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Res. 01743-2024 Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo · Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo · 20/03/2024
OutcomeResultado
The court held the Municipality of Garabito liable for failing to oversee Vistas de Leona’s stormwater system and ordered it to mitigate flooding, rehabilitate affected areas, coordinate watercourse management, and strengthen technical studies for future permits within three months.El Tribunal responsabilizó a la Municipalidad de Garabito por omitir la fiscalización del sistema pluvial de Vistas de Leona y le ordenó mitigar las inundaciones, rehabilitar las zonas afectadas, coordinar el manejo de cauces y reforzar los estudios técnicos para futuras licencias dentro de un plazo máximo de tres meses.
SummaryResumen
The Contentious-Administrative Court partially granted CJO Desarrollos Integrales S.A.’s claim and held the Municipality of Garabito liable for abnormal administrative operation arising from its omissions. The court found that the local government had failed to exercise its urban planning, oversight, and land-use powers properly because it did not follow up on the construction permits issued for the Vistas de Leona project, particularly its stormwater outfall and its effects on the Las Lapas condominium. It ordered the Municipality to implement or require measures capable of resolving the flooding, rehabilitate affected areas, and coordinate the management of public-domain watercourses. For future municipal permits, the Municipality must also establish technical-study requirements to identify downstream stormwater impacts and require permit holders to adopt preventive and mitigation measures, subject to reasonableness and proportionality. These actions must be completed within no more than three months. Relief not expressly granted, including unsupported compensation claims, was denied, and the Municipality was ordered to pay procedural and attorney costs.El Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo declaró parcialmente con lugar la demanda de CJO Desarrollos Integrales S.A. y responsabilizó a la Municipalidad de Garabito por funcionamiento anormal derivado de su conducta omisiva. Consideró que el gobierno local no ejerció adecuadamente sus potestades de planificación, fiscalización y ordenamiento urbano, pues no dio seguimiento a las licencias constructivas del proyecto Vistas de Leona, particularmente respecto de su desfogue pluvial y de los efectos sobre el Condominio Las Lapas. Ordenó implementar o exigir acciones que solucionen las inundaciones, rehabilitar las zonas afectadas y coordinar el manejo de los cauces de dominio público. También dispuso que, para futuras licencias, la Municipalidad establezca estudios técnicos destinados a identificar impactos sobre los sistemas pluviales aguas abajo y exija medidas de prevención y mitigación, conforme a criterios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad. Las actuaciones deberán cumplirse en un plazo máximo de tres meses. Se rechazaron los extremos no reconocidos, incluidas las indemnizaciones no acreditadas, y se condenó a la Municipalidad al pago de costas.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Implement, carry out, and/or require the appropriate party to undertake specific actions to mitigate the impact of runoff and stormwater flowing through the outfalls and streams of the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium, so as to definitively resolve the flooding problems that are occurring. Undertake, or order the appropriate party to undertake, rehabilitation measures in the affected areas, including both the condominium owners’ properties and the common areas comprising the aforementioned Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium. In the future, within the scope of its technical discretion, establish as part of the requirements for granting municipal permits the technical studies needed to identify and anticipate a project’s potential downstream impacts or effects on stormwater systems and, based on those studies, require permit holders to implement measures aimed at reducing, mitigating, and preventing any identified harm to stormwater systems and the environment. All of this must be done within the legal framework in force and applicable to the type of construction involved, based on the principles of reasonableness and proportionality.Implementar, ejecutar y/o exigir a quien corresponda la realización de acciones concretas, a fin de mitigar el impacto de la escorrentía y aguas pluviales que están discurriendo en los desfogues y quebradas del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, y que permitan resolver en definitiva los problemas de inundaciones que se están presentando. Realizar u ordenar a quien corresponda la realización de medidas de rehabilitación sobre las zonas impactadas, tanto en los inmuebles de los condóminos como áreas comunes que integran el referido Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas. Establecer en el futuro, dentro del ámbito de discrecionalidad técnica, como parte de los requisitos para el otorgamiento de licencias municipales, los estudios técnicos que permitan identificar y prever los eventuales impactos o efectos de un proyecto sobre los sistemas pluviales aguas abajo, así como, a partir de éstos, exigir el cumplimiento a los licenciatarios de la implementación de medidas tendientes a reducir, mitigar y evitar cualquier afectación a los sistemas pluviales y al ambiente identificados. Todo dentro del ordenamiento jurídico vigente y aplicable para el tipo de obras constructivas a efectuar, con sustento en los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Se declara a la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO responsable por su funcionamiento anormal por conducta omisiva en lo referente a ejercer sus atribuciones legales en materia de planificación, fiscalización y ordenamiento urbano, al no darle seguimiento a las licencias constructivas otorgadas al Proyecto Vistas de Leona, en particular al sistema pluvial (desfogue) y su impacto al del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas y de no ejecutar y/u ordenar a quien corresponda la realización de obras y acciones, tendientes a mitigar los efectos derivados de este Proyecto constructivo autorizado en los sistemas pluviales existentes en la zona objeto de la presente litis, y que por ende, eviten eventuales riesgos a la vida, las propiedades de los habitantes del cantón y al ambiente."
"The MUNICIPALITY OF GARABITO is declared liable for abnormal operation arising from its omissions in exercising its statutory urban planning, oversight, and land-use powers, by failing to follow up on the construction permits granted to the Vistas de Leona Project—particularly its stormwater outfall system and its impact on the Las Lapas Horizontal Residential Condominium—and by failing to carry out or order the appropriate party to undertake works and actions to mitigate the effects of this authorized construction project on the existing stormwater systems in the area at issue, thereby preventing potential risks to life, residents’ property, and the environment."
Por tanto
"Se declara a la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO responsable por su funcionamiento anormal por conducta omisiva en lo referente a ejercer sus atribuciones legales en materia de planificación, fiscalización y ordenamiento urbano, al no darle seguimiento a las licencias constructivas otorgadas al Proyecto Vistas de Leona, en particular al sistema pluvial (desfogue) y su impacto al del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas y de no ejecutar y/u ordenar a quien corresponda la realización de obras y acciones, tendientes a mitigar los efectos derivados de este Proyecto constructivo autorizado en los sistemas pluviales existentes en la zona objeto de la presente litis, y que por ende, eviten eventuales riesgos a la vida, las propiedades de los habitantes del cantón y al ambiente."
Por tanto
"Con respecto al cauce de dominio público y cualquier otro que sea identificado, que discurra en la zona objeto de la presente litis, se le ordena realizar las acciones de coordinación y cooperación institucional respectivas, a efecto de asegurar el manejo idóneo de dichos cuerpos de agua, dentro del marco de las reglas de la ciencia y técnica, y la reglamentación vigente, lo cual incluye las labores de mitigación y rehabilitación ordenadas."
"Regarding the public-domain watercourse and any other watercourse identified in the area at issue, the Municipality is ordered to undertake the corresponding interagency coordination and cooperation necessary to ensure the proper management of those bodies of water under scientific and technical standards and the regulations in force, including the mitigation and rehabilitation work ordered."
Por tanto
"Con respecto al cauce de dominio público y cualquier otro que sea identificado, que discurra en la zona objeto de la presente litis, se le ordena realizar las acciones de coordinación y cooperación institucional respectivas, a efecto de asegurar el manejo idóneo de dichos cuerpos de agua, dentro del marco de las reglas de la ciencia y técnica, y la reglamentación vigente, lo cual incluye las labores de mitigación y rehabilitación ordenadas."
Por tanto
"Dichas acciones, al tenor de lo establecido en el numeral 157 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, deberá ser efectuadas dentro de un plazo que no supere tres (3) meses, contado a partir del día siguiente de la firmeza de la presente sentencia, en el entendido de que, el juez de ejecución aprobará y fiscalizará las acciones para el cumplimiento efectivo de la presente sentencia."
"Under Article 157 of the Contentious-Administrative Procedural Code, those actions must be completed within a period not exceeding three (3) months, counted from the day after this judgment becomes final, with the enforcement judge responsible for approving and supervising the measures required for effective compliance with the judgment."
Por tanto
"Dichas acciones, al tenor de lo establecido en el numeral 157 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, deberá ser efectuadas dentro de un plazo que no supere tres (3) meses, contado a partir del día siguiente de la firmeza de la presente sentencia, en el entendido de que, el juez de ejecución aprobará y fiscalizará las acciones para el cumplimiento efectivo de la presente sentencia."
Por tanto
"Lo cual también implica en la solicitud de que realice un pronunciamiento en abstracto y genérico de cualquier daño o perjuicio que en el futuro se pueda presentar derivada de esta omisión, lo cual no es factible para este Tribunal proceder conforme lo solicitado, por cuanto debe acreditarse la existencia de un daño o un perjuicio, y dar la oportunidad de un contradictorio a la persona física o jurídica de quien se espera que sea reconocido."
"This also entails a request for an abstract and general ruling concerning any damage or loss that might arise in the future from this omission, which the Court cannot grant as requested because the existence of damage or loss must be proven and the individual or legal entity expected to compensate it must be given an opportunity to contest the claim."
Considerando X
"Lo cual también implica en la solicitud de que realice un pronunciamiento en abstracto y genérico de cualquier daño o perjuicio que en el futuro se pueda presentar derivada de esta omisión, lo cual no es factible para este Tribunal proceder conforme lo solicitado, por cuanto debe acreditarse la existencia de un daño o un perjuicio, y dar la oportunidad de un contradictorio a la persona física o jurídica de quien se espera que sea reconocido."
Considerando X
Full documentDocumento completo
EV Template Generation: F:\Gestion-Judicial\Servidor de Archivos\Modelos\Contencioso\TCRESOL016.dpj *190068141027CA* CASE FILE:
PROCEEDING:
ORDINARY PROCEEDING PLAINTIFF:
CJO DESARROLLOS INTEGRALES SA DEFENDANT:
BANCO IMPROSA SA No. N° 2024001743 ADMINISTRATIVE AND TAX CIVIL COURT, SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SAN JOSÉ, GOICOECHEA, at twenty hours and seven minutes on veinte de Marzo del dos mil veinticuatro.- Ordinary proceeding (proceso de conocimiento) brought by Mr. Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata, of legal age, resident of San Francisco de Dos Ríos, province of San José, holder of identity card N° 1-0491-0645, in his personal capacity and as President, vested with the powers of a general attorney-in-fact without limitation (apoderado generalísimo), of CJO DESARROLLOS INTEGRALES SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA, whose corporate designation may be abbreviated as S.A., corporate identification number N° 3-101-418155, against MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO, corporate identification number N° 3-014-56076, represented by its litigation attorney-in-fact (apoderada judicial), Ms. Raquel Sandí Batista, holder of identity card N° 1-1520-6342 and Costa Rican Bar Association membership card N° 26342. Mr. José Pablo Mata Ferreto, Costa Rican Bar Association membership card Nº 5325, participates as lead counsel for the plaintiff.
PROCEDURAL ACTIONS. The following form part of the procedural history (íter procesal) relevant to the adjudication of this proceeding:
I.By means of a complaint filed on 10 de octubre del 2019 and amended on 01 de julio de 2021, the plaintiff asserted the following claims for relief, seeking a judgment declaring as follows: “PRINCIPAL CLAIMS FOR RELIEF That the conduct of Municipalidad de Garabito, consisting of the following omissions, be declared contrary to the legal system: • Inaction, failure to supervise, and failure to use the legal tools available to it in response to the irregular urban development represented by Condominios Vistas de Leona (Facts #12, 21, 25, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 39). • Failure to grant the Municipal Permit for the construction of both Vistas de Leona condominiums (Facts # 12, 18, 19, 22, 23 and 25). • Failure to require the customary construction prerequisites, approvals, and permits, such as the Stormwater Discharge Permit (Permiso de Desfogue Pluvial) and the timely authorization of Ministerio de Salud, Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillado, and INVU (Facts # 12, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25 and 26). • Failure to carry out specific actions and works that other institutions ordered the Municipality to implement and supervise, such as: the mitigation measures ordered by Comisión Nacional de Emergencia; the monitoring, supervision, performance of studies, and adoption of measures recommended by Ministerio de Salud; the hydrological study and infrastructure works ordered by A. y A.; and the supervision ordered by SETENA (Facts #24, 25, 26, 37 and 39). • Failure to comply with the order of Sala Constitucional to ‘reach a solution regarding the facts alleged by the amparo petitioner.’ (Facts # 31, 32, 33, 24 and 35). • Failure by the Municipality to require Vistas de Leona to perform specific works that departments within the Municipality itself acknowledged were necessary (Facts # 12, 30 and 36). • Failure to decide the complaint filed by the plaintiff herein (Facts # 29 and 30).
B- General claim for SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE (HACER): Order MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO to effectively exercise its statutory and governmental authority and to perform, and ensure the performance of, the works necessary to prevent and reverse the harmful consequences of its unlawful conduct against the plaintiff, and to require any violator to perform any work necessary to comply with the disregarded legal regulations governing urban development in general and stormwater discharges and disposal in particular, so as to end the infringement of the plaintiff’s legitimate interests and rights. C- Order MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO to pay compensation for the current damages and losses caused, as well as any future damages and losses arising from its negligence, noncompliant actions, and omissions in all matters relating to the improper disposal of stormwater from the Vistas de Leona condominium megaproject, the amount of which shall be determined during the judgment-enforcement phase.
D- Order MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO to pay both costs and attorneys’ fees (ambas costas) in these proceedings, which shall be assessed at the appropriate procedural stage.” Those claims remained unchanged during the Preliminary Hearing held at 13:55 on 15 de diciembre de 2021. (See images 02 to 68 and 1380 to 1419 of the electronic court file, as well as the minutes of the preliminary hearing appearing at images 1478 to 1482 of the electronic court file and the audio recording of the preliminary hearing in the SIGAO System).
II.After the complaint was served on Municipalidad de Garabito by an order issued at 13:56 on 31 de octubre de 2019 by the Administrative and Tax Civil Court, on 08 de enero de 2020 it answered the complaint, denying the allegations and requesting that the complaint be dismissed in its entirety. It also requested that the plaintiff be ordered to pay costs and attorneys’ fees. (See images 643 to 645 and 667 to 688 of the electronic court file).
III.By an order issued at 14:06 on 01 de abril de 2020, the Administrative and Tax Civil Court granted the plaintiff a period of three (3) business days to respond to the answer filed by Municipalidad de Garabito. The plaintiff did so on 21 de abril de 2020, reiterating its arguments and offering documentary, testimonial, and expert rebuttal evidence (contraprueba). (See images 903 to 946 of the electronic court file).
IV.By a filing dated 01 julio de 2021, the plaintiff, CJO DESARROLLOS INTEGRALES S.A., partially withdrew its complaint in order to maintain its action solely against Municipalidad de Garabito and also amended its claims for relief, which were established as set forth in section I of this Decision. (See images 1380 to 1419 of the electronic court file).
V.By the order issued at 11:16 on 09 de julio de 2021, the Administrative and Tax Civil Court accepted the partial withdrawal of the complaint, ordered the corresponding portion of the case closed, and continued the proceeding solely against Municipalidad de Garabito. (See images 1420 to 1421 of the electronic court file).
VI.By the order issued at 10:02 on 27 de setiembre de 2021, the Administrative and Tax Civil Court granted Municipalidad de Garabito a period of three (3) business days to respond to the plaintiff’s filing expanding its claims for relief and also scheduled the preliminary hearing. (See images 1431 to 1434 of the electronic court file).
VII.On 04 de octubre de 2021, Municipalidad de Garabito responded to the plaintiff’s amendment of its claims for relief, maintaining unchanged the evidence it had offered with its answer to the complaint. (See images 14337 and 1438 of the electronic court file).
VIII.The preliminary hearing was held on 15 de diciembre del 2021, with all parties present. At that hearing, the parties stated that they had found no procedural defects; the claims asserted in the complaint and amended on 06 de julio de 2021 remained unchanged; all facts alleged in the complaint, except the second fact, were deemed disputed; and, in response to the plaintiff’s request to designate Contraloría General de la República as an interested third party (tercero interesado), the Case Management Judge denied the request at that time. The administrative file for Condominio Vista Leona and the amparo proceeding (recurso de amparo) filed by Mr. Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata were admitted as evidence common to both parties. All evidence submitted by the plaintiff, both with its complaint and its reply, was admitted, except documentary evidence 1 through 10, 47, 49, 50, 51, 66 and 61 submitted with the complaint, which was excluded. The documentary evidence offered by the defendant corresponding to appendices N° 1 and N° 3 was admitted. The taking of expert evidence was also authorized, as was the testimony of two witnesses proposed by the plaintiff. (See Audio in SIGAO and the minutes of the Preliminary Hearing appearing at images 1478 to 1482 of the electronic court file).
IX.On 06 de octubre del año 2022, Engineer Alberto Serrano Pacheco submitted the requested expert report. By the order issued at 8:21 on 20 de octubre de 2022, the Administrative and Tax Civil Court granted the parties a period of three (3) business days to submit their respective responses to that report. (See images 1490 to 1567 of the electronic court file).
X.By a brief dated 26 de octubre de 2022, Municipalidad de Garabito responded to the Expert Report prepared by Mr. Alberto Serrano Pacheco. (See images 1573 to 1580 of the electronic court file).
XI.On 26 de abril de 2023, Inmobiliaria Abarca & Barrantes S.A., as owner of subsidiary property N° 21 of Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, requested leave to participate as an intervenor supporting the plaintiff (coadyuvante), “given that the outcome of the action affects the sphere of its interests.” (See images 1610 to 1612 of the electronic court file).
XII.On 26 de febrero del 2024, the oral and public trial hearing was held with all parties to the proceeding present. At the hearing, the plaintiff requested that Mr. Luis Rodolfo Calderón be included in his capacity as legal representative of Inmobiliaria Abarca & Barrantes S.A. and that additional evidence for the court’s consideration (prueba para mejor resolver) be admitted. The Court granted both requests and allowed the Municipality a period of three (3) business days to respond to that evidence. None of the parties identified any procedural matters requiring correction; opening statements were presented; testimony was received from the court-appointed expert, Mr. Alberto Serrano Pacheco, identity card 2-0514-0061; the expert witness, Mr. José Gerardo Roig Loria, identity card N° 3-0259-0214; and the witness Paulino Vargas Calderón, identity card N° 6-0202-0076; and, finally, oral closing arguments were presented. In view of the nature of the proceeding, this Court declared it to be a highly complex proceeding pursuant to sections 111 of Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativa and 47 of Reglamento Autónomo de Organización y Servicio de la Jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativa y Civil de Hacienda. (See the minutes of the oral and public trial appearing at images 1662 to 1668 of the electronic court file, and the Audio and video in SIGAO).
XIII.By written submission dated 29 de febrero de 2024, the Municipalidad de Garabito requested an extension of the time granted at the oral and public trial hearing, stating that it had not had access to the evidence for better adjudication (prueba para mejor resolver) due to an issue with the computer system. In response to that request, the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, by order issued at 11:43 hours on 05 de marzo de 2024, did not grant the requested extension because the record contained no justification not attributable to the defendant for extending the time granted. (See images 1643 to 1647 of the electronic judicial case file).
XIV.The statutory requirements and time limits have been observed in the proceedings, and no flaws, defects, or omissions are apparent that could render the proceedings null and void or deny the parties an adequate defense. This decision is issued unanimously following deliberation by the members of this Court.
Drafted by Judge Morales Herra, with the affirmative votes of Judges Bolaños Salazar and Mejías Rodríguez.
CONSIDERING
After the preliminary hearing and before the oral and public trial, on 22 de febrero de 2024, counsel for the plaintiff filed a request for the admission of evidence for better adjudication, consisting of videos of flooding that occurred during June and October of 2022. During the oral and public trial, this Court granted the defendant a period of three (3) business days to respond regarding that evidence. The foregoing was based on Article 50, subsection 2), first part, of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. However, no response from the defendant appears in the record, as noted in the foregoing findings. As the record reflects, the parties were given a prior opportunity to be heard regarding this evidence so that they could make any statements they deemed appropriate, in compliance with the principles of adversarial proceedings, bilateral hearing, due process, and the right of defense.
The defendant was responsible for obtaining a copy of that evidence, which was made available at the Court Office, as stated at the oral and public trial hearing. With respect to evidence for better adjudication, the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia has consistently held that such evidence “(…) is not evidence belonging to the parties. It is evidence of the Judge. The Judge may, at the Judge’s discretion, order it if deemed indispensable for rendering judgment. Because it is discretionary, the adjudicator is not bound to take it. In this regard, the Chamber has held on many occasions that there is neither a defect consisting of denial of the right of defense nor a failure to take appropriate evidence when the evidence at issue is evidence for better adjudication. Even where the possibility of taking such evidence has been considered, the matter remains within the Judge’s discretion, and the Judge may dispense with it without issuing any order.
If it is not ordered, it is simply deemed denied. In this regard, see, among others, judgments number 23 issued at 14 hours and 20 minutes on 4 de marzo de 1992, 34 issued at 10 hours and 45 minutes on 28 de mayo de 1993, and 83 issued at 14 hours and 40 minutes on 22 de diciembre de 1993.” (See Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Decision N° 00059-1995 issued at 15:20 hours on 31 de mayo de 1995). Accordingly, in light of the claims and defenses submitted by the parties, this Court finds that the evidence referred to above is useful and relevant because it introduces evidentiary elements pertinent to the proper resolution of the dispute; it therefore decides to admit that evidence in these proceedings. The evidence shall be assessed as a whole and in accordance with the rules of sound rational judgment (sana crítica racional), pursuant to Article 82, subsection 1), of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo.
The certifications issued by the Registro Público, which were excluded by the Case Management Judge during the preliminary hearing, are likewise deemed useful as historical references and shall be admitted as evidence to assist the Court (prueba para mejor proveer). Nevertheless, given the characteristics of these proceedings and in light of the adversarial process, the certifications numbered 3, 4, 7, 8, and 9 in the complaint are deemed relevant and admitted as evidence for better adjudication.
Based on the documentary evidence admitted in these proceedings, the following facts are deemed proven, relevant, and duly supported for purposes of issuing this Decision:
We subsequently verified that, as a result of sediment being carried by that stream, there are large numbers of dead trees downstream. (…)”. (See Inspection Report concerning the Banco Improsa property adjacent to Punta Leona, dated 13 de enero de 2009, appearing at images 230 to 236 of the court record in electronic format).
The conditions on our land, before the house was constructed and for a short time afterward, were normal. In the so-called common area or 8-meter-wide pedestrian lane, there was minimal or negligible stormwater runoff (escorrentía de aguas) during the winter months, but it dried up in summer; near the end of the western boundary, a 140-meter-long box culvert (alcantarilla de cuadro), with a cross-section of 1.20 x 1.40 m, discharges. It is part of the condominium’s stormwater drainage system and continues beneath a paved-block street to the stormwater discharge. 5. However, the foregoing conditions changed radically and drastically because, approximately in the winter of the year 2007, the water in the northern common area rose to a level resembling a creek as a result of Nuevo Proyecto Residencial Vistas de Leona. (…) In addition, as a result of the earthworks at Condominio Villa Leona, (…) streets and properties within Condominio Las Lapas were flooded with thousands of cubic meters of mud, water, and debris.
This man-made event flowed from the upper slopes of Condominio Vistas de Leona toward the south of Las Lapas, precisely in the direction of properties three lots away from ours, directly through the undeveloped lot behind the small amount of forest they left standing; the temporary solution was to build a ditch that runs behind our properties along the eastern boundary, and during the following two winters it has washed out the rear road to a depth of more than one and a half meters (…). After several floods, two of them eventually reached the terrace of my house. The edges of the land bordering the stormwater discharge have eroded, and thus far the water has only dampened some chairs located on a level approximately two meters higher; likewise, the current has left debris in the grass and ornamental plants, posing a serious danger to our property and a risk to the occupants’ lives. (…) Consequently, the situation is real, and the problem was artificially created by the earthworks and the unauthorized connection to the neighboring Las Lapas sewerage system at its side; neither my property nor the perimeter wall impedes the flow of water, nor should they have to withstand flooding, remain exposed to the risk of an avalanche, or suffer the inundation of mud and debris in front of my property and the flooding of neighboring properties.” (See unnumbered Official Letter dated 16 de setiembre de 2009, appearing at images 183 to 201 of the administrative court record in electronic format).
Mitigation and Prevention Measures (…) The La Lapas residential area in Punta Leona is experiencing flooding problems during heavy rainfall in the area; therefore, the following recommendations should be followed: (…) A study must be submitted demonstrating [sic] that the discharge of both river water and wastewater is not affecting the environment or the lower-lying areas where the residential development is located. (…) If adverse effects are demonstrated, the corresponding mitigation works must be carried out to resolve the problem. (…) This would also include making changes to the residential development’s sewer system, if necessary. (…) A [sic] culvert must be installed in the ditch located behind the homes to reduce the erosion process and conserve the soil. Furthermore, they are reminded that any irregularity concerning construction techniques and standards SHALL REMAIN THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY of the institution [sic] granting the permits, (…) and of the Municipalidad de Garabito if it fails to request the corresponding reports, inspections, and corrective measures.” (Emphasis in the original).
(See Informe Técnico N° DPM-INF-1574-2009 dated 18 de diciembre de 2009, issued by the Departamento de Prevención y Mitigación, appearing at images 202 to 208 of the judicial case file in electronic format).
This has caused the water, along a segment of this road between Residencial Mapache and Residencial Las Lapas, to breach one side, with part of that flow being channeled down a private gravel road, carrying mud and stones, and ultimately connecting to a small stream that receives water from the micro-watershed (microcuenca) where Proyecto Vista Leona is located. Furthermore, in one of the lowest sections of this stream there appears to be an encroachment upon the stream protection zone (zona de protección de la quebrada), where a residential development called ‘Residencial Las Lapas’ was built. (…) Within the residential development, the stream waters were channeled through a cement-block structure measuring approximately 140 wide by 150 centimeters high, covered above with paving stones, which crosses the entire residential development; the aforementioned block-and-concrete structure begins precisely where the complainant, Mr.
Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata, has his home. (…) the structure belonging to house number 35 is located practically 2 metro [sic] from the channel. (…) the stream channel and, clearly visible, the upper portion of the complainant’s house, entirely within the stream protection zone. As already stated, the tributaries feeding the stream originate in the micro-watershed upstream from ‘Residencial Lapas,’ along whose banks Proyecto Villa Leona is located. The stream is also fed by water from a small patch of forest and by runoff (escorrentía) from Calle Vieja a Punta Leona. (…) Another important point to consider is that, according to the complainant, the common area is being affected by mud and water during heavy downpours. He states that the portion of the common area at issue includes, among other things, the fully paved central section of Residencial Lapas, which apparently lies within the stream protection zone, a matter that MINAET must determine.
(…)” The report was sent to the Municipalidad de Garabito, Departamento de Ingeniería, and Departamento de Junta Vial, “for their information and so that the appropriate measures may be taken regarding the foregoing, in accordance with their respective powers.” (See images 211 to 222 of the judicial case file in electronic format).
(…) In Condominio Las Lapas, a stream was observed on the north side of subsidiary property 35; the land along both banks of that stream has been scoured, and scouring of the land was also observed in the stormwater channel located on the condominium street behind subsidiary property 35. On the access street in front of subsidiary property 35, the stream is channeled through a box culvert and piped beneath the existing roadway for approximately 85 meters in an east-west direction (…) its outlet is located at a street intersection west of the condominium, and the stream continues through a green area of the condominium. The plan for Condominio Las Lapas shows one green area 8 meters wide and another green area 13 meters wide; these two areas are unrestricted common areas (áreas comunes libres) of the condominium, and the plan does not show any existing intermittent or permanent watercourse.
(…) For the project’s final stormwater discharge (…), two external easements were established, the authorization for which was documented through a Sworn Statement. The watercourse into which the Condominio Vistas de Leona project discharges continues downstream through Condominio Las Lapas in an east-west direction, across the green areas identified on the Condominio Las Lapas plan as unrestricted common areas. MINAE identified the public-domain watercourse affecting Condominio Las Lapas, which serves as the final discharge point for Condominio Vistas de Leona, through document IMN-DA-1747-2008 dated in the year 2008, whereas the Las Lapas project was approved by INVU in the year 2004. The plans for Condominio Las Lapas approved by INVU in the year 2004 do not identify any body of water affecting the project, much less any setback requirements (retiros) on that basis, nor do the green areas shown on the plan indicate that they correspond to intermittent or seasonal watercourses.
The corresponding hydrological study (estudio hidrológico) for the Proyecto Vistas de Leona, extending to its discharge point authorized by the Municipality, was submitted. The hydrological study concerning the impact of the discharge from the Vistas de Leona project on the downstream watershed (cuenca aguas abajo) was not submitted to this department; the Municipality is responsible for requesting that study before authorizing the stormwater discharge. Neither the Condominio Las Lapas project nor the remaining phases comprising the Proyecto Vistas de Leona have plans approved by AYA. The plans approved for the Condominio Vistas de Leona project cover only the first construction phase, corresponding to 150 subsidiary properties. For approval of the remaining phases of the Condominio Vistas de Leona project, the Municipalidad de Garabito must request the corresponding hydrological study regarding the project’s impact on the downstream watershed and, based on that study, take the appropriate measures by requiring the developer to undertake any necessary infrastructure works, in order to prevent impacts on the watershed and on the projects and properties located downstream from the authorized discharge site.” (See Inspection Report N° SUB-G-AID-UEN-PyC-URB-I-2011-12, appearing at images 298 to 302 of the court case file in electronic format).
A bottleneck formed at the culvert (alcantarilla) on Subsidiary Property 35 of Condominio Lapas, causing the water to overflow and affect properties in that condominium, resulting in serious and increasingly frequent damage to those properties, without the consulting firm or Engineer Castillo having sought a solution to the problem as of this date.” (See Oficio N° TH-025-2015 dated 21 de enero de 2014 (sic), appearing at images 367 to 369 of the electronic judicial case file).
The alleged act described as ‘Having conducted basic studies, preliminary studies, plans, designs, and technical inspection regarding the stormwater runoff flow (caudal de escorrentía pluvial) that resulted in flooding at the home of Engineer Rodolfo Calderón Mata and Residencial Las Lapas’ has not been established—because doubt remains as to whether the flooding resulted from deficient professional work by Engineer Castillo Rojas or from the enclosure of the stream in piping (entubado de la quebrada) adjacent to Engineer Rodolfo Calderón Marta’s home, which was carried out by the developers of Residencial Las Lapas. It is noteworthy that the cadastral survey (catastro) of the property belonging to the complainant, Engineer Calderón Mata, identifies the adjoining stream as a pedestrian lane, into which stormwater from the complainant’s house is discharged, and that the required setback (retiro) from a stream is not observed.
These facts appear at folio 717, corresponding to the cadastral survey, and folios 701 to 709, corresponding to inspection report SPR-001-1780-OMBS. (…)” (See Acuerdo N° 40 of the Junta Directiva del CFIA, Oficio N° JDG-01010-14/15 dated 27 de agosto de 2005, appearing at images 370 to 386 of the electronic judicial case file).
The following are deemed unproven facts relevant to rendering judgment, either because the parties failed to discharge their burdens of proof (cargas probatorias), or because this Court found no suitable evidence that, in light of the principle of sound judicial assessment (sana crítica), would establish them:
An analysis of the record, the complaint and the relief sought therein, as well as the closing arguments presented during the oral and public trial hearing, shows that the subject matter of these proceedings is to determine whether, in this case, Municipalidad de Garabito incurs predominantly strict liability, attributable to abnormal operation (through a material omission), arising from its failure to fulfill its obligations regarding the following matters:
In this regard, it also disputes that Municipalidad failed to request “basic preliminary studies and analyses,” and states that a calculation report was belatedly submitted that expressly refers to the insufficient capacity of the stormwater system at Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas.
On another matter, it should be noted that, as reflected in the record, the plaintiff sought recourse before various bodies to report and request intervention regarding the flooding affecting Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, applying in due course to Colegio Federado e Ingenieros y Arquitectos, Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, Comisión Nacional para la Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, and Municipalidad de Garabito. Now, in view of the subject matter of the dispute (objeto de litis), which was joined upon the filing of the answer to the complaint, and the subsequent amendment made by the plaintiff on 01 de julio de 2021, accepted by this Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda through the ruling issued at 10:02 on 27 de setiembre de 2021—an amendment to the claims on which the municipal government filed its response on 04 de octubre de 2021—these proceedings shall be limited to adjudicating the conduct of Municipalidad de Garabito solely insofar as the plaintiff alleged omissive conduct (conducta omisiva), and shall not address the other public entities that, in one way or another, have legally assigned powers concerning stormwater and environmental matters.
This is without prejudice, as discussed below, to the powers of interinstitutional coordination and cooperation established under the legal system. It must also be clarified that, when the complaint was filed, it was directed not only against Municipalidad de Garabito but also against all companies owning properties adjacent to Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, including Banco Improsa as trustee of the property on which Proyecto Vistas de Leona is being developed; the plaintiff subsequently discontinued that legal action, as noted above. For this reason, this Collegiate Chamber has not assessed the aspects of the complaint referring to those legal entities, nor the evidence and arguments submitted at the time by the former defendants, nor the reply filed at the time by the plaintiff regarding them, except for what was expressly admitted at the Preliminary Hearing (Audiencia Preliminar) by the Case Management Judge (persona Juzgadora de Trámite).
Accordingly, judicial review of the legality (control de legalidad) of the former defendants’ conduct has likewise not formed part of these proceedings, as it falls outside the subject matter of the dispute. Finally, in compliance with the principle of party disposition (principio dispositivo), and taking into consideration the scope of the proceedings as defined by the plaintiff’s representative—namely, that the claim submitted to this Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction (Jurisdicción Contenciosa) seeks review of the conduct of Municipalidad de Garabito solely with respect to abnormal functioning resulting from omissive conduct—review of the legality of the administrative acts (actos administrativos) issued by it and verification of their conformity with the legal system fall outside these proceedings. Although the record suggests that the claimant tangentially advanced general arguments in that regard, the fact remains that the wording of the plaintiff’s amended claims, together with its decision to discontinue the action against the legal entities to which those administrative acts were addressed, establishes that the plaintiff did not submit those formal acts (actos formales) for judicial review in these proceedings.
Consequently, these proceedings also do not encompass an analysis of whether those formal acts contain any defect in their essential elements (grounds, content, procedure, intent, and purpose). It bears repeating that, in its claims, the plaintiff did not seek a declaration of nullity (declaratoria de nulidad) of formal acts issued by Municipalidad de Garabito—only a declaration of nonconformity regarding its omissive conduct—nor did it allege in its complaint or amendment to the claims the existence of any defect in the elements of those acts. Accordingly, the foregoing shall constitute the decision-making framework for this Collegiate Chamber. -
As indicated above, in her complaint, reply, and arguments presented during the closing-argument phase of the oral and public trial hearing, the plaintiff states that she owns subsidiary property N° 35 of Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas (this condominium is referred to under different names in various parts of this decision because those names are transcribed as used by the institutions involved in the different events outlined in the complaint; nevertheless, they all refer to the same urban development). This condominium is located within Complejo Turístico Punta Leona, at the site known as Mantas, in the District of Jacó, Canton of Garabito, Province of Puntarenas. It therefore lies within the jurisdiction of the Municipalidad de Garabito. She recounts that this vacation home has been used by the plaintiff’s representative, Mr. Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata, since 2005, and that in that year “(...) and during the preceding years, the flow and drainage of the water were normal; specifically, in the common area or eight-meter-wide pedestrian greenway (alameda) north of my principal’s subsidiary property, there was a small drainage channel (caño) running through its center, where water runoff (escorrentía de aguas) was negligible during the winter months and the channel remained dry during the summer months.
At its western end, that pedestrian greenway joins and continues into the (...) box culvert beneath the paved-stone street in Condominio Las Lapas, with dimensions of 1.25 m x 1.50 m, which until then was adequate for the condominium’s own stormwater drainage (desfogue pluvial) (Condominio Las Lapas) and that of a small surrounding area with dense vegetation cover (cobertura vegetal).” She states that beginning in 2007, with the development of a housing project comprising Condominios Horizontal Residencial con Fincas Filiales Primarias Individualizadas Vistas de Leona and Condominio Horizontal Residencial en Fincas Filiales Primarias Individualizadas Ciento Cuarenta y Nueve del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Vistas de Leona—which, for purposes of this decision, will be referred to as Proyecto Vistas de Leona—and covering more than 20 hectares and containing more than 300 subsidiary properties, in comparison with the smaller Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, which covers only 2.1 hectares and contains 60 subsidiary properties, some of the houses facing the paved-stone street, beneath which the previously described box culvert is located, have experienced a series of stormwater floods.
She states that, during the winter of 2008, “another abnormal rise occurred in the waters flowing through the common areas north of Subsidiary Property 35 and east of Condominio Las Lapas; those waters originated in the Vistas de Leona residential project and caused flooding of streets, houses, and lots in Condominio Las Lapas, also leaving behind mud and debris.” She argues that, over the years and as construction of Proyecto Vistas de Leona progressed, the flooding worsened, and that there was even “an increase in the volumes of stormwater improperly channeled toward Condominio Las Lapas, with the resulting continuing damage, which is still developing, to the eastern road of our condominium and the pedestrian greenway north of the plaintiff’s property (both common areas of Condominio Las Lapas).” Regarding the damage at issue in these proceedings, she asserts that it has occurred continuously since 2007 and has continued to worsen to date, consisting of the following: i) Damage to the Eastern Road (common area, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas), which she summarizes as damage to the unpaved gravel road, which has no gutters or drains, caused by the discharge of water from Proyecto Vistas de Leona and by the unauthorized excavation of a drainage ditch, resulting in erosion damage and increased flow, “to the point that, by the winter of the most recent year, 2018, the gully had reached a depth of 3.7 meters and a width of five meters, and encroached upon more than half the width of the aforementioned auxiliary gravel road, rendering it impassable today.” ii) Damage to the Pedestrian Greenway (common area, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas).
She states that, “What was originally a grass-covered green-area pedestrian greenway (the common area north of my principal’s subsidiary property), and which during the most severe rainy periods served at its center as a tiny drainage channel only a few centimeters deep for conveying stormwater from nearby areas, became, as a harmful consequence of the defendants’ acts and omissions, a river more than 3 meters deep, with frequent overflow events. In addition to the degradation or loss of the condominium’s common area, this began to erode the land very near the foundations upon which my principal’s vacation home stands.” iii) Damage to the Plaintiff’s Vacation Home (private area, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas). She states that landslides have occurred primarily along the edges of the property and that flooding has reached the terrace of the vacation home, leaving plant debris and mud there and in the gardens.
Other alleged damage includes “rendering the rear access to the residence unusable and exposing the foundations of both the northern retaining wall and the columns beside the terrace. Other residences in Condominio Las Lapas, specifically numbers 21 and 22, have also experienced flooding.” Other effects on Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas and at the entrance to the pedestrian greenway described by the plaintiff are as follows: “The two routes and the damage to the pedestrian greenway and the gravel road (both common areas of Condominio Las Lapas) converge. The unlawful channeling of water from one sector of Vista de Leona onto the gravel road (Route Two) reached the entrance to what was once a pedestrian greenway and has now been turned into an intermittent river, made possible by a natural topographic depression or channel coming from the east (Route One), which now also carries water discharged by the Vistas de Leona megaproject.
As a result, the water improperly discharged onto the gravel road collides with water coming from the other sector of Vistas de Leona, and this convergence creates swirling waters that also damage and erode the common areas of Condominio Lapas. Thus, a destructive whirlpool effect also occurs at the entrance to the pedestrian greenway. As a result of all this and, as we have seen, since 2007 flooding has occurred throughout a large portion of the common areas of Condominio Las Lapas, including water overflowing onto residences and onto the paved-stone street above the box culvert that crosses Condominio Lapas from east to west.” In her view, all this damage originates in the omissions of the Municipalidad de Garabito because, on the one hand, it issued segmented permits, which the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos identified as serious misconduct by those responsible for the works, and, on the other hand, because it failed to inspect compliance with the permits granted, thereby allowing the project to be built without the required supervision and contrary to the legal provisions governing environmental matters and stormwater drainage.
In her view, all the foregoing demonstrates the defendant’s unlawful conduct, which caused damage for which her principal must be compensated. She requests that the judgment provide as follows: “Declare contrary to the legal system the conduct of the Municipalidad de Garabito consisting of the following omissions: • Inaction, lack of oversight, and failure to use the legal tools available to it in response to the irregular urban development represented by Condominios Vistas de Leona (Facts #12, 21, 25, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 39). • Failure to issue the Municipal Permit for the construction of both Vistas de Leona condominiums (Facts # 12, 18, 19, 22, 23 and 25). • Failure to require the customary prerequisites, approvals, and construction permits, such as the Stormwater Drainage Permit and timely authorization from the Ministerio de Salud, the Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillado, and INVU (Facts # 12, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25 and 26). • Failure to perform specific actions and works that other institutions ordered the Municipalidad to implement and oversee, such as: the mitigation measures ordered by the Comisión Nacional de Emergencia; the control, oversight, performance of studies, and adoption of measures recommended by the Ministerio de Salud; the hydrological study and infrastructure works ordered by A. y A.; and the oversight ordered by SETENA (Facts #24, 25, 26, 37 and 39). • Failure to comply with the order of the Sala Constitucional to ‘reach a solution regarding the facts alleged by the petitioner for constitutional relief (amparado).’ (Facts # 31, 32, 33, 24 and 35). • Failure by the municipality to require Vistas de Leona to perform specific works that departments within the Municipalidad itself acknowledged were necessary (Facts # 12, 30 and 36). • Failure to decide the complaint filed by the plaintiff herein (Facts # 29 and 30).
B- General claim for SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE: Order the MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO to effectively exercise its statutory and governmental powers and to undertake and ensure the undertaking of the works necessary to prevent and reverse the harmful consequences of its unlawful conduct against the plaintiff, as well as to require any violator to perform any work necessary to comply with the disregarded legal regulations governing urban development generally and stormwater drainage and disposal specifically, so as to end the impairment of the plaintiff’s legitimate interests and rights. C- Order the MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO to pay compensation for the present damages and losses caused, as well as any future damages and losses caused by its negligence, unlawful acts, and omissions in all matters relating to the improper disposal of stormwater from the Vistas de Leona condominium megaproject, with the amount to be determined during the judgment-enforcement phase.
D- Order the MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO to pay both categories of costs in these proceedings, with the amount to be determined at the appropriate procedural stage.” In summary, she bases her complaint on the Ley General de la Administración Pública, articles 190, 191, 196, 197 and 198; Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, articles 12 subsection 4, 13, 15 subsection b), 40, 42 subsections g) and j), 49 and 220; Código Civil, articles 10, 12, 255, 264, 295, 305, 309, 312, 316 a 325, 326, 329, 332, 375, 376, 379, 506, 508, 1045 and 1046; Ley de Aguas, article 94; Ley de Planificación Urbana, sections 36 and 57; Ley Reguladora en Propiedad en Condominio, sections 2, 3, 19, 20 and 22 and article 16, in relation to sections 2, 3 and 4 of the corresponding Reglamento; Ley de Construcciones, articles 1, 9, 11, 74, 87, 76 and 89; Ley General de Salud, articles 285, 309, 313; Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, sections 30 and 60; Reglamento de Construcciones del INVU, articles 121, 434, 441; Reglamento de Construcciones de la Municipalidad Garabito, section 38; Decreto Ejecutivo N° 32079, Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales, sections 6.1 6.3.4; Reglamento para el Control y Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones INVU Artículo III.3.2.12; Norma Técnica para Diseño y Construcción de Sistema de Abastecimiento de Agua Potable, Saneamiento y Sistema Pluvial de AYA, subsections f), g), and h); Código de Instalaciones Hidráulicas y Sanitarias en Edificaciones CFIA (2017), articles 1-1., 1-6, 9.7-1, 9.7-2, 9.7-3, 9.7-6; and Reglamento sobre Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849.
Definitions: Environment (Ambiente), Environmental Damage (Daño Ambiental), Cumulative Effects (Efectos Acumulativos), Potential Environmental Impact (Impacto Ambiental Potencial), Compensation Measures (Medidas de Compensación), Mitigation Measures (Medidas de Mitigación), Prevention Measures (Medidas de Prevención). In support of its position, it cites Resolución N° 510-F-1-2012 dated 10 de abril de 2014 of the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia and Resolución N° 61-2014 30 de abril de 2014 of the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, concerning the recognition of continuing damage (daños continuados), as well as Resolución N° 00979-F-206 issued at 7:55 hours on 16 de diciembre de 2006, in which the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia established the obligation of municipal corporations (corporaciones municipales) to monitor the effects of construction works approved within their local jurisdictions.
In the reply to the Municipality’s answer to the complaint, it states that: “What the defendant Municipality asserts is false. The northern boundary of my client’s property (…) is NOT, according to the plans, officially, or in reality, a ‘permanent publicly owned stream (quebrada de dominio público de carácter permanente).’ According to the registered cadastral plan (plano catastrado) of the plaintiff’s property (…), it is a common area in the form of a pedestrian lane (alameda), which, it bears noting, was topographically a small natural depression resulting from the convergence or intersection of two slopes, something typical of the area, now transformed into a seasonal watercourse (cauce estacional) by the artificial channeling works underlying this action.” As evidence thereof, it references the documents corresponding to the plans of its properties and neighboring properties, the site designs for Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, and the plan of the parent property (finca madre), identified as evidence N° 7, 8, 14, 64, 16, 18, 19, 20, 67, 67 and 71 submitted with its complaint.
Moreover, later in its reply brief responding to the answer to the complaint, it states that the “Municipality knew full well at the time, and should know now, that no permanent publicly owned stream has ever existed at the location in question; therefore, the existence of any setback (retiro) applicable to my client is improper. The defendant itself acknowledged this at the time by lawfully granting us the construction permits and approving ALL the plans registered with the cadastre in the surrounding area, when it obviously had not yet resorted to the falsehoods advanced for purposes of this litigation.” Regarding the Municipal Corporation’s response to the seventh allegation, to the effect that it had not authorized any actions by third parties affecting Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, the plaintiff replies that it “acknowledges its failure to supervise the construction works of the defendants, Vistas de Leona.
That is, it neither granted stormwater discharge permits (permisos de desfogue pluvial) nor monitored the absence of appropriate discharge outlets in the Vistas de Leona mega-project (sic).” Finally, in the closing arguments presented during the oral and public trial, it emphasized that the existence of a publicly owned watercourse (cauce de dominio público) along the northern and eastern boundaries of the plaintiff’s property had not been established, analyzed the lack of jurisdiction of the Dirección de Aguas del Instituto Meteorológico del MINAE to determine the location of the identified publicly owned watercourse, and stressed that, to date, flooding continues to occur at Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas during the rainy seasons as a result—as the court-appointed expert (Perito Judicial) stated in his testimony—of the impervious surfacing (impermeabilización) of the land in Proyecto Vistas de Leona; the greater the amount of construction carried out there, the worse the problem will become.
It reiterated that the flooding problems faced by the condominium owners at Las Lapas arise precisely from the Municipal Corporation’s failure to supervise whether the development of Proyecto Vistas de Leona complies with the requirements concerning the hydrological studies (estudios hidrológicos) necessary to determine the effects of its stormwater system (sistema pluvial) on downstream populations. To date, those requirements remain unfulfilled, because the engineering calculations (memorias de cálculo) submitted at the time by the representatives of Proyecto Vista de Leona were untimely and, indeed, demonstrate that a problem exists: the stormwater system of Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas was not built to receive a flow volume (caudal) of the magnitude generated by Proyecto Vistas de Leona. It further asserted that the Municipalidad de Garabito continues to fail to conduct and require the preparation of hydrological studies capable of determining the actual magnitude of Proyecto Vistas de Leona’s contribution to the other downstream developments. The omission by that Local Government was thereby proven once again.-
In its answer to the complaint (contestación de la demanda) and amendment of claims (ajuste de pretensiones), and in its closing arguments (alegato de conclusiones) during the oral and public trial (juicio oral y público), it states that the complaint, the evidence entered in the court record, and the administrative case files fail to establish a causal link (nexo causal) between the alleged pecuniary damage (daño patrimonial)—whose existence it in fact disputes—and the conduct by omission (conducta omisiva) of the Municipalidad de Garabito. It asserts that the plaintiff is incorrect regarding the alleged failure to verify that construction of the Proyecto Vistas de Leona had the relevant permits, because “it was built under construction permits and plans approved by the INVU, AYA oficio CON-2008-424 BIT-2008, Ministerio Salud el 08/09/2008 mediante oficio RPC-UPAH. The design for the stormwater discharge system (desfogue pluvial), including mitigation works (obras de mitigación), may be seen in permit PC-226-2008, as detailed on pages 686 through 683, where all the authorizations appearing in the record are exhaustively reviewed, Oficio DI-440-2010 (…) and oficio DI-591-2011 signed by the (…) Coordinador del Departamento de Control y Desarrollo Urbano.” It further contends that, although it may at one point not have had that documentation, the omission was remedied.
With regard to the claim for damage to its property and to the common areas (áreas comunes) of the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, it states that the plaintiff is in violation of section 33 of the Ley Forestal, because “The northern boundary of the property in question is recorded in the Property Registry as an 8.00 m common area (walkway); in reality, however, a permanent public-domain stream (quebrada de dominio público) exists along that boundary, as determined by the Departamento de Aguas del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía through oficio número IMN-DA-1747 de fecha 17 de junio de 2008, (…) thus crossing the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Villas Las Lapas, specifically the northern side of subsidiary property (finca filial) 6039910-F-000, owned by the plaintiff company. The foregoing was also recorded in reports DRD-INSP-334-2009 and PCE-ARS-OSMG-URS-R-016-2009, issued by the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos and the Ministerio de Salud.” It later indicates that, at the time of the visual inspection (inspección ocular) on 04 de noviembre de 2009, water “was flowing through this public-domain stream; that channel enters through a box culvert and continues beneath the paved streets that cross the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Villa Lapas, meaning that this would constitute a flagrant violation of the protection-zone setbacks (retiros de la zona de protección) established by section 33 of the Ley Forestal (…).” Regarding the origin of the flooding affecting the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, the Municipalidad de Garabito maintains that the plaintiff has not shown “that the flooding events in question were caused by excessive stormwater discharges by the defendants, since it provides no measurement of the water flow and merely submits a series of photographs that do not establish the cause of those events, which could very well be attributable to construction undertaken without respecting the protection-zone setbacks (…), as well as to an inadequate stormwater drainage system, as established by Engineer Gerardo Castillo Rojas in the stormwater-discharge design calculations (memoria de cálculo de desfogue pluvial) for the Condominio Residencial Horizontal Vista Leona.” As for the plaintiff’s explanation of the two routes along which stormwater from the Proyecto Vistas de Leona flows, and the Local Government’s alleged failure to prevent water from flowing onto the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, it disputes that allegation based on “sheet 02/17 of the set of plans submitted by the Condominio Vista leona and approved by this municipality, the Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, Acueductos y Alcantarillados in oficio CON-2008-423-BIT-2008, and the Ministerio de Salud through oficio RPC-UPAH-PC-226-2008, [where] the stormwater-discharge design (…) may be seen, including mitigation works as well as the cross-sections of the stormwater easement channel (canal de servidumbre pluvial).
According to note # 7 on that same sheet, ‘Stormwater shall discharge into an existing seasonal stormwater easement (servidumbre pluvial estacional), with discharge onto subsidiary property (…) whose owner, Mangotam de Punta Leona Sociedad Anónima, authorizes receipt of stormwater from this project by means of the sworn statement (declaración jurada) executed before the Notario Público (…).’ It follows from the foregoing that the authorization issued by this municipal government under number DI-558-2007, renewed by oficio de fecha 09 de julio de 2008, permitted stormwater discharge only toward the property then owned by Mangotam de Punta Leona S.A., and not toward other properties.” In addition, it rejects the assertion that the flooding originated from the authorizations granted by the Municipalidad to the Proyecto de Vistas de Leona, relying for this purpose on that project’s environmental oversight report (informe de regencia ambiental), which states that mitigation works were performed, as well as on the design of the stormwater works shown on the plans approved by the Local Government and by the other cited public institutions.
It states, instead, that Informe N° DPM-INF-1574-2009 prepared by the CNE on 04 de diciembre de 2009 did not establish that the flooding originated from the Proyecto Vistas de Leonas; on the contrary, that public institution issued a series of instructions that the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas was required to follow but has not followed—thus demonstrating its fault in relation to the damage it allegedly claims—while the Ministerio de Salud reported that the developers built the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Lapas without respecting the stream’s protection zone (zona de protección), and therefore “it is evident that the flooding resulted from the irresponsibility of the Condominio Residencial Horizontal Villa Lapas itself.” For the same reasons, it denies that the Municipalidad bears liability for the flooding and for the damage alleged by the plaintiff to its property and to the aforementioned Condominio, asserting that the municipal government has in fact diligently discharged its responsibilities.
Evidence of this is that the Proyecto Vistas de Leona is currently halted pursuant to resolution N° 586-2021 de las 10:50 horas de fecha 15 de abril de 2021 of the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, which suspended all construction work because of landslides (deslizamientos de tierra) occurring across three hectares of that Project. Regarding compliance with its legal obligations, it states that “The actions to protect public health and the environment prescribed by the Ministerio de Salud for the municipal government concern the oversight and inspection of construction permits, an obligation with which my client has fully complied by verifying the existence of municipal authorization PC-226-2008, the plans approved by the INVU, AYA (…), Ministerio de Salud (…).” It further contends that its responsibilities are limited to the public road in Punta Leona, work that was performed in compliance with the ruling of the Sala Constitucional, and that it has no jurisdiction whatsoever over the private acts or transactions carried out in relation to the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas.
It asserts that it processed the plaintiff’s complaints, requiring the Proyecto Vistas de Leona to submit a report on the mitigation works, and received the corresponding stormwater-discharge design calculations, which established that the Project’s contribution of water to the control point (the complainant’s house) is 25% of the channel’s flow, thereby disproving the contention that the flooding originated from that Project. This was in addition “to the submission of the design calculations and reducer design for the Condominio Vista Leona, thereby complying with municipal requirements.” Accordingly, pursuant to sections 1, 74, and 87 of the Ley de Construcciones N° 833, article 3 of the Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio N° 7933, section 33 of the Ley Forestal N° 7575, article 60 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley N° 7554, sections 285 and 286 of the Ley General de Salud, Ley N° 5394, section 94 of the Ley de Aguas, Ley N° 276, article 64 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, article 379 of the Código Civil, and section 434 of the Reglamento de Construcciones del INVU, it requests that the complaint be dismissed in its entirety and that the plaintiff be ordered to pay procedural costs and attorneys’ fees (costas procesales y personales).
It reiterated this position in the conclusions presented during the Oral and Public Trial, arguing that none of the information or evidence contained in the court record or administrative case files, nor the testimony received, establishes that the omissions or flooding problems occurring in the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas originated with or are connected to the Municipalidad de Garabito, or that the instructions issued fall within the Local Government’s statutory and regulatory powers. Rather, all participating public institutions—the Ministerio de Salud, CNE, SETENA, and AYA—have issued instructions to the development companies for the Proyecto de Vistas de Leona and even to the relevant parties associated with the plaintiff’s Condominio, without any showing to date that those instructions have been complied with. Based on the foregoing, it reiterates its request that the complaint be dismissed in its entirety and that the claimant be ordered to pay both categories of costs.
Lastly, it must be stated that, although the Local Government did not expressly raise any preliminary or merits-based defense (excepción previa o de fondo), it may be inferred from the arguments in its answer to the complaint and its opening and closing arguments at the Oral and Public Trial, summarized above, that it raises the merits-based defense of Lack of Legal Entitlement (Falta de Derecho). This is one of the prerequisites—along with interest and standing—that the adjudicative body is legally required to examine on its own motion; its defense theory will therefore be assessed within that framework. -
On 26 de abril de 2023, the company Inmobiliaria Abarca & Barrantes S.A., as owner of the condominium unit (finca filial) in Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, requested recognition as a supporting intervenor for the claimant in these proceedings, adopting the facts, grounds, reasons, and arguments set forth in the complaint, “given that the outcome of the action affects its interests,” both directly with respect to its property and proportionally with respect to the common areas. It added as a factual allegation that its property had never been affected by the waterlogging events (eventos de anegamiento) described by the claimant in the complaint. It reiterates the claimant’s position that: “Since 2007, we have been experiencing recurring flooding events (eventos de inundación) at Condominio Las Lapas, caused by water discharged from a residential development located uphill, covering more than 20 hectares and known as Condominio Vistas de Leona, also called Villa Leona, even though construction coverage (cobertura de construcción) at that condominium has, to date, reached no more than 20% completion.” It likewise asserts that there is an imminent danger to its property and the private residences, as well as to the common-area structures of Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, due to the flooding that has occurred on the sidewalk and street in front of the condominium, leaving behind sediment, branches, and plant debris.
Like the claimant, it asserts that the culvert (alcantarilla) on the frontage road, into which water from the Vistas de Leona project is discharged, was built to drain a small volume of water, not the additional water load (recarga de aguas) it currently must accommodate from a 20-hectare project.-
As previously established, it may be inferred from the complaint filed by the plaintiff, the Local Government’s answer thereto, the reply to that answer, and the concluding arguments presented by the plaintiff and the defendant during the Oral and Public Trial hearing that the claim concerns the potential, predominantly strict liability of the Municipalidad de Garabito arising from its failure to inspect and oversee the construction and stormwater-discharge permits granted to Proyecto Vistas de Leona, as well as its failure to exercise its powers to prevent that project from being built without satisfying all legal requirements. In the plaintiff’s view, this abnormal operation resulting from omissive conduct has caused flooding to occur continuously at Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas from the year 2007 to the present, with the consequent risks to the lives and property of its residents.
In addition, the plaintiff resorted to various authorities, which issued a series of recommendations and instructions that, in the plaintiff’s opinion, have not been complied with by the municipality, thereby affecting the prompt resolution of the flooding problem. The plaintiff seeks a series of remedies aimed at requiring the Municipalidad de Garabito to comply fully with those recommendations and also to perform, or order the performance of, works to remedy the damage caused. Given the particular nature of this predominantly strict liability of the Public Administration, it is necessary to specify its distinguishing elements, which are relevant to this Court’s determination of whether such liability exists in the case at bar or whether, alternatively, the defendant succeeded in proving a break in the causal nexus (nexo de causalidad). 1. On the Constitutional Basis of Pecuniary Liability (Responsabilidad Patrimonial).
With respect to the matter at issue in these proceedings, the starting premise is that the damages claimed arise from the Local Government’s omissive conduct. In this regard, the complaint indicates that the plaintiff relies both on sections 190 et seq. of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, Ley N° 6227, and on sections 1045 and 1048 of the Código Civil, liability regimes that differ not only in their nature but also in the conditions required for their application. Regarding the substantive regime of pecuniary liability, the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia has elaborated upon the background and constitutional foundations of the predominantly strict liability of the Public Administration for omissive conduct or abnormal operation in the provision of a public service. This has also been supplemented by both national and international legal scholarship, which distinguishes purely civil liability—governed in our legal system primarily by section 1045 of the Código Civil—under which the subjective elements (fault) of the alleged wrongdoer must be verified and proven, from strict liability, which dispenses with those elements when determining whether the conditions giving rise to a right to compensation have been met.
In the present case, although the plaintiff refers to both when describing the legal framework supporting the complaint, it may be inferred from the scope of the proceedings, the allegations set forth in the complaint, reply, and conclusions, and the municipality’s entire theory of defense that the latter is at issue. In this regard, it should be noted that the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia has held that “The State’s pecuniary liability is grounded in the very nature of the Public Administration as the administrator of collective interests,” (Resolución N° 00308-F-2006 de las 10:30 horas de fecha 25 de mayo de 2006, among others); collective interests that legal scholarship and case law themselves have identified as the general interest, with their historical roots in the ideals of liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty of the French Revolution, which laid the foundations of contemporary democracy and of the existence of a Social and Democratic State Governed by the Rule of Law in Costa Rica.
Thus, in the cited Resolución, the Sala Primera stated: “(…) Its origin [referring to the State’s pecuniary liability] dates back to the ideals of the French Revolution and the development of the subject by the French Council of State. All of this has been supplemented by substantial doctrinal and jurisprudential development, which provided the foundational premises for its incorporation into the written sources of the Romano-Germanic legal system. Accordingly, once the State became a legal person subject to the Law and an essential part of the democratic apparatus, it became liable. The absolute immunity formerly enjoyed by those who exercise power has been abandoned. The well-known expression ‘I am the State’ was shattered by the reformulation of the modern political system, insofar as the body of legality (bloque de legalidad) subjects every person holding a position of public power to the law and, in return, imposes liability for unlawful conduct.” (Resolución N° 00308-F-2006 de las 10:30 horas de fecha 25 de mayo de 2006 cited above). 2.
On the Scope of the Public Administration’s Pecuniary Liability for Omissive Conduct. Within this historical context, it is relevant to review the progress made toward the concept of predominantly strict administrative liability, which is the form codified in Costa Rican domestic law. For this purpose, the following excerpt from Resolución N° 000584-F-2005 de las 10:40 horas del 11 de agosto de 2005, issued by the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia in a case concerning the abnormal operation of the Administration arising from material omissive conduct by the Public Administration, is reproduced below in summary form: “(...) ‘V.- The concepts of liability of the Public Administration and the duty to compensate have evolved considerably in Western law. In ancient times, state liability arising from damage or injury that the activities of the Administration or its agents might cause to members of the public was not recognized.
Later, the liability of public officials was accepted in certain cases, and some individual rights against the State were recognized. The theories of acts of management (actos de gestión) and acts of authority (actos de autoridad) then emerged. Under the former, activities fall within the sphere of private law because the parties have equal rights; the latter concern activities governed by public law, where unequal rights exist within the domain of power relationships. Thus, if the harmful act was an act of authority, the State was not liable because its decisions arose from its sovereignty rather than from a right of a pecuniary nature. These theories were subsequently abandoned in favor of analyzing State liability, which led to the conclusion that every administrative act may entail State liability, although such liability was made contingent upon the existence of a service failure (falta de servicio).
A service failure was deemed to exist when damage was caused in the performance of the function. This was so even when the official was acting in an official capacity if, in doing so, the official acted negligently, committed omissions or errors connected with the service, failed to perform a function that should have been performed, or performed it belatedly. In addition, official misconduct or personal fault (falta del funcionario o falta personal) was established, which occurs when an official exceeds the scope of the official’s powers. It was later accepted that both forms of fault could coexist and, although distinct, could jointly cause damage if the personal fault was connected with the provision of a public service. Finally, the last stage of this evolution was reached with the recognition of the Administration’s liability based solely on the operation of the service, without any need to prove fault on the part of the official responsible for providing it ...’ Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia N° 263 de las 15:30 hrs del 22 de agosto de 1990.” (Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Resolución N° 000584-F-2005 de las 10:40 horas del 11 de agosto de 2005, and, to the same effect, Resoluciones N°138 de las 15:05 horas del 23 de agosto de 1991; N°192 de las 14:15 horas del 6 de noviembre de 1991; N°48 de las 14:10 horas del 29 de mayo de 1996 and N°55 de las 14:30 horas del 4 de julio de 1997, all issued by that same court). 3.
On the Jurisdiction of the Administrative Litigation Courts (Jurisdicción Contenciosa Administrativa). It is important to note that, with regard to the Administration’s liability, the scope of protection afforded by the administrative litigation jurisdiction, under the model of a Social and Democratic State Governed by the Rule of Law and the fundamental right to effective judicial protection (Tutela Judicial Efectiva), means that no subject matter is exempt from its review. Thus, even an omission, as alleged in the case at bar—consisting of the failure to undertake material conduct aimed at exercising municipal powers over urban planning, oversight, and land-use regulation, specifically the inspection of the licenses it grants and the impacts that the works it authorizes may have on the environment and the people of the canton—may be submitted to the Administrative Litigation Courts for review of its legality.
Accordingly, the explanatory statement to the Bill, Expediente Legislativo N° 15134, which resulted in the current Ley N° 8508, Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, reiterated the connection between Costa Rica’s Social, Democratic, and Constitutional State Governed by the Rule of Law and access to effective judicial protection, stating: “There can be no doubt, therefore, that the intent of the constituent assembly to guarantee citizens the protection of their legitimate interests and individual rights, as well as due compliance with the Legal System by the Public Administration or by any constitutional body in the exercise of its material activities, constitutes a clear expression of democracy in its dual legal and legitimate dimensions. Its guiding spirit was originally anchored in the Preamble to the Constitución Política, which, although not a positive legal provision, nonetheless constitutes a statement of values that permeates the entirety of the text that defines and transcends it, nourishing and guiding the Law of the State as a whole.
And it is through democracy as an organization and activity experienced and shared daily that this bill sets forth principles aligned with lofty ideals, to be implemented through broad judicial, citizen, and administrative participation within the current framework of a social, democratic, and ecological State Governed by the Rule of Law.” Thus, Article One of the Code of Administrative Litigation Procedure (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo) established a predominantly subjective or mixed (objective and subjective) model of administrative justice (justicia administrativa), leaving behind review restricted to administrative acts (actos administrativos) and extending protection to the individual’s subjective rights and interests (which legal scholarship refers to as advantageous legal situations (situaciones jurídicas de ventaja)), thereby giving effect to the constitutional mandate derived from Article 41.
This entails overcoming limitations on access to justice and reducing areas of immunity, since the “administrative function (…) can never be immune from review, because every administrative function, by virtue of being such, must be subject to the body of legality (bloque de la legalidad) and, therefore, to oversight by the Judicial Branch. Decades have now passed since the areas of immunity of the administrative function, in the words of Eduardo García De Enterría, were left behind.” (Acta N° 2 del 13 de octubre de 2004, Discussion in the Subcommittee of the Legislative Assembly during the Legislative Bill for the Code of Administrative Litigation Procedure, In: PROCURADURÍA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA. Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, Anotado con las Actas Legislativas. San José, Costa Rica, Editor Colegio de Abogados y Abogadas de Costa Rica, 2007, pp 5-9). In addition to the foregoing, and having weighed the nature of the case at issue, this Collegiate Chamber considers that this Administrative Litigation Jurisdiction (Jurisdicción Contenciosa Administrativa) has jurisdiction to adjudicate the patrimonial liability (responsabilidad patrimonial) of the Public Administration.
The foregoing has been repeatedly confirmed by the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, which has held that: “Article 2 of the Code of Administrative Litigation Procedure provides: ‘The Administrative Litigation and Civil Jurisdiction for Treasury Matters (Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa y Civil de Hacienda) shall also hear the following: (…) b) Matters concerning the patrimonial liability of the Public Administration and its officials.’” (Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Resolución N° 01266-2017 de las 11:09 horas de fecha 19 de octubre de 2017). Accordingly, jurisdiction must be determined ex officio by this Court, as an element that must be verified even where the parties have not raised it, through the mechanisms provided for in the Code of Administrative Litigation Procedure. It must be established as a threshold matter before the merits of the proceeding are considered; this Court has analyzed and verified it and therefore determines that it has jurisdiction to adjudicate and rule upon the relief sought by the plaintiff. 4.
Attribution of abnormal operation (funcionamiento anormal) for purposes of determining patrimonial liability. In addition to the foregoing, with respect to the patrimonial liability of the Public Administration, reference is made to the observations of author Jesús González Pérez, who notes that it may arise from either affirmative conduct or omissions by the State: “In acting to fulfill the purposes entrusted to them, Public Administrations may produce, alongside the effects inherent in the authority they exercise, other effects that, because they do not arise directly from that authority, may be classified as abnormal effects. These abnormal effects may arise with respect to Public Administrations and with respect to persons subject to the Administration. The typical instance of abnormal effectiveness with respect to the Administration is patrimonial liability. When, as a ‘consequence of the normal or abnormal operation of public services,’ an injury is caused to the property and rights of persons subject to the Administration, the Administration must compensate for the harm caused.” (GONZÁLEZ PÉREZ (Jesús).
Responsabilidad Patrimonial de las Administraciones Pública, Editoria Cívitas, Cuarta Edición, 2006, pág. 187). Within the legal context cited above, the scope of the concept of the Administration’s “abnormal operation” must be clarified, because one of the first matters to be determined is whether the conduct of the Public Administration is attributable to it (imputabilidad), and then whether compensable harm (daño resarcible) was established from the standpoint of the constitutional legal regime previously discussed. In this regard, the term refers to “(…) Conduct by public authorities that does not conform to the legal system or to the standards applicable to each branch of public activity. // 2. Adm. Basis for attributing patrimonial liability to Public Administrations.” (Muñoz Machado (Santiago). Diccionario Panhispánico del Español Jurídico. España, Real Academia Española, Volumen I, 2017 p.1057).
From this perspective, when analyzing Article 190 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia has noted that there is a distinction between unlawfulness (ilicitud) and abnormal operation. Although both refer to a pathology in public conduct and serve as criteria for attributing the Administration’s patrimonial liability, based on the principle that no person subject to the Administration is obligated to bear the harm, the concepts are not equivalent, because abnormality refers to a lack of conformity with the material activity required. It has held that “abnormality concerns administrative conduct that, in itself, departs from sound administration (in accordance with the concept used by the Ley General itself in Article 102, subsection d., which includes, among other things, effectiveness and efficiency), or from organizational standards, technical rules, expertise, and prudent conduct in carrying out its activities, thereby causing injury to the person.
This makes it possible to state that abnormality may manifest itself through defective operation, delayed operation, or a complete absence of operation.” (Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, among others, Resolución N° 01367-212 de las 8:40 horas del 18 de octubre de 2012, citing Resoluciones N° 584-F-2005 de las 10:40 horas del 11 de agosto de 2005, N° 00308-F-2006 de las 10:30 horas del 25 de mayo de 2006). It is precisely within this framework concerning the alleged abnormal operation of the Municipalidad de Garabito that the Court will assess the sub júdice case that is the subject of this dispute (litis). As noted above, the claimant framed the requested relief and the subject matter of the proceeding within this sphere of liability; the analysis will therefore focus on that issue in light of the constitutional and statutory parameters outlined above. -
It has already been established that this case concerns the potential, predominantly strict liability (responsabilidad objetiva) of the Municipalidad de Garabito to the detriment of the plaintiff, who seeks compensation for the harm caused to its assets as a result of the damage to its property, the common areas, and the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas. It states that such damages will be quantified during enforcement of the judgment (ejecución de sentencia). Because the present proceedings have developed along several lines, the arguments and claims against the defendant will first be clarified, organized, and classified as follows.
The first is that the stormwater systems (sistemas pluviales) for this Project, approved by the Municipalidad de Garabito, are conventional; that is, they consist of typical works involving gutters (cunetas), catch basins (tragantes), stormwater manholes (pozos pluviales), and pipes, which result in greater flow and concentration thereof. (See Proven Fact No. 47). These technical characteristics of the stormwater system are also identified by the defendant itself in its response to the sixteenth fact alleged in the complaint; therefore, this is not a disputed fact, as it expressly stated: “According to the stormwater discharge calculation report submitted, which served as the basis for approval DI-588-2007 of the stormwater outfall (desfogue pluvial) in favor of Villa Leona, it describes the construction of a collection system consisting of large gutters, curbs and gutters, catch basins, pipes, manholes, and flow-dampening outfall structures.
(…)” (See images 671 and 672 of the judicial case file in electronic format). The Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental also concurs with this through Resolution No. 1102-2014-SETENA dated 09 de junio de 2014 (See Proven Fact No. 40). From this, the court-appointed expert (Perito Judicial) infers that they are technically unsuitable for the type of construction project at issue, because it is a Project comprising more than 300 individually owned condominium properties (fincas filiales) (See Proven Facts No. 6, 13, 29, 37 and 39), and the use of a conventional system makes it possible to concentrate the water from the entire Proyecto Vistas de Leona and cause it to travel at high speed along a path with a substantial elevation drop, impacting the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas. He thus stated: “• The works constructed in the Condominio Vistas de Leona (stages 1 and 2) constitute a conventional sewer system; this has increased runoff flow (caudal de escorrentía) and reduced the time of concentration, resulting in erosion and flooding problems downstream from its outfall points, specifically in the Condominio Las Lapas. • No source-control work for runoff—which would have been recommended for this project—was planned for the outfall systems of the Condominio Vista de Leona (stages 1 and 2), nor were the measures necessary to prevent downstream problems taken.
This has caused the conditions currently present in the affected areas of the Condominio Las Lapas.” He set forth a series of recommendations consistent with those made by the Coordinador de Desarrollo y Control Urbano de la Municipalidad de Garabito, to the effect that the Proyecto Vistas de Leonas must construct hydraulic works to attenuate and control peak flood flows (See Proven Fact No. 36). Indeed, in this case, the court-appointed expert clearly explained at the Oral and Public Trial how replacing the fruit trees on the properties where the Proyecto Vistas de Leona is being built caused soil sealing (impermeabilización del suelo), reducing the soil’s absorption of rainwater; consequently, the lack of sustainable urban drainage systems (sistemas urbanos de drenaje sostenibles, SUDS), such as the construction of a detention pond or any similar measure, results in a greater volume of water flowing downstream.
The second factor identified by the court-appointed expert in reaching the definitive conclusion that the flooding originates from the construction works at the Proyecto Vistas de Leona is the inadequacy of the stormwater system at the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas. Nor is there any dispute regarding this issue, since the Municipalidad de Garabito itself, when rejecting the plaintiff’s arguments that the flooding is caused by the Proyecto Vistas de Leona (See response to the Twelfth Fact alleged in the complaint, visible in image 670 of the judicial case file in electronic format), established that the calculation reports submitted by Engineer Gerardo Castillo Rojas (See Proven Facts No. 43 and 44), on the basis of which the Municipalidad de Garabito approved the stormwater outfall for the Proyecto Vistas de Leona in 2012 (See proven fact 36), indicate that the stormwater system of the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas is inadequate.
With respect to this argument by the Municipalidad de Garabito, this Court finds it striking that it would appear to imply that, upon the approval of a Project such as Vistas de Leonas, which occurred after the approval and establishment of the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas (See Proven Facts No. 1, 29 and 39), the latter must make adjustments to its stormwater systems to prevent flooding and stormwater overloading problems, as may be inferred from the Local Government’s statements. In this regard, although it was not possible to establish when the box culvert (alcantarilla cuadrada) located along the northwestern boundary of individually owned condominium property 35 was built, the evidence indicates that it had been built at least by the time the plaintiff constructed her residence (the permit dates from 2004; See Proven Fact No. 3), and no contrary exculpatory evidence approved by the Municipalidad de Garabito was found.
Following this line of reasoning, this Collegiate Chamber holds that, although Article 94 of Law No. 276, Ley de Aguas, provides that “Lower-lying lands are required to receive waters that flow naturally and without human intervention from higher lands, as well as the soil or stones carried along their course,” and section 20 of the Ley General de Caminos Públicos likewise establishes that legal duty, but in that case when a road is involved, those provisions are not applicable to this specific case: the first because it may be observed in the case at hand that human intervention occurred, although it is also true that, particularly along the northern boundary, according to the plaintiff herself, the waters have flowed naturally since the Condominium’s inception due to the soil’s own geomorphology; and the second because the eastern boundary is a roadway access constituting a common area.
Nevertheless, even assuming that this is a situation in which the waters flow naturally, or that it involves a road along which water flows, as the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia itself has held and as this Court agrees, the legal duty to tolerate the discharge of water applies only when the flow is reasonable, which is not the case here (See Resolution No. 00297-2017 at 15:40 hours dated 16 de marzo de 2017 of the Sala Primera), where there is no dispute that flooding occurs in the area and, therefore, the flow is not reasonable. Accordingly, it is inconsistent with the body of applicable law (bloque de legalidad) to seek to shift responsibility from a new project to an older one and require the latter to bear the large volume of stormwater being discharged. Quite the contrary: the project applying for municipal permits must anticipate the effects of its construction, or its impact, on the areas where its water will be discharged and determine whether the system into which it will discharge has the capacity to absorb it, because it is precisely through this oversight, which must be exercised by the Local Government, that the stormwater systems whose outfalls it authorizes—and which form part of the construction prerequisites for every construction project—must be managed efficiently.
Thus, the issue is not merely the immediate handling of the outfall as an isolated physical space, but rather how the entire stormwater system functions from the collection points through proper conveyance to the nearest body of water, using the infrastructure existing along the entire route. The foregoing evidence demonstrating that the flooding affecting the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas originates from the Proyecto Vistas de Leona is further supported by the record showing the high volume of earthworks (movimientos de tierras) authorized by the Local Government for that Project, namely 100.000 m3 (See Proven Facts No. 7, 10 and 18). According to the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental and the Tribunal de Honor del Colegio Federado Ingenieros y Arquitectos, those earthworks caused erosion of the slopes (taludes), carrying trees, branches, and sediment downstream (See Proven Facts No. 19, 31, 41), which, in the opinion of the court-appointed expert, obstruct the box culvert located at the entrance to the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, causing the water to overflow on days when heavy rainfall occurred, as stated in the expert report (See Proven Fact No. 47).
This position is also shared by the Tribunal de Honor del Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos, which stated: “the accumulated waters flowing down that stream grew uncontrollably, eroding slopes and carrying away every tree, branch, and piece of debris encountered along the way. A bottleneck formed at the culvert on Finca Filial 35 of the Condominio Lapas, causing the waters to overflow and affecting properties within that Condominium (…)” (See Proven Fact No. 41). This earthwork and slope-destabilization situation even caused 3 hectares of the Proyecto Vistas de Leona to slide, which, in the opinion of the court-appointed expert, Mr. Serrano Pacheco, not only affected 5 already constructed homes and 35 individually owned condominium properties (See Proven Facts No. 45 and 46), but also impacted the stormwater system of the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, as he stated: “According to statements by residents of the Proyecto Vistas de Leona (stage 2), because of the landslide situation, the Municipalidad de Garabito is not currently issuing construction permits for this Condominium. [This suspension of construction work by the Municipalidad de Garabito is established by its own statement and occurred pursuant to an order from SETENA; see Proven Fact No. 45.] The inability to build in the Condominio Vista de Leona has a positive effect on the Condominio Las Lapas.
(…) Nevertheless, because of the instability of the terrain, as can be seen in Figure 3.25, a large quantity of sediment is carried into the watercourse that discharges toward the Condominio Las Lapas, causing a substantial accumulation of sediment in the channel of the body of water that reaches it, as can be seen in Figure 3.26. This condition affects the lateral stability of the channel and causes flooding problems in the area.” Therefore, it is deemed proven that the flooding at issue in this litigation—the existence of which, it bears repeating, is not disputed by the parties—is caused by the earthworks and the construction of common areas and houses at the Proyecto Vistas de Leona. At the time the court-appointed expert rendered his opinion, an average of 20% of the houses and 100% of the common areas had been rendered impermeable. At the Oral and Public Trial, this expert stated that a greater amount of construction would produce a greater flow rate (although the relationship is not linear, he estimated that the water flow discharged would increase by approximately 50% if 100% of the Project were constructed), creating a risk to the residential developments, condominiums, and construction works located farther downhill.- 2.
REGARDING THE ANALYSIS OF THE ALLEGED ABNORMAL MUNICIPAL OPERATION. As a preliminary matter, it is reiterated that, pursuant to the case law issued by the Sala Primera de Justicia cited above, it has been established that, in Costa Rica, Article 41 of the Constitución Política, read in conjunction with constitutional provisions 9, 11 and 33, establishes a predominantly strict-liability regime (régimen de responsabilidad preeminentemente objetiva) for the State, under which the entire system is shifted in favor of the private party (administrado), who is no longer required to prove subjective elements attributable to the public official in order to obtain compensation for public conduct that caused harm; accordingly, the burden of proof now rests with the Administration, which must refute the facts attributed to it. Thus, “Insofar as an injury has been sustained as a consequence of public conduct, whether by act or omission, which the injured party has no duty to endure, a duty to provide compensation arises by virtue of the principle of full reparation for harm (principio de reparación integral del daño) derived from Article 41 of the Constitución Política.” (Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Resolutions N° 138 at 15:05 hours on 23 August; N° 192 at 14:15 hours 1 on 06 November, both from 1991; N° 48 at 14:10 hours on 29 May 1996 and N° 55 at 14:30 hours on 4 July 1997).
However, the application of the constitutional principle of full reparation for harm is neither unrestricted nor unlimited, nor does it apply automatically to every situation in which a private party sustains an injury. It is necessary to demonstrate, on the one hand, the existence of pecuniary loss (menoscabo patrimonial) or non-pecuniary injury (lesión extrapatrimonial), and a causal nexus (nexo causal) between the alleged harm and the Administration’s conduct, whether by act or omission (in this case, that of the Municipalidad de Garabito). Regarding the foregoing, it has been stated concerning the causal nexus that, “Once the abnormality and unlawfulness of the omission have been established in this case, it remains to determine whether or not that neglect caused the injury claimed, (…). This is because the occurrence of harm is not sufficient in itself to give rise to a duty to compensate; it is also necessary for that effect to have been caused by an act or omission of the State.
More simply, in order to attribute liability to the Administration, there must be harm, administrative action or inaction, and a causal nexus between them. Once that relationship has been demonstrated, the duty of full reparation derived from Article 41 of the Constitución Política arises immediately. In this regard, it should be noted that a series of events and factors generally converge in causing harm, contributing to it to varying degrees. Among them, it is essential to establish which directly or indirectly constituted the adequate and efficient cause of the resulting injury. Regarding proximate, adequate, and efficient cause (causa próxima, adecuada y eficiente), reference may be made to Judgment no. 252-F-01 of this Sala, issued at 16 hours 15 minutes on 28 March 2001. Within that confluence of factual or legal elements surrounding the harmful situation, it will be necessary to identify the action or omission capable of producing the consequence, excluding those that had no influence whatsoever on the outcome (external causes), and identifying those which, had they not occurred, would have prevented the loss.” (Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Resolution N° 0074-F-2007 at 10:15 hours on 02 February 2007).
It may be inferred from the quoted text that, for predominantly strict liability to exist, the case must involve harm, conduct by act or omission, and a causal nexus between them. That causal nexus would be broken by the existence of any defense excluding liability (eximente de responsabilidad), such as “force majeure, fault of the victim, or the act of a third party,” pursuant to Article 190, subsection 1), of the Ley General de la Administración Pública. Accordingly, the analysis will begin with the matters identified above that are alleged by the plaintiff concerning powers that, in its view, were not exercised by the Local Government, are attributable to it, and give rise to financial liability (responsabilidad patrimonial). Likewise, as stated above, the objections will be analyzed according to an order established by this Court, with the headings grouping together arguments of a similar or related nature. 1) Regarding the failure to require prerequisites, approvals (visados), and permits for the Proyecto Vistas de Leona and, consequently, the failure to use legal mechanisms in response to the development, which the plaintiff characterizes as irregular (suspension of construction work).
In the eighteenth through twenty-third factual allegations of its complaint, the plaintiff criticizes the Municipalidad de Garabito’s failure to act with respect to the establishment and construction of the Condominio de Vistas de Leona without the requirements established by the legal system having been met, a general allegation that it claims is demonstrated by the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos in Report N° DRD-INSP-334-2009. To that end, it divides its allegations into four objections, which, to facilitate their analysis, will be addressed individually: a) It asserts that permits were issued piecemeal, preventing the full scope of Vistas de Leona from being assessed. In its complaint, the plaintiff firm insists that the Proyecto de Vistas de Leona, which it characterizes as a megaproject, was authorized by the Corporación Municipal without being considered as an integrated condominium development, and lists all the permits granted by the Municipalidad for the Proyecto Vistas de Leona.
It further notes that the conclusions of the Tribunal de Honor stated: “Building through this piecemeal method violates the regulations in force because the permits were not consolidated and were not submitted as a condominium project; being merely fragments and not amounting to 100%, they are not stages but piecemeal permits.” (See official letter N° TH-025-2015 dated 21 January 2014 (sic, read 2015), signed by Mr. Gerardo Campos Chacón, Head of the Departamento Tribunales de Honor). The Municipalidad responds that “The issuance of multiple construction permits for a single property is an action encompassed within the legal system, particularly in areas such as Punta Leona, where no Plan Regulador Urbano exists. Furthermore, the referenced permits correspond to periods during which the property had not yet been placed under the condominium ownership regime (régimen de propiedad en condominio), and when it was established under that regime in 2008, it had municipal authorization PC-226-2008, the plans approved by INVU, AYA official letter CON-2008-423-BIT-2008, and authorization from the Ministerio de Salud on 8/09/2009 (…), as required by Article 3 of the Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio No. 7933).” COURT’S ASSESSMENT.
With respect to this argument, it must be taken into consideration that, in its allegations, the plaintiff combines matters related to the omission of elements from the approving administrative act (acto administrativo), which, as noted above, fall outside the scope of this case because, according to the relief sought by the plaintiff and its own theory of the case, the matter is confined to adjudicating the administrative conduct in terms of its abnormal material operation—that is, an omission—and not its unlawfulness. Having clarified this issue, the Court notes that the plaintiff is inconsistent in its arguments because, on the one hand, it alleges that the Condominium was built and established without municipal permits—an objection that will be analyzed below—and, on the other, that the permits were granted piecemeal (which presupposes that they were in fact issued, albeit in fragmented form).
In this regard, a distinction must first be drawn between ordinary construction procedures and those required to place a property under the Condominium regime. They are different in nature; nevertheless, the complaint appears to confuse them. With respect to this section, what is being analyzed specifically is the objection that the Municipalidad de Garabito granted permits before the Condominium was established and in accordance with the developer’s requests for various construction works, rather than for all the works within the framework of a condominium. Within that scope, it is established that, before the Condominio Vistas de Leona was established (18 November 2010—Proven Fact N° 29—for the first stage), the Municipalidad de Garabito granted a series of permits, which are detailed in this Resolution and relate to the following activities: earthworks (movimiento de tierras) involving 100.000 m3 (Proven Facts N° 7 and 12); sewerage (alcantarillado) (Proven Fact N° 6); a land-use permit (permiso de uso de suelo) for construction of a Proyecto Urbanístico (Proven Fact N° 9); stormwater discharge (desfogue pluvial) and its renewal (Proven Facts N° 11 and 15); in addition to the discharge permits that will be analyzed under subsection c) of this recital (considerando).
In addition to the foregoing, in Report N° DRD-INSP-334-2009 dated 20 March 2009, the CFIA determined that the Proyecto Vista de Leona held the following permits: a) N° PC-703-2007 dated 13 December 2007, for construction of a wall and guardhouse, with a construction area of 125m2; b) PC-166-2008, dated 25 February 2008, for earthworks, covering a volume of 100.000 m3; c) PC-172-2008, dated 26 February 2008, for sewerage; d) PC-502-2008 dated 07 August 2008, for construction of curb and gutter, with a construction area of 813m2; e) PC-511-2008, dated 13 August 2009, for paving with concrete blocks, with a construction area of 813 m2; and e) PC-019-2009 dated 21 January 2009, for construction of the Treatment Plant and gabions, with construction areas of 117 m2 and 425 m2. (See Proven Fact N° 18). Accordingly, it has indeed been proven that, before the Condominium was established, the Municipalidad granted a series of construction permits for a property that years later would be placed under the Condominium regime (18 November 2010 for the first stage and 05 September 2013 for its second stage (Proven Facts N° 29 and 39).
It has also been established that, in the conclusions issued by the Tribunal de Honor convened in response to the complaint filed by Mr. Rodolfo Calderón Mata with the CFIA, it was stated that the engineer responsible for the work had acted irregularly by proceeding in that manner. Nevertheless, it must be considered that, pursuant to Article 223 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública and Article 32, sections 1 and 2.2, of the Código Procesal Civil, which apply to this specific case pursuant to Article 220 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, there is no indication that this circumstance prevented fulfillment of the purpose and objective of the construction license as a tool for urban planning, regulation, and control, or that it denied the parties an opportunity to present their case (indefensión). First, when the Junta Directiva del Colegio de Ingenieros y Arquitectos reviewed the Tribunal de Honor’s findings arising from the complaint filed by Mr.
Calderón Mata, it determined that, “The alleged act stating ‘Having begun performance of the contracts without approval from the Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU) and a construction license from the Municipalidad de Garabito’ has not been proven, because the existence of construction permits issued by the Municipalidad de Garabito was established, and there is no evidence whatsoever that the works under the direction of Engineer Castillo Rojas, relating to the referenced consulting contracts, began before the municipal licenses were issued.
(…) With regard to INVU plan approval (visado), such approval is not required for the work registered with the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica under the aforementioned contracts, including earthworks (movimientos de tierra), sewerage works (alcantarillado), paving-stone installation (adoquinado), and curbs and gutters (cordones y caño), because at that time neither a subdivision (fraccionamiento) nor a housing development (urbanización) was being constructed.” (See Proven Fact 42). Therefore, even though a series of irregularities may have been alleged during the concluding phase, the collegial body responsible for issuing the final decision—here, the Board of Directors of the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos, the entity legally responsible for verifying the compliance of engineers’ actions, including those of the engineer then responsible for the work on the Proyecto Vistas de Leona—did not agree with that position and, on the contrary, found no grounds for holding the engineer responsible for the Project liable.
Nor did the CFIA find any omission regarding INVU approval of the plans, because neither a subdivision nor a housing development was being constructed; accordingly, at that specific time, compliance with that procedure was not required. Thus, without ruling on whether these requirements are affected by any defect—because, as reiterated, that issue falls outside the scope established by the plaintiff itself—this Court finds that the Proyecto Vistas de Leona had the permits granted by the Municipalidad for the performance of a series of construction-related works.
Second, because invalidity does not exist for its own sake, as noted above, the fact that the aforementioned construction permits were granted preliminarily and the properties were subsequently placed under the condominium regime (régimen condominal) did not, in this Court’s view, prevent the Local Government from becoming aware of the scale of the project at issue. The fact is that the administrative record prepared for that purpose by the Municipalidad de Garabito contains evidence showing that, from the outset of the actions undertaken by the developers of the Project at issue, documentation existed describing the scale of the project to be constructed. As will be analyzed below, this required the Ayuntamiento to take precautions by inspecting and closely monitoring the Proyecto Vistas de Leona so that, during its implementation phase, it would comply with the technical regulations then in force and remain within the scope of what had been authorized.
Accordingly, among the earliest actions recorded in the administrative file for the Proyecto Vistas de Leona, held by the Local Government, this Collegial Chamber identifies resolution N° 191-2007-SETENA of 8:50 a.m. on 08 de febrero de 2007, issued by the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental before the construction permits were granted to the Project—particularly the permit concerning stormwater discharge (desfogue pluvial)—from which the following description of the Project and its actual dimensions may be taken: “The activity consists of constructing 369 condominium villas, including access routes, internal streets, and stormwater drainage; as well as common areas and protection areas for 3 intermittent streams running through the property (it covers only the urban-development stage, with each lot measuring between 250 and 500 m2). The area schedule is as follows: Total area of the parent property: 197 320,56m2.
Developable area: 177-198,34m2. Stream protection area: 20 122,22 m2. Green areas: 17.986,59 m2.” (Emphasis added by the author). It can also be determined from the construction authorizations granted by the Ayuntamiento that they refer to a lot area of 209567 m2. Thus, although the information was fragmented, various elements reflected the Project’s actual scale. Precisely for that reason, the Municipal Corporation had a legal obligation to exercise its inspection and oversight powers, as it would for any construction project carried out within its territorial jurisdiction, especially one with such a substantial construction impact, where three streams in the public domain had been identified and earthworks totaling 100.000 m3 had been authorized.
The volume of those earthworks was so substantial that SETENA highlighted it in resolution N° 1655-2007-SETENA of 10:15 a.m. on 06 de agosto de 2007, in which it considered a request to correct a clerical error (error material), since resolution N° 191-2007-SETENA of 8:50 a.m. on 08 de febrero de 2007 had recorded only 100,00 m3 of earthworks, stating that “the developer is hereby instructed that, as this work proceeds, compaction, shaping, stabilization, mitigation, and environmental restoration work must be implemented in those areas” (See Proven Fact N° 10). Oversight of that work also fell within the Municipalidad’s responsibilities, since on 27 de febrero de 2007, and again on 25 febrero de 2008, it granted the permit for earthworks totaling 100.000m3 on the Proyecto de Vistas de Leona. Therefore, the fact that the permits were processed first and the properties were later placed under the condominium ownership regime did not affect the Municipio’s possession of the information necessary to understand the Project’s scale or prevent it from exercising the necessary regulatory-enforcement functions.
The situation would have been different if, through deception, the Municipal Corporation had granted the permits without information disclosing that scale, since such an act by a third party might have affected its actual ability to conduct municipal inspections; however, that did not occur here. It follows from the foregoing that the objection alleging that the Local Government failed to require construction permits for the Proyecto Vistas de Leona as an integrated whole rather than in a fragmented manner is unsupported, subject to the clarifications and reservations concerning the other matters raised regarding the Ayuntamiento’s responsibility for overseeing the permits granted.
THIS COURT’S FINDING. The arguments set out by this Collegial Chamber regarding point a) above also apply to this objection. It is reiterated, however, that the plaintiff’s presentation reflects confusion because it equates the procedures for registering a plan with the cadastre, or the requirements established by the Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio concerning approval of plans for projects of this type, with obtaining licenses for construction work. These are distinct matters. The plaintiff asserts that the stages for approval of the Condominio were not completed, which it divides into approval by the CFIA; approval by INVU, which verifies compliance by the Ministerio de Salud, Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, and Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo itself; and, finally, approval or authorization of the municipal construction license. This is precisely where the plaintiff errs.
A construction permit may be issued for different types of work, and a property need not be subject to the condominium regime for the respective permits to be granted. Indeed, this Collegial Chamber found nothing in the record or in the legal framework in force at the time of the events that legally precluded processing the construction permits first. Nor can it be found that the decision approving the construction licenses became subsequently invalid—which, it is reiterated, lies outside the scope of this proceeding—if the property on which work was constructed was later placed under the condominium regime.
The foregoing follows from the Ley Reguladora en Propiedad en Condominio itself, Article One of which permits even previously constructed buildings or residential projects to be placed under that regime. That provision states: “The condominium ownership regime may apply to: a) The various floors, premises, offices, parking spaces, or units into which one or more buildings, either planned or already constructed on the same or different properties, are divided, whether they belong to one or more concession holders. (…) d) When the owner of an already constructed building or residential, commercial, tourism, industrial, or agricultural development decides to place it under the condominium ownership regime, provided that independent and indivisible common elements exist and that all technical requirements established by this law are satisfied.” (Emphasis not in the original). Thus, contrary to the plaintiff’s assertions, the legal framework permits already constructed buildings to be placed under the Condominio regime, and no legal restriction prevents this.
In addition to the foregoing, as noted above, upon reviewing the record, this Court finds it established that the CFIA deemed the requirements preceding establishment of the Condominio corresponding to the Proyecto Vistas de Leona to have been satisfied, determining that there was no indication that they had not been fully completed before execution of the work (although it had not noted this during its first review, which is consistent with the fact that, on the date of the first report cited by the plaintiff, the Condominio had not yet been established). (See Proven Fact N° 42). Additionally, on 31 de octubre de 2008, INVU approved the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Fincas Filiales Primarias Individualizadas Vistas de Leona, referred to as the first stage of the Proyecto Vistas de Leona (See Proven Fact N° 17), and on 25 de febrero de 2013, that public institution approved the Condominio Horizontal Residencial Vistas de Leona with 151 Fincas Filiales Individualizadas, identified by the parties as the second stage of the Proyectos Vistas de Leona (Proven Fact N° 37).
Because those granted approvals have not been challenged, it is deemed established that they were issued in compliance with the respective legal requirements, by virtue of the presumption of validity of administrative acts (presunción de validez de los actos administrativos) established in provisions 128 and 176 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública. Accordingly, having established that INVU granted that approval, there are no grounds for doubting that the Institute verified compliance with the requirements it imposes for granting the respective approval.
In addition, as has been reiterated throughout this judgment, the claimant did not challenge that administrative act on the ground that it lacked any essential element of validity. Lastly, it was also proven that both Residential Horizontal Condominiums comprising the Vistas de Leona Project (Fincas Filiales Primarias Individualizadas Vistas de Leona and FFPI Ciento Cuarenta y Nueve del Condominio Residencial Vistas de Leona) were registered with Registro Nacional on 18 de noviembre de 2010 and 05 de setiembre de 2013, respectively. (See Proven Facts No. 29 and No. 39). Now then, pursuant to section 5 of the Ley Reguladora de Propiedad en Condominio, that registration was required to be accompanied by the plan duly approved by the respective institutions, setting forth all relevant information concerning the parent property (finca matriz), the subsidiary properties (fincas filiales) or private areas, the common areas, and the area and allocation tables.
Nor did the claimant allege that any essential element of those administrative registration acts was null and void; accordingly, the validity of those registrations is presumed. Consequently, it is likewise not possible to examine any matter purportedly omitted from the act registering the Condominiums without violating the principles of due process, the right of defense, bilateral proceedings, procedural equality, and adversarial proceedings. Continuing with the claimant’s objections, Report No. PC-ARS-OSMG-URS-R-0106-2009 dated 05 de diciembre de 2009, issued by the Ministerio de Salud, refers to missing requirements for placing the Wastewater Treatment Plant into operation and states that the existence of authorization for the stormwater outfall (desfogue pluvial) could not be verified. Regarding the first omission identified by that ministry, the proven facts establish that, on 19 de setiembre de 2008, the Dirección de Estudios y Proyectos del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados approved the Treatment Plant (Proven Fact No. 16), and that on 21 de setiembre de 2009, by Permit No. PC-019-2009, the Municipalidad de Garabito issued the construction permit for the Treatment Plant (Proven Fact No. 18).
The same Ministerio de Salud report states that this Treatment Plant held permits from the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos, the Municipalidad, and the Ministerio de Salud, Región Pacífico Central. Although the Treatment Plant’s operation was not in compliance at the time of the Ministerio de Salud inspection, that issue was subsequently remedied and deemed addressed by the Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia (See Proven Fact No. 38). In addition, it was also proven that the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados granted a permit to install a well to provide drinking water to 151 subsidiary properties. (See Proven Fact No. 13). Finally, regarding approval of the building permits for the works that were subsequently placed under the condominium regime and comprise the Vistas de Leona Project, as noted above, the record shows the permits issued at the relevant time by the Municipalidad for various construction works, including paved-block streets, sidewalks and curbs and gutters, a security booth, a treatment plant, sewerage, and other works.
The seal placed on the plan stating “for cadastral purposes” should not be construed as indicating that it is a construction permit, which it indeed is not. The permits are those identified above, corresponding to: earthworks (movimiento de tierras) totaling 100.000 m3 (Proven Facts No. 7 and 12); sewerage (Proven Fact No. 6); a land-use permit (permiso de uso de suelo) for construction of a Residential Development Project (Proven Fact No. 9); the stormwater outfall and its renewal (Proven Facts No. 11 and 15), in addition to the outfall permits that will be analyzed in subsection c) of this recital (considerando); construction of a wall and booth, sewerage, construction of curbs and gutters, block paving, construction of the treatment plant, and gabions. The record also contains the approval of the plans by the Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo. Additionally, it should be noted that a review of the legal system shows that approval of plans by the Municipalities is provided for only in the cases covered by section 33 of the Ley de Planificación Urbana, specifically for the subdivision (fraccionamiento) of land or real property, which provides: “Article 33.- For every subdivision of land or real property located in urban districts and other areas subject to urban-planning control, it shall be indispensable first to have the plan showing the location and area of the resulting portions approved by the authorized municipal office and, furthermore, for the authorizing notary or public official to certify, when preparing or executing the respective document, that the division matches that shown on said plan.
Subdivisions effected through a private document, as with public documents, shall be deemed ineffective if they lack a notarial or municipal notation concerning the preexistence of the approved plan.” In her arguments, the claimant confuses the issuance of building permits with registration of the plan for cadastral purposes, which is among the municipal functions vested in Local Governments for maintaining a parcel map of the canton (geospatial information) and is currently systematized through the Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial (SINT), administered by the Instituto Geográfico Nacional, which has been operational since mayo de 2014. Based on the foregoing, the claimant’s requested relief concerning this omission is denied. This is without failing to note that, on the contrary, the fact that the respective permits were issued—which this Collegiate Chamber finds proven—places the Municipality in the legal position of overseeing and inspecting the permits it issued.
This Collegiate Chamber proceeds from that premise based on the record and taking into consideration the matters noted above. This is in addition to the environmental feasibility approval (viabilidad ambiental) granted by SETENA (See Proven Facts No. 6 and 10), which, although not mentioned by the claimant, is also among the legal requirements imposed by the legal system for projects of this nature. In view of the foregoing, this Court cannot discern the basis for the claimant’s objection on this point. Nevertheless, even though review of the legality of the Local Government’s formal administrative acts is not within the scope of this action, as expressly stated by the claimant, this Collegiate Chamber cautions the Municipalidad de Garabito that it must continue monitoring and supervising compliance of the permits it issued with the legal system and, if they are not compliant, must proceed in accordance with the applicable legal system under its ex officio authority to review its own acts. c) Regarding the Alleged Absence of Sewerage and Stormwater-Outfall Permits.
The claimant states that Sewerage Permit No. PC-360-2007 and its renewal (PC-172-2008) “authorized only an internal sewerage system for Vistas de Leona, with the project manager and developer failing to disclose that the intended undertaking was the construction of a residential condominium with more than 300 subsidiary properties.” In connection with this omission, she emphasizes that the stormwater-outfall permit granted through official letter No. DI-588-2007 provided: “TO APPROVE said stormwater drainage, without this constituting a permit to carry out any type of work.” Therefore, in her opinion, it was not a permit because she relies on the literal wording of the document and because she infers that the Municipalidad itself accepts that it cannot constitute a permit, “since it lacks the requirements necessary for it to qualify as such, including the design of the external outfall, the location or authorized stormwater-outfall site, as established by A. y A. in Inspection Report SUB-G-AID-UEN-PyC-URB-I-2011-12, and the calculation report (memoria de cálculo).” The Municipalidad de Garabito, for its part, disputes the allegation that each and every requirement imposed by the legal system was not satisfied.
It states that it conducted an exhaustive analysis to verify that the Vistas de Leona Project complied with all requirements and determined that it did. In support, it offers as evidence Official Letter No. DI-440-2010 dated 18 de agosto de 2010, signed by the Coordinación del Departamento de Control y Desarrollo Urbano (appearing at folio 540 of Volume III of the administrative record submitted by the Municipalidad), and Official Letter No. DI-591-2011 dated 28 de julio de 2011 (appearing at folio 40 of the administrative record for the amparo proceeding, expediente No. 11-2417-0007-CO, submitted by the respondent). It further states that, although certain omissions were identified at various times, the interested party was timely required to remedy them, and the calculation report that the claimant alleges was missing is shown to have been subsequently submitted. COURT’S ANALYSIS. On this point, the claimant’s complaint combines matters that, from a legal standpoint, are incomprehensible to this Collegiate Chamber and are even inconsistent with the arguments she develops later.
She initially asserts that no stormwater-outfall permit existed for the Vistas de Leona Project and then disputes matters concerning the formal aspects of the administrative act by which the Municipalidad granted the stormwater outfall, as well as its effects. Her claims for relief, however, do not include a declaration that those acts granting the stormwater outfall are unlawful, in addition to which she withdrew the action against the party in whose favor they were granted. This Court finds that, under the guise of alleging an omission, the claimant seeks to challenge the administrative act issued by the Local Government. However, by modifying her claims for relief and withdrawing some of those relating to stormwater and to her client’s alleged lack of any obligation to bear the stormwater outfall, she deprived this argument of any legal substance. We must note that, pursuant to the party-presentation principle (principio dispositivo), this Collegiate Chamber understands that the theory of the case and the definition of the claims for relief fall exclusively to the claimant. Thus, although she argues that the Municipalidad de Garabito engaged in an omission when granting the stormwater outfall, the substance of the argument advanced by CJO Desarrollos Integrales S.A.
is that it disagrees with the requirements imposed by the Municipalidad de Garabito for the purpose of granting stormwater discharge authorization (desfogue pluvial), which it considers technically incomplete and, therefore, contends that the Municipality failed to fulfill its obligations. However, as stated above, these matters are not included in its claims, nor does it seek the annulment of these acts; consequently, this Collegiate Court cannot adjudicate this issue, since doing so at the judgment stage, after each procedural phase has already been completed, would cause a denial of the right of defense (indefensión) to the defendant by introducing into the proceedings new claims that were not asserted by the plaintiff in its complaint and concerning which no adversarial debate has taken place, as required for compliance with due process and the right of defense (See Articles 39 of the Constitución Política, 8 and 25 of the Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos, 2.1 and 5.1 of the Código Procesal Civil, and the extensive case law of the Sala Constitucional concerning due process and the right of defense, including Resolutions N° 1739-1992 of 11:45 on 01 de julio de 1992 and N° 01469-2011 of 9:00 on 30 de noviembre de 2011).
This would also entail causing a denial of the right of defense to the legal entities or natural persons to whom the permits were granted and for whom a specific legal situation was created; therefore, because they have a legitimate interest, they must be joined as defendants in the proceedings through necessary joinder of defendants (litis consorcio pasivo necesario) (Article 12, subsection 3, of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo). Nor can it be overlooked that, at an earlier procedural stage, the party had withdrawn its action against these natural persons and legal entities. That said, as indicated above, this Collegiate Chamber proceeds from the premise that the Municipalidad de Garabito granted the stormwater discharge authorization for Condominio Vistas de Leona through official letter N° DI-588-2007 and its renewal dated 09 de julio de 2008 (Proven Facts N° 11 and 15), in which the Municipality stated that it had previously inspected the site and reviewed the design submitted by the developers of Proyecto Vistas de Leonas.
Both aspects are of paramount importance in determining the scope of the Local Government’s responsibility regarding its municipal inspection and oversight authority over the stormwater systems in that area, a matter that will be examined in greater depth below. 2) Concerning noncompliance with Resolutions N° 2011-005007 of 10:36 on 15 de abril de 2011 and N° 2011-014425 of 10:36 on 15 de abril de 2011, issued by the Sala Constitucional, and with the directives of the Ministerio de Salud. Returning to the instructions issued by the Ministerio de Salud to the Municipalidad de Garabito, the plaintiff states in facts 24 and 25, in relation to facts 31 through 36 of its complaint, that the Municipality failed to comply with the order requiring it, within 30 days, to conduct the corresponding investigations and report to that Área Rectora de Salud so that measures could be taken to protect Public Health and prevent pollution in general.
Accordingly, because the Municipality failed to comply with this order, on 28 de febrero de 2011 it petitioned the Sala Constitucional by filing an amparo proceeding (amparo) against the defendant. Although the Constitutional Court, through two resolutions (Voto N° 2011-5007 and Resolution N° 2011-24425), ordered the Municipal Corporation to comply with the order issued by the Ministerio de Salud, the plaintiff states that the defendant, through “evasions, distortions, and ‘inaccuracies,’” responded that it had already performed the work ordered by the Sala Constitucional, carrying out work on the “public road” (referred to in the repeatedly cited report as Calle Vieja), where “the reported problem is not located. (It bears recalling that the main access road to the private club Punta Leona is another road paved with interlocking blocks, where there is no curb, gutter, ditch, or stormwater inlet).
The problem arose along what we previously identified (…) as routes #1 and #2 (north and west of Vistas de Leona), through which water from Condominio Vistas de Leona was being unlawfully discharged, not on the ‘public road’ (south of Vistas de Leona).” For that reason, the plaintiff continues, the Sala Constitucional, relying on inaccurate information provided by the Municipality, proceeded to declare that the Local Government had already complied with the instruction issued. The defendant, for its part, rejects the plaintiff’s allegations. In its answer, it states: “The actions to protect public health and the environment required by the Ministerio de Salud of the Municipality concern the monitoring and oversight of building permits (permisos constructivos), an obligation with which my client has fully complied by confirming the existence of municipal authorization PC-226-2008, the plans approved by INVU, AyA, official letter CON-2008-423 BIT -2008, Ministerio de Salud (…) for the development of the Condominio Residencial Horizontal Vista Leona project (…) and concerning the public road to Punta Leona.” COURT’S ASSESSMENT.
Once again, this Collegiate Chamber encounters difficulty in determining, within the framework of the proceedings as constituted, the plaintiff’s legal arguments and theory of the case. Through an effort of interpretation, it can be inferred that the plaintiff disputes whether the defendant actually complied with the order of the Sala Constitucional of the Corte Suprema de Justicia. A reading of Considerando III of Resolution N° 2011-5007 of 10:36 on 15 de abril de 2011 expressly shows that the Constitutional Court relied on the following reasoning: “In view of the report submitted by the respondent Municipality, it must be stated that the petition should be granted because the recommendations issued by the Ministerio de Salud have not been implemented in order to reach a solution regarding the facts alleged by the petitioner, even though those recommendations were issued in December 2009.
It has been established that the recommendations and the questions concerning the matter that remained unclear were forwarded to the Departamento de Ingeniería y Construcción of the respondent Municipality on 15 de junio de 2010, and that, as of the date on which the Municipal Mayor issued the report, namely 05 de abril de 2011, no response had been provided, nor had any report been issued that would allow this Court to conclude that the complaint was being addressed. Accordingly, it is concluded that the period that elapsed—10 months—for conducting the corresponding inspections and issuing a report on the actions taken concerning the recommendations made by the Ministerio de Salud to resolve the matter raised is unreasonable and disproportionate.” Based on the foregoing passage, the Sala Constitucional proceeded to grant the amparo petition and ordered the following: “It is ordered that (…) in their capacities as Mayor and President of the Council, both of the Municipalidad de Garabito, or whoever holds those positions, adopt the appropriate actions within the scope of their authority so that they immediately implement the recommendations issued by the Ministerio de Salud on 05 de diciembre de 2009 through official letter N° PC-ARS-OSMG-URS-R-106-2009, in order to resolve the complaint submitted by the petitioner (…)” (Proven Fact N° 32).
It follows from the foregoing that, although the petitioner before the Sala Constitucional presented a series of complaints concerning the situation that, in its view, affects Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, the Constitutional Court, because amparo is a summary proceeding rather than a plenary adjudicatory proceeding, confined the matter adjudicated before it to the recommendations issued by the Ministerio de Salud through Report N° PC-ARS-OSMG-URS-R-106-2009. A review of the recommendations made by that ministry to the Municipalidad de Garabito shows that they were as follows: “The old road to Punta Leona is a public road under the authority of the Municipalidad de Garabito; therefore, the Municipality must conduct the relevant assessments in order to channel stormwater so that it does not flow into the Mapaches and (…) Lapas residential developments. Before construction work begins, projects must obtain stormwater discharge authorization from the Municipalidad de Garabito, a document whose existence could not be verified; therefore, it is requested that a copy of that permit be submitted to the Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito.
(…) It is the responsibility of the Municipalidad de Garabito to monitor and oversee everything it authorizes through the building permits it issues, as well as to ensure that the plans it approves correspond to actual conditions on the ground and, if irregularities exist, to file complaints with the appropriate authorities.” (Emphasis not in the original). (See Proven Fact N° 25). Based on the foregoing passage, this Court finds that the Municipalidad de Garabito is correct in limiting its response to the work performed on the public road (which the plaintiff disputes in its reply), because although, in the claimant’s view, the problem does not originate on the public road, the fact remains that the Constitutional Court’s analysis and the order issued by the Ministerio de Salud concern the Municipal Corporation’s authority with respect to the public road and do not extend the scope of review to other areas, such as routes # 1 and # 2 identified by the plaintiff.
Furthermore, the report states that the existence of a stormwater discharge permit could not be verified, whereas it has already been established as proven that such a permit existed. Accordingly, this claim must be denied. It must also be clarified to the plaintiff that the administrative litigation jurisdiction (jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa) does not have authority to review the merits or the issues decided in a resolution issued by the Sala Constitucional, whose effects, pursuant to Article 13 of the Jurisdicción Constitucional, are erga omnes and which is not subject to appeal. The summary nature of proceedings before the Sala Constitucional must also be considered. That Chamber has constitutional authority to safeguard fundamental rights and constitutional supremacy; consequently, when a matter is brought before it, the scope of adjudication is confined to that sphere and nature.
Because of this summary nature, statements made by public institutions are submitted under oath. Therefore, if any inaccuracy or falsehood is detected, this is likewise not the legally appropriate proceeding for determining whether a sworn statement submitted was false; the proper forum is the criminal jurisdiction. Accordingly, as this claim is drafted, it cannot be granted by this Court because it falls outside the legal and constitutional authority assigned to the administrative litigation jurisdiction, since the Sala Constitucional, through Resolution N° 13-02577 of 14:30 on 26 de febrero de 2013, already deemed the constitutional order to undertake the actions necessary to implement the recommendations issued by the Ministerio de Salud in the report ut supra to have been satisfied, after compliance with the order had been reiterated through Resolution N° 2011-014425 of 15:35 on 25 de octubre de 2011. (See Proven Facts N° 34 and 38).
It is reiterated that, by virtue of the manner in which the plaintiff framed its claim, this Court ruled on the request for a declaration that the Municipalidad de Garabito’s omission was unlawful due to its “Failure to comply with the order of the Sala Constitucional regarding ‘reaching a solution concerning the facts alleged by the petitioner for constitutional relief.’” This ruling does not prejudge, in this case, the administrative conduct involved in submitting the respective reports to that Constitutional Court or whether the problem was in fact resolved, since these are matters that the plaintiff did not raise in this specific portion of its claims and that cannot be heard by this Collegiate Chamber, out of respect for the principle that the parties define the scope of the proceedings (principio dispositivo) and the rights of defense and due process, given that the issues in dispute (litis) have already been joined and that these would constitute a new claim and new arguments that have not been part of the proceedings.
In other words, the Constitutional Court has determined that its order was complied with, and what is being sought, in that regard, is review of a decision with erga omnes effect that has already been issued by the Constitutional Court. For the reasons stated, this falls outside the jurisdiction of the Administrative Litigation Courts (Jurisdicción Contenciosa Administrativa), and this argument must therefore be rejected. 3) Regarding the alleged failure of the Municipalidad to take action or require solutions from the appropriate parties to prevent flooding at Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas. It is important to note that the central issue in these proceedings is that, in the plaintiff’s view, the Municipalidad has failed to exercise its public oversight and inspection powers, which has resulted in Proyecto de Vistas de Leonas causing a series of adverse effects at Condominio Horizontal Residencial Lapas, as a volume of water exceeding the capacity of that Condominium’s drainage system flows through it.
As a preliminary matter, before specifically addressing the particular omissions alleged by the plaintiff, the Court will determine the functions legally assigned to municipalities with respect to the matters at issue in these proceedings, taking into account that the source of the flooding at the Condominium where subsidiary property 35, owned by the plaintiff, is located has been established. COURT’S FINDING. Following an exhaustive analysis of the extensive body of evidence (acervo probatorio), as well as a review of the 42 facts alleged in the complaint and its amendment, the response thereto, the expert report and the Municipal Corporation’s response to it, the testimony taken during the Oral and Public Trial, and the parties’ closing arguments, this Collegiate Chamber unanimously finds that the record establishes that the Municipalidad de Garabito failed to perform its statutory duties and that this failure has contributed to the fact that the situation occurring at Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas remains unresolved to date, even though a number of public institutions have intervened, including the Sala Constitucional, Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, Ministerio de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, and Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos.
To support this conclusion, the Court will identify the Municipalidad’s constitutional and statutory powers and its role as an oversight and inspection authority. In this Court’s view, the Local Government’s defense rests on the fact that it granted the respective permits and complied with the instructions issued by the Secretaría Técnica Nacional, under which, after the Comisión Nacional de Prevención y Atención de Emergencias verified that significant landslides had occurred at Proyecto Vistas de Leona, it halted the work so that a series of measures could be adopted to stabilize slopes (taludes). (See Proven Fact No. 45). Likewise, during its opening statement and closing arguments at the Oral and Public Trial and in its response to the complaint, it never asserted that Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas had not been affected by flooding. Instead, the issue disputed was that the work required to address it falls outside its sphere of authority because its role ended when it performed work on the public roadway and granted the permits.
The premise underlying those arguments is mistaken. Under constitutional Article 169, the Local Government was assigned authority to administer local interests and services in each canton, an administrative responsibility that entails managing both material and human resources and is not limited, as its position would appear to suggest, to the formal issuance of permits or licenses. That is one of its functions, but municipal activity encompasses a range of political, planning, budgetary, recreational, educational, and general service-delivery functions, all aimed at promoting the comprehensive development of the persons residing within its jurisdiction. It also possesses police powers (poderes de policía) to maintain order within the canton, in conjunction, of course, with the powers held by public institutions at the national level. The administration of those cantonal interests, however, arises from the need to decentralize the State and to enable cantons, given their proximity to the population, to safeguard public interests and objectives for the welfare and advancement of the local community.
The Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia has so held, stating: “(…) as established by Article 169 of the Political Constitution and the Municipal Code, municipalities are responsible for administering local services and interests in order to promote the comprehensive development of the cantons in harmony with national development. Consequently, the Municipalidad must establish a comprehensive urban-planning policy in accordance with the applicable law, aimed at the efficient and harmonious development of urban centers and ensuring—at a minimum—efficient electricity and communications services; sound systems for supplying drinking water and disposing of wastewater, adequate water-supply and sewerage systems, and urban lighting and beautification systems; services for constructing, repairing, and cleaning streets and other public roads; and, in general, concrete and practical plans to make life comfortable and safe for the population.” (See Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia.
Decision No. 12886–2011, issued at 12:44 on 23 September 2011). It should be noted that the Constitutional Court expressly recognizes the Municipalidad’s authority to administer the canton’s sewerage and stormwater systems, which is entirely logical because, in practice, these systems are interconnected rather than isolated, and each system designed and built to discharge water for any inhabitant of the canton, or any person engaged in economic activity there, affects the entire canton. It is the Municipalidad that is responsible for coordinating and administering the canton’s stormwater systems comprehensively, rather than solely in relation to the nearest property where the discharge was authorized. Accordingly, the exercise of urban-planning authority and the granting of licenses—including stormwater-discharge licenses (licencias de desfogue pluvial)—which form part of the aforementioned policy-making authority over urban planning, inherently entail the police power to verify that economic, agricultural, commercial, urban-development, tourism, recreational, productive, educational, cultural, and other activities are conducted within the framework of legality (bloque de juridicidad) and in harmony with the environment.
This follows from Article 50 of the Fundamental Law and is embodied at the statutory level in Article 28 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, which provides: “It is the function of the State, municipalities, and other public entities to define and implement national land-use planning policies (políticas nacionales de ordenamiento territorial) aimed at regulating and promoting human settlements and the population’s economic and social activities, as well as physical and spatial development, in order to achieve harmony between the population’s greater well-being, the use of natural resources, and environmental conservation.” (Emphasis added by the author). Indeed, an analysis of the various recommendations issued by the institutions involved shows that they emphasized actions to mitigate the environmental effects of the construction of Proyecto Vistas de Leona. By way of example, without being exhaustive, when SETENA granted environmental feasibility approval (viabilidad ambiental) to the project in 2007, it stated in its third recital that “the approval was granted on the understanding that the developer of the project, works, or activity would fully and completely comply with the technical, legal, and environmental regulations and standards in force in the country and with the procedures to be completed before other authorities of the Costa Rican State.” (Proven Fact No. 6).
That direction was supplemented by Decision No. 1655-2007-SETENA, issued at 10:15 on 06 August 2007, in which the developer was expressly instructed that, as the earthworks (movimiento de las tierras) proceeded, “compaction, grading, stabilization, mitigation, and environmental restoration work must be implemented in those areas” (Proven Fact No. 10). Although both provisions in these two instances were directed to the project developers, the Local Government has authority to verify compliance with these recommendations as part of its planning, land-use regulation, and inspection duties, particularly where the environment and the safety of the persons involved are concerned. In addition, as previously noted, the Ministerio de Salud itself linked the situation at Proyecto Vistas de Leona and the flooding that had occurred to the need to conduct investigations “to prevent pollution of the environment in general,” a directive addressed, among other public entities, to the Municipalidad de Garabito.
(See Proven Fact No. 24). This is because case law has recognized a broader conception of environmental law (derecho ambiental), which is closely connected to urban matters and, more generally, to the physical spaces in which human beings live and develop in harmony with their surroundings. These matters also fall within the Municipalidad’s powers to administer local interests, to such an extent that it has residual jurisdiction (competencia residual) to hear, process, and impose penalties for violations of environmental legislation “in matters related to construction permits,” where jurisdiction does not lie with the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo (Article 111.3 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente). Consistent with the foregoing, Costa Rican scholarship on urban-planning law (materia urbanística) has stated: “The inhabitants’ quality of life is closely linked to the urban environment, because that is the space in which human beings live and develop.
Effective environmental protection requires planning mechanisms (…) It must be borne in mind that the physical structures inherent to the urban environment are products of human intervention in nature, and this has undeniable implications for natural resources insofar as it involves the sustainability of human development and affects the rights of future generations.
In this regard, the Sala Constitucional has stated that nature is only one part of environmental law (Derecho Ambiental), establishing the need to coin a broader concept, such as the macro-environmental concept (macroambiental), which includes the regulation of urban matters” (ROJAS MORALES (Iris Rocío). Derecho Urbanístico Costarricense. San José, Costa Rica, Editorial Investigaciones Jurídicas, 2010, pp56-57). (Emphasis added by the author). The cited author supplements this position with the case law (jurisprudencia) of the Sala Constitucional, in Resolutions N° 5893-95 of 9:48 a.m. on 27 de octubre de 1995, and N° 2864-2003 of 3:29 p.m. on 09 de abril de 2003, in which the Tribunal Constitucional held that: “II. Protecting the environment is a task that falls equally to everyone: to public institutions, by enforcing current legislation and promoting efforts that prevent or eliminate dangers to the environment; and to private individuals, by complying with those provisions and assisting in the protection of the soil, air, and water, because any harmful change resulting from a human act in their composition, content, or quality will also be detrimental to human quality of life” (judgment number 4480-94, issued at ten forty-one in the morning on diecinueve de agosto de mil novecientos noventa y cuatro).
(…) Likewise, as legal scholarship (doctrina) in this field indicates, environmental matters also encompass everything related to urban development, insofar as it concerns city planning, which entails determining a rational and coordinated use of the land and its surroundings so that individuals may attain a balance that allows their needs to be met through social, productive, and cultural processes, while safeguarding—at all times—the integrity and conservation of resources; (…) The foregoing follows logically from constitutional mandates—article 50 and 68—the latter insofar as it establishes the aforementioned guidelines for public authorities to promote environmental protection, understood comprehensively and not in its traditional sense, which is limited to natural resources (what is commonly known as “green matters”), and which consequently includes natural resources (forests, water, air, minerals, flora and fauna, etc.).
This is why it also encompasses matters relating to the setting in which people live, which includes not only the scenic beauty of nature, such as the landscape, but also everything relating to cities and urban and rural communities, that is, the concept of the urban environment. It may properly be said that these are two complementary aspects of a single reality, like two sides of the same coin: the natural environment and the urban environment. Thus, the fundamental right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment—extensively developed in constitutional case law—encompasses both its natural and artificial components, the latter understood as the human habitat, that which has been built by humans, namely, the urban environment, so that both remain free from all pollution, because of both the effects and repercussions that pollution may have on the health of persons and other living beings and the intrinsic value of the environment.” (Emphasis and underlining not in the original).
It is from this broad perspective, within the strict balance between urban and environmental concerns, that Article Three of the Código Municipal must be understood, where it provides that, “The governance and administration of cantonal interests and services shall be entrusted to the municipal government,” as must Article One of the Ley de Construcciones, which states: “The Municipalities of the Republic are responsible for ensuring that cities and other population centers meet the necessary conditions of safety, healthfulness, comfort, and beauty in their public thoroughfares and in the buildings and structures erected on land located therein, without prejudice to the powers granted by law in these matters to other administrative bodies.” It should be noted that the legal provisions do not exclude the exercise of municipal powers over private property; establishing conditions to ensure balanced urban development is part of their function of regulating urban matters, and this also requires construction developments to be harmonious with the canton as a whole, in rural and urban areas alike, and in both the public and private spheres.
It is therefore incorrect, as the Municipalidad stated on several occasions, to treat these as private dealings between the parties and to respond that it is the responsibility of Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas and Proyecto Vistas de Leona themselves to carry out the various works, given that the Municipalidad has already fulfilled its legal duties. This is relevant because of what was stated above. When the Municipalidad asserts that it has granted all licenses required in this case for Proyecto Vistas de Leona, it suggests that its authority ends there. This is contradictory because it acknowledges that it exercised police powers (potestades de policía), consisting of suspending construction work on two occasions (12 de enero de 2009, see Established Fact N° 19, and Closure Record N 447 dated 15 de marzo de 2011, appearing at folio 131 of the administrative record of the amparo proceeding (recurso de amparo)), and that it comprehensively reviewed the permits previously granted (DI-440-2010 dated 18 de agosto de 2010 and DI-456-2010 dated 20 de agosto de 2010, appearing at folios 113 and 153, respectively, of the administrative record of the amparo proceeding), while also disregarding the fact that those police powers include precautionary and ex ante oversight, through verification and follow-up to ensure that the licenses granted are implemented within the scope of what was authorized.
Moreover, they also require that, before granting licenses, the Municipalidad analyze, pursuant to its technical discretion (discrecionalidad técnica) and municipal autonomy (autonomía municipal), the various requirements that must be met and that must be reasonable and proportionate to the type of construction work involved and the area in which it is to be carried out. The other error apparent in the Municipalidad’s defense is its contention that these powers of oversight, land-use regulation (ordenamiento), planning, and inspection have been exercised in this case, focusing its arguments on the fact that it formally verified the requirements, while disregarding the clear and undisputed facts that, since 2007, the residents of Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas have suffered flooding during the winter season (when peak levels occur), which has worsened according to the court-appointed expert (Perito Judicial) in his testimony during the public oral trial.
The Corporación Municipal also overlooks the fact that the concept of planning, land-use regulation, and issuance of permits as part of urban regulation entails performing oversight and inspection duties and even ensuring that, when a completed building or one under construction begins to cause problems in the surrounding area, it exercises its police powers and issues whatever instructions are necessary to determine the causes and resolve the problem. However, the entire body of evidence (acervo probatorio) in the record contains no evidence demonstrating that the Corporación Municipal, beyond suspending the work and requesting the submission of information, performed any activity or work to manage the stormwater system (sistema pluvial) in the area at issue in the dispute (litis). Nor does the record show that, knowing there was an overload in the stormwater system of Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas (according to its response to the twelfth allegation of the complaint), it issued any instructions or itself performed any work or activity to remedy it.
The failure of the Municipalidad de Garabito to inspect, urge action, or even itself undertake measures aimed at mitigating the environmental problems and the effects of flooding caused by Proyecto Vistas de Leona resulted in noncompliance with Article 87 of the Ley de Construcciones, which provides that: “The municipality shall exercise oversight over work carried out within its jurisdiction, as well as over the use made thereof. It shall also be charged with monitoring compliance with the provisions of this Law.” Its omission has also caused the problem to worsen progressively, to the point that it has been established as fact that landslides (deslizamientos) affecting 3 hectares have occurred at that Proyecto (Established Facts N° 45 and 47), and that this has had a negative impact on Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, according to the expert report submitted by Mr. Alberto Serrano Pacheco.
This Tribunal understands the various difficulties faced by Gobiernos Locales, particularly in terms of resources, as well as the substantial demands of present-day populations, which increasingly require greater services from the Municipalidades and demand spaces for extensive citizen participation, transparency, and accountability; at the same time, increased urban development and the growth of populations and cities pose significant challenges in balancing municipal powers with private property and freedom of commerce. Indeed, in municipal matters, since the inception of the Sala Constitucional, constitutional law has recognized the prominent role of the Municipalidades in directly administering the interests of the canton and achieving close coordination with the various public entities through relationships of coordination and cooperation that make it possible to fulfill the constitutional and legal objectives entrusted to them.
Accordingly, the Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia stated: “III.- GENERAL CONCEPTS REGARDING THE MUNICIPAL SYSTEM (RÉGIMEN MUNICIPAL). In Costa Rica, the municipal system is a form of territorial decentralization (descentralización territorial), as follows from the first paragraph of constitutional article 168. It is defined primarily in articles 169 and 170 of the Constitución Política, which state, insofar as relevant, that the ‘administration of local interests and services shall be entrusted to the Gobierno Municipal, composed of a popularly elected deliberative body and an executive officer designated by law’ (currently the Alcalde Municipal); it is a ‘corporate system that enjoys autonomy and its own financial resources (budgetary authority (competencia presupuestaria)).’ From this statement of the principal legal characteristics of the municipal institution, it is entirely clear that certain elements follow, namely: the existence of territorial jurisdiction to address local-level interests and services; the establishment of a population rooted in ties of community, such that every resident of the Canton is a municipal constituent (munícipe); a government composed of two distinct bodies (Concejo and Alcalde), with defined functions and relationships between them; the corporate nature of the institution; a constitutional guarantee of independence (autonomy); and the subject matter of its administration, consisting of everything that is or constitutes a ‘local interest and service.’ From a political standpoint, municipalities are representative governments with jurisdiction over a specific territory (canton), possessing their own legal personality (personalidad jurídica) and public powers (potestades públicas) over their residents (inhabitants of the canton); they operate in a decentralized manner vis-à-vis the Government of the Republic and enjoy constitutionally guaranteed and reinforced autonomy, which is manifested in political matters through the determination of their own goals and the regulatory and administrative means necessary to provide all types of public services for the common good of their community.
In summary, municipalities or local governments may be described as territorial entities of a corporate, public, non-state nature, endowed with independence in matters of governance and operation. This means, for example, that municipal autonomy (autonomía municipal) encompasses taxation matters—which require legislative authorization for their validity—the taking out of loans, and the preparation and allocation of their own revenues and expenditures, with general powers. All of this necessarily means that, in order to define correctly the structure of the Costa Rican State, there must be a precise fit among the Municipal Governments, both collectively and individually, with respect to their relationships and coordinated operation with the Government of the Republic, in order to prevent the simultaneous coexistence of spheres of power of different origins and natures, the duplication of national and local efforts, and confusion regarding rights and obligations among the various parties involved.” (Sala Constitucional, Resolution Nº 05445-1999 at 14:30 hours on 14 de Julio del 1999).
These coordination powers are expressly established in provision 6 of the Código Municipal, which stipulates: “The municipality and the other bodies and entities of the Public Administration shall coordinate their actions. To that end, they shall provide due advance notice of the works they plan to carry out.” The Municipality could have availed itself of these interinstitutional coordination and cooperation mechanisms, but there is no evidence that it did so. Rather, it may be inferred that, in response to administrative inaction and the flooding occurring during the winter months at Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, the plaintiff sought the intervention of the various public authorities by filing complaints. In her claim, she endeavors to summarize all the proceedings she pursued before the various public authorities in order to coordinate all stakeholders having jurisdiction over the matter and seek a solution to the flooding that has occurred since 2007 at Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas and continues to this date, even though work at Proyecto Vistas de Leona has been suspended.
This is what this Chamber infers from the relief sought that is currently under review, which seeks to attribute the Municipal Corporation’s predominantly strict financial liability (responsabilidad patrimonial preeminentemente objetiva) for complying with the various instructions, orders, and recommendations issued by the aforementioned public entities, with particular emphasis on diagnosing, investigating, and evaluating mechanisms to mitigate the impacts of stormwater (aguas pluviales) from Proyecto Vistas de Leona on downstream populations and urban developments, including Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas. This Court likewise finds lacking any action to implement mitigation measures (medidas de mitigación) as part of the stormwater management (administración pluvial) that the Municipality must carry out or require the appropriate party to carry out. It should be noted that the need for the Local Government to coordinate with other institutions having local, regional, or national jurisdiction is expressly provided for in Article 6 of the Código Municipal, which establishes: “Article 6.- The municipality and the other bodies and entities of the Public Administration shall coordinate their actions.
To that end, they shall provide due advance notice of the works they plan to carry out.” It could even resort to interinstitutional agreements (convenios interinstitucionales) in order to fulfill its statutory mandates, pursuant to Article 7 of the Código Municipal, which provides: “By agreement with other municipalities or with the competent public entity or body, the municipality may carry out, jointly or individually, services or works within its canton or territorial region. (As amended by Article 17 of the ley General de transferencia de competencias del Poder Ejecutivo a las Municipalidades, N° 8801 del 28 de abril de 2010).” These coordination and cooperation mechanisms have been recognized by the Sala Constitucional, which held them consistent with the body of constitutional law (bloque constitucional), stating: “X.- THE OBLIGATION TO COORDINATE WITH STATE INSTITUTIONS. Several of the provisions challenged in this constitutional proceeding (inconstitucionalidad)—Articles 5, 10, and 186 of the Código Municipal, 2 of the Ley de Tránsito por Vías Públicas Terrestres, 2 of the Ley General de Caminos Públicos, 9 and 10 of the Ley de Planificación Nacional, 26 and 27 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, and 4, 10, 16, 17, and 18 of the Ley de Planificación Urbana—refer to the obligation of coordination that must exist among local governments, decentralized institutions, and the Executive Branch in performing the functions entrusted to them, which must be analyzed on the basis of the very nature of municipal autonomy.
By virtue of Article 170 of the Constitution, municipalities (local corporate entities) enjoy functional, administrative, and financial autonomy in the administration of local interests and services (Article 169 of the Constitución Política), as has repeatedly been recognized in constitutional case law (in this regard, see, among others, judgments numbers 01119-90, 02934-93, 00140-94, 03494-94, 06000-94, 03930-95, 02231-96, and 06469-97). As stated in that case law and in the concepts contained in the preceding recitals (considerandos), the municipalities’ sphere of jurisdiction and assigned powers are defined in the Fundamental Charter itself, insofar as they relate strictly to what is ‘local.’ The constitutional mandate must be understood as reserving substantive jurisdiction (competencia material) to local governments and their regulations for defining what is ‘local,’ a sphere that may be reduced only by statute—because this is a constitutional matter and a true right held by these institutions—in such a manner as to preserve the integrity of local services and interests, under the terms stated by this Court in judgment number 06469-97, cited above.
Accordingly, no conflict may be created through antagonism or competition between matters comprising the general purpose of ‘local interests and services’ and ‘national’ or ‘state’ public interests and services, which are intrinsically distinct but are, in fact, meant to coexist. This is because both types of interests may at times be intertwined and, indeed, it is common for the particular limitations of local governments, depending on their financial and organizational capacity, to expand the range of matters regarded as national or state matters. This demonstrates that the distinction should not be immutable, but rather gradual or variable; in any event, as the aforementioned case law has stated, it will ultimately be for the judge to determine whether the criteria of distinction conform to the constitutional framework. Once the municipality’s substantive jurisdiction within a given territorial district has been defined, it is clear that some functions will, by their nature, be exclusively municipal, alongside others that may be considered national or state functions.
It is therefore essential to define the inevitably shared exercise of powers, since the public capacity of municipalities is local, whereas that of the State and other entities is national; consequently, municipal territory is simultaneously state and institutional territory to the extent required by the circumstances. In other words, municipalities may share their jurisdiction with the Public Administration in general, a relationship that must operate under the terms established by law (Article 5 of the former Código Municipal and Article 7 of the new Código), which establishes the obligation of ‘coordination’ between municipalities and the public institutions participating in the exercise of their respective jurisdiction, in order to avoid duplicative efforts and contradictions, particularly because only voluntary coordination is compatible with municipal autonomy, as an expression thereof.
In other words, the municipality is called upon to enter into cooperative relationships with other public entities, and vice versa, given the concurrent or overlapping nature—in many cases—of their interests in a specific matter. In legal scholarship, coordination is defined on the basis of the existence of several independent centers of action, each having its own functions and decision-making powers, which may at times diverge. Nevertheless, there must be a commonality of objectives by subject matter, arising from concurrence, insofar as the object receiving the ultimate results of each entity’s activities and actions is shared. Coordination is therefore the ordering of the relationships among these various independent activities, taking into account their convergence upon the same object or entity in order to make that convergence useful to an overall public plan, without eliminating the mutual independence of the acting entities.
Because neither decentralized institutions nor the State itself stand in a hierarchical relationship to municipalities, specific courses of conduct cannot be imposed upon them. This gives rise to the indispensable interinstitutional ‘concerted action,’ in the strict sense, whereby autonomous and independent centers of action agree upon that preventive and overall framework, in which each performs its role with a view to a mission entrusted to the others. Thus, relations between municipalities and other public entities may be conducted only on an equal footing and must result in agreed forms of coordination, excluding any mandatory arrangement detrimental to municipal autonomy that would subject corporate entities to a coordination framework without or against their will. This does, however, permit the necessary subordination of those entities to the State and in the State’s interest (through the State’s ‘administrative oversight’ (tutela administrativa), and specifically through its function of reviewing legality, which falls within its authority, with general supervisory powers over the entire sector).” (Emphasis added by the author).
(Sala Constitucional, Resolution Nº 05445 – 1999 at 14:30 hours on 14 de Julio del 1999, cited above). Having addressed, in general terms, the constitutional powers and the authority legally granted to municipalities, the next step is to analyze the parties’ arguments on this issue and connect them with the relief sought in the statement of claim. As noted at the beginning of this Resolution, the plaintiff seeks a declaration that the Municipalidad de Garabito failed to act with respect to the following matters, which are likewise separated for better analysis and resolution of each: a) “Inaction, lack of oversight, and failure to use the legal instruments available to it in response to the irregular urban development represented by Condominios Vistas de Leona (Facts #12, 21, 25, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 39).” The account of the facts is based on the assertion that, in her view, “as a result of the inaction of the Municipalidad de Garabito (…) stormwater from Vistas de Leona is artificially discharged onto the neighboring properties located at a lower elevation to the west, causing multiple recurring, ongoing, and worsening floods and damage at Condominio Las Lapas and the plaintiff’s home” (fact 12 of the complaint), coupled with the fact that “The Municipalidad de Garabito failed to revoke those permits in view of the violations by Vistas de Leona (…).
It also tolerated the improper registration of Condominio Vistas de Leona in the Registro Público and subsequently granted building permits for the subsidiary properties in that irregular development project” (fact 21 of the complaint). She then refers, in fact 25 of the complaint, to the matters that the Ministerio de Salud deemed established in the report already analyzed above, and subsequently, in facts 30 through 35, reiterates the arguments concerning the Municipality’s noncompliance with the Ministerio de Salud permit before the Sala Constitucional. Finally, in fact 39, she includes a series of facts that, strictly speaking, are individual facts, but groups them together as one, concerning the actions and inspections conducted by SETENA and the failures to oversee compliance with the orders issued at the time by that body of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía. For its part, with respect to these arguments, the Municipalidad de Garabito refers to what it had previously stated, namely that it denies that the flooding events resulted from stormwater discharges from Proyecto Vistas de Leona, and that such events may instead arise from the fact that the plaintiff’s property lies within the protection zone (zona de protección) governed by section 33 of the Ley Forestal, or even that the storm drains and stormwater outfall systems of Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas are themselves inadequate.
It asserts that, because the Project met all requirements, the permits granted should not be revoked. Regarding the recommendations issued by the Ministerio de Salud, “The measures to safeguard public health and the environment prescribed by the Ministerio de Salud for the municipality concern the monitoring and oversight of building permits, an obligation with which my client has fully complied by verifying the existence of municipal authorization PC-226-2008, the plans approved by INVU, AYA (…), Ministerio de Salud (…)”; moreover, in its view, its responsibilities are limited to the public road in Punta Leona, where work was performed in compliance with the orders of the Sala Constitucional. Points 30 through 35 were already discussed in the preceding section, regarding the manner in which the Municipality deemed the Sala Constitucional’s order to have been complied with. It need only be emphasized that one matter raised is its assertion that the complaints filed by the plaintiff with the Local Government were processed, “and through official letter DI-341-2011 dated 29 de abril de 2011, it notified Condominio Villa Leona of its obligation to submit a report on the mitigation works needed to address the complaints of Condominio Las Lapas, receiving a response in an unnumbered official letter signed by Mr.
Calos Chaves Castillo, filed under receipt $ 2659 dated 11 de mayo de 2011, which states that a calculation report exists concerning the stormwater discharge with reference to the control point, in the case of complainant Mr. Calderón Mata, demonstrating that the share of the water attributable to Condominio Residencial Horizontal Vista Leona amounts to 26% of the watercourse. Likewise, the warning issued on 12 de enero de 2012 was addressed by Condominio Residencial Horizontal Vista Leona in a letter dated 06 de marzo de 2012, jointly submitting a calculation report and the design of flow reducers for Condominio Vista Leona, thereby complying with the municipal requirements.” Regarding the final fact in the complaint cited by the plaintiff on this point, concerning the instructions issued by SETENA, it had already been stated above (in response to the thirteenth fact) that “(…) sheet 02/17 of the set of plans submitted by Condominio Vista leona, approved by this municipality, the Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, Acueductos y Alcantarillados in official letter CON-2008-423-BIT-2008, and the Ministerio de Salud through official letter RPC-UPAH-PC-226-2008, [where] the design of the stormwater outfall (…) can be seen, including mitigation works as well as the cross-sections of the stormwater easement (servidumbre pluvial) channel.
According to note # 7 on that same sheet (sic), ‘The stormwater will discharge into an existing seasonal stormwater easement, with discharge onto the subsidiary property (…) owner Mangotam de Punta Leona Sociedad Anónima authorizes the receipt of stormwater from this project through the sworn declaration executed before the Notary Public (…)’. It follows from the foregoing that the authorization issued by this municipality under number DI-558-2007, renewed by official letter dated 09 de julio de 2008, permitted only the discharge of stormwater onto the property then owned by Mangotam de Punta Leona S.A., and not onto any other properties.” And “with regard to Technical Report ASA-532-2011-SETENA, this municipality proceeded to halt the second phase of the Vista Leona project, as evidenced by official letter DI-590-2011 of 28 de julio de 2011 and closure records No. 022 and 0447 of 01 de febrero de 2011 and 15 de marzo de 2011, respectively, thereby complying with the orders of the Secretaría Ambiental.” COURT’S ASSESSMENT.
This section returns to the prior analysis establishing from the record that the flooding experienced by the unit owners of Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas originated in the earthworks (movimiento de tierras), construction of common areas, and construction of houses on the subsidiary properties, because as this work progressed, areas previously occupied by fruit trees became increasingly impervious, resulting in a greater stormwater load on that Condominium. The Municipality is therefore incorrect in asserting that the flooding has other causes. Nor does this Court agree with the Municipality’s position in attempting—without alleging contributory fault by the victim (culpa de la víctima)—to claim that the flooding may instead be attributable to the inadequacy of the stormwater system at Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas. This Collegiate Chamber, as asserted by the Municipal Corporation, deems the inadequacy of that stormwater system established; however, this does not have the effect of releasing the Municipality from the constitutional and statutory mandates cited above.
On the contrary, the calculation report submitted in 2012 by Engineer Castillo Rojas demonstrates precisely that there is insufficient stormwater infrastructure capacity for this Condominium to accommodate the volume of water flowing through or being discharged onto it. (Established Facts N° 43 and 44). This Court finds it surprising that, although the Área de Salud de Orotina, San Mateo y Garabito of the Ministerio de Salud, through Report N° PCP-ARS-OSM-URS-R-106-2009 dated 05 de diciembre de 2009, had instructed that the corresponding investigations be conducted, the purpose of that instruction was to ensure that corrective action would be taken. It is true that the Sala Constitucional, within the summary review it conducts, deemed the instructions of the Ministerio de Salud to have been complied with, and this Court has already ruled on that matter. What must be emphasized, however, is that the same Report clearly stated that “It is the responsibility of the Municipalidad de Garabito to monitor and oversee everything that it authorizes through the building permits it issues, and also to ensure that the plans it approves reflect actual conditions in the field (…)”; and it is precisely on that point that the plaintiff is correct.
The Municipality was responsible for verifying the stormwater outfall permit and, although it knew in 2012 that there was a capacity discrepancy between the system designed by Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas and the water loads being generated by a subsequent circumstance that did not exist when that Condominium was established and built, it took no action. The record shows that, on 29 de abril de 2011, the Coordinator of Urban Development and Control required the representatives of Proyecto Vistas de Leona to submit, “within five (5) days, a mitigation report concerning the impacts on Condominio Horizontal Las Lapas de Punta Leona” (Established Fact N° 35), in response to which the developers submitted the hydraulic calculation reports as arguments in their defense. Nevertheless, those calculation reports demonstrated the need to carry out mitigation activities and expand the stormwater works because the receiving system lacked the capacity to channel the water adequately.
This Court therefore finds it surprising that the Municipality claims that the mere submission of this requirement—which had initially been omitted when the stormwater outfalls were approved in 2007 and 2008—was sufficient, and that it failed to exercise its constitutional and statutory duties. Accordingly, this Court does not agree that exclusive responsibility lies with Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, which, in the Municipal Corporation’s apparent view, was required to invest in and design a different type of stormwater system to receive the water from Proyecto Vistas de Leona. Rather, as stated above, this Condominium had already been established and built before Lapas (See Established Facts N° 1, 29 and 39), and it was not required to bear that project’s unreasonable flow. Furthermore—and this relates to point c) of this section—the Coordinator of Urban Development and Control of the Municipalidad de Garabito stated in January 2012 that hydraulic works had to be constructed by Proyecto Vistas de Leonas to buffer and control peak flood flows (avenidas máximas) (See Established Fact N° 36) (See Established Fact N° 36), but neither the administrative case file nor the evidence in the record reveals what follow-up and verification work the Municipality performed regarding that requirement.
To be clear, it is not disputed that the Municipal Corporation took certain actions, such as requiring documentation and suspending the works (Established Fact N° 19); rather, it failed to follow up on the mitigation works or, in the absence of action, to undertake the works itself with the necessary interinstitutional coordination and subsequently pursue the appropriate avenues for reimbursement. Such actions were warranted not only to prevent environmental damage but also because of the serious risk that flooding poses to human safety and life. However, it has not been established—or, at least, there is no evidence—that the Municipality acted in that direction. The burden of proof rested with the Municipality under the principle of the shifting burden of proof (carga dinámica de la prueba), which requires the party in the best position to prove a fact to introduce that evidence into the record, particularly where the Municipality is accused of abnormal functioning (funcionamiento anormal), thereby placing upon the municipal entity the obligation to exonerate itself.
For these reasons, this Court finds that abnormal functioning is attributable to the Municipalidad de Garabito, in addition to what was stated above regarding its constitutional and statutory duties to conduct inspections and exercise oversight and police powers arising from the issuance of the respective municipal permits.
In addition to the foregoing, it is likewise unacceptable that the existence of a stream (quebrada) along the northern boundary of subsidiary property N°35, owned by the plaintiff, should relieve the Municipalidad of its inspection and verification responsibilities. This Collegiate Chamber considers that, on the contrary, it heightens them. The reason for this position lies precisely in the obligations arising from its role as guarantor under Article 50 of the Constitution, referenced in the preceding paragraphs, and regarding which the decisions of the Sala Constitucional have consistently held that all public institutions, including the Municipalidades, are obligated to guarantee a sustainable environment; moreover, as indicated, the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente itself, in Article 111, grants it residual jurisdiction (competencia residual) to impose penalties when environmental rules are violated.
In the case at hand, as has been reiterated, in 2007 SETENA disclosed that three streams existed in the area where the Proyecto Vistas de Leona was to be developed (Proven Fact N° 6), and the Municipalidad itself states that, on 20 de marzo de 2009, the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos observed in Report N° DRD-INSP-334-2009 that little water was flowing in the stream at the time of the visit. (…). CFIA Report SRP-001-1780-09-OMSB, dated 05 de enero de 2009, stated that the northern boundary of the applicant’s property appears on the cadastral plan (plano catastrado) as a pedestrian lane (alameda). However, what actually exists is a small stream.” That report was communicated to the Municipalidad de Garabito. (Proven Fact N° 21) Furthermore, in the aforementioned Report PC-ARS-OSMG-URS-R-106-2009 of 09 de diciembre de 2009, the Ministerio de Salud documented the existence of a stream: “the Municipalidad recently performed maintenance on it without leaving sufficient space for stormwater (aguas pluviales) to flow continuously, which caused the water, along a segment of this street between Residencial Mapache and Residencial Las Lapas, to breach one side, with part of that flow being channeled down a private gravel road, carrying mud and stones, and ultimately connecting with a small stream that receives water from the micro-watershed (microcuenca) where the Proyecto Vista Leona is located.
Moreover, in one of the lowest portions of this stream there is an apparent encroachment upon the stream’s protection zone (zona de protección), where a residential development known as ‘Residencial Las Lapas’ was built (…) In the development, the stream water was channeled through a cement-block structure measuring approximately 140 wide by 150 centímetros high, covered above with paving stones and running through the entire residential development; specifically, the aforementioned block-and-concrete structure begins where the home of the complainant, Mr. Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata, is located. (…) the structure belonging to house number 35 is located practically 2 metro (sic) from the channel (cauce). (…) the stream channel and the upper portion of the complainant’s house, clearly visible and located entirely within the stream’s protection zone. As already stated, the tributary flows feeding the stream originate in the micro-watershed upstream from ‘Residencial Lapas,’ along whose banks the Villa Leona project is located; the waters also feed this stream.” (Emphasis not in the original).
This report was also brought to the attention of the Ayuntamiento. (Proven Fact N° 25). The foregoing was also brought to the attention of the plaintiff, as may be seen from the visual inspection (visita ocular) conducted by Municipalidad officials on 02 de diciembre de 2009 and with representatives of the developers of the Proyecto Vistas de Leona on 03 de diciembre de 2009 (visual-inspection records appearing at folios 632 to 640 of administrative file Volume III, submitted by the defendant), from which it may be ascertained that, by that date, the Corporación Municipal knew of the existence of several bodies of water that had even been identified as “streams”; under those circumstances, the Municipalidad had a legal duty to address the situation and take the corresponding measures to safeguard the environment, but there is no evidence in the record that it did so. In this regard, one matter is the plaintiff’s legal standing (condición jurídica) to seek compensation for potential harm, and another is the constitutional obligation of public entities to protect the environment—issues that the Municipalidad de Garabito appears to conflate—and, as previously stated, the Sala Constitucional has been emphatic regarding that obligation, which also arises from the environmental legal framework transcribed above.
Thus, in a case bearing similarities to the one examined here, the Tribunal Constitucional held: “III.- Regarding the law. Among other developments in the case law of this Sala, it is appropriate to refer to judgment 2000-09333 of 9:52 hours on 20 de octubre del 2000 concerning the concept of the environment, which stated: ‘Article 50 of the Constitución Política establishes that every person has the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Both rights are expressly recognized in Article 50 of the Constitución Política, which defines the Social State under the Rule of Law (Estado Social de Derecho), such that the Constitución Política emphasizes that environmental protection is an appropriate mechanism for safeguarding and improving everyone’s quality of life, thereby necessitating intervention by public authorities with respect to factors that may disturb its balance and impede persons from developing and thriving in a healthy environment.
Just as the principle of the Social State under the Rule of Law is immediately applicable, so too is the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, which is manifested both as an individual right of persons and as a goal or purpose of the actions of public authorities in general. The impact of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment on State activity is grounded, first, in the fact that rights, by definition, are not confined to the private sphere of individuals but also have significance for the very structure of the State in its role as their guarantor and, second, in the fact that State activity is directed toward satisfying the interests of the community. The Constitución Política establishes that the State must guarantee, defend, and preserve that right. Prima facie, to guarantee means to secure and protect the right against any risk or need; to defend means to bar, prohibit, and prevent any activity that infringes the right; and to preserve means taking action in advance to shield the right from potential dangers so that it endures for future generations.
The State must adopt a dual course of action and restraint: on the one hand, it must itself refrain from infringing the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment and, on the other, it must undertake the task of issuing the measures necessary to satisfy constitutional requirements.’ Accordingly, the State, through its various bodies and entities, bears the duty to protect the environment, and municipal corporations are not exempt from this duty when granting or denying permits and authorizations within their respective territories, pursuant to Article 169 of the Constitución Política and Article 74 of the Ley de Construcciones, which establishes that they are responsible for granting licenses for all permanent or temporary construction work carried out in the population centers of the Republic and for ensuring that all construction complies with the law. In the case before us, the petitioner alleges that the municipal authorities failed to oversee several residential developments that discharge their water into the quebrada Cañas, causing overflows that affect his home.
The respondents, however, deny that omission and attribute the phenomenon to the fact that owners of buildings adjacent to the stream, including the petitioner, expanded their homes without respecting the stream’s protection zone and, in some cases, obstructed and narrowed the channel, causing the watercourse to force its way between the buildings and erode the land. Nevertheless, the respondent is obligated to enforce Article IV.20 of the Reglamento de Construcciones. Local Governments must supervise construction and sites in high-risk areas and map those within their jurisdictions to prevent permits from being issued or, if permits are not requested, must inspect those places to ensure that the lives and property of that community’s residents are not endangered (see, to that effect, judgment number 2006-04476 of 18:06 hours on 29 de marzo de 2006). If residents, as has been established, have constructed buildings that in one way or another endanger not only the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment but also the physical integrity of other persons, the Municipalidad de Alajuela must proceed in accordance with construction legislation because, subject to due process (debido proceso), that legislation grants it broad authority even to demolish such buildings or, in coordination with the relevant institutions, to relocate affected persons to places presenting no danger.
Since the administrative omission has been established, the appropriate course is to grant the petition, with the consequences prescribed by law.” (See Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Resolution N° 2006-010070 of 17:21 hours on 11 de julio del 2006; similarly, Resolutions N° 2006-004476 of 18:06 hours dated 29 de marzo de 2006 and N° 2007-018621). (Emphasis not in the original). This constitutional case law, which has erga omnes effect, applies to the case at hand, where the Sala Constitucional states very clearly and forcefully that, in the context of land-use planning (ordenamiento territorial) and as part of exercising the functions of granting construction permits and inspecting construction, the Municipalidad must ensure that the environment is safeguarded, protected, and preserved and must adopt—following the appropriate interinstitutional coordination—the corresponding measures, always respecting due process and the right of defense (derecho de defensa) and safeguarding vested rights (derechos adquiridos).
By virtue of the foregoing, contrary to the position maintained by the Municipalidad de Garabito, the identification of several bodies of water (streams) in the area requires it to assume a greater role as guarantor in order to protect, defend, and preserve the environment and, as indicated, to weigh the public interest in favor of safeguarding the lives and physical integrity of the persons residing in that area.
Therefore, with respect to this issue, within the matters analyzed by this Collegiate Chamber, the claimant’s claim is partially granted, and consequently, as established in the Por Tanto of this Decision, the claim for specific performance raised by the claimant in her complaint is also granted, under the terms set forth in the operative portion of this judgment, which links the inspection powers with those of interinstitutional coordination, so that, within three months after this decision becomes final, the Municipality shall provide evidence of the specific actions taken to resolve the situation described, whether by requiring the appropriate party to take mitigation measures concerning the impact of runoff and stormwater flowing through the outfalls and streams of Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, as well as measures to rehabilitate the areas affected by flooding, which impacts both the condominium owners’ properties and the common areas of the aforementioned Condominium. b) Failure to carry out specific actions and works that other institutions ordered the Municipality to implement and oversee, such as: the mitigation measures ordered by the Comisión Nacional de Emergencia; the control, oversight, performance of studies, and adoption of measures recommended by the Ministerio de Salud; the hydrological study and infrastructure works ordered by A. y A.; and the oversight ordered by SETENA (Facts #24, 25, 26, 37 and 39).
She bases this claim on the arguments set forth when she states that, on 16 de setiembre de 2009, she filed a complaint with the Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, which, through technical report N° DPM-INF-1574-2009, in her view, “established that, beside the claimant’s house, the outflow of water passing through that location from the new construction had increased, exceeding the hydraulic capacity of the culvert in the affected residential development and causing erosion.” She further states that said report ordered the Municipality to “submit a study demonstrating that the water outflow did not affect the environment or the lower-lying areas where a residential zone is located and ordered (…) the implementation of mitigation and prevention measures, under the full responsibility of the institution granting the permits if it failed to request the corresponding reports, inspections, and corrections.” (Fact 24 of the complaint).
She reiterates the allegation in facts 25 and 26 of the complaint concerning the matters established by the Ministerio de Salud, insofar as “The projects must obtain authorization for the stormwater outfall from the Municipalidad de Garabito.” In addition to the foregoing, she states that she also approached the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, where Inspection Report N° SUB-G-AID-UEN-PyC-URB-I-2011-12 dated 01 de marzo de 2011 established a series of matters concerning the impact of Proyecto Vistas de Leona, which has already been addressed in this decision; she indicates that said Institute ordered the Local Government as follows: “For approval of the remaining phases of the Vistas de Leona condominium project, the Municipalidad de Garabito must request the corresponding hydrological study regarding the project’s impact on the downstream watershed and, based on that study, take the appropriate measures by requiring the developer to construct any necessary infrastructure works, in order to prevent adverse effects on the watershed and on the projects and properties located downstream from the authorized outfall site.
Accordingly, the following year, on 12 de enero de 2012, the Municipality warned (…) the informal representative of Vistas de Leona that stormwater discharge would not be approved until the hydraulic works had been completed to control ‘the peak flows that may adversely affect the area downstream from the discharge point’ (…).” She concludes by linking this to the statements made by SETENA, which she also cited in support of the preceding claim. Regarding this issue under subsection b), the Municipal Corporation states that, contrary to the claimant’s assertions, “According to technical report DPM-INF-1574-2009 prepared by the Comisión Nacional de Emergencias (sic) on 04 de diciembre de 2009, it could not be reliably determined that the flooding was caused by stormwater from (…) Vista Leona authorized by the municipal government; instead, it issued a series of recommendations to Condominio Horizontal Residencial Villa Lapas, not to the Municipality, (…) since our municipal authority is limited to granting building permits when they comply with the legal framework, while the developer is responsible for carrying out the mitigation works indicated by the Commission.” (Response to fact 24 of the complaint).
Regarding the statements in fact 25 of the complaint, the position stated by the Municipalidad de Garabito in the preceding section concerning the statements made by the Ministerio de Salud is reiterated. With respect to the allegations concerning the instructions issued by AYA, the Municipal Corporation refers to its response to the thirteenth fact, which was transcribed in subsection a) above concerning compliance with the requirements for the stormwater outfall, and which was also provided in response to the allegations concerning SETENA. Finally, regarding the claimant’s statements concerning the orders issued by SETENA, the argument is the same as that included in subsection a) above. THIS COURT’S ASSESSMENT. In view of the findings set forth in subsection a) above, and given that the Municipalidad de Garabito neither alleges nor submits any evidence that disproves its constitutional and legal obligation to monitor, inspect, and verify the construction activities carried out in the Canton, the Court reiterates the foregoing finding of materially abnormal operation by the Municipalidad de Garabito in connection with these duties and with the protection, defense, and preservation of the environment arising from its issuance of building permits; even in the absence of a formal permit-granting act, it remains obligated to ensure that persons who fail to observe the legal procedures and requirements for carrying out works, and the environmental legal framework, are duly sanctioned, subject to compliance with due process and the right of defense.
The Court reiterates that it does not agree with the Municipal Government’s position disclaiming responsibility on the ground that the mitigation works ordered by public entities to be performed by the developer do not fall within its jurisdiction, because it must safeguard the Canton’s interests within its jurisdiction and exercise its police powers; as has repeatedly been held, when the offender fails to act to protect people and the environment, the Municipality must act in place of the unwilling offender and proceed as required by law. If it lacks the necessary human and material resources, the legal system itself authorizes it (sections 6 and 7 of the Código Municipal) to coordinate and work jointly with the various competent entities in order to achieve a prompt solution. In this case, however, it has not been demonstrated that the Municipality did so. It should be noted that, since 2009, the Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, whose recommendations are mandatory, stated that: “(…) Beside the house of Mr.
Luis Rodolfo Calderón, in what constitutes a common area, the outflow of water passing through that location has increased, causing erosion of part of the property. (…) At the rear, where the homes are located, there is a ditch through which stormwater from the higher-elevation properties flows. (…) Apparently, the increased stormwater flow descending toward the residential development is due to new construction carried out in that area. During heavy rainfall, the water discharged from the higher areas exceeds the hydraulic capacity of the culvert in the residential development.” On that occasion, it likewise stated: “7. Mitigation and Prevention Measures (…) The residential area of La Lapas in Punta Leona is experiencing flooding problems during heavy rainfall in the area; therefore, compliance with the following recommendations is directed: (…) A study must be submitted demonstrating that the outflow of both river water and sewage is not adversely affecting the environment and the lower-lying areas where the residential zone is located.
(…) If adverse effects are demonstrated, the corresponding mitigation works must be carried out in order to resolve the problem. (…) This would also include, if necessary, making changes to the residential development’s sewer system. (…) A sewer system must be installed in the ditch located behind the homes to reduce the erosion process and conserve the soil. Furthermore, they are reminded that any irregularity concerning construction techniques and standards SHALL REMAIN THE FULL RESPONSIBILITY of the institution (sic) granting permits, (…) and of the Municipalidad de Garabito if it fails to request the corresponding reports, inspections, and corrections.” (Emphasis in the original). (Proven Fact N° 24). This emphasized the Municipality’s obligation to conduct inspections and request reports and corrections whenever they were deemed necessary, an obligation subsequently reiterated by the CNE through official letter N° DE-OF-092-2010 dated 11 de junio de 2012 (See Proven Fact N° 29), and by the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillado through Inspection Report N° SUB-G-AID-UEN-PyC-URB-I-2011-12, which stated that: “For approval of the remaining phases of the Vistas de Leona condominium project, the Municipalidad de Garabito must request the corresponding hydrological study regarding the project’s impact on the downstream watershed and, based on that study, take the appropriate measures by requiring the developer to construct any necessary infrastructure works, in order to prevent adverse effects on the watershed and on the projects and properties located downstream from the authorized outfall site.” (Proven Fact N°30).
It follows precisely from this that the Municipality has authority to evaluate the hydrological studies and engineering calculations (memorias de cálculo) submitted to it, and it is responsible for determining which measures to order based on that evaluation. This was also noted by the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental in decision N° 1102-2014-SETENA dated 09 de junio de 2014, which stated that: “Furthermore, the local government is the authority competent to grant a stormwater-outfall permit for any activity, work, or project undertaken within a given geographical area, and it must ensure that the outfall has sufficient hydraulic capacity to handle such water.” (Proven Fact N° 40). This statement was made following an inspection conducted by SETENA on 03 de marzo de 2011, during which it had found: ““6. Severe erosion of the slopes (taludes) was observed throughout the project area, (…).
During the visit, which took place in the dry season, a large quantity of sediment was observed in the stormwater outfall channel. Rainfall in the days preceding the visit caused the channel to become clogged (sic) with sediment, indicating that slope stability should be the priority during the 2011 rainy season. (…) 9.
Stormwater (aguas pluviales) from the entire project area is channeled through an underground storm sewer (alcantarillado subterráneo), which discharges into the stormwater drainage channel (canal de desagüe de aguas pluviales) (…). 10. The stormwater discharge channel crosses the entire central area of the project and contains a large quantity of sediment originating from the slopes of the constructed terraces. 11. The sediment in the channel is carried, together with other stormwater that joins it downstream from other residential development projects, as far as Playa Mantas.” The order required, among other things, in addition to halting the Project, that the developers submit “a mitigation plan (plan de mitigación) to control slope erosion and prevent sediment from being carried into the stormwater drainage channel.” (See Proven Fact (Hecho Probado) N° 31). It is understood, of course, that each of the individuals or legal entities involved has different powers and obligations; however, the regulations set forth above establish that the Municipality is responsible for administering the area’s stormwater system and, as its administrator, for taking the appropriate measures to prevent the situation from continuing, rather than attempting to avoid that responsibility by claiming that it was not the recipient of those instructions.
It should be noted that the Municipality had been informed of hydraulic overloading, insufficient capacity in the watercourse system, and sediment flowing through the discharge outlets, and, as SETENA stated, it was responsible for “ensuring that said outlet has sufficient hydraulic capacity to manage the water.” This duty to ensure compliance is not discharged merely by requesting information or halting construction work, because the flooding problem continues to this date and may worsen, according to the court-appointed expert’s testimony. Accordingly, with respect to this omission as well, the claim is partially granted, on the same terms stated in subsection a) above. c) The Municipality’s failure to require Vistas de Leona to undertake specific works that departments within the Municipality itself acknowledged were necessary (Facts # 12, 30 and 36). Here, the plaintiff reiterates Facts 12 and 30 of its complaint, which have already been cited, and adds that “Despite the evasiveness of the Municipality and its senior officials concerning the order issued by Sala Constitucional, several of its departments nevertheless agreed with us.
Thus: (…) b) By official letter DI-341-2011 dated April 29, 2011 (…) the Department of Urban Development and Control requested that Vistas de Leona submit, within 5 business days, information concerning the mitigation works that had been carried out on its property to prevent further harm to residencial Las Lapas”; however, beyond that, the Local Government “did nothing else.” (Fact 36 of the complaint). Thus, among the matters raised by the plaintiff is that it filed a complaint with the Municipalidad de Garabito in 2009; although the Municipal Corporation processed it by convening an inspection and a meeting, nothing further occurred thereafter. As subsection c) also reiterates Facts 12 and 30 from subsection a), we refer to the same response by the Municipalidad de Garabito transcribed from its answer to the complaint; lastly, with respect to Fact 36 of the complaint, the Local Government denies it, stating: “The cited documents prepared by municipal officials do not support the complainant’s position.
The excerpts cited by the plaintiff are literal transcriptions of the relief sought by the complainant in its complaints and do not constitute findings by the municipal officials, who merely undertook to request reports in order to address the aforementioned complaints.” OPINION OF THIS COURT (CRITERIO DE ESTE TRIBUNAL). With respect to this issue, this panel of judges finds that it has already been addressed, because it is encompassed within the preceding points. The Court reiterates that, although it was shown that municipal officials undertook to request reports in order to address the complaints filed by the plaintiff—including the complaint filed in 2010 with the Municipalidad de Garabito (Proven Fact N° 23), the same year in which the plaintiff had filed a complaint on the same terms with the Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias (Proven Fact N° 22)—the Municipality did not prove what other actions it took to fulfill its legal obligations arising from constitutional provisions.
Nor has the Municipalidad de Garabito demonstrated through documentary evidence what formal administrative act (acto formal) was adopted. The defendant bore the burden of producing that evidence. The evidentiary record (elenco probatorio) includes requests for information, an on-site inspection (visita in situ), and the halting of construction, but no evidence was submitted concerning the final disposition of the complaint or the measures taken to address it, nor was the Municipality able to establish that those procedural actions resolved the flooding situation. In light of the foregoing, and because this matter has already been addressed at more than sufficient length, the Court finds that the Municipality failed to act and partially grants this claim on the same terms established in subsection a) of this section. -
As stated above, arising from the abnormal operation caused by the omission of the Municipalidad de Garabito, the plaintiff seeks recognition of the payment of damages and losses (daños y perjuicios), which, according to the seventeenth allegation of the complaint, consist of the following: a) Damage to the Eastern Road (Common Area, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas), which, in summary, consists of damage to the unpaved road, which lacks ditches and drains, caused by the discharge of water from the Vistas de Leona project and by the unauthorized excavation of a drainage channel, resulting in damage from erosion and increased flow, “to the point that, by the winter of the most recent year, 2018, the ditch had reached 3.7 meters in depth and five meters in width, and encroached upon more than half the width of the aforementioned auxiliary unpaved road, making it impassable today.” b) Damage to the Pedestrian Lane (Common Area, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas).
It states that, “What was originally a grass-covered pedestrian lane and green area (a common area north of my client’s condominium unit), and which during the most severe rainy periods served along its center as a very small channel only a few centimeters deep for conveying stormwater from nearby areas, became, as a harmful consequence of the defendants’ acts and omissions, a river more than 3 meters deep, with frequent overflow events. In addition to the degradation or loss of the condominium’s common area, this began eroding the land very close to the foundations on which my client’s vacation home stands.” c) Damage to the Plaintiff’s Vacation Home (Private Area, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas). She alleges that landslides have occurred primarily along the edges of the property and that flooding has reached the terrace of the house, leaving plant debris and mud there and in the gardens.
Other damage alleged includes “rendering the rear access to the residence unusable and exposing the foundations of both the northern retaining wall and the columns beside the terrace. Other residences in Condominio Las Lapas, specifically numbers 21 and 22, have also experienced flooding.” Other effects in Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas and at the entrance to the pedestrian lane described by the plaintiff are as follows: “The two routes and the damage to the pedestrian lane and the unpaved road (both common areas of Condominio Las Lapas) converge. The unlawful channeling of water from one sector of Vista de Leona onto the unpaved road (Route Two) reached the entrance to what was once a pedestrian lane and has now been turned into an intermittent river, made possible by a natural topographic depression or channel coming from the east (Route One), which now also carries water discharged by the Vistas de Leona mega-project.
As a result, the water improperly discharged onto the unpaved road collides with water coming from the other sector of Vistas de Leona, creating swirling waters at that junction that also damage and erode the common areas of Condominio Lapas. Thus, a destructive whirlpool effect also occurs per se at the entrance to the pedestrian lane. As a result of all this, and as we have seen, since 2007 flooding has occurred throughout much of the common areas of Condominio Las Lapas, including water overflowing onto residences and onto the paved-block road located above the box culvert that crosses Condominio Lapas from east to west.” The details of each item of damage will be addressed in the analysis below; however, it is relevant to note that, when responding to this allegation in the complaint, the Municipalidad de Garabito focused on denying the existence and origin of the flooding—arguments that this Court has already rejected—and did not present any argument as to whether the alleged damage had or had not been established.
It further asserted that, with respect to the alleged damage in the northern area of condominium unit property N° 35 (pedestrian lane), there was no right to damages because the plaintiff’s property was located within the protection zone (zona de protección) of the stream identified by the Dirección de Aguas del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (Oficio N° IMN-DA-1747-2008 de fecha 17 de junio de 2008); therefore, under section 33 of the Ley Forestal, she was failing to comply with the required setbacks (retiros) and consequently could not claim any compensation. COURT’S ASSESSMENT. This analysis must begin by noting that not every form of damage is eligible for compensation under the legal system. Section 196 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública requires the damage to be “actual, quantifiable, and attributable to a specific person or group.” To establish the State’s financial liability (responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado), it is not sufficient merely to allege the existence of damage—as, in this specific case and in the plaintiff’s view, would include erosion, the widening of a ditch due to erosion and increased flow, a road becoming impassable, the loss or degradation of a common area, and erosion near the foundations of her residence, among other things.
Rather, its existence and the adequate causal nexus (nexo de causalidad adecuada) must be conclusively demonstrated. This presupposes that, for purposes of pursuing her claim for compensation, it must be established that the plaintiff suffered a diminution of her assets and therefore holds the legal standing that legitimizes her request for compensation. This Collegiate Chamber finds that, in the case at hand, the plaintiff confuses several matters that must be analyzed below. First, clarification is required concerning the term “material damage” (daño material), which she uses in different senses in her complaint, confusing legally compensable material damage with physical damage to property (in this case, the common areas and her residence). From a legal perspective, legally compensable material damage is damage that causes a diminution in the administered party’s financial sphere, that is, injury or impairment to that party’s assets, and it may be distinguished from damage sustained by an object or property, without excluding the possibility of non-pecuniary damage (daño extrapatrimonial), such as emotional distress damages (daño moral).
In this case, however, the plaintiff does not claim emotional distress damages, and they therefore do not form part of the issues disputed in this proceeding. The existence of physical damage to property does not per se mean that an injury to a person’s assets arises or is implied, because it must first be shown that the property or right formed part of that person’s estate or body of assets and rights, whether the person is an individual or a legal entity, and that it is capable of economic valuation. It follows that the party alleging such financial injury must prove it. In this regard, although the plaintiff stated that she reserved the quantification of damages and losses, this refers solely to the “quantum”; the diminution suffered in her assets must still be proven, whether involving a right, an asset, or a value forming part of her estate (taking into account that the plaintiff did not claim non-pecuniary damage, such as objective or subjective emotional distress damages).
This matter must be proven, with the plaintiff bearing the burden of proof (carga de la prueba) for her allegations; without such proof, no right to compensation can arise (a doctrine reflected in article 41.1 of the Código Procesal Civil). In this case, it must be emphasized that, although it was stated above that the current system of financial liability does not require the victim to prove subjective elements pertaining to the public official—as was originally the case under French law, referring to the existence of fault—this does not affect the obligation to introduce evidence into the case so that the actual existence of material damage in the plaintiff’s financial sphere, which must be real, quantifiable, and indirect, may be established. Specifically, article 58, subsection 1(e), of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo provides the following as one of the requirements for a complaint: “e) When damages and losses are sought as ancillary relief, the grounds giving rise to them, what they consist of, and a prudent estimate thereof shall be specified.” These matters shall be assessed under the standard of rational sound judgment (sana crítica racional) in pursuit of establishing the substantive truth of the facts (See section 82 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo in relation to articles 5, subsection 6), and 41, subsection 5), of the Código Procesal Civil).
Under the party-presentation principle (principio dispositivo), the parties are responsible not only for establishing their theory of the case but also for submitting evidence to the record. In this regard, the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, in Resolución N° 112-1992 de las 14:15 horas de fecha 15 de julio de 1992 (a position that has been consistently reiterated to date), stated: “Damage constitutes one of the prerequisites for non-contractual civil liability (responsabilidad civil extracontractual), because the duty to compensate arises only when there has been a harmful unlawful act that injures a legally relevant interest capable of protection under the legal system. Damage, in the legal sense, comprises any impairment, loss, or detriment to a person’s pecuniary or non-pecuniary legal sphere (the injured party), resulting in the deprivation of a legally protected interest whose preservation could objectively have been expected had the harmful event not occurred.
Under this approach, there is no civil liability without damage, just as there is no damage without an injured party. Moreover, only damage that is proven—its reality or existence—is compensable, this being a question of fact entrusted to the sound discretion of the adjudicator. In short, damage constitutes the detrimental gap suffered by the victim, resulting from a comparison between the situation before the unlawful act and the situation afterward. (...)” (Emphasis added by this Court). It therefore follows that, without the existence of damage, no right to compensation can arise. As is clear from the aforementioned judicial decision, the injury must affect an interest entitled to legal protection. The Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia continued in that decision as follows: “VI. - Not every form of damage gives rise to an obligation to compensate. For that purpose, the following characteristics must essentially be present for it to constitute ‘compensable damage’ (daño resarcible): A) It must be certain, real, and actual, and not merely contingent or hypothetical; it cannot be based on supposed or conjectural events.
Damage does not lose this characteristic merely because its quantification is uncertain, indeterminate, or difficult to assess or prove. Nor should certainty be confused with present occurrence, because compensation may be awarded for certain but future damage. Likewise, future damage must not be confused with lost profits or consequential loss (lucro cesante o perjuicio), because the former refers to damage arising as a necessary consequence of the causal event or event giving rise to the damage; that is, its effects have not yet manifested when the proceedings are initiated. As regards the magnitude or amount (seriousness) of the damage, that is a matter solely within the subjective concern of the injured party; nevertheless, the law cannot entertain claims based on insignificant harm arising from excessive sensitivity. B) There must be an injury to a legally relevant interest deserving of protection. Thus, there may be a direct injured party and an indirect injured party: the former is the victim of the harmful event, while the latter consists of the victim’s successors.
The latter appears to be the more apt expression, since bodily injury usually affects the injured party’s pecuniary interests (payment for medical treatment, hospitalization expenses, medications, etc.), lost earnings if the injury has rendered the person unable to perform their usual activities (losses), etc. This distinction originated in Roman Law, which distinguished between damage directly inflicted upon things (damnun) and damage impairing an individual’s physical personhood (injuria). In pecuniary damage, the resulting loss is capable of economic valuation.” (See Resolution N° 00606-2002 at 16:10 hours on 07 de agosto de 2002). In this regard, the record contains no evidence concerning damages from which the existence of damage to the claimant’s estate can be established with certainty. What can be gleaned is the statement by the court-appointed expert (Perito Judicial), Engineer Alberto Serrano Pacheco, regarding the potential damage: “The current condition caused by the discharge outlets from Condominio Vista de Leona into the downstream area is quite critical, since the gravel access road taken from Ruta II has been lost and the structures adjacent to the large ditch that has formed are at risk; likewise, the entrance culvert to Condominio Las Lapas lacks sufficient hydraulic capacity, causing severe erosion and flooding problems in this Condominium.” (Proven Fact N° 47).
The foregoing was stated for purposes of elucidating the effects of the flooding on the eastern side of the claimant’s property, with an express focus on a common area. The expert indicated that, when the on-site inspection was conducted, the ditch was 3,80 meters deep and that the distance between the gate of the subsidiary property and the edge of the ditch was 4,13 meters. He further established that the distance between the discharge outlet of Proyecto Vistas de Leona and the claimant’s property was 132,40 meters, measured along the bottom of the channel. Additionally, referring specifically to the pedestrian lane (alameda) on the north side of subsidiary property 35, he noted the existence of severe erosion and that, over the years, Mr. Calderón Mata has had to make a significant investment in protecting the left bank (adjoining his property) to prevent erosion. From the court-appointed expert’s statements, the impacts of the flooding on Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas may be inferred, including, as noted, erosion of common areas and widening of ditches that, according to the claimant, were dug by a third party without any authorization whatsoever (an issue that was likewise not proven, even through the witnesses examined at the oral and public trial).
To establish their existence, there must be evidence addressing the impact of that flooding on the properties of Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas so that the damages may subsequently be quantified during enforcement of the judgment (ejecución de sentencia). As noted, not every instance of material damage gives rise to a right to compensation; rather, it must be compensable damage (daño resarcible), in the stated sense that “B) There must be injury to a legally relevant interest deserving of protection.” It should be noted that, according to the various holdings of the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, which this Court endorses, “Judges may not assume that damage has occurred when the party seeking recovery has not claimed it or, having done so, has not demonstrated that it was actually caused or occurred. The only matter that may be reserved for the judgment-enforcement stage is the determination of its amount or extent, provided that it was not possible to do so in the principal proceedings.
Nevertheless, its existence must be sufficiently established during the evidentiary stage of the proceedings. It must also be proven that the damage exists and that it occurred as a direct and immediate consequence of the conduct at issue (causal nexus (nexo de causalidad)).” (Emphasis not in the original; see Resolution N° 00295-2017 at 15:20 hours on 16 de marzo de 2017, issued by the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice). In the specific case, upon reviewing the record, this Collegiate Court finds that the claimant has not demonstrated the existence of a loss within its pecuniary sphere that would entitle it to seek compensation for pecuniary damages, under the terms set forth in its theory of the case and on the basis of the evidence it offered. This conclusion follows from an analysis of each of the claimant’s descriptions of the various damages, which will now be addressed in order: a) Damage to the Eastern Road (Common Area).
Without addressing whether the claimant has substantive standing (legitimación ad causam) to assert claims concerning the common areas under sections 7 to 9 of the Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio, regarding the indivisibility of the property and common areas in proportion to the percentage represented by the area assigned to its subsidiary property within the Condominium, this Court must note the premise that the rights to use and enjoy the common areas are held for the benefit of all owners, that no owner may claim a greater right than others to enjoy the property, and, finally, it must emphasize the powers vested in the Condominium Administration, which, pursuant to section 29 of the cited Law, holds at least the powers of a general attorney-in-fact with respect to the Condominium and the common property, such that: “The administration shall be responsible for the care and supervision of the common property and services, the maintenance and operation of the facilities and general services, all acts involving the administration and preservation of the condominium, and the implementation of resolutions adopted by the Unit Owners’ Assembly.
It shall collect from each owner the corresponding share of common expenses. It shall ensure compliance with the provisions of this law and the regulations and shall also possess any other powers and obligations assigned to it by law and by the regulations.” (Article 30 of the Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio). The foregoing takes into account that this provision must be read in harmony with the general rule contained in Article 270 of the Código Civil, which provides: “When property belongs simultaneously to two or more persons, the owners shall jointly exercise all the rights of a sole owner in proportion to each person’s share in the common property,” and broadly interpreting the pro-actione principle (principio pro accione), in view of prior holdings of the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice establishing that one of the persons who owns an interest in indivisible property, such as that arising under the condominium regime, may bring an action insofar as their actions seek the general benefit of the others.
(First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, Resolutions N° 0029-1992 at 13:00 hours on 18 de marzo de 1992 and N° 58-1995 at 15:15 hours on 31 de mayo de 1995). That said, without questioning whether compensation may be sought on behalf of the remaining unit owners, the fact remains that the description of this damage does not make it possible to determine its effect on the claimant’s legal sphere or the specific loss sustained. By making an interpretive effort, this panel of judges can infer that the claim might be based on the claimant’s view that the road is impassable; however, apart from the reduction in the width of the common area—an issue that, it bears repeating, would not directly harm the claimant, but rather the condominium’s common areas, in which the claimant holds an abstract proportional share, as noted by the court-appointed expert—there is no further evidence that could establish an impairment or the degree of impact upon the claimant’s right of way (derecho de paso), as a direct and concrete exercise of its use of the common area, or whether that area had previously been used for passage.
In addition, no evidence was submitted to establish the nature of the restriction on access to that common area, the specific curtailment of the right of access, or that such curtailment is sufficiently serious to warrant compensation. The litigant submitted a series of exhibits showing a strip of gravel and a ditch alongside it, but these photographs do not establish the degree of restriction or the economically assessable and quantifiable pecuniary impact of the damage upon its subsidiary property; rather, they depict a section of the common areas. As previously noted, the existence of material damage does not automatically mean that compensation must be awarded; the loss must be proven. Here, the matter concerns the common use and enjoyment of an area that the claimant asserts—but does not prove—was used for passage, and the manner in which any effect on the claimant’s estate may be established is otherwise unclear.
In the absence of evidence, this claim must be denied. The Court clarifies that it does not disregard the impact of the flooding on Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas and that, in the case of the eastern side under review, such impact entailed the widening and deepening of a preexisting ditch used for stormwater purposes. It is for this reason, and because of the risks identified by the public entities involved in this case, that the Municipalidad de Garabito has been ordered to undertake mitigation and rehabilitation works in the affected areas, precisely insofar as those areas form part of the real-estate complex’s stormwater system. As indicated, this is intended to protect the lives of residents and the environment and to prevent further incidents during upcoming rainy seasons. Nevertheless, there is insufficient evidence to establish the existence of compensable damage under section 196 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública. b) Damage to the Pedestrian Lane (Common Area, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas).
With respect to the damage alleged by CJO Desarrollos Integrales Sociedad Anónima, the same grounds for denial also apply, given the absence of evidence capable of establishing the extent of the compensable damage sustained by that company.
Regarding this allegation, the claimant states that it was formerly a grass-covered green area “and that during the heaviest rainy periods, its center served as a tiny drainage channel, only a few centimeters deep, for conveying stormwater from nearby areas; as a harmful consequence of the defendants’ actions and omissions, it became a river more than 3 meters deep, with frequent overflow events. In addition to the degradation or loss of the condominium’s common area, this began to erode the land very close to the foundations on which my client’s vacation home stands.” She further states that, in response to these increasingly severe floods, in 2017 “it became necessary to place sandbags in various sections of the channel that had formed, cover them with reinforced concrete, and, over time, replace the concrete on the channel bed.” In this regard, it is not possible to objectively quantify this loss or degradation of the common area, much less to determine its impact on the claimant’s property interests.
That area is likewise a common area. As noted in preceding section a), it is not enough merely to allege damage; it must also be proven and its nature determined so that it may be assessed and its amount subsequently calculated during enforcement of the judgment. However, from the claimant’s own wording and the manner in which she describes this damage, the existence of compensable damage (daño resarcible) cannot be reliably established under the terms set forth in Article 196 of the General Law of Public Administration. In addition to the foregoing, it might be inferred that the claimant had to make some investment in this northern portion of her vacation home, but she submitted no evidence that she did so; consequently, this Panel is precluded from speculating as to its existence or extent, since the burden of proof (carga de la prueba) rests on the person alleging the damage, not on this Court.
Nor is it possible, without establishing the existence of compensable damage, to exercise any of the powers provided for in section 122(m) of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code, because these allegations are worded so vaguely that it cannot be established who performed those works, whether other condominium owners were involved, whether insurance policies were used to carry them out, or whether a special assessment was requested for that purpose, including any involvement by the Condominium Administration, which is directly responsible for maintaining these spaces. Given this uncertainty as to whether the claimant incurred any expense that diminished her assets, either directly in her condominium unit or through an impact on the common area that affected her unit, this Court cannot grant this claim. Moreover, it must be considered whether, in light of section 195 of the General Law of Public Administration, the claimant is in an unlawful position because her property lies within a stream protection zone (zona de protección de quebrada), which would also mean that her claim for compensation would be inadmissible.
That provision reads: “Neither the State nor the Administration shall be liable, even where they cause special damage under the foregoing terms, when the injured interest is not legitimate or is contrary to public order, morality, or accepted standards of conduct, even if that interest was not expressly prohibited before or at the time of the harmful event.” On this issue, in the initial factual allegations of the complaint, the claimant makes a series of assertions concerning the absence of a body of water along the northern boundary of her property, stating that neither the registry records nor the plans identified the existence of a stream. In the fourth factual allegation of the complaint, she states that the documents relating to the lease and purchase of condominium unit property N° 35 described the northern boundary as “Walkway” or “Common Area,” never as a stream. At most, there was an intermittent body of water that flowed during the rainy season toward a box culvert measuring 1.25 meters high by 1.5 meters wide and 128 meters long, “which already existed in the year 2001 when I signed the lease agreement and which, during rainfall events, always served to discharge water originating within Condominio Las lapas (sic), the immediately surrounding areas, and a small portion, approximately 500 meters long, of the access road to Punta Leona, this being the only natural micro-watershed that the system was required to serve.” The Municipality, for its part, states in its defense that the body of water referred to by the claimant was identified as a stream in the year 2008 by the Water Directorate through Official Letter N° IMN-DA-1747-2008 dated 17 de junio de 2008 and that, accordingly, the flooding affecting her property results from the proximity of her vacation home to that stream.
This Panel finds it proven that, in the year 2004, the plan for condominium unit property N° 35 was recorded with the National Registry; that cadastral plan (plano catastrado) establishes the following boundaries: North: Common area consisting of an 8.00m-wide walkway; South: Residencial las Lapas S.A., Condominium Unit Property 35; East: Common Green Area measuring 3.16 meters wide, Common-use Road measuring 11.00 meters wide, and recreational area; and West: Common-use Road measuring 10.00 meters wide. (Proven Fact N° 2). It is also deemed proven that, on 25 de noviembre de 2004, the respondent granted a building permit (permiso de construcción) to Mr. Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata for the construction of a vacation home on condominium unit property N° 35, with Mr. Calderón Mata designated as the engineer responsible for those works. (Proven Fact N° 2). In addition to the foregoing, it is also established that, in real-property folio N° 0039910-F-000 of the Puntarenas Registry District, when CJO Desarrollos Integrales S.A. was recorded as the owner, the northern boundary was described as Common Area.
(Proven Fact N° 4). This formal registry status does not appear to correspond to reality, because in the year 2008 the Water Directorate of the Ministry of Environment and Energy—at that time structurally located within the Instituto Meteorológico Nacional pursuant to Executive Decree N°26635 of 18 de diciembre de 1997, before its transfer to the Ministry of Environment and Energy under Transitory Provision V of Law N° 7593, whereby the Water Department of the former Servicio Nacional de Electricidad was transferred to MINAE—issued a determination concerning the existence of a stream whose receiving watercourse is Quebrada Mantas, with an initial latitude of 187450 and final latitude of 187250, and an initial longitude of 464800 and final longitude of 464350, located in the Province of Puntarenas, Canton of Garabito, District of Jacó, Site of Mantas, determining that it is a permanent public-domain stream (quebrada de dominio público de carácter permanente).
As to the objections concerning the Water Directorate’s authority to issue the cited determination, this Panel must state that a review of the legal framework in force at that time, whose allocation of authority remains in effect to date, establishes that it is the MINAE department responsible for doing so. This follows from the express wording of the aforementioned Executive Decree. Accordingly, section two of that instrument provides that the mission of that Department “shall be to administer water resources throughout the national territory in a timely and efficient manner, pursuing sustainable development through their regulation and rational management while providing excellent service.” Additionally, under section three of that regulation, it has the following functions: “a. Define national policies concerning water resources. b. Exercise ownership, oversight, control, and administration of the nation’s waters. c. Process concession applications for the development of hydraulic power to generate electricity. d. Process and authorize permits for drilling wells to extract water. e. Refer to the Minister’s Office, on appeal, disputes arising from the use of water and its channels that are forwarded by the Water Inspector. f. Process permits for the construction or performance of works in public-domain channels (piping, diversions, course alterations, dredging, cleaning, among others). g. Approve the discharge into public-domain channels of water originating from agricultural, industrial, and urban drainage. h. Process the internal consultation forwarded by the body responsible for granting concessions to extract materials accumulated in public-domain channels. i. Process applications for authorization to use water for rural aqueducts submitted by A y A. j. Register well-drilling companies and water-user associations, as well as amendments concerning their bylaws and representatives. k. Address and process all inquiries on the subject submitted by private individuals and state entities. l. Supervise and work closely with water inspectors in order to advise them and facilitate the performance of their duties. m. Enforce and verify that concessionaires or permit holders are current with the obligations established in the Water Law. n. Apply the penalties established in the Water Law, after compliance with due process.
Likewise, when deemed appropriate, the corresponding complaints shall be filed with the competent bodies (Environmental Tribunal, Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic, Courts of Justice, and others), accompanied by the necessary evidence. ñ. Any other function assigned to it and set forth in the Water Law.” The claimant is therefore incorrect regarding the Water Directorate’s alleged lack of authority to issue the official letter in question. Furthermore, this conclusion must be supplemented by the fact that other public entities noted the existence of a body of water near condominium unit property N° 35. The first was the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos, which, during a site visit conducted on 26 de febrero de 2009, noted a possible inconsistency with the contents of CFIA Report N° SRP-001-1780-09-OMSB dated 05 de enero de 2008: on that occasion, the northern boundary of the property appeared on the cadastral plan as a walkway, whereas the on-site inspection found that “there is a small stream.” (See Proven Fact N° 21).
Months later, in diciembre de 2009, the Ministerio de Salud, in Report N° PC-ARS-OSM-URS-R-106-2009, warned of the issue and in fact issued a series of recommendations concerning the determination of whether condominium unit property N° 35 failed to comply with setback requirements (retiros) because a house had been built within the protection zone. Among other things, it stated: “Furthermore, in one of the lowest sections of this stream, there is an apparent encroachment upon the stream protection zone, where a residential development known as ‘Residencial Las Lapas’ was built. (…) Within the development, the stream waters were channeled through a cement-block structure approximately 140 centimeters wide by 150 centimeters high, covered above with paving stones, that crosses the entire residential development; specifically, the aforementioned block-and-concrete structure begins at the location of the home of the complainant, Mr. Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata.
(…) the structure belonging to house number 35 is located practically 2 meter (sic) from the watercourse. (…) the watercourse of the stream, with the upper part of the complainant’s house clearly visible, entirely within the stream protection zone (zona de protección de quebrada). As already stated, the tributaries feeding the stream originate in the micro-watershed (microcuenca) located upstream from ‘Residencial Lapas,’ and the Villa Leona project is situated along its banks; this stream is also fed by water originating from a small patch of forest and by runoff (escorrentía) from calle Vieja a Punta Leona.” The Ministerio de Salud continues by stating: “Part of the common area that he reports includes, among other things, the central portion of Residencial Lapas, which is entirely paved with concrete pavers and apparently lies within the stream protection zone, a matter that MINAET must determine.” (Proven Fact No. 25).
Another public institution reporting the existence of a stream along the northern boundary of the claimant’s property is the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, following an inspection conducted at the site, which established that “(…) The inspection was conducted at the request of Eng. Rodolfo Calderón, owner of unit 35 of condominium Las Lapas, which contains a constructed house and is bordered on the north by a stream that causes flooding in condominium Las Lapas. (…)” It further notes that the visual inspection established that the stormwater discharge (desfogue pluvial) “flows into a public-domain watercourse located on that property, according to the MINAE determination, official letter IMN-DA-1747-2008, dated 17-06-2008, which states that it is a permanent public-domain stream. (…) At condominium Las Lapas, a stream was observed on the northern side of unit 35; erosion of the land exists on both banks of that stream.” (Emphasis not in the original).
(Proven Fact No. 30). In this regard, although it is true that during the oral and public trial the claimant submitted a sketch that forms part of the annexes included in the expert report, asserting that the official letter from the Dirección de Aguas refers only to the starting point and the ending point and establishes that the ending point coincides with a residential development—which the court-appointed expert likewise stated passes through Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas—it is not feasible for this Court to disregard or invalidate that certification. On the one hand, the straight line proposed by the court-appointed expert is his interpretation of the certified information (starting and ending points), rather than the result of an on-site survey of the water runoff between those two points. On the other hand, the claimant did not submit technical evidence disproving the existence of the stream, insisting instead that the expert evidence is limited to connecting the starting and ending points with a transverse straight line, without considering that water does not flow in a straight line and that various phenomena may cause the watercourse to change.
Accordingly, no evidence discredits its validity or effectiveness in this specific case, and evidentiary weight is therefore given to the other documentary evidence indicating the existence of that type of water flow. In her closing arguments, she also contended that the Instituto Meteorológico Nacional is not the competent body to issue that certification. The interpretive error made by the claimant’s legal representative lies in confusing the organizational placement that the Dirección de Aguas had at that time within the aforementioned Institute, when both are departments or administrative units of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, the body having jurisdiction to certify the existence of tributaries, rivers, or streams. Furthermore, her claims do not seek a declaration that this certification issued by the Dirección de Aguas is inconsistent with the legal system. Thus, after weighing the body of evidence and assigning weight to each item of evidence submitted under the rules of sound judicial assessment (sana crítica) (section 82 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo), a stream currently exists along the northern boundary.
Given the present proximity of the claimant’s vacation home, as well as the homes of other persons who are also located within the area, intervention by the Municipalidad de Garabito is therefore considered vitally important so that, in a coordinated manner and through interinstitutional cooperation, it may undertake or require the appropriate party to undertake mitigation and rehabilitation works for the benefit of personal safety and the environment. However, this claim for compensation suffers the same consequence as the first and must be denied. c) Damage to the Claimant’s Vacation Home (Private Area, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas). The record contains a series of photographs submitted by the claimant showing debris in common areas, mud on neighboring properties, and photographs of what she states is her vacation home, where on one occasion she found debris and mud in her garden.
She also asserts that landslides have occurred primarily along the edges of the property and states that this has prevented her from using “the rear access to the dwelling and has exposed the foundations of both the northern retaining wall and the columns beside the terrace. Other dwellings in Condominio Las Lapas have also experienced flooding, specifically numbers 21 and 22.” Regarding these matters, after an exhaustive review of the abundant evidence contained in the court record, this Collegiate Chamber likewise finds, for the same reasons as in the preceding two matters, that there is no evidence demonstrating the nature of the harm suffered by the claimant. It should be noted that the Court is not denying that her property was flooded, although no suitable evidence reliably establishes that the photographs depict her property; there is only her statement. Nevertheless, even without challenging that point and even crediting her statement, she submits no evidence concerning the loss that the flooding caused to her assets.
For example, she has not shown whether she had to replace plants or grass and rebuild her garden, pay for a cleaning service for a specified number of hours to clean her vacation home, replace any appliance or item kept on the terrace as a result of the flooding, or cover the exposed foundations, or what the cost thereof was. Nor did she submit any evidence identifying which access point became difficult for her to use; indeed, the municipal construction permit does not contain the construction plans needed to determine which access point she means, and it was incumbent upon the claimant to provide that information. To reiterate, this does not mean that she was required to establish a specific amount at that procedural stage, because, as stated, the Court may declare the existence of a right to compensation to be quantified in the judgment (Article 122 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo).
Rather, none of the evidence in the record demonstrates the existence of compensable damage. What the claimant seeks is for the Court to infer the existence of damage on its own or to shift that task to the Chamber, which constitutes a failure to satisfy her burden of proof and must therefore be rejected. This, of course, does not preclude the mitigation and rehabilitation works ordered by this Court in the operative portion (parte dispositiva) of this judgment from including the areas surrounding the claimant’s property, particularly because she alleges, but does not prove, a landslide affecting the foundations of her dwelling. Those areas must also be assessed as part of the measures to rehabilitate the affected area and prevent risks to the safety and physical integrity of persons, property, and the environment. Finally, the claimant objects that there are additional effects in Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas and at the entrance to the lane described by the claimant, consisting of the following: “The two routes and the damage to the lane and the gravel road (both common areas of Condominio Las Lapas) converge.
The unlawful channeling of water from one sector of Vista de Leona onto the gravel road (Route Two) reached the entrance to what was once a lane and has now been turned into an intermittent river, facilitated by a natural topographic depression or channel coming from the east (Route One), which now also carries water discharged by the Vistas de Leona mega-project. As a result, the water improperly discharged onto the gravel road collides with water coming from the other sector of Vistas de Leona, and that convergence produces swirling water that also damages and erodes the common areas of Condominio Lapas. Thus, an inherently destructive whirlpool effect also occurs at the entrance to the lane. As a result of all this and, as we have seen, since 2007 flooding has occurred in much of the common areas of Condominio Las Lapas, including water overflowing onto dwellings and onto the concrete-paver road located above the box culvert that crosses Condominio Lapas from east to west.” In this case, however, the claimant’s own wording does not disclose any compensable damage directly affecting her assets that has not already been alleged; rather, she refers to dwellings that have experienced flooding, for which photographs contained in the electronic court record were submitted.
Regarding this claim, it must be verified that the claimant has the legal standing to assert a claim on behalf of a third party; that is, her standing must be analyzed in relation to the relief sought. With respect to the administrative legal situation for which she seeks compensation (restitution or recognition), she must have standing and demonstrate that she holds the relevant right or interest. This Court finds that element lacking and will now set forth the legal grounds for this position. This leads us to analyze the claimant’s active standing on the merits (legitimación ad causam activa) in relation to her claim. In the present case, although the Municipalidad’s counsel did not raise the issue of standing, it is nevertheless one of the three procedural prerequisites that, together with the right and interest, must be examined by this Court on its own motion. This has been recognized by the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia in, among other decisions, Resolution No. 00652-2013 at 11:00 hours on 21 de mayo de 2013, which stated: “V.
As may be inferred from the foregoing, technically speaking, the appellant in cassation expresses disagreement with the judge’s sua sponte analysis concerning the State’s lack of passive standing (legitimación pasiva) in this case, an examination that resulted in dismissal of the action brought against it. With respect to that particular concept, this Chamber has repeatedly held that it constitutes ‘a prerequisite of the claim asserted in the complaint and of the defense raised by the defendant, making possible a judgment on the merits resolving them; consequently, standing on the merits (legitimación en la causa) is not a procedural prerequisite, insofar as it does not concern the procedure or the valid exercise of the right of action, but rather concerns the substantive relationship that must exist between claimant and defendant and the substantive interest disputed in the proceeding. Standing on the merits concerns the substantive relationship alleged to exist between the parties to the proceeding and the substantive interest in dispute.
The defendant must be the person who, by law, is responsible for opposing the claimant’s claim or against whom the law permits the declaration of the substantive legal relationship that is the subject matter of the action; and the claimant must be the person who, under the law, may assert the claims in the action, even if the substantive right claimed does not exist or belongs to another (…) The absence of standing on the merits (legitimación en la causa) constitutes a substantive impediment; if the adjudicator becomes aware of such absence, it must be declared sua sponte and a judgment declining to rule on the merits (sentencia inhibitoria) must be issued, without prejudice to its being timely raised as a preliminary objection (excepción previa).” The underlining is not in the original. (Resolución no. 883 de las 9 horas 5 minutos del 28 de julio de 2011. For a similar holding, see sentencias no. 353 de las 9 horas 35 minutos del 15 de marzo y no. 190 de las 8 horas 45 minutos del 16 de febrero, ambas de 2012).
Thus, standing to sue or be sued (legitimación ad causam) emerges as an essential prerequisite for issuing a judgment granting relief, because if the judge fails to recognize its absence, the judge could err by granting a right to a person not entitled to it or imposing an obligation on a person who is not obligated. This would render the judgment itself unenforceable. In this case, however, contrary to the appellant’s argument, no defect whatsoever is apparent in the judge’s conduct, since she has a duty to verify, even sua sponte, the existence of the three substantive prerequisites for granting the claim: right, interest, and standing.” (The emphasis does not appear in the original). (To the same effect, see Resoluciones N° 317-F-S1-2008 de las 09:10 horas del 02 de mayo de 2008 y N° 1548-F-SI-2011 de las 09:20 horas del 22 de diciembre de 2011). The foregoing establishes that it must be proven that the person making the request holds the legal position entitling that person to seek protection of a legal situation that the person requests be recognized, restored, or compensated.
Indeed, the constitutional foundation of the Administrative Litigation Jurisdiction (Jurisdicción Contenciosa Administrativa) is specifically directed toward protecting “the individual rights and legitimate interests of those subject to the Administration” (Artículo 49 Constitucional), which is also enshrined in section 41 of the Fundamental Charter (Carta Fundamental), which provides: “By resorting to the laws, everyone shall obtain redress for injuries or damages suffered to their person, property, or moral interests. They must receive prompt and full justice, without denial and in strict conformity with the laws.” (Emphasis added by the author). This purpose and foundation are reiterated in section one of the Administrative Litigation Procedural Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo), which provides: “The Administrative Litigation Jurisdiction, established in artículo 49 de la Constitución Política, is intended to protect the legal situations of every person, guarantee or restore the lawfulness of any conduct of the Public Administration subject to Administrative Law, and hear and resolve the various aspects of the legal-administrative relationship (relación jurídico-administrativa).” Accordingly, a legal situation (situación jurídica) is conceived as the “Status or position held by each of the parties involved in a legal relationship” (Muñoz Machado (Santiago).
Diccionario Panhispánico del Español Jurídico. España, Real Academia Española, Volumen I, 2017 p.1905). Legal situations include individual rights (derechos subjetivos), obligations, powers, and legitimate interests; their principal guiding criterion is the existence of an “interest legally deserving of protection as the very rationale for legal effectiveness; [which] regards legally relevant facts (factual situations) as the cause of legal situations (rights, obligations, burdens, etc.) (…)” (PÉREZ VARGAS (Víctor). Derecho Privado. San José, Costa Rica, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sexta Edición, 2021, p33). A legal situation is linked to the concept of a legal-administrative relationship in such a way that legal scholarship distinguishes, based on their content, between advantageous legal situations (situaciones jurídicas de ventaja), such as an individual right and a legitimate interest, and disadvantageous legal situations (situaciones jurídicas de desventaja).
The distinction is that the former secure or protect the satisfaction of an interest held by their holder, whereas the latter impose an obligation or duty upon that person. However, “Advantageous and disadvantageous situations are often linked to one another; thus, the creditor’s right (an advantageous situation) is connected to the debtor’s obligation (a disadvantageous situation).” (PÉREZ VARGAS (Víctor). Derecho Privado. San José, Costa Rica, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sexta Edición, 2021, p35). In this specific case, upon reviewing the record, this Collegiate Court finds that the claimant has not established her standing to seek compensation for property damage to individually owned condominium units (fincas filiales) that, pursuant to sections seven and eight of the Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio, are for the exclusive use of their owners, which provide: “ARTICLE 7.- Each individually owned condominium unit constitutes an autonomous portion and must be suitable for independent use and enjoyment, with direct access to the public road or to a specified common area leading to it. // ARTICLE 8.- Each individually owned condominium unit, its appurtenances, and the spaces necessary for its full use belong exclusively to its owner, who, according to the owner’s needs as a condominium owner, shall have the right to use the common property in accordance with its intended purpose.” Accordingly, this claim for compensation must also be denied because she did not submit any power of attorney demonstrating that she had authority to appear before this jurisdiction and seek compensation for any economic loss.
Finally, the claimant requests compensation for the past and future losses caused to her by the omissions of the Local Government. However, like the foregoing claims for compensation, this request must be denied because she neither specifies what those losses consist of nor submitted any evidence from which their existence could be determined. This also entails a request for an abstract and general ruling concerning any damage or loss that might arise in the future from this omission. This Court cannot proceed as requested because the existence of damage or loss must be established, and the natural or legal person from whom recognition thereof is sought must be afforded an opportunity for adversarial proceedings (contradictorio). Given the uncertainty as to whether such damage or loss will occur, the request does not satisfy the requirements established in section 196 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública and must therefore also be denied. -
When responding to the complaint and the modification of the relief sought, the representative of the Municipalidad de Garabito did not expressly assert any defense. However, it may be inferred that it alleges a lack of legal entitlement (falta de derecho). Nevertheless, in view of the manner in which this matter has been decided, this Collegiate Chamber, after analyzing the case record and the evidence offered by the parties and admitted at the appropriate procedural stage, partially upholds the defense of lack of legal entitlement, partially granting the relief sought under the terms set forth in this decision, based on the grounds stated above.-
With respect to costs, pursuant to Article 193 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, court costs (costas procesales) and attorneys’ fees (costas personales) constitute a burden imposed upon the losing party by virtue of having lost. Waiver of such an award is permissible only when, in the Court’s judgment, there was sufficient cause to litigate or when the judgment is rendered on the basis of evidence whose existence was unknown to the opposing party. In this case, because the complaint has been partially granted and the case record contains no evidence permitting the losing party—which in this case is the defendant—to be exempted from payment thereof under the terms established by the cited legal provision, the Municipalidad de Garabito shall be ordered to pay the costs (court costs and attorneys’ fees), which shall be assessed during the judgment-enforcement stage.-
POR TANTO
Based on the factual and legal grounds set forth above, the evidence to assist adjudication (prueba para mejor resolver) offered by the plaintiff on 22 de febrero de 2024 is admitted. The defense of lack of legal entitlement is partially rejected, and consequently the complaint filed by CJO DESARROLLOS INTEGRALES S.A. against the MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO is declared PARTIALLY GRANTED, with all relief not expressly awarded deemed denied, and accordingly the following rulings are issued:
The MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO is declared liable for its abnormal operation (funcionamiento anormal) through omission (conducta omisiva) with respect to the exercise of its statutory powers concerning urban planning, oversight, and land-use regulation, by failing to monitor the building permits granted to Proyecto Vistas de Leona, particularly the stormwater system (sistema pluvial) and its outfall (desfogue), and their impact on Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, and by failing to carry out and/or order the appropriate party to perform works and actions intended to mitigate the effects arising from this authorized construction project on the stormwater systems existing in the area at issue in this litigation and, consequently, to prevent potential risks to life, the properties of the canton’s residents, and the environment.
The MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO is ordered to do the following:
Implement, carry out, and/or require the appropriate party to undertake specific actions to mitigate the impact of runoff (escorrentía) and stormwater (aguas pluviales) flowing through the outfalls and streams of Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, so as to definitively resolve the flooding problems that are occurring.
Carry out or order the appropriate party to implement rehabilitation measures (medidas de rehabilitación) in the affected areas, both on the condominium owners’ properties and in the common areas comprising the aforementioned Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas.
In the future, within the scope of technical discretion (discrecionalidad técnica), establish as part of the requirements for granting municipal permits the technical studies necessary to identify and anticipate the potential impacts or effects of a project on downstream stormwater systems and, based on those studies, require permit holders to implement measures intended to reduce, mitigate, and prevent any identified adverse effects on stormwater systems and the environment. All of this shall be done within the legal framework in force and applicable to the type of construction work to be performed, based on the principles of reasonableness and proportionality.
With respect to the public-domain watercourse (cauce de dominio público) and any other watercourse identified as flowing through the area at issue in this litigation, it is ordered to undertake the corresponding inter-institutional coordination and cooperation measures to ensure the proper management of those bodies of water, within the framework of scientific and technical standards and the regulations in force, including the mitigation and rehabilitation work ordered herein.
Pursuant to Article 157 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, such actions must be carried out within a period not exceeding three (3) months, beginning on the day after this judgment becomes final, with the understanding that the enforcement judge (juez de ejecución) shall approve and oversee the actions required for effective compliance with this judgment.
The defendant is ordered to pay attorneys’ fees and court costs, which shall be assessed during enforcement of the judgment. Let notice be served. - Cinthya Morales Herra Claudia Bolaños Salazar Carlos José Mejías Rodríguez ???????????????
CINTHYA MARIA MORALES HERRA - DECIDING JUDGE ???????????????
CLAUDIA BOLAÑOS SALAZAR - DECIDING JUDGE ????????????????
CARLOS JOSE MEJIAS RODRIGUEZ - DECIDING JUDGE Goicoechea, Calle Blancos, 50 meters west of the BNCR, across from Café Dorado. Telephone numbers: 2545-0107 or 2545-0099. Ext. 01-2707 or 01-2599. Fax: 2241-5664 or 2545-0006. Email: [email protected]
EV Generación de Machote: F:\Gestion-Judicial\Servidor de Archivos\Modelos\Contencioso\TCRESOL016.dpj *190068141027CA* CONOCIMIENTO ACTOR/A:
CJO DESARROLLOS INTEGRALES SA DEMANDADO/A:
BANCO IMPROSA SA Nº N° 2024001743 TRIBUNAL CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO Y CIVIL DE HACIENDA, SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL, SAN JOSÉ, GOICOECHEA, a las veinte horas con siete minutos del veinte de Marzo del dos mil veinticuatro.- Proceso de conocimiento interpuesto por el señor Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata, mayor de edad, vecino de San Francisco de Dos Ríos, de la provincia de San José, con cédula de identidad N° 1-0491-0645, a título personal y como Presidente con facultades de apoderado generalísimo de la empresa CJO DESARROLLOS INTEGRALES SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA, pudiendo abreviarse su aditamento como S.A., con cédula de persona jurídica N° 3-101-418155 en contra de la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO, con cédula de persona jurídica N° 3-014-56076, representada por la apoderada judicial, la señora Raquel Sandí Batista, con cédula de identidad N° 1-1520-6342, y carné del Colegio de Abogados y Abogadas de Costa Rica N° 26342. Participa como abogado director del proceso de la parte actora, el señor José Pablo Mata Ferreto, carné del Colegio de Abogados y Abogadas de Costa Rica Nº 5325.
ACTUACIONES PROCESALES. Como parte del íter procesal de relevancia para la resolución del presente proceso, se tiene lo siguiente:
I.Mediante escrito de demanda presentado en fecha 10 de octubre del 2019 y ajustado en fecha 01 de julio de 2021, la parte actora formuló las siguientes pretensiones, a fin de que en sentencia se declare lo siguiente: “PRETENSIONES PRINCIPALES Se declare disconforme con el ordenamiento jurídico la conducta de la Municipalidad de Garabito consistente en las siguientes omisiones: • Inacción, falta de fiscalización y falta de uso de herramientas jurídicas a sus disposición ante el desarrollo urbanístico irregular que representan los Condominios Vistas de Leona (Hechos #12, 21, 25, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35 y 39). • Falta de otorgamiento del Permiso Municipal para la construcción de ambos condominios Vistas de Leona (Hechos # 12, 18, 19, 22, 23 y 25). • Falta de exigencia de los requisitos, visados y permisos constructivos usuales, como es el caso del Permiso de Desfogue Pluvial y la autorización oportuna del Ministerio de Salud, del Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillado y del INVU (Hechos # 12, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25 y 26). • Falta de cumplimiento de actuaciones y obras específicas que otras instituciones le ordenaron a la Municipalidad implementar y fiscalizar, como es el caso de: las medidas de mitigación ordenadas por la Comisión Nacional de Emergencia; el control, fiscalización, realización de estudios y la toma de medidas según recomendó el Ministerio de Salud; el estudio hidrológico y las obras de infraestructura ordenadas por A. y A. y, la fiscalización ordenada por SETENA (Hechos #24, 25, 26, 37 y 39). • Falta de cumplimiento de lo ordenado por la Sala Constitucional en cuanto a ‘llegar a una solución respecto a los hechos alegados por el amparado’.
(Hechos # 31, 32, 33, 24 y 35). • Falta de exigencia municipal de obras específicas por parte de Vistas de Leona que departamentos de la propia Municipalidad reconocieron como necesarias (Hechos # 12, 30 y 36). • Falta de resolución de la denuncia planteada por la aquí actora (Hechos # 29 y 30). B- Pretensión genérica de HACER: Condénese a la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO al efectivo ejercicio de sus potestades legales y de imperio y a realizar y velar por la realización las obras necesarias a fin de evitar y revertir las consecuencias perjudiciales de su actuar ilegítimo en contra de la actora, así como a exigir de cualquier infractor cualquier obra necesaria en cumplimiento de la normativa legal desaplicada en materia urbanística en general y en materia de desfogues y disposición de aguas pluviales en lo particular, para el cese de la afectación de los legítimos intereses y derechos de la parte actora.
C- Se condene a la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO al pago de una indemnización por los daños y perjuicios presentes que se hayan ocasionado, así como de los futuros que se ocasionen producto de sus negligencias, actuaciones disconformes y omisiones en todo lo relativo a la disposición indebida de las aguas pluviales del megaproyecto de condominios Vistas de Leona, la cual se liquidará en la fase de ejecución de sentencia. D- Se condene a la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO al pago de ambas costas de estos procedimientos, las cuales se liquidarán en la etapa procesal oportuna”. Dichas pretensiones se mantuvieron incólumes durante la celebración de la Audiencia Preliminar llevada a cabo a las 13:55 horas del día 15 de diciembre de 2021. (Ver imágenes 02 a 68, y 1380 a 1419 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico, así como la minuta de la audiencia preliminar, visible a imágenes 1478 a 1482 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico y audio de la audiencia preliminar en el Sistema SIGAO).
II.Conferido, el traslado de la demanda a la Municipalidad de Garabito, mediante la resolución de las 13:56 horas del 31 de octubre de 2019 por parte del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda; en fecha 08 de enero de 2020, contestó de forma negativa la demanda, solicitando que se declare sin lugar en todos sus extremos. Así mismo, requirió que se condene a la parte actora al pago de ambas costas. (Ver imágenes 643 a 645, 667 a 688 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
III.Mediante resolución de las 14:06 horas del 01 de abril de 2020, el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda confiere audiencia a la parte actora para referirse a lo contestado por la Municipalidad de Garabito, por un plazo de tres (3) días hábiles. La cual es efectuada, en fecha 21 de abril de 2020 por parte de la actora, reiterando sus argumentos y ofreciendo contraprueba documental, testimonial y pericial. (Ver imágenes 903 a 946 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
IV.Mediante escrito de fecha 01 julio de 2021 la parte actora, la empresa CJO DESARROLLOS INTEGRALES S.A. desistió parcialmente de su demanda, a efectos de mantener únicamente su acción contra la Municipalidad de Garabito, así como también ajustó las pretensiones, las cuales se fijaron, según fueron consignas en el punto I de la presente Resolución. (Ver imágenes 1380 a 1419 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
V.Mediante la resolución de las 11:16 horas del 09 de julio de 2021, el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda acogió el desistimiento parcial de la demanda, ordenando el archivo parcial de la causa, y continuando el proceso únicamente contra la Municipalidad de Garabito. (Ver imágenes 1420 a 1421 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
VI.Mediante la resolución de las 10:02 horas de fecha 27 de setiembre de 2021, el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda le confirió audiencia a la Municipalidad de Garabito, por un plazo de tres (3) días hábiles, a fin de que emitiera pronunciamiento sobre el escrito de ampliación de pretensiones realizado por la parte actora, así como convocó a la audiencia preliminar. (Ver imágenes 1431 a 1434 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
VII.En fecha 04 de octubre de 2021, la Municipalidad de Garabito se refirió al ajuste de las pretensiones efectuado por la parte actora, manteniendo incólume el ofrecimiento de prueba que realizó con la contestación de la demanda. (Ver imágenes 14337 y 1438 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
VIII.La audiencia preliminar se celebró el día 15 de diciembre del 2021, con la presencia de todas las partes. En ésta, las partes manifestaron que no encontraron vicios dentro del procedimiento, se mantuvieron incólumes las pretensiones incoadas con la demanda y ajustadas en fecha 06 de julio de 2021, se determinaron todos los hechos de la demanda con excepción del hecho segundo, en carácter de controvertidos y ante la solicitud de la parte actora de tener como tercero interesado a la Contraloría General de la República, en ese acto, el Juez de Trámite lo rechazó. Se admitió como prueba común de las partes, el expediente administrativo a nombre del Condominio Vista Leona, y del recurso de amparo presentado por el señor Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata. Admitiéndose toda la prueba presentada por la parte actora, tanto en su demanda, como en su réplica, y rechazándose la prueba documental 1 al 10, 47, 49, 50, 51, 66 y 61 presentada con la demanda. Y se admitió la prueba documental ofrecida por la parte demandada correspondiente a los anexos N° 1 y N° 3. Así como se admitió la realización de una prueba pericial, y la evacuación de dos testigos propuestos por la parte actora. (Ver Audio en el SIGAO y minuta de la Audiencia Preliminar visible a imágenes 1478 a 1482 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
IX.En fecha 06 de octubre del año 2022, el Ingeniero Alberto Serrano Pacheco, rindió el informe pericial requerido, del cual mediante la resolución de las 8:21 horas de fecha 20 de octubre de 2022, el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, confirió audiencia por un término de tres (3) días hábiles, a las partes para que emitieran pronunciamiento respectivo. (Ver imágenes 1490 a 1567 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
X.Mediante memorial de fecha 26 de octubre de 2022, la Municipalidad de Garabito se refirió al Informe Pericial efectuado por el señor Alberto Serrano Pacheco. (Ver imágenes 1573 a 1580 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
XI.En fecha 26 de abril de 2023, la empresa Inmobiliaria Abarca & Barrantes S.A., en calidad de propietaria de la finca filial N° 21 del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, requirió ser considerado como coadyuvante de la parte actora en el presente proceso, “dado que el resultado de acción incide en la esfera de sus intereses”. (Ver imágenes 1610 a 1612 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
XII.En fecha 26 de febrero del 2024, se celebró la audiencia del juicio oral y público con la presencia de todas las partes del proceso, donde la parte actora manifestó la solicitud de incluir al señor Luis Rodolfo Calderón en calidad de representante legal de la empresa Inmobiliaria Abarca & Barrantes S.A. y la admisión de prueba para mejor resolver. Ambas gestiones acogidas por el Tribunal, otorgándole un plazo de tres (3) días hábiles para que la Municipalidad se refiera a dicha prueba. En relación con aspectos de saneamiento no fueron encontrados por ninguna de las partes; se formularon los alegatos de apertura, se recibió la declaración del perito judicial, el señor Alberto Serrano Pacheco, con cédula 2-0514-0061, el testigo perito, el señor José Gerardo Roig Loria, con cédula de identidad N° 3-0259-0214 y el testigo Paulino Vargas Calderón con cédula de identidad N° 6-0202-0076; y finalmente se rindieron conclusiones de manera de oral.
Declarándose, por parte de este Tribunal, en virtud de la naturaleza del proceso, como de tramitación muy compleja, a la luz de los numerales 111 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativa y 47 del Reglamento Autónomo de Organización y Servicio de la Jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativa y Civil de Hacienda. (Ver minuta del juicio oral y público, visible a imágenes 1662 a 1668 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico, y Audio y video en SIGAO).
XIII.Mediante memorial de fecha 29 de febrero de 2024, la Municipalidad de Garabito solicitó la ampliación del plazo conferido en la audiencia del juicio oral y público, siendo que no tuvo acceso a la prueba para mejor resolver, ante una situación del soporte informático. En atención a dicha solicitud, el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, mediante resolución de las 11:43 horas de fecha 05 de marzo de 2024 no le confirió la prórroga solicitada, en virtud de no constar justificaciones no imputables a la demandada para ampliar el plazo conferido. (Ver imágenes 1643 a 1647 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
XIV.En los procedimientos se han observado las prescripciones y términos de ley, y no se perciben vicios, defectos u omisiones susceptibles de producir nulidad de lo actuado o indefensión a las partes. Se dicta la presente resolución por unanimidad y previa deliberación de los miembros del presente Tribunal.
Redacta la jueza Morales Herra, con el voto afirmativo de las personas juzgadoras Bolaños Salazar y Mejías Rodríguez.
CONSIDERANDO
La representación de la parte actora, de forma posterior a la audiencia preliminar y antes del juicio oral y público, en fecha 22 de febrero de 2024, presentó una solicitud para que se admitiera una prueba para mejor resolver, la cual consiste en unos videos de inundaciones acontecidas en los meses de junio y octubre del año 2022. Sobre la cual se le confirió audiencia a la parte demandada, por este Tribunal durante la celebración del Juicio Oral y Público por un plazo de tres (3) días hábiles para que se refiriera a ésta. Lo anterior, con sustento en el numeral 50 inciso 2) primera parte del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. Sin embargo, no consta su pronunciamiento, según lo apuntado en los resultandos expuestos anteriormente. Ahora bien, tal y como consta en autos sobre esta prueba se les brindó audiencia previa a las partes, a fin de emitieran las manifestaciones que consideraran pertinentes en cumplimiento de los principios de contradicción, bilateralidad y debido proceso y derecho de defensa.
Siendo responsabilidad de la parte demandada procurar copia de dicha prueba, la cual estuvo dispuesta en el Despacho Judicial, según lo señalado en la audiencia del Juicio Oral y Público. Respecto de la prueba para mejor resolver, la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, ha sostenido de forma uniforme que ésta “(…) no es una prueba de las partes. Es prueba del Juez. Resulta potestativa para éste en caso de considerarla indispensable para dictar su sentencia. Siendo potestativa no vincula al juzgador a evacuarla. En este sentido la Sala ha resuelto en muchas oportunidades que no existe la falta del vicio de indefensión ni tampoco la falta de evacuación de prueba idónea si se trata de una prueba para mejor resolver. Aun cuando se hubiere considerado la posibilidad de su evacuación ello queda a criterio del Juez quien podrá prescindir de ella sin necesidad de dictar resolución alguna.
Sencillamente al no ordenarla se entiende rechazada. En este sentido, entre otras, podrían verse las sentencias números 23 de las 14 horas y 20 minutos del 4 de marzo de 1992, 34 de las 10 horas y 45 minutos del 28 de mayo de 1993 y 83 de las 14 horas y 40 minutos del 22 de diciembre de 1993”. (Ver Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Resolución N° 00059-1995 de las 15:20 horas de fecha 31 de mayo de 1995). Siendo ello así, este Tribunal a la luz de las pretensiones y excepciones presentadas por las partes, considera que la prueba referida en líneas anteriores es útil y pertinente, al incorporar elementos demostrativos que resultan relevantes para la correcta decisión del conflicto, por lo que se adopta la decisión de admitirla en la presente litis. Prueba que se valorará en conjunto y bajo las reglas de la sana crítica racional, conforme a lo establecido en el numeral 82 inciso 1) del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo.
Igualmente, se considera útil como referencia histórica para ser tenida como prueba para mejor proveer, las certificaciones extendidas por el Registro Público, y que fueron excluidos por el Juez de Trámite durante la audiencia preliminar, sin embargo, dada las características del presente proceso y a la luz del contradictorio, se considera relevante tener como incluidas como prueba para mejor resolver, las certificaciones numeradas como 3, 4, 7, 8 y 9 en el libelo de la demanda.
Conforme al elenco documental probatorio admitido en este proceso, se tienen como hechos demostrados y relevantes para el dictado de la presente Resolución, por tener el correspondiente sustento, los siguientes hechos:
Dicha planta tampoco cuenta con los permisos Municipales. 3- Existen trabajos de mitigación, gaviones con piedra papa y colchones, colocados en el cauce de la misma quebrada, con una altura de un metro en algunas partes, con un ancho de 4 metros, y con una distancia de aproximadamente 1.500 m lineales de gaviones. Posteriormente verificamos que, a raíz del arrastre de los sedimentos de dicha quebrada, existen gran cantidad de árboles muertos aguas abajo. (…)”. (Ver Informe de Inspección en Propiedad de Banco Improsa contiguo a Punta Leona, de fecha 13 de enero de 2009, visible a imágenes 230 a 236 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
Apuntando que: “(…) 4. La situación en nuestro terreno, antes de la construcción de la casa y todavía un corto tiempo después, era normal, en la llamada área común o alameda de 8 metros de ancho, que tenía una escorrentía de aguas o mínima o insignificante de aguas durante los meses de invierno, pero que se secaba en el verano, y que hacia el final del lindero oeste desemboca una alcantarilla de cuadro de 140 metros de longitud, con una sección de 1.20 x 1.40 m, que es pare del sistema de evacuación de aguas pluviales del condominio, y que continua bajo una calle adoquinada, para el desfogue fluvial. 5. Sin embargo, la situación anterior cambió radical y drásticamente, porque hubo una crecida de aguas similar a la de un riachuelo en el área común norte, aproximadamente en el invierno del año 2007, producto del Nuevo Proyecto Residencial Vistas de Leona, (…) Además, con motivo de los movimientos de tierra del Condominio Villa Leona, (…) ocurrió un anegamiento de calles y propiedades dentro del Condominio Las Lapas, con miles de metros cúbicos de barro, agua y escombros.
Este evento provocado, corrió desde las alturas de las laderas del Condominio Vistas de Leona hacia el sur de la Lapas, justo en la dirección tres propiedades a distancia de la nuestra, justo por el lote sin construir que está detrás del poco bosque que dejaron, y la solución momentánea fue construir una zanja, que pasa detrás de nuestras propiedades por el lindero Este, y con los dos inviernos siguientes ha lavado el camino trasero, con una profundidad mayor al metro y medio (…). Tras de varias inundaciones, finalmente dos han llegado hasta la terraza de mi casa, ha habido deslave de bordes del terreno del desfogue pluvial y que por el momento solo han humedecido algunas sillas que están en un plano superior de dos metros aproximadamente; asimismo, la corriente ha dejado restos en el zacate y plantas ornamentales, con grave peligro para nuestros bienes y riesgo para la vida de los ocupantes.
(…) En consecuencia, la situación es real y el problema ha sido creado artificialmente por las obras de remoción de tierra y conexión sin permiso de vecino y costas del alcantarillado de Las Lapas, y no mi propiedad ni el muro perimetral que impide el paso de las aguas, o que deban soportar las inundaciones, o quedar a merced del riesgo de una avalancha o sufrir los anegamientos de barro y escombros frente a mi propiedad y con inundación de propiedades vecinas”. (Ver Oficio sin número de fecha 16 de setiembre de 2009, visible a imágenes 183 a 201 del expediente administrativo judicial en formato electrónico).
Reiterando las argumentaciones que esbozó en su denuncia ante la Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias. (Ver imágenes 237 a 260 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
Igualmente, esa oportunidad manifestó que: “7. Medidas de Mitigación y Prevención (…) Se tiene en el área residencial La Lapas en Punta Leona, se están presentando problemas de inundación cuando se dan fuertes precipitaciones en la zona; por lo tanto, se indica seguir las siguientes recomendaciones: (…) Se debe presentar un estudio que demuestres (sic) que el desfogue de las aguas tanto fluviales como negras, no estén afectando el ambiente y las partes bajas donde se ubica la zona residencial. (…) Si se demuestra que hay afectación, se debe proceder a realizar las obras de mitigación correspondientes, con el fin de dar solución al problema. (…) A lo anterior se agregaría si es necesario hacer cambios en el alcantarillado del residencial. (…) Se debe colocar una (sic) alcantarillado en la zanja ubicada en la parte posterior de las viviendas, para la reducción del proceso erosivo y la conservación del suelo.
Además, se les recuerda que cualquier anomalía en cuanto a técnicas y normas de construcción QUEDA BAJO TOTAL RESPONSABILIDAD de las institución (sic) que otorgan permisos, (…) y Municipalidad de Garabito de no solicitar los informes, inspecciones y correcciones correspondientes”. (El resaltado corresponde al original). (Ver Informe Técnico N° DPM-INF-1574-2009 de fecha 18 de diciembre de 2009 emitido por el Departamento de Prevención y Mitigación, que corre a imágenes 202 a 208 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
Por otra parte en una de las partes más bajas de esta quebrada hay una aparente invasión de la zona de protección de la quebrada donde se construyó un residencial denominado ‘Residencial Las Lapas’ (…) En la urbanización las aguas de la quebrada fueron canalizadas mediante una estructura de block de cemento que tiene un diámetro aproximado de 140 de ancho por 150 centímetros de alto cubierto por encima con adoquines que atraviesa todo el residencial; precisamente la estructura de block y concreto mencionada comienza donde está ubicada la casa del denunciante el señor Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata. (…) la estructura que perteneces a la casa número 35 prácticamente se ubica a 2 metro (sic) del cauce. (…) el cauce de la quebrada y claramente visible la parte superior de la casa del denunciante totalmente en zona de protección de quebrada. Como ya se dijo, los afluentes que alimentan la quebrada provienen de la microcuenca que está aguas arriba del ‘Residencial Lapas’ y en sus márgenes está el proyecto Villa Leona, también alimenta esta quebrada las aguas que provienen de un pequeño parche de bosque y también las que por escorrentía proviene de la calle Vieja a Punta Leona.
(…) Otro punto a considerar importante, es el hecho que el área común según indica el denunciante está viéndose afectada cuando hay fuertes aguaceros por presencia de lodos y agua. Parte del área común que él denuncia indica comprende entre otras la parte central del Residencial Lapas totalmente adoquinada misma que aparentemente es zona de protección de la quebrada lo cual debe determinar MINAET. (…)” Enviando dicho informe a la Municipalidad de Garabito, Departamento de Ingeniería y Departamento de Junta Vial, “para su conocimiento y para que se tomen las medidas correspondientes antes lo mencionado de acuerdo a sus competencias”. (Ver imágenes 211 a 222 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
(…) En el condominio Las Lapas, se observó la existencia de una quebrada ubicada al lado norte de la filial 35, en dicha quebrada existe socavación del terreno en ambos márgenes, también se observó socavación el terreno en el canal pluvial ubicado en la calle del condominio detrás de la finca filial 35. En la calle de acceso frente a la filial 35 la quebrada es encausada mediante una alcantarilla de cuadro y entubada debajo de la calzada existente con recorrido de aproximadamente 85 metros en sentido este-oeste (…) su salida está ubicada en intersección de calle al oeste del condominio, la quebrada continua su recorrido en un área verde del condominio. El plano del condominio Las Lapas se indica una zona verde de 8 metros de ancho y otra zona verde de 13 metros de ancho, estados dos zonas son áreas común (sic) libre del condominio, en la cual no se indica ningún cause existente de tipo intermitente o permanente.
(…) Para el desfogue pluvial final del proyecto (…) se establecieron dos servidumbres externas cuya autorización quedo respaldada por medio de una Declaración Jurada. El cause al cual realiza el desfogue el proyecto Condominio Vistas de Leona continua su recorrido atravesando aguas abajo el condominio Las Lapas en sentido Este-Oeste, a través de las áreas verdes indicadas en el plano del Condominio Las Lapas como áreas común (sic) libre. La indicación por parte del MINAE del cauce de dominio público que afecta el Condominio Las Lapas y el cual es el desfogue final del condominio Vistas de Leona, se dio mediante documento IMN-DA-1747-2008 con fecha del año 2008 y el proyecto Las Lapas fue aprobado por el INVU en el año 2004. En los planos del condominio Las Lapas aprobado por el INVU en el año 2004 no se establece ningún cuerpo de agua que afecte el proyecto, ni muchos menos se indican retiros por este concepto, las áreas verdes indicado en el plano tampoco establecen que sean por cauces de flujo intermitente o estacional.
Para el Proyecto Vistas de Leona se presentó el correspondiente estudio Hidrológico del proyecto hasta su desfogue autorizado por la Municipalidad. El estudio Hidrológico con la afectación de la cuenca aguas abajo por el desfogue del proyecto Vistas de Leona, no fueron presentados ante este departamento, le corresponde a la Municipalidad solicitar dicho estudio previo a la autorización del desfogue pluvial. Tanto el proyecto condominio Las Lapas como las restantes etapas que componen el proyecto Vistas de Leona, no cuentan con planos aprobados por parte del AYA. El proyecto Condominio Vistas de Leona tiene aprobado los planos únicamente de la primera etapa constructiva que corresponde a 150 filiales. Para la aprobación de las etapas restantes del proyecto condominio Vistas de Leona, la Municipalidad de Garabito deberá solicitar el estudio hidrológico correspondiente de afectación del proyecto a la cuenta aguas abajo y con base en el mismo, tomar las medidas pertinentes solicitando al desarrollador las obras de infraestructura que se requieran, con el fin de evitar la afectación de la cuenca, de los proyectos y propiedades que se ubican aguas abajo al sitio autorizado de desfogue”. (Ver Informe de Inspección N° SUB-G-AID-UEN-PyC-URB-I-2011-12 visible a imágenes 298 a 302 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
El canal de desfogue de aguas pluviales atraviesa toda el área central del proyecto y presenta gran cantidad de sedimentos provenientes de las laderas de las terrazas construidas. 11. Los sedimentos del canal son arrastrados, en conjunto con otras aguas pluviales que se integran aguas debajo de otros proyectos urbanísticos construidos hasta Playa Mantas”. (Ver Informe Técnico N° ASA-532-2011-SETENA, de fecha 17 de marzo de 2011, visible a imágenes 340 a 347 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
Formándose un embudo en la alcantarilla de la Finca Filial 35 del Condominio Lapas, provocando desbordamientos de esas aguas afectando inmuebles de ese Condominio generando serios daños a esas propiedades cada vez con más frecuencia sin que a la fecha se haya buscado una solución al problema por parte de la empresa consultora y del ingeniero Castillo”. (Ver Oficio N° TH-025-2015 de fecha 21 de enero de 2014 (sic), visible a imágenes 367 a 369 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
No se tiene por demostrado el hecho intimado que dice ‘Haber realizado estudios básicos, estudios preliminares, planos, diseños e inspección técnica con respecto al caudal de escorrentía pluvial que conllevó a inundaciones en la casa del ingeniero Rodolfo Calderón Mata, y el Residencial Las Lapas’- Debido a que queda la duda si las inundaciones son consecuencia de un deficiente quehacer profesional del ingeniero Castillo Rojas, o son consecuencia del entubado de la quebrada que colinda con la casa del Ingeniero Rodolfo Calderón Marta, realizado por los desarrolladores del residencia Las Lapas. Llama la atención que, en el catastro de la propiedad del Ingeniero Calderón Mata, denunciante, se señale como alameda la quebrada colindante, a la cual se le desfogan las aguas pluviales de la casa del denunciante, y se irrespeta el retiro correspondiente a una quebrada. Hechos que se observan a folio 717 correspondiente a catastro, y 701 al 709 correspondientes al informe de inspección SPR-001-1780-OMBS. (…)” (Ver Acuerdo N° 40 de la Junta Directiva del CFIA, Oficio N° JDG-01010-14/15 de fecha 27 de agosto de 2005, visible a imágenes 370 a 386 del expediente judicial en formato electrónico).
Se tienen como hechos no probados de relevancia para el dictado de la sentencia, sea porque las partes incumplieron con sus cargas probatorias, o bien, porque este Tribunal no halló prueba idónea que, a la luz del principio de la sana crítica, permitiera acreditarlos, los siguientes:
Del análisis de los autos, demanda y sus pretensiones, así como de los argumentos conclusivos efectuados durante la celebración de la audiencia del juicio oral y público, se deriva que el objeto del presente proceso consiste en determinar si en la especie se configura la responsabilidad preeminentemente objetiva de la Municipalidad de Garabito, imputable por funcionamiento anormal (por conducta material omisiva), derivada del incumplimiento de su obligación de los siguientes aspectos:
A partir de lo anterior, esboza como pretensiones, por un lado, el declarar disconforme con el ordenamiento jurídico la conducta de la Municipalidad de Garabito por las omisiones citadas; y por el otro, establece una pretensión genérica de hacer, a fin de que dicho Gobierno Local “realice y vele por la realización de obras necesarias a fin de evitar y revertir las consecuencias perjudiciales de su actuar ilegítimo en contra de la actora, así como a exigir (…) cualquier obra necesaria en cumplimiento de la normativa legal desaplicada en materia urbanística en general y en materia de desfogues y disposición de aguas pluviales en lo particular”. Adicionalmente requiere la indemnización de los daños y perjuicios ocasionados, así como de los futuros que se ocasionen producto de sus negligencias y actuaciones disconformes, los cuales se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia, más el pago de las costas procesales y personales del presente proceso.
En otro orden de ideas, se debe señalar que, la parte actora, según consta en los autos, acudió a diferentes instancias para denunciar y solicitar la intervención de las situación de las inundaciones que afectan el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, acudiendo en su oportunidad al Colegio Federado e Ingenieros y Arquitectos, Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, Comisión Nacional para la Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia y la Municipalidad de Garabito. Ahora bien, en razón el objeto de litis, la cual fue trabada con la contestación de la demanda, y posterior ajuste efectuado por parte de la actora en fecha 01 de julio de 2021, acogido por parte de este Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda mediante la resolución de las 10:02 horas de fecha 27 de setiembre de 2021, ajuste de pretensiones sobre el cual, el ayuntamiento se pronunció en fecha 04 de octubre de 2021, se circunscribirá el presente proceso a enjuiciar la conducta de la Municipalidad de Garabito únicamente en lo que la parte actora estableció conducta omisiva, no así las demás entidades públicas que, de alguna manera u otra cuentan con competencias legales atribuidas en materia de aguas pluviales y de incidencia ambiental.
Reservándose, como adelante se dirá, las potestades de coordinación y cooperación interinstitucional que están dispuestas a nivel del ordenamiento jurídico. Por otra parte, también debe aclararse que, al momento de la interposición de la demanda, ésta se dirigió no sólo en contra de la Municipalidad de Garabito, sino también a todas las sociedades propietarias de los inmuebles circunvecinos del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, incluyendo al Banco Improsa como fiduciario de la propiedad donde se desarrolla el Proyecto Vistas de Leona, acción judicial que desistió la actora, como se apuntó en líneas precedentes. Por este motivo, no se han ponderado por parte de esta Cámara Colegiado los aspectos incluidos en la demanda que hacen alusión a dichas personas jurídicas, ni tampoco la prueba y argumentos que en su momento fueron aportados por los otrora demandados, ni la réplica de contestación efectuada en su momento por parte de la actora respecto a éstos, salvo lo admitido expresamente en la Audiencia Preliminar, por parte de la persona Juzgadora de Trámite.
De ahí que, tampoco ha sido parte de este proceso, el control de legalidad de las conductas de los entonces demandados, por escaparse del objeto de la litis. Finalmente, en cumplimiento del principio dispositivo, y tomando en consideración el marco del proceso que ha sido definido por parte de la representación de la actora, respecto a que sometió a esta Jurisdicción Contenciosa la pretensión de controlar la conducta por parte de la Municipalidad de Garabito, únicamente en cuanto al funcionamiento anormal por conducta omisiva, de ahí que, se escapa del presente proceso, el control de legalidad sobre los actos administrativos emanados por ésta, y su verificación de conformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico, siendo que si bien, de los autos se infieren que tangencialmente existieron argumentos esbozados de forma genérica por parte de la accionante, lo cierto del caso es que, de la redacción de las pretensiones ajustadas por parte de la actora, y el hecho de que haya tomado la decisión de desistir la acción respecto a las personas jurídicas que fueron destinatarias de estos actos administrativos, se determina que dichos actos formales no fueron sometidos a control judicial por la parte actora en este proceso, por lo que tampoco es parte del proceso, el análisis de si estos actos formales cuentan con algún vicio en sus elementos esenciales (motivo, contenido, procedimiento, voluntad y fin), reiterándose, por cuanto dentro de sus pretensiones no solicitó la declaratoria de nulidad de actos formales dictados por parte de la Municipalidad de Garabito (solo la disconformidad dentro de la conducta omisiva), ni tampoco alegó dentro de su demanda y ajuste de pretensiones la existencia de algún vicio en los elementos de dichos actos. De ahí que, lo anterior será el marco de decisión de esta Cámara Colegiada. -
Como se indicó líneas arriba, en su escrito de demanda, réplica y argumentos efectuados en la fase de conclusiones de la audiencia del juicio oral y público, la actora es propietaria de la finca filial N° 35 del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas (en diferentes partes de la presente resolución se hace referencia a dicho condominio con nomenclaturas distintas, dado que así son transcritas de las instituciones que participaron en los diferentes hechos esbozados en la demanda, no obstante todas se refieren al mismo complejo urbanístico). Dicho Condominio se encuentra ubicado en el Complejo Turístico Punta Leona, en el sitio denominado Mantas, del Distrito de Jacó, del Cantón de Garabito de la Provincia de Puntarenas. Por lo que se encuentra dentro de la jurisdicción de la Municipalidad de Garabito. Narra que dicha casa de recreo ha sido utilizada por el representante de la actora, el señor Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata, desde el año 2005, en ese año “(…) y durante los años anteriores, el curso y desfogue de las aguas era normal; específicamente, en el área común o alameda de 8 metros de ancho al Norte de la filial de mi representada, funcionaba en su centro un pequeño caño, en donde la escorrentía de aguas era insignificante en los meses de invierno y permanecía seco en los meses de verano.
Esa alameda se une y continúa en su extremo Oeste con la (…) alcantarilla de cuadro bajo la calle adoquinada en Condominio Las Lapas, con una sección de 1.25 m x 1.50 m, apropiada hasta entonces para el desfogue pluvial propio (del Condominio Las Lapas) y de una reducida área circundante con densa cobertura vegetal”. Señala que, a partir del año 2007, con el desarrollo de un proyecto habitacional, integrado por el Condominios Horizontal Residencial con Fincas Filiales Primarias Individualizadas Vistas de Leona y Condominio Horizontal Residencial en Fincas Filiales Primarias Individualizadas Ciento Cuarenta y Nueve del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Vistas de Leona, y que para los efectos de la presente resolución se aludirá al Proyecto Vistas de Leona, cuya extensión es de más de 20 hectáreas, y más de 300 fincas filiales, en comparación con la extensión menor que el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, de sólo 2.1 hectáreas, y 60 fincas filiales; ha venido sufriendo una serie de inundaciones por aguas pluviales en algunas de las casas que están al frente de la calle de adoquines, donde por debajo de ésta se encuentra la alcantarilla de cuadro antes descrita.
Comenta que, en el invierno del año 2008, “se presentó otra situación anormal de crecida de las aguas que discurrían por las áreas comunes al Norte de la Filial 35 y al Este del Condominio Las Lapas, siendo el origen de esas aguas el proyecto residencial Vistas de Leona, lo que produjo anegamiento de calles, casas y lotes del Condominio Las Lapas, dejando además barro y escombros”. Arguye que, con el paso de los años, y el avance de construcciones del Proyecto Vistas de Leona, se han agravado las inundaciones, y que incluso “aumentó en los volúmenes de aguas pluviales indebidamente canalizadas hacia el Condominio Las Lapas, con los consecuentes daños continuados, hoy en evolución, del camino Este de nuestro Condominio y de la alameda Norte de la propiedad de la actora (ambas áreas comunes de Condominio Las Lapas)”. Con respecto a los daños objeto del presente proceso, afirma que se presentan de forma continuada desde el año 2007 y hasta la actualidad se han ido incrementado, los cuales consisten en los siguientes: i) Daños en el Camino al Este (Área común, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas), el cual resume que, responde a daños en la calle de lastre sin cunetas ni desagües, producto de las acciones de verter aguas del proyecto Vistas de Leona y porque, se cavó sin autorización un desagüe, generando daños por erosión y aumento del caudal, “al punto de que para el invierno del último año, 2018, el zanjón terminó siendo de 3.7 metros de profundidad por cinco metros ancho, e invade más de la mitad del ancho de la citada calle auxiliar de laste, haciéndola hoy intransitable”. ii) Daños en la Alameda (Área común, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas).
Apunta que, “Lo que originalmente era una alameda de zona verde enzacatada (área común al Norte de la filial de mi representada), y que en las épocas más severas de lluvia servía en su centro como un pequeñísimo caño de unos centímetros de profundidad para la conducción de aguas pluviales de zona próximas, se convirtió como consecuencia dañosa de las acciones y omisiones de los demandados, en un río de mas de 3 metros de profundidad, con frecuentes eventos de desbordamiento de aguas. Esto, a parte de la degradación o pérdida de la zona común del condominio, empezó a erosionar el terreno muy de cerca de las bases sobre las que se asienta la casa de recreo de mi representada”. iii) Daños en la Casa de Recreo la Actora (Área privativa, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas). Alude que principalmente se han provocado deslaves en los bordes del terreno y se han sufrido inundaciones que han llegado hasta la terraza de la casa de recreo, y que ha dejado allí y en los jardines resto de maleza y barro.
Otros daños que imputa son “la inutilización del acceso posterior de la vivienda y descubrimiento de los cimientos tanto del muro de retención Norte como de las columnas junto a la terraza. También otras viviendas del Condominio Las Lapas han sufrido inundaciones específicamente las número 21 y 22”. Otros de los efectos en el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas y en la entrada de la alameda que reseña el actor, consiste en que: “Las dos rutas y los daños en la alameda y en la calle de lastre (ambas áreas comunes del Condominio Las Lapas) convergen. La canalización ilegal de las aguas de un sector de Vista de Leona sobre la calle de lastre (Ruta Dos) llegó hasta la entrada de la que un día fue alameda y que hoy convirtieron en un río intermitente, posibilitado por una depresión topográfica natural o canal que viene del Este (Ruta Uno), que ahora también transporta agua que vierte el mega proyecto Vistas de Leona, dando como resultado que las aguas indebidamente vertidas sobre la calle de lastre choquen con las provenientes del otro sector de Vistas de Leona, ocasionando esa unión aguas arremolinadas que también menoscaban y erosionan las áreas comunes del Condominio Lapas.
Así, en la entrada a la alameda se presenta además un efecto remolino destructivo per se. Producto de todo esto y como vimos, a partir del año 2007 se han venido presentando inundaciones en gran parte de las áreas comunes del Condominio Las Lapas, incluyendo rebalses de agua sobre viviendas y sobre la calle de adoquines que está sobre la alcantarilla de cuadro que atraviesa de Este a Oeste el Condominio Lapas”. Ahora bien, en su criterio todos estos daños tienen su origen en la conducta omisiva de la Municipalidad de Garabito, en el tanto, por un lado otorgó permisos fraccionados, lo cual fue identificado por el Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos como una falta grave de los responsables de las obras, y por el otro, por la inercia en la fiscalización de los permisos conferidos, permitiéndose que se construyera el Proyecto sin la supervisión requerida y al margen de las disposiciones legales sobre materia ambiental y desfogues pluviales.
Todo lo anterior, en su criterio demuestra la conducta disconforme de la demandada, causándole daños que deben ser reparados en favor de su representada. Solicitando que en sentencia: “Se declare disconforme con el ordenamiento jurídico la conducta de la Municipalidad de Garabito consistente en las siguientes omisiones: • Inacción, falta de fiscalización y falta de uso de herramientas jurídicas a su disposición ante el desarrollo urbanístico irregular que representan los Condominios Vistas de Leona (Hechos #12, 21, 25, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35 y 39). • Falta de otorgamiento del Permiso Municipal para la construcción de ambos condominios Vistas de Leona (Hechos # 12, 18, 19, 22, 23 y 25). • Falta de exigencia de los requisitos, visados y permisos constructivos usuales, como es el caso del Permiso de Desfogue Pluvial y la autorización oportuna del Ministerio de Salud, del Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillado y del INVU (Hechos # 12, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25 y 26). • Falta de cumplimiento de actuaciones y obras específicas que otras instituciones le ordenaron a la Municipalidad implementar y fiscalizar, como es el caso de: las medidas de mitigación ordenadas por la Comisión Nacional de Emergencia; el control, fiscalización, realización de estudios y la toma de medidas según recomendó el Ministerio de Salud; el estudio hidrológico y las obras de infraestructura ordenadas por A. y A. y, la fiscalización ordenada por SETENA (Hechos #24, 25, 26, 37 y 39). • Falta de cumplimiento de lo ordenado por la Sala Constitucional en cuanto a ‘llegar a una solución respecto a los hechos alegados por el amparado.’ (Hechos # 31, 32, 33, 24 y 35). • Falta de exigencia municipal de obras específicas por parte de Vistas de Leona que departamentos de la propia Municipalidad reconocieron como necesarias (Hechos # 12, 30 y 36). • Falta de resolución de la denuncia planteada por la aquí actora (Hechos # 29 y 30).
B- Pretensión genérica de HACER: Condénese a la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO al efectivo ejercicio de sus potestades legales y de imperio y a realizar y velar por la realización las obras necesarias a fin de evitar y revertir las consecuencias perjudiciales de su actuar ilegítimo en contra de la actora, así como a exigir de cualquier infractor cualquier obra necesaria en cumplimiento de la normativa legal desaplicada en materia urbanística en general y en materia de desfogues y disposición de aguas pluviales en lo particular, para el cese de la afectación de los legítimos intereses y derechos de la parte actora. C- Se condene a la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO al pago de una indemnización por los daños y perjuicios presentes que se hayan ocasionado, así como de los futuros que se ocasionen producto de sus negligencias, actuaciones disconformes y omisiones en todo lo relativo a la disposición indebida de las aguas pluviales del megaproyecto de condominios Vistas de Leona, la cual se liquidará en la fase de ejecución de sentencia.
D- Se condene a la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO al pago de ambas costas de estos procedimientos, las cuales se liquidarán en la etapa procesal oportuna”. En síntesis, funda su demanda en la Ley General de la Administración Pública, artículos, 190, 191, 196, 197 y 198; Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, artículos 12 inciso 4, 13, 15 inciso b), 40, 42 incisos g) y j), 49 y 220; en el Código Civil, artículos 10, 12, 255, 264, 295, 305, 309, 312, 316 a 325, 326, 329, 332, 375, 376, 379, 506, 508, 1045 y 1046; Ley de Aguas, artículo 94; Ley de Planificación Urbana, numerales 36 y 57; Ley Reguladora en Propiedad en Condominio, numerales 2, 3, 19, 20 y 22 y artículo 16, en relación con los numerales 2, 3 y 4 del respectivo Reglamento; Ley de Construcciones artículos 1, 9, 11, 74, 87, 76 y 89; Ley General de Salud, artículos 285, 309, 313; Ley Orgánica del Ambiente numerales 30 y 60; Reglamento de Construcciones del INVU, artículos 121, 434, 441; Reglamento de Construcciones de la Municipalidad Garabito, numeral 38; Decreto Ejecutivo N° 32079, Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales, numerales 6.1 6.3.4; Reglamento para el Control y Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones INVU Artículo III.3.2.12; Norma Técnica para Diseño y Construcción de Sistema de Abastecimiento de Agua Potable, Saneamiento y Sistema Pluvial de AYA Apartados f), g), y h); Código de Instalaciones Hidráulicas y Sanitarias en Edificaciones CFIA (2017), artículo 1-1., 1-6, 9.7-1, 9.7-2, 9.7-3, 9.7-6; y el Reglamento sobre Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849.
Definiciones Ambiente, Daño Ambiental, Efectos Acumulativos, Impacto Ambiental Potencial, Medidas de Compensación, Medidas de Mitigación, Medidas de Prevención. Cita como abono en su tesis, la Resolución N° 510-F-1-2012 de fecha 10 de abril de 2014 de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia y la Resolución N° 61-2014 30 de abril de 2014 del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, en cuanto al reconocimiento de daños continuados, y la Resolución N° 00979-F-206 de las 7:55 horas del 16 de diciembre de 2006, en donde la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia ha establecido la obligación de las corporaciones municipales de vigilar los efectos de las obras constructivas aprobados en su jurisdicción local. En el escrito de réplica a la contestación de la demanda realizada por la Municipalidad, expone que “Es falso lo que señala la Municipalidad demandada. La colindancia Norte de la finca de mi representada (…) NO es ni según planos, ni oficialmente ni en realidad una ‘quebrada de dominio público de carácter permanente’.
Según el plano catastrado de la propiedad actora (…) se trata de un área común con carácter de alameda, que valga decir topográficamente era una pequeña depresión natural producto de la unión o intersección de dos laderas, algo típico de la zona, convertida hoy en un cauce estacional por las canalizaciones artificiales que dan sustento a esta acción”. Para lo cual reseña como prueba los documentos correspondientes a planos de los inmuebles de su representada, circunvecinos, diseños del sitio del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, plano de la finca madre, identificados como pruebas N° 7, 8, 14, 64, 16, 18, 19, 20, 67, 67 y 71 aportadas con su demanda. Además, más adelante en su libelo de réplica a la contestación de la demanda, afirma que la “Municipalidad bien supo en su momento y debería saberlo ahora, que nunca ha existido en la ubicación que interesa ninguna quebrada de dominio público de carácter permanente, por lo que es improcedente la existencia de retiro alguno de parte de mi representada.
Así lo reconoció esta demandada en su momento al otorgarnos los permisos de construcción a derecho y al visar TODOS los planos que se han catastrado en el área circundante, cuando obviamente no había incurrido en las falacias traídas a propósito de esta litis”. En cuanto a la respuesta efectuada por parte de la Corporación Municipal al hecho sétimo, en relación con que no ha autorizado acciones de terceros que afecten al Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, la actora replica que “reconoce su falta de fiscalización en las obras de los demandados Vistas de Leona. Esto es, no otorgó permisos de desfogue pluvial ni fiscalizó la ausencia de desfogues apropiados en el mega proyecto (sic) Vistas de Leona”. Finalmente, en las conclusiones esbozadas durante el juicio oral y público, remarcó que no se logra comprobar la existencia de un cauce de dominio público en las colindancias norte y este de la propiedad del actora, y analizó la falta de competencia de la Dirección de Aguas del Instituto Meteorológico del MINAE en cuanto a la determinación de la ubicación del cauce de dominio público encontrado, y enfatizó en el hecho que a la fecha se siguen presentando en las épocas del invierno inundaciones en el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, producto como lo reseñó en su deposición el Perito Judicial, de la impermeabilización del terreno del Proyecto Vistas de Leona, el cual entre más cantidad de construcciones se realicen, el problema se agravará.
Reiterando que los problemas de inundaciones que se están enfrentando los condóminos de Las Lapas viene precisamente de la falta de fiscalización de la Corporación Municipal sobre que el desarrollo del Proyecto Vistas de Leona cumpla con los requerimientos en cuanto a los estudios hidrológicos requeridos para determinar los efectos de su sistema pluvial con relación a las poblaciones aguas abajo, lo cual a la fecha sigue sin ser cumplido, por cuanto las memorias de cálculo que fueron presentadas en su momento por los representantes del Proyecto Vista de Leona son extemporáneos, y más bien dan cuenta de que existe un problema, respecto a que el sistema pluvial del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas no fue construido para recibir un caudal de la dimensiones del Proyecto Vistas de Leona. Y que se mantiene la omisión de la Municipalidad de Garabito de realizar y solicitar la elaboración de estudios de hidrología que determinen la real dimensión del aporte del Proyecto Vistas de Leona sobre los demás proyectos vías abajo. Probándose una vez más, la conducta omisiva de dicho Gobierno Local.-
Señala en la contestación de la demanda y ajuste de pretensiones, y en alegato de conclusiones durante la celebración del juicio oral y público que, de la demanda y la prueba aportada en autos y en los expedientes administrativos, no se logra comprobar el nexo causal entre el daño patrimonial alegado (de hecho, refuta la existencia de un daño) y la conducta (omisiva) de la Municipalidad de Garabito. Afirma que, no lleva razón la parte actora, respecto al incumplimiento de la verificación de que la construcción del Proyecto Vistas de Leona contara con los permisos respectivos, puesto que “fue construido con los permisos de construcción y láminas aprobadas por el INVU, AYA oficio CON-2008-424 BIT-2008, Ministerio Salud el 08/09/2008 mediante oficio RPC-UPAH. En el permiso PC-226-2008, se aprecia el diseño para el desfogue pluvial, incluyendo obras de mitigación, tal y como se detalla en los folios 686 al 683, donde se realiza un exhaustivo de todas las autorizaciones constantes, Oficio DI-440-2010 (…) y el oficio DI-591-2011 suscrito por el (…) Coordinador del Departamento de Control y Desarrollo Urbano”.
Además, refuta que si bien, en algún momento no dispuso de esa documentación, la misma fue subsanada. En cuanto al reclamo de los daños en su propiedad y áreas comunes del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, señala que la actora se encuentra en trasgresión del numeral 33 de la Ley Forestal, por cuanto “La colindancia Norte de la finca en mención aparece registralmente como área común (alameda) de 8.00 m, sin embargo, en la realidad existe en dicho límite una quebrada de dominio público de carácter permanente, dictaminada por el Departamento de Aguas del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, mediante oficio número IMN-DA-1747 de fecha 17 de junio de 2008, (…) atravesando de esta forma el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Villas Las Lapas, y específicamente el costado norte de la finca filial 6039910-F-000, propiedad de la empresa actora. Lo anterior, también fue asentada en los informes número DRD-INSP-334-2009 y PCE-ARS-OSMG-URS-R-016-2009, emitidos por el Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos y el Ministerio de Salud”.
Más adelante indica que, sobre esta quebrada de dominio público, al momento de la inspección ocular en fecha 04 de noviembre de 2009 “discurría agua, dicho cause ingresa por una alcantarilla de cuadro y sigue su curso bajo las calles adoquinadas que atraviesa el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Villa Lapas, por lo que estaríamos en presencia de una flagrante violación a los retiros de la zona de protección establecida por el numeral 33 de la Ley Forestal (…)”. Respecto al origen de la inundaciones que afectan al Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas la Municipalidad de Garabito sostiene que la actora no demuestra “que los eventos de la inundación dichos respondan a descargas pluviales excesivas por parte de los demandados, puesto que no aporta una medición del flujo de agua, únicamente se aboca a aportar una serie de fotografía en las cuales no demuestra la causa de origen de dichos eventos y que bien podrían responder al hecho de haber edificado sin respetar los retiros de la zona de protección (…), así como a un sistema de evacuación de aguas fluviales insuficientes, lo cual fue acreditado por el Ingeniero Gerardo Castillo Rojas, en la memoria de cálculo de desfogue pluvial del Condominio Residencial Horizontal Vista Leona”.
En lo concerniente a la explicación que realiza la parte actora de las dos rutas en donde se discurre las aguas pluviales del Proyecto Vistas de Leona, y sobre la omisión por parte del Gobierno Local para evitar que se discurra agua sobre el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, lo refuta con sustento en la “lámina 02/17 del juego de planos presentados por el Condominio Vista leona, aprobados por esta municipalidad, el Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, Acueductos y Alcantarillados en oficio CON-2008-423-BIT-2008, el Ministerio de Salud mediante oficio RPC-UPAH-PC-226-2008, [donde] se puede apreciar el diseño del desfogue pluvial (…) que incluye obras de mitigación al igual que las secciones del canal de servidumbre pluvial. Según la nota # 7 en esa misma lamina (sic) ‘Las aguas pluviales descargaran en una servidumbre pluvial estacional existente, con descarga en la finca filial (…) propietario Mangotam de Punta Leona Sociedad Anónima autoriza recibir las aguas pluviales de este proyecto, mediante la declaración jurada otorgada ante el Notario Público (…)’.
De lo anterior se desprende que la autorización efectuada por este ayuntamiento número DI-558-2007, renovada con oficio de fecha 09 de julio de 2008, únicamente permitió el desfogue de aguas pluviales hacia la propiedad del entonces Mangotam de Punta Leona S.A. y no hacia otras propiedades”. Sumado a lo anterior, rechaza que el origen de las inundaciones provenga de las autorizaciones conferidas por la Municipalidad al Proyecto de Vistas de Leona, para lo que se fundamenta en el informe de regencia ambiental de ese proyecto donde se indica que se hicieron obras de mitigación, así como el diseño de las obras pluviales que se consignan en los planos aprobados del Gobierno Local y por las demás instituciones públicas citadas. Indica que más bien, en el Informe N° DPM-INF-1574-2009 elaborado por la CNE en fecha 04 de diciembre de 2009, no se logró advertir que las inundaciones provinieran del Proyecto Vistas de Leonas, y por el contrario, esta institución pública giró una serie de instrucciones que debían de ser cumplidas por el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, las cuales no han sido cumplidas (demostrando su culpa en relación a los daños que presuntamente alega), aunado a que, el Ministerio de Salud hace informar que los desarrolladores construyeron el referido Condominio Horizontal Residencial Lapas desatendiendo la zona de protección de la quebrada, de ahí que “queda en evidencia que los hechos de inundación han sido producto de la irresponsabilidad del propio Condominio Residencial Horizontal Villa Lapas”.
Por igualdad de razones rechaza que exista responsabilidad de la Municipalidad por las inundaciones y los daños que apunta la parte actora sobre su propiedad y del Condominio de reiterada cita, por cuanto alega que, precisamente el ayuntamiento ha cumplido de forma diligente sus competencias, prueba de ello que actualmente el Proyecto Vistas de Leona se encuentra paralizado, en atención a la resolución N° 586-2021 de las 10:50 horas de fecha 15 de abril de 2021, la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, en donde se suspendió todas las obras constructivas por los deslizamientos de tierra que se han producido en tres hectáreas del referido Proyecto. Respecto al cumplimiento de sus obligaciones legales, refiere a que, “Las acciones de resguardo a la salud pública y al ambiente determinados por el Ministerio de Salud hacia el ayuntamiento corresponden al control y fiscalización de los permisos constructivos, situación que ha sido cabalmente cumplir por mi representada, al constatar la existencia de la autorización municipal PC-226-2008, las láminas aprobadas por el INVU, AYA (…), Ministerio de Salud (…)” y además, sus responsabilidades en su criterio, se circunscriben a la calle pública de Punta Leona, labores que fueron efectuadas en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto por la Sala Constitucional.
No teniendo competencia alguna sobre los actos privados o de negocio privado que se efectuaron en relación con el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas. Afirma que les dio curso a las denuncias de la actora, requiriéndole al Proyecto Vistas de Leona que presentara un informe de las obras de mitigación, recibiendo dicha información correspondiente a la memoria de cálculo sobre la descarga pluvial, en donde se logra determinar que la responsabilidad tributaria de las aguas por parte de dicho Proyecto al punto de control (casa del denunciante), es de 25% del cauce, por lo que desvirtúa que el origen de las inundaciones provenga de este Proyecto. Aunado, “a la presentación de la memoria de cálculo y diseño de reductores del Condominio Vista Leona, cumpliendo de esta forma con los requerimientos municipales”. Así las cosas, con sustento, en los numerales 1, 74, y 87 de la Ley de Construcciones N° 833, artículo 3 de la Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio N° 7933, el numeral 33 de la Ley Forestal N° 7575, el artículo 60 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley N° 7554, numerales 285 y 286 de la Ley General de Salud, Ley N° 5394, numeral 94 de la Ley de Aguas, Ley N° 276, artículo 64 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, artículo 379 del Código Civil y numeral 434 del Reglamento de Construcciones del INVU, solicita que sea rechazada en todos sus extremos la demanda interpuesta y que se proceda a condenar a la actora al pago de las costas procesales y personales.
Lo cual reiteró en las conclusiones esgrimidas en el Juicio Oral y Público, al determinar que de toda la información y prueba que consta en el expediente judicial, así como de los expedientes administrativos, y de los testigos que fueron evacuados, no se logra determinar que las omisiones o los problemas que están generándose de inundación en el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas tenga como origen o vincule a la Municipalidad de Garabito, o que de las instrucciones giradas se encuentren dentro de las atribuciones legales y reglamentarias del Gobierno Local, sino que todas las instituciones públicas intervinientes, Ministerio de Salud, CNE, SETENA y AYA han girado instrucciones a las empresas desarrolladoras del Proyecto de Vistas de Leona e incluso a los correspondientes del Condominio de la parte actora, sin que a la fecha se compruebe que hayan sido cumplidos. Debido a lo expuesto, reitera que sea rechazada en todos sus extremos la demanda interpuesta y se condene al pago de ambas costas a la accionante.
Por último, se debe manifestar que, aún y cuando el Gobierno Local no interpuso expresamente alguna excepción previa o de fondo, se infiere de los alegatos de la contestación de demanda, alegatos de apertura y clausura del debate del Juicio Oral y Público, resumidos en líneas precedentes, que opone la excepción de fondo de Falta de Derecho, la cual es uno de los presupuestos, además de interés y legitimación que legalmente son exigidas ser aprecias de oficio por parte del órgano jurisdiccional, de ahí que, dentro de éste ámbito se entrará a valorar su tesis de defensa. -
En fecha 26 de abril de 2023, la empresa Inmobiliaria Abarca & Barrantes S.A., en calidad de propietaria de la finca filial del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, requirió ser considerado como coadyuvante de la parte actora en el presente proceso, adhiriéndose a los hechos, fundamentos, razones y argumentos de la demanda, “dado que el resultado de acción incide en la esfera de sus intereses”, tanto de forma directa en su propiedad, como en la proporción de las áreas comunes. Agregando como hechos que su representada, que su propiedad nunca había sido afectada por los eventos de anegamiento que fueran descritos por la accionante en la demanda. Reitera la posición de la actora, en cuanto a que “Desde el año 2007 hemos venido sufriendo eventos recurrentes de inundación en el Condominio Las Lapas, ocasionados por el agua que se vierte desde un desarrollo urbanístico montaña arriba con una extensión de más de 20 hectáreas, denominado Condominio Vistas de Leona, también conocido como Villa Leona, aún cuando al presente la cobertura de construcción de ese Condominio a lo sumo alcanza un 20% de avance”.
Igualmente, afirma que existe un peligro inminente respecto a su propiedad y de las viviendas particulares, también para la estructura de áreas comunes del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, con las inundaciones que se han producido en las acera y calle de enfrente, donde quedan después sedimentos, ramas y restos vegetales. Afirma, al igual que la actora que, la alcantarilla de la calle frontal donde se desfogan las aguas del Proyecto Vistas de Leona se construyó para evacuar pocas aguas, y no la recarga de aguas como actualmente está teniendo que soportar, para un proyecto de 20 hectáreas.-
Tal y como ha sido anteriormente establecido, del libelo de la demanda incoada por la parte actora, así como de la contestación de la demanda efectuada por el Gobierno Local, réplica de ésta y los argumentos conclusivos expresados por las partes accionante y demandada durante la celebración de la audiencia del Juicio Oral y Público, se colige que se reclama la eventual responsabilidad preeminentemente objetiva por parte de la Municipalidad de Garabito, derivado de su inercia en cuanto a la fiscalización y control de los permisos de construcción y de desfogue pluvial otorgados al Proyecto Vistas de Leona, así como la falta del ejercicio de sus competencias para evitar que se construyera dicho proyecto, al no contar con todos los requisitos legales. Funcionamiento anormal por conducta omisiva que, en criterio de la parte actora ha implicado que de forma continua desde el año 2007 y hasta la fecha se estén produciendo inundaciones en el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, con los consecuentes riesgos a la vida y a la propiedad de los habitantes de éste.
Aunado a que, el actor acudió a diferentes instancias, las cuales giraron una serie de recomendaciones y de instrucciones, las cuales, en opinión de la actora, no han sido cumplidas por el ayuntamiento, lo cual incide en la pronta resolución al problema de inundaciones. Requiriendo una serie de pretensiones, que se enfocan en que la Municipalidad de Garabito cumpla a cabalidad dichas recomendaciones, pero además efectúe o que ordene la realización de obras para revertir los daños producidos. Dada la naturaleza propia de dicha responsabilidad preeminentemente objetiva de la Administración Pública, se considera necesario puntualizar los elementos que la distinguen, las cuales tienen incidencia sobre la verificación por parte de este Tribunal, si se configura la existencia de ésta en el sub júdice o si en su defecto, la demandada logró acreditar la existencia de un rompimiento del nexo de causalidad. 1.
Sobre el fundamento constitucional de la Responsabilidad Patrimonial. Sobre el tema que nos ocupa en el presente proceso, se parte en primera instancia que los daños reclamados provienen de la conducta omisiva del Gobierno Local. En este sentido, se logra advertir de la demanda incoada que la accionante refiere tanto a los numerales 190 y siguientes de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, Ley N° 6227, así como de los numerales 1045 y 1048 del Código Civil, regímenes que son distintos no sólo en cuanto a su naturaleza, sino también en lo que refiere a los presupuestos para su aplicación. Ahora bien, en lo concerniente al régimen sustantivo de responsabilidad patrimonial, la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, ha realizado un desarrollo sobre los antecedentes y fundamentos constitucionales de la responsabilidad preeminentemente objetiva de la Administración Pública por conducta omisiva o funcionamiento anormal de la prestación del servicio público, lo cual también ha sido complementado por parte de la doctrina, tanto nacional como internacional, distinguiéndose entre la responsabilidad netamente civil (regulada en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico principalmente por el numeral 1045 del Código Civil), en donde se requiere de la verificación y comprobación de los elementos subjetivos (culpabilidad) del presunto infractor, de aquella objetiva, que prescinde de éstos, para corroborar las condiciones para que se derive el derecho indemnizatorio.
En el presente caso, aun cuando la actora apunta a ambas al reseñar el marco legal en que ampara su demanda, por el contenido del marco del proceso, los alegatos que se desprenden del libelo de la demanda, réplica y conclusiones, así como toda la teoría de la defensa del ayuntamiento, se logra extraer que estamos en presencia de la segunda. Al respecto, debe apuntarse que la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia ha sostenido que “La responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado tiene sustento en la naturaleza misma de la Administración Pública como gestora de los intereses colectivos,” (Resolución N° 00308-F-2006 de las 10:30 horas de fecha 25 de mayo de 2006, entre otras); intereses colectivos que se han traducido por la doctrina y la misma jurisprudencia como el interés general, y tiene como antecedente histórico los ideales de libertad, igualdad y la soberanía popular de la Revolución Francesa que marcaron la bases de la democracia contemporánea, y la existencia de un Estado Social y Democrático de Derecho en Costa Rica.
Así la Sala Primera en la Resolución citada apuntó que: “(…) Su nacimiento [refiriéndose a la responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado] se retrotrae a los ideales de la Revolución Francesa y el desarrollo que sobre el tema realizó el Consejo de Estado Francés. Todo ello se ha visto complementado por una gran evolución doctrinal y jurisprudencial, presupuestos de base para su incorporación dentro de las fuentes escritas del Ordenamiento Jurídico de la corriente romano-germánica. Así las cosas, desde que el Estado es persona sometida al Derecho y parte esencial del engranaje democrático, es responsable. En abandono ha quedado aquella inmunidad absoluta de quien ejerce el poder. La conocida expresión del ‘Estado soy yo’, fue pulverizada con la reelaboración del sistema político moderno, en tanto sojuzga con el bloque de legalidad a todo aquel que ostenta posición de poder público, y le otorga como contrapartida, responsabilidad por su conducta antijurídica”.
(Resolución N° 00308-F-2006 de las 10:30 horas de fecha 25 de mayo de 2006 citada). 2. Sobre los alcances de la Responsabilidad Patrimonial de la Administración Pública por conducta omisiva. Dentro de dicho contexto histórico, es relevante reseñar los avances hacia concepto de la responsabilidad administrativa preeminentemente objetiva, la cual es la que se positiviza en el derecho interno costarricense, para lo cual de forma resumida se procede a transcribir de seguido el siguiente extracto de la Resolución N° 000584-F-2005 de las 10:40 horas del 11 de agosto de 2005 emitido por la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, en un caso de funcionamiento anormal de la Administración derivado de una conducta omisiva material de la Administración Pública: "(...) ‘V.- Los conceptos de responsabilidad de la Administración Pública y del deber de indemnizar han evolucionado mucho en el derecho occidental.
En la antigüedad no se concebía la responsabilidad estatal proveniente del daño o el perjuicio que la actividad de la Administración o de sus agentes pudiera producir a los administrados. Más tarde, se admitió, en ciertos casos, la responsabilidad de los funcionarios y se reconocieron algunos derechos al individuo, frente al Estado. Luego aparecieron las teorías de los actos de gestión y actos de autoridad. En los primeros, las actividades caen en la esfera del derecho privado por existir una igualdad de derecho entre las partes; los otros se refieren a las actividades regladas por el derecho público, donde hay una desigualdad de derechos que caen en el dominio de las relaciones de poder, para determinar así que, si el acto perjudicial es un acto de autoridad, entonces el Estado no es responsable, porque las decisiones nacen de su soberanía y no de un derecho de carácter patrimonial. Posteriormente fueron abandonadas estas teorías, para entrarse a analizar la responsabilidad del Estado, merced a lo cual se llegó a la conclusión de que todo acto administrativo puede entrañar una responsabilidad estatal, pero ella se subordinó a la existencia de una falta de servicio.
Se estableció que existía falta de servicio si al cumplirse la función se causaba un daño. Ello aun cuando el funcionario ejerciera su labor como tal, si al hacerlo, actuó con negligencia, o incurriendo en omisiones, o errores vinculados al servicio, o cuando no se cumplía la función debiendo realizarse, o se efectuaba en forma tardía. Quedó establecida, además, la falta del funcionario o falta personal, que es aquélla en que se incurre cuando éste se extralimita en sus atribuciones. Luego se aceptó que ambas faltas podían coexistir, y aunque diferentes, podían concurrir a la producción de un daño si la falta personal estaba ligada a la ejecución de un servicio público. Por último, se arriba a la última etapa de la evolución para reconocer la responsabilidad de la Administración por razón del simple funcionamiento del servicio, sin necesidad de probar la culpa del funcionario encargado de su prestación ...’ Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia N° 263 de las 15:30 hrs del 22 de agosto de 1990”.
(Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Resolución N° 000584-F-2005 de las 10:40 horas del 11 de agosto de 2005, e igual sentido las Resoluciones N°138 de las 15:05 horas del 23 de agosto de 1991; N°192 de las 14:15 horas del 6 de noviembre de 1991; N°48 de las 14:10 horas del 29 de mayo de 1996 y N°55 de las 14:30 horas del 4 de julio de 1997, todas emitidas por ese mismo órgano jurisdiccional). 3. Sobre la Competencia de la Jurisdicción Contenciosa Administrativa. Ahora bien, es importante traer a colación que el ámbito de protección de la jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa, de cara a la responsabilidad de la Administración, bajo el modelo de un Estado Social y Democrático de Derecho y el derecho fundamental a la Tutela Judicial Efectiva implica que no existe ninguna materia que queda exenta de su control, por lo que, aún en el caso de tratarse de una omisión, como se alega en el caso de mérito (por el no ejercicio de una conducta material tendiente al ejercicio de las competencias municipales en materia de planificación, control y ordenamiento urbano, específicamente en la fiscalización de las licencias que otorga y en los impactos que puede conllevar las obras que autoriza en el ambiente y las personas del cantón), puede ser sometida a la Jurisdicción Contenciosa, a fin de controlar su legalidad.
De esta manera, en la exposición de motivos del Proyecto de Ley, Expediente Legislativo N° 15134, que decantó en la actual Ley N° 8508, Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, se reiteró la vinculación entre el Estado Social, Democrático y Constitucional de Derecho de Costa Rica, con el acceso a una tutela judicial efectiva, al puntualizar que: “No cabe duda, entonces, que la voluntad del constituyente para garantizar al ciudadano la protección de sus intereses legítimos y derechos subjetivos, como el debido respeto al Ordenamiento Jurídico por la Administración Pública, o de alguno de los órganos constitucionales en el ejercicio de sus actividades materiales, deviene en nítida expresión de la democracia en su doble vertiente legal y legítima, cuyo espíritu rector quedó anclado primigeniamente al Preámbulo de la Constitución Política, el que, sin ser norma positiva, no deja de constituir un enunciado valorativo que impregna la totalidad del texto que lo determina y trasciende, para alimentar y guiar al Derecho del Estado en su conjunto.
Y es por la democracia como organización y actividad a diario vivida y convivida, que el presente proyecto lanza principios de compenetración con ideales altivos para ser ejecutados con la amplia participación judicial, ciudadana y administrativa en la tesitura actual del Estado social, democrático y ecológico de Derecho”. De esta manera en el artículo primero del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo se estableció un modelo de la justicia administrativa preeminentemente subjetivo o mixto (objetivo y subjetivo), pero dejando atrás el control restringido al acto administrativo, para abarcar la protección de los derechos subjetivos e intereses de la persona (que en doctrina se conocen como situaciones jurídicas de ventaja), materializando el mandato constitucional derivado del numeral 41, lo cual conlleva superar las limitaciones al acceso de la justicia y reduciendo las zonas de inmunidad, dado que la “función administrativa, (…) nunca puede estar inmune al control, porque toda función administrativa por el hecho de serla debe estar bajo el bloque de la legalidad y por tanto, sujeta a la fiscalización del Poder Judicial.
Ya han transcurrido decenios en donde quedaron atrás las zonas inmunes, al decir de don Eduardo García De Enterría, de la función administrativa”. (Acta N° 2 del 13 de octubre de 2004, Discusión en la Subcomisión de la Asamblea Legislativa, durante el Proyecto Legislativo del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, En: PROCURADURÍA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA. Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, Anotado con las Actas Legislativas. San José, Costa Rica, Editor Colegio de Abogados y Abogadas de Costa Rica, 2007, pp 5-9). En complemento a lo expuesto, y ponderando la naturaleza del caso de mérito, es criterio de esta Cámara Colegiada que esta Jurisdicción Contenciosa Administrativa es la competente para resolver la responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración Pública. Lo anterior ha sido confirmado reiteradas ocasiones por la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, quien ha postulado que: “El artículo 2 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo establece: “La Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa y Civil de Hacienda también conocerá lo siguiente: (…) b) Las cuestiones de responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración Pública y sus funcionarios”.
(Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Resolución N° 01266-2017 de las 11:09 horas de fecha 19 de octubre de 2017). Por lo que, determinando de forma oficio la competencia por parte de este Tribunal, elemento que debe verificarse, aun en el caso de que las partes no lo hayan advertido, mediante los mecanismos previstos en el Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, debe comprobarse como premisa antes del conocimiento del proceso, lo cual ha sido analizado y verificado por este Tribunal, de forma tal que se determina que existe competencia para dirimir y resolver sobre lo pretendido por la actora. 4. Sobre la imputabilidad del funcionamiento anormal para la determinación de la responsabilidad patrimonial. En adición a lo expuesto, y tratándose de la responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración Pública, se retoma lo apuntado por el autor Jesús González Pérez, al señalar que ésta puede derivarse tanto de la conducta activa como omisiva del Estado, apuntando que, “Las Administraciones públicas, al actuar en la realización de los fines que tienen encomendados, pueden producir, al lado de los efectos propios de la potestad que ejerzan, otros que, por no derivarse directamente de ella, pueden clasificarse de efectos anormales.
Estos efectos anormales pueden darse respecto de las Administraciones públicas y respecto del administrado. El supuesto típico de eficacia anormal respecto de la Administración lo constituye la responsabilidad patrimonial. Cuando, como 'consecuencia del funcionamiento normal o anormal de los servicios públicos' se produce una lesión en los bienes y derechos de los administrados, la Administración debe reparar el daño causado”. (GONZÁLEZ PÉREZ (Jesús). Responsabilidad Patrimonial de las Administraciones Pública, Editoria Cívitas, Cuarta Edición, 2006, pág. 187). Bajo el contexto jurídico anteriormente citado, debe aclararse el alcance del concepto de “funcionamiento anormal” de la Administración, por cuanto uno de los primeros aspectos es determinar la imputabilidad de la conducta de la Administración Pública, para luego determinar si se acreditó un daño resarcible desde la perspectiva del régimen jurídico constitucional, al que se ha aludido de forma precedente.
En este sentido, dicho término alude a la “(…) Actuación de los poderes públicos no ajustada al ordenamiento jurídico ni a los estándares propios de cada ramo de la actividad pública. // 2. Adm. Título de imputación de responsabilidad patrimonial de las Administraciones Púbicas”. (Muñoz Machado (Santiago). Diccionario Panhispánico del Español Jurídico. España, Real Academia Española, Volumen I, 2017 p.1057). Bajo dicha óptica, la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, al analizar el numeral 190 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública ha apuntado que existe una diferencia entre ilicitud y funcionamiento anormal, en donde si bien ambos refieren a la existencia de una patología que presente la conducta pública, como criterios de imputación de la responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración, tomando como parámetro que ningún administrado tiene obligación de soportar el daño, estos conceptos no son equivalentes entre sí, por cuanto la anormalidad hace referencia a una correspondencia con una actividad material debida, estableciendo que “la anormalidad atiende a aquellas conductas administrativas, que en sí mismas, se apartan de la buena administración (conforme al concepto utilizado por la propia Ley General en el artículo 102 inciso d., que entre otras cosas incluye la eficacia y la eficiencia) o de la organización, de las reglas técnicas o de la pericia y el prudente quedar en el despliegue de sus actuaciones, con efecto lesivo para la persona.
Esto permite señalar que la anormalidad puede manifestarse a través de un mal funcionamiento; un funcionamiento tardío, o una ausencia total de funcionamiento”. (Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, entre otras, Resolución N° 01367-212 de las 8:40 horas del 18 de octubre de 2012, donde se cita las Resoluciones N° 584-F-2005 de las 10:40 horas del 11 de agosto de 2005, N° 00308-F-2006 de las 10:30 horas del 25 de mayo de 2006). Precisamente en este plano sobre el presunto funcionamiento anormal de la Municipalidad de Garabito, es que se va a entrar a valorar el caso de sub júdice, objeto de la presente litis, siendo que como se apuntó en líneas anteriores, el accionante enmarcó sus pretensiones y el objeto del proceso en ese ámbito de responsabilidad, por lo que se centrará dicho análisis, a la luz de los parámetros constitucionales y legales que han sido esbozados en líneas anteriores. -
Ya ha quedado establecido que, en la especie versa sobre la eventual responsabilidad preeminentemente objetiva por parte de la Municipalidad de Garabito, en perjuicio de la actora, quien reclama la indemnización dada lesión generada en su patrimonio, debido a los daños producidos sobre su propiedad, las áreas comunes y el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas. Daños que indica que serán liquidados en ejecución de sentencia. Dado que el presente proceso se ha girado en diferentes aristas, se procederá de previo, a fin de esclarecer y ordenar los argumentos y pretensiones de la accionada, clasificándolas de la siguiente manera.
Según lo que ha sido expuesto en líneas anteriores, derivado del funcionamiento anormal por conducta omisiva, por parte de la Municipalidad de Garabito, la accionante requiere del reconocimiento del pago de daños y perjuicios, los cuales, según el hecho décimo sétimo de la demanda, describe que los daños y perjuicios consisten en los siguientes: a) Daños en el Camino Al Este (Área Común, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas), el cual resume que, responde a daños en la calle de lastre sin cunetas ni desagües, producto de las acciones de verter aguas del proyecto Vistas de Leona y porque, se cavó sin autorización un desagüe, generando daños por erosión y aumento del caudal, “al punto de que para el invierno del último año, 2018, el zanjón terminó siendo de 3.7 metros de profundidad por cinco metros ancho, e invade más de la mitad del ancho de la citada calle auxiliar de laste, haciéndola hoy intransitable”. b) Daños en la Alameda (Área común, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas).
Apunta que, “Lo que originalmente era una alameda de zona verde enzacatada (área común al Norte de la filial de mi representada), y que en las épocas más severas de lluvia servía en su centro como un pequeñísimo caño de unos centímetros de profundidad para la conducción de aguas pluviales de zona próximas, se convirtió como consecuencia dañosa de las acciones y omisiones de los demandados, en un río de más de 3 metros de profundidad, con frecuentes eventos de desbordamiento de aguas. Esto, a parte de la degradación o pérdida de la zona común del condominio, empezó a erosionar el terreno muy de cerca de las bases sobre las que se asienta la casa de recreo de mi representada”. c) Daños en la Casa de Recreo la Actora (Área privativa, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas). Alude que principalmente se han provocado deslaves en los bordes del terreno y se han sufrido inundaciones que han llegado hasta la terraza de la casa, y que ha dejado allí y en los jardines resto de maleza y barro.
Otros daños que imputa son “la inutilización del acceso posterior de la vivienda y descubrimiento de los cimientos tanto del muro de retención Norte como de las columnas junto a la terraza. También otras viviendas del Condominio Las Lapas han sufrido inundaciones específicamente las número 21 y 22”. Otros de los efectos en el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas y en la entrada de la alameda que reseña el actor, consiste en que: “Las dos rutas y los daños en la alameda y en la calle de lastre (ambas áreas comunes del Condominio Las Lapas) convergen. La canalización ilegal de las aguas de un sector de Vista de Leona sobre la calle de lastre (Ruta Dos) llegó hasta la entrada de la que un día fue alameda y que hoy convirtieron en un río intermitente, posibilitado por una depresión topográfica natural o canal que viene del Este (Ruta Uno), que ahora también transporta agua que vierte el mega proyecto Vistas de Leona, dando como resultado que las aguas indebidamente vertidas sobre la calle de lastre choquen con las provenientes del otro sector de Vistas de Leona, ocasionando esa unión aguas arremolinadas que también menoscaban y erosionan las áreas comunes del Condominio Lapas.
Así, en la entrada a la alameda se presenta además un efecto remolino destructivo per se. Producto de todo esto y como vimos, a partir del año 2007 se han venido presentando inundaciones en gran parte de las áreas comunes del Condominio Las Lapas, incluyendo rebalses de agua sobre viviendas y sobre la calle de adoquines que está sobre la alcantarilla de cuadro que atraviesa de Este a Oeste el Condominio Lapas”. El detalle de cada uno de estos daños, se verá en el desarrollo, sin embargo, es relevante señalar que la Municipalidad de Garabito al momento de contestar este hecho de la demanda, se enfocó en negar la existencia de las inundaciones y el origen de éstas (lo cual ya se pronunció este Tribunal rechazando los argumentos de defensa de la Corporación Municipal), y no aportó alguna argumentación respecto a si se acreditaba la existencia o no los daños alegados, y por el otro, estableció que, para el caso de los supuestos daños alegados en la zona norte de la finca filial N° 35 (alameda), no había derecho alguno al daño dado que la propiedad de la accionante se encontraba dentro de la zona de protección de la quebrada identificada por parte de la Dirección de Aguas del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (Oficio N° IMN-DA-1747-2008 de fecha 17 de junio de 2008), por lo que a la luz del numeral 33 de la Ley Forestal, estaba incumplimiento los retiros, de ahí que no podía alegar indemnización alguna.
CRITERIO DEL TRIBUNAL. Se debe iniciar este análisis, indicando que, no es cualquier daño el que, el ordenamiento jurídico le brinda la posibilidad de resarcimiento, siendo que el numeral 196 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, exige que este daño sea “efectivo, evaluable e individualizable en relación con una persona o grupo”, no siendo suficiente para configurar la responsabilidad patrimonial del Estado que se invoque la existencia de un daño (como sería en el caso en concreto, en criterio del actor, la erosión, el ensanchamiento de una zanja por erosión y aumento de caudal, el que un camino sea intransitable, pérdida o degradación del área común, erosión cerca de las bases de su habitación, entre otros), sino que demostrar fehacientemente su existencia y el nexo de causalidad adecuada. Partiendo por supuesto que, para efectos de ejercer su reclamo indemnizatorio, debe corroborarse que, el actor haya sufrido un menoscabo en su patrimonio y que, por ende, cuente con la posición jurídica que legitime su solicitud su indemnización.
Es criterio de esta Cámara Colegiada que, en el caso de mérito, el actor confunde varios aspectos que son relevantes de ser analizados de seguido. En primer lugar, debe aclararse respecto al término “daño material” que emplea en su demanda en diferentes acepciones, confunde el daño material jurídicamente resarcible y los daños materiales de un bien (en este caso áreas comunes y en su casa de habitación). Desde la perspectiva jurídica, el daño material jurídicamente de ser resarcible es aquel donde se le ha generado un menoscabo en la esfera patrimonial del administrado, lesión o menoscabo a su patrimonio que puede diferenciarse del daño que ha sufrido un objeto o un bien, sin restar la posibilidad de que exista un daño extrapatrimonial como lo es un daño moral; sin embargo, en la especie el actor no reclama la existencia de un daño moral, por lo que no es parte de lo discutido en la presente causa.
La existencia de un daño material a un bien no implica “per se” que deriva o implique una lesión al patrimonio de una persona, dado que, requiere que este bien o derecho, en primer lugar, haya sido parte de su acervo o conjunto de bienes y derechos de éste (pertenecientes a una persona), sea esta física o jurídica y susceptibles de estimación económica. De lo que se colige que, es quien alega esa lesión patrimonial debe probarlo. En este sentido, si bien es cierto, la actora apuntó que reservaba la liquidación de los daños y perjuicios, esto se hace referencia únicamente al “quantum”, debiendo ser probado el menoscabo patrimonial sufrido, de un derecho o un bien, o un valor que forme parte de su patrimonio (tomando en consideración que la actora no reclamó un daño extrapatrimonial como lo sería un daño moral objetivo o subjetivo). Aspecto que, deber ser probado, correspondiéndole al accionante la carga de su dicho, y sin el cual, no puede configurarse el derecho a su indemnización (doctrina que se recoge del artículo 41.1 del Código Procesal Civil).
Y en este caso, hay que recalcar que, si bien se indicó en líneas precedentes que, el actual sistema de responsabilidad patrimonial implica que la víctima no deba de probar los elementos subjetivos del funcionario público (como lo fue en su origen en el derecho francés, refiriéndose a existencia de la culpabilidad), lo cierto es que, ello no incide en la obligación de traer elementos probatorios al caso, a fin de que se pueda comprobar la existencia efectiva (real), evaluable e indirecta de un daño material en su esfera patrimonial. Precisamente, en el artículo 58 inciso 1 apartado e) del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo se regula como parte de los requisitos de la demanda: “e) Cuando accesoriamente se pretendan daños y perjuicios, se concretará el motivo que los origina, en qué consisten y su estimación prudencial,” los cuales serán valorados bajo el criterio de la sana crítica racional en pro de la consecución de la verdad real de los hechos (Ver numeral 82 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo en relación con los artículos 5 inciso 6) y 41 inciso 5) del Código Procesal Civil).
Correspondiéndoles a las partes, bajo el principio dispositivo, no sólo establecer su teoría del caso, sino también ofrecer elementos probatorios a los autos. Al respecto, la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia en la Resolución N° 112-1992 de las 14:15 horas de fecha 15 de julio de 1992 (posición que se ha sido reiterada a la fecha), esbozó que: “El daño constituye uno de los presupuestos de la responsabilidad civil extracontractual, por cuanto el deber de resarcir solamente se configura si ha mediado un hecho ilícito dañoso que lesione un interés jurídicamente relevante, susceptible de ser tutelado por el ordenamiento jurídico. El daño, en sentido jurídico, constituye todo menoscabo, pérdida o detrimento de la esfera jurídica patrimonial o extrapatrimonial de la persona (damnificado), el cual provoca la privación de un bien jurídico, respecto del cual era objetivamente esperable su conservación de no haber acaecido el hecho dañoso.
Bajo esta tesitura, no hay responsabilidad civil si no media daño, así como no existe daño si no hay damnificado. Por otra parte, sólo es daño indemnizable el que se llega a probar (realidad o existencia), siendo ello una cuestión de hecho reservada al prudente arbitrio del juzgador. En suma, el daño constituye la brecha perjudicial para la víctima, resultante de confrontar la situación anterior al hecho ilícito con la posterior al mismo. (...)” (Lo resaltado es autoría propia). De ahí que se colija que, sin la existencia de un daño, no puede derivarse un derecho indemnizatorio. Y como bien se extrae de la referida resolución judicial, la lesión responde a un interés jurídicamente tutelable. Continúa la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, indicando en dicha Resolución que, “VI. - No cualquier daño da pie a la obligación de resarcir. Para tal efecto, han de confluir, básicamente las siguientes características para ser un "daño resarcible": A) Debe ser cierto; real y efectivo, y no meramente eventual o hipotético, no puede estar fundado en realizaciones supuestas o conjeturales.
El daño no pierde esta característica si su cuantificación resulta incierta, indeterminada o de difícil apreciación o prueba; tampoco debe confundirse la certeza con la actualidad, pues es admisible la reparación del daño cierto pero futuro; asimismo, no cabe confundir el daño futuro con el lucro cesante o perjuicio, pues el primero está referido a aquél que surge como una consecuencia necesaria derivada del hecho causal o generador del daño, es decir, sus repercusiones no se proyectan al incoarse el proceso. En lo relativo a la magnitud o monto (seriedad) del daño, ello constituye un extremo de incumbencia subjetiva única del damnificado, empero el derecho no puede ocuparse de pretensiones fundadas en daños insignificantes, derivadas de una excesiva susceptibilidad. B) Debe mediar lesión a un interés jurídicamente relevante y merecedor de amparo. Así puede haber un damnificado directo y otro indirecto: el primero es la víctima del hecho dañoso, y el segundo serán los sucesores de la víctima.
La segunda parece ser la expresión más feliz, pues el daño corporal suele afectar intereses patrimoniales del damnificado (pago de tratamiento médico, gastos de hospitalización, medicamentos, etc.), ganancias frustradas si el daño lo ha incapacitado para realizar sus ocupaciones habituales (perjuicios), etc. Esta distinción nació en el Derecho Romano, pues se distinguía entre el daño inferido a las cosas directamente (damnun) y el que lesionaba la personalidad física del individuo (injuria). En el daño patrimonial el menoscabo generado resulta ser valorable económicamente”. (Ver Resolución N° 00606-2002 de las 16:10 horas de fecha 07 de agosto de 2002). En este sentido, de los autos no obra prueba respecto a los daños, donde se pueda derivar de forma certera la existencia de daños en el patrimonio de la accionante. Lo que se puede lograr extraer, es lo indicado por parte del Perito Judicial, el Ingeniero Alberto Serrano Pacheco que manifiesta en torno a los eventuales daños, “La condición actual debido a los desfogues del Condominio Vista de Leona sobre la zona aguas abajo es bastante crítica, ya que se ha perdido el acceso de lastre tomado por la Ruta II y se encuentran en riesgo las construcciones aledañas a la zanja de gran tamaño que se ha generado, igualmente, la alcantarilla de entrada al Condominio Las Lapas no presenta suficiente capacidad hidráulica, provocando gran erosión y problemas de inundaciones en este Condominio”.
(Hecho Probado N° 47). Lo anterior, para efectos de dilucidar los efectos de las inundaciones sobre el lado este de la propiedad de la accionante, enfocándose expresamente en un área común. Indicando que la zanja al momento de la realización de la inspección in situ, era de 3,80 metros de profundidad, existiendo una distancia entre el portón de la finca filial y el borde de la zanja de 4,13 metros. Adicionalmente establece que entre el desfogue del Proyecto Vistas de Leona y la propiedad de la accionante existe una distancia de 132,40 metros, medido a lo largo del fondo del canal. Adicionalmente, ya refiriéndose a la alameda (lado norte de la finca filial 35), apunta la existencia de una fuerte erosión, y que, a lo largo de los años, el señor Calderón Mata ha tenido que realizar una inversión importante en la protección de la margen izquierda (colindante con su propiedad) para evitar la erosión.
Ahora bien, de lo que apunta el perito judicial, se puede colegir los impactos de las inundaciones sobre el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, apuntando como se indica erosión de áreas comunes, y ensanchamiento de unas zanjas que fueron realizadas, según el dicho de la actora por un tercero sin autorización alguna (aspecto que tampoco se logra probar, ni siquiera con los testigos que fueron evacuados en el juicio oral y público). Y es que, para poder determinar la existencia de éstos, debe tenerse prueba que refiera al impacto de esas inundaciones sobre las propiedades del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, y que posteriormente en ejecución de sentencia puedan liquidarse. Y es que, como se referenció, no es cualquier daño material el que configura el derecho a la indemnización, sino aquél que sea resarcible, en los términos apuntados de que “B) Debe mediar lesión a un interés jurídicamente relevante y merecedor de amparo”.
Véase que, según los diferentes criterios de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, los cuales son compartidos por este Tribunal “Los juzgadores no pueden asumir se han producido daños cuando la parte que los pretende no los ha reclamado o bien, habiéndolo hecho, no demostró que en efecto se hayan ocasionado o hubieren ocurrido. Lo único que puede reservarse para la etapa de ejecución del fallo es la determinación de su cuantía o extensión, siempre que no fuera posible hacerlo dentro del proceso principal. No obstante, su existencia tiene que quedar suficientemente acreditada desde la fase demostrativa del proceso. Se debe probar, además, que el daño existe y que se produjo como consecuencia directa e inmediata de la conducta desplegada (nexo de causalidad)”. (Resaltado no corresponde al original, ver Resolución N° 00295-2017 de las 15:20 horas del 16 de marzo de 2017, emitida por la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia).
En el caso concreto, analizando los autos, se tiene que, es criterio de este Tribunal Colegiado que, en la especie, el actor no demuestra la existencia de un menoscabo en su esfera patrimonial para requerir la indemnización de los daños patrimoniales, en los términos que ha esbozado u teoría del caso y a partir de la prueba que ofreció. Lo anterior, al analizar cada una de las descripciones que realiza el actor sobre los diferentes daños, que se procederán a analizar por su orden: a) Daños en el Camino al Este (Área Común). Sin entrar este Tribunal a dilucidar si cuenta o no con legitimación ad causam para reclamar las áreas comunes, en relación a los numerales 7 a 9 de la Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio, en cuanto a la indivisibilidad de la propiedad y las áreas comunes según la proporción al porcentaje que represente el área fijada para su finca filial dentro del Condominio, debemos hacer mención a la premisa que los derechos de uso y disfrute de las áreas comunes es a favor de todos los propietarios, de las cuales ningún propietario puede alegar tener un derecho mayor al disfrute de las cosas, y finalmente, no podemos dejar de hacer hincapié, en las facultades que ostenta la Administración de Condominios, el cual conforme al precepto 29 de la Ley citada, cuenta con al menos, las facultades de apoderado general, con respecto al Condominio y los bienes comunes, siendo que le “Corresponderán a la administración el cuidado y la vigilancia de los bienes y servicios comunes, la atención y operación de las instalaciones y los servicios generales, todos los actos de administración y conservación del condominio y la ejecución de los acuerdos de la Asamblea de Condóminos.
Recaudará de cada propietario la cuota que le corresponda para los gastos comunes. Velará por el cumplimiento de las disposiciones de esta ley y el reglamento; asimismo tendrá las demás facultades y obligaciones que la ley y el reglamento le fijen”. (Artículo 30 de la Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio). Lo anterior, tomando en cuenta que dicho numeral debe leerse en armonía con la norma general, contenida en el artículo 270 del Código Civil dispone que: “Cuando una cosa pertenezca simultáneamente a dos o más personas, los dueños ejercen conjuntamente todos los derechos del propietario singular, en proporción a la parte que cada uno tenga en la propiedad común” e interpretando de forma amplia el principio pro accione, en el sentido de que existen pronunciamientos previos de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, determinando la posibilidad de que una de las personas que ostente la propiedad de una cosa indivisa, como la que surge en el régimen condominal, en el tanto, busque con sus actos el beneficio general de los demás, pueda accionar.
(Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, Resoluciones N° 0029-1992 de la 13:00 horas de fecha 18 de marzo de 1992 y N° 58-1995 de las 15:15 horas de fecha 31 de mayo de 1995). Ahora bien, sin entrar a cuestionar la posibilidad de exigir la indemnización por parte de los restantes condóminos, lo cierto del caso es que, de la forma en que se redacta en qué consiste este daño, no puede determinarse cuál es el efecto en la esfera de la accionante y su menoscabo específico. Realizando un esfuerzo interpretativo este Tribunal de Jueces, puede inferir que podría deberse a que en su criterio el camino está intransitable, pero salvo el hecho de la reducción del ancho del área común, aspecto que, se insiste, no le perjudicaría directamente a él, sino a las áreas comunes condominales de la cual el actor cuenta con una participación abstracta alícuota, según lo apuntado por el Perito Judicial, no existen mayores pruebas que puedan determinar una afectación o su grado de incidencia sobre un derecho de paso de la accionante como ejercicio directo y concreto del aprovechamiento del área común, y si éste estaba siendo empleado como un lugar para transitar o no, de forma previa.
En complemento a lo expuesto, tampoco se aportó prueba alguna para terminar cuál es la limitación al acceso de dicha área común, cuál es el cercenamiento específico al derecho al acceso y que éste sea de tal grado que requiera de ser indemnizado. Presenta la justiciable, una serie de pruebas donde se advierte una franja de lastre y la existencia de una zanja a su costado, pero estas fotografías no logran dar cuenta sobre el grado de limitación o afectación patrimonial evaluable y cuantificable del daño sobre su filial, sino sobre una sección de las áreas comunes. Como anteriormente se apuntó, el que exista un daño material no significa de forma automática que deba ser indemnizada, debe probarse ese menoscabo, y siendo un uso y disfrute comunes de un área, que afirma, mas no prueba que era de utilización para transitarse, o en general cómo logra extraerse la afectación al patrimonio de la accionante, y ante la inexistencia de pruebas, debe declinarse esta petitoria.
Se aclara que, este Tribunal no desconoce que, existe un impacto de las inundaciones sobre el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas y que para el caso del lado este en análisis, implicó un ensanchamiento y profundidad de una zanja preexistente y utilizada con fines pluviales, y es por esta razón, y por los riesgos que han sido advertidos por parte de las entidades públicas que se han involucrado en este caso, que se ha dispuesto la necesidad de que la Municipalidad de Garabito proceda a realizar obras de mitigación y de rehabilitación de las zonas impactadas, justamente en el tanto tales espacios están destinados al sistema pluvial del complejo inmobiliario. Lo anterior, como se indicó para la protección de la vida de los habitantes y el ambiente, y con miras a evitar mayores incidencias en los próximos inviernos. Mas no se logra contar con prueba para determinar la existencia de un daño de carácter resarcible, al tenor del numeral 196 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública. b) Daños en la Alameda (Área común, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas).
Con respecto a estos daños acusados por parte de la empresa CJO Desarrollos Integrales Sociedad Anónima, resultan también aplicable la misma fundamentación para su rechazo, ante la inexistencia de pruebas que logren dimensionar el daño resarcible en favor de ésta. Para este aportado manifiesta la accionante que antes era una zona verde enzacatada “y que en las épocas más severas de lluvia servía en su centro como un pequeñísimo caño de unos centímetros de profundidad para la conducción de aguas pluviales de zona próximas, se convirtió como consecuencia dañosa de las acciones y omisiones de los demandados, en un río de más de 3 metros de profundidad, con frecuentes eventos de desbordamiento de aguas. Esto, a parte de la degradación o pérdida de la zona común del condominio, empezó a erosionar el terreno muy de cerca de las bases sobre las que se asienta la casa de recreo de mi representada”.
Continúa manifestado que, ante estas inundaciones, cada vez más severas, en el año 2017 “fue necesario colocar sacos de arena en diversas secciones del cause que se formó, cubrir estos con concreto reforzado, y con el tiempo reponer el concreto del fondo del cauce”. Al respecto, esta pérdida o degradación del área común no es posible que sea dimensionada de forma objetiva, y mucho menos, fijar su incidencia sobre la esfera patrimonial del actor. Área que igualmente es un área común. Como se apuntó en la sección a) precedente, no es sólo alegar el daño sino también probarlo y determinar en qué consiste, a fin de poder evaluarlo, y proceder ya en ejecución de sentencia liquidar su quantum. Pero de la propia redacción de la accionante, y la forma en cómo consigna este daño, no se logra determinar de forma fehaciente la existencia de un daño resarcible, en los términos establecidos en el artículo 196 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública.
En complemento a lo expuesto, pareciera inferirse que la accionante debió de realizar alguna inversión en esta parte norte de su casa de recreo, pero no aportó pruebas de que haya sido así, de forma que esta Cámara de Juzgadores les está vedado conjeturar respecto a su existencia o dimensionamiento, carga de la prueba que le corresponde a quien alegue el daño, y no a este Tribunal. Tampoco siendo posible sin determinar la existencia de un daño resarcible, proceder con alguno de las facultades dispuestas en el numeral 122 inciso m) del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, dado que la redacción de estos alegatos son tan indefinidos, que no logra demostrarse quién fue la persona que realizó esas obras, si intervinieron otros condóminos, o incluso si se aplicaron las pólizas de seguros para realizar estas obras, o si se pidió una cuota extraordinaria para realizar éstas, incluyendo dentro de éstas, la intervención de la Administración del Condominio, quien es la responsable directa de la conservación de estos espacios.
Ante esa incertidumbre de algún gasto efectuado por la accionante, que haya desmejora su patrimonio ya sea directamente en su filial, o a través de la afectación del área común con repercusión en la filial, no puede este Tribunal acoger esta pretensión. A mayor abundamiento, se debe considerar si la accionante, a la luz del numeral 195 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública se encuentra en una situación de ilegitimidad respecto a que su propiedad se encuentra dentro de una zona de protección de quebrada, lo cual también implicaría que, ante esa situación, no sería procedente su reclamo indemnizatorio. Dicho numeral reza: “Ni el Estado ni la Administración serán responsables, aunque causen un daño especial en los anteriores términos, cuando el interés lesionado no sea legítimo o sea contrario al orden público, a la moral o a las buenas costumbres, aún si dicho interés no estaba expresamente prohibido antes o en el momento del hecho dañoso”.
Sobre este aspecto, la accionante en los primeros hechos de la demanda realiza una serie de alegatos en torno a la inexistencia de un cuerpo de agua en el lindero norte de su propiedad, a nivel registral y en planos afirma que no estaba identificada la existencia de una quebrada. Afirma en el hecho cuarto del escrito de demanda que en las actuaciones de arrendamiento y compra de la finca filial N° 35 se establecía en el lindero norte como “Alameda” o “Área Común”, nunca quebrada. A lo sumo, existía un cuerpo de agua intermitente que discurría en invierno, hacia una alcantarilla de cuadro de dimensiones de 1,25 metros de altura por 1,5 metros de ancho y 128 metros de longitud “ya existente en el año 2001 cuando suscribí el contrato de arrendamiento y que en eventos lluviosos siempre funcionó para la evacuación de las aguas propias del Condominio Las lapas (sic), zonas circundantes inmediatas y las aguas de una pequeña porción del camino de acceso a Punta Leona, de unos 500 metros, siendo esta la única microcuenca natural a la que dicho sistema debía dar servicio”.
Por su parte, la Municipalidad en su defensa indica que, ese cuerpo de agua al que alude la parte actora fue identificado en el año 2008 como una quebrada por parte de la Dirección de Aguas, mediante el Oficio N° IMN-DA-1747-2008 de fecha 17 de junio de 2008 y, por ende, las inundaciones que se realizan en perjuicio de su propiedad devienen de la cercanía de su casa de recreo. Este Tribunal Colegiado, tiene como hechos probados que en el año 2004 se inscribió ante el Registro Nacional el plano de la finca filial N° 35, plano catastrado que establece como linderos los siguientes Norte: Área común con una medida de 8.00m de ancho-alameda; Sur: Residencial las Lapas S.A., Finca Filial 35; Este: Área Común Zona Verde con una medida de 3,16 metros de ancho, Calle de uso común de 11.00 metros de ancho y área recreativa; y al Oeste: Calle de uso común de 10.00 metros de ancho. (Hecho Probado N° 2).
También se tiene como hecho probado que, en fecha 25 de noviembre de 2004 la accionada le confirió el permiso de construcción a favor del señor Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata para la edificación de una casa de recreo, en la finca filial N° 35, estableciéndose como ingeniero responsable de estas obras a dicho señor Calderón Mata. (Hecho Probado N° 2). En complemento a lo expuesto, también se tiene por acreditado que en la finca matrícula folio real N° 0039910-F-000 del Partido de Puntarenas, al momento de la inscripción como propietaria a la empresa CJO Desarrollos Integrales S.A. se consignó como lindero norte Área Común. (Hecho Probado N° 4). Esta situación registral formal, parece no coincidir con la realidad, por cuanto en el año 2008, la Dirección de Aguas del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, en ese momento estructuralmente ubicada en el Instituto Meteorológico Nacional según el Decreto Ejecutivo N°26635 del 18 de diciembre de 1997, y previo traslado al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía al tenor del Transitorio V de la Ley N° 7593, donde se trasladó el Departamento de Aguas del antiguo Servicio Nacional de Electricidad al MINAE, se pronunció sobre la existencia de una quebrada, cuya afluente es Quebrada Mantas, cuya latitud inicial es 187450 y latitud final es 187250, y longitud inicial 464800 y longitud final 464350, ubicada en la Provincia de Puntarenas, Cantón Garabito, Distrito Jacó, Sitio Mantas, determinando que es una quebrada de dominio público de carácter permanente.
Ahora bien, en cuanto a los reproches sobre la competencia de la Dirección de Aguas para realizar el pronunciamiento citado, este Tribunal Colegiado debe señalar que, revisando el ordenamiento jurídico vigente para ese entonces, y cuyas competencias aún a la fecha se mantienen, se logra determinar que es el departamento del MINAE encargado de ello. Lo anterior, se extrae de la propia literalidad del Decreto Ejecutivo indicado. De forma tal que, en el numeral segundo de esta norma, se establece que la misión de dicho Departamento “será la de administrar oportuna y eficientemente los recursos hídricos en todo el territorio nacional, procurando el desarrollo sostenible mediante su ordenamiento y manejo racional; brindando un servicio excelente”. Adicionalmente, de conformidad con el numeral tercero de dicha norma reglamentaria, cuenta con las siguientes funciones: “a. Definir las políticas nacionales en cuanto al recurso hídrico. b. Ejercer el dominio, vigilancia, control y administración de las aguas nacionales. c. Tramitar las solicitudes de concesión para el desarrollo de fuerzas hidráulicas para la generación de electricidad. d. Tramitar y autorizar los permisos para la perforación de pozos para la extracción de aguas. e. Elevar a conocimiento del Despacho Ministerial, los conflictos que se presenten por el uso del agua y sus cauces, los cuales son remitidos por el Inspector de Aguas, en alzada. f. Tramitar los permisos para la construcción o ejecución de obras en los cauces de dominio público (entubamientos, desvíos, cambios decurso, dragados, limpieza, entre otros). g. Aprobar la descarga, a cauces de dominio público, de aguas provenientes de drenaje agrícola, industrial y urbano. h. Tramitar la audiencia interna que remite el órgano encargado del otorgamiento de las concesiones para la explotación de materiales acumulados en cauces de dominio público. i. Tramitar las solicitudes de autorización de aprovechamiento para acueductos rurales que presente el A y A. j. Inscribir las empresas perforadoras de pozos y las sociedades de usuarios, así como los movimientos que se realicen de sus estatutos y representantes. k. Atender y tramitar todas las consultas que sobre la materia presenten tanto particulares como entidades estatales. l. Supervisar y colaborar estrechamente con los inspectores de aguas, a efecto de darles asesoría para facilitar el desempeño de sus funciones. m. Hacer cumplir y verificar que el concesionario o permisionario se encuentre al día con las obligaciones establecidas en la Ley de Aguas. n. Aplicar las sanciones establecidas en la Ley de Aguas, previo cumplimiento del debido proceso.
Así igualmente cuando se considere pertinente se deberán presentar las denuncias respectivas ante los órganos competentes (Tribunal Ambiental, Contraloría General de la República, Tribunales de Justicia, y otros), acompañadas de las pruebas necesarias. ñ. Cualquier otra que le haya asignado y que conste en la Ley de Aguas”. De ahí que no lleva razón la accionante, respecto a la supuesta falta de competencia para el dictado del oficio de referencia, por parte de la Dirección de Aguas. Pero, además, debe complementarse esta posición, con el hecho de que la existencia de un cuerpo de agua en las cercanías de la finca filial N° 35 fue advertida por otras entidades públicas. La primera de ellas corresponde al Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos en el año 2009, cuando indicó en una visita efectuada en fecha 26 de febrero de ese año, hizo la alusión de una eventual inconsistencia entre lo consignado en el Informe N° SRP-001-1780-09-OMSB de fecha 05 de enero de 2008 del CFIA, al indicarse en esa oportunidad como colindancia norte de la propiedad aparece en plano catastrado como alameda, y lo verificado en el sitio, donde “existe una pequeña quebrada”.
(Ver Hecho Probado N° 21). Meses más tarde, en diciembre de 2009, el Ministerio de Salud en el Informe N° PC-ARS-OSM-URS-R-106-2009 advierte y de hecho gira una serie de recomendaciones vinculadas con la determinación de si existe o no incumplimiento de los retiros de la finca filial N° 35 respecto a que se encuentra construida una casa dentro de la zona de protección, así apuntó entre otras cosas que: “Por otra parte en una de las partes más bajas de esta quebrada hay una aparente invasión de la zona de protección de la quebrada donde se construyó un residencial denominado ‘Residencial Las Lapas. (…) En la urbanización las aguas de la quebrada fueron canalizadas mediante una estructura de block de cemento que tiene un diámetro aproximado de 140 de ancho por 150 centímetros de alto cubierto por encima con adoquines que atraviesa todo el residencial; precisamente la estructura de block y concreto mencionada comienza donde está ubicada la casa del denunciante el señor Luis Rodolfo Calderón Mata.
(…) la estructura que perteneces a la casa número 35 prácticamente se ubica a 2 metro (sic) del cauce. (…) el cauce de la quebrada y claramente visible la parte superior de la casa del denunciante totalmente en zona de protección de quebrada. Como ya se dijo, los afluentes que alimentan la quebrada provienen de la microcuenca que está aguas arriba del ‘Residencial Lapas’ y en sus márgenes está el proyecto Villa Leona, también alimenta esta quebrada las aguas que provienen de un pequeño parche de bosque y también las que por escorrentía proviene de la calle Vieja a Punta Leona”. Continúa indicando el Ministerio de Salud que: “Parte del área común que él denuncia indica comprende entre otras la parte central del Residencial Lapas totalmente adoquinada misma que aparentemente es zona de protección de la quebrada lo cual debe determinar MINAET”. (Hecho Probado N° 25). Otra de las instituciones públicas que dan cuenta de la existencia de una quebrada en el lindero norte de la propiedad de la accionante es el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, previa realización de una inspección en el lugar, estableciendo que “(…) La inspección se realizó a solicitud del Ing. Rodolfo Calderón, dueño de la filial 35 del condominio Las Lapas, que presenta una casa construida y que colinda al lado norte con una quebrada causante de inundaciones en el condominio Las Lapas.
(…)”. Además, apunta que de la visita ocular puede determinar que el desfogue pluvial se “realiza hacia cauce de dominio público que se ubica en dicha propiedad según pronunciamiento del MINAE, oficio IMN-DA-1747-2008, con fecha de 17-06-2008, el cual indica que es una quebrada de dominio público de carácter permanente. (…) En el condominio Las Lapas, se observó la existencia de una quebrada ubicada al lado norte de la filial 35, en dicha quebrada existe socavación del terreno en ambos márgenes”. (El resaltado no corresponde al original). (Hecho Probado N° 30). Al respecto, si bien es cierto la accionante durante el juicio oral y público presentó un croquis, que es parte de los anexos incluidos en el informe pericial, apuntando que en dicho oficio de la Dirección de Aguas únicamente se hace referencia al punto inicial y al punto final, determinándose que el punto final está coincidiendo con un residencial, de lo que incluso el perito judicial indicó que pasa por el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, no es factible para este Tribunal desconocer o deslegitimar esta certificación, por un lado, por el hecho de que la línea recta que plantea el auxiliar judicial es su interpretación de la información certificada (punto inicial y final) mas no así de un levantamiento in situ de la escorrentía de las aguas entre ambos puntos, y por otro, tampoco la actora presentó prueba técnica que desvirtué la existencia de la quebrada, insistiendo de que la prueba pericial se limita a ligar con una línea recta trasversal los puntos de inicio y de final, sin considerar que las aguas no tienen una escorrentía en línea recta, y además existen diferentes fenómenos que pueden implicar que el curso del agua se modifique.
Por lo que, no existe prueba que logre desacreditar su validez y eficacia para el caso en concreto dándole valor probatorio a la demás prueba documental que señala la existencia de ese tipo de caudal de aguas. También adujo en las conclusiones que el Instituto Meteorológico Nacional no es el órgano competente para emitir dicha certificación. El yerro de interpretación que realiza el representante legal de la accionante es confundir la pertenencia organizativa que tenía en ese momento la Dirección de Aguas dentro del Instituto indicado, cuando los dos son departamentos o unidades administrativas del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, órgano que cuenta con competencia para certificar la existencia de afluentes, ríos o quebradas. Adicionalmente que, tampoco de sus pretensiones se está requiriendo la declaratoria de la disconformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico de esta certificación emanada por la Dirección de Aguas.
Así las cosas, realizando una ponderación del acervo probatorio y dándole un peso a cada uno de los elementos probatorios aportados, bajo las reglas de la sana crítica (numeral 82 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo), en el lindero norte existe, hoy en día una quebrada. Y dada la cercanía actual de la casa de recreo de la accionante, y de otras personas que también se encuentran dentro de la zona, es por ello, que se considera de vital importancia la intervención de la Municipalidad de Garabito para realizar o exigir a quien corresponda, de forma coordinada y mediante relaciones de cooperación interinstitucional, obras de mitigación y de rehabilitación en pro de la integridad personal y del ambiente. Sin embargo, este extremo indemnizatorio sufre la misma consecuencia que el primero, y debe denegarse. c) Daños en la Casa de Recreo la Actora (Área privativa, Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas).
Dentro de los autos constan una serie de fotografías que aporta la accionante, donde se muestran escombros en áreas comunes, barro en propiedades de vecinos de ésta, y fotos donde manifiesta que es su casa de recreo, donde en una oportunidad encontró escombros y barro en su jardín. También, afirma que principalmente se han provocado deslaves en los bordes del terreno, y advierte que le ha impedido la utilización “del acceso posterior de la vivienda y descubrimiento de los cimientos tanto del muro de retención Norte como de las columnas junto a la terraza. También otras viviendas del Condominio Las Lapas han sufrido inundaciones específicamente las número 21 y 22”. Sobre estos extremos, también esta Cámara Colegiada luego de una revisión exhaustiva de la abundante prueba que corre en el expediente judicial, por las mismas razones que las dos anteriores, en cuanto a la inexistencia de elementos probatorios que demuestren en qué consisten el menoscabo sufrido por la actora.
Adviértase que no es que se niegue que existió inundaciones sobre su propiedad, aunque no se logra determinar mediante prueba idónea que se determine con seguridad que las fotos corresponden a su propiedad, sólo su dicho. Pero no objetando ello, aun dando credibilidad a su manifestación, no aporta pruebas respecto al menoscabo que le han implicado en su esfera patrimonial. Como por ejemplo, si tuvo que sustituir plantas o el zacate y volver a reconstruir su jardín, o pagar un servicio de limpieza por una determinada cantidad de horas para limpiar su casa de recreo, o si producto de las inundaciones debió sustituir algún electrodoméstico o bien que estaba en la terraza o realizar un recubrimiento de los cimientos y su cuantía. Tampoco presentó prueba alguna respecto a cuál acceso se le dificultó salir, de hecho, dentro del permiso municipal de construcción no se encuentran los planos constructivos para determinar a cuál acceso se refiere, aspecto que le correspondía aportar a la actora.
Y se repite, no es que se indicando que requiera determinar un monto específico en esa fase procesal, dado que como se indicó existe la posibilidad de declarar la existencia de la indemnización para efectos de ser liquidada en sentencia (artículo 122 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo), sino es que no logra extraerse de la prueba que obra en el expediente, alguna que demuestre la existencia del daño resarcible, siendo que el actor lo que pretende es que el Tribunal deduzca, por su cuenta, la existencia de daños o desplazando tal tarea a la Cámara, lo cual resulta de un incumplimiento de su carga probatoria y por ende debe rechazarse. Por supuesto, ello no inhibe a que, dentro de las obras de mitigación y rehabilitación ordenadas por este Tribunal en la parte dispositiva de la presente sentencia, se incluya a las áreas circunvecinas de la propiedad de la actora, especialmente al referir, más no probar, un deslave en las bases de su casa de habitación, las cuales también deberán ser valoradas dentro de las acciones para rehabilitar la zona afectada, y evitar riesgos a la seguridad, integridad de las personas, propiedades y el ambiente.
Finalmente, la accionante reprocha que existen otros de los efectos en el Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas y en la entrada de la alameda que reseña el actor, consiste en que: “Las dos rutas y los daños en la alameda y en la calle de lastre (ambas áreas comunes del Condominio Las Lapas) convergen. La canalización ilegal de las aguas de un sector de Vista de Leona sobre la calle de lastre (Ruta Dos) llegó hasta la entrada de la que un día fue alameda y que hoy convirtieron en un río intermitente, posibilitado por una depresión topográfica natural o canal que viene del Este (Ruta Uno), que ahora también transporta agua que vierte el mega proyecto Vistas de Leona, dando como resultado que las aguas indebidamente vertidas sobre la calle de lastre choquen con las provenientes del otro sector de Vistas de Leona, ocasionando esa unión aguas arremolinadas que también menoscaban y erosionan las áreas comunes del Condominio Lapas.
Así, en la entrada a la alameda se presenta además un efecto remolino destructivo per se. Producto de todo esto y como vimos, a partir del año 2007 se han venido presentando inundaciones en gran parte de las áreas comunes del Condominio Las Lapas, incluyendo rebalses de agua sobre viviendas y sobre la calle de adoquines que está sobre la alcantarilla de cuadro que atraviesa de Este a Oeste el Condominio Lapas”. Al respecto, en este caso, de la propia redacción de la actora no se logra extraer daños resarcibles directamente de su esfera patrimonial y que no hayan sido alegados anteriormente, sino que hace referencia a viviendas que han sufrido inundaciones, y para ello se adjuntó fotos que corren dentro del expediente judicial en formato electrónico. En relación con este extremo, se debe corroborar que, el actor cuente con una condición jurídica de poder reclamar a favor de tercero, análisis de legitimación en cuanto a la pretensión que persigue, es decir, frente a la situación jurídica administrativa que solicita que se le sea indemnizada (restituida o reconocida), debe contar legitimación para ello, demostrar que ostenta la titularidad del derecho o interés, aspecto que se echa de menos por este Tribunal, y sobre el cual se procederá a establecer los fundamentos jurídicos de esta posición.
Lo cual nos lleva a analizar la legitimación ad causam activa que cuenta la actora en relación con su pretensión. Legitimación que, para el caso de mérito, aun cuando no fue opuesta por la representación de la Municipalidad, lo cierto del caso, es que constituye uno de los tres presupuestos procesales que junto con el derecho e interés, deben de ser apreciados de oficio por este Tribunal. Lo anterior, ha sido reconocido por parte de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, entre otras, la Resolución N° 00652-2013 de las 11:00 horas de fecha 21 de mayo de 2013, en donde indicó que, “V. Según se colige de lo expuesto, técnicamente hablando, la casacionista manifiesta su disconformidad con el análisis oficioso que la juzgadora realizó con respecto a la falta de legitimación pasiva del Estado en la presente causa, examen que conllevó a la desestimación de la demanda incoada en su contra.
Sobre esa figura en particular, esta Cámara ha sostenido en forma reiterada que constituye “un presupuesto de la pretensión formulada en la demanda y de la oposición hecha por el demandado, para hacer posible la sentencia de fondo que las resuelve; consecuentemente la legitimación en la causa no constituye un presupuesto procesal, en tanto no se refiere al procedimiento o al válido ejercicio de la acción, antes bien se refiere a la relación sustancial que debe existir entre actor y demandado y al interés sustancial que se discute en el proceso. La legitimación en la causa se refiere a la relación sustancial que se pretende existente entre las partes del proceso y el interés sustancial en litigio. El demandado debe ser la persona a quien le corresponde por la ley oponerse a la pretensión del actor o frente a la cual la ley permite que se declare la relación jurídica sustancial objeto de la demanda; y el actor la persona que a tenor de la ley puede formular las pretensiones de la demanda, aunque el derecho sustancial pretendido no exista o le corresponda a otro (…) La ausencia de legitimación en la causa constituye un impedimento sustancial, si el juzgador se percata de la falta de la misma, así debe declararlo de oficio y dictar una sentencia inhibitoria, lo que no es óbice para que sea alegada oportunamente como excepción previa”.
El subrayado no es del original. (Resolución no. 883 de las 9 horas 5 minutos del 28 de julio de 2011. En similar sentido consúltense las sentencias no. 353 de las 9 horas 35 minutos del 15 de marzo y no. 190 de las 8 horas 45 minutos del 16 de febrero, ambas de 2012). De manera que, la legitimación ad causam se perfila como un presupuesto elemental para el dictado de una sentencia estimatoria, pues de no advertir su ausencia, el juez podría incurrir en el yerro de conceder un derecho a quien no le corresponde o imponerle una prestación a quien no figure como obligado. Ello significaría que el fallo como tal se torna inejecutable. Ahora bien, en este caso, contrario a la tesis expuesta por la recurrente, no se evidencia quebranto alguno en el actuar de la juzgadora, ya que se encuentra en el deber de verificar, aún de oficio, la existencia de los tres presupuestos sustanciales para la procedencia de la pretensión: derecho, interés y legitimación”.
(El resaltado no corresponde al original). (En igual sentido, ver las Resoluciones N° 317-F-S1-2008 de las 09:10 horas del 02 de mayo de 2008 y N° 1548-F-SI-2011 de las 09:20 horas del 22 de diciembre de 2011). Pone de base, lo referido anteriormente, que debe acreditarse que la persona que pida cuente con la posición jurídica de exigir la tutela de una situación jurídica que solicita que le sea reconocida, restituida o indemnizada. De hecho, precisamente la base constitucional de la Jurisdicción Contenciosa Administrativa está dirigida a la protección “los derechos subjetivos y los intereses legítimos de los administrados” (Artículo 49 Constitucional), lo cual también se consagra en el numeral 41 de la Carta Fundamental al establecer: “Ocurriendo a las leyes, todos han de encontrar reparación para las injurias o daños que hayan recibido en su persona, propiedad o intereses morales. Debe hacérseles justicia pronta, cumplida, sin denegación y en estricta conformidad con las leyes”.
(Resaltado corresponde a autoría propia). Fin y fundamento que es retomado en el numeral primero del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo al prever que: “La Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa, establecida en el artículo 49 de la Constitución Política, tiene por objeto tutelar las situaciones jurídicas de toda persona, garantizar o restablecer la legalidad de cualquier conducta de la Administración Pública sujeta al Derecho administrativo, así como conocer y resolver los diversos aspectos de la relación jurídico-administrativa”. De forma tal que, una situación jurídica es concebida como una “Estado o posición que guarda cada uno de los sujetos que intervienen en una relación jurídica” (Muñoz Machado (Santiago). Diccionario Panhispánico del Español Jurídico. España, Real Academia Española, Volumen I, 2017 p.1905). Encontrándose dentro de las situaciones jurídicas, los derechos subjetivos, las obligaciones, las potestades, los intereses legítimos, determinando como norte principal la existencia de un “interés jurídicamente merecedor de tutela como la razón misma de ser de la eficacia jurídica; [el cual] considera a los hechos jurídicamente relevantes (situaciones de hecho) como causa de las situaciones jurídicas (derechos, obligaciones, cargas, etc) (…)” (PÉREZ VARGAS (Víctor).
Derecho Privado. San José, Costa Rica, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sexta Edición, 2021, p33). Situación jurídica que se encuentra vinculada con el concepto de relación jurídica administrativa de forma tal que, en la doctrina se logran distinguir, a partir de su contenido, entre las situaciones jurídicas de ventaja (como lo constituyen, el derecho subjetivo y el interés legítimo) y situaciones jurídicas de desventaja, distinguiéndose entre una y otra, en el sentido de que en las primeras aseguran o tutelan la satisfacción de un interés a favor de su titular, en cambio en las segundas, le imponen una obligación o un deber. Ahora bien “Las situaciones de ventaja y las de desventaja, a menudo, se encuentran ligadas entre sí, de este modo, al derecho del acreedor (situación de ventaja) se conecta con la obligación del deudor (situación de desventaja)”. (PÉREZ VARGAS (Víctor). Derecho Privado. San José, Costa Rica, Universidad de Costa Rica, Sexta Edición, 2021, p35).
En el caso concreto, analizando los autos, se tiene que, es criterio de este Tribunal Colegiado que en la especie, la actora no demuestra su legitimación para requerir la indemnización de los daños patrimoniales de fincas filiales que tienen, conforme a los numerales sétimo y octavo de la Ley Reguladora de la Propiedad en Condominio uso privativo en favor de sus titulares, en donde se prevé que: “ARTÍCULO 7.- Cada finca filial constituye una porción autónoma y debe estar acondicionada para el uso y goce independientes, comunicada directamente con la vía pública o con determinado espacio común que conduzca a ella. // ARTÍCULO 8.- Cada finca filial, sus accesorios y los espacios necesarios para su cabal aprovechamiento, pertenecen exclusivamente a su propietario, quien, según sus necesidades como condómino tendrá el derecho de aprovechar las cosas comunes conforme a su destino”. Por lo anterior, debe rechazarse también este extremo indemnizatorio, en el tanto no aportó algún poder donde se demostrará contar un mandato para acudir a esta jurisdicción a reclamar la indemnización de algún extremo económico.
Finalmente, la accionante solicita que se le indemnice los perjuicios pasados y futuros que se le han producido con las omisiones del Gobierno Local, sin embargo, al igual que los extremos indemnizatorios anteriores debe ser rechazado, ya que no indica en qué consisten, ni tampoco aportó elementos probatorios algunos que permitan determinar su existencia. Lo cual también implica en la solicitud de que realice un pronunciamiento en abstracto y genérico de cualquier daño o perjuicio que en el futuro se pueda presentar derivada de esta omisión, lo cual no es factible para este Tribunal proceder conforme lo solicitado, por cuanto debe acreditarse la existencia de un daño o un perjuicio, y dar la oportunidad de un contradictorio a la persona física o jurídica de quien se espera que sea reconocido, lo cual ante la incertidumbre de su acaecimiento, no cumple con los requisitos establecido en el numeral 196 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, por lo que también debe rechazarse. -
La representación de la Municipalidad de Garabito al momento de contestar la demanda y el ajuste de las pretensiones, no interpuso expresamente ninguna defensa. Sin embargo, se logra extraer que acusa una falta de derecho. No obstante, por la forma en cómo se ha resuelto el presente asunto, en cuanto a que esta Cámara Colegiada luego del análisis efectuado de los autos y de la prueba que fue ofrecida por las partes y admitida en el momento procesal oportuno, declara la falta de derecho de forma parcial, acogiendo parcialmente las pretensiones en los términos que se han desarrollado en la presente resolución, en virtud de los motivos que han sido expuestos en líneas precedentes.-
Respecto a las costas, de conformidad con el numeral 193 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, las costas procesales y personales constituyen una carga que se impone a la parte vencida por el hecho de serlo. La dispensa de esta condena sólo es viable cuando hubiere, a juicio del Tribunal, motivo suficiente para litigar o bien, cuando la sentencia se dicte en virtud de pruebas cuya existencia desconociera la parte contraria. En la especie, habiéndose acogido parcialmente la demanda formulada y no existiendo en los autos alguna prueba que permita dispensar del pago de éstas al vencido (que en este caso sería la accionada), en los términos regulados por la normativa legal citada procede la condena de las costas (procesales y personales) a la Municipalidad de Garabito, las cuales se liquidarán en la fase de ejecución de sentencia.-
POR TANTO
Con base en los fundamentos de hecho y derechos expuestos, se admite la prueba para mejor resolver ofrecida por la parte actora en fecha 22 de febrero de 2024. Se rechaza parcialmente la excepción falta de derecho y en consecuencia se declara PARCIALMENTE CON LUGAR la demanda interpuesta por la empresa CJO DESARROLLOS INTEGRALES S.A. contra de la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO, entendiéndose rechazada en lo no expresamente reconocido, y al tenor de lo cual se hacen los siguientes pronunciamientos:
Se declara a la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO responsable por su funcionamiento anormal por conducta omisiva en lo referente a ejercer sus atribuciones legales en materia de planificación, fiscalización y ordenamiento urbano, al no darle seguimiento a las licencias constructivas otorgadas al Proyecto Vistas de Leona, en particular al sistema pluvial (desfogue) y su impacto al del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas y de no ejecutar y/u ordenar a quien corresponda la realización de obras y acciones, tendientes a mitigar los efectos derivados de este Proyecto constructivo autorizado en los sistemas pluviales existentes en la zona objeto de la presente litis, y que por ende, eviten eventuales riesgos a la vida, las propiedades de los habitantes del cantón y al ambiente.
Se ordena a la MUNICIPALIDAD DE GARABITO, a lo siguiente:
Implementar, ejecutar y/o exigir a quien corresponda la realización de acciones concretas, a fin de mitigar el impacto de la escorrentía y aguas pluviales que están discurriendo en los desfogues y quebradas del Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas, y que permitan resolver en definitiva los problemas de inundaciones que se están presentando.
Realizar u ordenar a quien corresponda la realización de medidas de rehabilitación sobre las zonas impactadas, tanto en los inmuebles de los condóminos como áreas comunes que integran el referido Condominio Horizontal Residencial Las Lapas.
Establecer en el futuro, dentro del ámbito de discrecionalidad técnica, como parte de los requisitos para el otorgamiento de licencias municipales, los estudios técnicos que permitan identificar y prever los eventuales impactos o efectos de un proyecto sobre los sistemas pluviales aguas abajo, así como, a partir de éstos, exigir el cumplimiento a los licenciatarios de la implementación de medidas tendientes a reducir, mitigar y evitar cualquier afectación a los sistemas pluviales y al ambiente identificados. Todo dentro del ordenamiento jurídico vigente y aplicable para el tipo de obras constructivas a efectuar, con sustento en los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad.
Con respecto al cauce de dominio público y cualquier otro que sea identificado, que discurra en la zona objeto de la presente litis, se le ordena realizar las acciones de coordinación y cooperación institucional respectivas, a efecto de asegurar el manejo idóneo de dichos cuerpos de agua, dentro del marco de las reglas de la ciencia y técnica, y la reglamentación vigente, lo cual incluye las labores de mitigación y rehabilitación ordenadas.
Dichas acciones, al tenor de lo establecido en el numeral 157 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, deberá ser efectuadas dentro de un plazo que no supere tres (3) meses, contado a partir del día siguiente de la firmeza de la presente sentencia, en el entendido de que, el juez de ejecución aprobará y fiscalizará las acciones para el cumplimiento efectivo de la presente sentencia.
Se condena a la parte demandada al pago de las costas personales y procesales, los cuales se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia. Notifíquese. - Cinthya Morales Herra Claudia Bolaños Salazar Carlos José Mejías Rodríguez ???????????????
CINTHYA MARIA MORALES HERRA - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A ???????????????
CLAUDIA BOLAÑOS SALAZAR - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A ????????????????
CARLOS JOSE MEJIAS RODRIGUEZ - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A Goicoechea, Calle Blancos, 50 metros oeste del BNCR, frente a Café Dorado. Teléfonos: 2545-0107 ó 2545-0099. Ext. 01-2707 ó 01-2599. Fax: 2241-5664 ó 2545-0006. Correo electrónico: [email protected]
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