(Note from Sialevi: This standard was extracted from the website of the National Seed Office, therefore it is transcribed below:)
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG) Executive Secretariat for Agricultural Sectoral Planning (SEPSA) National Seed Office (ONS) University of Costa Rica - Center for Grain and Seed Research (CIGRAS) "National Seed Policy of Costa Rica 2017-2030" June, 2017 2 Contents Presentation ....................................................................................... ........................................................... 1 Introduction ....................................................................................... ........................................................... 3 Methodology ........................................................................................ .......................................................... 6 Context ........................................................................................... ............................................................. 9 Regulatory framework .................................................................................. ................................................... 9 Research in plant breeding (fitomejoramiento) .................................................................. ......................................... 10 Seed production (producción de semillas) ............................................................................. ................................................. 11 Seed supply (abastecimiento de semillas) ......................................................................... ............................................. 12 The seed (semilla) sector ................................................................................. .................................................... 12 International seed trade ................................................................. ......................................... 13 National Seed Policy 2017- 2030................................................................................................ .......... .
Mission ............................................................................................. ........................................................ 15 Vision ............................................................................................. ......................................................... 15 Objective ........................................................................................... ........................................................ 16 Strategic Axes .................................................................................. .................................................... 16 Strategic Axis 1: Varietal development (desarrollo varietal) .................................................................................................... 17 Strategic Axis 2: Seed production (producción de semillas) and quality assurance ............................................ 19 3 Strategic Axis 3: Agricultural extension (extensión agrícola) .............................................................. ....................................... 20 Strategic Axis 4: Seed marketing (mercadeo de semillas) ............................................................................................... 23 Strategic Axis 5: Development of seed enterprises (empresas semilleristas), import and Strategic Axis 6: Seed security (seguridad en semillas) ............................................................................................... 27 Strategic Axis 7: Generation and strengthening of capacities ......................................................... 29 Strategic Axis 8: Legal platform (plataforma legal) ................................................................ .............................................. 18 Management Model .................................................................................. .................................................... 34 Annexes ............................................................................................. ............................................................ 37 1 Presentation In my capacity as Rector Minister of the Agricultural and Rural Sector, I am pleased to present the "National Seed Policy 2017-2030", which is aligned with the Policies for the Agricultural Sector and the Development of Rural Territories 2015-2018, the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, and with the main guidelines, priorities, and principles of the National Development Plan 2014-2018 "Alberto Cañas Escalante" of the Solís Rivera Administration.
This policy is the result of an arduous process of consultations with the public and private sectors, academia, international organizations, and civil society, involved and linked to the seed (semillerista) sector of Costa Rica. With them, the need was shared to have an instrument whose objective is to promote the development of the Costa Rican seed (semillerista) sector with an approach that integrates the interests of all actors, aligned with the objectives and strategies of the national agricultural sector.
With the execution of this policy, the aim is to promote a seed (semillerista) sector with a dynamic, articulated, and inclusive vision, which ensures the provision and access of high-quality seed for domestic consumption and export; as well as to foster a system that regulates and promotes the production and trade of high-quality seeds, with international standards and plant varieties, that contribute to increasing agricultural health, productivity, and competitiveness, through the articulation of an effective normative, technical, and operational framework, that sustainably strengthens the capacities of the Costa Rican seed (semillerista) sector.
That is why the environment will also be respected, contributing to the country's food and nutritional security (seguridad alimentaria y nutricional), as well as to the promotion of decent work and economic development, strengthening industry, innovation, and infrastructure, as well as climate change adaptation and mitigation; aspects considered by the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
Therefore, this policy has been articulated into eight components: varietal development (desarrollo varietal), seed production (producción de semillas) and quality assurance, agricultural extension (extensión agrícola), seed marketing (mercadeo de semillas), development of seed enterprises (empresas semilleristas), import and export of seeds, seed security (seguridad en semillas), generation and strengthening of capacities, and a legal platform (plataforma legal). These seek to make the Costa Rican seed (semillerista) sector efficient and competitive to face the challenges of agriculture by the year 2030.
In accordance with the transparency postulates of the current government administration, this policy will be operationalized through the articulation of the public and private sectors, academia, and other sectors linked to the seed (semilla) activity in the country. Likewise, accounts will be rendered before the competent entities such as the Sector Rectorate, the Ministry of National Planning and Economic Policy, and the Comptroller General of the Republic, and due monitoring and evaluation of the policy will be provided through the instances that exist for that purpose in the Agricultural and Rural Sector. Introduction The seed (semillerista) activity worldwide has been evolving according to the changes occurring in commercial, technological matters, and the roles played by the public and private sectors, especially in their participation in the research, production, and trade of seeds. The development of the seed industry has led to a growing international trade of this input. The applications of biotechnology in the field of seeds have diversified in areas such as germplasm conservation, accelerated in vitro multiplication of plants, characterization, seed cleaning, genetic improvement, among others.
All this has led to a regulation of this activity through seed legislations and other international instruments that apply to issues such as trade, intellectual property, access to biodiversity, conservation and use of phytogenetic resources, among others.
The national seed (semillerista) sector has a regulatory framework that includes Seed Law No. 6289 and its regulations, which establish quality control systems, the registration of commercial varieties, and the rules for seed trade. Also part of the regulatory framework are the Law for the Protection of Plant Varieties No. 8631 on intellectual property rights for plant varieties and the Phytosanitary Protection Law No. 7664, which establishes phytosanitary controls and quarantine measures, important legislation from the standpoint of seed trade and germplasm movement. For issues related to seeds for organic agriculture and access to elements of biodiversity, there is the Biodiversity Law and the Law for the Development, Promotion, and Fostering of Organic Agricultural Activity. In turn, international agreements on phytogenetic resources, biodiversity, and intellectual property complement the national legal framework in the seed (semillerista) field.
This panorama reflects a regulated system of seed (semilla) activity at the national level, which seeks to follow global trends in trade and legislation.
The challenges for agriculture in light of climate change, food security, and competitive agricultural activity, demand enhancing the genetic factor, through the use of high-quality seed of improved varieties. However, until now there was no instrument to guide and define actions regarding the seed (semillerista) activity and to promote greater development of this sector. To face these challenges, it is necessary to have a clear definition of the model to follow for the development of the national seed (semillero) sector, a path that can be traced in a seed policy.
Costa Rica has a Policy for the Agricultural Sector and the Development of Rural Territories 2015-2018, where in Pillar I, on "Food and Nutritional Security and Sovereignty," the production, availability, and use of superior quality seeds is defined as a strategic area to improve productivity. Likewise, research, access to crop varieties that adapt to extreme climatic conditions, and the strengthening of programs for obtaining good quality seed, are considered strategic actions for agricultural adaptation and mitigation in the face of climate change. This reaffirms the importance assigned to the seed (semilla) sector in national agricultural activity.
The present National Seed Policy 2017-2030 (PNS) was conceived with the purpose of indicating the direction the country must follow on a series of topics related to this activity, in a manner aligned and congruent with the policies of the national agricultural sector.
The process of drafting this PNS allowed for situating it in the current context and the trends of the global and national seed (semillerista) activity. It was an enriching process of interaction with the different actors of this sector at the national and international levels, who contributed technical criteria, experience, and a vision for development in seed matters.
The foregoing has allowed the construction of a balanced instrument regarding the needs of different production systems that require new strategies for the supply of quality seeds, and which allows directing actions for the development of the national seed (semillerista) sector.
Methodology The process of constructing the National Seed Policy was carried out between July 2015 and May 2017. For its development, the "Voluntary Guide for the Formulation of National Seed Policies", prepared by the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture of the FAO Organization (FAO, 2015), was taken as a reference. Likewise, the guidelines of the "Guide for the Elaboration of Public Policies" of the Ministry of National Planning and Economic Policy (MIDEPLAN, 2016) were considered. The entire methodological process was carried out in a collegial manner between the National Seed Office (ONS) and the Center for Grain and Seed Research (CIGRAS) of the University of Costa Rica (UCR), with the accompaniment and technical cooperation of the Representation in Costa Rica of the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) and the Executive Secretariat for Agricultural Sectoral Planning (SEPSA).
Because the construction of the policy is of a participatory and inclusive nature, four spaces for collective construction were organized, which included:
. 1st Consultation Workshop for the construction of the National Seed Policy of Costa Rica: Held on July 10, 2015, with the participation of 35 people linked to the seed (semillerista) sector from different spheres (public entities, private entities, producers, academics, among others).
. Institutional Dialogue and Orientations for the Elaboration of the National Seed Policy of Costa Rica: Carried out in Heredia, on October 14, 2015, with a call essentially directed to public entities and universities linked to the agricultural sector, in which 15 representatives of these entities participated.
. Presentation and Validation of Advances in the construction process of the National Seed Policy of Costa Rica: On August 31 and September 7, 2016, workshops were held for the agricultural productive and private seed (semillerista) sectors, respectively. In this space, the advances in terms of the context and proposed objectives for the PNS were presented in order to obtain criteria and recommendations. A total of 78 people representing these sectors participated; the advance of objectives was delivered to them, and an email address was made available for submitting observations.
In all the collective work spaces, the work areas recommended by the FAO, which should be included in a PNS, were used as a guide.
As an initial step for the elaboration of the PNS, the current situation of the seed (semillerista) sector was studied, with the help of national and international experts. As a second stage, the context was defined with information derived from historical and current data from the ONS on topics of legislation, research in plant breeding (fitomejoramiento), production, supply, and international seed trade.
All the information gathered, both from the context and from the work in the workshops, fed the proposal of the axes, objectives, and strategic actions that make up the PNS 2017-2030, as well as the vision for the Costa Rican seed (semillerista) sector.
The current version of the PNS 2017-2030 was reviewed by the Agricultural Sectoral Technical Committee (COTECSA) in Session No. 02 of the year 2017, held on March 2. Likewise, by the National Agricultural Sectoral Council (CAN), in Session No. 04-17 of the year 2017, held on June 15, in which it was approved for its officialization.
Context Regulatory framework The legislation referring to the field of seeds began in the country with the enactment of Law No. 5029, which created the National Seed Commission, as a specialized unit of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG), without its own legal personality, economic content, or administrative agility. This Commission functioned as part of the Directorate of Agricultural Research of the MAG.
In 1978, it was deemed necessary to repeal Law No. 5029 and enact Law No. 6289, through which the ONS was created, as an entity with its own legal personality attached to the MAG, with functional and operational independence. This legislation assigned the ONS a series of attributions of a public nature and as main functions the certification of seeds, official quality control, the registration of commercial varieties, and the registration of seed imports and exports.
Part of the regulatory framework for the work of the ONS includes Law No. 8631 on the Protection of Plant Varieties, approved in 2008 and its Regulations (Decree No. 35677-MAG), in which the ONS is established as the competent authority for the registration of protected varieties. In addition, there is Phytosanitary Protection Law No. 7664, regarding phytosanitary control and plant quarantine; Law No. 8539 on the International Treaty on Phytogenetic Resources for Food and Agriculture; and Law No. 8635 on the International Convention for the Protection of Plant Varieties.
Research in plant breeding (fitomejoramiento) Research in genetic improvement of crops in our country, in general, can be said to have been based mainly on the introduction and selection of germplasm. The genetic material for improvement comes from international research centers, regional programs, universities, and collaborative international networks.
Through the formation and evaluation of national and regional trials, local selection of new improved varieties has been carried out. Research in genetic improvement for basic grains in crops such as beans and maize has been of an official nature, carried out by the National Institute of Innovation and Transfer of Agricultural Technology (INTA), the National University of Costa Rica (UNA), and the UCR; and through coordinated action by the respective Research and Technology Transfer Programs (PITTAs) for beans and maize in which other public institutions also participate. In the case of the rice crop, changes in some state programs in the field of genetic improvement have allowed the incursion of the private sector, which, through strategic alliances with a collaborative international network, has generated new varieties.
In recent years, a paradigm shift has been evident in the research and development of national varieties of horticultural and fruit species. In this way, the first varieties have been released, the product of crosses carried out in the country, with the participation of the public and private sectors and academia. Research in plant breeding (fitomejoramiento) for other crops such as oil palm, coffee, banana, pineapple, sugarcane, flowers, and ornamentals have followed private or mixed participation models.
Seed production (producción de semillas) Currently, a total of seven companies operate in the country for the production and trade of basic grain seed (rice, beans, and maize mainly), six of which are private and one state-owned (National Production Council, CNP). The seed reproduction phase for these crops is carried out in the fields of the same companies or through the participation of independent farmers, in the different seed-producing regions of the country. These companies have infrastructure and equipment for the different processes of receiving, drying, cleaning, selection, and storage of seeds. The plants for seed conditioning of the private companies were designed predominantly for the rice seed process, which is the one produced and marketed in the greatest quantity.
The CNP plant is capable of handling different types of seeds such as rice, beans, and maize; and it has chambers for storage under regulated temperature and relative humidity conditions.
It can be concluded that according to current needs, the country has installed capacity for the processing of basic grain seed; however, for the processing of other seeds, the available capacity and technology are limited.
In Costa Rica, private companies also operate in the fields of seed production for flowers, ornamentals, coffee, oil palm, forest species, and in vitro plantlets of various crops. In recent decades, in vitro seed production has developed widely in both the private and public sectors. Furthermore, several foreign-owned companies have established themselves in the country for the purpose of carrying out seed multiplication activities, advancement of generations, and research. Also, national companies carry out this modality of seed production, under contract with foreign seed companies.
Seed supply (abastecimiento de semillas) To meet the national demand for seeds, the country is self-sufficient in crops such as rice, beans, potatoes, coffee, sugarcane, fruit trees, roots, tubers, and oil palm, among others. However, this does not imply that in all these crops there are formal seed production and trade programs. The certification programs established for some of these crops have contributed to supplying domestic demand with recognized quality seed of improved varieties. In the case of horticultural species, forage species, and hybrid maize, seed imports are used. In all cases, the introduction of germplasm for research and development of new varieties has been required.
The seed (semilla) sector In the current Seed Law, it is established that the seed (semilla) sector is constituted by state, mixed, or private entities, whose scope of operation is established in the same legislation. Therefore, the sector is made up of producing companies, importers, exporters, and marketers of seeds, seed-producing farmers (agricultores semilleristas), users, and state entities. Among the latter is the MAG, in its role as rector of the agricultural sector, the ONS, and the State Phytosanitary Service, SFE, as regulatory bodies. Mixed entities or corporations (CORBANA, DIECA, CICAFE, CONARROZ), state universities, and research institutes (INTA) involved in the activity, which carry out research in genetic improvement in their respective fields and production of seeds for some of these, also form part of it. The National Production Council has remained for many years as the state industry that participates in the production of national bean and maize seed.
The Seed Law also indicates that any natural or legal person, under public or private law, may engage in the production and marketing of seeds, in compliance with the regulations established in the legislation.
In parallel, there is an informal sector, which self-supplies and exchanges seeds, mainly in the realm of family farming, organic agriculture, and subsistence farming.
It should be noted that this Policy recognizes the right of farmers, and particularly peasants and indigenous peoples, to conserve, use, exchange, and sell the local, traditional, and creole varieties that they have developed, conserved, and cultivated generationally. Likewise, the right to the protection of the knowledge and practices associated with these varieties is recognized.
International seed trade The ONS is the institution responsible for keeping the records of imports and plant biodiversity, the environment, and the prevention of practices that may induce error.
The country maintains a dynamic commercial exchange in seed matters. In the area of exports, flower seeds, oil palm, and foliage ornamentals stand out for their value. For the year 2016, the United States remained as the country's main trading partner with 71% of the total value of Regarding imports, flower seeds, vegetables, fruit trees, and forage species stand out for their value. Lily (Lilium spp.) is the flower seed that occupies first place for its value and is used for the production of cut flowers for in vitro, part of which is used domestically and the rest is According to the information presented in the 2016 Annual Report of the ONS, 38% of the total value of imports came from the Netherlands, followed by Peru (10.4%), the United States (10.2%), France (6.5%), and Chile (6.1%).
Upon performing a historical analysis of the trade balance in the period 2006-2015, according to the statistics published by the ONS in its annual report, it can be concluded that it has been positive. However, it should be noted that in the year 2016, seed exports had a significant drop due to the closure of operations in the country of an ornamental seed exporting company.
National Seed Policy 2017-2030 The FAO defines a Seed Policy as "a statement of principles that guides government measures and explains the roles of relevant stakeholders in terms of coordination, structure, functioning, and development of the seed sector." In this sense, the Costa Rican Agri-Food Sector has taken an unprecedented step nationally, with scarce regional references, toward the organization and declaration of guidelines for a highly relevant sector such as the seed (semillerista) sector.
Mission Maintain a system that regulates and promotes the production and trade of high-quality seeds, with international standards and plant varieties that contribute to increasing agricultural productivity and competitiveness, through the articulation of an effective normative, technical, and operational framework, that sustainably strengthens the capacities of the Costa Rican seed (semillerista) sector.
Vision A dynamic, articulated, and inclusive seed (semillerista) sector, that ensures the provision of and access to high-quality seed for domestic consumption and for export. 16 Objective Promote the development of the Costa Rican seed (semillerista) sector with an approach that articulates the interests and resources of its members, to improve the productive efficiency of the agricultural sector, in light of the challenges posed by food and nutritional security, the preservation of biodiversity, climate change, market globalization, and the guarantee of seed quality.
Strategic Axes The strategic axes contemplated as part of this Policy are:
1. Varietal development (desarrollo varietal) 2. Seed production (producción de semillas) and quality assurance 3. Agricultural extension (extensión agrícola) 4. Seed marketing (mercadeo de semillas) 5. Development of seed enterprises (empresas semilleristas), import and 6. Seed security (seguridad en semillas) 7. Generation and strengthening of capacities 8. Legal platform (plataforma legal) | Eje estratégico 1: Desarrollo varietal DESCRIPCIÓN | Seeks to provide farmers with improved varieties, adapted to the different agroecological zones of the country, with higher yields and nutritional quality, based on consumer needs, through the use of plant genetic resources (recursos fitogenéticos), modern plant breeding (fitomejoramiento) techniques, and by strengthening public-private partnerships and the active participation of farmers. | | --- | --- | | OBJETIVO | Strengthen and promote the coordinated development of public and private plant breeding systems for priority crops in the country, through the use and maintenance of germplasm banks with local and foreign plant genetic resources, the use of modern and conventional plant breeding techniques, complying with current national regulations and international treaties on intellectual property and farmers' rights. | | LINEAMIENTO | In a participatory and consensual manner with the agricultural sector, crops and their priority for the country will be defined. State institutions and the private sector will be coordinated for the promotion of genetic improvement (mejoramiento genético) at the national level based on the established priorities. | | RESULTADO ESPERADO | Improved crop varieties adapted to local conditions. | | INDICADOR | Number of commercial varieties registered by natural and legal persons. Percentage of planting area covered with seed of registered varieties. | | Áreas Temáticas | Acciones Estratégicas | | Priorización de cultivos | 1.1. Operate a mechanism for prioritizing crops based on their roles in the country context (SAN, climate change, business opportunities, among others) that guides the implementation of the policy. | | Recursos fitogenéticos | 1.2. Promote the financing of conservation and utilization actions for plant genetic resources in national plant breeding processes. | | Mejoramiento genético | 1.3. Coordinate research and genetic improvement activities through alliances between the public and private sectors. 1.4. Promote the use of modern technological tools that accelerate plant breeding processes. 1.5. Continuously improve national registration systems to expedite the availability of new varieties. 1.6. Promote the undertaking of national plant breeding programs, including participatory breeding (mejoramiento participativo), enhancing technological capacities. | | Eje estratégico 2: Producción de semillas y aseguramiento de la calidad | | | DESCRIPCIÓN | Seeks to improve formal and informal seed production systems and coordination between the public and private sectors involved in this activity. Roles and responsibilities will be defined based on installed capacities to produce quality seeds. Quality assurance (aseguramiento de la calidad) will be the central axis in seed production and the mechanism for this must be adjusted to the needs and preferences of the seed user. | | OBJETIVO | Strengthen the quality assurance of seed production in accordance with quality norms and standards, through coordinated actions in a network of actors linked to the seed sector. | | LINEAMIENTO | Specify and monitor the roles of the public and private sector in the production of high-quality seeds | | RESULTADO ESPERADO | Availability and access to quality seeds, according to compliance with norms and standards determined in each case. | | INDICADOR | Volumes of seed, both locally produced and imported, that meet quality standards in the different official quality control systems | | Áreas Temáticas | Acciones Estratégicas | | Gobernanza | 2.1. Ensure the application of the various official quality control mechanisms in the production and trade of seeds in the country. 2.2. Promote a culture of quality in production and trade through awareness and training of the national seed sector. 2.3. Encourage networking among seed sector actors regarding quality monitoring in production. 2.4. Evaluate the seed component in different national programs and define strategies for supplying quality seeds for those cases that require it, according to the characteristics of the different production systems. | | Infraestructura | 2.5. Diagnose and plan the improvement of the physical and processing capacities of the public entities responsible for production or quality assurance, prioritizing access to high-technology equipment. | Eje estratégico 3: Extensión agrícola | DESCRIPCIÓN | The sensitization of farmers regarding the use of quality varieties and seeds, appropriate for the characteristics and needs of their production systems and agroecological conditions, with the purpose of improving their production and adapting to market conditions and climate change. | | | --- | --- | --- | | OBJETIVO | Strengthen the connection between extension workers, producers, and researchers under the pluralistic extension (extensión pluralista) approach, which informs and educates about the relevance of using quality seed and the regulations linked to the sector. | | | LINEAMIENTO | State extension and private technical assistance systems will incorporate the concepts of seed quality and improved varieties into their strategies and work activities with agricultural producers. | | | RESULTADO ESPERADO | Establish a dynamic and constructive network among researchers, extension workers, technicians, and producers around the production and use of quality seed. | | | INDICADOR | Percentage of producers who apply knowledge and skills in the use of quality seed to improve their production processes. | | | Áreas Temáticas | Acciones Estratégicas | | | Gestión de capacidades | 3.1. Introduce the concept of quality seeds in (state) extension strategies as well as in training mechanisms for the private sector. 3.2. Raise awareness, educate, and disseminate to producers, seed merchants, and farmers about production and use of quality seeds through extension systems. | | | Gobernanza | 3.3. Follow up on compliance with regulations associated with seed quality from extension systems, as part of the network of sector members. 3.4. Increase the use of information and communication technologies in extension processes related to seed quality. | | | Eje estratégico 4: Mercadeo de semillas DESCRIPCIÓN | Satisfy the specific needs of farmers or users regarding improved varieties and quality factors, making superior quality seeds available to them in the quantity, place, and time required. | | | OBJETIVO | Observe and guarantee relationships in the seed market, promoting transparent dealings among its actors, through the generation of timely sector information and compliance with related legal instruments. | | | LINEAMIENTO | The State and its institutions, in a coordinated manner, will execute oversight, extension, and information actions regarding seed supply, generating synergies with the private sector, in order to promote the trade and use of good quality seeds, adjusted to technical and legal regulations and in attention to the changing needs and demand of producers. | | | RESULTADO ESPERADO | Supply of domestic demand for the different production systems and farmers satisfied with the supply of seed of superior varieties and good quality. | | | INDICADOR | Quantity and value of seed sold annually and seed utilization rates in different crops, under different modalities of official quality control. | | | Áreas Temáticas | Acciones Estratégicas | | | Sistemas de Información y Vigilancia | 4.1. Increase the supply of public statistical seed information from the network of sector members. 4.2. Strengthen the function of the national authority to maintain updated records of seed production, export, and import. 4.3. Ensure compliance with national legislation on commercialization and market, applied to the seed sector. | | | Política pública | 4.4. Make the use of seeds under the official quality control scheme mandatory for any seed production and supply initiative or project supported by state entities. | | Eje estratégico 5: Desarrollo de empresas semilleristas, importación y | DESCRIPCIÓN | Create a favorable environment for the establishment and development of seed enterprises of diverse scales and nature. In importing, the aim is to expand producers' access to the best genetic materials available outside the country, ensuring their prior validation and compliance with quality standards. Likewise, it contemplates the stimulation of seed production for export in accordance with international requirements, in those crops where comparative advantages exist. | | --- | --- | | OBJETIVO | Favor actions and initiatives in the seed trade that foster a dynamic, articulated, and diversified seed activity under the perspective of developing the seed industry to satisfy national supply and promote export. | | LINEAMIENTO | The state entities involved in the activity will generate an appropriate environment regarding providing timely services and relevant information that facilitates, supports, promotes, and incentivizes public or private investments in the establishment of a seed industry for the national and international market. | | RESULTADO ESPERADO | A good level of development of the national seed sector, with the capacity to provide the producer with adequate access to good quality seeds from new or strengthened seed enterprises, with a better positioning of the country regarding international seed trade. | | INDICADOR | Number of economic agents participating in the different seed activities, such as production, trade, and trade balance. | | Áreas Temáticas | Acciones Estratégicas | | Apoyo a los emprendimientos empresariales semilleristas | 5.1. Incentivize and support national initiatives within the country's economic development strategies to promote enterprises or programs for the production of quality seeds, suitable for the different production systems. 5.2. Identify opportunities for development, growth, and entrepreneurship in the sector, based on international trade agreements. | | Gobernanza | 5.3. Participatory design of a roadmap for international trade from the seed sector. 5.4. Foster friendly environments for seed enterprises that facilitate compliance with national regulations and seek their growth. | | Eje estratégico 6: Seguridad en semillas | | | DESCRIPCIÓN | Seed security (seguridad en semillas) is based on having quality seeds available for planting at the right time and at accessible prices for producers, both in regular and planned periods and in crises. | | OBJETIVO | Establish a reference framework for seed security in prioritized crops, defining guidelines and indicators as an early warning system to guarantee the national supply of seed. | | LINEAMIENTO | Timely access to quality seeds will be fostered by having an early warning system to guarantee the national supply of seed in prioritized crops. | | RESULTADO ESPERADO | The description of the state of prioritized crops, both in terms of planting areas and seed requirements, will allow for projections and the generation of indicators to guarantee the supply of seed in the country. | | INDICADOR | Early warning system validated and implemented and number of reports or seed inventories for prioritized crops. | | Áreas Temáticas | Acciones Estratégicas | | Gobernanza | 6.1. Promote and prioritize the establishment of the reference framework focused on previously established priority crops and ensuring access to quality seeds in situations that are not necessarily critical or extreme. 6.2. Promote the development of guidelines for interventions in this area, with indicators, and define a responsible entity. 6.3. Promote that the responsible entity establishes an early warning system. 6.4. Foresee and support the interventions of the State and the seed sector in emergency situations or particular ones defined by public interest, including seed production. | | Disponibilidad de semillas | 6.5. Promote and strengthen the public sector's focus on the initial multiplications of genetic and foundation seed. 6.6. Promote the participation of public entities in seed production and trade, complying with regulations and for priority crops, in particular cases of national need. | | Recursos fitogenéticos | 6.7. Promote the financing of conservation actions for plant genetic resources, as well as their utilization in national plant breeding processes. | Eje estratégico 7: Generación y fortalecimiento de capacidades | DESCRIPCIÓN | Training and updating on topics related to plant breeding, seed enterprise management, seed production, processing, supply and quality control, and the application of national and international norms and regulations must be permanent; therefore, it is necessary to highlight its relevance in the higher education system and in entities linked to the agricultural sector in general, to promote the offer of courses, workshops, seminars, internships, etc., that promote and facilitate access to updated and relevant information to develop and drive the seed sector. | | | --- | --- | --- | | OBJETIVO | Strengthen the capacity of actors linked to the seed sector by increasing synergy with universities, technical schools, and international organizations. | | | LINEAMIENTO | The academic offer, both technical and professional, will be increased to energize and improve the seed sector's capacity to respond to current demands and project future needs. In addition, linkage with international entities and the promotion of exchanges will foster the updating of human resources linked to the sector. | | | RESULTADO ESPERADO | More trained and involved human resources that implement the acquired knowledge, improve established processes, and propose new strategies, which will make a more efficient seed sector that generates new work opportunities. | | | INDICADOR | Number of people trained in different modalities and linked to topics related to the seed sector. | | | Áreas Temáticas | Acciones Estratégicas | | | Situación del talento humano | 7.1. Carry out a diagnosis of human talent in the seed sector, from which a unit for monitoring the capacities and the number of people involved in the sector will be established. | | | Oferta técnica y profesional | 7.2. Strengthen, promote, prioritize, and seek financing to offer regular training in the area of seeds from universities and academic exchanges to and from other countries. 7.3. Promote and manage the inclusion and increase of emphasis on seed technology topics, as well as plant breeding, in the formal higher education plans of the agricultural area. 7.4. Promote a joint work agenda among universities, technical schools, and professional associations to strengthen, prioritize, and finance training in the area of seed science and technology. 7.5. Resume and relaunch the actions developed regarding the training of agricultural regents linked to the seed sector. 7.6. Manage the increase of specialized course offerings in the area of seed production and quality, aimed at technicians and personnel from seed-producing entities. 7.7. Strengthen, promote, and prioritize the connectivity of the national seed sector with international entities related to the topic. | | | Eje estratégico 8: Plataforma legal | | | | DESCRIPCIÓN | Set of legal instruments that regulate seed production and trade activities, which support and complement each other and are consistent with the objectives and guidelines of the Política Nacional de Semillas. It ensures that farmers have access to high-quality seeds of varieties suitable for their needs and that a healthy commercial activity of this input is maintained. | | | OBJETIVO | Have an updated legal framework and specific regulations for seed production and commercialization, in accordance with the objectives and needs of the national agricultural sector. | | | LINEAMIENTO | The legal framework must be kept updated, in accordance with current technological and commercial conditions, as well as the needs of the productive and seed sector. It must foster a healthy seed trade and an adequate supply of quality seeds, accessible for the different production systems. | | | RESULTADO ESPERADO | Legal framework implemented; aligned with the Políticas del Sector Agropecuario and balanced in its objectives of protecting the farmer and developing the seed sector. | | | INDICADOR | Legal framework updated, approved, and in execution, which contemplates the topic of seeds and the phytosanitary, plant genetic resources, and intellectual property areas. | | | Áreas Temáticas | Acciones Estratégicas | | | Gobernanza | 8.1. Strengthen surveillance and compliance with regulations in the seed sector, including: existing norms for seed quality control, certification, rules for seed production and commercialization, norms related to intellectual property, phytosanitary aspects, farmers' rights, and biosafety. 8.2. Periodically review the seed sector regulations and propose their improvement and adjustment as necessary. 8.3. Promote and facilitate the implementation of international treaties regarding plant genetic resources and seeds. | | | Recursos | 8.4. Define the contribution of financial, human, physical, and infrastructure resources necessary for compliance with the legal frameworks of the seed sector. | | Modelo de Gestión: Política Nacional de Semillas 2017-2030 In the first instance, the Secretaría Ejecutiva de Planificación Sectorial Agropecuaria (SEPSA) is the depositary of the Política Nacional de Semillas 2017-2030, so that it is considered and serves as a reference point for strategic agricultural sector actions. This is particularly important, given that the proposed validity period (13 years) transcends some of the traditional planning cycles.
The ONS has been designated as the public body responsible for the application of the Política Nacional de Semillas 2017-2030, given its legal attributions and institutional trajectory in the subject. In addition, three reviews will be conducted during the period set for the PNS, in the years 2021, 2025, and 2030, to evaluate the evolution and execution of the actions proposed.
It is important to note the function of the responsible body, which entails a responsibility for follow-up, but with joint implementation involving the served sector, the seed sector, in addition to the agricultural sector itself. Also, joint action with SEPSA in matters of sectoral coordination for its implementation.
The implementation of this policy is subject to articulation with the public, private, academic, and productive actors involved. The actions to be developed must be both coherent with and contribute to higher governance instruments, such as the Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, Sectoral Policies in the areas of Agriculture and Environment, as well as with policies for common sectors or themes (for example, Política de Estado para el Desarrollo Rural Territorial Costarricense, PEDRT 2015-2030). 35 Another important level of planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of this policy is the coordination with public entities of the agricultural sector. An active channel is established, through the Comité Técnico Sectorial Agropecuario (COTECSA), for the knowledge, consideration, and inclusion of concrete actions and implementation of plans derived from this policy, preferably reflected in the Annual Operating Plans and their medium- and long-term planning.
The governing entity, Ministro de Agricultura y Ganadería, as well as the Ministerio de Planificación Nacional y Política Económica (MIDEPLAN), are recognized as the higher governing bodies for the implementation of this policy. Through these two bodies, the necessary coordination and alignment with the Ministerio de Hacienda, the Presidencia de la República, and the Contraloría General de la República will be carried out when applicable.
Accountability to all these bodies, the agri-food sector, and Costa Rican civil society will be a privileged mechanism in the development of this policy. A link and participation of all actions is established with the Secretaría Ejecutiva de Planificación Sectorial Agropecuaria, SEPSA, due to its coordination and sectoral organization responsibilities.
As a final higher purpose, the governance of the Política Nacional de Semillas 2017-2030 is directed towards seeking direct or indirect results aimed at achieving the Objetivos del Desarrollo Sostenible 2030, dictated by the General Assembly of the Organización de las Naciones Unidas, ONU, in particular for objectives: 2. Zero Hunger, 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth, 9. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and 13. Climate Action.
Anexo 2. Listado de participantes en eventos, reuniones y espacios de consulta durante el proceso de elaboración de la Política Nacional de Semillas 2017-2030, de julio de 2015 a marzo de 2017.
| Anexo 3. Siglas y acrónimos. CAN | Consejo Nacional Sectorial Agropecuario |
|---|---|
| CGR | Contraloría General de la República |
| CICAFE | Centro de Investigaciones en Café del Instituto del Café de Costa Rica |
| CIGRAS | Centro para Investigaciones en Granos y Semillas-Universidad de Costa Rica |
| CNP | Consejo Nacional de Producción |
| CONARROZ | Corporación Arrocera Nacional |
| CORBANA | Corporación Bananera Nacional |
| COTECSA | Comité Técnico Sectorial Agropecuario |
| DIECA | Dirección de Investigación en Caña de Azúcar de la Liga Industrial de la Caña de Azúcar |
| FAO | Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura |
| IICA | Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura |
| INTA | Instituto Nacional de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología Agropecuaria |
| MAG | Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería |
| MH | Ministerio de Hacienda |
| MIDEPLAN | Ministerio de Planificación Nacional y Política Económica |
| ODS 2030 | Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible 2030. Organización de las Naciones Unidas |
| ONS | Oficina Nacional de Semillas |
| ONU | Organización de las Naciones Unidas |
| PITTAs | Programas de Investigación y Transferencia de Tecnología |
| PNS | Política Nacional de Semillas de Costa Rica 2017-2030 |
| SAN | Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional |
| SEPSA | Secretaría Ejecutiva de Planificación Sectorial Agropecuaria |
| SFE | Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado |
| UCR | Universidad de Costa Rica |
| UNA | Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica |
Chavarría H., Sáenz J.P., Arias J. Cruz E. 2017. Buenas prácticas y lecciones aprendidas en el seguimiento, el monitoreo y la evaluación de políticas para la agricultura. San José, CR. Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura. 88 p.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Draft guide for National Seed Policy formulation. May 2014.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. La guía voluntaria para la formulación de políticas nacionales de semillas. 2015.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Tratado internacional sobre los recursos fitogenéticos para la alimentación y la agricultura. 2009.
Memoria Oficina Nacional de Semillas 2015.
Ministerio de Planificación Nacional y Política Económica. 2016. Guía para la elaboración de Políticas Públicas. San José, CR. MIDEPLAN. 59 p.
Naciones Unidas. Objetivos Desarrollo Sostenible 2030.
Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico. Sistemas de Semillas de la OCDE. Síntesis de las Normas Internacionales que regulan el comercio de semillas. Setiembre 2012.
Secretaría Ejecutiva de Planificación Sectorial Agropecuaria. Políticas para el Sector Agropecuario y el Desarrollo de los Territorios Rurales 2015-2018. Enero 2015.