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Res. 01626-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 16/01/2026
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber ordered ICE and MINAE to remedy, within a non-extendable six-month period, the electrocution risk to howler monkeys caused by ICE power lines with uninsulated conductors in Nosara, while denying the remaining claims.La Sala ordenó al ICE y al MINAE corregir, en un plazo improrrogable de seis meses, el riesgo de electrocución para los monos congo causado por líneas del ICE con cableado desnudo en Nosara, y declaró sin lugar los demás extremos.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber partially granted an amparo concerning wildlife electrocutions caused by power lines. Although it found that regulations, guidance, interagency coordination, and various prevention and response measures existed, it identified a specific omission affecting howler monkeys in Nosara: new power lines built by ICE with uninsulated conductors continued to create electrocution hazards, and ICE had not shown that it was addressing that particular problem. The Chamber ordered ICE and MINAE, acting as the lead authority in this field, to implement the measures needed to correct the hazard within a maximum, non-extendable period of six months. It denied the remainder of the petition and ordered the State and ICE to pay costs and compensatory damages, to be quantified in subsequent administrative litigation proceedings. Two dissenting justices favored obtaining a report from SINAC before deciding, while another justice considered the environmental dispute a legality issue for the contentious-administrative courts rather than constitutional amparo review.La Sala Constitucional declaró parcialmente con lugar un recurso de amparo relacionado con la electrocución de fauna silvestre por tendidos eléctricos. Aunque constató la existencia de normativa, guías, labores de coordinación y medidas adoptadas por distintas entidades para prevenir y atender estos incidentes, identificó una omisión concreta respecto de los monos congo en Nosara: nuevas líneas eléctricas construidas por el ICE con cableado desnudo continuaban creando sitios de riesgo sin que se acreditaran medidas para solucionar ese problema. La Sala ordenó al ICE y al MINAE, como ente rector, implantar en un plazo máximo e improrrogable de seis meses las medidas necesarias para corregir el riesgo presente en esas líneas. Desestimó los demás extremos del recurso y condenó al Estado y al ICE al pago de costas, daños y perjuicios. Dos magistrados estimaron necesario solicitar antes un informe al SINAC, mientras otro sostuvo que la controversia ambiental correspondía a la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Accordingly, as regards howler monkeys, the only matter the Chamber notes is that, in his report, the Minister of Environment and Energy cited official letter CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, which stated that the new power lines ICE builds for new projects in Nosara were being constructed with uninsulated conductors and were creating new sites posing an electrocution risk. Because there is no indication that ICE is taking measures to resolve that specific problem, the petition must be granted solely on that ground and denied in all other respects. The petition is GRANTED solely against the Costa Rican Electricity Institute and the Ministry of Environment and Energy, in its capacity as the lead authority in this field, concerning the problem faced by the howler monkey population in the district of Nosara. Marco Acuña Mora, as executive president, and Ányelo Gerald Vargas Hernández, as head of the Distribution and Commercialization Division, both of the Costa Rican Electricity Institute, and Franz Tattenbach Capra, as Minister of Environment and Energy, or whoever holds those offices, are ordered, within a maximum and non-extendable period of SIX MONTHS from notice of this decision, to implement the measures necessary to correct the problem present in the power lines ICE has constructed in the district of Nosara with uninsulated conductors. The petition is denied in all other respects.Por ello, en lo tocante a los monos congos, lo único que la Sala advierte es que, en su informe, el señor ministro de Ambiente y Energía citó el oficio CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, en el cual se había indicado que las nuevas líneas eléctricas que el ICE construye para proyectos nuevos, en el caso de Nosara, eran construidas con cableado desnudo y generaban nuevos sitios con riesgo de electrocución. Como no se indica que el ICE esté tomando medidas para solucionar ese problema concreto, corresponde declarar con lugar el recurso únicamente por dicho extremo, y desestimar los demás. Se declara CON LUGAR el recurso, únicamente contra el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad y el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, en su carácter de ente rector en esta materia, en relación con la problemática que enfrenta la población de monos congo en el distrito de Nosara. Se ordena a Marco Acuña Mora, en su condición de presidente ejecutivo y Ányelo Gerald Vargas Hernández, en su condición de jefe División Distribución y Comercialización, ambos del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, y a Franz Tattenbach Capra, en su calidad de ministro de Ambiente y Energía, o a quienes ocupen esos cargos, que en el término máximo e improrrogable de SEIS MESES, contado a partir de la notificación de esta resolución, implanten las medidas necesarias para corregir el problema presente en las líneas eléctricas que el ICE ha construido en el distrito de Nosara con cableado desnudo. En lo demás, se declara sin lugar el recurso.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"En ese sentido, este derecho se manifiesta en la doble vertiente: como derecho subjetivo de las personas, y como meta o fin de la acción de los poderes públicos en general, por lo que el Estado debe garantizarlo, defenderlo y preservarlo."
"In that sense, this right has a dual dimension: as an individual right and as a goal or purpose of government action generally; the State must therefore guarantee, defend, and preserve it."
Marco jurídico vigente
"En ese sentido, este derecho se manifiesta en la doble vertiente: como derecho subjetivo de las personas, y como meta o fin de la acción de los poderes públicos en general, por lo que el Estado debe garantizarlo, defenderlo y preservarlo."
Marco jurídico vigente
"El Estado debe por un lado abstenerse de atentar él mismo contra el ambiente y, por otro lado, debe asumir la tarea de evitar que terceros atenten contra el medio ambiente."
"The State must, on the one hand, refrain from harming the environment itself and, on the other, undertake the task of preventing third parties from harming it."
Marco jurídico vigente
"El Estado debe por un lado abstenerse de atentar él mismo contra el ambiente y, por otro lado, debe asumir la tarea de evitar que terceros atenten contra el medio ambiente."
Marco jurídico vigente
"Cuando exista peligro o amenaza de daños graves o inminentes a los elementos de la biodiversidad y al conocimiento asociado con estos, la ausencia de certeza científica, no deberá utilizarse como razón para postergar la adopción de medidas eficaces de protección."
"When there is a danger or threat of serious or imminent harm to elements of biodiversity and their associated knowledge, lack of scientific certainty must not be used as a reason to postpone effective protective measures."
Principio precautorio o in dubio pro natura
"Cuando exista peligro o amenaza de daños graves o inminentes a los elementos de la biodiversidad y al conocimiento asociado con estos, la ausencia de certeza científica, no deberá utilizarse como razón para postergar la adopción de medidas eficaces de protección."
Principio precautorio o in dubio pro natura
"Se condena al Estado y al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo."
"The State and the Costa Rican Electricity Institute are ordered to pay the costs and damages caused by the facts underlying this ruling, which shall be quantified during enforcement proceedings before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction."
Por tanto
"Se condena al Estado y al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo."
Por tanto
Full documentDocumento completo
Document Review Case: 25-019390-0007-CO Decision No. <A_númeroVoto [-r1]> SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at nine hours and twenty minutes on dieciseis de enero de dos mil veintiseis.
Proceeding for constitutional relief (recurso de amparo) under expediente número 25-019390-0007-CO, filed by [Nombre 001], identity card number [Valor 001], [Nombre 002], identity card number [Valor 002], and [Nombre 003], identity card number [Valor 003], against the PODER EJECUTIVO, the COMPAÑIA NACIONAL DE FUERZA Y LUZ, the EMPRESA DE SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS DE HEREDIA, the INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ELECTRICIDAD (ICE), the JUNTA ADMINISTRADORA DEL SERVICIO ELÉCTRICO DE CARTAGO (JASEC), MINAE, the COOPERATIVA DE ELECTRIFICACIÓN DE SAN CARLOS (COOPELESCA), the COOPERATIVA DE ELECTRIFICACIÓN RURAL DE GUANACASTE (COOPEGUANACASTE), the COOPERATIVA ALFARO RUIZ (COOPEALFARO), and the COOPERATIVA DE ELECTRIFICACIÓN RURAL LOS SANTOS (COOPESANTOS S.R.L.).- Findings of Fact:
In 2019, the Plataforma Intergubernamental de Ciencia y Política sobre Biodiversidad y Servicios de Ecosistemas (IPBES), sponsored by several UN agencies and composed of more than 130 member States, issued the “Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.” IPBES, established by Governments in 2012, provides policymakers with objective scientific assessments of the state of knowledge regarding the planet’s biological diversity, its ecosystems, and the contributions they make to people, as well as options and measures for protecting and sustainably using these vital natural assets. According to the IPBES Report, approximately one million animal and plant species are now at risk of extinction, and many could disappear within mere decades, representing a threat of a magnitude unprecedented in human history. Likewise, the global rate of species extinction is already at least tens to hundreds of times higher than the average rate over the past 10 million years, and it is accelerating. 75% of terrestrial ecosystems and 66% of marine ecosystems are already “severely altered.” More than 85% of the wetlands that existed in 1700 have been lost.
Some literature even indicates that we are facing the sixth great mass extinction of species. However, all previous ones were linked to natural events; the one we may now be facing is attributable to anthropogenic causes, that is, to human action: “A mass extinction is a brief period of geological time during which a high percentage of biodiversity or of different species (bacteria, fungi, plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates) becomes extinct. Under this definition, it is important to bear in mind that, in geological time, a ‘short’ period may encompass thousands or even millions of years. The planet has previously experienced five mass-extinction events: the most recent occurred 65.5 million years ago and brought about the extinction of the dinosaurs. Experts now believe that we are undergoing a sixth mass extinction.” Although the entire planet is facing this wave of mass species extinction, Costa Rica is highly vulnerable because of the great density of biodiversity within its limited territory.
Costa Rica is considered to have the greatest density of biodiversity in the world and to harbor nearly 5% of all the planet’s biodiversity within a small territorial area. Although this is encouraging and positive for the country, the fact remains that, because of this enormous wealth in the number of species and individual organisms, the impact caused by human activity is highly conspicuous. Hence the urgent need to address and mitigate, as soon as possible, the causes leading to the death of wildlife before it is too late. Accordingly, any activity harmful to the environment must be prohibited or, at a minimum, strictly regulated, and measures must be undertaken to protect it proactively against potential dangers. On the one hand, the State must refrain from harming the environment itself and, on the other, it must undertake the task of preventing third parties from harming the environment.
Costa Rica has a broad legal framework for protecting wildlife and mitigating its electrocution: (i) Constitución Política: • Article 46: consumers and users have the right to protection of their health and the environment. • Article 50: every person has the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Accordingly, every person has standing to report acts that violate that right and to seek reparation for the harm caused. (ii) Convenio de Especies Migratorias (CMS), approved through Ley 8586 of 21 de marzo de 2007: • Article 1, point 1, subsection c: conservation status (estado de conservación) shall be considered “favorable” when: (…) (2) the extent of the range of this migratory species is neither diminishing nor likely to diminish in the long term (…). • Article 2, point 1: The Parties recognize the importance of conserving migratory species and of the measures to be agreed upon for this purpose by the States within the species’ range, giving particular attention to migratory species whose conservation status is unfavorable (for example, primates under Appendix I to that Convention); the same recognition also extends to appropriate and necessary measures adopted by them separately or jointly for the conservation of such species and their habitat. • Article 3, point 4, subsection b): the obligation of States to appropriately prevent, eliminate, compensate for, or minimize the adverse effects of activities or obstacles that seriously hinder or prevent species migration.
(iii) Convenio de Diversidad Biológica (CBD), approved through Ley 7416 of 30 de junio de 1994: • Article 8, subsection k): the obligation of States to establish or maintain the necessary legislation and/or other regulatory provisions for the protection of threatened species and populations. (iv) Ley de Biodiversidad, Ley 7788 of 30 de abril de 1998: • Article 11: “It is recognized that anticipating, preventing, and addressing the causes of biodiversity loss or threats to it is of vital importance.” It also establishes the precautionary principle (principio precautorio), or in dubio pro natura, defined as follows: “When there is a danger or threat of serious or imminent harm to elements of biodiversity and the knowledge associated with them, the absence of scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing the adoption of effective protective measures.” (v) Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley 7554 of 4 de octubre de 1995: • Article 17: the requirement to obtain an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) for human activities that alter or destroy an element of the environment, as an indispensable prerequisite for commencing such activities. • Article 98: environmental harm or pollution may result from acts and omissions and is attributable to all natural or legal persons who commit them.
(vi) Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental, Decreto Ejecutivo 43898 of 21 de diciembre de 2022: • Article 11: the requirements for initiating the environmental impact assessment process must include a description of the environmental measures to prevent, correct, and mitigate potential environmental impacts. (vii) Política Nacional de Biodiversidad de Costa Rica 2015-2030 and its Plan de Acción 2016-2025, Decreto Ejecutivo 39118 of 22 de mayo de 2015: • Obligations of the State: to educate, raise awareness, and build consciousness regarding the value of biodiversity by incorporating actions that support conservation and sustainable use. (viii) Norma técnica de supervisión de la calidad en el suministro eléctrico en baja y media tensión, Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos (ARESEP), resolution RJD-205-2025 of 21 de setiembre de 2015: • Article 63: responsibility for identifying, recording, documenting, and storing information regarding all disturbances and failures, as well as their causes and repercussions. • Article 71: environmental, flora, and fauna-related factors are included among the external causes affecting service.
Reports submitted to ARESEP must include a description of the disturbances and the actions taken to eliminate them. Therefore, it is clear that Costa Rica has openly and expressly undertaken an international commitment to protect its wildlife species by implementing mechanisms that mitigate and prevent such events. The Executive Branch has even issued specific rules to prevent and mitigate electrocution. On 23 de mayo de 2018, the Executive Branch issued Directriz 13-2018, entitled “Guía para la prevención y mitigación de la electrocución de la fauna silvestre por tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica dirigida al ICE, CNFL, JASEC, ESPH, COOPELESCA, COOPEGUANACASTE, COOPEALFARO, COOPESANTOS S.R.L, SETENA como gestores ambientales.” That directive established: “Article 2—Companies that provide the public electricity service, or that provide services for the installation and distribution of power lines, are urged to apply the prevention and mitigation protocols and measures contained in the aforementioned guide; likewise, SETENA, environmental managers (gestores ambientales), environmental supervisors (regentes ambientales), and environmental officers (responsables ambientales) in general are urged to prevent and mitigate the electrocution of wildlife.
Article 3—The companies to which this directive is addressed and that provide the Public Electricity Service are urged to submit annually to the Coordinación de Vida Silvestre del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación the corresponding information on the number of victims by species, cause, date, and location of the events, including geographic coordinates, damage caused to the power grid, and disruption of public service, according to the databases and relevant information generated by the companies. Article 6—The loss of wildlife as a result of failure to adopt the aforementioned guide may lead to the application of the penalties established in Ley de Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre N° 7317, Ley de Biodiversidad N° 7788, Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N° 7554, their Regulations, and Decretos Ejecutivos N° 31849 MINAE-MOPT-MAG-MEIC and N° 32079 MINAE-MOPT-MAG-MEIC.” (...) Likewise, on 15 de diciembre de 2023, Decreto 44329-MINAE formally adopted the “Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre en tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica,” which defines the conditions and regulatory instruments intended to ensure that the provision of the public electricity service respects the lives of all species inhabiting the country, thereby complying with the general principles of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use.
That Decreto Ejecutivo, in its Considerando VIII, states that electrocution is a factor contributing to the extinction of wildlife species. This also entails problems concerning the continuity and quality of electricity service: “VIII.—Electrocution is a factor contributing to the extinction of wildlife species, turning this problem not only into an environmental issue because of the loss of life and disruption of populations’ natural cycles, but also into an issue involving the quality, continuity, and reliability of the electricity supplied by public electricity services, because it causes deterioration and interruption of public service to users and damage to infrastructure and equipment. This requires the State to address the problem comprehensively and develop tools with a broader scope.” (...) The decree further determines that it applies nationwide to every natural or legal person, whether public or private, holding concessions for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity within the national territory, as well as to bodies involved in procedures and authorizations, environmental managers, environmental supervisors, and environmental officers in general responsible for preventing and mitigating the electrocution of wildlife.
It provides that concession-holding electricity generation, transmission, or distribution companies must continuously identify wildlife-electrocution hotspots (puntos calientes de electrocución de fauna silvestre) on the existing power grid within their distribution areas and ensure the use, at a minimum, of the measures established in the most up-to-date version of the Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre to eliminate or reduce such occurrences.
Article 9 of the decree stipulates that concessionaire companies engaged in electricity generation, transmission, or distribution must prioritize the installation of measures to mitigate and reduce wildlife electrocution in areas identified as environmentally fragile areas (áreas ambientalmente frágiles), in accordance with the regulations in force, using as a basis the measures established in the most up-to-date version of the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Wildlife Electrocution on Power Lines in Costa Rica (Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre en tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica) to reduce biodiversity loss. Finally, those companies were required, during the design phase for new power lines (tendidos eléctricos), or for existing power lines located in environmentally fragile areas or in areas with a high probability of trees falling onto the grid, to conduct a technical, environmental, and economic assessment so that underground lines, changes in routing, or complete insulation of the distribution grid may be included to prevent the loss of connectivity and biodiversity.
Along the same lines, the 'Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre en tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica' provides mechanisms for preventing and mitigating wildlife electrocution. It provides a general description of the protective devices and their corresponding specifications that must be considered for the electrical grid: (…) The guide recommends that these devices be used in projects to be constructed (following an analysis of the potential impact of wildlife electrocution and in accordance with the proposed civil design), and in projects already in operation when there is a clear potential for wildlife electrocution. Nevertheless, as stated in the facts of this amparo proceeding (recurso de amparo) and in accordance with the following section, despite the existence of extensive regulations, these rules are not being implemented in practice, as electrocution incidents are increasing.
Each individual report specifies the type of incident, a brief description of what occurred, and the date on which it occurred. Likewise, according to the information contained in the Sistema Integrado de Trámite de Denuncias Ambientales del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, 565 complaints concerning electrocuted wild animals have been reported on that website. The routine occurrence of these incidents is absolutely unacceptable, particularly among the mantled howler monkey population, given the high risk posed to these animals by the failure to implement mitigation and prevention measures on electricity transmission towers and equipment, despite the obligations currently in force in this area. It must also be considered that the information collected by the aforementioned institutions does not cover all incidents occurring each day; consequently, a percentage of them is not being properly recorded, which could mean that the statistics concerning animals killed or injured by electrocution are even much higher.
In this regard, we ask the Sala Constitucional to consider the report entitled 'Veterinary Management of Electrocutions in Wildlife, with Emphasis on the Mantled Howler Monkey in the Península de Nicoya' ('Abordaje Veterinario de Electrocuciones en Fauna Silvestre con énfasis en el mono congo en la península de Nicoya'), issued by Dr. Francisco Sánchez Murillo, which is submitted as documentary evidence in this proceeding and precisely describes the severe trauma suffered by animals when they touch a component of a power line, supporting the conclusion that all electrocution trauma carries a grave prognosis. When a mantled howler monkey arrives at the veterinary clinic after suffering electrocution, the following procedure is applied:
• A visual examination of the individual is performed, together with a rapid observation of the patient’s condition.
• If the animal is still conscious, the decision is made to administer anesthesia so that it can be examined safely and its pain and stress can be reduced. Once under anesthesia, the patient is stabilized using previously established emergency protocols.
• The airway is checked to ensure that it is not obstructed for any reason that would prevent the animal from breathing normally; the patient’s ability to breathe normally is then assessed, and any hemorrhage is treated.
• An intravenous catheter is placed in every patient, and fluids are administered to stabilize blood pressure and support the internal organs in addressing any injuries they may have sustained.
• Once these three aspects have been stabilized, the animal is weighed and various medications are administered, including anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, opioids, and liver-protective agents, among others, to reduce the patient’s pain and begin preventive treatment against wound infections. Additional tests are performed, including blood sampling (complete blood count, blood chemistry, and lactate), to obtain an overview of the condition of the internal organs, particularly the liver and kidneys.
• X-rays and ultrasound examinations are performed to identify any internal abnormality caused by the electricity. The organs in which injuries are most commonly found are the lungs, liver, kidneys, intestines, and heart.
• Once the results of all these tests have been obtained, a decision is made as to whether the animal has a chance of survival or whether euthanasia is necessary because of the severity of its injuries.
• Frequently, when a mother is carrying an infant, the mother bears the greatest impact of the trauma, which often results in her death or euthanasia, while the infant is left orphaned with burns and possible internal trauma.
(…) a) If the animal has a genuine chance of survival, various medications are administered for the different injuries identified during the examinations. External burns on the animals’ bodies are treated in several ways: (…)
Electrocuted monkeys require months and even years of various forms of care (wound treatment and specialized and assisted diets, if necessary), as well as periodic medical examinations that include all the tests mentioned above. Many internal-organ injuries may exhibit symptoms weeks, months, or years after the accident; therefore, continuous, periodic checkups of all these patients are essential to treat chronic damage before it becomes completely irreversible. Many of these patients may die during rehabilitation as a result of the internal damage caused by the electrocution incident. An adult monkey may require months of rehabilitation before it can be released back into the forest. An infant may require 2 to 3 years before it can be released. Nearly 90% of these individuals die at the time of the trauma or months afterward, or require euthanasia. Many of these animals are left with serious lasting impairments that make their reintroduction impossible, and they are therefore destined to remain permanently in a sanctuary under human care: (…) Electrocutions cause hundreds or even thousands of deaths each year in Costa Rica through direct trauma, as well as indirectly.
Because of the social behavior of mantled howler monkeys, when a troop’s dominant male dies, another must take his place, and this new male will often kill the offspring of the male that died. Thus, the electrocution death of the dominant male results in the deaths of other members of the group. The nearly 100 mantled howler monkeys electrocuted each year (which have been recorded only in the Nosara area) may be creating an imbalance in the behavior and stability of mantled howler monkey troops that we do not yet understand. The frequent loss of females of reproductive age and the release of troops of juveniles that did not grow up with adult monkeys may be disrupting the population dynamics of an umbrella species (especie sombrilla) that serves as an important seed disperser, thereby affecting forest flora and, consequently, all other individuals that depend on the health of the forests in which they live.
The average number of electrocutions each year means that the rescue center may receive one monkey injured by electrocution every 3-5 days. Treating these animals for serious burns and painful wounds has effectively become routine, unlike the animals received for treatment because of other natural causes, such as an attack by another animal, an illness, or an accident such as a fall. In conclusion, electrocutions constitute extreme trauma for any animal, causing death in most cases and forcing other individuals to undergo prolonged treatment and pain on their path to recovery. The situation is extremely serious, yet the number of cases continues to increase day by day. Despite the regulatory framework described in this filing, effective measures to mitigate electrocution incidents do not appear to be implemented in practice. Since Decreto Ejecutivo 44329 was issued on 15 de diciembre de 2023, no reduction in electrocutions has been reported; on the contrary, incidents are increasing week after week.
We therefore petition the Sala Constitucional to order the respondents to implement, urgently and immediately, effective measures to prevent wildlife electrocution events, as detailed in the section concerning the relief requested.
IV RELIEF REQUESTED. We ask the Sala Constitucional for the following:
• The Executive Branch: Submit to the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) a plan for addressing the electrocution of arboreal wildlife, giving priority to the district of Nosara. This plan must be promptly reviewed and processed by SINAC so that it is being implemented no later than six months after notice of the judgment issued in this case.
• The public companies ICE, CNFL, JASEC, ESPH, COOPELESCA, COOPEGUANACASTE, COOPEALFARO Y COOPESANTOS: Submit a report within three months on the implementation of the prevention and mitigation protocols and measures set forth in the Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre en tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica, particularly in services involving the installation, distribution, and maintenance of power lines.
Said report shall include the short-, medium-, and long-term actions to be implemented, together with a schedule and action plan, to reduce wildlife electrocution incidents, as well as prioritization measures for addressing the areas where the highest number of incidents are recorded....”
In general, key stakeholders were identified in all regions, including municipalities, civil society organizations, wildlife management sites (sitios de manejo de fauna silvestre), SINAC regional offices, SETENA, Fuerza Pública, and academia. The following objectives were established for the regional workshops: - Conduct a process to disseminate the third edition of the guide and explain its relationship to the decree. - Share and place strong emphasis on the materials developed by Costa Rica Silvestre to prevent, mitigate, and address interactions involving human activities that cause biodiversity loss, with the aim of having regional stakeholders serve as a channel to communities and other organized groups. - Develop a regional mechanism with the participating stakeholders to establish: - o Regional partnerships and coordination mechanisms for addressing impacts on biodiversity (reconnection, habitat rehabilitation, response to electrocution events, construction of wildlife crossings, etc.). o Coordination processes with Rescue Centers to care for injured and orphaned animals. o Regional integration mechanisms (GESR) and a work plan (GESR) led by the company. o The dates established for the workshops.
For the implementation of Articles 12 and 13, which are directly related to ARESEP, the Energy Superintendent, Eng. Mario Mora Quiros, issued the following official letters: OF-0601-IE-, reporting that ARESEP, through the Energy Superintendency, opened a public case file (OT-030-2025) for the purpose of monitoring the implementation of Decreto Ejecutivo 44329-MINAE: Official Adoption of Instruments for the Prevention and Mitigation of Impacts on Wildlife from Power Lines in Costa Rica, published in La Gaceta N° 6 of 15 de enero de 2024. OF-0586-EI-2025, addressed to the management of all electricity distribution companies, concerning the implementation of Decreto Ejecutivo 44329-MINAE, clarifying regulatory matters related to the recognition of investments planned and made for continuous improvement and measures to reduce, prevent, and mitigate wildlife electrocution. Regarding noncompliance and penalties, pursuant to Article 15, this Ministry, with support from its Legal Advisory Office, is undertaking all necessary internal measures to establish a procedure for implementing that article.
An annex is being developed: Protocol for Conducting the Study for the Prevention of Wildlife Electrocution, adding to and amending Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 43898 -MINAE-S- MOPT-MAG-MEIC, published in La Gaceta N°67, in Alcance N°65 of 19 de abril de 2023, entitled ‘Regulations on Environmental Assessment, Control, and Monitoring.’ The document is currently undergoing publication and includes the minimum requirements necessary to incorporate an analysis for preventing wildlife electrocution into projects and works submitted to SETENA for environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental). The foregoing was reported by the Grupo de Electrificación Sostenible during 2024-2025 in order to standardize the required measures and provide clear information about them. It is important that your honorable authority be aware that this Ministry has made regulatory efforts to reduce biodiversity loss; accordingly, through Decreto N° 44710 – MINAE, Regulations for Incorporating the Environmental Variable into Land-Use Planning Plans, the analysis of the biodiversity variable was directly incorporated into the preparation of the territorial planning plans that municipalities must develop for their territories.
As demonstrated, due monitoring is being conducted of measures to mitigate wildlife electrocution on power lines in relation to the district of Nosara in the northern Pacific region of our country. SINAC created a Commission for the Prevention of and Response to Wildlife Electrocutions, with Special Attention to the Mantled Howler Monkey (Alouatta palliata), through Resolution ACT-OR-DR-037-2021 of 5 de marzo de 2021, for the purpose of addressing the problem of wildlife electrocution, particularly that of mantled howler monkeys in the Península de Nicoya. The following organizations were invited to participate in this Commission: - Rescate internacional. - Coopeguanacaste R.L. - UNED, Sede Santa Cruz. - Municipalidad de Carrillo. - Municipalidad de Santa Cruz. - Municipalidad de Nicoya. - ICE (electrification business). - Salvemonos Playa Hermosa. - Salvemonos Tamarindo. The organization SomosCongos, whose activities are conducted in the district of Cóbano, subsequently joined.
As can be seen, the commission brought together the area’s electric utility companies (ICE and Coopeguanacaste R.L.), academia, municipalities, and NGOs within a coordination forum that produced concrete results within a relatively short period. This made it possible to improve responses to the specific causes of each electrocution, prevent many such incidents, and reduce case response times. One of the measures was the preparation of a work plan, which has been implemented and monitored during virtual sessions held monthly since 2021. Through official letter CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, the commission reported the following: ‘According to information generated by the organization Salvemonos through 2024, the data on the number of electrocuted animals indicate an improvement in preventing electrocutions and addressing the specific causes of each case, given that, at present, whenever an incident occurs, SINAC, the electric utility company, and the NGO jointly visit the site, assess the causes of the incident, and make decisions aimed at preventing another electrocution from occurring.
Nevertheless, the problem of wildlife electrocution is far from disappearing. (…) Mantled howler monkeys are a species accustomed to fragmented habitats, and it is therefore normal to find them near human settlements. When these human settlements expand and trees are cut down to make room for new infrastructure, the routes used by the troops are altered, resulting in electrocutions, most often on power lines constructed decades ago. Added to this are the new power lines constructed for new projects, which, in the case of Nosara, ICE builds using bare wiring, creating new locations where electrocution risks exist. Following the entry into force of Decreto Ejecutivo N° 44329-MINAE, the operation of this commission has been under reconsideration because Art. 6 of that decree provides: Article 6—Electricity generation, transmission, or distribution concessionaires shall implement all necessary measures to prevent the fragmentation of ecosystems by the electricity grid, as established in the latest version of the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Wildlife Electrocution on Power Lines in Costa Rica, in order to reduce biodiversity loss.
In this regard, members of the ‘Electrificación Sostenible’ working group (GES) recommended that such sessions be proposed and coordinated by the electric utility companies operating in the area. Accordingly, during 2025, SINAC’s role as coordinator of the commission established through Resolution ACT-OR-DR-037-2021 was placed on hold. With regard to the proposed measures for preventing and responding to the electrocution of arboreal wildlife, the following activities will be implemented within three months: 1. Assess the degree of compliance with the work plan established in 2021 for the Commission for the Prevention of and Response to Wildlife Electrocutions, with Special Attention to the Mantled Howler Monkey (Alouatta Palliata). 2. Update the action plan for preventing and responding to the electrocution of arboreal wildlife in Área de Conservación Tempisque, including a component for the Nosara de Nicoya area. 3.
Monitor the measures carried out by electric utility companies in this area. Therefore, it can be concluded that due monitoring is being conducted of the obligations concerning measures for the prevention and mitigation of wildlife electrocution events, in observance of and compliance with the legislation…’. It requests that the appeal filed be dismissed.
Such possessors are also required to keep roads, firebreaks (rondas), and embankments clear of all harmful vegetation, trim tree branches that shade public roads, and clear fences each year at the appropriate times, all upon request by the officials designated by the Municipalidades or Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes and in accordance with their instructions. Therefore, the situation raised by the appellant is caused not by the measures implemented by the Instituto de Electricidad to mitigate impacts on wildlife, but rather by noncompliance with the aforementioned legislation. Property owners have a duty to keep the flora and trees on their properties under control, preventing their branches or crowns from interfering with the electrical grid, since such proximity poses a significant risk both to wildlife that may use these plant elements as a means of accessing power lines and to the continuity of electrical service.
In other words, property owners’ failure to perform this maintenance facilitates electrocutions and other harmful effects, reinforcing the need for active shared responsibility (corresponsabilidad) by the public in preventing this type of incident. Community participation and interinstitutional coordination are also fundamental pillars of this strategy. ICE works with municipalidades, NGOs, and citizen-science platforms to strengthen the early detection of incidents and prioritize critical areas, demonstrating that its actions are not limited to regulatory compliance but instead reflect a comprehensive vision of sustainability and shared environmental responsibility. In this context, the reported electrocution incidents, although regrettable, cannot be construed as a direct violation by ICE of Article 50 of the Constitución Política. On the contrary, they reflect a complex problem that ICE has addressed responsibly, transparently, and with commitment, through concrete actions, sustained investment, and interinstitutional collaboration.
The institution has assumed its role as guarantor of the balance between electrical development and biodiversity conservation and has demonstrated that its actions are aligned with constitutional principles and the international environmental commitments undertaken by the country…”. It requests that the appeal filed be dismissed.
Article 9—The concessionaires engaged in electricity generation, transmission, or distribution shall prioritize the implementation of measures to mitigate and reduce wildlife electrocution (electrocución de fauna) in areas identified as environmentally fragile areas (áreas ambientalmente frágiles), in accordance with current regulations, using as a basis the measures established in the most recent version of the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Wildlife Electrocution on Power Lines in Costa Rica, in order to reduce biodiversity loss. Article 10—During the design phase for new power lines (tendidos eléctricos), or with respect to existing power lines located in environmentally fragile areas or in areas where trees are highly likely to fall onto the grid, the concessionaires engaged in electricity generation, transmission, or distribution shall conduct a technical, environmental, and economic assessment so that underground lines, route changes, and complete insulation of the distribution grid are included in order to prevent the loss of connectivity and biodiversity.’ The provisions established in the preceding articles have been addressed through the 2024 Period Report, official communication 2001-0468-2025 (annexes), as well as through the incorporation of the guide, previously mentioned, into the CNFL’s official documentation. ‘Article 11—Because this is a public service, companies providing electricity distribution, generation, and transmission services are urged to form partnerships to seek response alternatives aimed at eliminating and reducing the impacts of wildlife electrocution on power lines, such as habitat reconnection and rehabilitation, emergency response to electrocution events resulting in injured or orphaned wild animals, and the construction of wildlife crossings (pasos de fauna).’ ‘Article 14—The concessionaires engaged in electricity generation, transmission, or distribution shall coordinate with other stakeholders, pursuant to Article 2 of this decree, to establish mechanisms with authorized Wildlife Rescue Centers for responding to wild animals that survive electrocution.
The costs associated with these processes, including transportation, veterinary care, upkeep in cases of permanent captivity, and rehabilitation and reintroduction into the habitat, shall be agreed upon by the company, other stakeholders, and the management facility that cares for the injured or orphaned wild animals.’ The pertinent measures were adopted through official communication 2001-0129-2025, Subject: General Provisions for the Prevention of and Response to Incidents Involving Wildlife on the Distribution Grid, dated January 30, 2025, which is attached. By way of summary, and regarding compliance with the obligations set forth in Decreto Ejecutivo N°44329-MINAE... (…) CONCERNING THE VIOLATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS Based on the foregoing, it has been demonstrated that the CNFL has acted in accordance with current regulations and that its conduct has at no time been arbitrary, much less violated any fundamental right of the protected parties; instead, its actions have complied with Articles 46 and 50 of our Political Constitution.
Throughout this submission, it has been established that, in strict compliance with the regulatory framework and the principles of sustainable development, the CNFL has implemented mitigation measures (medidas de mitigación) to prevent wildlife electrocution through preventive actions and continuous monitoring. In that regard, specific actions have been carried out, such as installing devices on the company’s distribution grid. The CNFL’s actions have been directed toward guaranteeing the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, as required by Article 50 of the Constitution. Lastly, it should be noted that, to date, no administrative omission or regulatory noncompliance has been established from which an actual violation of fundamental rights could be inferred. On the contrary, the company has acted in accordance with the principles of legality, reasonableness, environmental precaution, and proportionality required by the constitutional order.
CONCLUSION OF THE REPORT Having analyzed the merits of the action, it can be concluded with certainty that the entity I represent has acted in accordance with the applicable legal system and that the fundamental rights identified by the petitioners have not been violated, since it has acted in accordance with the law. The pertinent actions have been carried out to comply with the regulatory framework, as demonstrated, always with the aim of undertaking appropriate planning consistent with the company’s line of work, enabling the CNFL to prevent harm to Costa Rican wildlife and to provide an immediate response should an incident occur. However, it must be reiterated that neither the district of Nosara in Costa Rica’s North Pacific region nor the Península de Nicoya lies within the area served by this company. Lastly, we comply with the request made by this Honorable Constitutional Chamber to obtain additional evidence to facilitate its ruling, pursuant to Article 47 of Ley N°7135 de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, and remain at its disposal for any further request: (…) Article 47. Before rendering judgment, the Chamber may, in order to obtain further information, order that any other proceeding be conducted.’ (…)…”. It requests that the action filed be dismissed.
January February March April May June July August Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 2021 3 6 4 11 8 12 8 3 3 4 3 5 70 2022 8 8 9 13 10 19 4 8 5 10 4 5 103 2023 8 2 6 9 9 9 11 7 6 12 5 10 94 (Documentary Evidence 5, report entitled ‘Electrocutions of Congo Monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in the Nosara Area and Possible Effects on the Ecosystem,’ signed by Elena Echandi Herrera, supervising biologist (Bióloga regente)) RESPONSE: JASEC is a public company established pursuant to Ley No. 7799, Reforma de la Ley No. 3300 de 1964, whose statutory purpose is to provide public electricity-supply services at the distribution and commercialization stages within its geographic coverage area, namely, the 5 central cantons of the Provincia de Cartago: Central, El Guarco, Oreamuno, Alvarado, and Paraíso. Consequently, JASEC has no involvement in or relationship whatsoever with events in the district of Nosara, Guanacaste, because that district is not part of its concession area. FIFTH GRIEVANCE: According to the reports maintained by Fundación International Animal Rescue, the following is a summary of the number of monkeys electrocuted in the Nosara area alone between 2021 and 2023:
January February March April May June July August Sep Oct Nov Dec Total 2021 3 4 3 20 7 11 8 2 3 4 3 5 65 2022 8 5 9 13 10 18 3 8 5 5 3 5 92 2023 7 2 6 9 8 9 10 7 5 5 5 8 87 (Documentary evidence (prueba documental) 5, report entitled ‘Electrocutions of mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in the Nosara area and possible effects on the ecosystem,’ signed by Elena Echandi Herrera, supervising biologist (Bióloga regente)) RESPONSE: As indicated in the response to the preceding allegation, the district of Nosara is not part of JASEC’s concession area (área de concesión) in its capacity as the provider of electricity distribution services. SIXTH GROUND (AGRAVIO SEXTO): Wildlife electrocutions cause thousands of deaths each year in Costa Rica through direct trauma, as well as indirectly. In particular, in the case of the mantled howler monkey population, given its social behavior, when the troop’s dominant male dies, another must take his place, and this new male will often kill the offspring of the male that died.
Thus, the leader’s death by electrocution triggers other deaths within this group. (Documentary evidence 6, report entitled ‘Veterinary Management of Electrocutions in Wildlife, with Emphasis on the Mantled Howler Monkey in the Nicoya Peninsula,’ issued by Dr. Francisco Sánchez Murillo) RESPONSE: The extinction of wildlife species through electrocution affects the quality, continuity, and reliability of the electricity supply; accordingly, JASEC makes extensive efforts to prevent and mitigate the loss of wildlife in our service area. To achieve this objective, protective devices are installed on electrical grids and utility poles, and vegetation clearing (descuaje) is performed. In addition, as a new requirement, real estate developers must deliver new electrical grids with protective devices incorporated, as appropriate in each specific case. The actions described above are duly set forth beginning on folio 38 and the following folios.
SEVENTH GROUND: The International Animal Rescue Foundation (Fundación Internacional Animal Recusé (sic)) published an interactive tool on its website for collecting reports of wildlife accidents, including animal electrocutions, most of which involve mantled howler monkeys. The tool, entitled ‘Incident Map,’ available at https://www.iarcostarica.Org/map-report/#/incident/map,receives incident reports from throughout the country and allows periodic statistics to be extracted. All information collected from reports submitted throughout the country is publicly accessible. These data do not represent the total number of incidents involving wildlife injuries. Nevertheless, they are an essential resource for making visible the harm caused by electrocution incidents. (Documentary evidence 7, image of the incident map) RESPONSE: Each year, JASEC provides the Wildlife Coordination Office of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC-MINAE) with the corresponding information regarding the number of victims by species, cause, date, and location of the events, including geographic coordinates.
The aforementioned data are reported using the official form and may be viewed on folio 13 of the case file (expediente). EIGHTH GROUND: As of the filing date of this amparo proceeding (recurso de amparo), 316 electrocution incidents have been recorded since 2017. Each individual report specifies the type of incident, a brief description of what occurred, and the date of the event. (Documentary evidence 8, incident statistics) RESPONSE: JASEC annually reports incidents occurring on its electrical grids. Specifically, in 2024, the largest number of incidents involved great-tailed grackles and pigeons, followed by climbing animals such as squirrels, gray four-eyed opossums, and opossums; all these cases occurred on the Paraíso circuit, located primarily in the Cantón de Paraíso of the Provincia de Cartago. The incidents described above and their details may be viewed on folio 14 of the case file.
In response to these events, the company has taken appropriate measures, such as installing anti-climbing devices, silicone covers, line covers, insulating tape, and electrostatic barriers. It has also conducted both internal and external awareness campaigns. NINTH GROUND: According to the information contained in the Sistema Integrado de Tramite de Denuncias Ambientales of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, as of the filing date of this amparo proceeding, 565 complaints concerning electrocuted wild animals had been reported on that website. (Documentary evidence 9, report from the Sistema Integrado de Trámite de Denuncias Ambientales) RESPONSE: Through its internal efforts within its concession area, JASEC has succeeded in installing a larger number of devices. This is reflected in a significant 21.3 % decrease in electrocutions or wildlife-related outages, according to reports for the 2024 to 2025 period.
For further details, see folio 10 of the case file; the table therein confirms that electrical insulators—including pole-type covers, insulating tubes, electrostatic barrier-repellents, and insulating tape—were installed. Additionally, folio 45 of the case file contains illustrations showing some types of devices installed in 2023. Folios 46 and 47 of the case file show other devices and statistics for 2024. TENTH GROUND: The number of electrocution incidents clearly reveals the State’s failure to effectively implement the current regulatory framework concerning measures for the prevention, mitigation, and protection of wildlife, particularly the mantled howler monkey population. The Executive Branch has not implemented effective measures to ensure the mitigation and prevention of electrocution incidents. RESPONSE: JASEC has not failed to implement the current regulatory framework concerning measures for the prevention, mitigation, and protection of wildlife.
To achieve these objectives, it prepared the appropriate protocols and has adopted the prevention and mitigation measures stipulated in the aforementioned guide. One of the most significant measures in 2024 was pruning along 34,25 kilometers of power lines, thereby achieving protection for 436 kilometers of the primary grid. This information appears in the conclusions of the 2024-2025 annual report, as stated on folio 16 of the case file. CONCLUSION Based on the foregoing, it may be concluded that JASEC has complied, and continues to comply, with Executive Branch Directive # 13-2018 dated May 23, 2018, entitled: ‘Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Wildlife Electrocution by Power Lines in Costa Rica,’ within the geographic area covered by its electricity distribution and marketing operations. This is because the measures implemented and the monitoring of those measures were demonstrated, and they are reported to the competent governing authority at the intervals required by the previously established regulations.
JASEC complies with Executive Decree # 44329 dated December 15, 2023, entitled ‘Official Adoption of the Instruments for the Prevention and Mitigation of Wildlife Electrocution by Power Lines in Costa Rica.’ This is because it has implemented internal and external guidelines that serve as instruments for officials and civil society to assist in the prevention, mitigation, and protection of wildlife. Accordingly, it is clear that, in the present case file, JASEC has complied with the legal framework applicable to the specific case concerning the protection of wildlife fauna and flora within its geographic service area; therefore, no constitutional principles or rights have been violated.” It requests that the amparo proceeding be dismissed.
Species Scientific name Cases Squirrel Syntheosciurus brochus 3 Great-tailed grackle Quiscalus mexicanus 2 Vulture (Undetermined) 1 Yellow-breasted bird (Family Tyrannidae) 1 Districts with the highest incidence:
District Cases Pueblo Nuevo 2 San José 1 Cirri Sur 1 Volio 1 Tapezco 1 Zarcero 1 4. Data Analysis (January–June 2025). During the first semester of 2025, 6 wildlife electrocution incidents were documented, distributed as follows:
Affected species:
Species Scientific name Cases Squirrel Syntheosciurus brochus 3 Great-tailed grackle Quiscalus mexicanus 2 Vulture (Undetermined) 1 Districts with the highest incidence:
District Cases Pueblo Nuevo 1 San José 1 Cirri Sur 3 Volio 1 5. Action Plan: Second Semester 2025. As part of Coopealfaroruiz R.L.’s continuing commitment to protecting wildlife and mitigating risks on the electrical grid, a specific action plan has been established for the second semester of 2025. During this period, a work schedule will be implemented focusing on two fundamental areas: a) Installation of anti-climbing devices: Plans call for the placement of 40 anti-climbing devices on strategically selected structures. These devices are designed to prevent wildlife from climbing toward energized components, thereby reducing the likelihood of accidental electrocutions. b) Completion of the clearing of trees near the electrical grid: Clearing and pruning work on trees located near the electrical distribution grid will be completed. This work seeks to eliminate unintended access routes for wild animals to conductors and transformers.
Upon completion of this task, 100% coverage will have been achieved in priority areas. This effort not only strengthens the preventive measures already under way but also complies with the guidelines established by the Guía Nacional para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de Fauna Silvestre, reaffirming the cooperative’s commitment to sustainability and environmental protection, which has always characterized us as a rural electrification cooperative enterprise. 6. Expected Results and Benefits. • Progressive reduction of incidents in areas where measures have been implemented. • Improvement of technical and operational knowledge concerning this issue. • Regulatory compliance with Costa Rican environmental legislation. • Reinforcement of the cooperative’s environmental commitment.” He requests that the amparo proceeding (recurso de amparo) be dismissed.
Magistrate Castillo Víquez writes the opinion; and,
Considering:
The petitioner alleges that the State has failed to effectively implement the current regulatory framework concerning measures to prevent, mitigate, and protect against the electrocution of wildlife, thereby violating the fundamental right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment established in Article 50 of the Political Constitution. Specifically, the petitioner asserts that, despite the issuance of the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Wildlife Electrocution by Power Lines in Costa Rica—which is addressed to ICE, CNFL, JASEC, ESPH, COOPELESCA, COOPEGUANACASTE, COOPEALFARO, COOPESANTOS S.R.L., and SETENA as environmental managers (gestores ambientales)—and Decreto Ejecutivo N° 44329, entitled “Official Adoption of Instruments for the Prevention and Mitigation of Wildlife Electrocution by Power Lines in Costa Rica,” the fact remains that the Executive Branch has not implemented effective actions to ensure the mitigation and prevention of wildlife electrocution incidents, particularly in the district of Nosara, in Costa Rica’s northern Pacific region, where wildlife electrocutions are frequently reported.
In particular, the petitioner states that the aforementioned directive established the following: “Article 2.-Companies that provide the public electricity service, or that provide services for the installation and distribution of power lines, are urged to apply the prevention and mitigation protocols and measures contained in the aforementioned guide; likewise, SETENA, environmental managers, environmental regents (regentes ambientales), and environmental officers (responsables ambientales) in general are urged to prevent and mitigate the electrocution of Wildlife. Article 3.-The companies to which this directive is addressed and that provide the Public Electricity Service are urged to submit annually to the Wildlife Coordination Office of the National System of Conservation Areas the corresponding information on the number of victims according to species, cause, date, and location of the incidents, including geographic coordinates, damage caused to the electrical grid, and effects on the public service, based on the databases and relevant information generated by the companies.
Article 6.-The loss of wildlife due to failure to follow the aforementioned guide may result in the application of the penalties established in Ley de Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre N° 7317, Ley de Biodiversidad N° 7788, Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N° 7554, their Regulations, and Decretos Ejecutivos N° 31849 MINAE-MOPT-MAG-MEIC and N° 32079 MINAE-MOPT-MAG-MEIC.” Likewise, Decreto N° 44329-MINAE defines the regulatory conditions and instruments intended to ensure that the provision of the public electricity service respects the lives of all species inhabiting the country, thereby complying with the general principles of biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. In its Considerando VIII, that Executive Decree states that electrocution is a factor contributing to the extinction of wildlife species. This also creates problems concerning the continuity and quality of the electricity service: “VIII.-Whereas electrocution is a factor contributing to the extinction of wildlife species, thereby transforming this problem not only into an environmental issue due to loss of life and the disruption of populations’ natural cycles, but also into an issue affecting the quality, continuity, and reliability of the public electricity utilities’ electricity supply, because it causes deterioration and interruption of the public service provided to users, as well as damage to infrastructure and equipment.
This requires the State to address the problem comprehensively and develop tools with a broader scope.” The decree further provides that it applies nationwide to every natural or legal person, whether public or private, holding a concession for the generation, transmission, or distribution of electricity within the national territory, as well as to bodies involved in procedures and authorizations; environmental managers, environmental regents, and environmental officers in general are responsible for preventing and mitigating the electrocution of Wildlife. It provides that electricity generation, transmission, or distribution concessionaires must continuously identify wildlife-electrocution “hot spots” in the existing electrical grid and within their distribution areas, and must ensure the use, at a minimum, of the measures established in the most recent version of the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Wildlife Electrocution in order to eliminate eliminate or reduce such occurrences.
Article 9 of the decree stipulates that electricity generation, transmission, or distribution concessionaires must prioritize the installation of measures to mitigate and reduce wildlife electrocution in areas identified as environmentally fragile areas (áreas ambientalmente frágiles), pursuant to current regulations, using as a basis the measures established in the most recent version of the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Wildlife Electrocution on Power Lines in Costa Rica in order to reduce biodiversity loss. Finally, those companies were required, during the design phase of new power lines or in the case of existing power lines located in environmentally fragile areas or areas with a high probability of trees falling onto the grid, to conduct a technical, environmental, and economic assessment so that underground lines, route changes, or complete insulation of the distribution grid may be included to prevent the loss of connectivity and biodiversity.
Similarly, the “Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Wildlife Electrocution on Power Lines in Costa Rica” sets out mechanisms for preventing and mitigating wildlife electrocution. It provides a general description of the protective devices and the corresponding specifications that must be considered for the electrical grid. The guide recommends that these devices be used in projects to be constructed—following an analysis of the potential impact of wildlife electrocution and in accordance with the proposed civil-engineering design—and in projects already in operation where there is a clear potential for wildlife electrocution. Nevertheless, as shown by the facts in this constitutional relief proceeding (recurso de amparo) and in accordance with the following section, despite the existence of extensive regulations, those provisions are not being implemented in practice, since electrocution incidents are increasing.
It must also be considered that the information collected by the aforementioned institutions does not encompass all incidents occurring daily; consequently, a percentage of cases is not being properly recorded, which could mean that the statistics concerning animals killed or injured by electrocution are even substantially higher. In this context, the petitioner emphasizes the particular situation of the population of mantled howler monkeys (monos Congo) in the Nosara area because, given their social behavior, when a troop’s leading male dies, another must take his place, and the new leader frequently kills the offspring of the male that died; thus, the leader’s death by electrocution triggers additional deaths within the group.
The following facts are deemed duly established and relevant to the determination of this matter, either because they have been proven or because the respondent failed to address them as directed in the initial order:
- A series of map layers concerning Biological Corridors (Corredores Biológicos), Climate Refuges (Refugios Climáticos), and other environmentally fragile areas (áreas ambientalmente frágiles) was shared with all companies.
- A meeting was held with the coordinator of the Programa Nacional de Corredores Biológicos of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación to initiate coordination processes with regional groups and electricity distribution companies.
- ARESEP is providing information layers for the corresponding spatial analyses (análisis espaciales).
- A request for support was submitted to ICE so that, through Eng. Wilfredo Segura and the GES, an analysis could be developed for the companies to implement the following measures: collection of geographic information on the principal environmentally fragile areas (AAF), incorporating the provisions of the regulations currently in force and also applying criteria such as the energy distribution region, the corresponding conservation areas, municipal territories, and other administrative classifications that help all actors and interested parties prevent and mitigate wildlife electrocution.
- Geographic identification of “hotspots” (puntos calientes), based on, without excluding other relevant parameters: the presence of threatened, migratory, and other species; the incidence of electrocution; electrical wiring or step-down substations; phenological processes (procesos fenológicos), such as flowering, fruiting, or others that could be related to the movement of arboreal species; or regulatory plans (planes reguladores).
- Design of a standardized methodology for identifying hotspots that can be replicated by electricity distribution companies and other stakeholders requiring it, so that they can be properly compared and information can be obtained on progress in implementing measures.
- Generation of visual models that provide information supporting decision-making to prevent loss of connectivity or, failing that, to identify areas urgently requiring rehabilitation and areas important for connectivity, with a focus on maintaining biodiversity; all through standardized methodologies that can be replicated by electricity distribution companies and other interested parties (reports).
- Carry out an outreach process (proceso de socialización) concerning the third edition of the guide and its relationship to the decree.
- Share and place strong emphasis on the materials developed by Costa Rica Silvestre to prevent, mitigate, and address interactions between human activities and biodiversity loss, with the aim of having regional stakeholders serve as a conduit to communities and other organized groups.
- Develop a regional mechanism with the participating stakeholders to establish partnerships and regional coordination mechanisms for addressing impacts on biodiversity, including reconnection, habitat rehabilitation, response to electrocution events, construction of wildlife crossings (pasos de fauna), and other measures; coordination processes with Rescue Centers (Centros de Rescate) to care for injured and orphaned animals; and regional integration mechanisms (GESR) and a company-led Work Plan (GESR) (reports).
“According to information generated by the Salvémonos organization through 2024, the data on the number of electrocuted animals indicate an improvement in the prevention of electrocutions and in addressing the specific causes of each case, given that, at present, whenever an incident occurs, SINAC, the electric utility, and the NGO jointly visit the site, assess the causes that gave rise to it, and make decisions aimed at preventing another electrocution. Nevertheless, the problem of wildlife electrocution is far from disappearing.
(…)
Mantled howler monkeys are a species accustomed to fragmented habitats, and it is therefore normal to find them near human populations. When these human populations expand and trees are cut down to make room for new infrastructure, the routes used by the troops are altered, resulting in electrocutions, in most cases on power lines that were constructed decades ago. Added to this are the new power lines constructed for new projects, which, in the case of Nosara, ICE builds using bare wire, creating new sites where there is a risk of electrocution. With the entry into force of Decreto Ejecutivo N° 44329-MINAE, the operation of this commission has been under reconsideration, inasmuch as art. 6 of that decree provides: Article 6—Electricity generation, transmission, or distribution concessionaires shall implement all actions necessary to prevent the fragmentation of ecosystems by the electrical grid, as established in the latest version of the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Wildlife Electrocution on Power Lines in Costa Rica, in order to reduce biodiversity loss.
In this regard, members of the ‘Sustainable Electrification’ working group (GES) recommended that such sessions be proposed and coordinated by the electric utilities operating in the area; consequently, during 2025, SINAC’s role as coordinator of the commission established through resolution ACT-OR-DR-037-2021 was placed on hold. Regarding the actions proposed to prevent and respond to the electrocution of arboreal wildlife, the following activities will be implemented within three months: 1. Assess the degree of compliance with the work plan established in 2021 for the Commission for the Prevention of and Response to Wildlife Electrocutions, with Special Attention to the Mantled Howler Monkey (Alouatta Palliata). 2. Update the action plan for preventing and responding to electrocutions of arboreal wildlife in the Tempisque Conservation Area, including a component for the Nosara area of Nicoya. 3. Follow up on the actions undertaken by electric utilities in this regard…” (see reports).
In the sub lite matter, the petitioner alleges that the State has failed to effectively implement the current regulatory framework concerning measures for the prevention of, mitigation of, and protection against wildlife electrocution, thereby violating the fundamental right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, established in Article 50 of the Constitución Política. Specifically, the petitioner asserts that, despite the issuance of the Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre por Tendidos Eléctricos en Costa Rica and Decreto Ejecutivo N° 44329, entitled “Oficialización de los instrumentos para la prevención y mitigación de la electrocución de fauna silvestre por tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica,” the fact remains that the Executive Branch has not implemented effective actions to ensure the mitigation and prevention of wildlife electrocution incidents, particularly in relation to the district of Nosara, in Costa Rica’s northern Pacific region, where wildlife electrocutions are frequently reported.
In this context, the petitioner emphasizes the particular situation of the Congo monkey population in the Nosara area. However, the reports and the list of proven facts show that the respondent authorities have indeed been implementing a very broad set of measures to prevent wildlife electrocution incidents, including the installation of infrastructure such as dielectric devices on conductive components, insulating covers on transformers and exposed lines, and anti-climbing barriers, as well as preventive pruning and the clearing of rights-of-way (trochas). Efforts are also being made to collect and process information concerning these incidents in order to identify “hot spots,” which, according to the Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre por Tendidos Eléctricos en Costa Rica, are:
“Hot spots (puntos calientes): These are particular locations that are more likely to experience wildlife electrocutions because of one or more of the following characteristics: landscape conditions (for example, the proximity and density of power lines or the presence of forest patches or tree-lined corridors), behavioral factors (for example, routes habitually used by wildlife), or demographic factors (for example, areas with higher densities of wildlife species) (Katsis 2018)” (see the Glossary of the Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre por Tendidos Eléctricos en Costa Rica).
In addition, the petitioner presents its allegations in very general terms, without fully specifying which particular omissions are allegedly causing the problems it seeks to report or where they have occurred. Indeed, with respect to Congo monkeys, the electricity-distribution coverage areas of many of the respondent public utilities do not even encompass the district of Nosara, which the petitioner seeks to emphasize in its initial filing.
At this point, it should be noted that the respondent authorities dispute the allegation that the number of Congo monkey electrocution incidents is increasing, since, according to official communication CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, the data on the number of electrocuted animals, based on information generated by the organization Salvémonos through the year 2024, indicated improvements in preventing electrocutions and addressing the specific causes of each case. Regarding the district of Nosara, it is further reported that SINAC created a commission for the prevention of and response to wildlife electrocutions, with particular attention to the Congo monkey, in order to address that problem. It is also stated that ICE has strengthened its institutional capacity to respond to incidents through direct coordination with centers specializing in wildlife rescue, such as the Wildlife Rescue Center, formerly known as Zooave, through the NGO “Somos Congos.” Accordingly, with respect to Congo monkeys, the only issue the Chamber notes is that, in his report, the Minister of Environment and Energy cited official communication CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, which stated that the new power lines constructed by ICE for new projects in Nosara were being built with bare wiring and were creating new sites at risk of electrocution.
Because there is no indication that ICE is taking measures to resolve that specific problem, the amparo petition (recurso de amparo) must be granted solely with respect to that issue, and the remaining claims must be denied.
In the sub lite matter, with customary respect, we disagree with the majority’s position and consider that the appropriate course is to continue processing the petition.
It should be recalled that the initial filing challenges the State’s failure to implement measures for the prevention of, mitigation of, and protection of wildlife against electrocutions, which adversely affects the healthy and ecologically balanced environment. The petitioner therefore requests that the Executive Branch be ordered to: “Submit to the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) a plan for addressing the problem of electrocutions of arboreal wildlife, prioritizing the district of Nosara. This plan must be promptly reviewed and processed by SINAC so that it is being implemented no later than six months after notice of the judgment rendered in this case.” Additionally, the report submitted by the Minister of Environment and Energy explained that SINAC created a commission for the prevention of and response to wildlife electrocutions, with particular attention to the Congo monkey in the Nicoya peninsula.
In light of the foregoing, we consider it essential, before issuing the ruling required by law, to request a report from the Executive Director of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación concerning the facts alleged by the petitioner.
Protection of a healthy and ecologically balanced environment under the Costa Rican Legal System is safeguarded not only by Article 50 of the Constitución Política, but also by a series of currently effective statutes and executive decrees (regulations), such as the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley N° 7554 de 4 de octubre de 1995; the Ley de Biodiversidad, Ley N° 7788 de 30 de abril de 1998; the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, Ley N° 7317 de 21 de octubre de 1992; and Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849 de 24 de mayo de 2004, Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), to name only a few. In environmental matters, this makes it necessary to distinguish constitutional review (control de constitucionalidad) from legality review (control de legalidad). In this regard, it is the undersigned’s view that, through amparo proceedings, this Chamber should hear a matter alleging violation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment only if the Administration has not yet intervened and the violation of that right is manifest and evident, readily verifiable, of some significance or seriousness, and directly affects a specific person or community.
Otherwise, the matter must be raised and litigated through legality proceedings (vía de legalidad). Consequently, mere noncompliance with obligations and duties legally imposed on the various public administrations in environmental matters is properly heard through administrative or judicial legality proceedings, where the alleged instances of noncompliance or omission may be reviewed far more comprehensively. It must be borne in mind that an amparo petition is a summary, informal, simple, and expedited proceeding; therefore, from the very moment the Administration intervenes in an environmental matter in the exercise of its powers and conducts a proceeding culminating in the issuance of administrative acts, review of that matter falls outside the jurisdiction of this specialized court. Thus, review of administrative actions undertaken in connection with an environmental matter that requires full adjudicative proceedings (proceso de conocimiento pleno) for proper assessment is possible only in the ordinary courts, because the structure of amparo proceedings is incompatible with comparing or reviewing technical or legal criteria developed under current statutory or regulatory provisions, or with receiving additional and more extensive evidence necessary to compare or review the criteria already contained in the administrative record for the case.
Holding otherwise would transform amparo into an ordinary proceeding involving full adjudication, thereby distorting its nature and frustrating the purposes for which it was designed, causing it to lose its status as an instrument for the effective protection of fundamental rights. As a consequence of the foregoing, I consider that when a public entity or body has intervened in various ways or has issued administrative acts relating to an environmental matter, its review and oversight fall within the jurisdiction of the administrative courts (jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo). It is precisely verification of the existence of such administrative intervention that determines that the matter falls within the jurisdiction of legality proceedings. Consequently, this petition should have been summarily dismissed with respect to this issue, because its subject matter is one properly litigated, analyzed, and resolved through legality proceedings.
However, because that was not done, the appropriate course is to deny the petition without ruling on the merits of the issue raised, since it is for the ordinary courts—specifically, the administrative courts—to determine whether the challenged administrative actions and conduct substantively comply with the provisions of the legal system at the statutory level concerning the protection, safeguarding, and preservation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
The parties are hereby advised that, should they have submitted any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computing, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new-technology device, they must retrieve them from the court office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not retrieved within this period shall be destroyed, pursuant to the 'Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial', approved by the Full Court at session N° 27-11 of 22 de agosto del 2011, Article XXVI, and published in Judicial Bulletin number 19 of 26 de enero del 2012, as well as the resolution approved by the Superior Council of the Judiciary at session N° 43-12 held on 3 de mayo del 2012, Article LXXXI.
Therefore (Por tanto):
The amparo appeal (recurso de amparo) is hereby GRANTED, solely against the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad and the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, in its capacity as the governing authority in this matter, in connection with the problems affecting the mantled howler monkey population in the district of Nosara. Marco Acuña Mora, in his capacity as executive president, and Ányelo Gerald Vargas Hernández, in his capacity as head of the Distribution and Commercialization Division, both of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, and Franz Tattenbach Capra, in his capacity as minister of Ambiente y Energía, or whoever holds those offices, are ordered, within the maximum and non-extendable period of SIX MONTHS counted from notification of this decision, to implement the measures necessary to correct the existing problem involving the power lines that ICE has constructed with bare wiring in the district of Nosara.
In all other respects, the appeal is denied. Those authorities, or whoever holds their offices, are hereby advised that failure to comply with the foregoing order shall constitute the offense of disobedience and that, pursuant to Article 71 of the Law governing this jurisdiction, any person who receives an order issued in an amparo appeal that the person is required to comply with or enforce, and who fails to comply with or enforce it, shall be sentenced to imprisonment for three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty day-fines, provided that the offense is not subject to a more severe penalty. The State and the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad are ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts underlying this ruling, which shall be assessed in proceedings for enforcement of the judgment before the administrative litigation jurisdiction (ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo).
Justices Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal dissent and order that processing of the appeal continue so that a report may be requested from the executive director of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación. Justice Salazar Alvarado partially dissents and denies the appeal insofar as it concerns the alleged violation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Let notice be given.
Fernando Castillo V.
President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
CASE FILE N° 25-019390-0007-CO Telephone numbers: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2220-4607 / 2220-4844. Website: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 mts. south of the iglesia del Perpetuo Socorro).
Revisión del Documento Res. Nº <A_númeroVoto [-r1]> SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del dieciseis de enero de dos mil veintiseis .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente número 25-019390-0007-CO, interpuesto por [Nombre 001], cédula de identidad [Valor 001], [Nombre 002], cédula de identidad [Valor 002], y [Nombre 003], cédula de identidad [Valor 003], contra el PODER EJECUTIVO, la COMPAÑIA NACIONAL DE FUERZA Y LUZ, la EMPRESA DE SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS DE HEREDIA, el INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ELECTRICIDAD (ICE), la JUNTA ADMINISTRADORA DEL SERVICIO ELÉCTRICO DE CARTAGO (JASEC), el MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA, la COOPERATIVA DE ELECTRIFICACIÓN DE SAN CARLOS (COOPELESCA), la COOPERATIVA DE ELECTRIFICACIÓN RURAL DE GUANACASTE (COOPEGUANACASTE), la COOPERATIVA ALFARO RUIZ (COOPEALFARO) y la COOPERATIVA DE ELECTRIFICACIÓN RURAL LOS SANTOS (COOPESANTOS S.R.L.).-
Resultando:
Enero Febrero Marzo Abril Mayo Junio Julio Agosto Set Oct Nov Dic Total 2021 3 6 4 11 8 12 8 3 3 4 3 5 70 2022 8 8 9 13 10 19 4 8 5 10 4 5 103 2023 8 2 6 9 9 9 11 7 6 12 5 10 94 (Prueba documental 5, informe denominado 'Electrocuciones de los monos Congo (Alouatta palliata) en la zona de Nosara y posibles efectos sobre el ecosistema' suscrito por Elena Echandi Herrera, Bióloga regente) RESPUESTA: JASEC es una empresa pública constituida mediante la Ley No. 7799, Reforma de la Ley No. 3300 de 1964, que tiene como objetivo legal los servicios públicos de suministro de electricidad en sus etapas de distribución y comercialización en su área geográfica de cobertura, sea, los 5 cantones centrales de la Provincia de Cartago, sea, Central, El Guarco, Oreamuno, Alvarado y Paraíso. Consecuentemente, JASEC no tiene injerencia o relación alguna con lo acontecido en el distrito de Nosara de Guanacaste, puesto que no es parte de su área de concesión. AGRAVIO QUINTO: De conformidad con los reportes que maneja la Fundación International Animal Rescue, a continuación, se reseña la cantidad monos electrocutados únicamente en la zona de Nosara entre los años 2021 y 2023:
Enero Febrero Marzo Abril Mayo Junio Julio Agosto Set Oct Nov Dic Total 2021 3 4 3 20 7 11 8 2 3 4 3 5 65 2022 8 5 9 13 10 18 3 8 5 5 3 5 92 2023 7 2 6 9 8 9 10 7 5 5 5 8 87 (Prueba documental 5. informe denominado 'Electrocuciones de los monos Congo (Alouatta palliata) en la zona de Nosara y posibles efectos sobre el ecosistema' suscrito por Elena Echandi Herrera, Bióloga regente) RESPUESTA: Tal y como se indicó en la respuesta al hecho anterior, el distrito de Nosara no forma parte del área de concesión de JASEC en su condición de prestataria del servicio de distribución de electricidad. AGRAVIO SEXTO: Las electrocuciones de fauna silvestre provocan miles de muertes cada año en Costa Rica por el trauma directo, pero también de manera indirecta. En particular, en el caso de la población de monos Congo, considerando su comportamiento social, cuando un macho líder de la tropa muere, otro debe tomar su lugar, por lo que muchas veces este macho nuevo va a matar a las crías del macho que murió.
Así que la muerte del líder por electrocución desencadena otras muertes en este grupo. (Prueba documental 6, informe denominado 'Abordaje Veterinario de Electrocuciones en Fauna Silvestre con énfasis en el mono Congo en la península de Nicoya, emitido por el Dr. Francisco Sánchez Murillo) RESPUESTA: La extinción de las especies silvestres por electrocución afecta la calidad, continuidad y confiabilidad en el suministro del servicio eléctrico; por lo cual Jasec hace grandes esfuerzos para evitar y mitigar las pérdidas de vidas de la fauna en nuestra área servida. Para lograr este objetivo, se colocan dispositivos de protección en las redes eléctricas y en los postes, realiza limpieza de vegetación (descuaje). Además, como requisito nuevo, los desarrolladores inmobiliarios deben entregar las nuevas redes eléctricas con dispositivos de protección incorporados, según el caso en concreto. Las acciones antes descritas, son debidamente expuestas desde el folio 38 y siguientes.
AGRAVIO SÉTIMO: La Fundación Internacional Animal Recusé (sic) publicó en su sitio web una herramienta interactiva para la recolección de reportes accidentes de vida silvestre, incluyendo electrocución de animales (que, en su mayoría, corresponden a monos Congo). La herramienta denominada 'Mapa de Incidentes', accesible en el sitio web https://www.iarcostarica.Org/map-report/#/incident/map,recibe reportes de incidencias de todo el país y permite extraer estadísticas periódicas. Toda la información recopilada de los reportes que se realizan en todo el país es de acceso público. Estos datos no representan el número total de incidentes relacionados con lesiones de vida silvestre. No obstante, es un insumo esencial para visibilizar la afectación generada producto de incidencias de electrocución. (Prueba documental 7, imagen sobre mapa de incidentes) RESPUESTA: JASEC suministra anualmente a la Coordinación de Vida Silvestre del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC-MINAE), la información correspondiente sobre el número de víctimas según su especie, causa, fecha y lugar de los hechos incluyendo las coordenadas geográficas.
Los datos antes citados, son reportados en el formato oficial; los mismos, se pueden observarse en el folio 13 del expediente. AGRAVIO OCTAVO: A la fecha de interposición del presente recurso de amparo, se recopilan 316 incidentes de electrocución desde el año 2017. Cada reporte de manera individualizada especifica el tipo de incidente, una breve descripción de lo ocurrido la fecha de suceso. (Prueba documental 8, estadísticas de incidentes) RESPUESTA: JASEC reporta anualmente los incidentes presentados en sus redes eléctricas. En el caso concreto del año 2024, la mayor incidencia fue con zanates, palomas, seguidos de trepadores como la ardilla, zorros pelones y zarigüeyas, todos estos casos en el circuito Paraíso, ubicado fundamentalmente en el Cantón de Paraíso de la Provincia de Cartago. Los incidentes antes descritos y sus detalles pueden apreciarse en el folio 14 del expediente. Ante estos hechos, la empresa ha tomado las medidas pertinentes, tales como colocación de dispositivos anti-escalamiento, cobertores de silicón, forros de línea, cinta aislante y barreras electroestáticas.
Además, campañas de sensibilización internas, como externas. AGRAVIO NOVENO: De conformidad con la información que consta en el Sistema Integrado de Tramite de Denuncias Ambientales del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, a la fecha de interposición del presente recurso de amparo, en dicho sitio web se encuentran reportadas 565 denuncias por animales silvestres electrocutados. (Prueba documental 9, reporte del Sistema Integrado de Trámite de Denuncias Ambientales) RESPUESTA: JASEC a través de sus gestiones internas en su área de concesión, ha logrado colocar una mayor cantidad de dispositivos. Lo anterior, se refleja en una disminución significativa de 21.3 % las electrocuciones o salidas por fauna, según los reportes del periodo 2024 al 2025. Para mayores detalles, podemos ver el folio 10 del expediente, en este cuadro se corrobora que se instalaron aislantes eléctricos cobertor tipo poste, tubo aislante, barreras-repelente electroestático y aislantes eléctrico-cinta aislante.
Adicionalmente, podemos ver el folio 45 del expediente, en las ilustraciones se aprecian algunos tipos de dispositivos instalados en el afio 2023. En los folios 46 y 47 del expediente, se aprecian otros dispositivos y estadísticas del año 2024. AGRAVIO DÉCIMO: La cantidad de incidentes de electrocución permiten visibilizar con claridad una omisión del Estado en implementar de manera efectiva el marco normativo vigente referente a las medidas de prevención, mitigación y protección de la fauna silvestre, particularmente la población de monos Congo. El Poder Ejecutivo no ha implementado acciones efectivas para garantizar la mitigación y prevención de incidentes de electrocución. RESPUESTA: JASEC no es omisa en implementar el marco normativo vigente relativo a las medidas de prevención, mitigación y protección de la fauna silvestre. Para lograr estos objetivos, elaboró los debidos protocolos y ha tomado las medidas de prevención y mitigación estipulados en la guía supra citada.
Dentro de las medidas más significativas en el año 2024 ha sido la poda en 34,25 kilómetros de línea, alcanzando una protección de 436 kilómetros de red primaria. Lo anterior, es un dato de las conclusiones del informe anual 2024-2025, según el folio 16 del expediente. CONCLUSION Conforme a lo expuesto se puede concluir que JASEC, ha cumplido y sigue cumpliendo, con la Directriz del Poder Ejecutivo # 13-2018 del 23 de mayo de 2018, denominada: 'Guía para la prevención y mitigación de la electrocución de la fauna silvestre por tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica' en el área geográfica de su cobertura para la distribución y comercialización de energía eléctrica. Lo anterior, por cuanto se evidenció las acciones implementadas y el seguimiento a dichas medidas, las cuales son reportadas al ente rector de la materia en la periodicidad requerida por las normas previamente establecidas. JASEC cumple, con el Decreto Ejecutivo # 44329 del 15 de diciembre de 2023, denominado 'Oficialización de los instrumentos para la prevención y mitigación de la electrocución de fauna silvestre por tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica'.
Dado que tiene implementado los instructivos internes y externos, que sirven de instrumentos a los funcionarios y la sociedad civil para coadyuvar a la de prevención, mitigación y protección de la fauna silvestre. Así las cosas, queda claro que, en el presente expediente, JASEC ha cumplido con el ordenamiento jurídico aplicable en el caso concreto, relacionado con la protección a la fauna y flora de la vida silvestre en su área geográfica de cobertura; por lo que no se transgreden principios o derechos constitucionales”. Solicita que se declare sin lugar el recurso planteado.
Especie Nombre científico Casos Ardilla Syntheosciurus brochus 3 Zanate Quiscalus mexicanus 2 Zopilote (No determinado) 1 Pecho amarillo (Familia Tyrannidae) 1 Distritos con mayor ocurrencia:
Distrito Casos Pueblo Nuevo 2 San José 1 Cirri Sur 1 Volio 1 Tapezco 1 Zarcero 1 4. Análisis de Datos (enero–junio 2025) Durante el primer semestre de 2025, se documentaron 6 incidentes de electrocución de fauna silvestre, distribuidos de la siguiente forma:
Especies afectadas:
Especie Nombre científico Casos Ardilla Syntheosciurus brochus 3 Zanate Quiscalus mexicanus 2 Zopilote (No determinado) 1 Distritos con mayor ocurrencia:
Distrito Casos Pueblo Nuevo 1 San José 1 Cirri Sur 3 Volio 1 5. Plan de Acción: Segundo Semestre 2025 Como parte del compromiso continuo de Coopealfaroruiz R.L. con la protección de la fauna silvestre y la mitigación de riesgos en la red eléctrica, se ha definido un plan de acción específico para el segundo semestre del año 2025. Durante este período, se implementará un cronograma de trabajo orientado a dos ejes fundamentales: a) Instalación de dispositivos anti-escalamientos: Se tiene previsto la colocación de 40 dispositivos anti-escalamientos en estructuras estratégicamente seleccionadas. Estos dispositivos están diseñados para impedir el ascenso de fauna silvestre hacia componentes energizados, reduciendo así la probabilidad de electrocuciones accidentales. b) Finalización del descuaje de árboles cercanos a la red eléctrica: Se concluirán los trabajos de descuaje y poda de árboles que se encuentran próximos a la red de distribución eléctrica.
Esta labor busca eliminar rutas de acceso no deseadas para animales silvestres hacia los conductores y transformadores. Con la finalización de esta tarea, se alcanzará una cobertura del 100% en zonas priorizadas. Este esfuerzo no solo fortalece las acciones preventivas ya en marcha, sino que también responde a los lineamientos establecidos por la Guía Nacional para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de Fauna Silvestre, reafirmando el compromiso de la cooperativa con la sostenibilidad y la protección del ambiente que como empresa cooperativa de electrificación rural nos ha caracterizado siempre.6. Resultados y Beneficios esperados • Reducción progresiva de incidentes en zonas intervenidas.• Mejora del conocimiento técnico-operativo en el tema. • Cumplimiento normativo con la legislación ambiental costarricense.• Reforzamiento del compromiso ambiental de la cooperativa”. Solicita que se declare sin lugar el recurso planteado.
Redacta el Magistrado Castillo Víquez; y,
Considerando:
La parte recurrente acusa una omisión del Estado a la hora de implantar, de manera efectiva, el marco normativo vigente referente a las medidas de prevención, mitigación y protección contra la electrocución de la fauna silvestre, por entrañar una violación al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado como derecho fundamental, establecido en el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política. En concreto, afirma que, a pesar de la emisión de la Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre por Tendidos Eléctricos en Costa Rica —que está dirigida al ICE, CNFL, JASEC, ESPH, COOPELESCA, COOPEGUANACASTE, COOPEALFARO, COOPESANTOS S.R.L. y SETENA como gestores ambientales—, y del Decreto Ejecutivo N° 44329, denominado “Oficialización de los instrumentos para la prevención y mitigación de la electrocución de fauna silvestre por tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica”, lo cierto es que el Poder Ejecutivo no ha implantado acciones efectivas para garantizar la mitigación y prevención de incidentes de electrocución de fauna silvestre, en especial, en relación con el distrito de Nosara, en el Pacífico norte costarricense, en la cual se generan frecuentes reportes de electrocuciones de animales silvestres.
En particular, la parte accionante asevera que en la directriz antes citada se estableció lo siguiente: “Artículo 2º-Se insta a las empresas que brindan el servicio público de electricidad, o que brinden servicios para la instalación y distribución de líneas, a aplicar los protocolos y medidas de prevención y mitigación contenidos en la guía supra citada, de igual manera se insta a SETENA, los gestores ambientales, los regentes ambientales y los responsables ambientales en general, a prevenir y mitigar la electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre. Artículo 3º-Se insta a las empresas a las que se dirige la presente directriz y que brindan el Servicio Público de electricidad, a suministrar anualmente a la Coordinación de Vida Silvestre del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación la información correspondiente sobre el número de víctimas según su especie, causa, fecha y lugar de los hechos incluyendo coordenadas geográficas, daños generados a la red eléctrica y afectación al servicio público según las bases de datos e información pertinente generada por las empresas.
Artículo 6º- La pérdida de fauna silvestre en virtud del no acogimiento de la guía supra citada, podrá conllevar a la aplicación de las sanciones establecidas en la Ley de Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre N° 7317, la Ley de Biodiversidad N° 7788, la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N° 7554, sus Reglamentos y los Decretos Ejecutivos N° 31849 MINAE-MOPT-MAG-MEIC y N° 32079 MINAE-MOPT-MAG-MEIC”. Asimismo, el Decreto N° 44329-MINAE define las condiciones e instrumentos normativos para promover que la prestación del servicio público de electricidad respete la vida de todas las especies que habitan el país, cumpliendo así con los principios generales de conservación y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad. Dicho Decreto Ejecutivo, en su Considerando VIII, señala que la electrocución es un factor que contribuye a la extinción de especies silvestres. Esto también implica problemas de continuidad y calidad en el suministro del servicio eléctrico: “VIII.-Que un factor que contribuye a la extinción de las especies silvestres es la electrocución, trasformando esta problemática no solo en un tema ambiental por pérdidas de vidas e interrupción de ciclos naturales de las poblaciones, sino además en un tema de la calidad, continuidad y confiabilidad en el suministro del servicio eléctrico de los servicios públicos de electricidad, ocasionado por deterioro e interrupción del servicio público a los usuarios, daños en infraestructura y equipos.
Esto obliga al Estado a ver el problema de forma integral y generar herramientas con un mayor alcance”. El decreto, además, determina que es de alcance nacional para toda persona física o jurídica, pública o privada, concesionarias en las etapas de generación, trasmisión y distribución de electricidad en el territorio nacional, así como a las instancias con vinculación en trámites y autorizaciones, los gestores ambientales, los regentes y los responsables ambientales en general, son responsables de prevenir y mitigar la electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre. Se dispone que las empresas concesionarias de generación, trasmisión o distribución eléctrica deberán identificar de manera continua los “puntos calientes” de electrocución de fauna silvestre en la red eléctrica existente y de sus áreas de distribución, así como garantizar el uso, como mínimo, de las medidas establecidas en la versión más actualizada de la Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre para eliminar eliminar o reducir las ocurrencias.
El artículo 9 del decreto estipula que las empresas concesionarias de generación, trasmisión o de distribución eléctrica deberán priorizar la colocación de las medidas para mitigar y reducir la electrocución de fauna en las zonas identificadas como áreas ambientalmente frágiles, según la normativa vigente, utilizando como base las medidas establecidas en la versión más actualizada de la Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre en tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica para reducir la pérdida de biodiversidad. Finalmente, se incorporó como obligación para dichas empresas que, durante la fase de diseño de nuevos tendidos eléctricos o en tendidos existentes que se ubiquen en áreas ambientalmente frágiles, o con alta probabilidad de caída de árboles sobre la red, realicen la valoración técnica, ambiental y económica, para que se incluyan líneas subterráneas, cambios en los trazados o aislamiento completo de la red de distribución, para prevenir la pérdida de conectividad y biodiversidad.
En el mismo sentido, en la “Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre en tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica” se contemplan los mecanismos para la prevención y mitigación de electrocución de la fauna silvestre. Se realiza una descripción general de los dispositivos de protección y sus correspondientes especificaciones que deben ser consideradas en la red eléctrica. Dichos dispositivos son recomendados por la guía para ser aplicados en proyectos por construir (posterior a un análisis de impacto potencial de electrocución de fauna silvestre y de acuerdo a la propuesta de diseño civil) y, en aquellos proyectos ya en operación, cuando exista un claro potencial de electrocución de fauna silvestre. No obstante, según consta en los hechos del presente recurso de amparo y de conformidad con el siguiente apartado, pese a que existe una vasta regulación, esas normas no se están implantando en la práctica, ya que los incidentes de electrocución están aumentando.
Asimismo, debe considerarse que la información que recopilan las instituciones mencionadas no abarca la totalidad de incidentes que ocurren diariamente, así que existe un porcentaje de casos que no está siendo debidamente registrado y podría entrañar que las estadísticas de animales fallecidos o heridos por electrocución sea incluso mucho mayor. En este contexto, la parte accionante destaca la situación particular de la población de monos Congo de la zona de Nosara, toda vez que, considerando su comportamiento social, cuando un macho líder de la tropa muere, otro debe tomar su lugar, por lo que muchas veces el nuevo líder mata a las crías del macho que murió, así que la muerte del líder por electrocución desencadena otras muertes en el grupo.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque el recurrido haya omitido referirse a ellos según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
- Se compartió con todas las empresas una serie de capas sobre Corredores Biológicos, Refugios Climáticos y otras áreas ambientalmente frágiles.
- Se efectuó una reunión con el coordinador del Programa Nacional de Corredores Biológicos del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación para iniciar procesos de coordinación con grupos regionales y empresas de distribución eléctrica.
- ARESEP está proporcionando capas de información para los análisis espaciales que corresponden.
- Se formuló una solicitud de apoyo al ICE para que, por medio del Ing. Wilfredo Segura y el GES, se desarrollara un análisis para que las empresas implanten las siguientes medidas: levantamiento de información geográfica de las principales áreas ambientalmente frágiles (AAF), integrando lo descrito en la normativa vigente y, además, siguiendo criterios como: región de distribución de energía, áreas de conservación correspondientes, territorios municipales y otras clasificaciones administrativas que coadyuven a la prevención y mitigación de la electrocución de fauna silvestre por parte de todos los actores y partes interesadas.
- Identificación geográfica de “puntos calientes”, tomando como base y sin exclusión de otros parámetros de interés: la presencia de especies amenazadas, migratoria, etc.; incidencia de electrocución; cableados eléctricos o subestaciones de reducción o procesos fenológicos como floración, fructificación u otros que podrían estar relacionados con el movimiento de las especies arborícolas o planes reguladores.
- Diseño de una metodología estandarizada para la determinación de los “puntos calientes”, que pueda ser replicada por las empresas distribuidoras eléctricas y otros actores involucrados que así lo requieran, a fin de poder compararlas adecuadamente y tener información sobre los avances de implantación de medidas.
- Generación de modelos visuales que aporten información que apoye la toma de decisiones para prevenir la pérdida de conectividad, o en su defecto, identificar áreas urgentes de rehabilitar y áreas de importancia para la conectividad, enfocada al mantenimiento de la biodiversidad; todo esto mediante metodologías estandarizadas que puedan ser replicadas por las empresas distribuidoras eléctricas y otras partes interesadas (informes).
- Realizar un proceso de socialización de la tercera edición de la guía y su relación con el decreto.
- Compartir y enfocar fuertemente hacia los materiales que se han desarrollado desde Costa Rica Silvestre para prevenir, mitigar y atender las interacciones entre las actividades humanas que generan pérdida de biodiversidad, en busca de los actores regionales sean un canal con comunidades y grupos otros grupos organizados.
- Desarrollar un mecanismo regional con los actores participantes para establecer alianzas y mecanismos de coordinación regional para la atención de impactos en la biodiversidad (reconexión, rehabilitación de hábitat, atención a eventos de electrocución, construcción de pasos de fauna, etc.), procesos de coordinación con Centros de Rescate para la atención de los animales heridos y huérfanos y mecanismos de integración regional (GESR) y Plan de trabajo (GESR) liderado por la empresa (informes).
“Los datos de cantidad de animales electrocutados indican según la información generada por la organización Salvémonos hasta el 2024, indica una mejoría en la prevención de electrocuciones y de atención de las causas puntuales de cada caso, dado que, en este momento, cada vez que ocurre un incidente, se visita el lugar en conjunto SINAC, empresa electrificadora y ONG, se valora las causas que lo generó y en toman las decisiones con miras a que no ocurra de nuevo una electrocución. No obstante, el problema de la electrocución de fauna está lejos de desaparecer.
(…)
Los monos Congo son una especie habituada a hábitats fragmentados por lo que es normal encontrarla cerca de poblaciones humanas. Cuando estas poblaciones humanas se expanden y ocurre corta de árboles para dar espacio a nueva infraestructura, se modifican las rutas que las tropas utilizan por lo que ocurren electrocuciones, en la mayoría de las ocasiones, sobre líneas eléctricas que fueron construidas décadas atrás. A esto se debe agregar las nuevas líneas eléctricas que se construyen para proyectos nuevos, las cuales en el caso de Nosara, el ICE las construye con cableado desnudo, generando nuevos sitios con riesgo de electrocución. Con la entrada en vigor del Decreto Ejecutivo N° 44329-MINAE, la dinámica de esta comisión se ha estado reconsiderando en el sentido de que el art. 6 de dicho decreto indica: Artículo 6º-Las empresas concesionarias de generación, trasmisión o distribución eléctrica deberán implementar todas las acciones necesarias para prevenir la fragmentación de los ecosistemas por la red eléctrica, según lo establecido en la última versión de la Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre en tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica para reducir la pérdida de biodiversidad.
En este sentido, se recibió la recomendación por miembros del grupo de trabajo 'Electrificación Sostenible' (GES) de que dichas sesiones debían ser propuestas y coordinadas por las empresas electrificadoras que operan en la zona, por lo que durante el 2025, el rol del SINAC como coordinador de la comisión conformada mediante la resolución ACT-OR-DR-037-2021, quedó en pausa. En cuanto a las acciones que se proponen para prevenir y atender la electrocución de fauna arborícola, en el plazo de tres meses se implementarán las siguientes actividades: 1. Evaluar el grado de cumplimiento del plan de trabajo establecido en el 2021 para la Comisión para la Prevención y Atención de Electrocuciones de Fauna, con Especial Atención del Mono Congo (Alouatta Palliata). 2. Actualizar el plan de acción para la prevención y atención de electrocuciones de fauna arborícola para el Área de Conservación Tempisque, incluyendo un componente para la zona de Nosara de Nicoya. 3. Brindar seguimiento a las acciones que las empresas electrificadoras ejecuten en esta materia…” (ver informes).
En el sub lite, la parte recurrente acusa una omisión del Estado a la hora de implantar, de manera efectiva, el marco normativo vigente referente a las medidas de prevención, mitigación y protección contra la electrocución de la fauna silvestre, por entrañar una violación al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado como derecho fundamental, establecido en el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política. En concreto, afirma que, a pesar de la emisión de la Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre por Tendidos Eléctricos en Costa Rica y del Decreto Ejecutivo N° 44329, denominado “Oficialización de los instrumentos para la prevención y mitigación de la electrocución de fauna silvestre por tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica”, lo cierto es que el Poder Ejecutivo no ha implantado acciones efectivas para garantizar la mitigación y prevención de incidentes de electrocución de fauna silvestre, en especial, en relación con el distrito de Nosara, en el Pacífico norte costarricense, en la cual se generan frecuentes reportes de electrocuciones de animales silvestres.
En este contexto, la parte accionante destaca la situación particular de la población de monos Congo de la zona de Nosara. Sin embargo, de los informes y el elenco de hechos probados, se colige que las Autoridades recurridas sí han estado implantando un conjunto muy amplio de medidas para evitar incidentes de electrocución de la fauna silvestre, incluyendo la instalación de obras de infraestructura como dispositivos dieléctricos sobre elementos conductores, cobertores aislantes en transformadores y líneas expuestas, y la colocación de barreras antiescalamiento, así como la realización de podas preventivas y la limpieza de trochas. Además, se hacen esfuerzos para recolectar y procesar la información de estos incidentes con el fin de identificar “puntos calientes”, mismos que, según la Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre por Tendidos Eléctricos en Costa Rica, son:
“Puntos calientes: Son aquellas ubicaciones particulares que serán más propensas a que se presenten electrocuciones de vida silvestre debido a una o varias de las siguientes características: condiciones del paisaje (por ejemplo, proximidad y densidad de tendidos eléctricos o a la presencia de parches de bosques o corredores con árboles), factores de comportamiento (por ejemplo, rutas habitualmente utilizadas por la fauna silvestre) o factores demográficos (por ejemplo, zonas con mayores densidades de especies de fauna silvestre) (Katsis 2018)” (consultar el Glosario de la de la Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre por Tendidos Eléctricos en Costa Rica).
A ello se le suma que la parte recurrente formula sus alegaciones en términos muy generales, sin indicar cabalmente cuáles omisiones concretas estarían causando los problemas que pretende denunciar, ni dónde han ocurrido. Tan así es, que, en lo tocante a los monos congo, el área de cobertura de distribución eléctrica de muchas de las empresas públicas recurridas ni siquiera abarca al distrito de Nosara, que la parte recurrente pretende resaltar en su escrito inicial.
En este punto, debe mencionarse que las Autoridades recurridas contradicen el alegato de que el número de incidentes por electrocución de monos congo esté aumentando, pues según el oficio CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, los datos de la cantidad de animales electrocutados, según la información generada por la organización Salvémonos hasta el año 2024, denotaban una mejoría en la prevención de electrocuciones y de atención de las causas puntuales de cada caso. En cuanto al distrito de Nosara, se informa además que el SINAC creó una comisión para la prevención y atención de electrocuciones de fauna, con especial atención al caso del mono congo, a fin de abordar esa problemática. Asimismo, se indica que el ICE ha fortalecido su capacidad de respuesta institucional ante incidentes, valiéndose de una coordinación directa con centros especializados en el rescate de fauna silvestre como el centro de rescate Wildlife Rescue Center, anteriormente conocido como Zooave, a través de la ONG “Somos Congos”.
Por ello, en lo tocante a los monos congos, lo único que la Sala advierte es que, en su informe, el señor ministro de Ambiente y Energía citó el oficio CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, en el cual se había indicado que las nuevas líneas eléctricas que el ICE construye para proyectos nuevos, en el caso de Nosara, eran construidas con cableado desnudo y generaban nuevos sitios con riesgo de electrocución. Como no se indica que el ICE esté tomando medidas para solucionar ese problema concreto, corresponde declarar con lugar el recurso únicamente por dicho extremo, y desestimar los demás.
En el sub lite, con el respeto acostumbrado, diferimos del criterio de la mayoría y estimamos que lo procedente es continuar la tramitación del recurso.
Recuérdese que en el memorial de interposición se reclama la omisión del Estado en cuanto a la implementación de medidas de prevención, mitigación y protección de la fauna silvestre en cuanto a electrocuciones, lo que afecta el ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Por ello, la parte accionante solicita que se le ordene al Poder Ejecutivo: “Presentar ante el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) un plan de atención del problema de electrocuciones de fauna arborícola, priorizando el distrito de Nosara. Este plan debe ser analizado y tramitado con celeridad por parte de SINAC, de modo que esté en ejecución a más tardar en el plazo de seis meses a partir de la notificación de la sentencia dictada en este caso”. Adicionalmente, en el informe vertido por el ministro de Ambiente y Energía se explicó que el SINAC creó una comisión para la prevención y atención de electrocuciones de fauna con especial atención del mono Congo en la península de Nicoya.
En virtud de lo anterior, estimamos que, previo a resolver lo que en derecho corresponde, resulta indispensable requerir un informe al director ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, sobre los hechos alegados por la parte recurrente.
La protección a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, en el Ordenamiento Jurídico Costarricense, está tutelado no solo en el artículo 50, de la Constitución Política, sino también en una serie de leyes y decretos ejecutivos (reglamentos) vigentes, tales como la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley N° 7554 de 4 de octubre de 1995; la Ley de Biodiversidad, Ley N° 7788 de 30 de abril de 1998; la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, Ley N° 7317 de 21 de octubre de 1992; y el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849 de 24 de mayo de 2004, Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), para citar solo algunos. Esto hace necesario, en materia ambiental, separar el control de constitucionalidad del control de legalidad. En este sentido, es criterio del suscrito que esta Sala, por vía de amparo, solo debe conocer un asunto en que se alega violación al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, si la Administración no ha intervenido aún y cuando la violación a ese derecho sea manifiesta y evidente, de fácil constatación, de cierta importancia o gravedad y que afecte, de forma directa, a alguna persona o comunidad en concreto.
De lo contrario, el tema debe plantearse y discutirse en la vía de legalidad. Por ello, el simple incumplimiento de obligaciones y deberes impuestos legalmente a las diversas administraciones públicas en materia ambiental es propio de ser conocido en la vía de legalidad –administrativa o jurisdiccional-, donde, con mucha mayor amplitud, podrán fiscalizarse los incumplimientos u omisiones que se acusen. Debe tenerse presente que el recurso de amparo es un proceso sumario, informal, sencillo y rápido, de manera tal, que desde el momento mismo en que la Administración interviene en un asunto ambiental, en ejercicio de sus competencias, y sustancia un procedimiento, con el dictado de actos administrativos, su conocimiento resulta ajeno al ámbito de acción de esta jurisdicción especializada. Por ello, la revisión de las actuaciones administrativas llevadas a cabo en torno a un tema ambiental que requiera, para su correcta valoración, de un proceso de conocimiento pleno, solo es posible en la jurisdicción ordinaria, toda vez que el diseño del proceso de amparo es incompatible con la contrastación o revisión de criterios técnicos o jurídicos elaborados al amparo de las normas legales o reglamentarias vigentes o con la evacuación de nuevos y mayores elementos de convicción necesarios para la contrastación o revisión de los criterios que ya consten en el expediente administrativo del caso.
Lo contrario implicaría transformar el amparo en un proceso ordinario de pleno conocimiento, con lo cual se desnaturalizaría y se tornarían nugatorios los fines para los cuales ha sido diseñado, con lo cual, perdería, su condición de instrumento para la tutela eficaz de los derechos fundamentales. Como consecuencia de lo anterior, estimo que cuando un ente u órgano público ha intervenido, en diversas formas, o ha dictado actos administrativos en relación con un asunto ambiental, su conocimiento y fiscalización corresponde a la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo. Es, precisamente, la verificación de la existencia de esa intervención administrativa lo que determina que el asunto sea competencia de la vía legalidad. En consecuencia, este recurso debió haberse rechazado de plano en cuanto a este extremo se refiere, ya que su objeto es una cuestión propia de ser discutida, analizada y resuelta en la vía de legalidad.
Empero, como no se hizo así, lo procedente es declararlo sin lugar, sin hacer pronunciamiento alguno con respecto al fondo de la cuestión planteada por corresponderle a la jurisdicción ordinaria, en específico, a la contencioso-administrativa, determinar si las actuaciones y conductas administrativas acusadas se ajustan o no, en sustancia, a lo preceptuado en el ordenamiento jurídico de rango legal, en cuanto a la protección, tutela y conservación del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el 'Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial', aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara CON LUGAR el recurso, únicamente contra el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad y el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, en su carácter de ente rector en esta materia, en relación con la problemática que enfrenta la población de monos congo en el distrito de Nosara. Se ordena a Marco Acuña Mora, en su condición de presidente ejecutivo y Ányelo Gerald Vargas Hernández, en su condición de jefe División Distribución y Comercialización, ambos del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, y a Franz Tattenbach Capra, en su calidad de ministro de Ambiente y Energía, o a quienes ocupen esos cargos, que en el término máximo e improrrogable de SEIS MESES, contado a partir de la notificación de esta resolución, implanten las medidas necesarias para corregir el problema presente en las líneas eléctricas que el ICE ha construido en el distrito de Nosara con cableado desnudo. En lo demás, se declara sin lugar el recurso.
Se les advierte a dichas autoridades, o a quienes ocupen sus cargos, que de no acatar la orden dicha, incurrirá en el delito de desobediencia y, que de conformidad con el artículo 71 de la Ley de esta jurisdicción, se le impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Se condena al Estado y al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. Los magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal salvan el voto y disponen continuar con la tramitación del recurso, a fin de requerir un informe al director ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación.
El magistrado Salazar Alvarado salva el voto en forma parcial y declara sin lugar el recurso, en cuanto a la acusada violación del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
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