase.
D- Order the MUNICIPALITY OF GARABITO to pay both sets of costs of these proceedings, which shall be liquidated at the opportune procedural stage.” In summary, it bases its claim on the General Law of Public Administration, articles, 190, 191, 196, 197, and 198; the Administrative Litigation Procedure Code, articles 12 subsection 4, 13, 15 subsection b), 40, 42 subsections g) and j), 49, and 220; on the Civil Code, articles 10, 12, 255, 264, 295, 305, 309, 312, 316 to 325, 326, 329, 332, 375, 376, 379, 506, 508, 1045, and 1046; the Water Law, article 94; the Urban Planning Law, numerals 36 and 57; the Regulatory Law on Condominium Property, numerals 2, 3, 19, 20, and 22 and article 16, in relation to numerals 2, 3, and 4 of the respective Regulation; the Construction Law articles 1, 9, 11, 74, 87, 76, and 89; the General Health Law, articles 285, 309, 313; the Organic Law of the Environment numerals 30 and 60; the INVU Construction Regulations, articles 121, 434, 441; the Construction Regulations of the Municipality of Garabito, numeral 38; Executive Decree N° 32079, Code of Good Environmental Practices, numerals 6.1 6.3.4; Regulation for the Control of Subdivisions (Fraccionamientos) and Urbanizations INVU Article III.3.2.12; Technical Standard for the Design and Construction of Drinking Water Supply Systems, Sanitation, and Stormwater System of AyA Sections f), g), and h); Code of Hydraulic and Sanitary Installations in Buildings CFIA (2017), article 1-1., 1-6, 9.7-1, 9.7-2, 9.7-3, 9.7-6; and the Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment (Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental) Procedures, Executive Decree N° 31849.
Definitions Environment, Environmental Damage (Daño Ambiental), Cumulative Effects, Potential Environmental Impact (Impacto Ambiental Potencial), Compensation Measures (Medidas de Compensación), Mitigation Measures (Medidas de Mitigación), Prevention Measures (Medidas de Prevención). It cites as support for its thesis, Resolution N° 510-F-1-2012 dated April 10, 2014, of the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice and Resolution N° 61-2014 April 30, 2014, of the Administrative Litigation and Civil Treasury Tribunal, regarding the recognition of continuing damages, and Resolution N° 00979-F-206 at 7:55 a.m. on December 16, 2006, in which the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice has established the obligation of municipal corporations to monitor the effects of construction works approved in their local jurisdiction.
In the reply brief to the answer to the claim filed by the Municipality, it states that “It is false what the defendant Municipality states. The North boundary of my represented party’s property (…) IS NOT, neither according to plans, nor officially, nor in reality, a ‘permanent public domain stream (quebrada de dominio público)’. According to the cadastral plan of the plaintiff’s property (…) it is a common area with the character of a tree-lined walkway, which topographically speaking was a small natural depression resulting from the union or intersection of two hillsides, something typical of the area, converted today into a seasonal watercourse (cauce estacional) by the artificial channelings that support this action.” For this, it outlines as evidence the documents corresponding to plans of its represented party’s properties, neighboring properties, site designs of the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium, plan of the parent lot, identified as evidence No. 7, 8, 14, 64, 16, 18, 19, 20, 67, 67, and 71 provided with its claim.
Additionally, later in its reply brief against the answer to the claim, it affirms that the “Municipality well knew at the time and should know now, that no permanent public domain stream has ever existed in the location of interest, therefore, any requirement for a setback from my represented party is inappropriate. This defendant recognized this at the time by granting us the construction permits lawfully and by endorsing ALL the plans that have been registered in the surrounding area, when it obviously had not incurred in the fallacies brought for the purpose of this litigation.” Regarding the response given by the Municipal Corporation to fact seven, in relation to it not having authorized third-party actions affecting the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium, the plaintiff replies that it “acknowledges its lack of oversight over the works of the Vistas de Leona defendants. That is, it did not grant stormwater drainage permits nor oversee the absence of appropriate drainage in the mega project (sic) Vistas de Leona.” Finally, in the conclusions outlined during the oral and public trial, it emphasized that the existence of a public domain watercourse on the north and east boundaries of the plaintiff’s property cannot be proven, and it analyzed the lack of competence of the Water Directorate of the Meteorological Institute of MINAE regarding the determination of the location of the public domain watercourse found, and it emphasized the fact that, to date, floods continue to occur during the winter seasons in the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium, resulting, as the Judicial Expert described in his testimony, from the waterproofing of the land of the Vistas de Leona Project, whereby the more construction is carried out, the more the problem will worsen.
Reiterating that the flooding problems being faced by the co-owners of Las Lapas come precisely from the lack of oversight by the Municipal Corporation over whether the development of the Vistas de Leona Project complies with the requirements regarding the hydrological studies required to determine the effects of its stormwater system in relation to the downstream populations, which to date remains unfulfilled, inasmuch as the calculation reports that were submitted at the time by the representatives of the Vistas de Leona Project are untimely, and rather attest that a problem exists, regarding that the stormwater system of the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium was not built to receive a flow of the dimensions of the Vistas de Leona Project. And that the omission by the Municipality of Garabito persists in carrying out and requesting the preparation of hydrological studies that determine the real dimension of the contribution from the Vistas de Leona Project over the other downstream projects. Once again, proving the omitted conduct of said Local Government.
It states in the answer to the claim and adjustment of claims, and in the closing arguments during the oral and public trial hearing that, from the claim and the evidence provided in the court records and in the administrative files, the causal link between the alleged patrimonial damage (in fact, it disputes the existence of damage) and the (omitted) conduct of the Municipality of Garabito cannot be proven. It affirms that the plaintiff is not correct regarding the failure to verify that the construction of the Vistas de Leona Project had the respective permits, since “it was built with the construction permits and plans approved by the INVU, AyA official letter CON-2008-424 BIT-2008, Ministry of Health on 09/08/2008 through official letter RPC-UPAH. In permit PC-226-2008, the design for stormwater drainage can be seen, including mitigation works, as detailed in folios 686 to 683, where an exhaustive list of all the constant authorizations is made, Official Letter DI-440-2010 (…) and official letter DI-591-2011 signed by the (…) Coordinator of the Department of Urban Development and Control.” Furthermore, it refutes that, even if at some point it did not have that documentation, it was subsequently corrected.
Regarding the claim for damages to its property and common areas of the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium, it points out that the plaintiff is in violation of numeral 33 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal), since “The North boundary of the mentioned property appears in the registry as a common area (tree-lined walkway) of 8.00 m, however, in reality, a permanent public domain stream exists at said boundary, determined by the Water Department of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, through official letter number IMN-DA-1747 dated June 17, 2008, (…) crossing in this way the Las Lapas Villas Horizontal Residential Condominium, and specifically the north side of subsidiary lot 6039910-F-000, property of the plaintiff company. The foregoing was also recorded in reports number DRD-INSP-334-2009 and PCE-ARS-OSMG-URS-R-016-2009, issued by the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos and the Ministry of Health.” Later, it indicates that, concerning this public domain stream, at the time of the ocular inspection on November 4, 2009, “water was running, said channel enters through a box culvert and follows its course under the cobblestone streets that crosses the Villa Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium, so we would be in the presence of a flagrant violation of the setbacks of the protection zone established by numeral 33 of the Forest Law (…).” Regarding the origin of the floods affecting the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium, the Municipality of Garabito maintains that the plaintiff does not demonstrate “that the said flood events are due to excessive stormwater discharges by the defendants, since it does not provide a measurement of the water flow; it merely provides a series of photographs in which it does not demonstrate the originating cause of said events, and which could well be due to the fact of having built without respecting the setbacks of the protection zone (…), as well as an insufficient stormwater evacuation system, which was accredited by Engineer Gerardo Castillo Rojas, in the stormwater drainage calculation report of the Vista Leona Horizontal Residential Condominium.” Regarding the explanation given by the plaintiff of the two routes through which the stormwater from the Vistas de Leona Project runs, and regarding the omission by the Local Government to prevent water from running onto the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium, it refutes this based on “sheet 02/17 of the set of plans submitted by the Vista Leona Condominium, approved by this municipality, the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism, Acueductos y Alcantarillados in official letter CON-2008-423-BIT-2008, the Ministry of Health through official letter RPC-UPAH-PC-226-2008, [where] the design of the stormwater drainage can be seen (…) which includes mitigation works as well as the sections of the pluvial easement (servidumbre pluvial) channel.
According to note # 7 on that same sheet (sic) ‘The stormwater will discharge into an existing seasonal pluvial easement, with discharge into subsidiary lot (…) owner Mangotam de Punta Leona Sociedad Anónima authorizes receipt of the stormwater from this project, through the sworn statement granted before Notary Public (…)’. From the foregoing, it can be deduced that the authorization given by this town council, number DI-558-2007, renewed with official letter dated July 9, 2008, only permitted the stormwater drainage towards the property of the then Mangotam de Punta Leona S.A. and not towards other properties.” Added to the foregoing, it rejects that the origin of the floods comes from the authorizations granted by the Municipality to the Vistas de Leona Project, for which it bases its argument on the environmental management (regencia ambiental) report for that project where it is indicated that mitigation works were carried out, as well as the design of the stormwater works recorded in the plans approved by the Local Government and by the other cited public institutions.
It indicates that rather, in Report No. DPM-INF-1574-2009 prepared by the CNE on December 4, 2009, it was not possible to determine that the floods originated from the Vistas de Leona Project, and on the contrary, this public institution issued a series of instructions that had to be complied with by the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium, which have not been complied with (demonstrating its fault in relation to the damages it allegedly claims), coupled with the fact that the Ministry of Health informed that the developers built the referred Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium disregarding the protection zone of the stream, hence “it becomes evident that the flood events have been the product of the irresponsibility of the Villa Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium itself.” For equal reasons, it rejects that the Municipality bears any responsibility for the floods and the damages alleged by the plaintiff on its property and the repeatedly cited Condominium, inasmuch as it claims that precisely the town council has diligently fulfilled its competences, proof of which is that currently the Vistas de Leona Project is paralyzed, in response to resolution No. 586-2021 at 10:50 a.m. on April 15, 2021, by the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), wherein all construction works were suspended due to the landslides that have occurred in three hectares of the referred Project.
Regarding compliance with its legal obligations, it refers to that, “The actions to safeguard public health and the environment determined by the Ministry of Health towards the town council correspond to the control and oversight of construction permits, a situation that has been fully complied with by my represented party, by verifying the existence of municipal authorization PC-226-2008, the plans approved by the INVU, AyA (…), Ministry of Health (…),” and furthermore, its responsibilities, in its view, are limited to the public street of Punta Leona, tasks that were carried out in compliance with what was ordered by the Constitutional Chamber. Having no competence whatsoever over the private acts or private business carried out in relation to the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium. It affirms that it processed the plaintiff’s complaints, requiring the Vistas de Leona Project to submit a report on the mitigation works, receiving said information corresponding to the calculation report on the stormwater discharge, where it is determined that the tributary responsibility of the waters from said Project at the control point (the complainant’s house) is 25% of the flow, thus disproving that the origin of the floods comes from this Project.
In addition, “to the presentation of the calculation report and design of flow reducers for the Vista Leona Condominium, thereby complying with the municipal requirements.” Thus, based on numerals 1, 74, and 87 of the Construction Law No. 833, article 3 of the Regulatory Law on Condominium Property No. 7933, numeral 33 of the Forest Law No. 7575, article 60 of the Organic Law of the Environment, Law No. 7554, numerals 285 and 286 of the General Health Law, Law No. 5394, numeral 94 of the Water Law, Law No. 276, article 64 of the Administrative Litigation Procedure Code, article 379 of the Civil Code, and numeral 434 of the INVU Construction Regulations, it requests that the filed claim be rejected in its entirety and that the plaintiff be ordered to pay the procedural and personal costs. Which it reiterated in the conclusions presented at the Oral and Public Trial, determining that from all the information and evidence in the judicial file, as well as from the administrative files, and from the witnesses who were examined, it cannot be determined that the omissions or the flooding problems being generated in the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium originate from or are linked to the Municipality of Garabito, or that the instructions issued fall within the legal and regulatory powers of the Local Government, but rather that all the intervening public institutions, Ministry of Health, CNE, SETENA, and AyA, have issued instructions to the developing companies of the Vistas de Leona Project and even to the corresponding ones of the plaintiff’s Condominium, without it having been proven to date that they have been complied with.
Due to the foregoing, it reiterates that the filed claim be rejected in its entirety and that the plaintiff be ordered to pay both sets of costs. Finally, it must be stated that, even though the Local Government did not expressly file any preliminary or substantive defense, it is inferred from the arguments in the answer to the claim, opening statements, and closing arguments of the debate of the Oral and Public Trial, summarized in preceding lines, that it raises the substantive defense of Lack of Right (Falta de Derecho), which is one of the procedural prerequisites, along with interest and legitimacy, that are legally required to be examined ex officio by the jurisdictional body, hence, within this scope, its defense thesis will be assessed.
On April 26, 2023, the company Inmobiliaria Abarca & Barrantes S.A., in its capacity as owner of a subsidiary lot of the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium, requested to be considered as a supporting party (coadyuvante) to the plaintiff in the present proceeding, adhering to the facts, foundations, reasons, and arguments of the claim, “given that the outcome of the action affects the sphere of its interests,” both directly regarding its property, and in the proportion of the common areas. Adding as facts that its represented party’s property had never been affected by the flooding events described by the plaintiff in the claim. It reiterates the plaintiff’s position, in that “Since the year 2007 we have been suffering recurring flood events in the Las Lapas Condominium, caused by the water discharged from an uphill urban development with an area of more than 20 hectares, called Vistas de Leona Condominium, also known as Villa Leona, even though at present the construction coverage of that Condominium at most reaches 20% progress.” Likewise, it affirms that there exists an imminent danger regarding its property and the private dwellings, also for the structure of common areas of the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium, from the floods that have occurred on the sidewalk and the street in front, where sediment, branches, and plant debris remain afterward.
It affirms, like the plaintiff, that the culvert on the front street where the waters from the Vistas de Leona Project drain was built to evacuate a small amount of water, and not the water recharge that it is currently having to withstand, for a 20-hectare project.
As has been previously established, from the libel of the claim filed by the plaintiff, as well as from the answer to the claim filed by the Local Government, its reply, and the concluding arguments expressed by the plaintiff and defendant parties during the hearing of the Oral and Public Trial, it is inferred that liability is claimed preeminently on an objective basis against the Municipality of Garabito, derived from its inertia regarding the oversight and control of the construction and stormwater drainage permits granted to the Vistas de Leona Project, as well as the failure to exercise its competences to prevent said project from being built, by not having all the legal requirements.
Abnormal functioning due to omissive conduct that, in the opinion of the plaintiff, has implied that continuously from the year 2007 to date, flooding has been occurring in the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium, with the consequent risks to the life and property of its inhabitants. Added to this, the plaintiff appealed to different bodies, which issued a series of recommendations and instructions, which, in the plaintiff's opinion, have not been complied with by the local government, which affects the prompt resolution of the flooding problem. Requiring a series of claims, which focus on the Municipality of Garabito fully complying with said recommendations, but also carrying out or ordering the execution of works to reverse the damages produced. Given the very nature of this preeminently objective liability of the Public Administration, it is considered necessary to specify the elements that distinguish it, which have an impact on the verification by this Court, whether its existence is configured in the sub judice or if failing that, the defendant managed to prove the existence of a break in the causal link. 1.
On the constitutional basis of Patrimonial Liability. On the subject that concerns us in this proceeding, it is assumed in the first instance that the damages claimed originate from the omissive conduct of the Local Government. In this sense, it is possible to observe from the filed lawsuit that the plaintiff refers both to articles 190 and following of the General Law of Public Administration, Law No. 6227, as well as articles 1045 and 1048 of the Civil Code, regimes that are different not only regarding their nature, but also regarding the requirements for their application. Now, regarding the substantive regime of patrimonial liability, the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice has developed the background and constitutional foundations of the preeminently objective liability of the Public Administration for omissive conduct or abnormal functioning of the provision of public service, which has also been complemented by doctrine, both national and international, distinguishing between purely civil liability (regulated in our legal system mainly by article 1045 of the Civil Code), where verification and proof of the subjective elements (culpability) of the alleged offender are required, from that objective liability, which dispenses with these to corroborate the conditions for the right to compensation to arise.
In the present case, even though the plaintiff points to both when outlining the legal framework supporting her lawsuit, from the content of the proceeding framework, the arguments arising from the complaint, reply, and conclusions, as well as the entire defense theory of the local government, it can be deduced that we are in the presence of the latter. In this regard, it should be noted that the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice has held that "The patrimonial liability of the State is based on the very nature of the Public Administration as manager of collective interests," (Resolution No. 00308-F-2006 of 10:30 a.m. on May 25, 2006, among others); collective interests that have been translated by doctrine and jurisprudence itself as the general interest, and has its historical antecedent in the ideals of liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty of the French Revolution that laid the foundations of contemporary democracy, and the existence of a Social and Democratic State of Law in Costa Rica.
Thus, the First Chamber in the cited Resolution stated that: "(…) Its birth [referring to the State's patrimonial liability] goes back to the ideals of the French Revolution and the development on the subject carried out by the French Council of State. All this has been complemented by a great doctrinal and jurisprudential evolution, basic requirements for its incorporation into the written sources of the Legal System of the Romano-Germanic tradition. Thus, since the State is a person subject to Law and an essential part of the democratic machinery, it is liable. Abandoned is that absolute immunity of whomever exercises power. The well-known expression 'I am the State', was pulverized with the reworking of the modern political system, as it subjects to the legality block everyone who holds a position of public power, and grants them, as a counterpart, liability for their unlawful conduct".
(Resolution No. 00308-F-2006 of 10:30 a.m. on May 25, 2006 cited). 2. On the scope of the Patrimonial Liability of the Public Administration for omissive conduct. Within this historical context, it is relevant to review the advances towards the concept of preeminently objective administrative liability, which is the one positivized in Costa Rican domestic law, for which the following excerpt from Resolution No. 000584-F-2005 of 10:40 a.m. on August 11, 2005, issued by the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, in a case of abnormal functioning of the Administration derived from a material omissive conduct of the Public Administration, is summarized and transcribed below: \"(...) 'V.- The concepts of liability of the Public Administration and the duty to indemnify have evolved greatly in Western law. In antiquity, state liability arising from damage or harm that the activity of the Administration or its agents could produce to the administered was not conceived.
Later, in certain cases, the liability of officials was admitted, and some rights were recognized to the individual, against the State. Then appeared the theories of management acts and authority acts. In the former, activities fall within the sphere of private law as there is equality of rights between the parties; the latter refer to activities regulated by public law, where there is an inequality of rights that fall within the domain of power relations, to determine thus that, if the harmful act is an act of authority, then the State is not liable, because the decisions arise from its sovereignty and not from a patrimonial right. These theories were later abandoned, to begin analyzing the liability of the State, thanks to which the conclusion was reached that any administrative act can entail state liability, but it was subordinated to the existence of a fault of service. It was established that a fault of service existed if damage was caused while performing the function.
This even when the official exercised their work as such, if in doing so, they acted with negligence, or incurring omissions, or errors linked to the service, or when the function was not performed when it should have been, or was carried out late. Also established was the fault of the official or personal fault, which is that incurred when the official oversteps their attributions. Later it was accepted that both faults could coexist, and although different, they could concur in the production of damage if the personal fault was linked to the execution of a public service. Finally, we arrive at the last stage of the evolution to recognize the liability of the Administration by reason of the simple functioning of the service, without needing to prove the fault of the official in charge of its provision ...' First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice No. 263 of 3:30 p.m. on August 22, 1990”.
(First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, Resolution No. 000584-F-2005 of 10:40 a.m. on August 11, 2005, and in the same sense Resolutions No. 138 of 3:05 p.m. on August 23, 1991; No. 192 of 2:15 p.m. on November 6, 1991; No. 48 of 2:10 p.m. on May 29, 1996 and No. 55 of 2:30 p.m. on July 4, 1997, all issued by that same jurisdictional body). 3. On the Competence of the Administrative Litigation Jurisdiction. Now, it is important to bring up that the scope of protection of the administrative litigation jurisdiction, regarding the liability of the Administration, under the model of a Social and Democratic State of Law and the fundamental right to Effective Judicial Protection implies that there is no matter that is exempt from its control, so that, even in the case of an omission, as alleged in the case at hand (for the non-exercise of a material conduct aimed at exercising municipal powers in matters of planning, control and urban planning, specifically in the supervision of the licenses it grants and the impacts that the works it authorizes may entail on the environment and the people of the canton), it can be submitted to the Contentious Jurisdiction, in order to control its legality.
Thus, in the explanatory statement of the Bill, Legislative File No. 15134, which resulted in the current Law No. 8508, Contentious Administrative Procedure Code, the link between the Social, Democratic and Constitutional State of Law of Costa Rica and access to effective judicial protection was reiterated, stating that: "There is no doubt, then, that the will of the constituent to guarantee citizens the protection of their legitimate interests and subjective rights, as well as due respect for the Legal System by the Public Administration, or any of the constitutional bodies in the exercise of their material activities, becomes a clear expression of democracy in its dual legal and legitimate aspect, whose guiding spirit was anchored primarily in the Preamble to the Political Constitution, which, without being a positive norm, nonetheless constitutes a value statement that permeates the entirety of the text that determines it and transcends, to nourish and guide the Law of the State as a whole.
And it is for democracy as organization and activity lived and coexisted daily, that this bill launches principles of interpenetration with lofty ideals to be executed with broad judicial, citizen and administrative participation in the current context of the social, democratic and ecological State of Law". Thus, in article one of the Contentious Administrative Procedure Code, a preeminently subjective or mixed (objective and subjective) model of administrative justice was established, but leaving behind the control restricted to the administrative act, to encompass the protection of the subjective rights and interests of the person (which in doctrine are known as legal situations of advantage), materializing the constitutional mandate derived from article 41, which entails overcoming limitations on access to justice and reducing zones of immunity, given that "administrative function, (…) can never be immune to control, because every administrative function by the very fact of being such must be under the legality block and therefore, subject to the oversight of the Judicial Branch.
Decades have already passed where immune zones were left behind, as Don Eduardo García De Enterría said, of the administrative function". (Session Record No. 2 of October 13, 2004, Discussion in the Subcommittee of the Legislative Assembly, during the Legislative Project of the Contentious Administrative Procedure Code, In: PROCURADURÍA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA. Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, Annotated with Legislative Records. San José, Costa Rica, Editor Colegio de Abogados y Abogadas de Costa Rica, 2007, pp 5-9). Complementing the above, and pondering the nature of the case at hand, it is the criterion of this Collegiate Chamber that this Administrative Litigation Jurisdiction is competent to resolve the patrimonial liability of the Public Administration. The foregoing has been confirmed on repeated occasions by the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, which has postulated that: "Article 2 of the Contentious Administrative Procedure Code establishes: 'The Administrative-Contentious and Civil Treasury Jurisdiction shall also hear the following: (…) b) Matters of patrimonial liability of the Public Administration and its officials'." (First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, Resolution No. 01266-2017 of 11:09 a.m. on October 19, 2017).
Therefore, determining ex officio the competence by this Court, an element that must be verified, even if the parties have not noticed it, through the mechanisms provided in the Contentious Administrative Procedure Code, must be checked as a premise before hearing the proceeding, which has been analyzed and verified by this Court, such that it is determined that competence exists to settle and resolve what is sought by the plaintiff. 4. On the imputability of abnormal functioning for the determination of patrimonial liability. In addition to the above, and dealing with the patrimonial liability of the Public Administration, what was pointed out by the author Jesús González Pérez is retaken, in noting that this can be derived from both the active and omissive conduct of the State, pointing out that, "Public Administrations, when acting in the realization of the ends they are entrusted with, can produce, alongside the effects proper to the power they exercise, others that, as they do not derive directly from it, can be classified as abnormal effects.
These abnormal effects can occur regarding the Public Administrations and regarding the administered. The typical case of abnormal efficacy regarding the Administration is constituted by patrimonial liability. When, as a 'consequence of the normal or abnormal functioning of public services', a lesion is produced in the assets and rights of the administered, the Administration must repair the damage caused". (GONZÁLEZ PÉREZ (Jesús). Responsabilidad Patrimonial de las Administraciones Pública, Editorial Cívitas, Fourth Edition, 2006, p. 187). Under the legal context previously cited, the scope of the concept of "abnormal functioning" of the Administration must be clarified, since one of the first aspects is to determine the imputability of the conduct of the Public Administration, to then determine if a compensable damage was proven from the perspective of the constitutional legal regime, to which reference has been made previously.
In this sense, said term alludes to the "(…) Action of public powers not adjusted to the legal system nor to the typical standards of each branch of public activity. // 2. Adm. Title of imputation of patrimonial liability of Public Administrations". (Muñoz Machado (Santiago). Diccionario Panhispánico del Español Jurídico. Spain, Real Academia Española, Volume I, 2017 p.1057). From this perspective, the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, upon analyzing article 190 of the General Law of Public Administration has pointed out that there is a difference between unlawfulness and abnormal functioning, wherein although both refer to the existence of a pathology presented by public conduct, as criteria of imputation of the patrimonial liability of the Administration, taking as a parameter that no administered person has the obligation to bear the damage, these concepts are not equivalent to each other, since abnormality refers to a correspondence with a required material activity, establishing that "abnormality addresses those administrative conducts, which in themselves, depart from good administration (according to the concept used by the General Law itself in article 102 subsection d., which among other things includes efficacy and efficiency) or from the organization, from technical rules or from expertise and prudent conduct in the deployment of their actions, with harmful effect for the person.
This allows noting that abnormality can be manifested through poor functioning; late functioning, or a total absence of functioning". (First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, among others, Resolution No. 01367-212 of 8:40 a.m. on October 18, 2012, where Resolutions No. 584-F-2005 of 10:40 a.m. on August 11, 2005, No. 00308-F-2006 of 10:30 a.m. on May 25, 2006 are cited). Precisely on this level regarding the alleged abnormal functioning of the Municipality of Garabito, is what will be assessed in the sub judice case, the object of this dispute, given that as was noted in previous lines, the plaintiff framed her claims and the object of the proceeding within that scope of liability, for which the analysis will be focused, in light of the constitutional and legal parameters that have been outlined in preceding lines. -\n\nIX. ON THE SPECIFIC CASE. It has already been established that, in this case, it concerns the eventual preeminently objective liability on the part of the Municipality of Garabito, to the detriment of the plaintiff, who claims compensation given the lesion generated to her property, due to the damages produced on her property, the common areas and the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium.
Damages which she indicates will be liquidated in the execution of judgment. Given that this proceeding has revolved around different aspects, we will proceed beforehand, in order to clarify and organize the arguments and claims of the plaintiff, classifying them as follows.
These technical characteristics of the stormwater system are also indicated by the defendant herself, in the answer to the sixteenth fact of the complaint, so this is not a contested fact, wherein she expressly noted that: "According to the stormwater discharge calculation report submitted and which was the basis of approval DI-588-2007 for the stormwater outfall in favor of Villa Leona, it describes the construction of a collection system by means of ditches, curb and gutter, catch basins, pipes, manholes, energy-dissipating outfall headwalls. (…)" (See images 671 and 672 of the electronic court file), with which the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA) also concurs, through Resolution No. 1102-2014-SETENA dated June 9, 2014 (See Proven Fact No. 40). From which the Judicial Expert infers that they are technically unsuitable for the type of construction project in question, given that it concerns a Project composed of more than 300 subsidiary lots (fincas filiales) (See Proven Facts No. 6, 13, 29, 37 and 39), and by establishing a conventional system, it is possible to concentrate the waters of the entire Vistas de Leona Project, and for these to move at a high speed with a trajectory of great altitude, impacting the Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium, thus indicating that: "• Within the works built in the Vistas de Leona Condominium (stages 1 and 2) they correspond to a conventional sewer system, this has increased the runoff flow and decreased the time of concentration, which has generated the problems of erosion and flooding downstream of its outfall points, specifically, in the Las Lapas Condominium. • For the outfall systems of the Vista de Leona Condominium (stages 1 and 2), no runoff control work at the source was planned (which would be the recommended approach for this work), nor were the necessary measures taken to avoid problems downstream.
This has caused the condition that occurs today in the affected areas of the Las Lapas Condominium." Establishing a series of recommendations that are coincident with those made by the Coordinator of Urban Development and Control of the Municipality of Garabito, regarding that hydraulic works must be carried out to buffer and control the maximum floods (máximas avenidas) (See Proven Fact No. 36) by the Vistas de Leonas Project. And it is that, in this case, the Judicial Expert clearly explained at the Oral and Public Trial, how the replacement of the fruit trees on the properties where the Vistas de Leona Project is being built led to the soil being waterproofed, generating less absorption of rainwater by the soil, and therefore, by not having sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS), such as the construction of a retardation lagoon, or any other similar one, implies that a greater quantity of water flow is generated downstream.
The second factor that the Judicial Expert points to in order to conclusively conclude that the floods originate from the construction works of the Vistas de Leona Project, is the insufficiency of the stormwater system of the Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium, which is also not in dispute, given that the Municipality of Garabito itself, when rejecting the arguments of the plaintiff regarding that the floods are a product of the Vistas de Leona Project (See answer to the Twelfth Fact of the complaint, visible at image 670 of the electronic court file), established that in the calculation reports submitted by Engineer Gerardo Castillo Rojas (See Proven Facts No. 43 and 44), and on which the Municipality of Garabito in 2012 granted approval of the stormwater outfall of the Vistas de Leona Project (See proven fact 36), it indicates that there is an insufficiency of the stormwater system of the Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium.
Now, regarding this allegation of the Municipality of Garabito, it draws the attention of this Court, in the sense that, it would seem inferred that upon the approval of a Project, such as Vistas de Leonas, which was subsequent to the approval and constitution of the Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium (See Proven Facts No. 1, 29 and 39), the latter must make adjustments to its stormwater systems to avoid flooding and stormwater recharge problems, as is inferred from what was said by the Local Government. In this regard, although it is not possible to demonstrate on what date the square culvert that is on the Northwest boundary of subsidiary lot (finca filial) 35 was built, it is inferred that at least from the moment the plaintiff built her dwelling house (the permit dates back to 2004, See Proven Fact No. 3), it was already built, not finding any exculpatory evidence approved by the Municipality of Garabito to the contrary.
Under this line of thought, it is the criterion of this Collegiate Chamber that, although it is true that Article 94 of Law No. 276, Water Law (Ley de Aguas), regulates that "Lower lands are obliged to receive the waters that naturally, and without human intervention, flow from higher lands, as well as the earth or stones they carry in their course," and similarly, numeral 20 of the General Law of Public Roads (Ley General de Caminos Públicos) establishes that legal duty, but in this case, when it concerns a road, norms that although they are not applicable to the specific case, the first one, because it can be denoted in the case at hand that there was human intervention, although it is also true, that the waters especially on the north boundary, according to the statement of the plaintiff herself, naturally flow from the origins of the Condominium due to the geomorphology of the soil itself, and in the case of the second norm, because on the east boundary, it concerns a road access that constitutes a common area, but even considering that one is in the scenario where waters flow naturally, or from a road where waters run, just as the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice has established and this Court shares, that the legal duty to bear the outfall of waters is always provided it is a reasonable flow, an aspect that does not occur in the case at hand (See resolution No. 00297-2017 of 3:40 p.m. on March 16, 2017, of the First Chamber), where there is no dispute regarding the existence of floods in the area, and therefore, the flow is not reasonable.
In this way, it is not in accordance with the body of law to seek to shift the responsibility of a new project onto another that is older, and for the latter to have to bear the large quantity of stormwater that is discharged. Rather, quite the opposite, the project that is processing municipal permits must foresee what the impact of its construction or impact will be on the areas where it will discharge its waters, and whether the system where it will discharge has the capacity to absorb it, since it is, precisely, in this control that the Local Government must exercise, the one that must efficiently manage the stormwater systems whose outfall it authorizes and that are part of the construction prerequisites of every construction project. Thus, it is not just about the immediate attention of the outfall, as an isolated physical space, but how the entire stormwater system functions from the collection points to the correct channeling to the nearest body of water, through the existing infrastructure along the entire route.
The aforesaid, regarding the existence of facts demonstrating that the floods afflicting the Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium come from the Vistas de Leona Project, is added, as demonstrated in the record, to the existence of the high volume of earthworks (movimiento de tierras) authorized by the Local Government in the referred Project, which is 100,000 m3 (See Proven Facts No. 7, 10 and 18), which, as indicated by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental) and the Court of Honor of the Federated College of Engineers and Architects (Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos), led to the erosion of slopes that dragged trees, branches and sediments downstream, (See Proven Facts No. 19, 31, 41) and which, according to the opinion of the Judicial Expert, obstruct the box culvert that is placed at the entrance of the Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium, generating an overflow of the waters, on the days when heavy rains had occurred, according to the expert report rendered (See Proven Fact No. 47).
A position also shared by the Court of Honor of the Federated College of Engineers and Architects, when pointing out that: "the accumulated waters that were descending through that ravine grew in an uncontrollable way, eroding slopes and dragging whatever trees, branches and debris it was encountering along the way. Forming a bottleneck in the culvert of Subsidiary Lot (Finca Filial) 35 of the Lapas Condominium, causing overflows of these waters, affecting properties of that Condominium (…)" (See Proven Fact No. 41). This situation of the earthworks (movimientos de tierras) and destabilization of slopes, even led to 3 hectares of the Vistas de Leona Project sliding, which generated, according to the criterion of the Judicial Expert, Mr. Serrano Pacheco, that in addition to the impacts on 5 already built dwellings and 35 subsidiary lots (fincas filiales), (See Proven Facts No. 45 and 46), impacts were also generated on the stormwater system of the Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium, by stating that: "According to what was expressed by the neighbors of the Vistas de Leona Project (stage 2) due to the landslide situation, the Municipality of Garabito currently does not grant construction permits for this Condominium. [This suspension of works by the Municipality of Garabito is proven by its own statement, and occurred by order of SETENA, see Proven Fact No. 45] The impossibility of building in the Vista de Leona Condominium positively affects the Las Lapas Condominium, (…) However, due to the instability of the land, as can be seen in figure 3.25, there is a large quantity of sediment that is dragged towards the water current that discharges toward the Las Lapas Condominium, which has caused a large accumulation of this sediment in the channel of the body of water that reaches it, as can be seen in figure 3.26.
This condition affects the lateral stability of the channel and generates flooding problems in the area." Therefore, it is held as proven that the floods that are the subject of the present lawsuit, -and it is reiterated that their existence is not a fact contested by the parties-, are produced given the earthworks (movimientos de tierras), construction of common areas and houses of the Vistas de Leona Project, whose waterproofing as of the date of rendering the Judicial Expert's criterion was an average of 20% of houses and 100% of the common areas, this expert pointing out at the Oral and Public Trial that with a greater quantity of constructions, the flow that would be produced would be greater (although it is not linear, he estimated that it would increase by approximately 50% of the water flow that would discharge with a construction of 100% of the Project), generating a risk to the residential areas, condominiums and construction works that are further below.
2. ON THE ANALYSIS OF THE ALLEGED ABNORMAL MUNICIPAL FUNCTIONING. Preliminarily, it is reiterated that, in accordance with the jurisprudence issued by the First Chamber of Justice cited above, it has been established that, in Costa Rica, from Article 41 of the Political Constitution, in relation to constitutional numerals 9, 11 and 33, there exists a preeminently objective liability regime of the State, where the entire system is shifted in favor of the person (administered party), who no longer has to prove subjective elements of the public official to achieve compensation for a public conduct that caused them damage, so that now the burden of proof is on the Administration which must exculpate itself regarding the facts imputed to it, thus, "Insofar as a loss has been suffered as a consequence of a public conduct, be it active or omissive, which one does not have the duty to bear, the duty to compensate is imposed, by virtue of the principle of integral reparation of the damage that arises from numeral 41 of the Political Constitution." (First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, Resolutions No. 138 of 3:05 p.m. on August 23; No. 192 of 2:15 p.m. on November 6, both of 1991; No. 48 of 2:10 p.m. on May 29, 1996 and No. 55 of 2:30 p.m. on July 4, 1997).
However, the application of the constitutional principle of integral reparation of the damage is not unrestricted and unlimited, nor does it apply automatically for all hypothesis in which an administered party suffers a loss. It is required to demonstrate on one hand the existence of a patrimonial impairment or non-patrimonial loss, and a causal link between the alleged damage and the conduct (omissive or active) of the Administration (in the present case, it would be the Municipality of Garabito). In relation to the foregoing, it has been indicated regarding the causal link that, "Having established in the case the abnormality and unlawfulness of the omissive behavior, it remains to be established if that indifference was or was not the cause of the claimed loss, (…). The foregoing because the production of a damage is not enough for the duty to compensate to arise, it is additionally required that this effect has been generated by a positive or omissive conduct of the State.
More simply, to impute liability to the Administration, a damage, an administrative activity or inactivity and a causal link between both are required. Once this relational link is demonstrated, the duty of integral reparation that arises from numeral 41 of the Political Constitution immediately arises. In this regard, it should be noted that, in the production of the damage, generally a series of events and factors that in various degrees have caused it converge. Among them, it is imperative to establish which ones directly or indirectly have been the adequate and efficient cause of the evil caused. Regarding the proximate, adequate and efficient cause, the judgment of this Chamber No. 252-F-01, of 4:15 p.m. on March 28, 2001, may be consulted. In that confluence of factual or legal elements that surround the harmful situation, there will be a need to establish the apt action or omission that caused the consequence; displacing those that have had no influence on the result (foreign causes), from those that, had they not taken place, would have avoided the impairment." (First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, Resolution No. 0074-F-2007 of 10:15 a.m. on February 2, 2007).
From what has been transcribed, it is inferred that, for the existence of a preeminently objective liability, it is required that in the case the damage, a conduct (omissive or active) and a causal link between both concur. Causal link that would be broken with the existence of some exemption from liability such as "force majeure, fault of the victim or act of a third party," as set forth in numeral 190 subsection 1) of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública). Therefore, we will begin with the analysis of the aspects pointed out in the lines above that are alleged by the plaintiff, regarding competencies that in her criterion were not executed by the Local Government, as imputable to it, and generating patrimonial liability. Likewise, as indicated above, the reproaches will be analyzed based on an order established by this Court, encompassing in the titles the analysis of the arguments that share a similar or related nature. 1) Regarding the lack of requirement of requisites, approvals and permits for the Vistas de Leona Project and, therefore, lack of use of legal tools in the face of the development it qualifies as irregular (suspension of construction works).
The plaintiff, in the eighteenth to twenty-third facts of her complaint, recriminates the lack of action of the Municipality of Garabito, regarding that the Vistas de Leona Condominium was constituted and built without having the requisites established by the legal system, the foregoing in a general manner that is demonstrated according to what was indicated by the Federated College of Engineers and Architects in Report No. DRD-INSP-334-2009. To this end, she divides her allegations into four reproaches, which to facilitate their analysis will be addressed one by one: a) She states that there was a fragmented granting of permits that fail to gauge the entirety of Vistas de Leona. In the libel of her complaint, the plaintiff firm insists that the Vistas de Leona Project, which she qualifies as a megaproject, was authorized by the Municipal Corporation, without therefore considering a comprehensive work of a condominium, listing all the permits granted by the Municipality for the Vistas de Leona Project.
And pointing out that, in the conclusions of the Court of Honor it pointed out that: "Building through this fragmented method violates current regulations as there exist non-unified permits and that were not presented as a condominium project only by fragments and not equaling 100% they are not stages, they are fragmented permits." (See official letter No. TH-025-2015 dated January 21, 2014 (sic, read 2015) signed by Mr. Gerardo Campos Chacón, Head of the Courts of Honor Department). The Municipality responds that "The granting of several construction permits on a property is an action immersed within the legal system, especially in sectors such as Punta Leona, where there is no Urban Master Plan (Plan Regulador Urbano). Likewise, the permits alluded to correspond to periods in which the property was not constituted under the condominium property regime, and for its constitution in 2008, it had municipal authorization PC-226-2008, the plans approved by the INVU, AYA official letter CON-2008-423-BIT-2008, Ministry of Health on 9/08/2009 (…), as dictated by numeral 3 of the Law Regulating Condominium Property (Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio) No. 7933." CRITERION OF THE COURT.
Regarding this argument, it must be weighed that in her allegations the plaintiff mixes aspects linked to the omission of elements of the administrative act of approval, which, as noted previously, escape the present case, since, according to what was sought by the plaintiff, and the theory of the case itself, it is limited to judging the administrative conduct in its abnormal functioning of a material nature (omission), and not in its unlawfulness. Once this issue is clarified, it is noted that the plaintiff is not consistent in her arguments, given that, on one hand, she accuses that the Condominium was built and constituted without having the municipal permits, a reproach that will be analyzed below, and on the other, that they were granted in a fragmented manner (for which, the premise would be that they were indeed granted, only in a fragmented manner). In this regard, in the first place, a differentiation must be made between the typical construction procedures and those that are required to subject a property to the Condominium regime.
Both have a different nature, yet, however, from the complaint it is inferred that there is confusion between them. With respect to this section, what is analyzed is specifically the reproach that the Municipality of Garabito granted permits prior to the constitution of the Condominium, and according to the requirements by the developer of different construction works, but not the totality of the works within the framework of a condominium. Based on that scope, it is held that, before the constitution of the Vistas de Leona Condominium (November 18, 2010, -Proven Fact No. 29- for the first stage), the Municipality of Garabito granted a series of permits, which are detailed in this Resolution linked to the following activities: for carrying out the earthworks (movimiento de tierras) of 100,000 m3 (Proven Facts No. 7 and 12), for the sewer system (alcantarillado) (Proven Fact No. 6), land-use permit for the construction of an Urban Project (Proven Fact No. 9), for the stormwater outfall and its renewal (Proven Facts No. 11 and 15), in addition to the outfall permits that will be analyzed in point c) of this whereas.
In complement to what has been stated, in report No. DRD-INSP-334-2009 dated March 20, 2009, the CFIA determined that the Vista de Leona Project had the following permits: a) No. PC-703-2007 dated December 13, 2007, for the construction of a Wall and Booth, with a construction area of 125m2; b) PC-166-2008, dated February 25, 2008, for earthworks (movimientos de tierras), with an area of 100,000 m3; c) PC-172-2008, dated February 26, 2008 for Sewer System (Alcantarillado); d) PC-502-2008 dated August 7, 2008 for the construction of curb and gutter (cordón y caño), with a construction area of 813m2; e) PC-511-2008, dated August 13, 2009 for Paving Block (Adoquinado), with a construction area of 813 m2 and e) PC-019-2009 dated January 21, 2009, for the construction of the Treatment Plant and Gabions, with construction areas of 117 m2 and 425 m2. (See Proven Fact No. 18). Therefore, it is indeed proven that the Municipality granted, before the constitution of the Condominium, a series of construction permits on a property that years later would be subject to the condominium regime (November 18, 2010 for the first stage and September 5, 2013, for its second stage (Proven Facts No. 29 and 39).
It is also held as proven that in the conclusions of the Court of Honor that was established upon the complaint of Mr. Rodolfo Calderón Mata before the CFIA, the irregularity that the engineer responsible for the work proceeded in that manner was affirmed. Now, it must be considered that, as set forth in numeral 223 of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública), and numeral 32, sections 1 and 2.2 of the Civil Procedure Code (Código Procesal Civil), applicable to the specific case, as set forth in numeral 220 of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo), it is not noted that this aspect implied that the purpose and objective of the construction license as a tool for urban planning, ordering and control was not fulfilled, or that it caused defenselessness to the parties. In the first place, the Board of Directors of the College of Engineers and Architects, upon reviewing the results of the Court of Honor, on the occasion of the complaint filed by Mr.
Calderón Mata, determined that, "The accused fact that says 'Having started the materialization of the contracts without the approval of the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (INVU), and the construction license of the Municipality of Garabito' is not held as proven because the existence of construction permits granted by the Municipality of Garabito was proven and there is no evidence whatsoever that the works under the direction of engineer Castillo Rojas, related to the mentioned consulting contracts, were initiated prior to the granting of the municipal licenses. (…) In relation to the INVU approval, said approval is not necessary for the works registered before the Federated College of Engineers and Architects of Costa Rica in the cited contracts, such as earthworks (movimientos de tierra), sewer system (alcantarillado), paving block (adoquinado) and curbs and gutter (cordones y caño), because at that time a subdivision (fraccionamiento) or an urbanization was not being built." (See Proven Fact 42), therefore, even though in the concluding phase a series of irregularities had been alleged, the collegiate body in charge of issuing the final act, in this case the Board of Directors of the Federated College of Engineers and Architects, as the entity by law in charge of verifying the conformity of the actions of engineers, as was at the time the person responsible for the works in the Vistas de Leona Project, did not share that criterion, and on the contrary did not find any aspect generating liability against said engineer responsible for the Project.
Neither did the CFIA find any omission regarding the approval of the plans by the INVU, given that a subdivision (fraccionamiento) or an urbanization was not being built, so that, for that specific moment, it did not have to comply with said procedure. In this way, this Court, without entailing pronouncing on whether these requisites suffer from any defect, because, we reiterate, it escapes the scope established by the plaintiff herself, it is verified in the case that the Vistas de Leona Project had the permits granted by the Municipality to carry out a series of tasks in a constructive order. In the second place, given that there is no nullity for the sake of nullity itself, as alluded to in previous lines, the fact that the previously mentioned construction permits were granted preliminarily and the properties were subjected to the condominium regime subsequently, in the criterion of this Court did not imply an impossibility for the Local Government to realize the dimensions of the project in question.
It is true that, there is evidence extracted from the administrative file that the Municipality of Garabito assembled for this purpose, that from the beginning of the steps taken by the developers of the Project in question, there is documentation that accounts for the dimensions of the project to be built, which warranted, and as will be analyzed later, that the City Council take precautions to inspect and provide very close monitoring of the Vistas de Leona Project, so that, in its implementation phase, it would conform to the current technical regulations, and adhere to what was authorized. Thus, this Collegiate Chamber can note, as part of the first actions recorded in the administrative file of the Vistas de Leona Project under the custody of the Local Government, resolution No. 191-2007-SETENA of 8:50 a.m. on February 8, 2007, issued by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA), a date prior to the construction permits granted to the Project (especially the one related to the stormwater outfall), where the description of the Project with its real dimensions can be extracted: "The activity consists of the construction of 369 villas in condominium, which includes the construction of accesses, internal streets, storm sewer system (alcantarillado pluvial); as well as common areas and protection areas of 3 intermittent streams that run through the bottom (it only contemplates the urbanistic stage, each lot is between 250 to 500 m2), the area chart is indicated: Total area of the parent parcel: 197,320.56m2.
Developable area: 177,198.34m2. Stream protection area: 20,122.22 m2. Green areas: 17,986.59 m2." (The highlighting is our own). And it can also be determined from the construction acts granted by the City Council that refer to the lot area of 209,567 m2, so that, although fragmented, there are different elements that account for the real dimension of the Project, and it is for this reason that, precisely, it is noted that the Municipal Corporation had the legal obligation to exercise its inspection and oversight powers like any construction project carried out in its territorial circumscription, but especially being of such impact at a constructive level, where three public domain streams had been identified, and earthworks (movimiento de tierras) of 100,000 m3 had been authorized. Earthworks (Movimiento de tierras) of a volume of such dimension, that SETENA had highlighted in resolution No. 1655-2007-SETENA of 10:15 a.m. on August 6, 2007, where it reviewed the request for correction of a material error, as only 100.00 m3 of earthworks (movimientos de tierra) had been recorded in resolution No. 191-2007-SETENA of 8:50 a.m. on February 8, 2007, that "the developer is warned that as this work is developed, the tasks of compaction, shaping, stabilization, mitigation and environmental recovery of said areas must be implemented," (See Proven Fact No. 10), tasks that were also the responsibility of the Municipality to supervise, given that on February 27, 2007 and reiterated on February 25, 2008, it granted the permit for carrying out the earthworks (movimiento de tierras) of 100,000 m3 in the Vistas de Leona Project.
Therefore, the fact that the permits were processed first and then the submission of the properties to the Condominium property regime does not affect that the Municipality had the necessary knowledge of the dimensions of the Project, that would prevent it from exercising the necessary police duties, it would be a different case if, through deception, the Municipal Corporation had granted the permits without having information that accounted for those dimensions, which, faced with this act of a third party, could have affected its real possibility of municipal inspection, which did not happen in the case. From the foregoing, it is inferred that, regarding the omission of the Local Government to require the construction permits for the Vistas de Leona Project in an integral and not fragmented manner, no support is found for this reproach, making the clarifications and reservations about the other aspects that have been referred to regarding the liability of the City Council for the oversight of the permits granted. b) The Vistas de Leona Condominium, neither in its construction, nor in its constitution, had in any of its two stages the plans approved or endorsed by the defendant city council.
To demonstrate its position, it presents the evidence corresponding to documents No. 19 (Registry certification with the site design of the first stage of the Vistas de Leona Project), 20 (Registry certification with the site design of the second stage of the Vistas de Leona Project), 35 (Certified copy of a plan with the indication ‘para efectos registrales’), 39 (Certified copy of official communication No. PC-ARS-OSMG-URS-R-0106-2009), and 61 (Certified copy of the conclusions and final arguments of the Head of the Honor Tribunal Department of the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos). For its part, the Municipality invokes that, as it previously pointed out, it is recorded in the administrative file and from the evidence incorporated by the plaintiff that the requirements for the Vistas de Leona Project were fully met, and if at any time an omission was observed, it was timely corrected, thanks to municipal intervention.
CRITERION OF THIS TRIBUNAL. The arguments outlined by this Panel for point a) above are applicable to this objection. That said, it is reiterated that there is confusion in the plaintiff’s exposition, as it equates the procedures for registering a plan for cadastral purposes, or the requirements established in the Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio regarding plan approval for such projects, with obtaining construction licenses. These are distinct. The plaintiff asserts that the stages of Condominium approval were not fulfilled, which it divides into approval by the CFIA; the approval (visado) of the INVU verifying compliance with the Ministerio de Salud, the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, and the Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo itself; and finally, the approval (visado) or granting of the municipal construction license. This is precisely where the plaintiff errs.
A construction permit can be issued for different types of works, and it is not required that a property be under a condominium regime for the respective permits to be granted. In fact, this Panel found nothing in the case record or the legal framework in force at the time of the facts indicating any legal impossibility of processing the construction permits first. Nor is it possible to find any subsequent nullity of the act approving the construction licenses (which, it is reiterated, is outside the scope of this proceeding) in the event that the property where a work was built is later subjected to the condominium regime. The foregoing is inferred from the Ley Reguladora en Propiedad en Condominio itself, where its first article makes it possible to subject already constructed buildings or even residential projects to said regime. This provision establishes: “The condominium property regime may be applied to: a) The various floors, premises, offices, parking spaces, or apartments into which one or several buildings to be constructed or already constructed on the same or different properties are divided, whether these belong to one or several concessionaires.
(...) d) When the owner of an already constructed building or a housing, commercial, touristic, industrial, or agricultural development decides to subject it to the condominium property regime, provided that independent and inseparable common elements exist and that they meet all the technical requirements demanded by this law.” (The highlighting does not correspond to the original.) Thus, contrary to what the plaintiff stated, the legal system makes it possible to subject already built constructions to the Condominium regime, there being no legal restriction on doing so. Complementing the above, as noted earlier, from the review of the case record, this Tribunal has demonstrated that the CFIA deemed the prerequisites for the Condominium corresponding to the Vistas de Leona Project to be fulfilled, determining that it could not be observed that they were not fully complied with prior to the execution of the works (although it had not noticed this in the first review, which is consistent with the fact that on the date of the first report cited by the plaintiff, the Condominium had not yet been constituted).
(See Proven Fact No. 42.) Additionally, it is established that on October 31, 2008, the INVU approved (visó) the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Fincas Filiales Primarias Individualizadas Vistas de Leona, which have been referred to as the first stage of the Vistas de Leona Project (See Proven Fact No. 17), and on February 25, 2013, said public institution approved (visó) the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Vistas de Leona with 151 Fincas Filiales Individualizadas, identified by the parties as the second stage of the Vistas de Leona Project (Proven Fact No. 37). Since said conferred acts are not challenged, it is proven that they were conferred in compliance with the respective legal requirements, by virtue of the presumption of validity of administrative acts established in precepts 128 and 176 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, and from the foregoing, it having been demonstrated that said approval was conferred by the INVU, no arguments can be found to doubt that said Institute verified compliance with the requirements it requires to confer the respective approval (visado).
Coupled with the fact that, as has been reiterated throughout this resolution, the plaintiff also did not challenge said administrative act for lacking any essential element of validity. And finally, it is also proven that both Residencial Horizontal Condominiums that make up the Vistas de Leona Project (Fincas Filiales Primarias Individualizadas Vistas de Leona and FFPI Ciento Cuarenta y Nueve del Condominio Residencial Vistas de Leona) were registered with the Registro Nacional, on November 18, 2010, and September 5, 2013, respectively. (See Proven Facts No. 29 and No. 39). Now, part of that registration, pursuant to provision 5 of the Ley Reguladora de Propiedad en Condominio, implied that it be accompanied by the plan duly approved by the respective institutions, in which all pertinent data regarding the parent property, the subsidiary properties (fincas filiales) or private areas, the common areas, and the tables of areas and distribution would be verified.
None of those administrative registration acts were accused by the plaintiff of any nullity regarding their essential elements, so the validity of said registrations is presumed, which consequently means that no aspect omitted in the act of registering the Condominiums can be examined without violating the principles of due process, right of defense, bilaterality, procedural equality, and adversarial proceedings. Continuing with the objections raised by the plaintiff, in Report No. PC-ARS-OSMG-URS-R-0106-2009 dated December 5, 2009, issued by the Ministerio de Salud, reference is made to the absence of the requirements for the start-up of the Wastewater Treatment Plant (Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales), and it also indicated that the existence of the granting of the stormwater discharge (desfogue pluvial) could not be verified. As for the first of the omissions observed by said ministerial department, it is recorded as proven facts that, on September 19, 2008, the Dirección de Estudios y Proyectos of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados approved the Treatment Plant (Proven fact No. 16), and on September 21, 2009, through Permit No. PC-019-2009, the Municipality of Garabito granted the construction permit for the Treatment Plant (Proven Fact No. 18).
And in the same report from the Ministerio de Salud, it is recorded that this Treatment Plant had the permits from the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos, the Municipality, and the Ministerio de Salud, Región Pacífico Central. Regarding the operation of the Treatment Plant, which at the time of the inspection by the Ministerio de Salud was not in order, it was subsequently corrected and deemed addressed by the Sala Constitucional of the Corte Suprema de Justicia (See Proven Fact No. 38). In addition to the above, it was also possible to prove that the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados granted the permit for the installation of a well, in order to provide drinking water for 151 subsidiary properties (fincas filiales). (See Proven Fact No. 13). And finally, regarding the approval of construction licenses for the works that were subsequently subjected to the condominium regime comprising the Vistas de Leona Project, as noted previously, the permits that were granted at the time by the Municipality for different construction works can be extracted: paved streets, sidewalks and curb and gutter (cordón de caño), security booth, treatment plant, sewer system (alcantarillado), among others.
In reference to the fact that a stamp indicating “para efectos catastrales” was placed on the plan, this should not be interpreted as referring to a construction permit, and therefore it indeed is not one; the permits are those indicated previously, corresponding to: earthworks (movimiento de tierras) of 100,000 m3 (Proven Facts No. 7 and 12), for the sewer system (alcantarillado) (Proven Fact No. 6), land-use permit (permiso de uso de suelo) for the construction of an Urban Development Project (Proven Fact No. 9), for the stormwater discharge (desfogue pluvial) and its renewal (Proven Facts No. 11 and 15), in addition to the discharge permits that will be analyzed in point c) of this recital; the construction of a wall and booth, sewer system (alcantarillado), construction of curb and gutter (cordón y caño), paving, for the construction of the treatment plant, and gabions. Furthermore, the approval (visado) of the plans by the Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo is also recorded.
Additionally, it must be brought up that, from the review of the legal framework, plan approval (visado) by the Municipalities is only provided for in cases contained in provision 33 of the Ley de Planificación Urbana, specifically for the subdivision (fraccionamiento) of lands or properties, providing that: “Article 33.- For any subdivision (fraccionamiento) of lands or properties located in urban districts and other areas subject to urban planning control, it will be indispensable to have previously approved (visado), in the authorized municipal office, the plan indicating the situation and area of the resulting portions and that, in addition, the notary or authorizing public official attest in the act of issuing or granting the respective document that the division coincides with what said plan expresses. Subdivisions (fraccionamientos) made by private document, as well as in public documents, shall be deemed ineffective if they lack notarial or municipal certification regarding the pre-existence of the approved (visado) plan.” The plaintiff confuses in its argumentation the granting of construction licenses with the registration of the plan for cadastral purposes, which is part of the municipal functions held by Local Governments to have a cadastral map of the canton (geo-spatial information), and which is currently systematized with the Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial (SINT) administered by the Instituto Geográfico Nacional, which has been operational since May 2014.
Based on the foregoing, the claim raised by the plaintiff regarding this omission is rejected. The foregoing, without failing to point out that, rather, the fact that it conferred the respective permits, which is proven by this Panel, implies that said Municipal Corporation is in a legal position to supervise and inspect the conferred permits, a premise from which this Panel proceeds, based on what is in the case record, and taking into consideration what was noted in the preceding lines. Added to the fact that the environmental feasibility conferred by SETENA is recorded (See Proven Facts No. 6 and 10) which, although not mentioned by the plaintiff, are also legal requirements established by the legal framework for projects of this nature. By virtue of the foregoing, this Panel cannot perceive the objection made on this point by the plaintiff, without disregarding that, and even though the review of legality of formal administrative acts by the local entity is not within the object of the lawsuit, by express indication of the plaintiff, this Panel warns the Municipality of Garabito that it must maintain surveillance and supervision to ensure that the permits it confers comply with the legal framework, and in the event that they do not, according to its ex officio review powers of its own acts, proceed according to the respective legal framework.
It outlines that it conducted an exhaustive analysis to corroborate that the Vistas de Leona Project complied with all requirements, determining that it did comply, for which it offers as evidence Official Communication No. DI-440-2010 dated August 18, 2010, signed by the Coordination of the Department of Urban Control and Development (visible on folio 540 of Volume III of the administrative file provided by the Municipality), and Official Communication No. DI-591-2011 dated July 28, 2011 (visible on folio 40 of the administrative file of the amparo appeal, file No. 11-2417-0007-CO provided by the defendant). And that although, at some moments, some omissions were noted, the interested party was timely required to satisfy them, with the subsequent presentation of the calculation report (memoria de cálculo) that the plaintiff misses being recorded.
CRITERION OF THE TRIBUNAL. On this point, in its lawsuit, the plaintiff creates a mix of aspects that, in legal order, are not comprehensible to this Panel, and even contradict the arguments it develops later. At first, it states that no stormwater discharge (desfogue pluvial) permit existed for the Vistas de Leona Project, and subsequently, in a second moment, it refutes aspects linked to the formal elements of the administrative act that the Municipality conferred as a stormwater discharge (desfogue pluvial), and also regarding its effects. However, its claims do not include a declaration of non-conformity of said acts granting the stormwater discharge (desfogue pluvial), added to the fact that it withdrew the lawsuit with respect to the party in whose favor they were conferred. This Tribunal considers that the plaintiff attempts, through an argument of omission, to attack the administrative act conferred by the Local Government, but by making its adjustments to the claims, withdrawing some of those that referred to the issue of stormwater (aguas pluviales) and that its represented party should not bear the stormwater discharge (desfogue pluvial), it leaves this argument without legal content.
We must warn that, under the principle of party presentation (principio dispositivo), this Panel understands that the theory of the case and the delimitation of the claims are the exclusive purview of the plaintiff. Therefore, even though it argues that there is an omission by the Municipality of Garabito in granting the stormwater discharge (desfogue pluvial), in essence, what is argued by the company CJO Desarrollos Integrales S.A. is that it disagrees with the requirements requested by the Municipality of Garabito for the purposes of granting the stormwater discharge (desfogue pluvial), which it considers technically incomplete, and therefore, it considers the Municipal Corporation delinquent in fulfilling its obligations. But as indicated above, these aspects are not included within its claims, and it does not request the annulment of these acts; hence, it is not possible for this Panel to elucidate this matter, because in a judgment phase, once each of the procedural phases has been completed, it would cause defenselessness to the defendant, bringing novel claims into the process that were not sought in its lawsuit by the plaintiff, and on which a debate ensuring adversarial proceedings has not been generated, as part of compliance with due process and the right of defense (See provisions 39 of the Constitución Política, 8 and 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights, 2.1 and 5.1 of the Código Procesal Civil, and abundant jurisprudence of the Sala Constitucional on due process and right of defense, among other Resolutions No. 1739-1992 of 11:45 a.m. on July 1, 1992, and No. 01469-2011 of 9:00 a.m. on November 30, 2011).
This would also imply causing defenselessness to the legal or natural persons to whom the permits were conferred, and a specific legal situation was created, and therefore, having a legitimate interest, it requires them to be brought into the process as defendant parties, through the figure of necessary passive joinder of parties (litis consorcio pasivo necesario) (article 12, subsection 3 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo). Without disregarding that already, at a prior procedural moment, the party had withdrawn its action against these natural and legal persons. Now, as indicated above, this Panel proceeds from the premise that the Municipality of Garabito conferred the authorization for the stormwater discharge (desfogue pluvial) of the Vistas de Leona Condominium, through official communication No. DI-588-2007 and its renewal on July 9, 2008 (Proven Facts No. 11 and 15), in which the Municipality established that it had conducted a prior inspection of the site, and analyzed the design presented by the developers of the Vistas de Leonas Project, both aspects being of utmost importance to determine the scope of responsibility of the Local Government with respect to its municipal inspection and supervision powers over the stormwater systems (sistemas pluviales) of said area, which will be elaborated on later.
Despite the Constitutional Tribunal, through two resolutions (Voto No. 2011-5007 and Resolution No. 2011-24425), ordering the Municipal Corporation to comply with the order issued by the Ministerio de Salud, it recounts that the defendant, through “evasions, distortions, and ‘inaccuracies’,” replied that they had already performed the tasks entrusted by the Sala Constitucional, carrying out work on the “public street” (referred to in the repeatedly cited report as Calle Vieja), where “that is not where the reported problem lies. (It is worth remembering that the main access to the Punta Leona private club is another road, of pavers, where there is no curb, nor gutter (caño), nor ditch, nor stormwater catch basins). The problem arose on what we previously called (...) routes #1 and #2 (to the North and West of Vistas de Leona) of illegitimate evacuation of waters from the Vistas de Leonada Condominium, not on the ‘public street’ (to the South of Vistas de Leona).” And it is for this reason, the plaintiff continues, that the Sala Constitucional, based on inaccurate information provided by the Municipal Corporation, proceeds to declare that the Local Government has already complied with the issued instruction.
For its part, the defendant rejects what is alleged by the plaintiff. It indicates in its statement of defense that: “The actions to safeguard public health and the environment determined by the Ministerio de Salud towards the municipal corporation correspond to the control and supervision of construction permits, a situation that my represented party has fully complied with, by verifying the existence of municipal authorization PC-226-2008, the sheets approved by the INVU, AyA, official communication CON-2008-423 BIT-2008, Ministerio de Salud (...) for the development of the project Condominio Residencial Horizontal Vista Leona (...) and on the public street to Punta Leona.” CRITERION OF THE TRIBUNAL. Again, this Panel finds difficulty in elucidating, within the framework of the established litigation, the legal arguments and the theory of the case of the plaintiff. Making an effort, it appears that it objects that the defendant actually complied with what was ordered by the Sala Constitucional of the Corte Suprema de Justicia.
From reading recital III of Resolution No. 2011-5007 of 10:36 a.m. on April 15, 2011, it is expressly inferred that the Constitutional Tribunal based its decision on the fact that “Given what was reported by the appealed Municipality, it is appropriate to indicate that the appeal must be granted as it has not adopted the recommendations made by the Ministerio de Salud, in order to reach a solution regarding the facts alleged by the amparo petitioner, despite said recommendations having been issued since December 2009. It is verified that the recommendations and the questions on the subject that were not clear were forwarded to the Department of Engineering and Construction of the appealed Municipality on June 15, 2010, and as of the date of issuing the report by the Municipal Mayor, that is, April 5, 2011, no response has been provided, nor has any report been issued that would allow this Tribunal to assume that the filed complaint is being addressed.
Therefore, it is concluded that the elapsed period -10 months- to conduct the corresponding inspections and issue the report on what was done regarding the recommendations made by the Ministerio de Salud to resolve the issue raised is unreasonable and disproportionate.” Based on the above text, the Sala Constitucional proceeds to grant the filed amparo appeal, and orders the following: “It is ordered to (...) in his condition as Mayor and President of the Council, both of the Municipality of Garabito, or whoever holds these positions, to adopt the pertinent actions within the scope of their powers so that, immediately, they execute the recommendations issued by the Ministerio de Salud on December 5, 2009, through official communication No. PC-ARS-OSMG-URS-R-106-2009, in order to resolve the complaint filed by the appellant (...)” (Proven Fact No. 32). From the above, it is inferred that, although it is true the plaintiff before the Sala Constitucional presented a series of complaints about the situation that in its opinion affects the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, the Constitutional Tribunal, being a summary and not a plenary jurisdiction, proceeded to circumscribe what was elucidated in its Venue to the recommendations made by the Ministerio de Salud through Report No. PC-ARS-OSMG-URS-R-106-2009.
Reviewing the recommendations that said ministerial department made to the Municipality of Garabito, the following are extracted: “The old road to Punta Leona is a public road that falls under the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Garabito, therefore, it will be necessary for it to make the pertinent assessments with the purpose of channeling stormwater (aguas pluviales) so that it does not transcend towards the Mapaches and (...) Lapas residential areas. Prior to the start of construction work, projects must obtain the authorization for stormwater discharge (desfogue pluvial) from the Municipality of Garabito, a document that could not be verified, so a copy of said permit is requested to be sent to the Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito. (...) It is the responsibility of the Municipality of Garabito to exercise control and supervision over everything it authorizes through the construction permits it issues, and also that the plans it approves correspond to reality in the field, and if there are anomalies, to file complaints with the pertinent authorities.” (The highlighting does not correspond to the original.) (See Proven Fact No. 25).
From the foregoing, it is the criterion of this Tribunal that the Municipality of Garabito is correct in circumscribing its response to the works carried out on the public street (which the plaintiff refutes in its reply to the defense), because although, in the plaintiff’s opinion, the problem does not originate from the public street, the truth of the matter is that what was analyzed by the Constitutional Tribunal and the order issued by the Ministerio de Salud responds to the powers of the Municipal Corporation regarding the public road, not extending its scope of knowledge to other areas, such as routes #1 and #2 that the plaintiff describes. Coupled with the fact that it references not having been able to verify the existence of a stormwater discharge (desfogue pluvial) permit, which has already been proven to have existed. Due to the foregoing, this claim must be rejected. Now, it should also be clarified to the plaintiff that the administrative contentious jurisdiction does not have the power to analyze the merits or the resolved aspects of a resolution issued by the Sala Constitucional, whose effects, pursuant to provision 13 of the Jurisdicción Constitucional, are erga omnes, and which has no appeal whatsoever.
The very summary nature of the Sala Constitucional must also be considered, which has constitutional competence to safeguard fundamental rights and constitutional supremacy, so that, when resorting to it, the framework of what is elucidated is circumscribed to this scope and nature. And based on this noted summary nature, the statements made by public institutions are rendered under oath, from which it follows that, if any inaccuracy or falsehood is noticed, this is also not the legally correct avenue to determine the possible falsehood or otherwise of a sworn statement rendered, but rather the criminal one. Therefore, given the way this claim is drafted, it cannot be upheld by this Tribunal, as it escapes the legal and constitutional scope attributed to the administrative contentious jurisdiction, since the Sala Constitucional, through Resolution No. 13-02577 of 2:30 p.m. on February 26, 2013, already deemed the constitutional order to perform the actions tending to execute the recommendations issued by the Ministerio de Salud in the aforementioned report to be fulfilled, after reiterating compliance with what was ordered through Resolution No. 2011-014425 of 3:35 p.m. on October 25, 2011.
(See Proven Facts No. 34 and 38). It is reiterated that what is resolved by this Tribunal is, by virtue of the manner in which the claim is drafted by the plaintiff, which requests a declaration of non-conformity regarding the omission of the Municipality of Garabito for the “Failure to comply with what was ordered by the Sala Constitucional concerning ‘reaching a solution regarding the facts alleged by the amparo petitioner’,” without prejudging in this case the administrative conduct at the time of issuing the respective reports before said Constitutional Tribunal or whether in reality the problem was resolved, given that these are aspects the plaintiff did not request in this specific point of its claims, and which cannot be examined by this Panel, in respect of the principle of party presentation (principio dispositivo) and the right of defense and due process, given that the litigation is already established, and they would be a novel claim and arguments that have not been part of the debate.
In other words, there is a criterion of the Constitutional Tribunal where it states that what was ordered was complied with, and in that sense, what is sought is to examine a resolution with erga omnes effects already issued by the Constitutional Tribunal, which, for the reasons stated, escapes the competence of the Administrative Contentious Jurisdiction, and therefore this argument must be rejected.
It is relevant to point out that the core issue of this proceeding lies in the fact that, in the plaintiff's view, the Municipality has shown inertia in fulfilling its public oversight and inspection powers, which has resulted in the Vistas de Leonas Project causing a series of impacts to the Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium, as a water load exceeding the capacity of the condominium's drainage system now flows through it. As a preliminary matter, before addressing the specific omissions alleged by the plaintiff, we will determine the legally established functions of municipalities regarding the matters at issue in this proceeding, considering that the origin of the flooding in the Condominium where the plaintiff's subsidiary property 35 is located has been proven. OPINION OF THE COURT. After an exhaustive analysis of the evidence, which is very abundant, as well as a study of the 42 facts of the lawsuit and its amendment, the response to it, the expert report and the Municipal Corporation's response to it, the testimony gathered during the Oral and Public Trial, and the parties' closing arguments, this Panel of Judges unanimously finds that it is clear from the record that the Municipality of Garabito was neglectful in the exercise of its legal functions, and that this has resulted in the situation that has been occurring in the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium not being resolved to date, even though a series of public institutions have intervened, such as the Constitutional Chamber, the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), the National Commission for Risk Prevention and Emergency Response (CNE), the Ministry of Health, the National Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA), and also the Federated College of Engineers and Architects (CFIA).
To justify this position, we proceed to establish the constitutional and legal powers of the Municipality and its supervisory and inspection role. In the opinion of this Court, the Local Government's theory of defense rests on the fact that it granted the respective permits and followed the instructions issued by the National Technical Secretariat, where, after the National Commission for Prevention and Emergency Response verified significant landslides in the Vistas de Leona Project, it halted construction so that a series of measures to stabilize slopes could be adopted. (See Proven Fact No. 45). Also, during its opening statement and closing arguments in the Oral and Public Trial, and throughout its response to the lawsuit, it never asserted that the effect of the flooding on the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium does not exist, with the debate instead being about whether the work that must be done falls outside its scope of authority, given that its role ended when it performed the works on the public road and granted the permits.
The premise underlying these arguments is erroneous. Under constitutional article 169, the Local Government is vested with the powers to administer the local interests and services in each canton, an administration that involves managing both material and human resources, and which is not limited, as its position seems to imply, to the formal granting of permits or licenses. That is one of its functions, but municipal work encompasses a series of political, planning, budgetary, recreational, educational, and general service-provision tasks, all aimed at promoting the comprehensive development of the people living within its jurisdiction. It also holds police powers to maintain order within the canton, in coordination, of course, with the powers held by national public institutions. However, the administration of those cantonal interests originates from the need to decentralize the State and to provide the cantons, given their proximity to the population, with the ability to safeguard public and objective interests, in pursuit of local well-being and progress.
The Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice has stated this, noting that: "(...) as established by Article 169 of the Political Constitution and the Municipal Code, municipalities are responsible for the administration of local services and interests, in order to promote the comprehensive development of the cantons in harmony with national development. Consequently, the Municipality must establish a comprehensive urban planning policy in accordance with the respective law, which pursues the efficient and harmonious development of urban centers and guarantees—at a minimum—efficient electricity and communication services; good systems for providing potable water and disposing of wastewater, adequate aqueduct and sewerage systems, lighting and beautification systems for cities; construction, repair, and cleaning services for streets and other public thoroughfares; in general, concrete and practical plans to make the lives of the population comfortable and safe." (See Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice.
Resolution No. 12886 – 2011 of 12:44 p.m. on September 23, 2011). Note that the Constitutional Court expressly recognizes the Municipality's authority over the administration of the canton's sewerage and stormwater systems, which of course makes logical sense, because these are interconnected in practice, they are not isolated, and each design built to discharge water from each inhabitant of the canton, or from persons who participate economically in it, impacts the entire canton. And it is the Municipality that is responsible for coordinating and administering the canton's stormwater systems (comprehensively, and not only the nearest property where the discharge was authorized). Therefore, within the exercise of urban planning, and the granting of licenses (including for stormwater discharge) that are part of this aforementioned political urban planning power, the police power is inherent, as is the verification that economic, agricultural, commercial, urban development, tourism, recreational, productive, educational, cultural, and other activities are carried out within the rule of law, and in harmony with the environment, which derives from Article 50 of the Fundamental Law, and is enshrined at the statutory level in Article 28 of the Organic Environmental Law, a provision that stipulates: "It is the function of the state, the municipalities, and other public entities to define and execute national land-use planning policies, aimed at regulating and promoting human settlements and the economic and social activities of the population, as well as physical-spatial development, in order to achieve harmony between the greatest well-being of the population, the use of natural resources, and the conservation of the environment." (Emphasis added).
And indeed, analyzing the various recommendations issued by the institutions involved, it is apparent that they emphasized actions to mitigate the environmental effects of the construction of the Vistas de Leona Project. For example, without being exhaustive, dating back to 2007, SETENA, when issuing the environmental feasibility approval for the project, stated in its third whereas clause that "it was granted on the understanding that the developer of the project, work, or activity will fully and completely comply with the regulations and technical, legal, and environmental standards in force in the country and to be executed before other authorities of the Costa Rican State." (Proven Fact No. 6). This indication was supplemented by Resolution No. 1655-2007-SETENA of 10:15 a.m. on August 6, 2007, which literally instructed the developer that, as earthworks (movimientos de tierra) proceeded, "compaction, shaping, stabilization, mitigation, and environmental recovery works must be implemented in these areas" (Proven Fact No. 10).
In these two cases, although it is true that both provisions were directed at the project developers, the Local Government has the authority to verify that these recommendations are being followed, as part of its planning, land-use regulation, and inspection duties, especially when it concerns the environment and the safety of the people involved. In addition to this, as also pointed out by the Ministry of Health itself, it linked the situation of the Vistas de Leona Project and the flooding that occurred to the need to conduct investigations "to prevent contamination of the general environment," an indication that was directed, among other public entities, at the Municipality of Garabito. (See Proven Fact No. 24). The foregoing is because a broader concept of environmental law has been recognized at the jurisprudential level, which is closely related to urban matters, and in general the physical spaces where human beings develop in harmony with their surroundings, aspects that are also part of the Municipality's powers, when administering local interests, so much so that they have residual authority to hear, process, and impose penalties for violations of environmental legislation "when dealing with matters related to construction permits," in cases not under the jurisdiction of the Environmental Administrative Tribunal (Article 111.3 of the Organic Environmental Law).
In line with the abovementioned, the national doctrine on urban planning matters has stated that: "The quality of life of inhabitants is intimately linked to the urban environment, because it is the space where human beings live and develop. The effective protection of the environment requires planning mechanisms (...) It should be taken into account that the physical structures characteristic of the urban environment are the product of human intervention in nature, and this has undeniable implications for natural resources, insofar as they involve the sustainability of human development and compromise the rights of future generations. In this regard, the Constitutional Chamber has pointed out that nature is only one part of Environmental Law, establishing the need to coin a broader concept such as the macro-environmental one, which includes the regulation of the urban environment" (ROJAS MORALES (Iris Rocío).
Costa Rican Urban Planning Law. San José, Costa Rica, Editorial Investigaciones Jurídicas, 2010, pp. 56-57). (Emphasis added). The cited author supplements this position with the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Chamber, in Resolutions No. 5893-95 of 9:48 a.m. on October 27, 1995, and No. 2864-2003 of 3:29 p.m. on April 9, 2003, in which the Constitutional Court stated that: "II. The protection of the environment is a task that corresponds to everyone equally: to public institutions, by enforcing existing legislation and promoting efforts that prevent or eliminate dangers to the environment; to private individuals, by complying with those provisions and collaborating in the defense of the soil, air, and water, since any harmful change resulting from a human act in the composition, content, or quality of these will also be detrimental to the quality of human life" (ruling number 4480-94, at ten forty-one o'clock on August nineteen, nineteen ninety-four).
(...) Likewise, and as the doctrine on the matter indicates, everything related to urban development is also part of the environment, with respect to the planning of cities, which implies determining the rational and coordinated use of the land and its surroundings, so that the individual as such achieves a balance that allows the satisfaction of their needs through social, productive, and cultural processes, safeguarding—at all times—the integrity and conservation of resources; (...) The foregoing finds its logical development based on constitutional mandates—Article 50 and 68—the latter, insofar as it establishes the cited guidelines for public authorities to promote the protection of the environment, understood in an integral manner and not in its traditional sense, limited to the sphere of natural resources (commonly known as "the green"), and which consequently, encompasses natural resources (forests, water, air, minerals, flora and fauna, etc.).
That is why it also encompasses matters relating to the environment in which one lives, and which includes, not only the scenic beauties of nature, such as the landscape, but also everything related to cities and urban and rural conglomerates, that is, the concept of the urban environment. It can well be stated that these are two complementary aspects of a single reality, like two sides of the same coin: the natural environment and the urban environment. Thus, the fundamental right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment—broadly developed by constitutional jurisprudence—will comprise both its natural parts and its artificial parts, the latter being understood as the human habitat, what is built by humans, namely, the urban environment, so that they remain free from all contamination, both because of the effects and repercussions it can have on the health of people and other living beings, and because of the intrinsic value of the environment." (The highlighting and underlining do not correspond to the original).
From this broad perspective, within the strict balance between the urban and environmental spheres, is how Article 3 of the Municipal Code must be understood, which regulates that, "The governance and administration of cantonal interests and services shall be the responsibility of the municipal government," and Article 1 of the Construction Act, by stipulating that: "The Municipalities of the Republic are responsible for ensuring that the cities and other settlements meet the necessary conditions of safety, health, comfort, and beauty in their public thoroughfares and in the buildings and constructions erected on their lands, without prejudice to the powers that the laws grant on these matters to other administrative bodies." Note that the legal framework does not exclude the exercise of municipal powers over private properties; it is part of its regulatory functions over the urban environment to establish conditions for balanced urban development, which also includes that construction developments must be harmonious within the entire cantonal conglomerate, both in the rural and urban spheres, public and private.
Therefore, it is not correct, as pointed out on several occasions by the Municipality, that these are private business matters between the parties, and to respond that the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium and the Vistas de Leona Project themselves are responsible for carrying out the various works, given that the Municipality has already fulfilled its legal duties. This is relevant, because of what was stated earlier. When the Municipality asserts that, in the merits of the case, it granted all the licenses required for the Vistas de Leona Project, it implies that its powers end there. This is contradictory when it acknowledges that it has exercised police powers, consisting of the suspension of works on two occasions (January 12, 2009, see Proven Fact No. 19, and Closure Order No. 447 dated March 15, 2011, visible on folio 131 of the administrative file of the amparo remedy), and has comprehensively reviewed the permits granted at the time (DI-440-2010 dated August 18, 2010, and DI-456-2010 dated August 20, 2010, visible on folios 113 and 153 of the administrative file of the amparo remedy, respectively), but also overlooking the fact that those police powers include precautionary and ex-ante oversight to prevent situations from occurring, through verifications and follow-ups to ensure that the licenses granted are executed within the scope of what was authorized.
And even more, it also includes, as a preliminary step to granting licenses, analyzing, under its technical discretion and municipal autonomy, the different requirements that must be satisfied, which must be reasonable and proportional to the type of construction works involved, and the area in which they will be developed. The other error noted in the Municipality's defense theory is that it considers the exercise of these oversight, land-use regulation, planning, and inspection powers to have been fulfilled in this case, centering its arguments on the fact that it performed a formal verification of the requisites, but it overlooks the clear and incontrovertible facts that, since 2007, the population of the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium has been suffering flooding in the rainy seasons (at peak times), which has been worsening, according to what the Judicial Expert stated in his testimony during the oral and public trial.
But the Municipal Corporation also overlooks the fact that the concept of planning, land-use regulation, and granting permits as part of urban regulation implies the exercise of oversight and inspection duties, and even ensuring that, in the case of a construction that has been built, or is in the process of being built, and begins to generate problems in its surroundings, it exercises its police powers and issues the necessary instructions to determine the causes and resolve the problem. However, from all the evidence in the file, there is no proof demonstrating that the Municipal Corporation, beyond suspending the works and requesting the delivery of information, has carried out any activity or work to administer the stormwater system of the area subject to the litis. Nor is there evidence that, knowing there is an overload in the stormwater system of the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium (according to what it stated when responding to fact twelve of the lawsuit), it issued any instruction or performed any work or activity on its own to remedy it.
The inertia of the Municipality of Garabito in inspecting, urging, or even carrying out on its own actions aimed at mitigating the environmental problems and the impacts of the flooding from the Vistas de Leona Project has resulted in a disregard of Article 87 of the Construction Act, which provides that "The municipality shall exercise supervision over the works executed in its jurisdiction, as well as over the use made of them. Furthermore, it shall have the mission of overseeing compliance with the precepts of this Act." But its omission has also caused the problem to become increasingly acute, to the point that it is a demonstrated fact that landslides of 3 hectares have occurred in that Project (Proven Facts Nos. 45 and 47), and this has negatively impacted the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium, according to the expert report rendered by Mr. Alberto Serrano Pacheco. Now, this Court understands the various difficulties, especially regarding resources, that Local Governments face, and the high demands of today's populations, which increasingly require greater services from the Municipalities, demanding spaces for high citizen participation, transparency, and accountability.
Yet at the same time, greater urban development and the growth of populations and cities also bring great challenges in balancing municipal powers with private property and freedom of commerce. Precisely, in municipal matters, at the constitutional level, since the origins of the Constitutional Chamber, the preponderant role of Municipalities has been recognized in directly administering the interests of the canton and achieving close coordination with the different public entities, in coordination and cooperation relationships that allow them to fulfill the constitutional and legal objectives they have been entrusted with. In this manner, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice outlined: "III.- GENERAL CONCEPTS ON THE MUNICIPAL REGIME. In Costa Rica, the municipal regime is a form of territorial decentralization, as can be inferred from the first paragraph of Article 168 of the Constitution.
It is mainly defined in Articles 169 and 170 of the Political Constitution, which state, as relevant, that the 'administration of local interests and services shall be the responsibility of the Municipal Government formed by a deliberative body elected by popular vote and an executive official designated by law' (nowadays the Municipal Mayor); it is a 'corporate system that enjoys autonomy and its own economic resources (budgetary authority).' From this formulation of the main legal features of the municipal institution, it is absolutely clear that certain elements derive, namely: the existence of a territorial jurisdiction to attend to the interests and services of the local level; the constitution of a population rooted in neighborhood ties, such that every inhabitant of the Canton is a municipality resident; the government formed by two differentiated organs (Council and Mayor) with defined functions and relationships between them; the corporate nature of the institution; a constitutional guarantee of independence (autonomy); and the subject matter of its administration, which consists of everything that is or constitutes 'local interest and service.' From a political standpoint, municipalities are representative governments with authority over a determined territory (canton), with their own legal personality and public powers vis-à-vis their residents (inhabitants of the canton); they operate in a decentralized manner vis-à-vis the Government of the Republic, and enjoy constitutionally guaranteed and reinforced autonomy, which manifests itself in political matters, by determining their own goals and the normative and administrative means to fulfill any type of public service for the satisfaction of the common good in their community.
It can be said, in summary, that municipalities or local governments are territorial entities of a corporate and public non-state nature, endowed with independence in matters of governance and functioning, which means, for example, that municipal autonomy involves tax aspects that require legislative authorization for their validity, the contracting of loans, and the preparation and disposal of their own income and expenses, with generic powers. All of this necessarily implies that, in order to correctly define the make-up of the Costa Rican State, there must be an exact assembly in the sum of the Municipal Governments as a whole and individually, in order to have coordinated relationships and functioning with the Government of the Republic, to avoid the simultaneous coexistence of spheres of power of different origin and essence, the duplication of national and local efforts, and the confusion of rights and obligations among the various parties involved." (Constitutional Chamber, Resolution No. 05445-1999 of 2:30 p.m. on July 14, 1999).
These coordination powers are expressly established in Article 6 of the Municipal Code, which stipulates: "The municipality and the other organs and entities of the Public Administration must coordinate their actions. For this purpose, they must communicate, with due advance notice, the works they plan to execute." The City Council could have availed itself of these inter-institutional coordination and cooperation mechanisms, but there is no evidence that it did so. Rather, it can be inferred that, faced with the administrative inertia and the flooding occurring in the rainy months in the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium, the plaintiff resorted, through the complaint route, to request the intervention of the various public agencies, making an effort in her lawsuit to summarize all the proceedings she has undertaken before the various public agencies to achieve an articulation of all actors with authority in the matter and to seek a solution to the flooding that has been occurring since 2007 in the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium and continues to date, even though the works on the Vistas de Leona Project are suspended.
This is what this Panel of Judges infers when she requests in the claims being analyzed, the imputation of the primarily objective patrimonial liability of the Municipal Corporation to comply with the different instructions, orders, and recommendations issued by the public entities cited, with special emphasis on diagnosing, investigating, and evaluating the mechanisms to mitigate the impacts of the Vistas de Leona Project's stormwater runoff on the populations and urban developments downstream, where the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium, among others, is located. An action to enforce compliance with mitigation measures as part of the stormwater administration that the Municipality must carry out or demand from the appropriate party, which is also noted as lacking by this Court. Note that the need for the Local Government to coordinate with other institutions with local, regional, or national authority is literally provided for in Article 6 of the Municipal Code, which states: "Article 6. - The municipality and the other organs and entities of the Public Administration must coordinate their actions.
For this purpose, they must communicate, with due advance notice, the works they plan to execute." It could even resort to the figure of inter-institutional agreements, in order to fulfill its legal mandates, in accordance with Article 7 of the Municipal Code, which regulates: "By means of an agreement with other municipalities or with the competent public entity or organ, the municipality may carry out, jointly or individually, services or works in its canton or in its territorial region. (As amended by Article 17 of the General Law for the Transfer of Competencies from the Executive Branch to the Municipalities, No. 8801 of April 28, 2010)." These coordination and cooperation mechanisms have been recognized by the Constitutional Chamber, establishing their conformity with the constitutional block, by establishing that: "X.- ON THE OBLIGATION TO COORDINATE WITH STATE INSTITUTIONS. Several of the provisions questioned in this unconstitutionality action—Articles 5, 10, and 186 of the Municipal Code, Article 2 of the Traffic on Public Land Thoroughfares Act, Article 2 of the General Public Roads Act, Articles 9 and 10 of the National Planning Act, Articles 26 and 27 of the General Public Administration Act, and Articles 4, 10, 16, 17, and 18 of the Urban Planning Act—refer to the obligation of coordination that must exist between local governments, decentralized institutions, and the Executive Branch, to carry out the functions entrusted to them, which must be analyzed based on the very nature of municipal autonomy.
It is by virtue of the provisions of Article 170 of the Constitution that municipalities (local corporate entities) enjoy functional, administrative, and financial autonomy in the administration of local interests and services (Article 169 of the Political Constitution), which has been repeatedly recognized in constitutional jurisprudence (in this sense, see, among others, rulings number 01119-90, 02934-93, 00140-94, 03494-94, 06000-94, 03930-95, 02231-96, and 06469-97). And as has been indicated in that jurisprudence and in the concepts contained in the preceding whereas clauses, the sphere of authority and definition of powers entrusted to municipalities are determined in the Fundamental Charter itself, insofar as they strictly refer to the 'local' sphere. The constitutional mandate must be understood as a reservation of material authority in favor of local governments and their regulations to define 'local,' an area that can only be reduced by law—since it is a constitutional matter and a true right in favor of these institutions—in such a way that it leads to the maintenance of the integrity of local services and interests, in the terms indicated by this Court in ruling number 06469-97, cited above.
A conflict cannot, therefore, be created by antagonism or protagonism between the material elements making up the general purpose of 'local interests and services' and the 'national' or 'state' public interests and services, which are intrinsically distinct from one another, but which are in fact meant to coexist; and this is so because both types of interest can, eventually, be intermingled. Instead, it is common that, depending on the economic and organizational capacity of local governments, their own limitations lead to an expansion of the circle of those that appear as national or state interests, which makes it clear that the distinction must not be immutable, but rather gradual or variable; but in any case, as the aforementioned jurisprudence has expressed, it will ultimately be for the judge to decide whether the criteria for distinction conform or not to the constitutional framework." Having defined the material competence of the municipality in a determined territorial circumscription, it is clear that there will be tasks that by their nature are exclusively municipal, alongside others that can be considered national or state-level; for this reason it is essential to define the form of co-participation of attributions that is inevitable, since the public capacity of the municipalities is local, and that of the State and other entities, national; from which it follows that the municipal territory is simultaneously state and institutional, to the extent that circumstances require.
That is, municipalities may share their competencies with the Public Administration in general, a relationship that must unfold in the terms as defined in the law (article 5 of the former Municipal Code, article 7 of the new Code), which establishes the obligation of ‘coordination’ between municipalities and the public institutions that concur in the performance of their competencies, to avoid duplication of efforts and contradictions, above all, because only voluntary coordination is compatible with municipal autonomy, being its expression. In other terms, the municipality is called upon to enter into cooperative relations with other public entities, and vice versa, given the concurrent or coincident nature—in many cases—of interests around a specific matter. In doctrine, coordination is defined based on the existence of several independent centers of action, each with its own tasks and decision-making powers, and eventually divergent ones; despite this, there must be a community of ends per subject matter, but by concurrence, insofar as the object receiving the final results of the activity and acts of each one is common.
Thus, coordination is the ordering of relations among these diverse independent activities, which takes charge of that concurrence in the same object or entity, to make it useful for a global public plan, without suppressing the reciprocal independence of the agent subjects. Since there is no hierarchical relationship among decentralized institutions, nor of the State itself in relation to the municipalities, the imposition of determined conducts upon the latter is not possible, whereby the indispensable interinstitutional ‘concert’ arises, in the strict sense, insofar as the autonomous and independent centers of action agree upon that preventive and global scheme, in which each one fulfills a role with a view to a mission entrusted to the others. Thus, the relations of the municipalities with other public entities can only be carried out on a plane of equality, resulting in agreed forms of coordination, excluding any imperative form to the detriment of their autonomy, that would allow subjecting the corporate entities to a coordination scheme without their will or against it; but which does admit the necessary subordination of these entities to the State and in the interest of the latter (through the ‘administrative oversight’ of the State, and specifically, in the function of legality control that corresponds to it, with general supervisory powers over the entire sector)." (Highlighting is the author's own).
(Constitutional Chamber, Resolution No. 05445 – 1999 of 14:30 hours on July 14, 1999, cited). Having addressed at a general level the constitutional powers and the attributions legally conferred upon the municipalities, we proceed to analyze the arguments of the parties on this topic, and link them with the claims contained in the complaint filing. As noted at the beginning of this Resolution, the plaintiff seeks a declaration of omission by the Municipality of Garabito regarding the following aspects, which are also segregated for better analysis and resolution of each one: a) “Inaction, lack of oversight, and lack of use of legal tools at its disposal in the face of the irregular urban development represented by the Condominiums Vistas de Leona (Facts #12, 21, 25, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 39)”. The account of the facts is based on the assertion that, in her opinion, “as a result of the inaction of the Municipality of Garabito (…) stormwater coming from Vistas de Leona is discharged artificially onto the neighboring properties at a lower level to the West, causing multiple floods and recurrent, continuous, and evolving damage in the Condominium Las Lapas and the plaintiff's home” (fact 12 of the complaint), in addition to the fact that “The Municipality of Garabito omitted to revoke such permits in the face of the non-compliance of Vistas de Leona (…).
It also tolerated the improper registration in the Public Registry of the Condominium Vistas de Leona and has subsequently granted construction permits for the subsidiary lots in said irregular urban development project” (fact 21 of the complaint). She then refers in fact 25 of the complaint filing to the aspects that the Ministry of Health had established as accredited, in the report already analyzed previously, and subsequently reiterates from fact 30 to fact 35 the arguments regarding the Municipality's non-compliance with respect to the Ministry of Health's permit before the Constitutional Chamber. Finally, in fact 39 she includes a series of facts that, strictly speaking, are individual facts, but which she groups into one, referring to the actions and inspections carried out by SETENA and the failures to oversee the orders that were issued at the time by this body of the Ministry of Environment and Energy.
For its part, the Municipality of Garabito, regarding these arguments, refers to what had already been set forth previously, in reference to denying that the flood events are caused by stormwater discharges from the Vistas de Leona Project, and that rather said events may arise from the fact that the plaintiff’s property is within the protection zone regulated in numeral 33 of the Ley Forestal, or that even the very culverts and stormwater drainage mechanisms of the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas are being insufficient. That since the Project met all the requirements, the permits granted should not be revoked. Regarding the topic of the recommendations issued by the Ministry of Health, “The actions of safeguarding public health and the environment determined by the Ministry of Health toward the municipal government correspond to the control and oversight of construction permits, a situation that has been fully complied with by my represented party, by verifying the existence of municipal authorization PC-226-2008, the sheets approved by the INVU, AYA (…), Ministry of Health (…)” and furthermore, its responsibilities, in its view, are limited to the public road of Punta Leona, tasks that were carried out in compliance with the provisions of the Constitutional Chamber.
Points 30 to 35 were already set forth in the previous section, regarding the manner in which the Municipality considered the orders of the Constitutional Chamber fulfilled. It is only worth noting that it is an aspect that is brought up, which is that it maintains that it proceeded with the complaints filed by the plaintiff before the Local Government, “and by official letter DI-341-2011 dated April 29, 2011, notified the Condominium Villa Leona of the obligation to present a report on mitigation works to address the complaints of the Condominium Las Lapas, receiving a response in an unnumbered official letter signed by Mr. Calos Chaves Castillo, filed via ticket No. 2659 dated May 11, 2011, stating the existence of a calculation report on the stormwater discharge with reference to the control point, case of the complainant Mr. Calderón Mata, where it is demonstrated that the tributary responsibility for the waters from the Condominio Residencial Horizontal Vista Leona accounts for 26% of the watercourse.
Likewise, the warning issued on January 12, 2012, was addressed by the Condominio Residencial Horizontal Vista Leona in a note dated March 6, 2012, jointly presenting a calculation report and design for reducers of the Condominium Vista Leona, thus complying with the municipal requirements.” For the last fact of the complaint alluded to by the plaintiff on this point, regarding the instructions issued by SETENA, it had already been established previously (when answering fact thirteenth) that “(…) sheet 02/17 of the set of plans presented by the Condominium Vista Leona, approved by this municipality, the Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, Acueductos y Alcantarillados in official letter CON-2008-423-BIT-2008, the Ministry of Health via official letter RPC-UPAH-PC-226-2008, [where] the design of the stormwater outfall (desfogue pluvial) can be appreciated (…) which includes mitigation works as well as the sections of the stormwater easement (servidumbre pluvial) channel.
According to note #7 on that same sheet (sic) ‘The stormwater will discharge into an existing seasonal stormwater easement, with discharge onto the subsidiary lot (…) owner Mangotam de Punta Leona Sociedad Anónima authorizes receiving the stormwater from this project, by means of the sworn statement granted before the Notary Public (…)’. From the foregoing it follows that the authorization issued by this municipal government number DI-558-2007, renewed by official letter dated July 9, 2008, only permitted the stormwater outfall towards the property of the then Mangotam de Punta Leona S.A. and not towards other properties.” And “regarding the Technical Report ASA-532-2011-SETENA, this municipal government proceeded to halt the second stage of the Vista Leona project and in that sense, official letter DI-590-2011 of July 28, 2011, and closure reports No. 022 and 0447 of February 1, 2011, and March 15, 2011, respectively, are recorded, thus complying with the provisions of the Environmental Secretariat.” COURT'S CRITERION.
In this section, the analysis is revisited regarding the fact that from the case records it is possible to establish that the floods being suffered by the co-owners of the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas have their origin in the works of earthworks (movimientos de tierras), construction of common areas, and building of houses on the subsidiary lots, where as these advanced, the areas that were previously fruit trees became increasingly impermeable, implying a greater load of stormwater onto the mentioned Condominium. Therefore, the Municipality is not correct in asserting that the causes of these floods lie elsewhere. Nor does this Court share the municipal position of attempting, without invoking the existence of fault of the victim, to argue that the floods may rather be due to the insufficiency of the stormwater system of the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas. This Collegiate Chamber, as the Municipal Corporation affirms, accepts as proven the insufficiency of the cited stormwater system, but this does not have the effect of releasing the Municipal Government from the constitutional and legal mandates previously cited; on the contrary, precisely because it is demonstrated by the calculation report presented in 2012 by Engineer Castillo Rojas that there is no installed stormwater capacity for this Condominium to withstand the volume of waters that are flowing or discharging into it.
(Proven Facts No. 43 and 44). This Court finds it strange that if the Área de Salud of Orotina, San Mateo and Garabito of the Ministry of Health, through Report No. PCP-ARS-OSM-URS-R-106-2009 dated December 5, 2009, had issued the instruction to carry out the corresponding investigations, it was for the purpose of taking corrective actions. It is true that the Constitutional Chamber, within the summary proceeding it conducts, deemed the instructions of the Ministry of Health fulfilled, and on this this Court has already issued its pronouncement, but what is highlighted is that, in that same Report, it clearly stated that “It is the responsibility of the Municipality of Garabito to exercise control and oversight over everything it authorizes through the construction permits it issues, and also that the plans it approves correspond to the reality in the field (…)” and precisely therein lies the correctness of the plaintiff's claim, it being the responsibility of the Municipality to verify the stormwater outfall permit, and having been aware in 2012 that there was a capacity difference between what was designed by the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas and the water loads that were being generated, due to a subsequent event that did not exist when said Condominium was constituted and built, not having adopted any measure.
It is recorded that, on April 29, 2011, the Coordinator of Urban Development and Control required the representatives of the Vistas de Leona Project to present “a mitigation report within five (5) days, in relation to the impacts on the Condominio Horizontal Las Lapas de Punta Leona” (Proven Fact No. 35), and it is where the developers presented the hydraulic calculation reports as defense arguments. However, from these calculation reports the need to carry out mitigation activities and expansion of the stormwater works was evident, given the lack of capacity of the water receiver to channel them adequately. For this reason, this Court finds it strange that the Municipality states that, merely by the presentation of this requirement, which was omitted at the time to approve the stormwater outfalls in the years 2007 and 2008, it did not exercise its constitutional and legal functions. And, therefore, it is not accepted that this is the exclusive responsibility of the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, which, according to the view of the Municipal Corporation, apparently should have invested in and designed another type of stormwater system to be able to receive the waters of the Vistas de Leona Project; rather, as pointed out in preceding lines, this Condominium was constituted and built before Las Lapas (See Proven Facts No. 1, 29 and 39), it not being its responsibility to bear the irrational flow of the latter.
But furthermore, and this is something related to point c) of this section, the Coordinator of Urban Development and Control of the Municipality of Garabito, in January 2012, noted that hydraulic works must be carried out by the Vistas de Leona Project to dampen and control the maximum floods (See Proven Fact No. 36), but it is not possible to extract from the administrative file or the evidence in the case records what the follow-up and verification tasks of the Municipality were with respect to this requirement. It is clarified that, it is not that it is denied that the Corporation carried out some tasks such as demanding documentation and suspending works (Proven Fact No. 19), but rather that it did not follow up on the mitigation works or, in the absence of action, carry out the works itself with the necessary interinstitutional coordination, and subsequently resort to the corresponding avenues to seek recovery, actions that are warranted not only to avoid environmental damage, but also due to the high risk that the floods pose to the safety and lives of people.
However, it is not taken as proven—at least there is no evidence—that the Municipality acted in that direction, the burden of proof resting with the Municipal Government, given the principle of dynamic burden of proof, which requires that he who is in the best condition to prove it be the one to incorporate it into the case records, especially when it is being accused of abnormal functioning, where the burden of discharging itself falls upon the municipal entity. And it is for this reason that this Court is able to establish the existence of liability for abnormal functioning on the part of the Municipality of Garabito, in addition to what was previously indicated regarding its constitutional and legal obligations of inspection, oversight, and police powers derived from the granting of the respective municipal permits. In addition to the foregoing, it is also not acceptable that, given the existence of a stream (quebrada) on the northern boundary of subsidiary lot No. 35, property of the plaintiff, the Municipality is released from those responsibilities of inspection and verification.
This Collegiate Chamber considers that, rather, they are increased. The reason for this position is precisely the obligations of being a guarantor of article 50 of the Constitution, referred to in preceding paragraphs, and where not only have the pronouncements of the Constitutional Chamber been in agreement that it is the obligation of all public institutions, which includes the Municipalities, to guarantee a sustainable environment, and as indicated, the very Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, in its numeral 111, grants it residual competence to impose sanctions when environmental norms are violated. In the instant case, as has been reiterated, in 2007 SETENA revealed that in the area where the Vistas de Leona Project was to be developed there were three streams (quebradas) (Proven Fact No. 6), and the Municipality itself affirms that the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos, on March 20, 2009, through Report No. DRD-INSP-334-2009, observed that little water was flowing in the stream at the time of the visit.
(…). In report SRP-001-1780-09-OMSB of CFIA dated January 5, 2009, it was indicated that the northern boundary of the applicant's property appears on the cadastral map as an alameda. However, what exists is a small stream.” Said report was communicated to the Municipality of Garabito. (Proven Fact No. 21) Furthermore, in the referred Report PC-ARS-OSMG-URS-R-106-2009 of December 9, 2009, the Ministry of Health revealed the existence of a stream “recently the Municipality carried out maintenance, not leaving enough space for the stormwater to flow continuously, which has caused that in a segment of this street, between Residencial Mapache and Residencial Las Lapas, the water broke one of the sides and part of that flow is channeled through a private gravel road, dragging mud, stones that finally connect with a small stream through which it receives waters from the micro-watershed where the Vista Leona Project is located.
Moreover, in one of the lowest parts of this stream there is an apparent invasion of the spring (naciente) protection zone where a residential development called ‘Residencial Las Lapas’ was built (…) In the development, the waters of the stream were channeled through a cement block structure that is approximately 140 cm wide by 150 cm high, covered on top with paving stones, which crosses the entire residential development; precisely the block and concrete structure mentioned begins where the house of the complainant, Mr. Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata, is located. (…) the structure that belongs to house number 35 is practically located 2 meters (sic) from the stream bed. (…) the stream bed and the upper part of the complainant's house is clearly visible, entirely within the stream protection zone. As already stated, the effluents that feed the stream come from the micro-watershed that is upstream of ‘Residencial Lapas’ and on its margins is the Villa Leona project, and the waters also feed this stream.” (The highlighting does not correspond to the original).
A report that was also brought to the knowledge of the Municipal Government. (Proven Fact No. 25). The foregoing was also brought to the knowledge of the plaintiff, as can be seen from the ocular inspection carried out by municipal officials, on December 2, 2009, and with the representatives of the developers of the Vistas de Leona Project on December 3, 2009 (ocular inspection reports seen at folios 632 to 640 of the administrative file Volume III, provided by the defendant), from which it can be extracted that by that date the Municipal Corporation knew of the existence of a series of bodies of water that had even been identified as “streams” (quebradas), and faced with that situation, the Municipality had the legal duty to address the situation and take the corresponding measures to protect the environment, for which there is no evidence whatsoever that it did so. In this sense, one issue is the legal standing of the plaintiff to demand compensation for eventual damage, and another is the constitutional obligation of public entities to protect the environment, an aspect that the Municipality of Garabito seems to confuse, and as has been stated previously, the Constitutional Chamber has been emphatic on that obligation, which also emerges from the environmental legal order transcribed earlier.
Thus, in a case that has similar features to the one analyzed herein, the Constitutional Court established: “III.- On the law. Among other jurisprudential developments of this Chamber, it is appropriate to refer to judgment 2000-09333 of 9:52 hours on October 20, 2000, regarding the concept of environment, in which it stated: ‘Article 50 of the Political Constitution establishes that every person has the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Both rights are expressly recognized in Article 50 of the Political Constitution, which outlines the Social State of Law, so that the Political Constitution emphasizes that the protection of the environment is an adequate mechanism to safeguard and improve the quality of life for all, which necessitates the intervention of public authorities over factors that can alter its balance and hinder a person from developing and unfolding in a healthy environment.
Just as the principle of the Social State of Law is of immediate application, the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment is also, such that it manifests in the dual aspect of a subjective right of individuals and configuration as a goal or end of the action of public authorities in general. The impact that the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment has within the activity of the State finds its primary rationale in that, by definition, rights are not limited to the private sphere of individuals, but also have transcendence in the very structure of the State in its role as guarantor thereof and, secondly, because the activity of the State is directed toward the satisfaction of the interests of the community. The Political Constitution establishes that the State must guarantee, defend, and preserve that right. Prima facie, to guarantee is to ensure and protect the right against any risk or necessity, to defend is to prohibit, forbid, and impede all activity that threatens the right, and to preserve is an action aimed at sheltering the right in advance from possible dangers in order to make it endure for future generations.
The State must assume a dual behavior of doing and not doing; on one hand, it must refrain from itself threatening the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, and, on the other hand, it must assume the task of issuing the measures that allow compliance with the constitutional requirements.’ Thus, the duty of protecting the environment through its different organs and entities is reflected in the State, and municipal corporations are not exempt from this duty when granting or denying permits and authorizations in their respective territories, in accordance with the provisions of article 169 of the Political Constitution and article 74 of the Ley de Construcciones, which establishes that it is their responsibility to grant a license for any work related to construction that is executed in the populated areas of the Republic, whether of a permanent or provisional nature, as well as that all construction be done in accordance with the law.
In the case at hand, the claimant complains of the omission of the municipal authorities in overseeing several developments that discharge their waters into the Cañas stream, causing the overflow of waters that affect his home. But the respondents refute that omission and direct the phenomenon to the fact that the owners of the constructions adjacent to the stream, including the person protected by amparo, have expanded their homes disrespecting the protection zone of the stream, and in some cases obstructing and reducing the stream bed, which causes the watercourse to forge a path between the constructions, causing terrain erosion. However, the respondent is duty-bound to enforce the provisions of article IV.20 of the Reglamento de Construcciones. Local Governments must supervise constructions and sites in high-hazard zones, and map those within their jurisdiction to avoid granting permits, or if these are not requested, they must inspect those places to ensure that the life and property of the inhabitants of that community are not endangered (see in that sense judgment number 2006-04476 of 18:06 hours on March 29, 2006).
If the neighbors, as is confirmed, have built structures that in one way or another endanger not only the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, but also the physical integrity of other persons, the Municipality of Alajuela must proceed in accordance with construction legislation, as this grants it broad margin, prior to due process, including to demolish those constructions or by coordinating with the respective institutions the relocation of the persons who are being affected to sites that do not offer any danger. Since the administrative omission has been proven, the appropriate course is to grant the recourse, with the consequences provided by law.” (See Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, Resolution No. 2006-010070 of 17:21 hours on July 11, 2006, in similar sense resolutions No. 2006-004476 of 18:06 hours on March 29, 2006, and No. 2007-018621).
(The highlighting does not correspond to the original). This constitutional jurisprudence, which has the character of erga omnes, applies in the instant case, where very clearly and forcefully the Constitutional Chamber establishes that, within land-use planning (ordenamiento territorial), and as part of the exercise of the functions of granting construction licenses and their inspection, it must ensure that the environment is assured, protected, and preserved, and adopt—upon the respective interinstitutional coordination—the corresponding measures, always respecting due process and the right of defense, and safeguarding acquired rights. By virtue of the foregoing, contrary to what the Municipality of Garabito maintains, the fact that the existence of several bodies of water (streams (quebradas)) has been identified in the area demands a greater guarantor role from it, in order to protect, defend, and preserve the environment, and as indicated, to weigh the public interest towards safeguarding the life and integrity of the persons who inhabit said area.
Therefore, on this point, within the scopes that have been analyzed by this Collegiate Chamber, the claim of the plaintiff is partially granted, and consequently, as established in the Therefore section of this Resolution, the claim “to do” outlined by the plaintiff in her complaint is also granted, under the terms set forth in the operative part of this ruling, where the powers of inspection are linked with those of interinstitutional coordination, such that within a period of three months from the finality of this resolution, the Municipality must demonstrate the concrete actions taken to resolve the described situation, whether by demanding from whoever is responsible the actions both of mitigation regarding the impact of runoff and stormwater that are flowing in the outfalls and streams of the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas; and of rehabilitation of the areas impacted by the floods, which affect the properties of the co-owners and common areas of the Condominium ut supra. b) Lack of compliance with specific actions and works that other institutions ordered the Municipality to implement and oversee, such as: the mitigation measures ordered by the Comisión Nacional de Emergencia; the control, oversight, conducting of studies, and taking of measures as recommended by the Ministry of Health; the hydrological study and infrastructure works ordered by A. y A. and, the oversight ordered by SETENA (Facts #24, 25, 26, 37, and 39).
She bases this claim on the arguments set forth when she alludes to the fact that on September 16, 2009, she filed a complaint before the Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, and this entity, through technical report No. DPM-INF-1574-2009, in her view, “established that next to the plaintiff's house, the discharge of waters passing through there from the new constructions had increased, exceeding the hydraulic capacity of the culvert in the affected residential development and causing erosion.” And she refers to the fact that said report ordered the Municipality to “present a study demonstrating that the water outfall (desfogue) did not affect the environment or the lower-lying areas where there is a residential zone and ordered (…) the implementation of mitigation and prevention measures, under the total responsibility of the institution granting the permits if it did not request the corresponding reports, inspections, and corrections.” (Fact 24 of the complaint).
She reiterates the allegation of facts 25 and 26 of the complaint, regarding the aspects the Ministry of Health had established as accredited, in that “The projects must obtain authorization for the stormwater outfall from the Municipality of Garabito”.
Adding to what has already been said, it also went to the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados), where in Inspection Report No. SUB-G-AID-UEN-PyC-URB-I-2011-12 dated March 1, 2011, a series of aspects are accredited regarding the incidence of the Vistas de Leona Project that has already been addressed in this resolution; it indicates that said Institute orders the Local Government the following: “For the approval of the remaining stages of the Vistas de Leona condominium project, the Municipality of Garabito must request the corresponding hydrological study of the project’s impact on the downstream account and, based on it, take the pertinent measures by requesting the developer to carry out the required infrastructure works, in order to avoid affecting the basin, the projects and properties located downstream of the authorized discharge point.
That is why, the following year, on January 12, 2012, the municipality warns (…) informal representative of Vistas de Leona, that the evacuation of rainwater will not be approved until the hydraulic works are carried out to control ‘the maximum floods that can generate a downstream impact in the discharge area’ (…)”. And it ends by linking what was stated by SETENA, which it also alluded to for the previous claim. The Municipal Corporation, regarding this point b) the Municipal Corporation states that, contrary to what the plaintiff indicated, “According to technical report DPM-INF-1574-2009 prepared by the National Commission of Emergencies (sic) on December 4, 2009, it could not be reliably determined that the cause of the flooding was originated by the rainwater from (…) Vista Leona, authorized by the municipality; on the contrary, it issued a series of recommendations to the Villa Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium and not to the municipality, (…) since our municipal competence is limited to granting construction permits when these conform to the legal framework, but the developer carries out the mitigation works indicated by the Commission.” (Response to fact 24 of the complaint).
For the case of what is stated in fact 25 of the complaint, what was pointed out by the Municipality of Garabito in the previous point is taken up again when referring to what was stated by the Ministry of Health. In relation to the allegations of the instructions given by AYA, the Municipal Corporation refers to what was indicated in fact thirteen and which was transcribed in point a) above regarding compliance with the requirements on rainwater discharge, and which were answered to refer to that of SETENA. And finally, for the case of what was stated by the plaintiff regarding the orders given by SETENA, it is the same argument that was included in the preceding point a). CRITERION OF THIS TRIBUNAL. In accordance with what was established in point a) above, and given that the Municipality of Garabito does not allege or present any evidentiary element that discredits its constitutional and legal obligation to follow up, inspect, and verify the construction activities carried out in the Canton, what was noted above regarding the accreditation of an abnormal material functioning by the Municipality of Garabito is reiterated, in relation to these tasks, and the protection, defense, and preservation of the environment, which derive from having granted the construction licenses, and that even in the absence of a formal act of granting, it is equally obligated to verify that, in the face of non-observance of the procedures and legal requirements for carrying out works, and of the environmental legal system, the offending persons are sanctioned as appropriate, prior compliance with due process and the right of defense.
It is reiterated that the position of the Municipality is not shared in discharging its responsibility by pointing out that the mitigation works ordered by the public entities to the developer do not fall within its jurisdiction, given that within its jurisdiction it must look after the interests of the canton and must exercise its police powers, and as has been repeatedly held, in the face of an omission in pursuit of the protection of people and the environment, it must substitute itself in the reluctant will of the offender and proceed as legally appropriate, and if it lacks the human and material resources, the same legal system empowers it (numerals 6 and 7 of the Municipal Code) to coordinate and be accompanied by the various competent entities to achieve a prompt solution. Which, it cannot be demonstrated in this case that it has done so. Note that, the National Commission for Risk Prevention and Emergency Response, since 2009, whose recommendations are mandatory, indicated that: “(…) Next to Mr.
Luis Rodolfo Calderón’s house, which corresponds to a common area, the water discharge passing through there has increased, causing erosion of part of the property. (…) In the rear part where the homes are located, there is a ditch where rainwater runs from the lands located in the higher areas. (…) Apparently the increase in the flow of rainwater that flows down towards the residential area is due to some new constructions carried out in that sector. When heavy rainfall occurs, the waters discharged from the higher areas exceed the hydraulic capacity of the culvert in the residential area.” Likewise, at that opportunity it stated that: “7. Mitigation and Prevention Measures (…) In the La Lapas residential area in Punta Leona, flooding problems are occurring when heavy rainfall occurs in the area; therefore, the following recommendations are indicated: (…) A study must be submitted demonstrating that the discharge of both fluvial and black waters is not affecting the environment and the lower parts where the residential area is located.
(…) If it is demonstrated that there is an impact, the corresponding mitigation works must be carried out in order to solve the problem. (…) To the above, it would be added if it is necessary to make changes to the residential area’s sewer system. (…) A culvert must be placed in the ditch located at the rear of the homes, for the reduction of the erosive process and soil conservation. Furthermore, you are reminded that any anomaly regarding construction techniques and standards IS UNDER THE TOTAL RESPONSIBILITY of the institution(s) that grant permits, (…) and Municipality of Garabito for not requesting the corresponding reports, inspections, and corrections.” (The highlighting corresponds to the original). (Proven Fact No. 24). Emphasizing the obligation of inspection, requesting reports, and corrections by the Municipality in the event that they were deemed necessary, which was also reiterated later through official letter No. DE-OF-092-2010 dated June 11, 2012 by the CNE (See Proven Fact No. 29), and through Inspection Report No. SUB-G-AID-UEN-PyC-URB-I-2011-12 by the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, when pointing out that: “For the approval of the remaining stages of the Vistas de Leona condominium project, the Municipality of Garabito must request the corresponding hydrological study of the project’s impact on the downstream account and, based on it, take the pertinent measures by requesting the developer to carry out the required infrastructure works, in order to avoid affecting the basin, the projects and properties located downstream of the authorized discharge point.” (Proven Fact No. 30), inferring precisely that it is the competence of the Municipality to assess the hydrological studies and calculation reports that are presented to it; it is its responsibility to determine what measures it orders based on that assessment.
This was also warned by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat, through resolution No. 1102-2014-SETENA dated June 9, 2014, when pointing out that: “On the other hand, the entity that has the competence to grant the rainwater discharge permit for any activity, work, or project developed in a specific geographical area is the local government and it is the one that must ensure that said discharge has the hydraulic capacity for the management of such waters.” (Proven Fact No. 40). This statement was made following an inspection carried out on March 3, 2011 by SETENA, where it had found: “6. Throughout the entire project area, strong erosion of the slopes was observed, (…). During the visit, in the dry season, a large amount of sediment was observed in the rainwater discharge channel. The presence of rain in the days prior to the visit caused the channel to fill with sediment, making it foreseeable that during the 2011 rainy season, slope stability must be the priority.
(…) 9. Rainwater from the entire project area is channeled through an underground sewer system which discharges into the rainwater drainage channel (…). 10. The rainwater discharge channel crosses the entire central area of the project and presents a large amount of sediment coming from the slopes of the built terraces. 11. The sediments from the channel are carried, together with other rainwater that integrates downstream from other urban projects built up to Playa Mantas.” Ordering among other things, in addition to the suspension of the Project, that the developers present “a mitigation plan to control the erosion of the slopes and prevent the carrying of sediments to the rainwater drainage channel.” (See Proven Fact No. 31). Of course, it is understood that there are different competences and obligations for each of the physical or legal persons involved, but from the previously exposed regulations it can be determined that the Municipality is the entity called upon to administer the area’s pluvial system, and as administrator to exercise the corresponding actions to prevent the situation from continuing, not to try to free itself from that responsibility by pointing out that it was not the recipient of those instructions; note that it was being informed of a situation of hydraulic overload, of a lack of capacity in the fluvial system, of sediments that were flowing through the discharges, and it was its responsibility, as SETENA pointed out, to “ensure that said discharge has the hydraulic capacity for the management of the waters,” an obligation to ensure that is not exhausted by requesting information, or suspending the built works, because the flooding problem continues to date, and may worsen according to the deposition of the judicial expert.
Therefore, also, with respect to this omission, the complaint is partially granted, under the same terms noted in the preceding point a). c) Lack of municipal requirement for specific works from Vistas de Leona that departments of the Municipality itself recognized as necessary (Facts # 12, 30, and 36). In this case, it reiterates facts 12 and 30 of its complaint that were already cited, and complements that “Despite the evasions of the Municipality and its leaders regarding what was ordered by the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional), several of its departments nevertheless proved us right. Thus: (…) b) Through official letter DI-341-2011 of April 29, 2011 (…) the Department of Development and Urban Control requested Vistas de Leona to present within 5 business days the mitigation works that had been carried out on its property so that the Las Lapas residential area would not continue to be affected,” but beyond that, the Local Government “did nothing more.” (Fact 36 of the complaint).
Hence, among the things the plaintiff refers to is that it filed a complaint before the Municipality of Garabito in 2009, to which, although the Municipal Corporation did process it through the call for an inspection and a meeting, after this situation, nothing additional happened. In point c), as it also reiterates points 12 and 30 from point a), we refer to the same thing that was transcribed as the response of the Municipality of Garabito in the answer to the complaint, and finally, regarding fact 36 of the complaint, it is rejected by the Local Government, pointing out that: “The documents cited and prepared by municipal officials do not prove the complainant right; the excerpts cited by the plaintiff correspond to a literal transcription of the party’s claims in their complaints, not a determination by municipal officials, who merely focused on requesting reports to address the aforementioned complaints.” CRITERION OF THIS TRIBUNAL.
With respect to this aspect, this Chamber of Judges considers that it has already been addressed, given that it is immersed in the previous points, reiterating that, precisely beyond demonstrating that municipal public officials focused on requesting reports to address the complaints made by the plaintiff, a complaint it filed in 2010 before the Municipality of Garabito (Proven Fact No. 23), it being the case that in the same year it had filed in equal terms before the National Commission for Risk Prevention and Emergency Response (Proven Fact No. 22), the truth is that it did not prove what other actions it took to fulfill its legal obligations, which derive from constitutional precepts. Nor does the Municipality of Garabito demonstrate with documentary evidence what the formal act adopted was. Proof that the defendant was responsible for providing. Within the evidentiary catalog are the requests for information, on-site visit, and suspension of constructions, but no evidence was offered linked to the act of closing and attending to the complaint, nor did it manage to prove that, based on those actions which are for processing, it resolved the flooding situation.
Therefore, and given that this topic has already been addressed in an overly abundant manner, it is considered that there is inertia on the part of the Municipality, and this claim is partially accepted, under the same terms established in point a) of this section.
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According to what has been set forth in previous lines, derived from the abnormal functioning due to omissive conduct by the Municipality of Garabito, the plaintiff seeks recognition of the payment of damages and losses, which, according to fact seventeen of the complaint, describes that the damages and losses consist of the following: a) Damages to the East Path (Common Area, Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium), which it summarizes as responding to damages to the gravel road without ditches or drainage, resulting from the actions of discharging water from the Vistas de Leona project and because a drainage was dug without authorization, generating damages from erosion and increase in flow, “to the point that by the winter of the last year, 2018, the ditch ended up being 3.7 meters deep by five meters wide, and invades more than half of the width of the aforementioned auxiliary gravel road, making it impassable today.” b) Damages to the Alameda (Common Area, Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium).
It points out that, “What was originally an alameda of grassy green area (common area to the North of my represented party’s filial property), and which in the most severe rainy seasons served in its center as a very small stream a few centimeters deep for the conduction of rainwater from nearby areas, became, as a harmful consequence of the actions and omissions of the defendants, a river more than 3 meters deep, with frequent water overflow events. This, apart from the degradation or loss of the condominium’s common area, began to erode the land very close to the foundations on which my represented party’s vacation home sits.” c) Damages to the Plaintiff’s Vacation Home (Private Area, Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium). It alludes that mainly landslides have been caused on the edges of the land and floods have been suffered that have reached the terrace of the house, and which have left there and in the gardens remains of undergrowth and mud.
Other damages it imputes are “the uselessness of the rear access to the dwelling and uncovering of the foundations of both the North retaining wall and the columns next to the terrace. Also, other homes in the Las Lapas Condominium have suffered floods, specifically numbers 21 and 22.” Other effects on the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium and at the entrance to the alameda that the plaintiff outlines consist of: “The two routes and the damages in the alameda and on the gravel road (both common areas of the Las Lapas Condominium) converge. The illegal channeling of water from a sector of Vista de Leona onto the gravel road (Route Two) reached the entrance of what once was an alameda and what today they turned into an intermittent river, made possible by a natural topographical depression or channel that comes from the East (Route One), which now also carries water discharged by the mega-project Vistas de Leona, resulting in the improperly discharged waters on the gravel road colliding with those coming from the other sector of Vistas de Leona, causing that union of swirling waters that also diminish and erode the common areas of the Lapas Condominium.
Thus, at the entrance to the alameda there is also a destructive whirlpool effect per se. As a result of all this and as we saw, starting in 2007, floods have been occurring in a large part of the common areas of the Las Lapas Condominium, including water overflows onto homes and onto the cobblestone road that is over the box culvert that crosses the Lapas Condominium from East to West.” The detail of each of these damages will be seen in the development; however, it is relevant to point out that the Municipality of Garabito, when answering this fact of the complaint, focused on denying the existence of the floods and their origin (on which this Tribunal has already ruled, rejecting the Municipal Corporation’s defense arguments), and did not provide any argument regarding whether or not the existence of the alleged damages was accredited, and on the other hand, established that, in the case of the alleged damages in the northern area of filial farm No. 35 (alameda), there was no right to damage whatsoever given that the plaintiff’s property was within the protection zone of the stream identified by the Water Directorate of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Official letter No. IMN-DA-1747-2008 dated June 17, 2008), and therefore, in light of numeral 33 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), it was not complying with the setbacks, hence it could not claim any compensation.
CRITERION OF THE TRIBUNAL. This analysis must begin by indicating that it is not just any damage that the legal system provides the possibility of compensation for, given that numeral 196 of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública) requires that this damage be “effective, evaluable, and individualizable in relation to a person or group”; it is not sufficient to configure the State’s patrimonial liability merely to invoke the existence of a damage (as would be the case, in the plaintiff’s view, erosion, the widening of a ditch due to erosion and increased flow, a road becoming impassable, loss or degradation of the common area, erosion near the foundations of their dwelling, among others), but rather to reliably demonstrate its existence and the adequate causal link. Starting from the assumption that, in order to exercise its claim for compensation, it must be corroborated that the plaintiff has suffered a detriment to their patrimony and that, therefore, they have the legal standing to legitimize their claim for compensation.
It is the criterion of this Collegiate Chamber that, in the case of merit, the plaintiff confuses several aspects that are relevant to be analyzed next. In the first place, it must be clarified regarding the term “material damage” (daño material) which it uses in its complaint in different meanings; it confuses legally compensable material damage and the material damages to a good (in this case common areas and to their dwelling house). From a legal perspective, the material damage legally capable of being compensated is that where a detriment has been generated in the administered party’s patrimonial sphere, a lesion or detriment to their patrimony that can be differentiated from the damage that an object or a good has suffered, without removing the possibility that there exists an extra-patrimonial damage such as moral damage; however, in this case, the plaintiff does not claim the existence of moral damage, so it is not part of what is discussed in this proceeding.
The existence of material damage to a good does not imply “per se” that it derives or implies a lesion to a person’s patrimony, given that it requires that this good or right, in the first place, has been part of their collection or set of goods and rights (belonging to a person), whether natural or legal, and susceptible to economic estimation. From which it is inferred that whoever alleges that patrimonial lesion must prove it. In this sense, while it is true that the plaintiff pointed out that it reserved the liquidation of damages and losses, this refers only to the “quantum,” the patrimonial detriment suffered must be proven, regarding a right or a good, or a value that forms part of their patrimony (taking into consideration that the plaintiff did not claim an extra-patrimonial damage such as objective or subjective moral damage). An aspect that must be proven, with the plaintiff bearing the burden of its claim, and without which, the right to its compensation cannot be configured (doctrine collected from Article 41.1 of the Civil Procedure Code).
And in this case, it must be emphasized that, while it was indicated in preceding lines that the current system of patrimonial liability implies that the victim does not have to prove the subjective elements of the public official (as was the case at its origin in French law, referring to the existence of culpability), the truth is that this does not affect the obligation to bring evidentiary elements to the case, in order to be able to verify the effective (real), evaluable, and individualizable existence of material damage in their patrimonial sphere. Precisely, Article 58, subsection 1, paragraph e) of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code regulates as part of the requirements of the complaint: “e) When, accessorily, damages and losses are claimed, the reason that originates them, what they consist of, and their prudential estimate shall be specified,” which shall be assessed under the criterion of rational sound criticism in pursuit of achieving the real truth of the facts (See numeral 82 of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code in relation with Articles 5, subsection 6) and 41, subsection 5) of the Civil Procedure Code).
The parties being responsible, under the dispositive principle, not only to establish their theory of the case, but also to offer evidentiary elements to the case file. In this regard, the First Chamber (Sala Primera) of the Supreme Court of Justice in Resolution No. 112-1992 of 2:15 p.m. on July 15, 1992 (a position that has been reiterated to date), outlined that: “Damage constitutes one of the prerequisites of extracontractual civil liability, since the duty to compensate is only configured if a harmful illicit act has occurred that injures a legally relevant interest, susceptible to being protected by the legal system. Damage, in the legal sense, constitutes any detriment, loss, or impairment of the patrimonial or extra-patrimonial legal sphere of the person (injured party), which causes the deprivation of a legal good, regarding which its conservation was objectively expectable had the harmful event not occurred.
Under this approach, there is no civil liability if there is no damage, just as there is no damage if there is no injured party. On the other hand, the only damage that is compensable is that which is proven (reality or existence), this being a question of fact reserved to the prudent discretion of the judge. In sum, damage constitutes the harmful gap for the victim, resulting from comparing the situation prior to the illicit act with the one after it. (...)” (The highlighting is our own). Hence, it is inferred that, without the existence of damage, a compensatory right cannot be derived. And as is well extracted from the referred judicial resolution, the lesion responds to a legally protectable interest. The First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice continues, indicating in said Resolution that, “VI. - Not any damage gives rise to the obligation to compensate. For such purpose, basically, the following characteristics must converge to be a ‘compensable damage’: A) It must be certain; real and effective, and not merely eventual or hypothetical; it cannot be based on supposed or conjectural realizations.
The damage does not lose this characteristic if its quantification is uncertain, indeterminate, or difficult to appreciate or prove; certainty should not be confused with actuality, since the reparation of certain but future damage is admissible; likewise, future damage should not be confused with lost profits or losses, since the former is referred to that which arises as a necessary consequence derived from the causal or generating event of the damage, that is, its repercussions are not projected when the process is initiated. Regarding the magnitude or amount (seriousness) of the damage, this constitutes an extreme of subjective incumbency solely of the injured party, however, the law cannot deal with claims based on insignificant damages, derived from excessive susceptibility. B) There must be a lesion to a legally relevant interest worthy of protection. Thus, there can be a direct injured party and an indirect one: the first is the victim of the harmful act, and the second will be the successors of the victim.
The second seems to be the more apt expression, since bodily damage often affects the patrimonial interests of the injured party (payment for medical treatment, hospitalization expenses, medications, etc.), frustrated earnings if the damage has incapacitated them from carrying out their usual occupations (losses), etc. This distinction was born in Roman Law, as a distinction was made between damage inflicted on things directly (damnum) and that which injured the physical personality of the individual (iniuria). In patrimonial damage, the generated detriment is economically valuable.” (See Resolution No. 00606-2002 of 4:10 p.m. on August 7, 2002). In this sense, from the case file there is no proof regarding the damages, from which the existence of damages to the plaintiff’s patrimony can be reliably derived. What can be extracted is what was indicated by the Judicial Expert, Engineer Alberto Serrano Pacheco, who states regarding the eventual damages, “The current condition due to the discharges from the Vista de Leona Condominium on the downstream area is quite critical, since the gravel access taken by Route II has been lost and the constructions adjacent to the large-size ditch that has been generated are at risk; likewise, the culvert at the entrance to the Las Lapas Condominium does not present sufficient hydraulic capacity, causing great erosion and flooding problems in this Condominium.” (Proven Fact No. 47).
The foregoing, for the purpose of elucidating the effects of the floods on the east side of the plaintiff’s property, focusing expressly on a common area. Indicating that the ditch at the time of the on-site inspection was 3.80 meters deep, there being a distance between the gate of the filial farm and the edge of the ditch of 4.13 meters. Additionally, it establishes that between the discharge of the Vistas de Leona Project and the plaintiff’s property there is a distance of 132.40 meters, measured along the bottom of the channel. Additionally, now referring to the alameda (north side of filial farm 35), it points out the existence of strong erosion, and that, over the years, Mr. Calderón Mata has had to make a significant investment in protecting the left bank (adjacent to his property) to prevent erosion.
Now, from what the court-appointed expert indicates, the impacts of the floods on the Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium can be inferred, noting as indicated erosion of common areas and widening of some ditches that were made, according to the plaintiff, by a third party without any authorization (an aspect that is also not proven, not even with the witnesses who were heard in the oral and public trial). The fact is that, in order to determine the existence of these, there must be evidence referring to the impact of those floods on the properties of the Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium, and that later, in the enforcement of judgment stage, they can be liquidated. And it is that, as referenced, it is not any material damage that gives rise to the right to compensation, but rather that which is compensable, in the terms indicated that "B) There must be injury to a legally relevant interest worthy of protection." See that, according to the different criteria of the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, which are shared by this Court, "Judges cannot assume that damages have occurred when the party seeking them has not claimed them or, having done so, did not demonstrate that they have indeed been caused or have occurred.
The only thing that can be reserved for the judgment enforcement stage is the determination of their amount or extent, provided it was not possible to do so within the main proceeding. However, their existence must be sufficiently proven from the evidentiary phase of the proceeding. It must also be proven that the damage exists and that it occurred as a direct and immediate consequence of the conduct displayed (causal link)." (Highlighting does not correspond to the original, see Resolution No. 00295-2017 of 3:20 p.m. on March 16, 2017, issued by the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice). In the specific case, analyzing the case file, it is held that, it is the criterion of this Collegiate Court that, in this matter, the plaintiff does not demonstrate the existence of a detriment in his patrimonial sphere to require compensation for patrimonial damages, in the terms that he has outlined in his theory of the case and from the evidence he offered.
The foregoing, upon analyzing each of the descriptions made by the plaintiff regarding the different damages, which will proceed to be analyzed in order: a) Damage to the East Road (Common Area). Without this Court entering to elucidate whether or not it has standing to sue (legitimación ad causam) to claim for the common areas, in relation to numbers 7 to 9 of the Law Regulating Condominium Property (Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio), regarding the indivisibility of the property and the common areas according to the proportion to the percentage represented by the area established for its subsidiary property within the Condominium, we must mention the premise that the rights of use and enjoyment of the common areas are for the benefit of all owners, none of whom can claim to have a greater right to the enjoyment of things, and finally, we cannot fail to emphasize the powers held by the Condominium Administration, which pursuant to precept 29 of the cited Law, has at least the powers of a general attorney-in-fact, with respect to the Condominium and the common goods, given that "The administration shall be responsible for the care and surveillance of the common goods and services, the attention and operation of the general installations and services, all acts of administration and conservation of the condominium, and the execution of the agreements of the Assembly of Condominium Owners.
It shall collect from each owner the corresponding fee for common expenses. It shall ensure compliance with the provisions of this law and the regulations; it shall also have the other powers and obligations that the law and the regulations establish for it." (Article 30 of the Law Regulating Condominium Property). The foregoing, taking into account that said numeral must be read in harmony with the general rule, contained in article 270 of the Civil Code, which provides: "When a thing belongs simultaneously to two or more persons, the owners jointly exercise all the rights of a single owner, in proportion to the part each one has in the common property" and broadly interpreting the pro accione principle, in the sense that there are prior pronouncements from the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, determining the possibility that one of the persons who holds ownership of an undivided thing, such as that arising in the condominium regime, can bring an action, insofar as their acts seek the general benefit of the others.
(First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, Resolutions No. 0029-1992 of 1:00 p.m. on March 18, 1992, and No. 58-1995 of 3:15 p.m. on May 31, 1995). Now, without questioning the possibility of demanding compensation on behalf of the remaining condominium owners, the truth of the matter is that, from the way in which this damage is described, it cannot be determined what the effect is on the plaintiff's sphere and his specific detriment. Carrying out an interpretative effort, this Court of Judges can infer that it could be because, in his opinion, the road is impassable, but except for the fact of the reduction in the width of the common area, an aspect which, it is insisted, would not directly harm him, but rather the condominium common areas in which the plaintiff has an abstract aliquot participation, according to what was noted by the Court-Appointed Expert, there is no further evidence that can determine an affectation or its degree of incidence on a right of way of the plaintiff as a direct and concrete exercise of the use of the common area, and whether this was being used as a place to transit or not, previously.
Complementing what has been stated, no evidence was provided either to determine what the limitation of access to said common area is, what the specific curtailment of the right to access is, and that it is of such a degree that it requires compensation. The plaintiff presents a series of pieces of evidence where a strip of ballast and the existence of a ditch alongside it are noted, but these photographs cannot account for the degree of limitation or assessable and quantifiable patrimonial affectation of the damage on his subsidiary property, but rather on a section of the common areas. As previously noted, the existence of material damage does not automatically mean it must be compensated; that detriment must be proven, and being a common use and enjoyment of an area, which he affirms, but does not prove, was used for transit, or in general how the affectation to the plaintiff's patrimony can be extracted, and given the non-existence of evidence, this petition must be denied.
It is clarified that this Court does not disregard that there is an impact from the floods on the Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium and that in the case of the eastern side under analysis, it implied a widening and deepening of a pre-existing ditch used for stormwater purposes, and it is for this reason, and because of the risks that have been warned by the public entities that have been involved in this case, that the need for the Municipality of Garabito to proceed to carry out mitigation and rehabilitation works in the impacted areas has been ordered, precisely insofar as such spaces are destined for the stormwater system of the real estate complex. The foregoing, as indicated, for the protection of the lives of the inhabitants and the environment, and with a view to avoiding greater incidences in the coming winters. But it has not been possible to obtain evidence to determine the existence of compensable damage, under the terms of numeral 196 of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública). b) Damage to the Alameda (Common area, Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium).
Regarding these damages claimed by the company CJO Desarrollos Integrales Sociedad Anónima, the same reasoning for their rejection is also applicable, given the non-existence of evidence that can size the compensable damage in its favor. For this item, the plaintiff states that it was previously a grass-covered green zone "and that in the most severe rainy seasons, its center served as a very small channel a few centimeters deep for the conduction of stormwater from nearby areas, which became, as a damaging consequence of the actions and omissions of the defendants, a river more than 3 meters deep, with frequent water overflow events. This, apart from the degradation or loss of the condominium's common zone, began to erode the land very close to the bases on which my represented party's vacation home rests." It continues stating that, faced with these increasingly severe floods, in 2017 "it was necessary to place sandbags in various sections of the channel that formed, cover these with reinforced concrete, and over time replace the concrete on the channel bottom." In this regard, this loss or degradation of the common area cannot be objectively sized, much less can its incidence on the plaintiff's patrimonial sphere be fixed.
An area that is equally a common area. As noted in the preceding section a), it is not enough just to allege the damage but also to prove it and determine what it consists of, in order to evaluate it, and to then proceed in the enforcement of judgment stage to liquidate its quantum. But from the plaintiff's own wording, and the way in which this damage is recorded, the existence of compensable damage cannot be reliably determined, under the terms established in article 196 of the General Law of Public Administration. Complementing what has been stated, it would seem to be inferred that the plaintiff must have made some investment in this northern part of his vacation home, but he did not provide evidence that this was the case, so that this Chamber of Judges is forbidden from conjecturing regarding its existence or sizing, a burden of proof that corresponds to whoever alleges the damage, and not to this Court.
Nor is it possible, without determining the existence of compensable damage, to proceed with any of the powers provided in numeral 122 subsection m) of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo), given that the wording of these allegations is so indefinite that it cannot be demonstrated who the person was who carried out those works, if other condominium owners participated, or even if insurance policies were applied to carry out these works, or if an extraordinary fee was requested to carry out these, including within these, the intervention of the Condominium Administration, which is the direct party responsible for the conservation of these spaces. Faced with that uncertainty regarding any expenditure made by the plaintiff, that has diminished his patrimony either directly in his subsidiary property, or through the affectation of the common area with repercussion on the subsidiary property, this Court cannot accept this claim.
Furthermore, it must be considered whether the plaintiff, in light of numeral 195 of the General Law of Public Administration, finds himself in a situation of illegitimacy regarding the fact that his property is within a creek protection zone (zona de protección de quebrada), which would also imply that, in such a situation, his compensation claim would not be admissible. Said numeral reads: "Neither the State nor the Administration shall be liable, even if they cause special damage in the foregoing terms, when the injured interest is not legitimate or is contrary to public order, morality, or good customs, even if said interest was not expressly prohibited before or at the time of the harmful event." On this aspect, the plaintiff, in the initial facts of the lawsuit, makes a series of allegations regarding the non-existence of a body of water on the northern boundary of his property; at the registry level and in plans, he affirms that the existence of a creek was not identified.
He affirms in the fourth fact of the lawsuit that, in the lease and purchase actions for subsidiary property No. 35, the northern boundary was established as "Alameda" or "Common Area," never a creek. At most, there existed an intermittent body of water that flowed in the winter, towards a box culvert measuring 1.25 meters high by 1.5 meters wide and 128 meters long "already existing in 2001 when I signed the lease contract and which, in rainy events, always functioned for the evacuation of the waters belonging to the Las Lapas Condominium, the immediate surrounding areas, and the waters of a small portion of the access road to Punta Leona, of about 500 meters, this being the only natural micro-watershed that said system was to serve." For its part, the Municipality in its defense indicates that this body of water alluded to by the plaintiff was identified in 2008 as a creek by the Water Directorate (Dirección de Aguas), through Official Letter No. IMN-DA-1747-2008 of June 17, 2008, and, therefore, the floods that occur to the detriment of his property result from the proximity of his vacation home.
This Collegiate Court holds as proven facts that in 2004, the plan for subsidiary property No. 35 was registered before the National Registry, a cadastral plan that establishes the following boundaries: North: Common area measuring 8.00m wide-alameda; South: Residencial las Lapas S.A., Subsidiary Property 35; East: Common Green Zone Area measuring 3.16 meters wide, Common Use Street 11.00 meters wide and recreational area; and West: Common Use Street 10.00 meters wide. (Proven Fact No. 2). It is also held as a proven fact that, on November 25, 2004, the defendant granted the construction permit in favor of Mr. Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata for the construction of a vacation home, on subsidiary property No. 35, establishing said Mr. Calderón Mata as the engineer responsible for these works. (Proven Fact No. 2). Complementing what has been stated, it is also held as proven that in property folio real registration No. 0039910-F-000 of the Puntarenas Party, at the time of registering the company CJO Desarrollos Integrales S.A. as owner, the northern boundary was recorded as Common Area.
(Proven Fact No. 4). This formal registry situation appears not to coincide with reality, because in 2008, the Water Directorate of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, at that time structurally located in the National Meteorological Institute (Instituto Meteorológico Nacional) according to Executive Decree No. 26635 of December 18, 1997, and prior to its transfer to the Ministry of Environment and Energy under the terms of Transitory Provision V of Law No. 7593, where the Department of Water of the former National Electricity Service was transferred to MINAE, pronounced on the existence of a creek, whose tributary is Quebrada Mantas, with an initial latitude of 187450 and final latitude of 187250, and initial longitude of 464800 and final longitude of 464350, located in the Province of Puntarenas, Garabito Canton, Jacó District, Mantas Site, determining that it is a public domain creek of a permanent nature.
Now, regarding the criticisms concerning the competence of the Water Directorate to issue the aforementioned pronouncement, this Collegiate Court must point out that, reviewing the legal system in force at that time, and whose competences are still maintained to date, it can be determined that it is the department of MINAE in charge of this. The foregoing is extracted from the very wording of the indicated Executive Decree. Thus, in the second numeral of this regulation, it is established that the mission of said Department "shall be to administer the water resources in a timely and efficient manner throughout the national territory, seeking sustainable development through their management and rational handling; providing excellent service." Additionally, in accordance with the third numeral of said regulatory provision, it has the following functions: "a. Define national policies regarding water resources. b. Exercise the dominion, surveillance, control, and administration of national waters. c. Process applications for concessions for the development of hydraulic forces for electricity generation. d. Process and authorize permits for drilling wells for water extraction. e. Elevate to the knowledge of the Ministerial Office, conflicts that arise concerning the use of water and its channels, which are referred by the Water Inspector, on appeal. f. Process permits for the construction or execution of works in public domain channels (piping, diversions, course changes, dredging, cleaning, among others). g. Approve the discharge, into public domain channels, of water from agricultural, industrial, and urban drainage. h. Process the internal hearing referred by the body in charge of granting concessions for the exploitation of materials accumulated in public domain channels. i. Process applications for authorization of water use for rural aqueducts submitted by the A y A. j. Register well drilling companies and user societies, as well as movements made regarding their statutes and representatives. k. Attend to and process all inquiries on the matter submitted by both individuals and state entities. l. Supervise and collaborate closely with water inspectors, in order to give them advice to facilitate the performance of their functions. m. Enforce and verify that the concessionaire or permit holder is up to date with the obligations established in the Water Law (Ley de Aguas). n. Apply the sanctions established in the Water Law, upon prior fulfillment of due process.
Likewise, when deemed pertinent, the respective complaints must be filed before the competent bodies (Environmental Tribunal, Comptroller General of the Republic, Courts of Justice, and others), accompanied by the necessary evidence. ñ. Any other assigned and recorded in the Water Law." Hence, the plaintiff is not correct regarding the alleged lack of competence for the issuance of the referenced official letter by the Water Directorate. But, moreover, this position must be complemented by the fact that the existence of a body of water in the vicinities of subsidiary property No. 35 was warned by other public entities. The first of these corresponds to the Federated College of Engineers and Architects (Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos) in 2009, when it indicated during a visit made on February 26 of that year, it alluded to a possible inconsistency between what was recorded in Report No. SRP-001-1780-09-OMSB of January 5, 2008, from the CFIA, when it was indicated on that occasion that the northern boundary of the property appears on the cadastral plan as an alameda, and what was verified on the site, where "a small creek exists." (See Proven Fact No. 21).
Months later, in December 2009, the Ministry of Health, in Report No. PC-ARS-OSM-URS-R-106-2009, warns and in fact issues a series of recommendations related to the determination of whether or not there is non-compliance with the setbacks of subsidiary property No. 35 regarding the fact that a house is built within the protection zone, thus pointing out among other things: "On the other hand, in one of the lowest parts of this creek, there is an apparent invasion of the creek protection zone where a residential development called 'Residencial Las Lapas' was built. (...) In the urbanization, the waters of the creek were channeled by means of a cement block structure that has an approximate diameter of 140 wide by 150 centimeters high, covered on top with paving stones that runs through the entire residential complex; precisely the mentioned block and concrete structure begins where the house of the complainant Mr.
Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata is located. (...) the structure that belongs to house number 35 is practically located 2 meters from the channel. (...) the creek channel and clearly visible the upper part of the complainant's house totally within the creek protection zone. As already stated, the tributaries that feed the creek come from the micro-watershed that is upstream of 'Residencial Lapas' and on its margins is the Villa Leona project; this creek is also fed by waters coming from a small patch of forest and also those that by runoff come from the Old Road to Punta Leona." The Ministry of Health continues to indicate: "Part of the common area that he denounces indicates includes, among others, the central part of Residencial Lapas entirely paved, which is apparently a creek protection zone, which must be determined by MINAET." (Proven Fact No. 25). Another public institution that accounts for the existence of a creek on the northern boundary of the plaintiff's property is the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados), upon conducting an on-site inspection, establishing that "(...) The inspection was carried out at the request of Engineer Rodolfo Calderón, owner of subsidiary property 35 of the Las Lapas condominium, who owns a built house and who borders the north side with a creek causing floods in the Las Lapas condominium.
(...)." Moreover, it points out that from the visual inspection it can be determined that the storm drainage is "carried out towards a public domain channel located on said property according to the pronouncement of MINAE, official letter IMN-DA-1747-2008, dated 06-17-2008, which indicates that it is a public domain creek of a permanent nature. (...) In the Las Lapas condominium, the existence of a creek located on the north side of subsidiary property 35 was observed; in said creek, there is undercutting of the land on both margins." (The highlighting does not correspond to the original). (Proven Fact No. 30). In this regard, although it is true that the plaintiff during the oral and public trial presented a sketch, which is part of the annexes included in the expert report, pointing out that in said official letter from the Water Directorate, only the starting point and the ending point are referenced, determining that the end point coincides with a residential complex, from which even the court-appointed expert indicated that it passes through the Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium, it is not feasible for this Court to disregard or delegitimize this certification, on the one hand, due to the fact that the straight line proposed by the judicial assistant is his interpretation of the certified information (start and end point) but not of an on-site survey of the water runoff between both points, and on the other hand, the plaintiff did not present technical evidence to refute the existence of the creek, insisting that the expert evidence is limited to connecting the start and end points with a transversal straight line, without considering that waters do not have a straight-line runoff, and also there are different phenomena that can imply that the water course is modified.
Therefore, there is no evidence that can discredit its validity and effectiveness for the specific case, giving evidentiary value to the other documentary evidence that points to the existence of that type of water flow. He also adduced in the conclusions that the National Meteorological Institute is not the competent body to issue such certification. The interpretative error made by the plaintiff's legal representative is to confuse the organizational belonging that the Water Directorate had at that time within the indicated Institute, when both are departments or administrative units of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, a body that has the competence to certify the existence of tributaries, rivers, or creeks. Additionally, nor are his claims seeking a declaration of non-conformity with the legal system of this certification issued by the Water Directorate. Thus, carrying out a weighing of the evidentiary collection and giving weight to each of the evidentiary elements provided, under the rules of sound criticism (numeral 82 of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code), on the northern boundary, a creek exists today.
And given the current proximity of the plaintiff's vacation home, and of other persons who are also within the zone, that is why the intervention of the Municipality of Garabito is considered vitally important to carry out or demand from the corresponding party, in a coordinated manner and through inter-institutional cooperation relations, mitigation and rehabilitation works in favor of personal integrity and the environment. However, this compensation claim suffers the same consequence as the first, and must be denied. c) Damage to the Plaintiff's Vacation Home (Private area, Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium). Within the case file, there are a series of photographs provided by the plaintiff, showing debris in common areas, mud on his neighbors' properties, and photos where he states it is his vacation home, where on one occasion he found debris and mud in his garden. Also, he affirms that landslides have mainly occurred on the edges of the land, and warns that it has prevented him from using "the rear access of the dwelling and uncovering of the foundations of both the North retaining wall and the columns next to the terrace.
Also, other homes in the Las Lapas Condominium have suffered floods, specifically numbers 21 and 22." Regarding these aspects, this Collegiate Chamber also, after an exhaustive review of the abundant evidence contained in the judicial file, for the same reasons as the previous two, regarding the non-existence of evidentiary elements that demonstrate what the detriment suffered by the plaintiff consists of. Note that it is not denied that floods existed on his property, although it cannot be determined through suitable evidence that confirms with certainty that the photos correspond to his property, only his word. But not objecting to that, even giving credibility to his statement, he does not provide evidence regarding the detriment they have implied in his patrimonial sphere. For example, if he had to replace plants or grass and rebuild his garden, or pay for a cleaning service for a certain number of hours to clean his vacation home, or if as a result of the floods, he had to replace some electrical appliance or good that was on the terrace or carry out a re-covering of the foundations and their amount.
Nor did he present any evidence regarding which access was difficult to exit; in fact, within the municipal construction permit, the construction plans are not found to determine to which access he refers, an aspect that the plaintiff was responsible for providing. And it is repeated, it is not that he is indicating that he needs to determine a specific amount at that procedural stage, given that, as indicated, the possibility exists to declare the existence of compensation for the purposes of being liquidated in judgment (article 122 of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code), but rather it is not possible to extract from the evidence in the case file, any that demonstrates the existence of compensable damage, given that the plaintiff's intention is for the Court to deduce, on its own, the existence of damages or to shift such task to the Chamber, which constitutes a failure to fulfill his burden of proof and therefore must be rejected.
Of course, that does not prevent the surrounding areas of the plaintiff's property from being included in the mitigation and rehabilitation works ordered by this Court in the operative part of this judgment, especially when referring, though not proving, a landslide at the bases of his dwelling, which must also be assessed within the actions to rehabilitate the affected area, and to avoid risks to the safety and integrity of persons, properties, and the environment. Finally, the plaintiff reproaches that there are other effects on the Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium and at the entrance to the alameda that the plaintiff outlines, consisting of: "The two routes and the damage to the alameda and the ballast road (both common areas of the Las Lapas Condominium) converge. The illegal channeling of waters from a sector of Vista de Leona onto the ballast road (Route Two) reached the entrance of what was once an alameda and which they have now turned into an intermittent river, made possible by a natural topographic depression or channel coming from the East (Route One), which now also transports water discharged by the mega-project Vistas de Leona, resulting in the waters improperly discharged onto the ballast road colliding with those coming from the other sector of Vistas de Leona, causing this union swirling waters that also undermine and erode the common areas of the Lapas Condominium.
Thus, at the entrance to the alameda, a destructive whirlpool effect is also presented per se. As a result of all this and as we saw, since 2007, floods have been occurring in a large part of the common areas of the Las Lapas Condominium, including water overflows onto homes and onto the paving stone street that is over the box culvert that crosses the Las Lapas Condominium from East to West." In this regard, in this case, from the plaintiff's own wording, directly compensable damages from her patrimonial sphere that have not been previously alleged cannot be extracted, but rather she refers to homes that have suffered floods, and for this purpose, photos were attached that are included in the judicial file in electronic format.
Regarding this point, it must be verified that the plaintiff has the legal standing to claim on behalf of a third party, an analysis of active standing in relation to the claim pursued, that is, with respect to the administrative legal situation for which indemnification (restitution or recognition) is requested, the plaintiff must have standing to do so, must demonstrate that it holds title to the right or interest, an aspect that this Court finds lacking, and as to which the legal grounds for this position will now be set forth. Which leads us to analyze the active standing to sue (legitimación ad causam activa) that the plaintiff possesses in relation to its claim. Standing which, in the case at hand, even though it was not raised as an objection by the representative of the Municipality, the fact of the matter is that it constitutes one of the three procedural prerequisites that, together with the right and the interest, must be examined sua sponte by this Court.
The foregoing has been recognized by the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, in, among others, Resolution No. 00652-2013 of 11:00 a.m. on May 21, 2013, in which it stated that, “V. As can be gathered from the foregoing, technically speaking, the appellant expresses her disagreement with the sua sponte analysis that the judge carried out regarding the State’s lack of passive standing in this case, an examination that led to the dismissal of the claim brought against it. Regarding that particular concept, this Chamber has repeatedly held that it constitutes ‘a prerequisite of the claim set forth in the complaint and of the opposition made by the defendant, to enable a judgment on the merits that resolves them; consequently, standing in the case does not constitute a procedural prerequisite, insofar as it does not refer to the procedure or the valid exercise of the action, but rather refers to the substantive relationship that must exist between plaintiff and defendant and to the substantive interest being disputed in the proceeding.
Standing in the case refers to the substantive relationship asserted to exist between the parties to the proceeding and the substantive interest in dispute. The defendant must be the person whom the law requires to oppose the plaintiff’s claim or against whom the law permits the substantive legal relationship that is the subject of the complaint to be declared; and the plaintiff is the person who, under the law, may formulate the claims in the complaint, even if the substantive right claimed does not exist or belongs to another (…) The absence of standing in the case constitutes a substantive impediment; if the adjudicator becomes aware of its absence, the adjudicator must so declare sua sponte and issue a judgment declining to rule on the merits, which does not preclude it from being timely raised as a preliminary objection.’ The underscoring is not in the original. (Resolution no. 883 of 9 hours 5 minutes on July 28, 2011.
In a similar vein, see judgments no. 353 of 9 hours 35 minutes on March 15 and no. 190 of 8 hours 45 minutes on February 16, both of 2012). Thus, standing to sue (legitimación ad causam) is outlined as an elementary prerequisite for the issuance of an upholding judgment, since, if its absence is not noted, the judge could incur in the error of granting a right to someone not entitled to it or imposing a duty on someone who is not the obligor. That would mean that the judgment as such becomes unenforceable. Now, in this case, contrary to the thesis put forth by the appellant, no violation whatsoever is evident in the judge’s actions, since she has the duty to verify, even sua sponte, the existence of the three substantive prerequisites for the claim to proceed: right, interest, and standing.” (The highlighting is not in the original). (In the same vein, see Resolutions No. 317-F-S1-2008 of 09:10 a.m. on May 2, 2008, and No. 1548-F-SI-2011 of 09:20 a.m. on December 22, 2011).
The foregoing establishes as a basis that the person making the claim must prove that they have the legal position to demand protection of a legal situation for which they seek recognition, restitution, or indemnification. In fact, precisely the constitutional foundation of the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction is aimed at the protection of “the subjective rights and legitimate interests of the administered” (Article 49 of the Constitution), which is also enshrined in article 41 of the Fundamental Charter when it establishes: “By resorting to the laws, all must find redress for injuries or damages they have received to their person, property, or moral interests. Prompt and complete justice must be done to them, without denial and in strict conformity with the laws.” (Highlighting is the author’s own). This purpose and foundation is taken up in article one of the Contentious-Administrative Procedural Code, which provides that: “The Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction, established in article 49 of the Political Constitution, has the purpose of protecting the legal situations of every person, guaranteeing or restoring the legality of any conduct of the Public Administration subject to Administrative Law, as well as hearing and resolving the various aspects of the administrative legal relationship.” Thus, a legal situation is conceived as a “State or position held by each of the subjects involved in a legal relationship” (Muñoz Machado (Santiago).
Diccionario Panhispánico del Español Jurídico. Spain, Real Academia Española, Volume I, 2017 p.1905). Within legal situations are found subjective rights, obligations, powers, legitimate interests, establishing as the primary guiding principle the existence of an “interest legally deserving of protection as the very reason for legal efficacy; [which] considers legally relevant facts (situations of fact) as the cause of legal situations (rights, obligations, burdens, etc.) (…)” (PÉREZ VARGAS (Víctor). Derecho Privado. San José, Costa Rica, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sixth Edition, 2021, p33). A legal situation that is linked to the concept of an administrative legal relationship in such a way that, in the doctrine, they can be distinguished, based on their content, between advantageous legal situations (such as subjective rights and legitimate interests) and disadvantageous legal situations, distinguishing between one and the other in the sense that the former secure or protect the satisfaction of an interest in favor of their holder, while the latter impose an obligation or a duty upon them.
Now, “Advantageous situations and disadvantageous situations are often linked together, so that the right of the creditor (advantageous situation) is connected to the obligation of the debtor (disadvantageous situation).” (PÉREZ VARGAS (Víctor). Derecho Privado. San José, Costa Rica, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sixth Edition, 2021, p35). In the specific case, reviewing the case file, it is considered by this Collegiate Court that, in this instance, the plaintiff does not demonstrate her standing to seek indemnification for the patrimonial damages of subsidiary properties (fincas filiales) that they hold, pursuant to articles seven and eight of the Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio, for the exclusive use in favor of their titleholders, which provide that: “ARTICLE 7.- Each subsidiary property constitutes an autonomous portion and must be suited for independent use and enjoyment, communicated directly with the public road or with a specific common area leading to it. // ARTICLE 8.- Each subsidiary property, its accessories, and the spaces necessary for its full enjoyment belong exclusively to its owner, who, according to his needs as a unit owner (condómino), shall have the right to make use of the common property in accordance with its purpose.” For the foregoing reason, this claim for damages must also be dismissed, since the plaintiff did not provide any power of attorney demonstrating a mandate to appear before this jurisdiction to claim indemnification for any economic item.
Finally, the plaintiff requests to be indemnified for the past and future damages that have been caused to her by the omissions of the Local Government; however, like the previous claims for damages, this must be dismissed, since she does not indicate what they consist of, nor did she provide any evidentiary elements whatsoever to enable their existence to be determined. This also applies to the request for an abstract and generic declaration regarding any damage or injury that may arise in the future from this omission, which is not feasible for this Court to proceed with as requested, because the existence of damage or injury must be proven, and the opportunity for adversarial proceedings must be given to the natural or legal person from whom it is expected to be recognized, which, given the uncertainty of its occurrence, does not meet the requirements established in article 196 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, and therefore must also be dismissed. -
The representative of the Municipality of Garabito, when answering the complaint and the adjustment of the claims, did not expressly raise any defense. However, it can be deduced that the defendant alleges a lack of right. Nevertheless, due to the manner in which this matter has been resolved, in that this Collegiate Chamber, after having analyzed the case file and the evidence offered by the parties and admitted at the appropriate procedural stage, declares a lack of right partially, partially upholding the claims in the terms developed in this resolution, by virtue of the reasons set forth above.-
Regarding costs, in accordance with article 193 of the Contentious-Administrative Procedural Code, costs and attorney’s fees constitute a burden imposed on the losing party by virtue of being so. Relief from this award is only feasible when, in the Court’s judgment, there was sufficient reason to litigate or when the judgment is issued based on evidence whose existence was unknown to the opposing party. In this instance, the complaint having been partially upheld and there being no evidence in the case file that allows for the losing party (which in this case would be the defendant) to be relieved from paying these costs, in the terms regulated by the cited legal provision, the Municipality of Garabito is ordered to pay costs (costs and attorney’s fees), which shall be calculated in the judgment enforcement phase.-
POR TANTO
Based on the factual and legal grounds set forth, the evidence for a better resolution offered by the plaintiff on February 22, 2024, is admitted. The objection of lack of right is partially rejected, and consequently, the complaint filed by the company CJO DESARROLLOS INTEGRALES S.A. against the MUNICIPALITY OF GARABITO is PARTIALLY GRANTED, with it being understood as dismissed insofar as not expressly granted, and accordingly the following orders are made:
The MUNICIPALITY OF GARABITO is declared liable for its abnormal functioning through omissive conduct regarding the exercise of its legal attributions in matters of planning, oversight, and urban management, in failing to follow up on the construction permits granted to the Vistas de Leona Project, particularly with respect to the stormwater system (desfogue) and its impact on that of the Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium, and in failing to execute and/or order the relevant party to carry out works and actions aimed at mitigating the effects derived from this authorized construction project on the existing stormwater systems in the area subject to this dispute, and therefore, to prevent potential risks to life, the properties of the canton’s inhabitants, and the environment.
The MUNICIPALITY OF GARABITO is ordered to do the following: Implement, execute, and/or require from the relevant party the performance of concrete actions to mitigate the impact of runoff and stormwater that are flowing through the discharges (desfogues) and streams of the Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium, and that allow for the definitive resolution of the flooding problems that are occurring. Carry out or order the relevant party to carry out rehabilitation measures on the impacted areas, both on the unit owners’ properties and common areas that make up the aforementioned Las Lapas Residential Horizontal Condominium. Establish in the future, within the scope of technical discretion, as part of the requirements for granting municipal permits, the technical studies that allow for the identification and anticipation of potential impacts or effects of a project on downstream stormwater systems, as well as, based on these, require the permit holders to comply with the implementation of measures aimed at reducing, mitigating, and preventing any impact on the identified stormwater systems and the environment.
All within the legal framework in force and applicable to the type of construction works to be carried out, based on the principles of reasonableness and proportionality. With respect to the public domain watercourse and any other that is identified, which flows in the area subject to this dispute, it is ordered to carry out the respective institutional coordination and cooperation actions to ensure the proper management of said bodies of water, within the framework of the rules of science and technology, and the regulations in force, which includes the mitigation and rehabilitation work ordered.
Said actions, in accordance with the provisions of article 157 of the Contentious-Administrative Procedural Code, must be carried out within a period not exceeding three (3) months, counted from the day after this judgment becomes final, on the understanding that the enforcement judge will approve and oversee the actions for the effective compliance with this judgment.
The defendant party is ordered to pay costs and attorney’s fees, which shall be calculated in the judgment enforcement phase. Let this be notified. - Cinthya Morales Herra Claudia Bolaños Salazar Carlos José Mejías Rodríguez ???????????????
CINTHYA MARIA MORALES HERRA - DECISION-MAKING JUDGE ???????????????
CLAUDIA BOLAÑOS SALAZAR - DECISION-MAKING JUDGE ????????????????
CARLOS JOSE MEJIAS RODRIGUEZ - DECISION-MAKING JUDGE Goicoechea, Calle Blancos, 50 meters west of BNCR, across from Café Dorado. Telephones: 2545-0107 or 2545-0099. Ext. 01-2707 or 01-2599. Fax: 2241-5664 or 2545-0006. Email: [email protected] Classification prepared by the CENTRO DE INFORMACIÓN JURISPRUDENCIAL of the Judicial Branch. Reproduction and/or distribution for profit is prohibited.
It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 03-29-2026 09:39:06.
Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Normativa Internacional: Convención americana sobre derechos humanos, Pacto de San José Sentencias del mismo expediente Normativa internacional Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: Derecho Administrativo Tema: Responsabilidad objetiva de la Administración Subtemas:
Responsabilidad municipal por funcionamiento anormal ante omisión de inspeccionar y fiscalizar permisos constructivos en particular al sistema pluvial y no ejecutar acciones para mitigar problemas ambientales e impactos por inundaciones. Fundamento y alcances de la responsabilidad patrimonial de la administración por conducta omisiva. Presupuestos de la reparación integral del daño.
Tema: Municipalidad Subtemas:
Responsabilidad municipal por funcionamiento anormal ante omisión de inspeccionar y fiscalizar permisos constructivos en particular al sistema pluvial y no ejecutar acciones para mitigar problemas ambientales e impactos por inundaciones. Fundamento y alcances de la responsabilidad patrimonial de la administración por conducta omisiva. Análisis con respecto a la debida y obligada coordinación con las instituciones públicas.
Tema: Permiso de construcción Subtemas:
Responsabilidad municipal por funcionamiento anormal ante omisión de inspeccionar y fiscalizar permisos constructivos en particular al sistema pluvial y no ejecutar acciones para mitigar problemas ambientales e impactos por inundaciones.
Tema: Planificación urbana Subtemas:
Responsabilidad municipal por funcionamiento anormal ante omisión de inspeccionar y fiscalizar permisos constructivos en particular al sistema pluvial y no ejecutar acciones para mitigar problemas ambientales e impactos por inundaciones.
Tema: Urbanismo municipal Subtemas:
Responsabilidad municipal por funcionamiento anormal ante omisión de inspeccionar y fiscalizar permisos constructivos en particular al sistema pluvial y no ejecutar acciones para mitigar problemas ambientales e impactos por inundaciones.
Tema: Vigilancia municipal urbana Subtemas:
Responsabilidad municipal por funcionamiento anormal ante omisión de inspeccionar y fiscalizar permisos constructivos en particular al sistema pluvial y no ejecutar acciones para mitigar problemas ambientales e impactos por inundaciones.
Tema: Poder de policía Subtemas:
Responsabilidad municipal por funcionamiento anormal ante omisión de inspeccionar y fiscalizar permisos constructivos en particular al sistema pluvial y no ejecutar acciones para mitigar problemas ambientales e impactos por inundaciones.
Tema: Derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado Subtemas:
Responsabilidad municipal por funcionamiento anormal ante omisión de inspeccionar y fiscalizar permisos constructivos en particular al sistema pluvial y no ejecutar acciones para mitigar problemas ambientales e impactos por inundaciones.
Tema: Protección del ambiente Subtemas:
Responsabilidad municipal por funcionamiento anormal ante omisión de inspeccionar y fiscalizar permisos constructivos en particular al sistema pluvial y no ejecutar acciones para mitigar problemas ambientales e impactos por inundaciones.
Tema: Competencia contencioso administrativa Subtemas:
Responsabilidad municipal por funcionamiento anormal ante omisión de inspeccionar y fiscalizar permisos constructivos en particular al sistema pluvial y no ejecutar acciones para mitigar problemas ambientales e impactos por inundaciones.
2.[...] responsabilidad patrimonial preeminentemente objetiva de la Corporación Municipal en cumplir las diferentes instrucciones, órdenes y recomendaciones que emitieron las entidades públicas citadas, con especial énfasis en diagnosticar, investigar y evaluar los mecanismos para mitigar los impactos de las aguas pluviales del Proyecto Vistas de Leona sobre las poblaciones y desarrollos urbanísticos aguas abajo, [...]" Citas de Legislación y Doctrina Sentencias Relacionadas EV Generación de Machote: F:\Gestion-Judicial\Servidor de Archivos\Modelos\Contencioso\TCRESOL016.dpj *190068141027CA* CONOCIMIENTO ACTOR/A:
CJO DESARROLLOS INTEGRALES SA DEMANDADO/A:
BANCO IMPROSA SA Nº N° 2024001743 TRIBUNAL CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO Y CIVIL DE HACIENDA, SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL, SAN JOSÉ, GOICOECHEA, a las veinte horas con siete minutos del veinte de Marzo del dos mil veinticuatro.- Proceso de conocimiento interpuesto por el señor Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata, mayor de edad, vecino de San Francisco de Dos Ríos, de la provincia de San José, con cédula de identidad N° 1-0491-0645, a título personal y como Presidente con facultades de apoderado generalísimo de la empresa CJO DESARROLLOS INTEGRALES SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA, pudiendo abreviarse su aditamento como S.A., con cédula de persona jurídica N° 3-101-418155 en contra de la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO, con cédula de persona jurídica N° 3-014-56076, representada por la apoderada judicial, la señora Raquel Sandí Batista, con cédula de identidad N° 1-1520-6342, y carné del Colegio de Abogados y Abogadas de Costa Rica N° 26342. Participa como abogado director del proceso de la parte actora, el señor José Pablo Mata Ferreto, carné del Colegio de Abogados y Abogadas de Costa Rica Nº 5325.
ACTUACIONES PROCESALES. Como parte del íter procesal de relevancia para la resolución del presente proceso, se tiene lo siguiente:
I.Mediante escrito de demanda presentado en fecha 10 de octubre del 2019 y ajustado en fecha 01 de julio de 2021, la parte actora formuló las siguientes pretensiones, a fin de que en sentencia se declare lo siguiente: “PRETENSIONES PRINCIPALES Se declare disconforme con el ordenamiento jurídico la conducta de la Municipalidad de Garabito consistente en las siguientes omisiones: • Inacción, falta de fiscalización y falta de uso de herramientas jurídicas a sus disposición ante el desarrollo urbanístico irregular que representan los Condominios Vistas de Leona (Hechos #12, 21, 25, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35 y 39). • Falta de otorgamiento del Permiso Municipal para la construcción de ambos condominios Vistas de Leona (Hechos # 12, 18, 19, 22, 23 y 25). • Falta de exigencia de los requisitos, visados y permisos constructivos usuales, como es el caso del Permiso de Desfogue Pluvial y la autorización oportuna del Ministerio de Salud, del Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillado y del INVU (Hechos # 12, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25 y 26). • Falta de cumplimiento de actuaciones y obras específicas que otras instituciones le ordenaron a la Municipalidad implementar y fiscalizar, como es el caso de: las medidas de mitigación ordenadas por la Comisión Nacional de Emergencia; el control, fiscalización, realización de estudios y la toma de medidas según recomendó el Ministerio de Salud; el estudio hidrológico y las obras de infraestructura ordenadas por A. y A. y, la fiscalización ordenada por SETENA (Hechos #24, 25, 26, 37 y 39). • Falta de cumplimiento de lo ordenado por la Sala Constitucional en cuanto a ‘llegar a una solución respecto a los hechos alegados por el amparado’.
(Hechos # 31, 32, 33, 24 y 35). • Falta de exigencia municipal de obras específicas por parte de Vistas de Leona que departamentos de la propia Municipalidad reconocieron como necesarias (Hechos # 12, 30 y 36). • Falta de resolución de la denuncia planteada por la aquí actora (Hechos # 29 y 30). B- Pretensión genérica de HACER: Condénese a la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO al efectivo ejercicio de sus potestades legales y de imperio y a realizar y velar por la realización las obras necesarias a fin de evitar y revertir las consecuencias perjudiciales de su actuar ilegítimo en contra de la actora, así como a exigir de cualquier infractor cualquier obra necesaria en cumplimiento de la normativa legal desaplicada en materia urbanística en general y en materia de desfogues y disposición de aguas pluviales en lo particular, para el cese de la afectación de los legítimos intereses y derechos de la parte actora.
C- Se condene a la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO al pago de una indemnización por los daños y perjuicios presentes que se hayan ocasionado, así como de los futuros que se ocasionen producto de sus negligencias, actuaciones disconformes y omisiones en todo lo relativo a la disposición indebida de las aguas pluviales del megaproyecto de condominios Vistas de Leona, la cual se liquidará en la fase de ejecución de sentencia. D- Se condene a la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO al pago de ambas costas de estos procedimientos, las cuales se liquidarán en la etapa procesal oportuna”. Dichas pretensiones se mantuvieron incólumes durante la celebración de la Audiencia Preliminar llevada a cabo a las 13:55 horas del día 15 de diciembre de 2021. (Ver imágenes 02 a 68, y 1380 a 1419 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico, así como la minuta de la audiencia preliminar, visible a imágenes 1478 a 1482 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico y audio de la audiencia preliminar en el Sistema SIGAO).
II.Conferido, el traslado de la demanda a la Municipalidad de Garabito, mediante la resolución de las 13:56 horas del 31 de octubre de 2019 por parte del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda; en fecha 08 de enero de 2020, contestó de forma negativa la demanda, solicitando que se declare sin lugar en todos sus extremos. Así mismo, requirió que se condene a la parte actora al pago de ambas costas. (Ver imágenes 643 a 645, 667 a 688 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
III.Mediante resolución de las 14:06 horas del 01 de abril de 2020, el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda confiere audiencia a la parte actora para referirse a lo contestado por la Municipalidad de Garabito, por un plazo de tres (3) días hábiles. La cual es efectuada, en fecha 21 de abril de 2020 por parte de la actora, reiterando sus argumentos y ofreciendo contraprueba documental, testimonial y pericial. (Ver imágenes 903 a 946 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
IV.Mediante escrito de fecha 01 julio de 2021 la parte actora, la empresa CJO DESARROLLOS INTEGRALES S.A. desistió parcialmente de su demanda, a efectos de mantener únicamente su acción contra la Municipalidad de Garabito, así como también ajustó las pretensiones, las cuales se fijaron, según fueron consignas en el punto I de la presente Resolución. (Ver imágenes 1380 a 1419 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
V.Mediante la resolución de las 11:16 horas del 09 de julio de 2021, el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda acogió el desistimiento parcial de la demanda, ordenando el archivo parcial de la causa, y continuando el proceso únicamente contra la Municipalidad de Garabito. (Ver imágenes 1420 a 1421 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
VI.Mediante la resolución de las 10:02 horas de fecha 27 de setiembre de 2021, el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda le confirió audiencia a la Municipalidad de Garabito, por un plazo de tres (3) días hábiles, a fin de que emitiera pronunciamiento sobre el escrito de ampliación de pretensiones realizado por la parte actora, así como convocó a la audiencia preliminar. (Ver imágenes 1431 a 1434 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
VII.En fecha 04 de octubre de 2021, la Municipalidad de Garabito se refirió al ajuste de las pretensiones efectuado por la parte actora, manteniendo incólume el ofrecimiento de prueba que realizó con la contestación de la demanda. (Ver imágenes 14337 y 1438 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
VIII.La audiencia preliminar se celebró el día 15 de diciembre del 2021, con la presencia de todas las partes. En ésta, las partes manifestaron que no encontraron vicios dentro del procedimiento, se mantuvieron incólumes las pretensiones incoadas con la demanda y ajustadas en fecha 06 de julio de 2021, se determinaron todos los hechos de la demanda con excepción del hecho segundo, en carácter de controvertidos y ante la solicitud de la parte actora de tener como tercero interesado a la Contraloría General de la República, en ese acto, el Juez de Trámite lo rechazó. Se admitió como prueba común de las partes, el expediente administrativo a nombre del Condominio Vista Leona, y del recurso de amparo presentado por el señor Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata. Admitiéndose toda la prueba presentada por la parte actora, tanto en su demanda, como en su réplica, y rechazándose la prueba documental 1 al 10, 47, 49, 50, 51, 66 y 61 presentada con la demanda. Y se admitió la prueba documental ofrecida por la parte demandada correspondiente a los anexos N° 1 y N° 3. Así como se admitió la realización de una prueba pericial, y la evacuación de dos testigos propuestos por la parte actora. (Ver Audio en el SIGAO y minuta de la Audiencia Preliminar visible a imágenes 1478 a 1482 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
IX.En fecha 06 de octubre del año 2022, el Ingeniero Alberto Serrano Pacheco, rindió el informe pericial requerido, del cual mediante la resolución de las 8:21 horas de fecha 20 de octubre de 2022, el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, confirió audiencia por un término de tres (3) días hábiles, a las partes para que emitieran pronunciamiento respectivo. (Ver imágenes 1490 a 1567 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
X.Mediante memorial de fecha 26 de octubre de 2022, la Municipalidad de Garabito se refirió al Informe Pericial efectuado por el señor Alberto Serrano Pacheco. (Ver imágenes 1573 a 1580 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
XI.En fecha 26 de abril de 2023, la empresa Inmobiliaria Abarca & Barrantes S.A., en calidad de propietaria de la finca filial N° 21 del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, requirió ser considerado como coadyuvante de la parte actora en el presente proceso, “dado que el resultado de acción incide en la esfera de sus intereses”. (Ver imágenes 1610 a 1612 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
XII.En fecha 26 de febrero del 2024, se celebró la audiencia del juicio oral y público con la presencia de todas las partes del proceso, donde la parte actora manifestó la solicitud de incluir al señor Luis Rodolfo Calderón en calidad de representante legal de la empresa Inmobiliaria Abarca & Barrantes S.A. y la admisión de prueba para mejor resolver. Ambas gestiones acogidas por el Tribunal, otorgándole un plazo de tres (3) días hábiles para que la Municipalidad se refiera a dicha prueba. En relación con aspectos de saneamiento no fueron encontrados por ninguna de las partes; se formularon los alegatos de apertura, se recibió la declaración del perito judicial, el señor Alberto Serrano Pacheco, con cédula 2-0514-0061, el testigo perito, el señor José Gerardo Roig Loria, con cédula de identidad N° 3-0259-0214 y el testigo Paulino Vargas Calderón con cédula de identidad N° 6-0202-0076; y finalmente se rindieron conclusiones de manera de oral.
Declarándose, por parte de este Tribunal, en virtud de la naturaleza del proceso, como de tramitación muy compleja, a la luz de los numerales 111 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativa y 47 del Reglamento Autónomo de Organización y Servicio de la Jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativa y Civil de Hacienda. (Ver minuta del juicio oral y público, visible a imágenes 1662 a 1668 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico, y Audio y video en SIGAO).
XIII.Mediante memorial de fecha 29 de febrero de 2024, la Municipalidad de Garabito solicitó la ampliación del plazo conferido en la audiencia del juicio oral y público, siendo que no tuvo acceso a la prueba para mejor resolver, ante una situación del soporte informático. En atención a dicha solicitud, el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, mediante resolución de las 11:43 horas de fecha 05 de marzo de 2024 no le confirió la prórroga solicitada, en virtud de no constar justificaciones no imputables a la demandada para ampliar el plazo conferido. (Ver imágenes 1643 a 1647 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
XIV.En los procedimientos se han observado las prescripciones y términos de ley, y no se perciben vicios, defectos u omisiones susceptibles de producir nulidad de lo actuado o indefensión a las partes. Se dicta la presente resolución por unanimidad y previa deliberación de los miembros del presente Tribunal.
Redacta la jueza Morales Herra, con el voto afirmativo de las personas juzgadoras Bolaños Salazar y Mejías Rodríguez.
CONSIDERANDO
La representación de la parte actora, de forma posterior a la audiencia preliminar y antes del juicio oral y público, en fecha 22 de febrero de 2024, presentó una solicitud para que se admitiera una prueba para mejor resolver, la cual consiste en unos videos de inundaciones acontecidas en los meses de junio y octubre del año 2022. Sobre la cual se le confirió audiencia a la parte demandada, por este Tribunal durante la celebración del Juicio Oral y Público por un plazo de tres (3) días hábiles para que se refiriera a ésta. Lo anterior, con sustento en el numeral 50 inciso 2) primera parte del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. Sin embargo, no consta su pronunciamiento, según lo apuntado en los resultandos expuestos anteriormente. Ahora bien, tal y como consta en autos sobre esta prueba se les brindó audiencia previa a las partes, a fin de emitieran las manifestaciones que consideraran pertinentes en cumplimiento de los principios de contradicción, bilateralidad y debido proceso y derecho de defensa.
Siendo responsabilidad de la parte demandada procurar copia de dicha prueba, la cual estuvo dispuesta en el Despacho Judicial, según lo señalado en la audiencia del Juicio Oral y Público. Respecto de la prueba para mejor resolver, la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, ha sostenido de forma uniforme que ésta “(…) no es una prueba de las partes. Es prueba del Juez. Resulta potestativa para éste en caso de considerarla indispensable para dictar su sentencia. Siendo potestativa no vincula al juzgador a evacuarla. En este sentido la Sala ha resuelto en muchas oportunidades que no existe la falta del vicio de indefensión ni tampoco la falta de evacuación de prueba idónea si se trata de una prueba para mejor resolver. Aun cuando se hubiere considerado la posibilidad de su evacuación ello queda a criterio del Juez quien podrá prescindir de ella sin necesidad de dictar resolución alguna.
Sencillamente al no ordenarla se entiende rechazada. En este sentido, entre otras, podrían verse las sentencias números 23 de las 14 horas y 20 minutos del 4 de marzo de 1992, 34 de las 10 horas y 45 minutos del 28 de mayo de 1993 y 83 de las 14 horas y 40 minutos del 22 de diciembre de 1993”. (Ver Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Resolución N° 00059-1995 de las 15:20 horas de fecha 31 de mayo de 1995). Siendo ello así, este Tribunal a la luz de las pretensiones y excepciones presentadas por las partes, considera que la prueba referida en líneas anteriores es útil y pertinente, al incorporar elementos demostrativos que resultan relevantes para la correcta decisión del conflicto, por lo que se adopta la decisión de admitirla en la presente litis. Prueba que se valorará en conjunto y bajo las reglas de la sana crítica racional, conforme a lo establecido en el numeral 82 inciso 1) del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo.
Igualmente, se considera útil como referencia histórica para ser tenida como prueba para mejor proveer, las certificaciones extendidas por el Registro Público, y que fueron excluidos por el Juez de Trámite durante la audiencia preliminar, sin embargo, dada las características del presente proceso y a la luz del contradictorio, se considera relevante tener como incluidas como prueba para mejor resolver, las certificaciones numeradas como 3, 4, 7, 8 y 9 en el libelo de la demanda.
Conforme al elenco documental probatorio admitido en este proceso, se tienen como hechos demostrados y relevantes para el dictado de la presente Resolución, por tener el correspondiente sustento, los siguientes hechos:
Dicha planta tampoco cuenta con los permisos Municipales. 3- Existen trabajos de mitigación, gaviones con piedra papa y colchones, colocados en el cauce de la misma quebrada, con una altura de un metro en algunas partes, con un ancho de 4 metros, y con una distancia de aproximadamente 1.500 m lineales de gaviones. Posteriormente verificamos que, a raíz del arrastre de los sedimentos de dicha quebrada, existen gran cantidad de árboles muertos aguas abajo. (…)”. (Ver Informe de Inspección en Propiedad de Banco Improsa contiguo a Punta Leona, de fecha 13 de enero de 2009, visible a imágenes 230 a 236 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
Apuntando que: “(…) 4. La situación en nuestro terreno, antes de la construcción de la casa y todavía un corto tiempo después, era normal, en la llamada área común o alameda de 8 metros de ancho, que tenía una escorrentía de aguas o mínima o insignificante de aguas durante los meses de invierno, pero que se secaba en el verano, y que hacia el final del lindero oeste desemboca una alcantarilla de cuadro de 140 metros de longitud, con una sección de 1.20 x 1.40 m, que es pare del sistema de evacuación de aguas pluviales del condominio, y que continua bajo una calle adoquinada, para el desfogue fluvial. 5. Sin embargo, la situación anterior cambió radical y drásticamente, porque hubo una crecida de aguas similar a la de un riachuelo en el área común norte, aproximadamente en el invierno del año 2007, producto del Nuevo Proyecto Residencial Vistas de Leona, (…) Además, con motivo de los movimientos de tierra del Condominio Villa Leona, (…) ocurrió un anegamiento de calles y propiedades dentro del Condominio Las Lapas, con miles de metros cúbicos de barro, agua y escombros.
Este evento provocado, corrió desde las alturas de las laderas del Condominio Vistas de Leona hacia el sur de la Lapas, justo en la dirección tres propiedades a distancia de la nuestra, justo por el lote sin construir que está detrás del poco bosque que dejaron, y la solución momentánea fue construir una zanja, que pasa detrás de nuestras propiedades por el lindero Este, y con los dos inviernos siguientes ha lavado el camino trasero, con una profundidad mayor al metro y medio (…). Tras de varias inundaciones, finalmente dos han llegado hasta la terraza de mi casa, ha habido deslave de bordes del terreno del desfogue pluvial y que por el momento solo han humedecido algunas sillas que están en un plano superior de dos metros aproximadamente; asimismo, la corriente ha dejado restos en el zacate y plantas ornamentales, con grave peligro para nuestros bienes y riesgo para la vida de los ocupantes.
(…) En consecuencia, la situación es real y el problema ha sido creado artificialmente por las obras de remoción de tierra y conexión sin permiso de vecino y costas del alcantarillado de Las Lapas, y no mi propiedad ni el muro perimetral que impide el paso de las aguas, o que deban soportar las inundaciones, o quedar a merced del riesgo de una avalancha o sufrir los anegamientos de barro y escombros frente a mi propiedad y con inundación de propiedades vecinas”. (Ver Oficio sin número de fecha 16 de setiembre de 2009, visible a imágenes 183 a 201 del expediente administrativo judicial en formato electrónico).
Reiterando las argumentaciones que esbozó en su denuncia ante la Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias. (Ver imágenes 237 a 260 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
Igualmente, esa oportunidad manifestó que: “7. Medidas de Mitigación y Prevención (…) Se tiene en el área residencial La Lapas en Punta Leona, se están presentando problemas de inundación cuando se dan fuertes precipitaciones en la zona; por lo tanto, se indica seguir las siguientes recomendaciones: (…) Se debe presentar un estudio que demuestres (sic) que el desfogue de las aguas tanto fluviales como negras, no estén afectando el ambiente y las partes bajas donde se ubica la zona residencial. (…) Si se demuestra que hay afectación, se debe proceder a realizar las obras de mitigación correspondientes, con el fin de dar solución al problema. (…) A lo anterior se agregaría si es necesario hacer cambios en el alcantarillado del residencial. (…) Se debe colocar una (sic) alcantarillado en la zanja ubicada en la parte posterior de las viviendas, para la reducción del proceso erosivo y la conservación del suelo.
Además, se les recuerda que cualquier anomalía en cuanto a técnicas y normas de construcción QUEDA BAJO TOTAL RESPONSABILIDAD de las institución (sic) que otorgan permisos, (…) y Municipalidad de Garabito de no solicitar los informes, inspecciones y correcciones correspondientes”. (El resaltado corresponde al original). (Ver Informe Técnico N° DPM-INF-1574-2009 de fecha 18 de diciembre de 2009 emitido por el Departamento de Prevención y Mitigación, que corre a imágenes 202 a 208 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
Por otra parte en una de las partes más bajas de esta quebrada hay una aparente invasión de la zona de protección de la quebrada donde se construyó un residencial denominado ‘Residencial Las Lapas’ (…) En la urbanización las aguas de la quebrada fueron canalizadas mediante una estructura de block de cemento que tiene un diámetro aproximado de 140 de ancho por 150 centímetros de alto cubierto por encima con adoquines que atraviesa todo el residencial; precisamente la estructura de block y concreto mencionada comienza donde está ubicada la casa del denunciante el señor Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata. (…) la estructura que perteneces a la casa número 35 prácticamente se ubica a 2 metro (sic) del cauce. (…) el cauce de la quebrada y claramente visible la parte superior de la casa del denunciante totalmente en zona de protección de quebrada. Como ya se dijo, los afluentes que alimentan la quebrada provienen de la microcuenca que está aguas arriba del ‘Residencial Lapas’ y en sus márgenes está el proyecto Villa Leona, también alimenta esta quebrada las aguas que provienen de un pequeño parche de bosque y también las que por escorrentía proviene de la calle Vieja a Punta Leona.
(…) Otro punto a considerar importante, es el hecho que el área común según indica el denunciante está viéndose afectada cuando hay fuertes aguaceros por presencia de lodos y agua. Parte del área común que él denuncia indica comprende entre otras la parte central del Residencial Lapas totalmente adoquinada misma que aparentemente es zona de protección de la quebrada lo cual debe determinar MINAET. (…)” Enviando dicho informe a la Municipalidad de Garabito, Departamento de Ingeniería y Departamento de Junta Vial, “para su conocimiento y para que se tomen las medidas correspondientes antes lo mencionado de acuerdo a sus competencias”. (Ver imágenes 211 a 222 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
(…) En el condominio Las Lapas, se observó la existencia de una quebrada ubicada al lado norte de la filial 35, en dicha quebrada existe socavación del terreno en ambos márgenes, también se observó socavación el terreno en el canal pluvial ubicado en la calle del condominio detrás de la finca filial 35. En la calle de acceso frente a la filial 35 la quebrada es encausada mediante una alcantarilla de cuadro y entubada debajo de la calzada existente con recorrido de aproximadamente 85 metros en sentido este-oeste (…) su salida está ubicada en intersección de calle al oeste del condominio, la quebrada continua su recorrido en un área verde del condominio. El plano del condominio Las Lapas se indica una zona verde de 8 metros de ancho y otra zona verde de 13 metros de ancho, estados dos zonas son áreas común (sic) libre del condominio, en la cual no se indica ningún cause existente de tipo intermitente o permanente.
(…) Para el desfogue pluvial final del proyecto (…) se establecieron dos servidumbres externas cuya autorización quedo respaldada por medio de una Declaración Jurada. El cause al cual realiza el desfogue el proyecto Condominio Vistas de Leona continua su recorrido atravesando aguas abajo el condominio Las Lapas en sentido Este-Oeste, a través de las áreas verdes indicadas en el plano del Condominio Las Lapas como áreas común (sic) libre. La indicación por parte del MINAE del cauce de dominio público que afecta el Condominio Las Lapas y el cual es el desfogue final del condominio Vistas de Leona, se dio mediante documento IMN-DA-1747-2008 con fecha del año 2008 y el proyecto Las Lapas fue aprobado por el INVU en el año 2004. En los planos del condominio Las Lapas aprobado por el INVU en el año 2004 no se establece ningún cuerpo de agua que afecte el proyecto, ni muchos menos se indican retiros por este concepto, las áreas verdes indicado en el plano tampoco establecen que sean por cauces de flujo intermitente o estacional.
Para el Proyecto Vistas de Leona se presentó el correspondiente estudio Hidrológico del proyecto hasta su desfogue autorizado por la Municipalidad. El estudio Hidrológico con la afectación de la cuenca aguas abajo por el desfogue del proyecto Vistas de Leona, no fueron presentados ante este departamento, le corresponde a la Municipalidad solicitar dicho estudio previo a la autorización del desfogue pluvial. Tanto el proyecto condominio Las Lapas como las restantes etapas que componen el proyecto Vistas de Leona, no cuentan con planos aprobados por parte del AYA. El proyecto Condominio Vistas de Leona tiene aprobado los planos únicamente de la primera etapa constructiva que corresponde a 150 filiales. Para la aprobación de las etapas restantes del proyecto condominio Vistas de Leona, la Municipalidad de Garabito deberá solicitar el estudio hidrológico correspondiente de afectación del proyecto a la cuenta aguas abajo y con base en el mismo, tomar las medidas pertinentes solicitando al desarrollador las obras de infraestructura que se requieran, con el fin de evitar la afectación de la cuenca, de los proyectos y propiedades que se ubican aguas abajo al sitio autorizado de desfogue”. (Ver Informe de Inspección N° SUB-G-AID-UEN-PyC-URB-I-2011-12 visible a imágenes 298 a 302 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
El canal de desfogue de aguas pluviales atraviesa toda el área central del proyecto y presenta gran cantidad de sedimentos provenientes de las laderas de las terrazas construidas. 11. Los sedimentos del canal son arrastrados, en conjunto con otras aguas pluviales que se integran aguas debajo de otros proyectos urbanísticos construidos hasta Playa Mantas”. (Ver Informe Técnico N° ASA-532-2011-SETENA, de fecha 17 de marzo de 2011, visible a imágenes 340 a 347 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
Formándose un embudo en la alcantarilla de la Finca Filial 35 del Condominio Lapas, provocando desbordamientos de esas aguas afectando inmuebles de ese Condominio generando serios daños a esas propiedades cada vez con más frecuencia sin que a la fecha se haya buscado una solución al problema por parte de la empresa consultora y del ingeniero Castillo”. (Ver Oficio N° TH-025-2015 de fecha 21 de enero de 2014 (sic), visible a imágenes 367 a 369 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
No se tiene por demostrado el hecho intimado que dice ‘Haber realizado estudios básicos, estudios preliminares, planos, diseños e inspección técnica con respecto al caudal de escorrentía pluvial que conllevó a inundaciones en la casa del ingeniero Rodolfo Calderón Mata, y el Residencial Las Lapas’- Debido a que queda la duda si las inundaciones son consecuencia de un deficiente quehacer profesional del ingeniero Castillo Rojas, o son consecuencia del entubado de la quebrada que colinda con la casa del Ingeniero Rodolfo Calderón Marta, realizado por los desarrolladores del residencia Las Lapas. Llama la atención que, en el catastro de la propiedad del Ingeniero Calderón Mata, denunciante, se señale como alameda la quebrada colindante, a la cual se le desfogan las aguas pluviales de la casa del denunciante, y se irrespeta el retiro correspondiente a una quebrada. Hechos que se observan a folio 717 correspondiente a catastro, y 701 al 709 correspondientes al informe de inspección SPR-001-1780-OMBS. (…)” (Ver Acuerdo N° 40 de la Junta Directiva del CFIA, Oficio N° JDG-01010-14/15 de fecha 27 de agosto de 2005, visible a imágenes 370 a 386 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
Se tienen como hechos no probados de relevancia para el dictado de la sentencia, sea porque las partes incumplieron con sus cargas probatorias, o bien, porque este Tribunal no halló prueba idónea que, a la luz del principio de la sana crítica, permitiera acreditarlos, los siguientes:
Del análisis de los autos, demanda y sus pretensiones, así como de los argumentos conclusivos efectuados durante la celebración de la audiencia del juicio oral y público, se deriva que el objeto del presente proceso consiste en determinar si en la especie se configura la responsabilidad preeminentemente objetiva de la Municipalidad de Garabito, imputable por funcionamiento anormal (por conducta material omisiva), derivada del incumplimiento de su obligación de los siguientes aspectos:
A partir de lo anterior, esboza como pretensiones, por un lado, el declarar disconforme con el ordenamiento jurídico la conducta de la Municipalidad de Garabito por las omisiones citadas; y por el otro, establece una pretensión genérica de hacer, a fin de que dicho Gobierno Local “realice y vele por la realización de obras necesarias a fin de evitar y revertir las consecuencias perjudiciales de su actuar ilegítimo en contra de la actora, así como a exigir (…) cualquier obra necesaria en cumplimiento de la normativa legal desaplicada en materia urbanística en general y en materia de desfogues y disposición de aguas pluviales en lo particular”. Adicionalmente requiere la indemnización de los daños y perjuicios ocasionados, así como de los futuros que se ocasionen producto de sus negligencias y actuaciones disconformes, los cuales se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia, más el pago de las costas procesales y personales del presente proceso.
En otro orden de ideas, se debe señalar que, la parte actora, según consta en los autos, acudió a diferentes instancias para denunciar y solicitar la intervención de las situación de las inundaciones que afectan el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, acudiendo en su oportunidad al Colegio Federado e Ingenieros y Arquitectos, Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, Comisión Nacional para la Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia y la Municipalidad de Garabito. Ahora bien, en razón el objeto de litis, la cual fue trabada con la contestación de la demanda, y posterior ajuste efectuado por parte de la actora en fecha 01 de julio de 2021, acogido por parte de este Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda mediante la resolución de las 10:02 horas de fecha 27 de setiembre de 2021, ajuste de pretensiones sobre el cual, el ayuntamiento se pronunció en fecha 04 de octubre de 2021, se circunscribirá el presente proceso a enjuiciar la conducta de la Municipalidad de Garabito únicamente en lo que la parte actora estableció conducta omisiva, no así las demás entidades públicas que, de alguna manera u otra cuentan con competencias legales atribuidas en materia de aguas pluviales y de incidencia ambiental.
Reservándose, como adelante se dirá, las potestades de coordinación y cooperación interinstitucional que están dispuestas a nivel del ordenamiento jurídico. Por otra parte, también debe aclararse que, al momento de la interposición de la demanda, ésta se dirigió no sólo en contra de la Municipalidad de Garabito, sino también a todas las sociedades propietarias de los inmuebles circunvecinos del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, incluyendo al Banco Improsa como fiduciario de la propiedad donde se desarrolla el Proyecto Vistas de Leona, acción judicial que desistió la actora, como se apuntó en líneas precedentes. Por este motivo, no se han ponderado por parte de esta Cámara Colegiado los aspectos incluidos en la demanda que hacen alusión a dichas personas jurídicas, ni tampoco la prueba y argumentos que en su momento fueron aportados por los otrora demandados, ni la réplica de contestación efectuada en su momento por parte de la actora respecto a éstos, salvo lo admitido expresamente en la Audiencia Preliminar, por parte de la persona Juzgadora de Trámite.
De ahí que, tampoco ha sido parte de este proceso, el control de legalidad de las conductas de los entonces demandados, por escaparse del objeto de la litis. Finalmente, en cumplimiento del principio dispositivo, y tomando en consideración el marco del proceso que ha sido definido por parte de la representación de la actora, respecto a que sometió a esta Jurisdicción Contenciosa la pretensión de controlar la conducta por parte de la Municipalidad de Garabito, únicamente en cuanto al funcionamiento anormal por conducta omisiva, de ahí que, se escapa del presente proceso, el control de legalidad sobre los actos administrativos emanados por ésta, y su verificación de conformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico, siendo que si bien, de los autos se infieren que tangencialmente existieron argumentos esbozados de forma genérica por parte de la accionante, lo cierto del caso es que, de la redacción de las pretensiones ajustadas por parte de la actora, y el hecho de que haya tomado la decisión de desistir la acción respecto a las personas jurídicas que fueron destinatarias de estos actos administrativos, se determina que dichos actos formales no fueron sometidos a control judicial por la parte actora en este proceso, por lo que tampoco es parte del proceso, el análisis de si estos actos formales cuentan con algún vicio en sus elementos esenciales (motivo, contenido, procedimiento, voluntad y fin), reiterándose, por cuanto dentro de sus pretensiones no solicitó la declaratoria de nulidad de actos formales dictados por parte de la Municipalidad de Garabito (solo la disconformidad dentro de la conducta omisiva), ni tampoco alegó dentro de su demanda y ajuste de pretensiones la existencia de algún vicio en los elementos de dichos actos. De ahí que, lo anterior será el marco de decisión de esta Cámara Colegiada. -
Como se indicó líneas arriba, en su escrito de demanda, réplica y argumentos efectuados en la fase de conclusiones de la audiencia del juicio oral y público, la actora es propietaria de la finca filial N° 35 del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas (en diferentes partes de la presente resolución se hace referencia a dicho condominio con nomenclaturas distintas, dado que así son transcritas de las instituciones que participaron en los diferentes hechos esbozados en la demanda, no obstante todas se refieren al mismo complejo urbanístico). Dicho Condominio se encuentra ubicado en el Complejo Turístico Punta Leona, en el sitio denominado Mantas, del Distrito de Jacó, del Cantón de Garabito de la Provincia de Puntarenas. Por lo que se encuentra dentro de la jurisdicción de la Municipalidad de Garabito. Narra que dicha casa de recreo ha sido utilizada por el representante de la actora, el señor Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata, desde el año 2005, en ese año “(…) y durante los años anteriores, el curso y desfogue de las aguas era normal; específicamente, en el área común o alameda de 8 metros de ancho al Norte de la filial de mi representada, funcionaba en su centro un pequeño caño, en donde la escorrentía de aguas era insignificante en los meses de invierno y permanecía seco en los meses de verano.
Esa alameda se une y continúa en su extremo Oeste con la (…) alcantarilla de cuadro bajo la calle adoquinada en Condominio Las Lapas, con una sección de 1.25 m x 1.50 m, apropiada hasta entonces para el desfogue pluvial propio (del Condominio Las Lapas) y de una reducida área circundante con densa cobertura vegetal”. Señala que, a partir del año 2007, con el desarrollo de un proyecto habitacional, integrado por el Condominios Horizontal Residencial con Fincas Filiales Primarias Individualizadas Vistas de Leona y Condominio Horizontal Residencial en Fincas Filiales Primarias Individualizadas Ciento Cuarenta y Nueve del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Vistas de Leona, y que para los efectos de la presente resolución se aludirá al Proyecto Vistas de Leona, cuya extensión es de más de 20 hectáreas, y más de 300 fincas filiales, en comparación con la extensión menor que el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, de sólo 2.1 hectáreas, y 60 fincas filiales; ha venido sufriendo una serie de inundaciones por aguas pluviales en algunas de las casas que están al frente de la calle de adoquines, donde por debajo de ésta se encuentra la alcantarilla de cuadro antes descrita.
Comenta que, en el invierno del año 2008, “se presentó otra situación anormal de crecida de las aguas que discurrían por las áreas comunes al Norte de la Filial 35 y al Este del Condominio Las Lapas, siendo el origen de esas aguas el proyecto residencial Vistas de Leona, lo que produjo anegamiento de calles, casas y lotes del Condominio Las Lapas, dejando además barro y escombros”. Arguye que, con el paso de los años, y el avance de construcciones del Proyecto Vistas de Leona, se han agravado las inundaciones, y que incluso “aumentó en los volúmenes de aguas pluviales indebidamente canalizadas hacia el Condominio Las Lapas, con los consecuentes daños continuados, hoy en evolución, del camino Este de nuestro Condominio y de la alameda Norte de la propiedad de la actora (ambas áreas comunes de Condominio Las Lapas)”. Con respecto a los daños objeto del presente proceso, afirma que se presentan de forma continuada desde el año 2007 y hasta la actualidad se han ido incrementado, los cuales consisten en los siguientes: i) Daños en el Camino al Este (Área común, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas), el cual resume que, responde a daños en la calle de lastre sin cunetas ni desagües, producto de las acciones de verter aguas del proyecto Vistas de Leona y porque, se cavó sin autorización un desagüe, generando daños por erosión y aumento del caudal, “al punto de que para el invierno del último año, 2018, el zanjón terminó siendo de 3.7 metros de profundidad por cinco metros ancho, e invade más de la mitad del ancho de la citada calle auxiliar de laste, haciéndola hoy intransitable”. ii) Daños en la Alameda (Área común, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas).
Apunta que, “Lo que originalmente era una alameda de zona verde enzacatada (área común al Norte de la filial de mi representada), y que en las épocas más severas de lluvia servía en su centro como un pequeñísimo caño de unos centímetros de profundidad para la conducción de aguas pluviales de zona próximas, se convirtió como consecuencia dañosa de las acciones y omisiones de los demandados, en un río de mas de 3 metros de profundidad, con frecuentes eventos de desbordamiento de aguas. Esto, a parte de la degradación o pérdida de la zona común del condominio, empezó a erosionar el terreno muy de cerca de las bases sobre las que se asienta la casa de recreo de mi representada”. iii) Daños en la Casa de Recreo la Actora (Área privativa, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas). Alude que principalmente se han provocado deslaves en los bordes del terreno y se han sufrido inundaciones que han llegado hasta la terraza de la casa de recreo, y que ha dejado allí y en los jardines resto de maleza y barro.
Otros daños que imputa son “la inutilización del acceso posterior de la vivienda y descubrimiento de los cimientos tanto del muro de retención Norte como de las columnas junto a la terraza. También otras viviendas del Condominio Las Lapas han sufrido inundaciones específicamente las número 21 y 22”. Otros de los efectos en el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas y en la entrada de la alameda que reseña el actor, consiste en que: “Las dos rutas y los daños en la alameda y en la calle de lastre (ambas áreas comunes del Condominio Las Lapas) convergen. La canalización ilegal de las aguas de un sector de Vista de Leona sobre la calle de lastre (Ruta Dos) llegó hasta la entrada de la que un día fue alameda y que hoy convirtieron en un río intermitente, posibilitado por una depresión topográfica natural o canal que viene del Este (Ruta Uno), que ahora también transporta agua que vierte el mega proyecto Vistas de Leona, dando como resultado que las aguas indebidamente vertidas sobre la calle de lastre choquen con las provenientes del otro sector de Vistas de Leona, ocasionando esa unión aguas arremolinadas que también menoscaban y erosionan las áreas comunes del Condominio Lapas.
Así, en la entrada a la alameda se presenta además un efecto remolino destructivo per se. Producto de todo esto y como vimos, a partir del año 2007 se han venido presentando inundaciones en gran parte de las áreas comunes del Condominio Las Lapas, incluyendo rebalses de agua sobre viviendas y sobre la calle de adoquines que está sobre la alcantarilla de cuadro que atraviesa de Este a Oeste el Condominio Lapas”. Ahora bien, en su criterio todos estos daños tienen su origen en la conducta omisiva de la Municipalidad de Garabito, en el tanto, por un lado otorgó permisos fraccionados, lo cual fue identificado por el Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos como una falta grave de los responsables de las obras, y por el otro, por la inercia en la fiscalización de los permisos conferidos, permitiéndose que se construyera el Proyecto sin la supervisión requerida y al margen de las disposiciones legales sobre materia ambiental y desfogues pluviales.
Todo lo anterior, en su criterio demuestra la conducta disconforme de la demandada, causándole daños que deben ser reparados en favor de su representada. Solicitando que en sentencia: “Se declare disconforme con el ordenamiento jurídico la conducta de la Municipalidad de Garabito consistente en las siguientes omisiones: • Inacción, falta de fiscalización y falta de uso de herramientas jurídicas a su disposición ante el desarrollo urbanístico irregular que representan los Condominios Vistas de Leona (Hechos #12, 21, 25, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35 y 39). • Falta de otorgamiento del Permiso Municipal para la construcción de ambos condominios Vistas de Leona (Hechos # 12, 18, 19, 22, 23 y 25). • Falta de exigencia de los requisitos, visados y permisos constructivos usuales, como es el caso del Permiso de Desfogue Pluvial y la autorización oportuna del Ministerio de Salud, del Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillado y del INVU (Hechos # 12, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25 y 26). • Falta de cumplimiento de actuaciones y obras específicas que otras instituciones le ordenaron a la Municipalidad implementar y fiscalizar, como es el caso de: las medidas de mitigación ordenadas por la Comisión Nacional de Emergencia; el control, fiscalización, realización de estudios y la toma de medidas según recomendó el Ministerio de Salud; el estudio hidrológico y las obras de infraestructura ordenadas por A. y A. y, la fiscalización ordenada por SETENA (Hechos #24, 25, 26, 37 y 39). • Falta de cumplimiento de lo ordenado por la Sala Constitucional en cuanto a ‘llegar a una solución respecto a los hechos alegados por el amparado.’ (Hechos # 31, 32, 33, 24 y 35). • Falta de exigencia municipal de obras específicas por parte de Vistas de Leona que departamentos de la propia Municipalidad reconocieron como necesarias (Hechos # 12, 30 y 36). • Falta de resolución de la denuncia planteada por la aquí actora (Hechos # 29 y 30).
B- Pretensión genérica de HACER: Condénese a la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO al efectivo ejercicio de sus potestades legales y de imperio y a realizar y velar por la realización las obras necesarias a fin de evitar y revertir las consecuencias perjudiciales de su actuar ilegítimo en contra de la actora, así como a exigir de cualquier infractor cualquier obra necesaria en cumplimiento de la normativa legal desaplicada en materia urbanística en general y en materia de desfogues y disposición de aguas pluviales en lo particular, para el cese de la afectación de los legítimos intereses y derechos de la parte actora. C- Se condene a la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO al pago de una indemnización por los daños y perjuicios presentes que se hayan ocasionado, así como de los futuros que se ocasionen producto de sus negligencias, actuaciones disconformes y omisiones en todo lo relativo a la disposición indebida de las aguas pluviales del megaproyecto de condominios Vistas de Leona, la cual se liquidará en la fase de ejecución de sentencia.
D- Se condene a la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO al pago de ambas costas de estos procedimientos, las cuales se liquidarán en la etapa procesal oportuna”. En síntesis, funda su demanda en la Ley General de la Administración Pública, artículos, 190, 191, 196, 197 y 198; Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, artículos 12 inciso 4, 13, 15 inciso b), 40, 42 incisos g) y j), 49 y 220; en el Código Civil, artículos 10, 12, 255, 264, 295, 305, 309, 312, 316 a 325, 326, 329, 332, 375, 376, 379, 506, 508, 1045 y 1046; Ley de Aguas, artículo 94; Ley de Planificación Urbana, numerales 36 y 57; Ley Reguladora en Propiedad en Condominio, numerales 2, 3, 19, 20 y 22 y artículo 16, en relación con los numerales 2, 3 y 4 del respectivo Reglamento; Ley de Construcciones artículos 1, 9, 11, 74, 87, 76 y 89; Ley General de Salud, artículos 285, 309, 313; Ley Orgánica del Ambiente numerales 30 y 60; Reglamento de Construcciones del INVU, artículos 121, 434, 441; Reglamento de Construcciones de la Municipalidad Garabito, numeral 38; Decreto Ejecutivo N° 32079, Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales, numerales 6.1 6.3.4; Reglamento para el Control y Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones INVU Artículo III.3.2.12; Norma Técnica para Diseño y Construcción de Sistema de Abastecimiento de Agua Potable, Saneamiento y Sistema Pluvial de AYA Apartados f), g), y h); Código de Instalaciones Hidráulicas y Sanitarias en Edificaciones CFIA (2017), artículo 1-1., 1-6, 9.7-1, 9.7-2, 9.7-3, 9.7-6; y el Reglamento sobre Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849.
Definiciones Ambiente, Daño Ambiental, Efectos Acumulativos, Impacto Ambiental Potencial, Medidas de Compensación, Medidas de Mitigación, Medidas de Prevención. Cita como abono en su tesis, la Resolución N° 510-F-1-2012 de fecha 10 de abril de 2014 de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia y la Resolución N° 61-2014 30 de abril de 2014 del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, en cuanto al reconocimiento de daños continuados, y la Resolución N° 00979-F-206 de las 7:55 horas del 16 de diciembre de 2006, en donde la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia ha establecido la obligación de las corporaciones municipales de vigilar los efectos de las obras constructivas aprobados en su jurisdicción local. En el escrito de réplica a la contestación de la demanda realizada por la Municipalidad, expone que “Es falso lo que señala la Municipalidad demandada. La colindancia Norte de la finca de mi representada (…) NO es ni según planos, ni oficialmente ni en realidad una ‘quebrada de dominio público de carácter permanente’.
Según el plano catastrado de la propiedad actora (…) se trata de un área común con carácter de alameda, que valga decir topográficamente era una pequeña depresión natural producto de la unión o intersección de dos laderas, algo típico de la zona, convertida hoy en un cauce estacional por las canalizaciones artificiales que dan sustento a esta acción”. Para lo cual reseña como prueba los documentos correspondientes a planos de los inmuebles de su representada, circunvecinos, diseños del sitio del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, plano de la finca madre, identificados como pruebas N° 7, 8, 14, 64, 16, 18, 19, 20, 67, 67 y 71 aportadas con su demanda. Además, más adelante en su libelo de réplica a la contestación de la demanda, afirma que la “Municipalidad bien supo en su momento y debería saberlo ahora, que nunca ha existido en la ubicación que interesa ninguna quebrada de dominio público de carácter permanente, por lo que es improcedente la existencia de retiro alguno de parte de mi representada.
Así lo reconoció esta demandada en su momento al otorgarnos los permisos de construcción a derecho y al visar TODOS los planos que se han catastrado en el área circundante, cuando obviamente no había incurrido en las falacias traídas a propósito de esta litis”. En cuanto a la respuesta efectuada por parte de la Corporación Municipal al hecho sétimo, en relación con que no ha autorizado acciones de terceros que afecten al Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, la actora replica que “reconoce su falta de fiscalización en las obras de los demandados Vistas de Leona. Esto es, no otorgó permisos de desfogue pluvial ni fiscalizó la ausencia de desfogues apropiados en el mega proyecto (sic) Vistas de Leona”. Finalmente, en las conclusiones esbozadas durante el juicio oral y público, remarcó que no se logra comprobar la existencia de un cauce de dominio público en las colindancias norte y este de la propiedad del actora, y analizó la falta de competencia de la Dirección de Aguas del Instituto Meteorológico del MINAE en cuanto a la determinación de la ubicación del cauce de dominio público encontrado, y enfatizó en el hecho que a la fecha se siguen presentando en las épocas del invierno inundaciones en el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, producto como lo reseñó en su deposición el Perito Judicial, de la impermeabilización del terreno del Proyecto Vistas de Leona, el cual entre más cantidad de construcciones se realicen, el problema se agravará.
Reiterando que los problemas de inundaciones que se están enfrentando los condóminos de Las Lapas viene precisamente de la falta de fiscalización de la Corporación Municipal sobre que el desarrollo del Proyecto Vistas de Leona cumpla con los requerimientos en cuanto a los estudios hidrológicos requeridos para determinar los efectos de su sistema pluvial con relación a las poblaciones aguas abajo, lo cual a la fecha sigue sin ser cumplido, por cuanto las memorias de cálculo que fueron presentadas en su momento por los representantes del Proyecto Vista de Leona son extemporáneos, y más bien dan cuenta de que existe un problema, respecto a que el sistema pluvial del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas no fue construido para recibir un caudal de la dimensiones del Proyecto Vistas de Leona. Y que se mantiene la omisión de la Municipalidad de Garabito de realizar y solicitar la elaboración de estudios de hidrología que determinen la real dimensión del aporte del Proyecto Vistas de Leona sobre los demás proyectos vías abajo. Probándose una vez más, la conducta omisiva de dicho Gobierno Local.-
Señala en la contestación de la demanda y ajuste de pretensiones, y en alegato de conclusiones durante la celebración del juicio oral y público que, de la demanda y la prueba aportada en autos y en los expedientes administrativos, no se logra comprobar el nexo causal entre el daño patrimonial alegado (de hecho, refuta la existencia de un daño) y la conducta (omisiva) de la Municipalidad de Garabito. Afirma que, no lleva razón la parte actora, respecto al incumplimiento de la verificación de que la construcción del Proyecto Vistas de Leona contara con los permisos respectivos, puesto que “fue construido con los permisos de construcción y láminas aprobadas por el INVU, AYA oficio CON-2008-424 BIT-2008, Ministerio Salud el 08/09/2008 mediante oficio RPC-UPAH. En el permiso PC-226-2008, se aprecia el diseño para el desfogue pluvial, incluyendo obras de mitigación, tal y como se detalla en los folios 686 al 683, donde se realiza un exhaustivo de todas las autorizaciones constantes, Oficio DI-440-2010 (…) y el oficio DI-591-2011 suscrito por el (…) Coordinador del Departamento de Control y Desarrollo Urbano”.
Además, refuta que si bien, en algún momento no dispuso de esa documentación, la misma fue subsanada. En cuanto al reclamo de los daños en su propiedad y áreas comunes del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, señala que la actora se encuentra en trasgresión del numeral 33 de la Ley Forestal, por cuanto “La colindancia Norte de la finca en mención aparece registralmente como área común (alameda) de 8.00 m, sin embargo, en la realidad existe en dicho límite una quebrada de dominio público de carácter permanente, dictaminada por el Departamento de Aguas del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, mediante oficio número IMN-DA-1747 de fecha 17 de junio de 2008, (…) atravesando de esta forma el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Villas Las Lapas, y específicamente el costado norte de la finca filial 6039910-F-000, propiedad de la empresa actora. Lo anterior, también fue asentada en los informes número DRD-INSP-334-2009 y PCE-ARS-OSMG-URS-R-016-2009, emitidos por el Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos y el Ministerio de Salud”.
Más adelante indica que, sobre esta quebrada de dominio público, al momento de la inspección ocular en fecha 04 de noviembre de 2009 “discurría agua, dicho cause ingresa por una alcantarilla de cuadro y sigue su curso bajo las calles adoquinadas que atraviesa el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Villa Lapas, por lo que estaríamos en presencia de una flagrante violación a los retiros de la zona de protección establecida por el numeral 33 de la Ley Forestal (…)”. Respecto al origen de la inundaciones que afectan al Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas la Municipalidad de Garabito sostiene que la actora no demuestra “que los eventos de la inundación dichos respondan a descargas pluviales excesivas por parte de los demandados, puesto que no aporta una medición del flujo de agua, únicamente se aboca a aportar una serie de fotografía en las cuales no demuestra la causa de origen de dichos eventos y que bien podrían responder al hecho de haber edificado sin respetar los retiros de la zona de protección (…), así como a un sistema de evacuación de aguas fluviales insuficientes, lo cual fue acreditado por el Ingeniero Gerardo Castillo Rojas, en la memoria de cálculo de desfogue pluvial del Condominio Residencial Horizontal Vista Leona”.
En lo concerniente a la explicación que realiza la parte actora de las dos rutas en donde se discurre las aguas pluviales del Proyecto Vistas de Leona, y sobre la omisión por parte del Gobierno Local para evitar que se discurra agua sobre el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, lo refuta con sustento en la “lámina 02/17 del juego de planos presentados por el Condominio Vista leona, aprobados por esta municipalidad, el Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, Acueductos y Alcantarillados en oficio CON-2008-423-BIT-2008, el Ministerio de Salud mediante oficio RPC-UPAH-PC-226-2008, [donde] se puede apreciar el diseño del desfogue pluvial (…) que incluye obras de mitigación al igual que las secciones del canal de servidumbre pluvial. Según la nota # 7 en esa misma lamina (sic) ‘Las aguas pluviales descargaran en una servidumbre pluvial estacional existente, con descarga en la finca filial (…) propietario Mangotam de Punta Leona Sociedad Anónima autoriza recibir las aguas pluviales de este proyecto, mediante la declaración jurada otorgada ante el Notario Público (…)’.
De lo anterior se desprende que la autorización efectuada por este ayuntamiento número DI-558-2007, renovada con oficio de fecha 09 de julio de 2008, únicamente permitió el desfogue de aguas pluviales hacia la propiedad del entonces Mangotam de Punta Leona S.A. y no hacia otras propiedades”. Sumado a lo anterior, rechaza que el origen de las inundaciones provenga de las autorizaciones conferidas por la Municipalidad al Proyecto de Vistas de Leona, para lo que se fundamenta en el informe de regencia ambiental de ese proyecto donde se indica que se hicieron obras de mitigación, así como el diseño de las obras pluviales que se consignan en los planos aprobados del Gobierno Local y por las demás instituciones públicas citadas. Indica que más bien, en el Informe N° DPM-INF-1574-2009 elaborado por la CNE en fecha 04 de diciembre de 2009, no se logró advertir que las inundaciones provinieran del Proyecto Vistas de Leonas, y por el contrario, esta institución pública giró una serie de instrucciones que debían de ser cumplidas por el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, las cuales no han sido cumplidas (demostrando su culpa en relación a los daños que presuntamente alega), aunado a que, el Ministerio de Salud hace informar que los desarrolladores construyeron el referido Condominio Horizontal Residencial Lapas desatendiendo la zona de protección de la quebrada, de ahí que “queda en evidencia que los hechos de inundación han sido producto de la irresponsabilidad del propio Condominio Residencial Horizontal Villa Lapas”.
Por igualdad de razones rechaza que exista responsabilidad de la Municipalidad por las inundaciones y los daños que apunta la parte actora sobre su propiedad y del Condominio de reiterada cita, por cuanto alega que, precisamente el ayuntamiento ha cumplido de forma diligente sus competencias, prueba de ello que actualmente el Proyecto Vistas de Leona se encuentra paralizado, en atención a la resolución N° 586-2021 de las 10:50 horas de fecha 15 de abril de 2021, la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, en donde se suspendió todas las obras constructivas por los deslizamientos de tierra que se han producido en tres hectáreas del referido Proyecto. Respecto al cumplimiento de sus obligaciones legales, refiere a que, “Las acciones de resguardo a la salud pública y al ambiente determinados por el Ministerio de Salud hacia el ayuntamiento corresponden al control y fiscalización de los permisos constructivos, situación que ha sido cabalmente cumplir por mi representada, al constatar la existencia de la autorización municipal PC-226-2008, las láminas aprobadas por el INVU, AYA (…), Ministerio de Salud (…)” y además, sus responsabilidades en su criterio, se circunscriben a la calle pública de Punta Leona, labores que fueron efectuadas en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto por la Sala Constitucional.
No teniendo competencia alguna sobre los actos privados o de negocio privado que se efectuaron en relación con el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas. Afirma que les dio curso a las denuncias de la actora, requiriéndole al Proyecto Vistas de Leona que presentara un informe de las obras de mitigación, recibiendo dicha información correspondiente a la memoria de cálculo sobre la descarga pluvial, en donde se logra determinar que la responsabilidad tributaria de las aguas por parte de dicho Proyecto al punto de control (casa del denunciante), es de 25% del cauce, por lo que desvirtúa que el origen de las inundaciones provenga de este Proyecto. Aunado, “a la presentación de la memoria de cálculo y diseño de reductores del Condominio Vista Leona, cumpliendo de esta forma con los requerimientos municipales”. Así las cosas, con sustento, en los numerales 1, 74, y 87 de la Ley de Construcciones N° 833, artículo 3 de la Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio N° 7933, el numeral 33 de la Ley Forestal N° 7575, el artículo 60 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley N° 7554, numerales 285 y 286 de la Ley General de Salud, Ley N° 5394, numeral 94 de la Ley de Aguas, Ley N° 276, artículo 64 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, artículo 379 del Código Civil y numeral 434 del Reglamento de Construcciones del INVU, solicita que sea rechazada en todos sus extremos la demanda interpuesta y que se proceda a condenar a la actora al pago de las costas procesales y personales.
Lo cual reiteró en las conclusiones esgrimidas en el Juicio Oral y Público, al determinar que de toda la información y prueba que consta en el expediente judicial, así como de los expedientes administrativos, y de los testigos que fueron evacuados, no se logra determinar que las omisiones o los problemas que están generándose de inundación en el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas tenga como origen o vincule a la Municipalidad de Garabito, o que de las instrucciones giradas se encuentren dentro de las atribuciones legales y reglamentarias del Gobierno Local, sino que todas las instituciones públicas intervinientes, Ministerio de Salud, CNE, SETENA y AYA han girado instrucciones a las empresas desarrolladoras del Proyecto de Vistas de Leona e incluso a los correspondientes del Condominio de la parte actora, sin que a la fecha se compruebe que hayan sido cumplidos. Debido a lo expuesto, reitera que sea rechazada en todos sus extremos la demanda interpuesta y se condene al pago de ambas costas a la accionante.
Por último, se debe manifestar que, aún y cuando el Gobierno Local no interpuso expresamente alguna excepción previa o de fondo, se infiere de los alegatos de la contestación de demanda, alegatos de apertura y clausura del debate del Juicio Oral y Público, resumidos en líneas precedentes, que opone la excepción de fondo de Falta de Derecho, la cual es uno de los presupuestos, además de interés y legitimación que legalmente son exigidas ser aprecias de oficio por parte del órgano jurisdiccional, de ahí que, dentro de éste ámbito se entrará a valorar su tesis de defensa. -
En fecha 26 de abril de 2023, la empresa Inmobiliaria Abarca & Barrantes S.A., en calidad de propietaria de la finca filial del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, requirió ser considerado como coadyuvante de la parte actora en el presente proceso, adhiriéndose a los hechos, fundamentos, razones y argumentos de la demanda, “dado que el resultado de acción incide en la esfera de sus intereses”, tanto de forma directa en su propiedad, como en la proporción de las áreas comunes. Agregando como hechos que su representada, que su propiedad nunca había sido afectada por los eventos de anegamiento que fueran descritos por la accionante en la demanda. Reitera la posición de la actora, en cuanto a que “Desde el año 2007 hemos venido sufriendo eventos recurrentes de inundación en el Condominio Las Lapas, ocasionados por el agua que se vierte desde un desarrollo urbanístico montaña arriba con una extensión de más de 20 hectáreas, denominado Condominio Vistas de Leona, también conocido como Villa Leona, aún cuando al presente la cobertura de construcción de ese Condominio a lo sumo alcanza un 20% de avance”.
Igualmente, afirma que existe un peligro inminente respecto a su propiedad y de las viviendas particulares, también para la estructura de áreas comunes del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, con las inundaciones que se han producido en las acera y calle de enfrente, donde quedan después sedimentos, ramas y restos vegetales. Afirma, al igual que la actora que, la alcantarilla de la calle frontal donde se desfogan las aguas del Proyecto Vistas de Leona se construyó para evacuar pocas aguas, y no la recarga de aguas como actualmente está teniendo que soportar, para un proyecto de 20 hectáreas.-
Tal y como ha sido anteriormente establecido, del libelo de la demanda incoada por la parte actora, así como de la contestación de la demanda efectuada por el Gobierno Local, réplica de ésta y los argumentos conclusivos expresados por las partes accionante y demandada durante la celebración de la audiencia del Juicio Oral y Público, se colige que se reclama la eventual responsabilidad preeminentemente objetiva por parte de la Municipalidad de Garabito, derivado de su inercia en cuanto a la fiscalización y control de los permisos de construcción y de desfogue pluvial otorgados al Proyecto Vistas de Leona, así como la falta del ejercicio de sus competencias para evitar que se construyera dicho proyecto, al no contar con todos los requisitos legales. Funcionamiento anormal por conducta omisiva que, en criterio de la parte actora ha implicado que de forma continua desde el año 2007 y hasta la fecha se estén produciendo inundaciones en el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, con los consecuentes riesgos a la vida y a la propiedad de los habitantes de éste.
Aunado a que, el actor acudió a diferentes instancias, las cuales giraron una serie de recomendaciones y de instrucciones, las cuales, en opinión de la actora, no han sido cumplidas por el ayuntamiento, lo cual incide en la pronta resolución al problema de inundaciones. Requiriendo una serie de pretensiones, que se enfocan en que la Municipalidad de Garabito cumpla a cabalidad dichas recomendaciones, pero además efectúe o que ordene la realización de obras para revertir los daños producidos. Dada la naturaleza propia de dicha responsabilidad preeminentemente objetiva de la Administración Pública, se considera necesario puntualizar los elementos que la distinguen, las cuales tienen incidencia sobre la verificación por parte de este Tribunal, si se configura la existencia de ésta en el sub júdice o si en su defecto, la demandada logró acreditar la existencia de un rompimiento del nexo de causalidad. 1.
Sobre el fundamento constitucional de la Responsabilidad Patrimonial. Sobre el tema que nos ocupa en el presente proceso, se parte en primera instancia que los daños reclamados provienen de la conducta omisiva del Gobierno Local. En este sentido, se logra advertir de la demanda incoada que la accionante refiere tanto a los numerales 190 y siguientes de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, Ley N° 6227, así como de los numerales 1045 y 1048 del Código Civil, regímenes que son distintos no sólo en cuanto a su naturaleza, sino también en lo que refiere a los presupuestos para su aplicación. Ahora bien, en lo concerniente al régimen sustantivo de responsabilidad patrimonial, la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, ha realizado un desarrollo sobre los antecedentes y fundamentos constitucionales de la responsabilidad preeminentemente objetiva de la Administración Pública por conducta omisiva o funcionamiento anormal de la prestación del servicio público, lo cual también ha sido complementado por parte de la doctrina, tanto nacional como internacional, distinguiéndose entre la responsabilidad netamente civil (regulada en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico principalmente por el numeral 1045 del Código Civil), en donde se requiere de la verificación y comprobación de los elementos subjetivos (culpabilidad) del presunto infractor, de aquella objetiva, que prescinde de éstos, para corroborar las condiciones para que se derive el derecho indemnizatorio.
En el presente caso, aun cuando la actora apunta a ambas al reseñar el marco legal en que ampara su demanda, por el contenido del marco del proceso, los alegatos que se desprenden del libelo de la demanda, réplica y conclusiones, así como toda la teoría de la defensa del ayuntamiento, se logra extraer que estamos en presencia de la segunda. Al respecto, debe apuntarse que la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia ha sostenido que “La responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado tiene sustento en la naturaleza misma de la Administración Pública como gestora de los intereses colectivos,” (Resolución N° 00308-F-2006 de las 10:30 horas de fecha 25 de mayo de 2006, entre otras); intereses colectivos que se han traducido por la doctrina y la misma jurisprudencia como el interés general, y tiene como antecedente histórico los ideales de libertad, igualdad y la soberanía popular de la Revolución Francesa que marcaron la bases de la democracia contemporánea, y la existencia de un Estado Social y Democrático de Derecho en Costa Rica.
Así la Sala Primera en la Resolución citada apuntó que: “(…) Su nacimiento [refiriéndose a la responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado] se retrotrae a los ideales de la Revolución Francesa y el desarrollo que sobre el tema realizó el Consejo de Estado Francés. Todo ello se ha visto complementado por una gran evolución doctrinal y jurisprudencial, presupuestos de base para su incorporación dentro de las fuentes escritas del Ordenamiento Jurídico de la corriente romano-germánica. Así las cosas, desde que el Estado es persona sometida al Derecho y parte esencial del engranaje democrático, es responsable. En abandono ha quedado aquella inmunidad absoluta de quien ejerce el poder. La conocida expresión del ‘Estado soy yo’, fue pulverizada con la reelaboración del sistema político moderno, en tanto sojuzga con el bloque de legalidad a todo aquel que ostenta posición de poder público, y le otorga como contrapartida, responsabilidad por su conducta antijurídica”.
(Resolución N° 00308-F-2006 de las 10:30 horas de fecha 25 de mayo de 2006 citada). 2. Sobre los alcances de la Responsabilidad Patrimonial de la Administración Pública por conducta omisiva. Dentro de dicho contexto histórico, es relevante reseñar los avances hacia concepto de la responsabilidad administrativa preeminentemente objetiva, la cual es la que se positiviza en el derecho interno costarricense, para lo cual de forma resumida se procede a transcribir de seguido el siguiente extracto de la Resolución N° 000584-F-2005 de las 10:40 horas del 11 de agosto de 2005 emitido por la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, en un caso de funcionamiento anormal de la Administración derivado de una conducta omisiva material de la Administración Pública: "(...) ‘V.- Los conceptos de responsabilidad de la Administración Pública y del deber de indemnizar han evolucionado mucho en el derecho occidental.
En la antigüedad no se concebía la responsabilidad estatal proveniente del daño o el perjuicio que la actividad de la Administración o de sus agentes pudiera producir a los administrados. Más tarde, se admitió, en ciertos casos, la responsabilidad de los funcionarios y se reconocieron algunos derechos al individuo, frente al Estado. Luego aparecieron las teorías de los actos de gestión y actos de autoridad. En los primeros, las actividades caen en la esfera del derecho privado por existir una igualdad de derecho entre las partes; los otros se refieren a las actividades regladas por el derecho público, donde hay una desigualdad de derechos que caen en el dominio de las relaciones de poder, para determinar así que, si el acto perjudicial es un acto de autoridad, entonces el Estado no es responsable, porque las decisiones nacen de su soberanía y no de un derecho de carácter patrimonial. Posteriormente fueron abandonadas estas teorías, para entrarse a analizar la responsabilidad del Estado, merced a lo cual se llegó a la conclusión de que todo acto administrativo puede entrañar una responsabilidad estatal, pero ella se subordinó a la existencia de una falta de servicio.
Se estableció que existía falta de servicio si al cumplirse la función se causaba un daño. Ello aun cuando el funcionario ejerciera su labor como tal, si al hacerlo, actuó con negligencia, o incurriendo en omisiones, o errores vinculados al servicio, o cuando no se cumplía la función debiendo realizarse, o se efectuaba en forma tardía. Quedó establecida, además, la falta del funcionario o falta personal, que es aquélla en que se incurre cuando éste se extralimita en sus atribuciones. Luego se aceptó que ambas faltas podían coexistir, y aunque diferentes, podían concurrir a la producción de un daño si la falta personal estaba ligada a la ejecución de un servicio público. Por último, se arriba a la última etapa de la evolución para reconocer la responsabilidad de la Administración por razón del simple funcionamiento del servicio, sin necesidad de probar la culpa del funcionario encargado de su prestación ...’ Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia N° 263 de las 15:30 hrs del 22 de agosto de 1990”.
(Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Resolución N° 000584-F-2005 de las 10:40 horas del 11 de agosto de 2005, e igual sentido las Resoluciones N°138 de las 15:05 horas del 23 de agosto de 1991; N°192 de las 14:15 horas del 6 de noviembre de 1991; N°48 de las 14:10 horas del 29 de mayo de 1996 y N°55 de las 14:30 horas del 4 de julio de 1997, todas emitidas por ese mismo órgano jurisdiccional). 3. Sobre la Competencia de la Jurisdicción Contenciosa Administrativa. Ahora bien, es importante traer a colación que el ámbito de protección de la jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa, de cara a la responsabilidad de la Administración, bajo el modelo de un Estado Social y Democrático de Derecho y el derecho fundamental a la Tutela Judicial Efectiva implica que no existe ninguna materia que queda exenta de su control, por lo que, aún en el caso de tratarse de una omisión, como se alega en el caso de mérito (por el no ejercicio de una conducta material tendiente al ejercicio de las competencias municipales en materia de planificación, control y ordenamiento urbano, específicamente en la fiscalización de las licencias que otorga y en los impactos que puede conllevar las obras que autoriza en el ambiente y las personas del cantón), puede ser sometida a la Jurisdicción Contenciosa, a fin de controlar su legalidad.
De esta manera, en la exposición de motivos del Proyecto de Ley, Expediente Legislativo N° 15134, que decantó en la actual Ley N° 8508, Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, se reiteró la vinculación entre el Estado Social, Democrático y Constitucional de Derecho de Costa Rica, con el acceso a una tutela judicial efectiva, al puntualizar que: “No cabe duda, entonces, que la voluntad del constituyente para garantizar al ciudadano la protección de sus intereses legítimos y derechos subjetivos, como el debido respeto al Ordenamiento Jurídico por la Administración Pública, o de alguno de los órganos constitucionales en el ejercicio de sus actividades materiales, deviene en nítida expresión de la democracia en su doble vertiente legal y legítima, cuyo espíritu rector quedó anclado primigeniamente al Preámbulo de la Constitución Política, el que, sin ser norma positiva, no deja de constituir un enunciado valorativo que impregna la totalidad del texto que lo determina y trasciende, para alimentar y guiar al Derecho del Estado en su conjunto.
Y es por la democracia como organización y actividad a diario vivida y convivida, que el presente proyecto lanza principios de compenetración con ideales altivos para ser ejecutados con la amplia participación judicial, ciudadana y administrativa en la tesitura actual del Estado social, democrático y ecológico de Derecho”. De esta manera en el artículo primero del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo se estableció un modelo de la justicia administrativa preeminentemente subjetivo o mixto (objetivo y subjetivo), pero dejando atrás el control restringido al acto administrativo, para abarcar la protección de los derechos subjetivos e intereses de la persona (que en doctrina se conocen como situaciones jurídicas de ventaja), materializando el mandato constitucional derivado del numeral 41, lo cual conlleva superar las limitaciones al acceso de la justicia y reduciendo las zonas de inmunidad, dado que la “función administrativa, (…) nunca puede estar inmune al control, porque toda función administrativa por el hecho de serla debe estar bajo el bloque de la legalidad y por tanto, sujeta a la fiscalización del Poder Judicial.
Ya han transcurrido decenios en donde quedaron atrás las zonas inmunes, al decir de don Eduardo García De Enterría, de la función administrativa”. (Acta N° 2 del 13 de octubre de 2004, Discusión en la Subcomisión de la Asamblea Legislativa, durante el Proyecto Legislativo del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, En: PROCURADURÍA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA. Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, Anotado con las Actas Legislativas. San José, Costa Rica, Editor Colegio de Abogados y Abogadas de Costa Rica, 2007, pp 5-9). En complemento a lo expuesto, y ponderando la naturaleza del caso de mérito, es criterio de esta Cámara Colegiada que esta Jurisdicción Contenciosa Administrativa es la competente para resolver la responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración Pública. Lo anterior ha sido confirmado reiteradas ocasiones por la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, quien ha postulado que: “El artículo 2 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo establece: “La Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa y Civil de Hacienda también conocerá lo siguiente: (…) b) Las cuestiones de responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración Pública y sus funcionarios”.
(Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Resolución N° 01266-2017 de las 11:09 horas de fecha 19 de octubre de 2017). Por lo que, determinando de forma oficio la competencia por parte de este Tribunal, elemento que debe verificarse, aun en el caso de que las partes no lo hayan advertido, mediante los mecanismos previstos en el Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, debe comprobarse como premisa antes del conocimiento del proceso, lo cual ha sido analizado y verificado por este Tribunal, de forma tal que se determina que existe competencia para dirimir y resolver sobre lo pretendido por la actora. 4. Sobre la imputabilidad del funcionamiento anormal para la determinación de la responsabilidad patrimonial. En adición a lo expuesto, y tratándose de la responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración Pública, se retoma lo apuntado por el autor Jesús González Pérez, al señalar que ésta puede derivarse tanto de la conducta activa como omisiva del Estado, apuntando que, “Las Administraciones públicas, al actuar en la realización de los fines que tienen encomendados, pueden producir, al lado de los efectos propios de la potestad que ejerzan, otros que, por no derivarse directamente de ella, pueden clasificarse de efectos anormales.
Estos efectos anormales pueden darse respecto de las Administraciones públicas y respecto del administrado. El supuesto típico de eficacia anormal respecto de la Administración lo constituye la responsabilidad patrimonial. Cuando, como 'consecuencia del funcionamiento normal o anormal de los servicios públicos' se produce una lesión en los bienes y derechos de los administrados, la Administración debe reparar el daño causado”. (GONZÁLEZ PÉREZ (Jesús). Responsabilidad Patrimonial de las Administraciones Pública, Editoria Cívitas, Cuarta Edición, 2006, pág. 187). Bajo el contexto jurídico anteriormente citado, debe aclararse el alcance del concepto de “funcionamiento anormal” de la Administración, por cuanto uno de los primeros aspectos es determinar la imputabilidad de la conducta de la Administración Pública, para luego determinar si se acreditó un daño resarcible desde la perspectiva del régimen jurídico constitucional, al que se ha aludido de forma precedente.
En este sentido, dicho término alude a la “(…) Actuación de los poderes públicos no ajustada al ordenamiento jurídico ni a los estándares propios de cada ramo de la actividad pública. // 2. Adm. Título de imputación de responsabilidad patrimonial de las Administraciones Púbicas”. (Muñoz Machado (Santiago). Diccionario Panhispánico del Español Jurídico. España, Real Academia Española, Volumen I, 2017 p.1057). Bajo dicha óptica, la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, al analizar el numeral 190 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública ha apuntado que existe una diferencia entre ilicitud y funcionamiento anormal, en donde si bien ambos refieren a la existencia de una patología que presente la conducta pública, como criterios de imputación de la responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración, tomando como parámetro que ningún administrado tiene obligación de soportar el daño, estos conceptos no son equivalentes entre sí, por cuanto la anormalidad hace referencia a una correspondencia con una actividad material debida, estableciendo que “la anormalidad atiende a aquellas conductas administrativas, que en sí mismas, se apartan de la buena administración (conforme al concepto utilizado por la propia Ley General en el artículo 102 inciso d., que entre otras cosas incluye la eficacia y la eficiencia) o de la organización, de las reglas técnicas o de la pericia y el prudente quedar en el despliegue de sus actuaciones, con efecto lesivo para la persona.
Esto permite señalar que la anormalidad puede manifestarse a través de un mal funcionamiento; un funcionamiento tardío, o una ausencia total de funcionamiento”. (Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, entre otras, Resolución N° 01367-212 de las 8:40 horas del 18 de octubre de 2012, donde se cita las Resoluciones N° 584-F-2005 de las 10:40 horas del 11 de agosto de 2005, N° 00308-F-2006 de las 10:30 horas del 25 de mayo de 2006). Precisamente en este plano sobre el presunto funcionamiento anormal de la Municipalidad de Garabito, es que se va a entrar a valorar el caso de sub júdice, objeto de la presente litis, siendo que como se apuntó en líneas anteriores, el accionante enmarcó sus pretensiones y el objeto del proceso en ese ámbito de responsabilidad, por lo que se centrará dicho análisis, a la luz de los parámetros constitucionales y legales que han sido esbozados en líneas anteriores. -
Ya ha quedado establecido que, en la especie versa sobre la eventual responsabilidad preeminentemente objetiva por parte de la Municipalidad de Garabito, en perjuicio de la actora, quien reclama la indemnización dada lesión generada en su patrimonio, debido a los daños producidos sobre su propiedad, las áreas comunes y el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas. Daños que indica que serán liquidados en ejecución de sentencia. Dado que el presente proceso se ha girado en diferentes aristas, se procederá de previo, a fin de esclarecer y ordenar los argumentos y pretensiones de la accionada, clasificándolas de la siguiente manera.
Según lo que ha sido expuesto en líneas anteriores, derivado del funcionamiento anormal por conducta omisiva, por parte de la Municipalidad de Garabito, la accionante requiere del reconocimiento del pago de daños y perjuicios, los cuales, según el hecho décimo sétimo de la demanda, describe que los daños y perjuicios consisten en los siguientes: a) Daños en el Camino Al Este (Área Común, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas), el cual resume que, responde a daños en la calle de lastre sin cunetas ni desagües, producto de las acciones de verter aguas del proyecto Vistas de Leona y porque, se cavó sin autorización un desagüe, generando daños por erosión y aumento del caudal, “al punto de que para el invierno del último año, 2018, el zanjón terminó siendo de 3.7 metros de profundidad por cinco metros ancho, e invade más de la mitad del ancho de la citada calle auxiliar de laste, haciéndola hoy intransitable”. b) Daños en la Alameda (Área común, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas).
Apunta que, “Lo que originalmente era una alameda de zona verde enzacatada (área común al Norte de la filial de mi representada), y que en las épocas más severas de lluvia servía en su centro como un pequeñísimo caño de unos centímetros de profundidad para la conducción de aguas pluviales de zona próximas, se convirtió como consecuencia dañosa de las acciones y omisiones de los demandados, en un río de más de 3 metros de profundidad, con frecuentes eventos de desbordamiento de aguas. Esto, a parte de la degradación o pérdida de la zona común del condominio, empezó a erosionar el terreno muy de cerca de las bases sobre las que se asienta la casa de recreo de mi representada”. c) Daños en la Casa de Recreo la Actora (Área privativa, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas). Alude que principalmente se han provocado deslaves en los bordes del terreno y se han sufrido inundaciones que han llegado hasta la terraza de la casa, y que ha dejado allí y en los jardines resto de maleza y barro.
Otros daños que imputa son “la inutilización del acceso posterior de la vivienda y descubrimiento de los cimientos tanto del muro de retención Norte como de las columnas junto a la terraza. También otras viviendas del Condominio Las Lapas han sufrido inundaciones específicamente las número 21 y 22”. Otros de los efectos en el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas y en la entrada de la alameda que reseña el actor, consiste en que: “Las dos rutas y los daños en la alameda y en la calle de lastre (ambas áreas comunes del Condominio Las Lapas) convergen. La canalización ilegal de las aguas de un sector de Vista de Leona sobre la calle de lastre (Ruta Dos) llegó hasta la entrada de la que un día fue alameda y que hoy convirtieron en un río intermitente, posibilitado por una depresión topográfica natural o canal que viene del Este (Ruta Uno), que ahora también transporta agua que vierte el mega proyecto Vistas de Leona, dando como resultado que las aguas indebidamente vertidas sobre la calle de lastre choquen con las provenientes del otro sector de Vistas de Leona, ocasionando esa unión aguas arremolinadas que también menoscaban y erosionan las áreas comunes del Condominio Lapas.
Así, en la entrada a la alameda se presenta además un efecto remolino destructivo per se. Producto de todo esto y como vimos, a partir del año 2007 se han venido presentando inundaciones en gran parte de las áreas comunes del Condominio Las Lapas, incluyendo rebalses de agua sobre viviendas y sobre la calle de adoquines que está sobre la alcantarilla de cuadro que atraviesa de Este a Oeste el Condominio Lapas”. El detalle de cada uno de estos daños, se verá en el desarrollo, sin embargo, es relevante señalar que la Municipalidad de Garabito al momento de contestar este hecho de la demanda, se enfocó en negar la existencia de las inundaciones y el origen de éstas (lo cual ya se pronunció este Tribunal rechazando los argumentos de defensa de la Corporación Municipal), y no aportó alguna argumentación respecto a si se acreditaba la existencia o no los daños alegados, y por el otro, estableció que, para el caso de los supuestos daños alegados en la zona norte de la finca filial N° 35 (alameda), no había derecho alguno al daño dado que la propiedad de la accionante se encontraba dentro de la zona de protección de la quebrada identificada por parte de la Dirección de Aguas del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (Oficio N° IMN-DA-1747-2008 de fecha 17 de junio de 2008), por lo que a la luz del numeral 33 de la Ley Forestal, estaba incumplimiento los retiros, de ahí que no podía alegar indemnización alguna.
CRITERIO DEL TRIBUNAL. Se debe iniciar este análisis, indicando que, no es cualquier daño el que, el ordenamiento jurídico le brinda la posibilidad de resarcimiento, siendo que el numeral 196 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, exige que este daño sea “efectivo, evaluable e individualizable en relación con una persona o grupo”, no siendo suficiente para configurar la responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado que se invoque la existencia de un daño (como sería en el caso en concreto, en criterio del actor, la erosión, el ensanchamiento de una zanja por erosión y aumento de caudal, el que un camino sea intransitable, pérdida o degradación del área común, erosión cerca de las bases de su habitación, entre otros), sino que demostrar fehacientemente su existencia y el nexo de causalidad adecuada. Partiendo por supuesto que, para efectos de ejercer su reclamo indemnizatorio, debe corroborarse que, el actor haya sufrido un menoscabo en su patrimonio y que, por ende, cuente con la posición jurídica que legitime su solicitud su indemnización.
Es criterio de esta Cámara Colegiada que, en el caso de mérito, el actor confunde varios aspectos que son relevantes de ser analizados de seguido. En primer lugar, debe aclararse respecto al término “daño material” que emplea en su demanda en diferentes acepciones, confunde el daño material jurídicamente resarcible y los daños materiales de un bien (en este caso áreas comunes y en su casa de habitación). Desde la perspectiva jurídica, el daño material jurídicamente de ser resarcible es aquel donde se le ha generado un menoscabo en la esfera patrimonial del administrado, lesión o menoscabo a su patrimonio que puede diferenciarse del daño que ha sufrido un objeto o un bien, sin restar la posibilidad de que exista un daño extrapatrimonial como lo es un daño moral; sin embargo, en la especie el actor no reclama la existencia de un daño moral, por lo que no es parte de lo discutido en la presente causa.
La existencia de un daño material a un bien no implica “per se” que deriva o implique una lesión al patrimonio de una persona, dado que, requiere que este bien o derecho, en primer lugar, haya sido parte de su acervo o conjunto de bienes y derechos de éste (pertenecientes a una persona), sea esta física o jurídica y susceptibles de estimación económica. De lo que se colige que, es quien alega esa lesión patrimonial debe probarlo. En este sentido, si bien es cierto, la actora apuntó que reservaba la liquidación de los daños y perjuicios, esto se hace referencia únicamente al “quantum”, debiendo ser probado el menoscabo patrimonial sufrido, de un derecho o un bien, o un valor que forme parte de su patrimonio (tomando en consideración que la actora no reclamó un daño extrapatrimonial como lo sería un daño moral objetivo o subjetivo). Aspecto que, deber ser probado, correspondiéndole al accionante la carga de su dicho, y sin el cual, no puede configurarse el derecho a su indemnización (doctrina que se recoge del artículo 41.1 del Código Procesal Civil).
Y en este caso, hay que recalcar que, si bien se indicó en líneas precedentes que, el actual sistema de responsabilidad patrimonial implica que la víctima no deba de probar los elementos subjetivos del funcionario público (como lo fue en su origen en el derecho francés, refiriéndose a existencia de la culpabilidad), lo cierto es que, ello no incide en la obligación de traer elementos probatorios al caso, a fin de que se pueda comprobar la existencia efectiva (real), evaluable e indirecta de un daño material en su esfera patrimonial. Precisamente, en el artículo 58 inciso 1 apartado e) del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo se regula como parte de los requisitos de la demanda: “e) Cuando accesoriamente se pretendan daños y perjuicios, se concretará el motivo que los origina, en qué consisten y su estimación prudencial,” los cuales serán valorados bajo el criterio de la sana crítica racional en pro de la consecución de la verdad real de los hechos (Ver numeral 82 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo en relación con los artículos 5 inciso 6) y 41 inciso 5) del Código Procesal Civil).
Correspondiéndoles a las partes, bajo el principio dispositivo, no sólo establecer su teoría del caso, sino también ofrecer elementos probatorios a los autos. Al respecto, la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia en la Resolución N° 112-1992 de las 14:15 horas de fecha 15 de julio de 1992 (posición que se ha sido reiterada a la fecha), esbozó que: “El daño constituye uno de los presupuestos de la responsabilidad civil extracontractual, por cuanto el deber de resarcir solamente se configura si ha mediado un hecho ilícito dañoso que lesione un interés jurídicamente relevante, susceptible de ser tutelado por el ordenamiento jurídico. El daño, en sentido jurídico, constituye todo menoscabo, pérdida o detrimento de la esfera jurídica patrimonial o extrapatrimonial de la persona (damnificado), el cual provoca la privación de un bien jurídico, respecto del cual era objetivamente esperable su conservación de no haber acaecido el hecho dañoso.
Bajo esta tesitura, no hay responsabilidad civil si no media daño, así como no existe daño si no hay damnificado. Por otra parte, sólo es daño indemnizable el que se llega a probar (realidad o existencia), siendo ello una cuestión de hecho reservada al prudente arbitrio del juzgador. En suma, el daño constituye la brecha perjudicial para la víctima, resultante de confrontar la situación anterior al hecho ilícito con la posterior al mismo. (...)” (Lo resaltado es autoría propia). De ahí que se colija que, sin la existencia de un daño, no puede derivarse un derecho indemnizatorio. Y como bien se extrae de la referida resolución judicial, la lesión responde a un interés jurídicamente tutelable. Continúa la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, indicando en dicha Resolución que, “VI. - No cualquier daño da pie a la obligación de resarcir. Para tal efecto, han de confluir, básicamente las siguientes características para ser un "daño resarcible": A) Debe ser cierto; real y efectivo, y no meramente eventual o hipotético, no puede estar fundado en realizaciones supuestas o conjeturales.
El daño no pierde esta característica si su cuantificación resulta incierta, indeterminada o de difícil apreciación o prueba; tampoco debe confundirse la certeza con la actualidad, pues es admisible la reparación del daño cierto pero futuro; asimismo, no cabe confundir el daño futuro con el lucro cesante o perjuicio, pues el primero está referido a aquél que surge como una consecuencia necesaria derivada del hecho causal o generador del daño, es decir, sus repercusiones no se proyectan al incoarse el proceso. En lo relativo a la magnitud o monto (seriedad) del daño, ello constituye un extremo de incumbencia subjetiva única del damnificado, empero el derecho no puede ocuparse de pretensiones fundadas en daños insignificantes, derivadas de una excesiva susceptibilidad. B) Debe mediar lesión a un interés jurídicamente relevante y merecedor de amparo. Así puede haber un damnificado directo y otro indirecto: el primero es la víctima del hecho dañoso, y el segundo serán los sucesores de la víctima.
La segunda parece ser la expresión más feliz, pues el daño corporal suele afectar intereses patrimoniales del damnificado (pago de tratamiento médico, gastos de hospitalización, medicamentos, etc.), ganancias frustradas si el daño lo ha incapacitado para realizar sus ocupaciones habituales (perjuicios), etc. Esta distinción nació en el Derecho Romano, pues se distinguía entre el daño inferido a las cosas directamente (damnun) y el que lesionaba la personalidad física del individuo (injuria). En el daño patrimonial el menoscabo generado resulta ser valorable económicamente”. (Ver Resolución N° 00606-2002 de las 16:10 horas de fecha 07 de agosto de 2002). En este sentido, de los autos no obra prueba respecto a los daños, donde se pueda derivar de forma certera la existencia de daños en el patrimonio de la accionante. Lo que se puede lograr extraer, es lo indicado por parte del Perito Judicial, el Ingeniero Alberto Serrano Pacheco que manifiesta en torno a los eventuales daños, “La condición actual debido a los desfogues del Condominio Vista de Leona sobre la zona aguas abajo es bastante crítica, ya que se ha perdido el acceso de lastre tomado por la Ruta II y se encuentran en riesgo las construcciones aledañas a la zanja de gran tamaño que se ha generado, igualmente, la alcantarilla de entrada al Condominio Las Lapas no presenta suficiente capacidad hidráulica, provocando gran erosión y problemas de inundaciones en este Condominio”.
(Hecho Probado N° 47). Lo anterior, para efectos de dilucidar los efectos de las inundaciones sobre el lado este de la propiedad de la accionante, enfocándose expresamente en un área común. Indicando que la zanja al momento de la realización de la inspección in situ, era de 3,80 metros de profundidad, existiendo una distancia entre el portón de la finca filial y el borde de la zanja de 4,13 metros. Adicionalmente establece que entre el desfogue del Proyecto Vistas de Leona y la propiedad de la accionante existe una distancia de 132,40 metros, medido a lo largo del fondo del canal. Adicionalmente, ya refiriéndose a la alameda (lado norte de la finca filial 35), apunta la existencia de una fuerte erosión, y que, a lo largo de los años, el señor Calderón Mata ha tenido que realizar una inversión importante en la protección de la margen izquierda (colindante con su propiedad) para evitar la erosión.
Ahora bien, de lo que apunta el perito judicial, se puede colegir los impactos de las inundaciones sobre el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, apuntando como se indica erosión de áreas comunes, y ensanchamiento de unas zanjas que fueron realizadas, según el dicho de la actora por un tercero sin autorización alguna (aspecto que tampoco se logra probar, ni siquiera con los testigos que fueron evacuados en el juicio oral y público). Y es que, para poder determinar la existencia de éstos, debe tenerse prueba que refiera al impacto de esas inundaciones sobre las propiedades del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, y que posteriormente en ejecución de sentencia puedan liquidarse. Y es que, como se referenció, no es cualquier daño material el que configura el derecho a la indemnización, sino aquél que sea resarcible, en los términos apuntados de que “B) Debe mediar lesión a un interés jurídicamente relevante y merecedor de amparo”.
Véase que, según los diferentes criterios de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, los cuales son compartidos por este Tribunal “Los juzgadores no pueden asumir se han producido daños cuando la parte que los pretende no los ha reclamado o bien, habiéndolo hecho, no demostró que en efecto se hayan ocasionado o hubieren ocurrido. Lo único que puede reservarse para la etapa de ejecución del fallo es la determinación de su cuantía o extensión, siempre que no fuera posible hacerlo dentro del proceso principal. No obstante, su existencia tiene que quedar suficientemente acreditada desde la fase demostrativa del proceso. Se debe probar, además, que el daño existe y que se produjo como consecuencia directa e inmediata de la conducta desplegada (nexo de causalidad)”. (Resaltado no corresponde al original, ver Resolución N° 00295-2017 de las 15:20 horas del 16 de marzo de 2017, emitida por la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia).
En el caso concreto, analizando los autos, se tiene que, es criterio de este Tribunal Colegiado que, en la especie, el actor no demuestra la existencia de un menoscabo en su esfera patrimonial para requerir la indemnización de los daños patrimoniales, en los términos que ha esbozado u teoría del caso y a partir de la prueba que ofreció. Lo anterior, al analizar cada una de las descripciones que realiza el actor sobre los diferentes daños, que se procederán a analizar por su orden: a) Daños en el Camino al Este (Área Común). Sin entrar este Tribunal a dilucidar si cuenta o no con legitimación ad causam para reclamar las áreas comunes, en relación a los numerales 7 a 9 de la Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio, en cuanto a la indivisibilidad de la propiedad y las áreas comunes según la proporción al porcentaje que represente el área fijada para su finca filial dentro del Condominio, debemos hacer mención a la premisa que los derechos de uso y disfrute de las áreas comunes es a favor de todos los propietarios, de las cuales ningún propietario puede alegar tener un derecho mayor al disfrute de las cosas, y finalmente, no podemos dejar de hacer hincapié, en las facultades que ostenta la Administración de Condominios, el cual conforme al precepto 29 de la Ley citada, cuenta con al menos, las facultades de apoderado general, con respecto al Condominio y los bienes comunes, siendo que le “Corresponderán a la administración el cuidado y la vigilancia de los bienes y servicios comunes, la atención y operación de las instalaciones y los servicios generales, todos los actos de administración y conservación del condominio y la ejecución de los acuerdos de la Asamblea de Condóminos.
Recaudará de cada propietario la cuota que le corresponda para los gastos comunes. Velará por el cumplimiento de las disposiciones de esta ley y el reglamento; asimismo tendrá las demás facultades y obligaciones que la ley y el reglamento le fijen”. (Artículo 30 de la Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio). Lo anterior, tomando en cuenta que dicho numeral debe leerse en armonía con la norma general, contenida en el artículo 270 del Código Civil dispone que: “Cuando una cosa pertenezca simultáneamente a dos o más personas, los dueños ejercen conjuntamente todos los derechos del propietario singular, en proporción a la parte que cada uno tenga en la propiedad común” e interpretando de forma amplia el principio pro accione, en el sentido de que existen pronunciamientos previos de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, determinando la posibilidad de que una de las personas que ostente la propiedad de una cosa indivisa, como la que surge en el régimen condominal, en el tanto, busque con sus actos el beneficio general de los demás, pueda accionar.
(Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Resoluciones N° 0029-1992 de la 13:00 horas de fecha 18 de marzo de 1992 y N° 58-1995 de las 15:15 horas de fecha 31 de mayo de 1995). Ahora bien, sin entrar a cuestionar la posibilidad de exigir la indemnización por parte de los restantes condóminos, lo cierto del caso es que, de la forma en que se redacta en qué consiste este daño, no puede determinarse cuál es el efecto en la esfera de la accionante y su menoscabo específico. Realizando un esfuerzo interpretativo este Tribunal de Jueces, puede inferir que podría deberse a que en su criterio el camino está intransitable, pero salvo el hecho de la reducción del ancho del área común, aspecto que, se insiste, no le perjudicaría directamente a él, sino a las áreas comunes condominales de la cual el actor cuenta con una participación abstracta alícuota, según lo apuntado por el Perito Judicial, no existen mayores pruebas que puedan determinar una afectación o su grado de incidencia sobre un derecho de paso de la accionante como ejercicio directo y concreto del aprovechamiento del área común, y si éste estaba siendo empleado como un lugar para transitar o no, de forma previa.
En complemento a lo expuesto, tampoco se aportó prueba alguna para terminar cuál es la limitación al acceso de dicha área común, cuál es el cercenamiento específico al derecho al acceso y que éste sea de tal grado que requiera de ser indemnizado. Presenta la justiciable, una serie de pruebas donde se advierte una franja de lastre y la existencia de una zanja a su costado, pero estas fotografías no logran dar cuenta sobre el grado de limitación o afectación patrimonial evaluable y cuantificable del daño sobre su filial, sino sobre una sección de las áreas comunes. Como anteriormente se apuntó, el que exista un daño material no significa de forma automática que deba ser indemnizada, debe probarse ese menoscabo, y siendo un uso y disfrute comunes de un área, que afirma, mas no prueba que era de utilización para transitarse, o en general cómo logra extraerse la afectación al patrimonio de la accionante, y ante la inexistencia de pruebas, debe declinarse esta petitoria.
Se aclara que, este Tribunal no desconoce que, existe un impacto de las inundaciones sobre el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas y que para el caso del lado este en análisis, implicó un ensanchamiento y profundidad de una zanja preexistente y utilizada con fines pluviales, y es por esta razón, y por los riesgos que han sido advertidos por parte de las entidades públicas que se han involucrado en este caso, que se ha dispuesto la necesidad de que la Municipalidad de Garabito proceda a realizar obras de mitigación y de rehabilitación de las zonas impactadas, justamente en el tanto tales espacios están destinados al sistema pluvial del complejo inmobiliario. Lo anterior, como se indicó para la protección de la vida de los habitantes y el ambiente, y con miras a evitar mayores incidencias en los próximos inviernos. Mas no se logra contar con prueba para determinar la existencia de un daño de carácter resarcible, al tenor del numeral 196 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública. b) Daños en la Alameda (Área común, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas).
Con respecto a estos daños acusados por parte de la empresa CJO Desarrollos Integrales Sociedad Anónima, resultan también aplicable la misma fundamentación para su rechazo, ante la inexistencia de pruebas que logren dimensionar el daño resarcible en favor de ésta. Para este aportado manifiesta la accionante que antes era una zona verde enzacatada “y que en las épocas más severas de lluvia servía en su centro como un pequeñísimo caño de unos centímetros de profundidad para la conducción de aguas pluviales de zona próximas, se convirtió como consecuencia dañosa de las acciones y omisiones de los demandados, en un río de más de 3 metros de profundidad, con frecuentes eventos de desbordamiento de aguas. Esto, a parte de la degradación o pérdida de la zona común del condominio, empezó a erosionar el terreno muy de cerca de las bases sobre las que se asienta la casa de recreo de mi representada”.
Continúa manifestado que, ante estas inundaciones, cada vez más severas, en el año 2017 “fue necesario colocar sacos de arena en diversas secciones del cause que se formó, cubrir estos con concreto reforzado, y con el tiempo reponer el concreto del fondo del cauce”. Al respecto, esta pérdida o degradación del área común no es posible que sea dimensionada de forma objetiva, y mucho menos, fijar su incidencia sobre la esfera patrimonial del actor. Área que igualmente es un área común. Como se apuntó en la sección a) precedente, no es sólo alegar el daño sino también probarlo y determinar en qué consiste, a fin de poder evaluarlo, y proceder ya en ejecución de sentencia liquidar su quantum. Pero de la propia redacción de la accionante, y la forma en cómo consigna este daño, no se logra determinar de forma fehaciente la existencia de un daño resarcible, en los términos establecidos en el artículo 196 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública.
En complemento a lo expuesto, pareciera inferirse que la accionante debió de realizar alguna inversión en esta parte norte de su casa de recreo, pero no aportó pruebas de que haya sido así, de forma que esta Cámara de Juzgadores les está vedado conjeturar respecto a su existencia o dimensionamiento, carga de la prueba que le corresponde a quien alegue el daño, y no a este Tribunal. Tampoco siendo posible sin determinar la existencia de un daño resarcible, proceder con alguno de las facultades dispuestas en el numeral 122 inciso m) del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, dado que la redacción de estos alegatos son tan indefinidos, que no logra demostrarse quién fue la persona que realizó esas obras, si intervinieron otros condóminos, o incluso si se aplicaron las pólizas de seguros para realizar estas obras, o si se pidió una cuota extraordinaria para realizar éstas, incluyendo dentro de éstas, la intervención de la Administración del Condominio, quien es la responsable directa de la conservación de estos espacios.
Ante esa incertidumbre de algún gasto efectuado por la accionante, que haya desmejora su patrimonio ya sea directamente en su filial, o a través de la afectación del área común con repercusión en la filial, no puede este Tribunal acoger esta pretensión. A mayor abundamiento, se debe considerar si la accionante, a la luz del numeral 195 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública se encuentra en una situación de ilegitimidad respecto a que su propiedad se encuentra dentro de una zona de protección de quebrada, lo cual también implicaría que, ante esa situación, no sería procedente su reclamo indemnizatorio. Dicho numeral reza: “Ni el Estado ni la Administración serán responsables, aunque causen un daño especial en los anteriores términos, cuando el interés lesionado no sea legítimo o sea contrario al orden público, a la moral o a las buenas costumbres, aún si dicho interés no estaba expresamente prohibido antes o en el momento del hecho dañoso”.
Sobre este aspecto, la accionante en los primeros hechos de la demanda realiza una serie de alegatos en torno a la inexistencia de un cuerpo de agua en el lindero norte de su propiedad, a nivel registral y en planos afirma que no estaba identificada la existencia de una quebrada. Afirma en el hecho cuarto del escrito de demanda que en las actuaciones de arrendamiento y compra de la finca filial N° 35 se establecía en el lindero norte como “Alameda” o “Área Común”, nunca quebrada. A lo sumo, existía un cuerpo de agua intermitente que discurría en invierno, hacia una alcantarilla de cuadro de dimensiones de 1,25 metros de altura por 1,5 metros de ancho y 128 metros de longitud “ya existente en el año 2001 cuando suscribí el contrato de arrendamiento y que en eventos lluviosos siempre funcionó para la evacuación de las aguas propias del Condominio Las lapas (sic), zonas circundantes inmediatas y las aguas de una pequeña porción del camino de acceso a Punta Leona, de unos 500 metros, siendo esta la única microcuenca natural a la que dicho sistema debía dar servicio”.
Por su parte, la Municipalidad en su defensa indica que, ese cuerpo de agua al que alude la parte actora fue identificado en el año 2008 como una quebrada por parte de la Dirección de Aguas, mediante el Oficio N° IMN-DA-1747-2008 de fecha 17 de junio de 2008 y, por ende, las inundaciones que se realizan en perjuicio de su propiedad devienen de la cercanía de su casa de recreo. Este Tribunal Colegiado, tiene como hechos probados que en el año 2004 se inscribió ante el Registro Nacional el plano de la finca filial N° 35, plano catastrado que establece como linderos los siguientes Norte: Área común con una medida de 8.00m de ancho-alameda; Sur: Residencial las Lapas S.A., Finca Filial 35; Este: Área Común Zona Verde con una medida de 3,16 metros de ancho, Calle de uso común de 11.00 metros de ancho y área recreativa; y al Oeste: Calle de uso común de 10.00 metros de ancho. (Hecho Probado N° 2).
También se tiene como hecho probado que, en fecha 25 de noviembre de 2004 la accionada le confirió el permiso de construcción a favor del señor Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata para la edificación de una casa de recreo, en la finca filial N° 35, estableciéndose como ingeniero responsable de estas obras a dicho señor Calderón Mata. (Hecho Probado N° 2). En complemento a lo expuesto, también se tiene por acreditado que en la finca matrícula folio real N° 0039910-F-000 del Partido de Puntarenas, al momento de la inscripción como propietaria a la empresa CJO Desarrollos Integrales S.A. se consignó como lindero norte Área Común. (Hecho Probado N° 4). Esta situación registral formal, parece no coincidir con la realidad, por cuanto en el año 2008, la Dirección de Aguas del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, en ese momento estructuralmente ubicada en el Instituto Meteorológico Nacional según el Decreto Ejecutivo N°26635 del 18 de diciembre de 1997, y previo traslado al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía al tenor del Transitorio V de la Ley N° 7593, donde se trasladó el Departamento de Aguas del antiguo Servicio Nacional de Electricidad al MINAE, se pronunció sobre la existencia de una quebrada, cuya afluente es Quebrada Mantas, cuya latitud inicial es 187450 y latitud final es 187250, y longitud inicial 464800 y longitud final 464350, ubicada en la Provincia de Puntarenas, Cantón Garabito, Distrito Jacó, Sitio Mantas, determinando que es una quebrada de dominio público de carácter permanente.
Ahora bien, en cuanto a los reproches sobre la competencia de la Dirección de Aguas para realizar el pronunciamiento citado, este Tribunal Colegiado debe señalar que, revisando el ordenamiento jurídico vigente para ese entonces, y cuyas competencias aún a la fecha se mantienen, se logra determinar que es el departamento del MINAE encargado de ello. Lo anterior, se extrae de la propia literalidad del Decreto Ejecutivo indicado. De forma tal que, en el numeral segundo de esta norma, se establece que la misión de dicho Departamento “será la de administrar oportuna y eficientemente los recursos hídricos en todo el territorio nacional, procurando el desarrollo sostenible mediante su ordenamiento y manejo racional; brindando un servicio excelente”. Adicionalmente, de conformidad con el numeral tercero de dicha norma reglamentaria, cuenta con las siguientes funciones: “a. Definir las políticas nacionales en cuanto al recurso hídrico. b. Ejercer el dominio, vigilancia, control y administración de las aguas nacionales. c. Tramitar las solicitudes de concesión para el desarrollo de fuerzas hidráulicas para la generación de electricidad. d. Tramitar y autorizar los permisos para la perforación de pozos para la extracción de aguas. e. Elevar a conocimiento del Despacho Ministerial, los conflictos que se presenten por el uso del agua y sus cauces, los cuales son remitidos por el Inspector de Aguas, en alzada. f. Tramitar los permisos para la construcción o ejecución de obras en los cauces de dominio público (entubamientos, desvíos, cambios decurso, dragados, limpieza, entre otros). g. Aprobar la descarga, a cauces de dominio público, de aguas provenientes de drenaje agrícola, industrial y urbano. h. Tramitar la audiencia interna que remite el órgano encargado del otorgamiento de las concesiones para la explotación de materiales acumulados en cauces de dominio público. i. Tramitar las solicitudes de autorización de aprovechamiento para acueductos rurales que presente el A y A. j. Inscribir las empresas perforadoras de pozos y las sociedades de usuarios, así como los movimientos que se realicen de sus estatutos y representantes. k. Atender y tramitar todas las consultas que sobre la materia presenten tanto particulares como entidades estatales. l. Supervisar y colaborar estrechamente con los inspectores de aguas, a efecto de darles asesoría para facilitar el desempeño de sus funciones. m. Hacer cumplir y verificar que el concesionario o permisionario se encuentre al día con las obligaciones establecidas en la Ley de Aguas. n. Aplicar las sanciones establecidas en la Ley de Aguas, previo cumplimiento del debido proceso.
Así igualmente cuando se considere pertinente se deberán presentar las denuncias respectivas ante los órganos competentes (Tribunal Ambiental, Contraloría General de la República, Tribunales de Justicia, y otros), acompañadas de las pruebas necesarias. ñ. Cualquier otra que le haya asignado y que conste en la Ley de Aguas”. De ahí que no lleva razón la accionante, respecto a la supuesta falta de competencia para el dictado del oficio de referencia, por parte de la Dirección de Aguas. Pero, además, debe complementarse esta posición, con el hecho de que la existencia de un cuerpo de agua en las cercanías de la finca filial N° 35 fue advertida por otras entidades públicas. La primera de ellas corresponde al Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos en el año 2009, cuando indicó en una visita efectuada en fecha 26 de febrero de ese año, hizo la alusión de una eventual inconsistencia entre lo consignado en el Informe N° SRP-001-1780-09-OMSB de fecha 05 de enero de 2008 del CFIA, al indicarse en esa oportunidad como colindancia norte de la propiedad aparece en plano catastrado como alameda, y lo verificado en el sitio, donde “existe una pequeña quebrada”.
(Ver Hecho Probado N° 21). Meses más tarde, en diciembre de 2009, el Ministerio de Salud en el Informe N° PC-ARS-OSM-URS-R-106-2009 advierte y de hecho gira una serie de recomendaciones vinculadas con la determinación de si existe o no incumplimiento de los retiros de la finca filial N° 35 respecto a que se encuentra construida una casa dentro de la zona de protección, así apuntó entre otras cosas que: “Por otra parte en una de las partes más bajas de esta quebrada hay una aparente invasión de la zona de protección de la quebrada donde se construyó un residencial denominado ‘Residencial Las Lapas. (…) En la urbanización las aguas de la quebrada fueron canalizadas mediante una estructura de block de cemento que tiene un diámetro aproximado de 140 de ancho por 150 centímetros de alto cubierto por encima con adoquines que atraviesa todo el residencial; precisamente la estructura de block y concreto mencionada comienza donde está ubicada la casa del denunciante el señor Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata.
(…) la estructura que perteneces a la casa número 35 prácticamente se ubica a 2 metro (sic) del cauce. (…) el cauce de la quebrada y claramente visible la parte superior de la casa del denunciante totalmente en zona de protección de quebrada. Como ya se dijo, los afluentes que alimentan la quebrada provienen de la microcuenca que está aguas arriba del ‘Residencial Lapas’ y en sus márgenes está el proyecto Villa Leona, también alimenta esta quebrada las aguas que provienen de un pequeño parche de bosque y también las que por escorrentía proviene de la calle Vieja a Punta Leona”. Continúa indicando el Ministerio de Salud que: “Parte del área común que él denuncia indica comprende entre otras la parte central del Residencial Lapas totalmente adoquinada misma que aparentemente es zona de protección de la quebrada lo cual debe determinar MINAET”. (Hecho Probado N° 25). Otra de las instituciones públicas que dan cuenta de la existencia de una quebrada en el lindero norte de la propiedad de la accionante es el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, previa realización de una inspección en el lugar, estableciendo que “(…) La inspección se realizó a solicitud del Ing. Rodolfo Calderón, dueño de la filial 35 del condominio Las Lapas, que presenta una casa construida y que colinda al lado norte con una quebrada causante de inundaciones en el condominio Las Lapas.
(…)”. Además, apunta que de la visita ocular puede determinar que el desfogue pluvial se “realiza hacia cauce de dominio público que se ubica en dicha propiedad según pronunciamiento del MINAE, oficio IMN-DA-1747-2008, con fecha de 17-06-2008, el cual indica que es una quebrada de dominio público de carácter permanente. (…) En el condominio Las Lapas, se observó la existencia de una quebrada ubicada al lado norte de la filial 35, en dicha quebrada existe socavación del terreno en ambos márgenes”. (El resaltado no corresponde al original). (Hecho Probado N° 30). Al respecto, si bien es cierto la accionante durante el juicio oral y público presentó un croquis, que es parte de los anexos incluidos en el informe pericial, apuntando que en dicho oficio de la Dirección de Aguas únicamente se hace referencia al punto inicial y al punto final, determinándose que el punto final está coincidiendo con un residencial, de lo que incluso el perito judicial indicó que pasa por el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, no es factible para este Tribunal desconocer o deslegitimar esta certificación, por un lado, por el hecho de que la línea recta que plantea el auxiliar judicial es su interpretación de la información certificada (punto inicial y final) mas no así de un levantamiento in situ de la escorrentía de las aguas entre ambos puntos, y por otro, tampoco la actora presentó prueba técnica que desvirtué la existencia de la quebrada, insistiendo de que la prueba pericial se limita a ligar con una línea recta trasversal los puntos de inicio y de final, sin considerar que las aguas no tienen una escorrentía en línea recta, y además existen diferentes fenómenos que pueden implicar que el curso del agua se modifique.
Por lo que, no existe prueba que logre desacreditar su validez y eficacia para el caso en concreto dándole valor probatorio a la demás prueba documental que señala la existencia de ese tipo de caudal de aguas. También adujo en las conclusiones que el Instituto Meteorológico Nacional no es el órgano competente para emitir dicha certificación. El yerro de interpretación que realiza el representante legal de la accionante es confundir la pertenencia organizativa que tenía en ese momento la Dirección de Aguas dentro del Instituto indicado, cuando los dos son departamentos o unidades administrativas del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, órgano que cuenta con competencia para certificar la existencia de afluentes, ríos o quebradas. Adicionalmente que, tampoco de sus pretensiones se está requiriendo la declaratoria de la disconformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico de esta certificación emanada por la Dirección de Aguas.
Así las cosas, realizando una ponderación del acervo probatorio y dándole un peso a cada uno de los elementos probatorios aportados, bajo las reglas de la sana crítica (numeral 82 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo), en el lindero norte existe, hoy en día una quebrada. Y dada la cercanía actual de la casa de recreo de la accionante, y de otras personas que también se encuentran dentro de la zona, es por ello, que se considera de vital importancia la intervención de la Municipalidad de Garabito para realizar o exigir a quien corresponda, de forma coordinada y mediante relaciones de cooperación interinstitucional, obras de mitigación y de rehabilitación en pro de la integridad personal y del ambiente. Sin embargo, este extremo indemnizatorio sufre la misma consecuencia que el primero, y debe denegarse. c) Daños en la Casa de Recreo la Actora (Área privativa, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas).
Dentro de los autos constan una serie de fotografías que aporta la accionante, donde se muestran escombros en áreas comunes, barro en propiedades de vecinos de ésta, y fotos donde manifiesta que es su casa de recreo, donde en una oportunidad encontró escombros y barro en su jardín. También, afirma que principalmente se han provocado deslaves en los bordes del terreno, y advierte que le ha impedido la utilización “del acceso posterior de la vivienda y descubrimiento de los cimientos tanto del muro de retención Norte como de las columnas junto a la terraza. También otras viviendas del Condominio Las Lapas han sufrido inundaciones específicamente las número 21 y 22”. Sobre estos extremos, también esta Cámara Colegiada luego de una revisión exhaustiva de la abundante prueba que corre en el expediente judicial, por las mismas razones que las dos anteriores, en cuanto a la inexistencia de elementos probatorios que demuestren en qué consisten el menoscabo sufrido por la actora.
Adviértase que no es que se niegue que existió inundaciones sobre su propiedad, aunque no se logra determinar mediante prueba idónea que se determine con seguridad que las fotos corresponden a su propiedad, sólo su dicho. Pero no objetando ello, aun dando credibilidad a su manifestación, no aporta pruebas respecto al menoscabo que le han implicado en su esfera patrimonial. Como por ejemplo, si tuvo que sustituir plantas o el zacate y volver a reconstruir su jardín, o pagar un servicio de limpieza por una determinada cantidad de horas para limpiar su casa de recreo, o si producto de las inundaciones debió sustituir algún electrodoméstico o bien que estaba en la terraza o realizar un recubrimiento de los cimientos y su cuantía. Tampoco presentó prueba alguna respecto a cuál acceso se le dificultó salir, de hecho, dentro del permiso municipal de construcción no se encuentran los planos constructivos para determinar a cuál acceso se refiere, aspecto que le correspondía aportar a la actora.
Y se repite, no es que se indicando que requiera determinar un monto específico en esa fase procesal, dado que como se indicó existe la posibilidad de declarar la existencia de la indemnización para efectos de ser liquidada en sentencia (artículo 122 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo), sino es que no logra extraerse de la prueba que obra en el expediente, alguna que demuestre la existencia del daño resarcible, siendo que el actor lo que pretende es que el Tribunal deduzca, por su cuenta, la existencia de daños o desplazando tal tarea a la Cámara, lo cual resulta de un incumplimiento de su carga probatoria y por ende debe rechazarse. Por supuesto, ello no inhibe a que, dentro de las obras de mitigación y rehabilitación ordenadas por este Tribunal en la parte dispositiva de la presente sentencia, se incluya a las áreas circunvecinas de la propiedad de la actora, especialmente al referir, más no probar, un deslave en las bases de su casa de habitación, las cuales también deberán ser valoradas dentro de las acciones para rehabilitar la zona afectada, y evitar riesgos a la seguridad, integridad de las personas, propiedades y el ambiente.
Finalmente, la accionante reprocha que existen otros de los efectos en el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas y en la entrada de la alameda que reseña el actor, consiste en que: “Las dos rutas y los daños en la alameda y en la calle de lastre (ambas áreas comunes del Condominio Las Lapas) convergen. La canalización ilegal de las aguas de un sector de Vista de Leona sobre la calle de lastre (Ruta Dos) llegó hasta la entrada de la que un día fue alameda y que hoy convirtieron en un río intermitente, posibilitado por una depresión topográfica natural o canal que viene del Este (Ruta Uno), que ahora también transporta agua que vierte el mega proyecto Vistas de Leona, dando como resultado que las aguas indebidamente vertidas sobre la calle de lastre choquen con las provenientes del otro sector de Vistas de Leona, ocasionando esa unión aguas arremolinadas que también menoscaban y erosionan las áreas comunes del Condominio Lapas.
Así, en la entrada a la alameda se presenta además un efecto remolino destructivo per se. Producto de todo esto y como vimos, a partir del año 2007 se han venido presentando inundaciones en gran parte de las áreas comunes del Condominio Las Lapas, incluyendo rebalses de agua sobre viviendas y sobre la calle de adoquines que está sobre la alcantarilla de cuadro que atraviesa de Este a Oeste el Condominio Lapas”. Al respecto, en este caso, de la propia redacción de la actora no se logra extraer daños resarcibles directamente de su esfera patrimonial y que no hayan sido alegados anteriormente, sino que hace referencia a viviendas que han sufrido inundaciones, y para ello se adjuntó fotos que corren dentro del expediente judicial en formato electrónico. En relación con este extremo, se debe corroborar que, el actor cuente con una condición jurídica de poder reclamar a favor de tercero, análisis de legitimación en cuanto a la pretensión que persigue, es decir, frente a la situación jurídica administrativa que solicita que se le sea indemnizada (restituida o reconocida), debe contar legitimación para ello, demostrar que ostenta la titularidad del derecho o interés, aspecto que se echa de menos por este Tribunal, y sobre el cual se procederá a establecer los fundamentos jurídicos de esta posición.
Lo cual nos lleva a analizar la legitimación ad causam activa que cuenta la actora en relación con su pretensión. Legitimación que, para el caso de mérito, aun cuando no fue opuesta por la representación de la Municipalidad, lo cierto del caso, es que constituye uno de los tres presupuestos procesales que junto con el derecho e interés, deben de ser apreciados de oficio por este Tribunal. Lo anterior, ha sido reconocido por parte de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, entre otras, la Resolución N° 00652-2013 de las 11:00 horas de fecha 21 de mayo de 2013, en donde indicó que, “V. Según se colige de lo expuesto, técnicamente hablando, la casacionista manifiesta su disconformidad con el análisis oficioso que la juzgadora realizó con respecto a la falta de legitimación pasiva del Estado en la presente causa, examen que conllevó a la desestimación de la demanda incoada en su contra.
Sobre esa figura en particular, esta Cámara ha sostenido en forma reiterada que constituye “un presupuesto de la pretensión formulada en la demanda y de la oposición hecha por el demandado, para hacer posible la sentencia de fondo que las resuelve; consecuentemente la legitimación en la causa no constituye un presupuesto procesal, en tanto no se refiere al procedimiento o al válido ejercicio de la acción, antes bien se refiere a la relación sustancial que debe existir entre actor y demandado y al interés sustancial que se discute en el proceso. La legitimación en la causa se refiere a la relación sustancial que se pretende existente entre las partes del proceso y el interés sustancial en litigio. El demandado debe ser la persona a quien le corresponde por la ley oponerse a la pretensión del actor o frente a la cual la ley permite que se declare la relación jurídica sustancial objeto de la demanda; y el actor la persona que a tenor de la ley puede formular las pretensiones de la demanda, aunque el derecho sustancial pretendido no exista o le corresponda a otro (…) La ausencia de legitimación en la causa constituye un impedimento sustancial, si el juzgador se percata de la falta de la misma, así debe declararlo de oficio y dictar una sentencia inhibitoria, lo que no es óbice para que sea alegada oportunamente como excepción previa”.
El subrayado no es del original. (Resolución no. 883 de las 9 horas 5 minutos del 28 de julio de 2011. En similar sentido consúltense las sentencias no. 353 de las 9 horas 35 minutos del 15 de marzo y no. 190 de las 8 horas 45 minutos del 16 de febrero, ambas de 2012). De manera que, la legitimación ad causam se perfila como un presupuesto elemental para el dictado de una sentencia estimatoria, pues de no advertir su ausencia, el juez podría incurrir en el yerro de conceder un derecho a quien no le corresponde o imponerle una prestación a quien no figure como obligado. Ello significaría que el fallo como tal se torna inejecutable. Ahora bien, en este caso, contrario a la tesis expuesta por la recurrente, no se evidencia quebranto alguno en el actuar de la juzgadora, ya que se encuentra en el deber de verificar, aún de oficio, la existencia de los tres presupuestos sustanciales para la procedencia de la pretensión: derecho, interés y legitimación”.
(El resaltado no corresponde al original). (En igual sentido, ver las Resoluciones N° 317-F-S1-2008 de las 09:10 horas del 02 de mayo de 2008 y N° 1548-F-SI-2011 de las 09:20 horas del 22 de diciembre de 2011). Pone de base, lo referido anteriormente, que debe acreditarse que la persona que pida cuente con la posición jurídica de exigir la tutela de una situación jurídica que solicita que le sea reconocida, restituida o indemnizada. De hecho, precisamente la base constitucional de la Jurisdicción Contenciosa Administrativa está dirigida a la protección “los derechos subjetivos y los intereses legítimos de los administrados” (Artículo 49 Constitucional), lo cual también se consagra en el numeral 41 de la Carta Fundamental al establecer: “Ocurriendo a las leyes, todos han de encontrar reparación para las injurias o daños que hayan recibido en su persona, propiedad o intereses morales. Debe hacérseles justicia pronta, cumplida, sin denegación y en estricta conformidad con las leyes”.
(Resaltado corresponde a autoría propia). Fin y fundamento que es retomado en el numeral primero del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo al prever que: “La Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa, establecida en el artículo 49 de la Constitución Política, tiene por objeto tutelar las situaciones jurídicas de toda persona, garantizar o restablecer la legalidad de cualquier conducta de la Administración Pública sujeta al Derecho administrativo, así como conocer y resolver los diversos aspectos de la relación jurídico-administrativa”. De forma tal que, una situación jurídica es concebida como una “Estado o posición que guarda cada uno de los sujetos que intervienen en una relación jurídica” (Muñoz Machado (Santiago). Diccionario Panhispánico del Español Jurídico. España, Real Academia Española, Volumen I, 2017 p.1905). Encontrándose dentro de las situaciones jurídicas, los derechos subjetivos, las obligaciones, las potestades, los intereses legítimos, determinando como norte principal la existencia de un “interés jurídicamente merecedor de tutela como la razón misma de ser de la eficacia jurídica; [el cual] considera a los hechos jurídicamente relevantes (situaciones de hecho) como causa de las situaciones jurídicas (derechos, obligaciones, cargas, etc) (…)” (PÉREZ VARGAS (Víctor).
Derecho Privado. San José, Costa Rica, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sexta Edición, 2021, p33). Situación jurídica que se encuentra vinculada con el concepto de relación jurídica administrativa de forma tal que, en la doctrina se logran distinguir, a partir de su contenido, entre las situaciones jurídicas de ventaja (como lo constituyen, el derecho subjetivo y el interés legítimo) y situaciones jurídicas de desventaja, distinguiéndose entre una y otra, en el sentido de que en las primeras aseguran o tutelan la satisfacción de un interés a favor de su titular, en cambio en las segundas, le imponen una obligación o un deber. Ahora bien “Las situaciones de ventaja y las de desventaja, a menudo, se encuentran ligadas entre sí, de este modo, al derecho del acreedor (situación de ventaja) se conecta con la obligación del deudor (situación de desventaja)”. (PÉREZ VARGAS (Víctor). Derecho Privado. San José, Costa Rica, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sexta Edición, 2021, p35).
En el caso concreto, analizando los autos, se tiene que, es criterio de este Tribunal Colegiado que en la especie, la actora no demuestra su legitimación para requerir la indemnización de los daños patrimoniales de fincas filiales que tienen, conforme a los numerales sétimo y octavo de la Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio uso privativo en favor de sus titulares, en donde se prevé que: “ARTÍCULO 7.- Cada finca filial constituye una porción autónoma y debe estar acondicionada para el uso y goce independientes, comunicada directamente con la vía pública o con determinado espacio común que conduzca a ella. // ARTÍCULO 8.- Cada finca filial, sus accesorios y los espacios necesarios para su cabal aprovechamiento, pertenecen exclusivamente a su propietario, quien, según sus necesidades como condómino tendrá el derecho de aprovechar las cosas comunes conforme a su destino”. Por lo anterior, debe rechazarse también este extremo indemnizatorio, en el tanto no aportó algún poder donde se demostrará contar un mandato para acudir a esta jurisdicción a reclamar la indemnización de algún extremo económico.
Finalmente, la accionante solicita que se le indemnice los perjuicios pasados y futuros que se le han producido con las omisiones del Gobierno Local, sin embargo, al igual que los extremos indemnizatorios anteriores debe ser rechazado, ya que no indica en qué consisten, ni tampoco aportó elementos probatorios algunos que permitan determinar su existencia. Lo cual también implica en la solicitud de que realice un pronunciamiento en abstracto y genérico de cualquier daño o perjuicio que en el futuro se pueda presentar derivada de esta omisión, lo cual no es factible para este Tribunal proceder conforme lo solicitado, por cuanto debe acreditarse la existencia de un daño o un perjuicio, y dar la oportunidad de un contradictorio a la persona física o jurídica de quien se espera que sea reconocido, lo cual ante la incertidumbre de su acaecimiento, no cumple con los requisitos establecido en el numeral 196 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, por lo que también debe rechazarse. -
La representación de la Municipalidad de Garabito al momento de contestar la demanda y el ajuste de las pretensiones, no interpuso expresamente ninguna defensa. Sin embargo, se logra extraer que acusa una falta de derecho. No obstante, por la forma en cómo se ha resuelto el presente asunto, en cuanto a que esta Cámara Colegiada luego del análisis efectuado de los autos y de la prueba que fue ofrecida por las partes y admitida en el momento procesal oportuno, declara la falta de derecho de forma parcial, acogiendo parcialmente las pretensiones en los términos que se han desarrollado en la presente resolución, en virtud de los motivos que han sido expuestos en líneas precedentes.-
Respecto a las costas, de conformidad con el numeral 193 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, las costas procesales y personales constituyen una carga que se impone a la parte vencida por el hecho de serlo. La dispensa de esta condena sólo es viable cuando hubiere, a juicio del Tribunal, motivo suficiente para litigar o bien, cuando la sentencia se dicte en virtud de pruebas cuya existencia desconociera la parte contraria. En la especie, habiéndose acogido parcialmente la demanda formulada y no existiendo en los autos alguna prueba que permita dispensar del pago de éstas al vencido (que en este caso sería la accionada), en los términos regulados por la normativa legal citada procede la condena de las costas (procesales y personales) a la Municipalidad de Garabito, las cuales se liquidarán en la fase de ejecución de sentencia.-
POR TANTO
Con base en los fundamentos de hecho y derechos expuestos, se admite la prueba para mejor resolver ofrecida por la parte actora en fecha 22 de febrero de 2024. Se rechaza parcialmente la excepción falta de derecho y en consecuencia se declara PARCIALMENTE CON LUGAR la demanda interpuesta por la empresa CJO DESARROLLOS INTEGRALES S.A. contra de la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO, entendiéndose rechazada en lo no expresamente reconocido, y al tenor de lo cual se hacen los siguientes pronunciamientos:
Se declara a la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO responsable por su funcionamiento anormal por conducta omisiva en lo referente a ejercer sus atribuciones legales en materia de planificación, fiscalización y ordenamiento urbano, al no darle seguimiento a las licencias constructivas otorgadas al Proyecto Vistas de Leona, en particular al sistema pluvial (desfogue) y su impacto al del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas y de no ejecutar y/u ordenar a quien corresponda la realización de obras y acciones, tendientes a mitigar los efectos derivados de este Proyecto constructivo autorizado en los sistemas pluviales existentes en la zona objeto de la presente litis, y que por ende, eviten eventuales riesgos a la vida, las propiedades de los habitantes del cantón y al ambiente. Se ordena a la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO, a lo siguiente: Implementar, ejecutar y/o exigir a quien corresponda la realización de acciones concretas, a fin de mitigar el impacto de la escorrentía y aguas pluviales que están discurriendo en los desfogues y quebradas del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, y que permitan resolver en definitiva los problemas de inundaciones que se están presentando.
Realizar u ordenar a quien corresponda la realización de medidas de rehabilitación sobre las zonas impactadas, tanto en los inmuebles de los condóminos como áreas comunes que integran el referido Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas. Establecer en el futuro, dentro del ámbito de discrecionalidad técnica, como parte de los requisitos para el otorgamiento de licencias municipales, los estudios técnicos que permitan identificar y prever los eventuales impactos o efectos de un proyecto sobre los sistemas pluviales aguas abajo, así como, a partir de éstos, exigir el cumplimiento a los licenciatarios de la implementación de medidas tendientes a reducir, mitigar y evitar cualquier afectación a los sistemas pluviales y al ambiente identificados. Todo dentro del ordenamiento jurídico vigente y aplicable para el tipo de obras constructivas a efectuar, con sustento en los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad.
Con respecto al cauce de dominio público y cualquier otro que sea identificado, que discurra en la zona objeto de la presente litis, se le ordena realizar las acciones de coordinación y cooperación institucional respectivas, a efecto de asegurar el manejo idóneo de dichos cuerpos de agua, dentro del marco de las reglas de la ciencia y técnica, y la reglamentación vigente, lo cual incluye las labores de mitigación y rehabilitación ordenadas.
Dichas acciones, al tenor de lo establecido en el numeral 157 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, deberá ser efectuadas dentro de un plazo que no supere tres (3) meses, contado a partir del día siguiente de la firmeza de la presente sentencia, en el entendido de que, el juez de ejecución aprobará y fiscalizará las acciones para el cumplimiento efectivo de la presente sentencia.
Se condena a la parte demandada al pago de las costas personales y procesales, los cuales se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia. Notifíquese. - Cinthya Morales Herra Claudia Bolaños Salazar Carlos José Mejías Rodríguez ???????????????
CINTHYA MARIA MORALES HERRA - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A ???????????????
CLAUDIA BOLAÑOS SALAZAR - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A ????????????????
CARLOS JOSE MEJIAS RODRIGUEZ - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A Goicoechea, Calle Blancos, 50 metros oeste del BNCR, frente a Café Dorado. Teléfonos: 2545-0107 ó 2545-0099. Ext. 01-2707 ó 01-2599. Fax: 2241-5664 ó 2545-0006. Correo electrónico: [email protected] Clasificación elaborada por CENTRO DE INFORMACIÓN JURISPRUDENCIALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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