Community development association may title sports field not constituting public domainAsociación de desarrollo puede titular plaza de deportes que no constituye bien demanial

**Voto Número 239-2020** **CIVIL AND LABOR APPEALS COURT OF GUANACASTE (LIBERIA SEAT) (Civil Matters).- At eleven hours fifteen minutes on the thirtieth of September, two thousand twenty.-** **HEADING** **POSSESSORY INFORMATION PROCEEDING** processed before the Civil and Labor Court of the Second Judicial Circuit of Guanacaste (Nicoya) (Civil Matters) under case file number 13-000134-0390-CI, brought by **ASOCIACIÓN DE DESARROLLO INTEGRAL DE SAN JUAN DE QUEBRADA HONDA DE NICOYA, GUANACASTE**, represented by its president with powers of general attorney-in-fact, Mr. [Nombre1] . Appearing were Licda. Jenny María Ramos González, bar association card number CED1, in her capacity as special judicial attorney-in-fact for the moving party, and Licda. Lydiana Rodríguez Paniagua, assistant procurator, representing the State.

**WHEREAS** **I. SUMMARY OF THE PARTIES' ALLEGATIONS AND CLAIMS.** The moving party initiated possessory information proceedings (diligencias de información posesoria) for the registration in its name of a property it claimed to have possessed for more than 10 years publicly, peacefully, and in the capacity of owner, as described in cadastral plan number G-590299-99 (later replaced by cadastral plan No. 5-2082387-2018). The Office of the Attorney General of the Republic did not oppose the approval of the proceedings, provided the requirements established by law are met.

Now, Mr. Judge of the Civil and Labor Court of the Second Judicial Circuit of Guanacaste (Nicoya) (Civil Matters), Lic. Ramón Meza Marín, by judgment number 2019000174 at 10:16 hours on 07/09/2019, ruled:

"**THEREFORE:**

Based on the foregoing, in accordance with the POSSESSORY INFORMATION LAW No. 139 of July 14, 1941, and its amendments, THESE POSSESSORY INFORMATION proceedings brought by LA ASOCIACIÓN DE DESARROLLO INTEGRAL DE SAN JUAN DE QUEBRADA HONDA DE NICOYA, GUANACASTE, legal identification number CED2, ARE HEREBY APPROVED. Consequently, the PUBLIC PROPERTY REGISTRY, Immovable Property Section, shall proceed to register in its name, without prejudice to third parties with better rights and with the limitations established by the Public Roads Law, Forestry Law number 7575, article 33; Water Law number 276, and its amendments, the property detailed below: Land used for a soccer field, located in San Antonio, [Dirección1] , , , Nicoya, province of Guanacaste, with the following boundaries: North: [Dirección2] with a frontage of sixty-five meters and twenty centimeters along lines fronting [Dirección3] ; Temporalidades de la diócesis de Tillarán and [Nombre2] ; South: Yonder Montero Lobo; West: Yonder [Dirección4] Lobo; East: Temporalidades de la Diócesis de Tillarán and [Dirección5] , with a street frontage of one hundred twenty-two meters and eighty-seven linear meters. Area: nine thousand two hundred forty-five square meters. According to cadastral plan number 5-2082387-2018, dated October 9, 2018.- Property valued at the sum of ONE MILLION NET COLONES. This is because the titleholder has fulfilled all the requirements established for this purpose by the Possessory Information Law. The certification of this judgment shall serve to register the cited property in the Property Registry. Once this ruling becomes final, the present matter shall be archived. Said registration is made in accordance with articles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 of the Possessory Information Law. It is hereby recorded, and must be legally encumbered as such, that the right-of-way of [Dirección2] which borders the north side of the property to be titled, a right-of-way that cannot be modified by private decision or judicial ruling, in accordance with article 4 of the General Public Roads Law and 19 subsection "a" of the Possessory Information Law. Furthermore, the area adjacent to watercourses is a protection area, if any exist, according to article 33, subsections a) and b), of Forestry Law number 7575, and the cutting or elimination of trees on the north side of the property is prohibited. Likewise, the waters and the channel of that watercourse are public domain, Water Law, article 1, subsection IV, and 3 subsection III). NOTIFY" (sic).

**II. ON THE ADMISSIBILITY OF THE APPEAL FILED.** Article 10 of the Possessory Information Law provides for an appeal against the ruling that approves or disapproves the information, so from that perspective, there is no observation or objection to be made.

Secondly, it must be established whether the objection was raised within the legal period. According to article 67.1 of the current Civil Procedure Code, the period to appeal the judgment is five days.

It must be remembered that time limits for appeal are common to all parties, meaning they must be counted from the moment all parties were notified (interpretation of articles 10 and 38 of the Judicial Notifications Law, No. 8,687/2009). In this specific case, notifications to the moving party and the state representation were transmitted on 07/09/2019 by email and fax (see notification records incorporated into the electronic case file).

Additionally, and in accordance with article 38 of Law No. 8,687/2009, in the case of electronic means, a person is considered notified on the business day following transmission, and the time limit begins to run on the business day following the notification of all parties. Consequently, notification to all parties occurred on 07/10/2019 and the time limit ran from 07/11/2019 to 07/17/2019. It is verifiable that the appellant party filed its appeal on 07/11/2019 at 07:17:17, which is within the period granted for this purpose.

Finally, the appellant party set forth in its appeal the reasons why it considers the appealed ruling should be modified, thus fulfilling the requirements of admissibility, timeliness, and substantiation. The substance of the matter is therefore addressed below.

**III. ON THE GRIEVANCES OF THE APPELLANT PARTY.** The state representative expressed disagreement with the first-instance ruling. For the sake of brevity, the respective appeal is transcribed:

"I, Lydiana Mayela Rodriguez Paniagua, in my capacity as Assistant Procurator, with qualities known in the case file, and in my condition as state representative, hereby file an appeal and concomitant nullity against judgment No. 2019-174 in the ruling at 10 hours 16 minutes on July 9 of the current year, based on the following considerations:

1. Sports plazas are in principle municipal, therefore ASOCIACION DESARROLLO INTEGRAL SAN JUAN QUEBRADA HONDA DE NICOYA, GUANACASTE is not legitimized to proceed to register in its name the property that is the basis of this proceeding, given the nature of the property (art 44 of the Urban Planning Law), in addition to what is regulated in arts 164 and 171 of the municipal code, as they are conclusive in indicating to whom the administration of sports and recreational facilities corresponds.

Article 44 of the Urban Planning Law:

Article 44.- The municipal domain over the areas of streets, plazas, gardens, parks, or other open spaces for general public use is constituted by that same use, and its registration in the Property Registry may be dispensed with, if it is recorded on the Official Map (underlining not from the original) The cited Registry shall make the final entry on those properties, remnants, or lots that the owner, as a subdivider (fraccionador), cedes to the municipality by mandate of this law, if the registrable document records the public purpose given to the immovable property and the Notary attests to the municipal agreement approving the cession and ordering the delivery of said property for that same purpose.

"...the sports and recreational facilities belonging to the municipalities must be administered by themselves, or their administration may be transferred, by agreement, to the respective cantonal sports and recreation committee or to a communal sports and recreation committee. C-268-2008 2. The property in question is by nature a sports plaza, from which it is concluded that the immovable property to be registered has been used as common and free use for the community's residents for many years.

"Thus, according to the testimonial evidence, both that presented during the oral and public hearing held by this Court, and that gathered in the criminal jurisdiction, indicating that the immovable property subject to the litigation has been used for more than thirty years for public use as a sports plaza, as well as the documentary evidence, from which it is inferred that the land was subject to bidding and that the price established in that contracting was disbursed from municipal funds, as well as cadastral plan number SJ-256-570-95, and applying articles 414 and 417 of the Civil Procedure Code, it is concluded that [Dirección6] del Río, in Pérez Zeledón is affected by the public domain." Voto N°101-2015-V at 11:00 hrs on September 30, 2015, CONTENTIOUS-ADMINISTRATIVE AND CIVIL TAX COURT. SECTION FIVE. SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT OF SAN JOSE ANNEX A. Goicoechea. (underlining not from the original).

"....PRINCIPLE OF FIRST REGISTRATION. THE UNNECESSARY REGISTRATION OF PUBLIC DOMAIN: The effectiveness of the public domain regime is per se. Its existence and publicity are given independently from the Registry, without the registered titleholder being able to claim ignorance as a means to distort and counteract the affectation. The principles of inalienability and imprescriptibility that characterize the public domain prevent the figure of the protected third-party registrant from being wielded against it to consolidate private property illicitly removed from that regime. The public domain has legal publicity. The foregoing runs parallel to the principle of first registration (inmatriculación) of immovable properties that are components of the public domain, which has material publicity and not necessarily formal or registral publicity. Against the public domain, private detentions lack obstructive value, however prolonged in time they may be and even if they appear protected by entries in the Property Registry. The condition of a public domain asset and for public use affects third parties, even if such quality does not appear in the Property Registry. These are assets that, by their nature, do not require registral inscription.(...)". Therefore, the grievance of the defendant regarding the supposed lack of assessment by the Instance Judge of registral publicity becomes improper, since in the case of public domain assets such a requirement is unnecessary..." Contentious-Administrative Court, Section VII Voto 019-2009-SVII.

"I.2) COMMON PUBLIC USE The public use of recreational or communal areas is enshrined in the Urban Planning Law, article 40, in harmony with article 43, concerning public domain affectation, and 44 ibid, which clarifies that plazas, streets, and parks under municipal domain are "open spaces" for "general public use." (See concordance with arts. 4°, definition of Communal Areas, and III.3.6 of the Reglamento para el Control Nacional de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones). Likewise, in accordance with the Construction Law, article 37: parks and gardens "are freely accessible to all inhabitants of the country, who when using them have the obligation to preserve them in the best possible state" and prohibits using them for a purpose different from that for which they were created (in relation, see arts. 38-40 ibid). Stadiums are places of public assembly (article. 60 ibid and I.3, definition of place of public assembly, and XI.1.1.3 of the Construction Regulations. Gaceta N° 56. Alcance N° 17 of March 22, 1983, and its amendments).

In short, they are assets that everyone can enjoy, with the limitations imposed by police regulations and those required for their conservation, destined for public use, and they are outside legal commerce as long as the contrary is not legally ordered. Civil Code, arts. 261 and 262. Art. 264 ibid refers to administrative regulations for the regulation of the manner of using and enjoying public things. Assets subject to the public domain regime, such as plazas or parks, have an "immutable" destiny, protected by the permanence of the need they satisfy and the right of all to recognized use, in accordance with laws and administrative regulations." (Superior Contentious-Administrative Court, ruling 5579 of 1982, citing precedents).

"The municipal domain over areas of streets, plazas, gardens, and parks and other spaces open to general public use is constituted by that same use, and regarding them the principle of first registration (inmatriculación) applies." (Superior Contentious-Administrative Court, ruling 5579 at 10:50 hrs. on May 25, 1982. On this principle, cf. Urban Planning Law, art. 44; Procurator's Office opinion C-128-99, Legal Opinion O. J.-053-96 and other precedents it refers to. To which is added the Superior Contentious-Administrative Court ruling number 100-1994)". O.J.-023-2003 Consequently, I request that the judgment being challenged be annulled and that these proceedings be rejected, based on article 11 of the Possessory Information Law.

July 10, 2019." (sic).

Having granted the legal term for a response, the appellee party did not express grievances.

**IV. ON THE FACTS HELD AS PROVEN AND UNPROVEN BY THE LOWER COURT JUDGE.** The list of facts held as proven is approved as a faithful reflection of the evidentiary material in the case file.

**V. ANALYSIS ON THE MERITS.** The objections raised by the appellant party will be studied and resolved below, understanding that the appeal brief limits the jurisdiction of this Court, in accordance with articles 65.5 and 65.6 of the Civil Procedure Code.

Following the necessary preamble, the appellant party filed its appeal divided into two sections. However, because they are closely related, they will be analyzed together.

In substance, the appellant party argues that sports plazas are, in principle, municipal, which is why the moving Development Association is not legitimized to register in its name the property underlying these proceedings given its nature. Along similar lines, it concluded that the nature of the land to be titled is a sports plaza, meaning the immovable property to be registered has been used as common and free use for the community's residents for many years.

The grievances must be dismissed. As correctly stated in the appealed judgment, according to the theory of public domain, four elements that must concur for an asset to be considered public domain have been defined, namely: a) Objective element, corresponding to the identification or individualization of the asset itself; b) Subjective element, relating to the Public Administration's ownership of the immovable property; c) Normative element, concerning the legislation assigning public domain status to each category of asset; and d) Teleological element, pertaining to the purpose or vocation conferred to each specific immovable property. In this regard, the Contentious-Administrative Court, Section II, in Voto No. 00075-2016 at 08:40 hours on 08/30/2016, proposed the following example:

"For example, in the case of public areas of residential developments (urbanizaciones), the objective element would be given by the delineation on cadastral plans of the street and park areas; the subjective element would be the acquisition operating by operation of law in favor of the Municipalities of those street and park areas from the moment the urban development project is approved by the Municipal Council; the normative element corresponds to the Urban Planning Law (No. 4240 of 1968) which in its article 40 obliges developers to cede the aforementioned areas for public use; and the teleological element occurs with the developer's will to cede those street and park spaces for public use, which is manifested in the petition made to the Municipal Council for approval of its development project." Now, although paragraph 1 of article 44 of the Urban Planning Law establishes that "The municipal domain over the areas of streets, plazas, gardens, parks, or other open spaces for general public use is constituted by that same use, and its registration in the Property Registry may be dispensed with, if it is recorded on the Official Map...", this provision cannot be viewed in isolation, as the State representative intends, but in concordance with articles 42 and 43 of the same law, as well as article 76 of Law 7800, which, in that order, provide:

"Article 42.- The Official Map regulations shall establish the rules on reserves, acquisition, use, and conservation of areas necessary for roads, parks, plazas, buildings, and other communal uses, expressing the location and size of those already delivered to public service and those demarcated only preventively." "Article 43.- The Official Map, together with the complementary plans or cadastre, shall constitute a special reliable registry of ownership and affectation to the public domain of the lands or spaces already delivered to public uses." "Article 76.- Public sports and recreational facilities financed with funds from the State administration must be planned and constructed in such a way that their multipurpose sports use and recreational activities are favored, taking into account different sports disciplines, maximum availability, and the different practice levels of citizens. These facilities must be made available to the community for public use." From the transcribed provisions, it is crystal clear that sports plazas, understood as assets for common use, constitute a public domain asset only if stated in the Official Map regulations, or if they were financed with State administration funds.

The reasoning of the Procurator, in asserting that sports plazas are public domain assets solely by reason of the nature of the asset, is erroneous. On the contrary, the four aforementioned elements (objective, subjective, normative, and teleological) must be verified in each specific case for the asset to enter this special legal property regime.

In the present case, as the instance judge rightly concluded, the property sought to be titled does not meet the necessary requirements to be considered a public domain asset. In this regard, the appealed judgment stated:

"Now, the fact that an association, which is of a private type, wants to use its assets for the benefit of the community, a situation not prohibited to it, thereby providing a communal service, with certain emoluments to sustain the facilities, does not mean that, at the moment a private owner decides to build a soccer field or recreational park for the benefit of the community, it thereby becomes an immovable property for public effects or a public domain asset...".

Furthermore, the witnesses were clear in stating that the land belonged to the president of the moving Association and entered the latter's patrimony by donation more than ten years ago. Moreover, the three deponents affirmed that the land is fenced with a mesh.

Contrary to the state representation's argument, there is no evidence in the record allowing the conclusion that the land belonged to the Municipality of Nicoya, that the soccer field was built with public funds, or that the immovable property is affected to the public domain by any law or has been included as such on the official map. Rather, the Municipality of Nicoya itself, in the brief incorporated into the electronic case file on 08/23/2018 at 09:35:02, acknowledges that the property subject to these proceedings "has as its de facto owner the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de San Juan de Quebrada Honda de Nicoya," and only requested the exclusion of the area of land corresponding to houses and an easement (servidumbre) of passage described by the Municipal Department of Cadastre and Topography. It also clarified that "the Municipality has not been in administration of the property in question." Thus, the appellant did not contest the analysis of the testimonial and documentary evidence, from which the exercise of possession in a personal manner by the titling Association over the property for more than ten years is clearly concluded. Based on this evidence, this Court of Appeals considers that the property sought to be registered is of private domain and that the moving Association is the one that has maintained the land and fenced it with a perimeter mesh, in a clear manifestation of the rights of exclusion and defense that the owner — or one who possesses as owner — can employ in accordance with the law (articles 295 and 296 of the Civil Code).

Furthermore, Law No. 3,859, Law on Community Development, declared the constitution and functioning of community development associations to be of public interest as a means of stimulating the country's economic and social development (article 14), in addition to providing broad powers to contract, carry out all kinds of lawful operations, and acquire assets, all directed toward achieving their purposes (article 23).

Likewise, the Regulation to the Law on Community Development, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 26,935-G, establishes that the patrimony of development associations consists of the movable and immovable assets they possess and the income obtained from their administration (article 60, subsection e). As a corollary, even if the assets of development associations are destined for community use, this does not by itself imply a gratuitous nature (as the association can demand economic consideration), and even less could they be subject to the public domain regime, given the absence of the elements required for its configuration.

**VI. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS.** Based on the foregoing, since the appellant party's arguments lack merit, the judgment under appeal must be affirmed.

**THEREFORE** In accordance with the foregoing and the cited regulations, with respect to the matters appealed, judgment No. 2019000174 at 10:16 hours on 07/09/2019, issued by the Civil and Labor Court of the Second Judicial Circuit of Guanacaste (Nicoya) (Civil Matters), IS HEREBY AFFIRMED.

ERAMOSCH *EWMGP0TIQNW61* PATRIC [Nombre3] - DECISOR/A *ISGF43UPHJ8861* RODRIGO [Nombre4] - DECISOR/A *XGL6QJCAGHC61* ALEJANDRA [Nombre5] - DECISOR/A Jenny María Ramos González, membership card number CED1, in her capacity as special judicial attorney-in-fact for the moving party, as well as Licda. Lydiana Rodríguez Paniagua, assistant procurator, representing the State.

**CONSIDERING** **I. SUMMARY OF THE PARTIES' ALLEGATIONS AND CLAIMS.** The moving party initiated possessory information proceedings (diligencias de información posesoria) to have registered in her name the property she stated she had possessed for more than 10 years publicly, peacefully, and as owner, and which is described in cadastral map (plano catastrado) number G-590299-99 (subsequently replaced by cadastral map No. 5-2082387-2018). The Office of the Attorney General (Procuraduría General de la República) did not oppose the approval of the proceedings, provided the requirements established by law are met.

Now, Mr. Judge of the Civil and Labor Court, Second Judicial Circuit of Guanacaste (Nicoya) (Civil Matters), Lic. Ramón Meza Marín, by judgment number 2019000174 at 10:16 a.m. on 07/09/2019, resolved:

"**THEREFORE:**

Based on the foregoing, in accordance with the **POSSESSORY INFORMATION LAW (LEY DE INFORMACIONES POSESORIAS)** No. 139 of July 14, 1941, and its amendments, these possessory information proceedings (**INFORMACIÓN POSESORIA**) are **APPROVED**, as promoted by **THE INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION OF SAN JUAN DE QUEBRADA HONDA DE NICOYA, GUANACASTE (LA ASOCIACIÓN DE DESARROLLO INTEGRAL DE SAN JUAN DE QUEBRADA HONDA DE NICOYA, GUANACASTE)**, legal identification number **CED2**. Consequently, the **PUBLIC PROPERTY REGISTRY (REGISTRO PUBLICO DE LA PROPIEDAD)**, Real Estate Section, shall proceed to register in its name, without prejudice to third parties with superior rights and with the limitations established by the Public Roads Law, Forestry Law No. 7575, article 33; Water Law No. 276, and its amendments, the property detailed below: **Land used for a soccer field, located in San Antonio, [Address1], Nicoya, Guanacaste province, with the following boundaries: North: [Address2] with a frontage of sixty-five meters and twenty centimeters, lines fronting [Address3]; Temporalidades de la diócesis de Tillarán and [Name2]; South: Yonder Montero Lobo; West: Yonder [Address4] Lobo; East: Temporalidades de la Diócesis de Tillarán and [Address5], with a street frontage of one hundred twenty-two meters and eighty-seven linear meters. Area: nine thousand two hundred forty-five square meters. According to cadastral map number 5-2082387-2018, dated October 9, 2018.** The property was valued at the sum of **ONE MILLION NET COLONES**. This is because the title holder has fulfilled all the requirements established by the Possessory Information Law for this purpose. The certification of this judgment shall serve to register the cited property in the Property Registry. Once this ruling becomes final, this matter shall be archived. Said registration is made in accordance with articles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 of the Possessory Information Law. It is recorded, and must thus be legally encumbered, that the right-of-way of [Address2] bordering the north side of the property to be titled, a right-of-way that cannot be modified by private decision or judicial ruling, as established in article 4 of the General Public Roads Law and article 19, subsection "a" of the Possessory Information Law. Furthermore, that the area adjacent to watercourses is a protection area, if any, according to article 33, subsections a) and b), of Forestry Law No. 7575, and the cutting or elimination of trees on the north side of the property is prohibited. Likewise, the waters and the channel of that watercourse are public domain, Water Law, article 1, subsection IV, and article 3, subsection III). **NOTIFY**" (sic).

**II. ON THE ADMISSIBILITY OF THE FILED APPEAL.** Article 10 of the Possessory Information Law provides for the appeal (recurso de apelación) against the ruling that approves or disapproves the information, so from that point of view there are no observations or objections to make.

Secondly, it must be established whether the disagreement was filed within the legal deadline. According to article 67.1 of the current Civil Procedure Code (Código Procesal Civil), the deadline to appeal the judgment is five days.

It must be remembered that deadlines are common, so they must be counted from the moment all parties were notified (understanding of articles 10 and 38 of the Judicial Notifications Law, No. 8.687/2009). In the specific case, notifications to the moving party and the state representation were transmitted on 07/09/2019 via email and fax (see notification records incorporated into the electronic file).

Likewise, and in accordance with article 38 of Law No. 8.687/2009, in the case of electronic means, the person is notified on the following business day after transmission, and the deadline starts running from the business day following the notification of all parties. Consequently, notification to all parties occurred on 07/10/2019, and the deadline ran from 07/11/2019 to 07/17/2019. It can be verified that the appellant filed the appeal on 07/11/2019 at 07:17:17, i.e., within the deadline granted for that purpose.

Finally, in the appeal, the appellant explained the reasons why it considers the appealed ruling should be varied, thus meeting the requirements of admissibility, timeliness, and substantiation, and the merits of the matter are addressed forthwith.

**III. ON THE GRIEVANCES OF THE APPELLANT.** The state representation disagreed with the first-instance ruling. For efficiency, the respective appeal is transcribed:

"I, Lydiana Mayela Rodriguez Paniagua, in my capacity as Assistant Procurator, with known qualifications in the record, and in my condition as state representative, file an appeal and concomitant nullity plea against judgment No. 2019-174 issued at 10:16 a.m. on July 9 of this year, based on the following considerations:

**1. Sports plazas are, in principle, municipal**, therefore the **INTEGRAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION OF SAN JUAN DE QUEBRADA HONDA DE NICOYA, GUANACASTE (ASOCIACION DESARROLLO INTEGRAL SAN JUAN QUEBRADA HONDA DE NICOYA, GUANACASTE)** does not have standing (legitimación) to proceed to register the property underlying this proceeding in its name, given the nature of the property (art. 44 of the Urban Planning Law), in addition to what is regulated in arts. 164 and 171 of the Municipal Code, as they are conclusive in indicating to whom the administration of sports and recreational facilities corresponds.

*Article 44 of the Urban Planning Law:* *Article 44.-* ***The municipal domain over areas of streets, plazas***\*, gardens, parks, or other open spaces for general public use is constituted by that same use, and its registration in the Property Registry may be dispensed with if it is recorded in the Official Map\* (underlining is not from the original) *The cited Registry shall close the record for those properties, remnants, or lots that the owner, as subdivider (fraccionador), cedes to the municipality by mandate of this law, if the registrable document records the public purpose given to the property and the Notary attests to the municipal agreement approving the cession and ordering the delivery of said property for that same purpose.* *"...the sports and recreational facilities belonging to the municipalities must be administered by themselves, or their administration may be ceded, by agreement, to the respective Cantonal Sports and Recreation Committee or to a Communal Sports and Recreation Committee.* **C-268-2008** 2. The land in question is, by nature, a ***sports plaza***\*,\* with which it is concluded that the property to be registered has been used as a common and free use for the neighbors of the community for many years.

*"Thus, according to the testimonial evidence, both that presented during the oral and public trial hearing held by this Court, and that collected in the criminal venue, in the sense that the property subject to litigation has been designated for more than thirty years for public use, as a sports plaza, as well as the documentary evidence, from which it is inferred that the land was subject to a bidding process and that the price established in that contract was disbursed from municipal funds, as well as cadastral map number SJ-256-570-95,* ***and in application of the provisions of numerals 414 and 417 of the Civil Procedure Code, it is concluded that the [Address6] del Río, in Pérez Zeledón is encumbered to the public domain.\**** *Voto* No. 101-2015-V at 11:00 a.m. on September 30, 2015. CONTENTIOUS ADMINISTRATIVE AND CIVIL TREASURY COURT. FIFTH SECTION. SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT OF SAN JOSE ANNEX A. Goicoechea. (underlining is not from the original).

*"....PRINCIPLE OF FIRST REGISTRATION (INMATRICULACIÓN). THE UNNECESSARY REGISTRATION OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN: The efficacy of the public domain regime (régimen demanial) is per se. Its existence and publicity exist autonomously from the Registry, and it is not admissible for the registered titleholder to claim ignorance as a means to distort and counteract the encumbrance. The principles of inalienability (inalienabilidad) and imprescriptibility (imprescriptibilidad) that characterize the public domain prevent the figure of the registered third party from being wielded against it to consolidate private property illicitly removed from that regime. The public domain has legal publicity. The foregoing is coupled with the principle of first registration of the properties comprising the public domain, which has material publicity and not necessarily formal or registry publicity. Against the public domain, private detentations suffer from obstructive value, however prolonged in time and even if they appear protected by entries in the Property Registry. The condition of a public domain and public use property affects a third party, even if such quality does not appear from the Property Registry. These are properties that, by their nature, do not need registry inscription. (...)\".* Therefore, the grievance of the defendant regarding the alleged lack of assessment by the Instance Judge of registry publicity becomes inadmissible, since in the case of public domain properties, such a requirement is unnecessary..." Contentious Administrative Court, Section VII, Voto 019-2009-SVII.

"*I.2) COMMON PUBLIC USE* *The public use of recreational or communal areas is enshrined in the Urban Planning Law, article 40, in harmony with article 43, concerning public domain encumbrance (afectación demanial), and article 44 ibid, which clarifies that plazas, streets, and parks under municipal domain are "open spaces" for "general public use." (See concordance with arts. 4, term Communal Areas, and III.3.6 of the Regulation for the National Control of Subdivisions and Urbanizations (Reglamento para el Control Nacional de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones)). Likewise, in line with the Construction Law, article 37: parks and gardens "are of free access to all inhabitants of the country, who when using them have the obligation to conserve them in the best possible state" and prohibits making a use different from that for which they were created (in relation, see arts. 38-40 ibid). Stadiums are public gathering sites (article 60 ibid and I.3, term public gathering site and XI.1.1.3 of the Construction Regulations. Gazette No. 56, Scope No. 17 of March 22, 1983, and its reforms).* *In short, they are goods that everyone can take advantage of, with the limitations imposed by police regulations and those required for their conservation, destined for public use, and are outside legal commerce as long as the contrary is not legally ordered. Civil Code, arts. 261 and 262. Art. 264 ibid refers to administrative regulations for the regulation of the manner of using and taking advantage of public things. Goods subject to the public domain regime, such as plazas or parks, have an "immutable destiny, protected by the permanence of the need they satisfy and by the right of all to the recognized use, in accordance with laws and administrative regulations." (Superior Contentious Administrative Court, ruling 5579 of 1982, quoting precedents).* *"The municipal domain over areas of streets, plazas, gardens, and parks and other open spaces for general public use is constituted by that same use, and the principle of first registration (inmatriculación) governs with respect to them." (Superior Contentious Administrative Court, ruling 5579 at 10:50 a.m. on May 25, 1982. On this principle, cf. Urban Planning Law, art. 44; Procuraduría opinion C-128-99, Legal Opinion O. J.-053-96 and other precedents it refers to. To which is added the ruling of the Superior Contentious Administrative Court number 100-1994)". O.J.-023-2003* Consequently, **I request that the judgment (auto sentencia) being challenged be annulled and these proceedings be rejected, based on article 11 of the Possessory Information Law.**

July 10, 2019." (sic).

Once the legal summons was granted, the appellee did not express grievances.

**IV. ON THE FACTS HELD AS PROVEN AND UNPROVEN BY THE A-QUO JUDGE.** The list of facts held as proven is approved because it is a faithful reflection of the evidentiary material in the record.

**V. ANALYSIS OF THE MERITS.** The objections formulated by the appellant will be studied and resolved below, with the understanding that the appeal brief limits the competence of this Court, in accordance with numerals 65.5 and 65.6 of the Civil Procedure Code.

After the customary preamble, the appellant filed the appeal divided into two sections. However, as they are intimately related, it is appropriate to analyze them jointly.

In substance, the appellant argues that sports plazas are, in principle, municipal, which is why the promoting Development Association does not have standing to register the property underlying these proceedings in its name, given its nature. In a similar vein, it concluded that the nature of the land to be titled is a sports plaza, so the property to be registered has been used as a common and free use for the neighbors of the community for many years.

*The grievances must be dismissed*. As correctly indicated in the appealed judgment, according to the theory of public domain, four elements have been defined that must concur for a property to be considered public domain (demanial), namely: a) Objective element, which corresponds to the identification or individualization of the property itself; b) Subjective element, concerning the ownership of the property by the Public Administration; c) Normative element, which pertains to the legislation that assigns each category of property its public domain condition; and, d) Teleological element, which concerns the purpose or vocation conferred on each specific real property. In this regard, the Contentious Administrative Court, Section II, in Voto No. 00075-2016 at 08:40 a.m. on 08/30/2016, proposed the following example:

"For example, in the case of public zones of urbanizations, the objective element would be given by the delimitation in cadastral maps of the street and park areas; the subjective element would be the automatic acquisition operating in favor of the Municipalities over those street and park areas from the moment the urban development project is approved by the Municipal Council; the normative element corresponds to the Urban Planning Law (No. 4240 of 1968), which in its article 40 obligates developers to cede the aforementioned zones for public use; and the teleological element occurs with the developer's will to cede those street and park spaces for public use, which is manifested in the petition made to the Municipal Council for the approval of the urbanization project." Now, although paragraph 1 of article 44 of the Urban Planning Law establishes that *"The municipal domain over areas of streets, plazas, gardens, parks, or other open spaces for general use is constituted by that same use, and its registration in the Property Registry may be dispensed with if it is recorded in the Official Map..."*, that provision cannot be viewed in isolation, as the State representative intends, but in concordance with articles 42 and 43 of the same law, as well as numeral 76 of Law 7800, which, in that order, state:

"Article 42.- The Official Map regulation shall establish the rules on reserves, acquisition, use, and conservation of the areas necessary for roads, parks, plazas, buildings, and other communal uses, expressing the location and size of those already delivered to public service and those only preventively demarcated".

"Article 43.- The Official Map, together with the plans or cadastre (catastro) that complement it, shall constitute a special reliable registry on ownership and encumbrance to the public domain of the lands or spaces already delivered to public uses".

"Article 76.- Public sports and recreational facilities financed with funds from the State administration must be planned and built in such a way as to favor their multi-sport use and recreational activities, taking into account the different sports disciplines, maximum availability, and the different practice levels of citizens.

These facilities must be made available to the community for public use".

From the transcribed provisions, it is deduced with absolute clarity that sports plazas, understood as common-use goods, constitute a public domain good provided it is so recorded in the Official Map regulation, or, that they have been financed with funds from the State administration.

The reasoning of the Procurator, in affirming that sports plazas are public domain goods solely by reason of the nature of the good, is erroneous.

On the contrary, the four elements already indicated (objective, subjective, normative, and teleological) must be verified in each specific case for the property to enter into this special legal regime of property.</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:17.75pt; text-align:justify; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">In the specific case, as the trial judge correctly concluded, the property sought to be titled does not meet the necessary requirements to be considered a public domain asset (bien demanial). In this regard, the appealed judgment stated:</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:35.5pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:10pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">\"Now, the fact that an association, which is of a private type, wants to use its assets for the benefit of the community, a situation that is not prohibited, thereby providing a community service, with certain emoluments to maintain the facilities, does not mean that, when a private owner decides to build a football field or recreational park for the benefit of the community, it thereby becomes a property of public or demanial effects...\".</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:17.75pt; text-align:justify; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">On the other hand, the witnesses were clear in stating that the land belonged to the president of the petitioning Association and entered the latter's patrimony by donation more than ten years ago. Furthermore, all three deponents affirmed that the land is fenced with wire mesh.</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:17.75pt; text-align:justify; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">Contrary to what was argued by the State representation, there is no evidence allowing the conclusion that the land belonged to the Municipality of Nicoya (Municipalidad de Nicoya), that the football field was built with public funds, or that the property is affected to the public domain by any law or been included as such in the official map. Rather, the Municipality of Nicoya itself, in the brief incorporated into the electronic file on the date 23/08/2018 09:35:02, acknowledges that the property (fundo) subject of these proceedings </span><span style=\"font-family:Arial; font-style:italic\">\"has the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de San Juan de Quebrada Honda de Nicoya as its de facto owner\"</span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">, and only requested to exclude the area of land corresponding to dwellings and the easement of passage (servidumbre de paso) described by the Municipal Department of Cadastre and Topography. Likewise, it clarified that </span><span style=\"font-family:Arial; font-style:italic\">\"the Municipality has not been in administration of the property in question\"</span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">.</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:17.75pt; text-align:justify; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">Thus, the appellant did not challenge the analysis of the testimonial and documentary evidence, from which the personal exercise of possession by the titling Association over the property (fundo) for more than ten years is clearly concluded. Based on this evidence, this Court of Appeals considers that the property (fundo) sought to be registered is of private domain and that the petitioning Association is the one that has maintained the land and fenced it with perimeter wire mesh, in a clear manifestation of the rights of exclusion and defense that the owner—or one who possesses as an owner—may employ in accordance with the law (Articles 295 and 296 of the Civil Code).</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:17.75pt; text-align:justify; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">Furthermore, Law No. 3,859, </span><span style=\"font-family:Arial; font-style:italic\">Ley sobre el Desarrollo de la Comunidad</span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">, declared the constitution and operation of community development associations to be of public interest as a means of stimulating the country's economic and social development (Article 14), in addition to providing broad powers to contract, carry out all types of lawful operations, and acquire assets, all directed toward the achievement of their purposes (Article 23).</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:17.75pt; text-align:justify; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">Likewise, the Regulation to the Ley sobre el Desarrollo de la Comunidad, Decreto Ejecutivo N° 26.935-G, establishes that the patrimony of development associations is composed of the movable and immovable property they possess and the income obtained from the administration thereof (Article 60, subsection e). As a corollary, although the assets of development associations are destined for the use of the community, this does not in itself imply a gratuitous character (since the association may demand an economic consideration), and even less could it be subject to the public domain regime (régimen demanial), given the absence of the elements required for its configuration.</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:17.75pt; text-align:justify; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold\">VI. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS. </span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">Based on the foregoing, since the appellant's arguments are not well-founded, the appealed judgment must be confirmed.</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold\">POR TANTO</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:11pt\"><span style=\"width:36pt; display:inline-block\">&#xa0;</span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">In accordance with the foregoing and the cited regulations, with respect to the matters appealed, </span><span style=\"font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold\">IS CONFIRMED</span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\"> judgment No. 2019000174 of 10:16 hours on 09/07/2019 issued by the Civil and Labor Court of the Second Judicial Circuit of Guanacaste (Nicoya) (Civil Matters).</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; font-size:9pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">ERAMOSCH</span></p> | | | | | <img 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width="200" height="65" alt="" style="-aw-left-pos:0pt; -aw-rel-hpos:column; -aw-rel-vpos:paragraph; -aw-top-pos:0pt; -aw-wrap-type:inline" /><br><span style="font-family:'WASP 39 L'">*EWMGP0TIQNW61*</span><br><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt">EWMGP0TIQNW61</span><br><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt">PATRIC [Nombre3]</span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt; -aw-import:spaces">&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt">- DECISOR/A</span> | | <img 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width="200" height="65" alt="" style="-aw-left-pos:0pt; -aw-rel-hpos:column; -aw-rel-vpos:paragraph; -aw-top-pos:0pt; -aw-wrap-type:inline" /><br><span style="font-family:'WASP 39 L'">*ISGF43UPHJ8861*</span><br><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt">ISGF43UPHJ8861</span><br><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt">RODRIGO [Nombre4]</span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt; -aw-import:spaces">&#xa0; </span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt">- DECISOR/A</span> | <img 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width="200" height="65" alt="" style="-aw-left-pos:0pt; -aw-rel-hpos:column; -aw-rel-vpos:paragraph; -aw-top-pos:0pt; -aw-wrap-type:inline" /><br><span style="font-family:'WASP 39 L'">*XGL6QJCAGHC61*</span><br><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt">XGL6QJCAGHC61</span><br><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt">ALEJANDRA [Nombre5]</span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt; -aw-import:spaces">&#xa0; </span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt">- DECISOR/A</span> | <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:8pt"><span style="font-family:Arial">EXP: 13-000134-0390-CI</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; font-size:8pt"><span style="font-family:Arial">Guanacaste, Liberia, de Pizza Hut [Dirección7]</span><span style="font-family:Arial; -aw-import:spaces">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span style="font-family:Arial">este Teléfonos: 2665-1628 ó 2665-1644. Fax: 2665-1659.</span></p> **V. SUBSTANTIVE ANALYSIS.** The objections raised by the appellant will now be examined and resolved, on the understanding that the appeal brief limits the jurisdiction of this Court, in accordance with the provisions of numerals 65.5 and 65.6 of the Civil Procedure Code.

After the requisite preamble, the appellant presented its appeal divided into two sections. However, as they are closely related, it is appropriate to analyze them jointly.

In substance, the appellant argues that sports fields are, in principle, municipal, which is why the petitioning Development Association lacks standing to register the property underlying these proceedings in its name given its nature. Along similar lines, it concluded that the nature of the land to be titled is a sports field, and therefore the property to be registered has been used as a space for common and gratuitous use by the neighbors of the community for many years.

The grievances must be dismissed. As correctly indicated in the appealed judgment, according to the theory of public domain (dominio público), four elements have been defined that must concur for a property to be considered demanial (demanial), namely: a) Objective element, which corresponds to the identification or individualization of the property itself; b) Subjective element, concerning the Public Administration's ownership of the property; c) Normative element, which pertains to the legislation that assigns demanial status to each category of property; and, d) Teleological element, which concerns the purpose or vocation conferred upon each specific property. In this regard, the Administrative Litigation Court, Section II, in vote No. 00075-2016 of 08:40 hours on 30/08/2016, proposed the following example:

"For example, in the case of public zones in residential developments, the objective element would be provided by the delimitation in cadastral plans of the street and park areas; the subjective element would be the acquisition that operates by operation of law in favor of the Municipalities of those street and park areas from the moment the urban development project is approved by the Municipal Council; the normative element corresponds to the Urban Planning Law (No. 4240 of 1968) which in its article 40 obliges developers to cede the aforementioned zones to public use; and the teleological element occurs with the developer's will to cede those street and park spaces to public use, which is manifested in the petition it formulates before the Municipal Council for approval of its urbanization project." Now, while paragraph 1 of article 44 of the Urban Planning Law establishes that *"Municipal ownership over areas for streets, squares, gardens, parks, or other open spaces of general use, is constituted by that same use and its registration in the Property Registry may be dispensed with, if it appears on the Official Map..."*, this rule cannot be viewed in isolation, as the representative of the State intends, but rather in concordance with articles 42 and 43 of the same law, as well as numeral 76 of Law 7800, which, in that order, provide:

"Article 42.- The regulations of the Official Map shall establish the rules on reserves, acquisition, use, and conservation of the necessary areas for roads, parks, squares, buildings, and other communal uses, expressing the location and size of those already delivered to public service and those only preventively demarcated." "Article 43.- The Official Map, together with the plans or the cadastre that complements it, shall constitute a special reliable registry regarding ownership and the designation of public domain (afectación a dominio público) of the lands or spaces already delivered to public uses." "Article 76.- Public sports and recreational facilities financed with funds from the State administration must be planned and built in such a way that their multi-purpose sports use and recreational activities are favored, taking into account the different sports disciplines, maximum availability, and the different levels of citizen practice.

These facilities shall be made available to the community for public use." From the transcribed rules, it is deduced with brilliant clarity that sports fields, understood as properties for common use, constitute a demanial property (bien demanial) provided they are so recorded in the Official Map regulations, or have been financed with funds from the State administration.

The reasoning of the Prosecutor, in asserting that sports fields are demanial properties solely based on the nature of the property, is erroneous. On the contrary, the four elements already indicated (objective, subjective, normative, and teleological) must be verified in each specific case for the property to enter into this special legal ownership regime.

In the specific case, as the trial judge correctly concluded, the property sought to be titled does not meet the necessary requirements to be considered a demanial property. In this regard, the appealed judgment stated:

"However, the fact that an association, which is a private type, wishes to use its property for the benefit of the community, a situation that is not prohibited, thereby providing a communal service, with certain emoluments to maintain the facilities, does not mean that, at the moment a private owner decides to build a soccer field or recreational park for the benefit of the community, it thereby constitutes a property of public or demanial effects..." Furthermore, the witnesses were clear in pointing out that the land belonged to the president of the petitioning Association, and it entered the latter's patrimony by donation more than ten years ago. Additionally, all three deponents stated that the land is fenced with wire mesh.

Contrary to what was argued by the state representation, there is no evidence that allows concluding that the land belonged to the Municipality of Nicoya, that the soccer field was built with public funds, or that the property is designated for public domain (afectado a dominio público) by any law or has been included as such on the official map. Rather, the Municipality of Nicoya itself, in the brief incorporated into the electronic file on 23/08/2018 at 09:35:02, recognizes that the plot of land subject to these proceedings *"has as its de facto owner the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de San Juan de Quebrada Honda de Nicoya"*, and only requested to exclude the area of land corresponding to dwellings and the easement (servidumbre) of passage described by the Department of Municipal Cadastre and Topography. Likewise, it clarified that *"the Municipality has not been in administration of the property in question"*.

Thus, the appellant did not challenge the analysis of the testimonial and documentary evidence, from which the exercise of possession in a personal manner by the titling Association over the plot of land for more than ten years is clearly concluded. Based on this evidence, this Court of Appeals considers that the plot of land sought to be registered is of private domain (dominio privado) and that the petitioning Association is the one that has maintained the land and fenced it with perimeter mesh, in clear manifestation of the rights of exclusion and defense that the owner—or the one who possesses as owner—may employ according to law (articles 295 and 296 of the Civil Code).

For greater abundance, Law No. 3.859, *Ley sobre el Desarrollo de la Comunidad* (Community Development Law), declared the constitution and operation of community development associations to be of public interest as a means of stimulating the country's economic and social development (article 14), in addition to providing broad faculties to contract, carry out all kinds of lawful operations, and acquire property, all directed at achieving their purposes (article 23).

Similarly, the Regulation to the Community Development Law, Executive Decree (Decreto Ejecutivo) No. 26.935-G, establishes that the patrimony of development associations is composed of the movable and immovable property they possess and the income obtained from their administration (article 60, subsection e). As a corollary, although the property of development associations is destined for community use, this does not in itself imply a character of gratuitousness (since the association can demand financial consideration), and even less could it be subject to the demanial regime, given the absence of the elements required for its configuration.

Jenny María Ramos González, professional membership card number CED1, in her capacity as special judicial attorney-in-fact for the moving party, as well as Licda. Lydiana Rodríguez Paniagua, deputy attorney, representing the State.

**WHEREAS** **I. SUMMARY OF THE ALLEGATIONS AND CLAIMS OF THE PARTIES.** The moving party initiated possessory information proceedings (diligencias de información posesoria) to have registered in her name the property she claimed to have possessed for more than 10 years in a public, peaceful manner and as owner, and which is described in cadastral map number G-590299-99 (subsequently replaced by cadastral map N° 5-2082387-2018). The Office of the Attorney General (Procuraduría General de la República) did not oppose the approval of the proceedings, provided that the requirements established by law are met.

Now, Judge Ramón Meza Marín of the Civil and Labor Court of the Second Judicial Circuit of Guanacaste (Nicoya) (Civil Division), through judgment number 2019000174 issued at 10:16 a.m. on 07/09/2019, resolved:

"**THEREFORE:**

Based on the foregoing, in accordance with the **POSSESSORY INFORMATION LAW (LEY DE INFORMACIONES POSESORIAS)** No. 139 of July 14, 1941, and its amendments, these proceedings of **POSSESSORY INFORMATION (INFORMACIÓN POSESORIA)** brought by **LA ASOCIACIÓN DE DESARROLLO INTEGRAL DE SAN JUAN DE QUEBRADA HONDA DE NICOYA, GUANACASTE**, legal identification number **CED2**, are **APPROVED**. Consequently, let the **PUBLIC PROPERTY REGISTRY (REGISTRO PUBLICO DE LA PROPIEDAD)**, Real Estate Section, proceed to register in its name, without prejudice to third parties with superior rights and with the limitations established by the Public Roads Law, Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) number 7575, article 33; the Water Law number 276, and its amendments, the property detailed below: **Land used for a soccer field, located in San Antonio, [Dirección1] , Nicoya, Guanacaste province, with the following boundaries: North: [Dirección2] with a frontage of sixty-five meters and twenty centimeters on the line fronting [Dirección3] ; Temporalidades de la diócesis de Tillarán and [Nombre2] ; South: Yonder Montero Lobo; West: Yonder [Dirección4] Lobo; East: Temporalidades de la Diócesis de Tillarán and [Dirección5] , with a street frontage of one hundred twenty-two meters and eighty-seven linear meters. Area: nine thousand two hundred forty-five square meters. According to cadastral map number 5-2082387-2018, dated October 9, 2018.-** Property that was valued at the sum of **ONE MILLION NET COLONES**. This is because the title applicant has met all the requirements set forth for this purpose by the Possessory Information Law. Let the certification of this judgment serve to register the cited property in the Property Registry. Once this resolution becomes final, archive this matter. Said registration is made in accordance with articles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 of the Possessory Information Law. It is stated for the record and must be legally encumbered that the right-of-way of [Dirección2] that borders the north side of the property to be titled, a right-of-way that cannot be modified by private decision or by judicial resolution, in accordance with the provisions of article 4 of the General Public Roads Law and 19 paragraph "a" of the Possessory Information Law. Furthermore, that the area adjacent to watercourses is a protection area, if any exist, according to article 33, paragraphs a) and b), of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) number 7575, and the cutting or elimination of trees is prohibited on the north side of the property. Likewise, that the waters and the channel of that watercourse are in the public domain, Water Law, article 1, paragraph IV, and 3 paragraph III). **NOTIFY**" (sic).

**II. ON THE ADMISSIBILITY OF THE APPEAL FILED.** Article 10 of the Possessory Information Law provides for the remedy of appeal (recurso de apelación) against the resolution that approves or rejects the information, so from that standpoint there is no observation or objection to be made.

Secondly, it must be established whether the disagreement was raised within the legal period. As provided by article 67.1 of the current Code of Civil Procedure (Código Procesal Civil), the period to appeal the judgment is five days.

It must be remembered that the time limits are common, so they must be counted from the moment all parties were notified (as understood from articles 10 and 38 of the Judicial Notifications Law, No. 8.687/2009). In this specific case, the notifications to the moving party and the State representation were transmitted on 07/09/2019 via electronic mail and fax (see notification records added to the electronic file (expediente electrónico)).

Likewise, and in accordance with provision 38 of Law No. 8.687/2009, in the case of electronic means, the person is considered notified on the following business day after transmission and the time limit begins to run from the business day following the notification of all parties. Consequently, the notification of all parties occurred on 07/10/2019 and the time limit ran from 07/11/2019 to 07/17/2019. It is verified that the appealing party filed its appeal on 07/11/2019 at 07:17:17, that is, within the period granted for such purpose.

Finally, in its appeal, the appellant party set forth the reasons why it considers that the appealed resolution must be modified, therefore the requirements of admissibility, timeliness, and substantiation are met, and the merits of the matter raised are hereby addressed.

**III. ON THE GRIEVANCES OF THE APPELLING PARTY.** The State representation disagreed with the first-instance ruling. For the sake of efficiency, the respective appeal is transcribed below:

"I, Lydiana Mayela Rodriguez Paniagua, in my capacity as Deputy Attorney (Procuradora Adjunta), whose qualifications are known in the record, and in my condition as State representative, file an appeal and concomitant nullity action against judgment No. 2019-174 in a resolution issued at 10:16 a.m. on July 9 of the current year, based on the following considerations:

**1. Sports fields (plazas de deporte) are in principle municipal property**, therefore, the **ASOCIACION DESARROLLO INTEGRAL SAN JUAN QUEBRADA HONDA DE NICOYA, GUANACASTE** is not legally authorized to register in its name the property that is the basis of this proceeding, given the nature of the property (art 44 of the Urban Planning Law), in addition to what is regulated in arts 164 and 171 of the Municipal Code, as they are conclusive in indicating who is responsible for the administration of sports and recreational facilities.

*Article 44 of the Urban Planning Law:* *Article 44.- **The municipal domain over areas of streets, squares (plazas)**, gardens, parks, or other open spaces for general public use, is constituted by that same use and its registration in the Property Registry may be dispensed with, if it is recorded in the Official Map* (underline is not from the original) *The aforementioned Registry shall make the final entry for those properties, remainders, or lots that the owner, as subdivider (fraccionador), cedes to the municipality by mandate of this law, if the registrable document states the public purpose given to the property and the Notary attests to the municipal agreement approving the transfer and ordering the delivery of said property for that same purpose.* *"...the sports and recreational facilities belonging to the municipalities must be administered by themselves, or their administration may be transferred, by agreement, to the respective Cantonal Sports and Recreation Committee or to a Community Sports and Recreation Committee.* **C-268-2008** 2. The land in question is by nature a **sports field (plaza de deportes)** from which it is concluded that the property to be registered has been used for the common and free use of the community residents for many years.

*"Thus, according to the testimonial evidence, both that presented during the oral and public trial hearing held by this Court, and that gathered in the criminal venue, to the effect that the property subject to litigation has been destined for more than thirty years for public use, as a sports field, as well as from the documentary evidence, from which it is inferred that the land was subject to bidding and that the price established in that contract was disbursed from municipal coffers, as well as from cadastral map number SJ-256-570-95, **and in application of the provisions of numerals 414 and 417 of the Code of Civil Procedure, it is concluded that the [Dirección6] del Río, in Pérez Zeledón is affected for public domain (dominio público)."** Ruling No. 101-2015-V at 11:00 a.m. on September 30, 2015. CONTENTIOUS-ADMINISTRATIVE AND CIVIL TREASURY COURT. FIFTH SECTION. SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT OF SAN JOSE ANEXO A. Goicoechea. (underline is not from the original).* *"....PRINCIPLE OF INABILITY TO REGISTER (PRINCIPIO DE INMATRICULACIÓN). THE UNNECESSARY REGISTRATION OF PUBLIC DOMAIN: The effectiveness of the public domain regime (régimen demanial) is per se. Its existence and publicity exist independently of the Registry, and it is not permissible for the registered holder to allege ignorance as a means to distort it and counteract the affectation. The principles of inalienability and imprescriptibility that characterize public domain prevent the figure of the protected third party (tercero registral) from being wielded against it to consolidate private property illicitly removed from that regime. The public domain (demanio) has legal publicity. The foregoing is associated with the principle of inability to register real property components of the public domain, which has material publicity and not necessarily formal or registry publicity. Against public domain, private possessions lack obstructive value, no matter how prolonged they may be in time and even if they appear protected by entries in the Property Registry. The condition of being a public domain asset and for public use affects third parties, even if such quality does not appear from the Property Registry. These are assets that, by their nature, do not need registry inscription.(...)".* *For the foregoing reason, the defendant's grievance regarding the alleged lack of assessment by the Trial Judge of registry publicity becomes inadmissible, since in the case of public domain assets such a requirement is unnecessary..."* Contentious-Administrative Court, Section VII, Ruling 019-2009-SVII.

"*I.2) COMMON PUBLIC USE* *The public use of recreational or communal areas is enshrined in the Urban Planning Law, article 40, in harmony with article 43, concerning public domain affectation (afectación demanial), and article 44 ibid, which clarifies that squares, streets, and parks of municipal domain are "open spaces" for "general public use." (See concordance with arts. 4°, entry Communal Areas, and III.3.6 of the Regulation for the National Control of Subdivisions and Urbanizations (Reglamento para el Control Nacional de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones)). Equally, in line with the Construction Law, article 37: parks and gardens "are freely accessible to all inhabitants of the country, who, when using them, have the obligation to keep them in the best possible state" and prohibits making a use different from that for which they were created (in relation, see arts. 38-40 ibid). Stadiums are public meeting places (article 60 ibid and I.3, entry public meeting place and XI.1.1.3 of the Construction Regulations. Gazette No. 56. Supplement No. 17 of March 22, 1983, and its amendments).* *In short, they are assets from which everyone can benefit, with the limitations imposed by police regulations and those required for their conservation, destined for public use, and are outside legal commerce as long as the contrary is not legally provided. Civil Code, arts. 261 and 262. Art. 264 ibid refers to administrative regulations for the regulation of the way of using and taking advantage of public things. Assets subject to the public domain regime, such as squares or parks, have an "immutable" purpose, under the protection of the permanence of the need they satisfy and the right of all to the recognized use, in accordance with laws and administrative regulations." (Superior Contentious-Administrative Court, resolution 5579 of 1982, citing precedents).* *"The municipal domain over areas of streets, squares, gardens and parks and other open spaces for general public use, is constituted by that very use, and with respect to them the principle of inability to register (principio de inmatriculación) applies." (Superior Contentious-Administrative Court, resolution 5579 at 10:50 a.m. on May 25, 1982. On this principle, cf. Urban Planning Law, art. 44; Attorney General's Office Opinion C-128-99, Legal Opinion O. J.-053-96 and other precedents referred to therein. To which is added the resolution of the Superior Contentious-Administrative Court number 100-1994)". O.J.-023-2003* Consequently, **I request that the appealed judgment be annulled and that these proceedings be rejected, based on article 11 of the Possessory Information Law.**

July 10, 2019." (sic).

Having granted the legal summons, the respondent party did not express grievances.

**IV. ON THE FACTS HELD AS PROVEN AND NOT PROVEN BY THE A-QUO JUDGE.** The list of facts held as proven is approved as it is a faithful reflection of the evidentiary material contained in the record.

**V. ANALYSIS OF THE MERITS.** The objections raised by the appealing party will be studied and resolved below, on the understanding that the appeal brief limits the jurisdiction of this Court, in accordance with provisions 65.5 and 65.6 of the Code of Civil Procedure.

After the required preamble, the appealing party presented its appeal divided into two sections. However, as they are closely related, it is appropriate to analyze them together.

In substance, the appealing party argues that sports fields (plazas de deportes) are, in principle, municipal property, which is why the promoting Development Association is not authorized to register in its name the property that is the basis of these proceedings given its nature. Similarly, it concluded that the nature of the land to be titled is a sports field, and therefore the property to be registered has been used for the common and free use of the community residents for many years.

The grievances must be rejected. As correctly indicated in the appealed judgment, according to the theory of public domain, four elements have been defined that must concur for an asset to be considered public domain (demanial), namely: a) Objective element, which corresponds to the identification or individualization of the asset itself; b) Subjective element, pertaining to the Public Administration's ownership of the property; c) Normative element, which concerns the legislation that assigns its public domain condition to each category of assets; and, d) Teleological element, which pertains to the purpose or vocation conferred on each specific real property asset. In this regard, the Contentious-Administrative Court, Section II, in ruling No. 00075-2016 issued at 08:40 a.m. on 08/30/2016, proposed the following example:

"For example, in the case of public zones of subdivisions (urbanizaciones), the objective element would be given by the delimitation in cadastral maps of the street and park areas; the subjective element would be the acquisition that operates by law in favor of the Municipalities of those street and park areas from the moment the urban development project is approved by the Municipal Council; the normative element corresponds to the Urban Planning Law (No. 4240 of 1968) which in its article 40 obligates developers to cede the aforementioned zones for public use; and the teleological element arises from the developer's will to cede those street and park spaces for public use, which is manifested in the petition made before the Municipal Council for approval of its urbanization project." Now, although paragraph 1 of article 44 of the Urban Planning Law establishes that *"The municipal domain over areas of streets, squares (plazas), gardens, parks or other open spaces for general use, is constituted by that same use and its registration in the Property Registry may be dispensed with, if it is recorded in the Official Map..."*, this rule cannot be viewed in isolation, as intended by the State's representative, but rather in accordance with articles 42 and 43 of the same law, as well as numeral 76 of Law 7800, which, in that order, provide:

"Article 42.- The Official Map regulation shall establish the rules on reserves, acquisition, use, and conservation of the necessary areas for roads, parks, squares, buildings, and other communal uses, stating the location and size of those already delivered to public service and those only preventively demarcated." "Article 43.- The Official Map, together with the plans or the cadastre that complements it, shall constitute a special reliable registry on property and public domain affectation (afectación a dominio público) of lands or spaces already delivered to public uses." "Article 76.- Sports and recreational facilities of a public nature financed with funds from the State administration, must be planned and built in such a way that their multi-sport use and recreational activities are favored, taking into account the different sports disciplines, maximum availability, and the different levels of practice of the citizens.

These facilities must be made available to the community for public use." From the transcribed rules, it is deduced with perfect clarity that sports fields (plazas de deportes), understood as assets of common use, constitute a public domain asset (bien demanal) provided that this is recorded in the Official Map regulation, or that they have been financed with funds from the State administration.

The reasoning of the Attorney, in affirming that sports fields are public domain assets solely by reason of the nature of the asset, is erroneous.

On the contrary, the four elements already indicated (objective, subjective, normative, and teleological) must be verified in each specific case for the good to enter into this special legal regime of property.</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:17.75pt; text-align:justify; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial">In the specific case, as the trial judge correctly concluded, the good sought to be titled does not meet the necessary requirements to be considered a public domain good (bien demanial). In this regard, the appealed judgment stated:</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-left:35.5pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:Arial">"Now then, the fact that an association that is of a private type wants to use its goods for the benefit of the community, a situation that is not prohibited, thereby providing a community service, with certain emoluments to maintain the facilities, this does not mean that, at the moment a private owner decides to make a soccer field or recreational park for the benefit of the community, it is thereby constituted as a property of public effects or public domain goods (bienes demaniales)...".</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:17.75pt; text-align:justify; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial">Furthermore, the witnesses were clear in stating that the land belonged to the president of the promoting Association, and entered the latter's patrimony by donation more than ten years ago. In addition, the three deponents affirmed that the land is fenced with wire mesh. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:17.75pt; text-align:justify; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial">Contrary to what was argued by the state representation, there is no evidence that allows concluding that the land belonged to the Municipality of Nicoya, that the soccer field was built with public funds, or that the property is affected to the public domain (dominio público) by any law or has been included in the official map as such. Rather, the Municipality of Nicoya itself, in the memorial incorporated into the electronic file on 23/08/2018 09:35:02, acknowledges that the parcel of land (fundo) subject of these proceedings </span><span style="font-family:Arial; font-style:italic">"has as its de facto owner the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de San Juan de Quebrada Honda de Nicoya"</span><span style="font-family:Arial">, and only requested to exclude the area of land corresponding to dwellings and the easement (servidumbre de paso) described by the Department of Municipal Cadastre and Topography. Likewise, it clarified that </span><span style="font-family:Arial; font-style:italic">"the Municipality has not been in administration of the property in question"</span><span style="font-family:Arial">. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:17.75pt; text-align:justify; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial">Thus, the appellant did not contest the analysis of the testimonial and documentary evidence, from which the exercise of possession in a personal manner by the titling Association over the parcel of land (fundo) for more than ten years is clearly concluded. Based on this evidence, this Court of Appeals considers that the parcel of land (fundo) sought to be registered is of private domain (dominio privado) and that the promoting Association is the one that has maintained the land and fenced it with perimeter wire mesh, in a clear manifestation of the rights of exclusion and defense that the owner - or one who possesses as owner - may employ according to law (articles 295 and 296 of the Civil Code).</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:17.75pt; text-align:justify; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial">Furthermore, Law No. 3.859, </span><span style="font-family:Arial; font-style:italic">Ley sobre el Desarrollo de la Comunidad</span><span style="font-family:Arial">, declared of public interest the constitution and functioning of community development associations as a means of stimulating the economic and social development of the country (article 14), in addition to providing broad powers to contract, carry out all kinds of lawful operations, and acquire goods, all directed to the achievement of their purposes (article 23).</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:17.75pt; text-align:justify; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial">Likewise, the Regulation to the Community Development Law, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 26.935-G, establishes that the patrimony of the development associations is composed of the personal and real property they possess and the rents obtained from the administration of these (article 60, subsection e). As a corollary, although the goods of development associations are destined for community use, this does not in itself imply a gratuitous nature (since the association can demand an economic consideration), and even less could it be subject to the public domain regime (régimen demanial), given the absence of the elements required for its configuration. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:17.75pt; text-align:justify; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold">VI. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS. </span><span style="font-family:Arial">By reason of the foregoing, since the appellant party is not correct in its arguments, the judgment brought on appeal must be confirmed.</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:11pt"><span style="font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold">POR TANTO</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:200%; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:11pt"><span style="width:36pt; display:inline-block">&#xa0;</span><span style="font-family:Arial">In accordance with the foregoing and cited regulations, in what was the subject of the appeal, </span><span style="font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold">THE JUDGMENT IS CONFIRMED</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> No. 2019000174 of 10:16 hours on 09/07/2019 issued by the Juzgado Civil y Trabajo II Circuito Judicial de Guanacaste (Nicoya) (Materia Civil).</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; font-size:9pt"><span style="font-family:Arial">ERAMOSCH</span></p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; border-collapse:collapse"><tr><td style="padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Arial">&#xa0;</span></p></td><td style="padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; font-size:12pt"><img 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width=\"200\" height=\"65\" alt=\"\" style=\"-aw-left-pos:0pt; -aw-rel-hpos:column; -aw-rel-vpos:paragraph; -aw-top-pos:0pt; -aw-wrap-type:inline\" /><br /><span style=\"font-family:'WASP 39 L'\">*EWMGP0TIQNW61*</span><br /><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\">EWMGP0TIQNW61</span><br /><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\">PATRIC [Nombre3]</span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\">- DECISOR/A</span></p></td><td style=\"padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; font-size:8pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">&#xa0;</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style=\"padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; font-size:12pt\"><img 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width=\"200\" height=\"65\" alt=\"\" style=\"-aw-left-pos:0pt; -aw-rel-hpos:column; -aw-rel-vpos:paragraph; -aw-top-pos:0pt; -aw-wrap-type:inline\" /><br /><span style=\"font-family:'WASP 39 L'\">*ISGF43UPHJ8861*</span><br /><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\">ISGF43UPHJ8861</span><br /><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\">RODRIGO [Nombre4]</span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0; </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\">- DECISOR/A</span></p></td><td style=\"padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; font-size:8pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">&#xa0;</span></p></td><td style=\"padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top\"><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; font-size:12pt\"><img 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width=\"200\" height=\"65\" alt=\"\" style=\"-aw-left-pos:0pt; -aw-rel-hpos:column; -aw-rel-vpos:paragraph; -aw-top-pos:0pt; -aw-wrap-type:inline\" /><br /><span style=\"font-family:'WASP 39 L'\">*XGL6QJCAGHC61*</span><br /><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\">XGL6QJCAGHC61</span><br /><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\">ALEJANDRA [Nombre5]</span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0; </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:Arial; font-size:8pt\">- DECISOR/A</span></p></td></tr></table><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">&#xa0;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:8pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">EXP: 13-000134-0390-CI</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; border-bottom:0.75pt solid #000000; font-size:8pt\"><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">Guanacaste, Liberia, de Pizza Hut [Dirección7]</span><span style=\"font-family:Arial; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\">este Teléfonos: 2665-1628 ó 2665-1644. Fax: 2665-1659. Correo electrónico: [...]</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; widows:0; orphans:0; font-size:10pt\"><span style=\"font-size:6.67pt; vertical-align:sub\">Página 1 de 11</span></p></div></body></html>" } }

EV Generación de Machote: D:\GESTION-JUDICIAL\servidor de archivos\MODELOS\CISEGIN007.dpj *130001340390CI* INFORMACIÓN POSESORIA ACTOR/A:

ASOCIACION DESARROLLO INTEGRAL SAN JUAN-QUEBRADA DEMANDADO/A:

ASOCIACION DESARROLLO INTEGRAL SAN JUAN-QUEBRADA Voto Número 239-2020 TRIBUNAL DE APELACIÓN CIVIL Y TRABAJO DE GUANACASTE (SEDE LIBERIA) (Materia Civil).- A las once horas quince minutos del treinta de setiembre de dos mil veinte.- ENCABEZAMIENTO PROCESO DE INFORMACIÓN POSESORIA que se tramita ante el Juzgado Civil y Trabajo II Circuito Judicial de Guanacaste (Nicoya) (Materia Civil) con el número de expediente 13-000134-0390-CI, promovida por ASOCIACIÓN DE DESARROLLO INTEGRAL DE SAN JUAN DE QUEBRADA HONDA DE NICOYA, GUANACASTE, representada por su presidente con facultades de apoderado general, señor [Nombre1] . Intervino la Licda. Jenny María Ramos González, carné de agremiada número CED1, en su condición de apoderada especial judicial la parte promovente, así como la Licda. Lydiana Rodríguez Paniagua, procuradora adjunta, en representación del Estado.

CONSIDERANDO

I.SÍNTESIS DE LAS ALEGACIONES Y PRETENSIONES DE LAS PARTES. La parte promovente inició diligencias de información posesoria para que se inscriba a su nombre el inmueble que dijo haber poseído por más de 10 años de forma pública, pacífica y en calidad de dueña, y que se describe en el plano catastrado número G-590299-99 (posteriormente sustituido por el plano catastrado N° 5-2082387-2018). La Procuraduría General de la República no se opuso a la aprobación de las diligencias, siempre que se cumplan con los requisitos establecidos en la ley.

Ahora bien, el señor Juez del Juzgado Civil y Trabajo II Circuito Judicial de Guanacaste (Nicoya) (Materia Civil), Lic. Ramón Meza Marín, mediante sentencia número 2019000174 de las 10:16 horas del 09/07/2019, resolvió:

"POR TANTO:

Por lo expuesto, de conformidad con la LEY DE INFORMACIONES POSESORIAS N° 139 del 14 de julio de 1941 y sus reformas, SE APRUEBAN estas diligencia de INFORMACIÓN POSESORIA promovidas por LA ASOCIACIÓN DE DESARROLLO INTEGRAL DE SAN JUAN DE QUEBRADA HONDA DE NICOYA, GUANACASTE, cédula jurídica número CED2. Proceda por consiguiente el REGISTRO PUBLICO DE LA PROPIEDAD, Sección Bienes Inmuebles, a inscribir a su nombre sin perjuicio de terceros de mejor derecho y con las limitaciones que establece la ley de Caminos Públicos, la Ley Forestal número 7575, artículo 33; La ley de aguas número 276, y sus reformas, la finca que a continuación se detalla: Terreno utilizado para cancha de futbol, sito en San Antonio, [Dirección1] , , , Nicoya, de la provincia de Guanacaste, con los siguiente linderos: Norte: [Dirección2] con un frente de sesenta y cinco metros con veinte centímetros líneas al frente de [Dirección3] ; Temporalidades de la diócesis de Tillarán y [Nombre2] ; Sur Yonder Montero Lobo; Oeste: Yonder [Dirección4] Lobo; Este: Temporalidades de la Diócesis de Tillarán Y [Dirección5] , con un frente a calle de ciento veintidós metros con ochenta y siete metros lineales. Mide: nueve mil doscientos cuarenta y cinco metros cuadrados. Según el plano catastrado número 5-2082387-2018, de fecha 09 de octubre de 2018.- Bien que fue estimado en la suma de UN MILLÓN DE COLONES NETOS. Ello, por cuanto el titulante ha cumplido con todos los requisitos que al efecto establece la ley de Informaciones Posesorias. Sirva la certificación de esta sentencia para inscribir en el Registro de la Propiedad la finca citada. Una vez firme esta resolución, archívese el presente asunto. Dicha inscripción se hace de conformidad con los artículos 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 de la Ley de Informaciones Posesorias. Se hace constar y así debe quedar gravada legalmente que el derecho de vía de la [Dirección2] que colinda por el costado norte del inmueble a titular, derecho de vía que no puede ser modificado por decisión privada o por resolución judicial, conforme a lo establecido en el artículo 4 de la Ley General de Caminos Públicos y 19 inciso "a" de la Ley de Informaciones Posesorias. Además, que el área contiguo a las corrientes es área de protección, si las hubiere, según el artículo 33, inciso a) y b), de la ley Forestal número 7575, y queda prohibida la corta o eliminación de árboles, por el lado norte del inmueble. Del mismo modo que las aguas y el cauce de esa corriente son de dominio público, Ley de aguas, artículo 1, inciso IV, y 3 incisos III). NOTIFÍQUESE" (sic).

II.SOBRE LA ADMISIBILIDAD DEL RECURSO INTERPUESTO. El artículo 10 de la Ley de Informaciones Posesorias prevé el recurso de apelación en contra de la resolución que apruebe o impruebe la información, por lo que desde ese punto de vista no hay observación ni reparo alguno que hacer.

En segundo lugar, debe establecerse si la inconformidad se planteó dentro del plazo legal. Según lo dispone el artículo 67.1 del Código Procesal Civil vigente, el plazo para recurrir la sentencia es de cinco días.

Debe recordarse que los plazos son comunes, por lo que debe contarse a partir del momento en que todas las partes fueron notificadas (inteligencia de los artículos 10 y 38 de la Ley de Notificaciones Judiciales, N° 8.687/2009). En el caso concreto, las notificaciones a la parte promovente y a la representación estatal fueron transmitidas el día 09/07/2019 por medio de correo electrónico y fax (ver actas de notificación incorporadas al expediente electrónico).

Asimismo, y de conformidad con el ordinal 38 de la Ley N° 8.687/2009, tratándose de medios electrónicos, la persona queda notificada al día hábil siguiente de la transmisión y el plazo empieza a correr a partir del día hábil siguiente a la notificación de todas las partes. En consecuencia, la notificación a todas las partes acaeció el 10/07/2019 y el plazo corrió del 11/07/2019 al 17/07/2019. Se logra constatar que la parte recurrente presentó su recurso el día 11/07/2019 07:17:17, sea dentro del plazo concedido al efecto.

Finalmente, en su recurso la parte apelante expuso las razones por los cuales considera que la resolución recurrida debe ser variada, por lo que se cumple con los requisitos de admisibilidad, oportunidad y fundamentación, y de seguido se entra a conocer el fondo de lo planteado.

III.SOBRE LOS AGRAVIOS DE LA PARTE RECURRENTE. La representación estatal se mostró disconforme con el pronunciamiento de primera instancia. Por economía, se procede a transcribir el recurso respectivo:

"Yo, Lydiana Mayela Rodriguez Paniagua, en mi caracter de Procuradora Adjunta, de calidades conocidas en autos, y en mi condición de representante estatal, presento recurso de apelación y nulidad concomitante contra la sentencia N°2019-174 en resolución de las 10 horas 16 minutos del 9 de julio del año en curso, fundamentado en las siguientes consideraciones:

1. Las plazas de deporte en principio son de municipales, por lo que la ASOCIACION DESARROLLO INTEGRAL SAN JUAN QUEBRADA HONDA DE NICOYA, GUANACASTE no está legitimada para proceder a inscribir a su nombre la finca base de esta diligencia, dada la naturaleza de la finca (art 44 de la Ley de Planificación Urbana), amén de regulado en los arts 164 y 171 del código municipal, al ser contundentes en indicar a quien corresponde la administración de las instalaciones deportivas y recreativas.

Artículo 44 de la Ley de Planiftcación Urbana:

Artículo 44.- El dominio municipal sobre las áreas de calles, plazas, jardines, parques u otros espacios abiertos de uso publico general, se constituye por ese mismo uso y puede prescindirse de su inscripción en e! Registro de la Propiedad, si consta en el Mapa Oficial (subrayado no es del original) El Registro citado pondrá ultimo asiento a aquellas fincas, restos o lotes que el propietario, en concepto de fraccionador, ceda a! municipio por mandato de esta ley, si en el documento inscribible consta el destino público que se le da al inmueble y e! Notario da fe del acuerdo municipal en que aprueba la cesión y se dispone entregar dicho bien a ese mismo destino.

"...las instalaciones deportivas y recreativas pertenecientes a las municipalidades deben ser administradas por ellas mismas, o bien cederse su administración, mediante convenio, al Comité cantonal de deportes y recreación respectivo o a un Comité comunal de deportes y recreación. C-268-2008 2. El terreno en cuestión es de naturaleza plaza de deportes con lo que se concluye que el inmueble a inscribir ha sido utilizado con carácter de uso común y gratuito para los vecinos de la comunidad por muchos años.

"Así, de acuerdo con la prueba testimonial, tanto la evacuada durante la audiencia de juicio oral y público llevada a cabo por este Tribunal, como la recabada en sede penal, en el sentido de que el inmueble objeto del litigio ha sido destinado por más de treinta al uso público, como plaza de deportes, así como de la prueba documental, de la cual se colige que el terreno fue objeto de licitación y que el precio establecido en esa contratación fue egresado de las arcas municipales, así como del plano catastrado número SJ-256-570-95, y en aplicación de lo dispuesto en los numerales 414 y 417 del Código Procesal Civil, se concluye que la [Dirección6] del Río, en Pérez Zeledón está afectada al dominio público." Voto N°101-2015-V las 11:00 hrs del 30 de septiembre del 2015. TRIBUNAL CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO Y CIVIL DE HACIENDA. SECCION QUINTA. SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL DE SAN JOSE ANEXO A. Goicoechea. (subrayado no es del original).

"....PRINCIPIO DE INMATRICULACIÓN. LA INNECESARIA INSCRIPCIÓN DEL DOMINIO PÚBLICO: La eficacia del régimen demanial es per se. Su existencia y publicidad se da con autonomía del Registro, sin que sea dable al titular registral alegar desconocimiento como medio para desvirtuarlo y contrarrestar la afectación. Los principios de inalienabilidad e imprescriptibilidad que caracterizan el dominio público impiden que en su contra pueda esgrimirse la figura del tercero registral para consolidar la propiedad privada ilícitamente sustraída de ese régimen. El demanio tiene publicidad legal. Lo anterior va aparejado al principio de inmatriculación de los inmuebles componentes del dominio público, el cual cuenta con una publicidad material y no necesariamente formal o registral. Frente al dominio público, las detentaciones privadas adolecen de valor obstativo, por prolongadas que sean en el tiempo y aunque aparezcan amparadas por asientos del Registro de la Propiedad. La condición de bien de dominio público y uso público afecta a tercero, aunque tal cualidad no resulte del Registro de la Propiedad. Se trata de bienes que, por su naturaleza, no necesitan de la inscripción registral.(...)". Por lo anterior, el agravio del demandado de la supuesta falta de valoración del Juez de Instancia de la publicidad registral, deviene en improcedente, ya que en el caso de los bienes de dominio público tal requisito es innecesario..." Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, Sección VII Voto 019-2009-SVII.

"I.2) USO PÚBLICO COMÚN El uso público de las áreas recreativas o comunales lo consagra la Ley de Planificación Urbana, artículo 40, en armonía con el 43, concerniente a la afectación demanial, y 44 ibid, que aclara que las plazas, calles y parques de dominio municipal son "espacios abiertos" al "uso público general." (Vid. concordancia con los arts. 4°, voz Areas Comunales, y III.3.6 del Reglamento para el Control Nacional de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones). Igualmente, a tono con la Ley de Construcciones, artículo 37: los parques y jardines "son de libre acceso a todos los habitantes del país, los que al usarlos tienen la obligación de conservarlos en el mejor estado posible" y prohibe hacer un uso diferente de aquel para el que fueron creados (en relación, ver arts.38-40 ibid). Los estadios son sitios de reunión pública (artículo. 60 ibid y I.3, voz sitio de reunión pública y XI.1.1.3 del Reglamento de Construcciones. Gaceta N° 56. Alcance N° 17 del 22 de marzo de 1983, y sus reformas).

En fin, son bienes de los que todos pueden aprovecharse, con las limitaciones impuestas por las normas de policía y las que exija su conservación, destinados al uso público, y están fuera del tráfico jurídico mientras legalmente no se disponga lo contrario. Código Civil, arts. 261 y 262. El art. 264 ibid remite a los reglamentos administrativos la regulación del modo de usar y aprovechar las cosas públicas. Los bienes sujetos al régimen de dominio público, como las plazas o parques tienen un destino "inmutable, al amparo de la permanencia de la necesidad que satisfacen y del derecho de todos al uso reconocido, conforme a las leyes y reglamentos administrativos." (Tribunal Superior de lo Contencioso Administrativo, resolución 5579 de 1982, que cita precedentes).

"El dominio municipal sobre las áreas de calles, plazas, jardines y parques y otros espacios abiertos al uso público general, se constituye por ese mismo uso, y respecto de ellos rige el principio de inmatriculación." (Tribunal Superior de lo Contencioso Administrativo, resolución 5579 de 10:50 hrs. del 25 de mayo de 1982. Sobre este principio, cfr. Ley de Planificación Urbana, art. 44; dictamen de la Procuraduría C-128-99, Opinión Jurídica O. J.-053-96 y demás precedentes que ésta refiere. A los que se adiciona la resolución del Tribunal Superior de la Contencioso Administrativo número 100-1994)". O.J.-023-2003 En consecuencia, solicito se anule el auto sentencia que se impugna y se proceda al rechazo de estas diligencias, con fundamento en el artículo 11 de la Ley de Informaciones Posesorias.

10 de julio de 2019." (sic).

Concedido el emplazamiento de ley, la parte recurrida no expresó agravios.

IV.SOBRE LOS HECHOS TENIDOS POR PROBADOS Y POR NO PROBADOS POR PARTE DE LA PERSONA JUZGADORA A-QUO. Se aprueba el elenco de hechos tenidos por probados por ser fiel reflejo del material probatorio que consta en autos.

V.ANÁLISIS DE FONDO. A continuación se estudiarán y resolverán los reproches que formula la parte recurrente, en el entendido que el escrito de apelación limita la competencia de este Tribunal, conforme con lo dispuesto en el numeral 65.5 y 65.6 del Código Procesal Civil.

Tras el preámbulo de rigor, la parte apelante planteó su recurso dividido en dos acápites. sin embargo, por estar íntimamente relacionados, procede analizarlos en conjunto.

En lo sustancial, plantea la parte recurrente que las plazas de deportes, en principio, son de municipales, motivo por el cual la Asociación de Desarrollo promovente no se encuentra legitimada para inscribir a su nombre la finca base de estas diligencias dada la naturaleza de la misma. En línea similar, concluyó que la naturaleza del terreno a titular es plaza de deportes, por lo que el inmueble a inscribir ha sido utilizado con carácter de uso común y gratuito para los vecinos de la comunidad por muchos años.

Los agravios deben ser desestimados. Como acertadamente se indicó en la sentencia que se recurre, de acuerdo con la teoría del dominio público, se han definido cuatro elementos que deben concurrir para que un bien sea considerado demanial, a saber: a) Elemento objetivo, que corresponde a la identificación o individualización del bien en sí mismo; b) Elemento subjetivo, atinente a la titularidad de la Administración Pública del inmueble; c) Elemento normativo, que incumbe a la legislación que asigna a cada categoría de bienes su condición demanial; y, d) Elemento teleológico, que atañe al fin o vocación que se le confiere a cada bien inmueble en concreto. Al respecto, el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, Sección II, en voto N° 00075-2016 de las 08:40 horas del 30/08/2016, propuso el siguiente ejemplo:

"Por ejemplo, en el caso de las zonas públicas de las urbanizaciones, el elemento objetivo estaría dado por la delimitación en planos catastrados de las áreas de calle y de parque; el elemento subjetivo sería la adquisición que de pleno derecho opera en favor de las Municipalidades de esas áreas de calle y de parque a partir del momento en que el proyecto urbanístico es aprobado por el Concejo Municipal; el elemento normativo corresponde a la Ley de Planificación Urbana (N°4240 de 1968) que en su artículo 40 obliga a los urbanizadores a ceder al uso público las mencionadas zonas; y el elemento teleológico se produce con la voluntad del urbanizador de ceder esos espacios de calle y de parque al uso público, la cual se manifiesta en la petición que formula ante el Concejo Municipal para que se apruebe su proyecto de urbanización".

Ahora, si bien el párrafo 1º del artículo 44 de la Ley de Planificación Urbana, establece que “El dominio municipal sobre las áreas de calles, plazas, jardines, parques u otros espacios abiertos de uso general, se constituye por ese mismo uso y puede prescindirse de su inscripción en el Registro de la Propiedad, si consta en el Mapa Oficial...”, dicha norma no puede verse de forma aislada, como lo pretende la representante de El Estado, sino en concordancia con los artículo 42 y 43 de la misma ley, así como el numeral 76 de la Ley 7800, los cuales, en ese orden, disponen:

"Artículo 42.- El reglamento del Mapa Oficial establecerá las normas sobre reservas, adquisición, uso y conservación de las áreas necesarias para vías, parques, plazas, edificios y demás usos comunales, expresando la localización y el tamaño de las ya entregadas al servicio público y de las demarcadas sólo preventivamente".

"Artículo 43.- El Mapa Oficial, junto con los planos o el catastro que lo complemente, constituirá registro especial fehaciente sobre propiedad y afectación a dominio público de los terrenos o espacios ya entregados a usos públicos".

"Artículo 76.- Las instalaciones deportivas y recreativas de carácter público financiadas con fondos de la administración del Estado, deberán planificarse y contribuirse de tal modo que se favorezcan su utilización deportiva polivalente y las actividades recreativas, teniendo en cuenta las diferentes disciplinas deportivas, la máxima disponibilidad y los distintos niveles de práctica de los ciudadanos.

Estas instalaciones deberán ponerse a disposición de la comunidad para uso público".

De las normas transcritas, se desprende con meridiana claridad que las plazas de deportes, entendidas como bienes de uso común, constituye un bien demanal siempre y cuando así conste en el reglamento de Mapa Oficial, o bien, hayan sido financiadas con fondos de la administración del Estado.

El razonamiento de la señora Procuradora, al afirmar que las plazas de deportes son bienes demaniales únicamente en razón de la naturaleza del bien, resulta errada. Por lo contrario, deben constatarse en cada caso concreto los cuatro elementos ya señalados (objetivo, subjetivo, normativo y teleológico) para que el bien ingrese dentro de este especial régimen jurídico de propiedad.

En el caso concreto, como bien concluyó el juzgador de instancia, el bien que se pretende titular no cumple con los requisitos necesarios para ser considerado un bien demanial. Al respecto, en la sentencia recurrida se indicó:

"Ahora bien el hecho de que una asociación que es de tipo privado, quiera utilizar sus bienes a favor de la comunidad, situación que no le es prohibida, con lo cual presta un servicio comunal, con ciertos emolumentos para sostener las instalaciones, ello ho quiere decir que, al momento en que un propietario privado, decide hacer una plaza de fútbol o parque recreativo a favor de la comunidad, no por ello se constituye en un inmueble de efectos públicos o demaniales...".

Por otra parte, los testigos fueron claros al señalar que el terreno perteneció al presidente de la Asociación promovente, e ingresó al patrimonio de esta última por donación desde hace más de diez años. Además, los tres deponentes afirmaron que el terreno se encuentra cercado con malla.

Contrario a lo argumentado por la representación estatal, no consta ninguna probanza que permita concluir que el terreno perteneció a la Municipalidad de Nicoya, que la cancha de fútbol se haya construido con fondos públicos ni que el inmueble esté afectado a dominio público por ley alguna o así se haya incluido en el mapa oficial. Más bien, la misma Municipalidad de Nicoya, en el memorial incorporado al expediente electrónico en fecha 23/08/2018 09:35:02, reconoce que el fundo objeto de las presentes diligencias "tiene como propietaria de hecho a la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de San Juan de Quebrada Honda de Nicoya", y únicamente pidió excluir el área de terreno correspondiente a viviendas y servidumbre de paso descritas por el Departamento de Catastro y Topografía Municipal. Asimismo, aclaró que "la Municipalidad no ha estado en administración del predio en cuestión".

Así las cosas, la recurrente no combatió el análisis de la prueba testimonial y documental, de la cual se concluye claramente el ejercicio de la posesión en forma personal por parte de la Asociación titulante sobre el fundo desde hace más de diez años. Con base en esas probanzas, estima este Tribunal de Apelaciones que el fundo que se pretende inscribir es de dominio privado y que la Asociación promovente es quien le ha dado mantenimiento al terreno y lo ha cercado con malla perimetral, en manifestación clara de los derechos de exclusión y defensa que el propietario -o quien posee como dueño-, puede emplear conforme a la ley (artículos 295 y 296 del Código Civil).

A mayor abundamiento, la Ley N° 3.859, Ley sobre el Desarrollo de la Comunidad, declaró de interés público la constitución y funcionamiento de las asociaciones de desarrollo de las comunidades como medio de estimular el desarrollo económico y social del país (artículo 14), además de prever amplias facultades para contratar, realizar toda clase de operaciones lícitas y adquirir bienes, todo ello dirigido a la consecución de sus fines (artículo 23).

Asimismo, el Reglamento a la Ley sobre el Desarrollo de la Comunidad, Decreto Ejecutivo N° 26.935-G, establece que el patrimonio de las asociaciones de desarrollo se compone de los bienes muebles e inmuebles que posean y de las rentas que se obtengan con la administración de éstos (artículo 60, inciso e). Como corolario, aunque los bienes de las asociaciones de desarrollo se destinen al uso de la comunidad, ello no implica por sí mismo un carácter de gratuidad (pues la asociación puede exigir una contraprestación económica), y menos aún podría estar afecto al régimen demanial, ante la ausencia de los elementos requeridos para su configuración.

VI.CONSIDERACIONES FINALES. En razón de lo dicho, siendo que la parte recurrente no lleva razón en sus argumentos, deberá confirmarse la sentencia venida en alzada.

POR TANTO

De conformidad con lo expuesto y normativa citada, en lo que fue motivo de recurso, SE CONFIRMA la sentencia N° 2019000174 de las 10:16 horas del 09/07/2019 dictada por el Juzgado Civil y Trabajo II Circuito Judicial de Guanacaste (Nicoya) (Materia Civil).

ERAMOSCH *EWMGP0TIQNW61* PATRIC [Nombre3] - DECISOR/A *ISGF43UPHJ8861* RODRIGO [Nombre4] - DECISOR/A *XGL6QJCAGHC61* ALEJANDRA [Nombre5] - DECISOR/A Guanacaste, Liberia, de Pizza Hut [Dirección7] este Teléfonos: 2665-1628 ó 2665-1644. Fax: 2665-1659. Correo electrónico: [...]

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