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Res. 01626-2026 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 16/01/2026
OutcomeResultado
The amparo is partially granted, only against ICE and MINAE, ordering within six months the correction of the bare wiring issue in new ICE lines in Nosara. It is dismissed regarding the other companies and claims.Se declara con lugar el recurso únicamente contra el ICE y el MINAE, ordenando en seis meses corregir el problema de cableado desnudo en nuevas líneas del ICE en Nosara. Se desestima respecto a las demás empresas y pretensiones.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber hears an amparo against the Executive Branch, ICE, MINAE, and various electric companies, alleging a failure to implement effective prevention and mitigation measures for wildlife electrocution, focusing on the howler monkey population in Nosara district. Despite Directive 13-2018 and Decree 44329-MINAE, which formalize guidelines and obligations, petitioners claim electrocution incidents persist or increase. The Chamber reviews reports showing respondents undertook many general actions (installation of insulating devices, pruning, clearing, commissions, etc.). However, it finds a specific fact: ICE builds new lines in Nosara with bare wiring, creating new risk points. It grants the amparo only against ICE and MINAE for that omission, ordering them to fix the problem in ICE's Nosara lines within six months. It dismisses other claims and actions against other companies for lack of territorial coverage or compliance. Contains dissenting vote requesting further proceedings and partial vote arguing matter should have been dismissed as a legality issue.La Sala Constitucional conoce un amparo contra el Poder Ejecutivo, el ICE, el MINAE y varias empresas eléctricas, por la presunta omisión en implementar medidas efectivas de prevención y mitigación de la electrocución de fauna silvestre, con énfasis en la población de monos congo en el distrito de Nosara. Los recurrentes alegan que, a pesar de la Directriz 13-2018 y el Decreto Ejecutivo 44329-MINAE, que oficializan guías y obligaciones, los incidentes de electrocución continúan o aumentan. La Sala analiza los informes de las autoridades y empresas recurridas, destacando que han desplegado múltiples acciones generales (instalación de dispositivos aislantes, podas, limpieza de trochas, comisiones, etc.). Sin embargo, constata un hecho concreto: el ICE construye nuevas líneas en Nosara con cableado desnudo, generando nuevos puntos de riesgo. Declara con lugar el recurso únicamente contra el ICE y el MINAE por esa omisión específica, ordenándoles corregir el problema en las líneas del ICE en Nosara en un plazo de seis meses. Desestima las demás pretensiones y las acciones contra otras empresas por falta de cobertura territorial o por cumplir con la normativa. Contiene voto salvado que pide continuar tramitación y voto parcial que sostiene que el asunto debió rechazarse por ser de legalidad.
Key excerptExtracto clave
At this point, it should be noted that the respondent Authorities contradict the claim that the number of howler monkey electrocution incidents is increasing, since according to official letter CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, data on the number of electrocuted animals, based on information generated by the organization Salvémonos up to 2024, showed an improvement in the prevention of electrocutions and in addressing the specific causes of each case. Regarding the Nosara district, it is also reported that SINAC created a commission for the prevention and attention of wildlife electrocutions, with special focus on the howler monkey, in order to address this issue. Likewise, it is indicated that ICE has strengthened its institutional response capacity to incidents, using direct coordination with specialized wildlife rescue centers such as the Wildlife Rescue Center, formerly known as Zooave, through the NGO “Somos Congos”. Therefore, regarding the howler monkeys, the only thing the Chamber observes is that, in his report, the Minister of Environment and Energy cited official letter CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, which indicated that the new power lines that ICE builds for new projects, in the case of Nosara, were built with bare wiring and generated new sites with electrocution risk. As it is not indicated that ICE is taking measures to solve this specific problem, it is appropriate to grant the amparo only on this point, and dismiss the rest.En este punto, debe mencionarse que las Autoridades recurridas contradicen el alegato de que el número de incidentes por electrocución de monos congo esté aumentando, pues según el oficio CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, los datos de la cantidad de animales electrocutados, según la información generada por la organización Salvémonos hasta el año 2024, denotaban una mejoría en la prevención de electrocuciones y de atención de las causas puntuales de cada caso. En cuanto al distrito de Nosara, se informa además que el SINAC creó una comisión para la prevención y atención de electrocuciones de fauna, con especial atención al caso del mono congo, a fin de abordar esa problemática. Asimismo, se indica que el ICE ha fortalecido su capacidad de respuesta institucional ante incidentes, valiéndose de una coordinación directa con centros especializados en el rescate de fauna silvestre como el centro de rescate Wildlife Rescue Center, anteriormente conocido como Zooave, a través de la ONG “Somos Congos”. Por ello, en lo tocante a los monos congos, lo único que la Sala advierte es que, en su informe, el señor ministro de Ambiente y Energía citó el oficio CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, en el cual se había indicado que las nuevas líneas eléctricas que el ICE construye para proyectos nuevos, en el caso de Nosara, eran construidas con cableado desnudo y generaban nuevos sitios con riesgo de electrocución. Como no se indica que el ICE esté tomando medidas para solucionar ese problema concreto, corresponde declarar con lugar el recurso únicamente por dicho extremo, y desestimar los demás.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Como no se indica que el ICE esté tomando medidas para solucionar ese problema concreto, corresponde declarar con lugar el recurso únicamente por dicho extremo."
"As it is not indicated that ICE is taking measures to solve this specific problem, it is appropriate to grant the amparo only on this point."
Considerando III (razonamiento de fondo)
"Como no se indica que el ICE esté tomando medidas para solucionar ese problema concreto, corresponde declarar con lugar el recurso únicamente por dicho extremo."
Considerando III (razonamiento de fondo)
"La Sala Constitucional sólo está sometida a la Constitución, a la Ley y su jurisprudencia y precedentes son vinculantes 'erga omnes' salvo para sí misma."
"The Constitutional Chamber is only subject to the Constitution, the Law, and its jurisprudence and precedents are binding 'erga omnes' except for itself."
Informe del Ministro de Ambiente (citando jurisprudencia)
"La Sala Constitucional sólo está sometida a la Constitución, a la Ley y su jurisprudencia y precedentes son vinculantes 'erga omnes' salvo para sí misma."
Informe del Ministro de Ambiente (citando jurisprudencia)
"El artículo 50 de la Constitución Política establece que toda persona tiene derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado."
"Article 50 of the Political Constitution establishes that every person has the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment."
Informe del Ministro de Ambiente (argumentación)
"El artículo 50 de la Constitución Política establece que toda persona tiene derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado."
Informe del Ministro de Ambiente (argumentación)
"Un factor que contribuye a la extinción de las especies silvestres es la electrocución."
"A factor that contributes to the extinction of wild species is electrocution."
Considerando VIII Decreto 44329, citado en sentencia
"Un factor que contribuye a la extinción de las especies silvestres es la electrocución."
Considerando VIII Decreto 44329, citado en sentencia
Full documentDocumento completo
In the case at hand, the appellant alleges an omission by the State in effectively implementing the current regulatory framework regarding measures for the prevention, mitigation, and protection against electrocution of wildlife, as it entails a violation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment as a fundamental right, established in Article 50 of the Political Constitution. Specifically, they state that, despite the issuance of the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Wildlife Electrocution by Power Lines in Costa Rica and Executive Decree No. 44329, called "Officialization of the instruments for the prevention and mitigation of wildlife electrocution by power lines in Costa Rica," the truth is that the Executive Branch has not implemented effective actions to guarantee the mitigation and prevention of wildlife electrocution incidents, especially in relation to the district of Nosara, on the Costa Rican North Pacific, where frequent reports of wild animal electrocutions are generated.
In this context, the appellant highlights the particular situation of the howler monkey (mono Congo) population in the Nosara area. However, from the reports and the list of proven facts, it is inferred that the respondent Authorities have indeed been implementing a very broad set of measures to avoid wildlife electrocution incidents, including the installation of infrastructure works such as dielectric devices on conductive elements, insulating covers on transformers and exposed lines, and the placement of anti-climbing barriers, as well as carrying out preventive pruning and clearing of rights-of-way. Furthermore, efforts are made to collect and process information on these incidents in order to identify "hotspots," which, according to the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Wildlife Electrocution by Power Lines in Costa Rica, are:
"Hotspots: These are those particular locations that will be more prone to the occurrence of wildlife electrocutions due to one or several of the following characteristics: landscape conditions (for example, proximity and density of power lines or the presence of forest patches or corridors with trees), behavioral factors (for example, routes habitually used by wildlife) or demographic factors (for example, areas with higher densities of wildlife species) (Katsis 2018)" (see the Glossary of the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Wildlife Electrocution by Power Lines in Costa Rica).
To this is added that the appellant formulates their allegations in very general terms, without fully indicating which specific omissions would be causing the problems they intend to report, nor where they have occurred. So much so, that regarding howler monkeys, the electricity distribution coverage area of many of the respondent public companies does not even include the district of Nosara, which the appellant seeks to highlight in their initial brief.
At this point, it should be mentioned that the respondent Authorities contradict the allegation that the number of howler monkey electrocution incidents is increasing, since according to official letter CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, data on the number of electrocuted animals, according to information generated by the Salvémonos organization up to the year 2024, showed an improvement in the prevention of electrocutions and in addressing the specific causes of each case. Regarding the district of Nosara, it is also reported that SINAC created a commission for the prevention and attention of wildlife electrocutions, with special attention to the case of the howler monkey, in order to address this problem. Likewise, it is indicated that ICE has strengthened its institutional response capacity to incidents, using direct coordination with centers specialized in wildlife rescue, such as the Wildlife Rescue Center rescue center, formerly known as Zooave, through the NGO "Somos Congos." Therefore, regarding howler monkeys, the only thing the Chamber notes is that, in his report, the Minister of Environment and Energy cited official letter CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, in which it had been indicated that the new power lines that ICE builds for new projects, in the case of Nosara, were built with bare wiring and generated new sites with risk of electrocution. As it is not indicated that ICE is taking measures to solve that specific problem, it is appropriate to grant the appeal only on that point, and dismiss the rest. (…)
• Article 2, paragraph 1: The Parties recognize the importance of conserving migratory species and of the measures to be agreed upon for this purpose by the Range States, paying particular attention to migratory species whose conservation status is unfavorable (for example, primates according to Appendix I of that convention); the same recognition is also extended to the appropriate and necessary measures, adopted by them individually or jointly, for the conservation of such species and their habitat. • Article 3, paragraph 4, subparagraph b): obligation of States to prevent, eliminate, compensate for, or minimize in an appropriate manner, the adverse effects of activities or obstacles that seriously impede or prevent the migration of species. (iii) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), approved by Ley 7416 of June 30, 1994: • Article 8, subparagraph k): obligation of States to establish or maintain necessary legislation and/or other regulatory provisions for the protection of threatened species and populations.
(iv) Biodiversity Law (Ley de Biodiversidad), Ley 7788 of April 30, 1998: • Article 11: 'It is recognized that it is vitally important to anticipate, prevent, and address the causes of biodiversity loss or its threats.' Likewise, the precautionary principle or in dubio pro natura is established, defined as 'When there is danger or threat of serious or imminent damage to elements of biodiversity and the knowledge associated with them, the absence of scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason to postpone the adoption of effective protection measures.' (v) Organic Environmental Law (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente), Ley 7554 of October 4, 1995: • Article 17: requirement to have an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) for those human activities that alter or destroy elements of the environment, as an indispensable prerequisite to initiate the activities. • Article 98: damage or pollution to the environment can occur through acts of commission and omission, and are attributable to all natural or legal persons who carry them out.
(vi) Regulation for Environmental Evaluation, Control, and Monitoring (Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental), Decreto Ejecutivo 43898 of December 21, 2022: • Article 11: within the requirements to initiate the environmental impact assessment process, the environmental measures to prevent, correct, and mitigate possible environmental impacts must be described. (vii) National Biodiversity Policy of Costa Rica 2015-2030 and its Action Plan 2016-2025, Decreto Ejecutivo 39118 of May 22, 2015: • State obligations: to educate, raise awareness, and generate consciousness about the value of biodiversity, incorporating actions in favor of conservation and sustainable use. (viii) Technical Standard for Quality Supervision in Low and Medium Voltage Electricity Supply (Norma técnica de supervisión de la calidad en el suministro eléctrico en baja y media tensión), Public Services Regulatory Authority (Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos, ARESEP), resolution RJD-205-2025 of September 21, 2015: • Article 63: responsibility for identification, recording, content, and storage of all disturbances, as well as breakdowns, their causes, and repercussions. • Article 71: causes related to the environment, flora, and fauna are included as external causes of service disruption.
In the reports that must be sent to ARESEP, the description of the disturbances and the actions taken to eliminate the disturbance must be included. Therefore, it is clear that Costa Rica, openly and expressly, has committed internationally to protect its wild fauna species through the implementation of mechanisms that mitigate and prevent such events. Even the Executive Branch has issued specific norms to prevent and mitigate electrocution. On May 23, 2018, the Executive Branch issued Directive 13-2018 called 'Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Electrocution of Wild Fauna by Power Lines in Costa Rica Directed to ICE, CNFL, JASEC, ESPH, COOPELESCA, COOPEGUANACASTE, COOPEALFARO, COOPESANTOS S.R.L, SETENA as Environmental Managers.'. Said directive established: 'Article 2- The companies that provide the public electricity service, or that provide services for the installation and distribution of lines, are urged to apply the prevention and mitigation protocols and measures contained in the aforementioned guide; likewise, SETENA, environmental managers, environmental regents, and environmental responsible parties in general, are urged to prevent and mitigate the electrocution of Wild Fauna.
Article 3- The companies to which this directive is addressed and that provide the Public Electricity Service are urged to annually supply the Wildlife Coordination Office of the National System of Conservation Areas with corresponding information on the number of victims according to their species, cause, date, and place of the events including geographic coordinates, damages caused to the electrical grid, and impact on the public service according to the databases and relevant information generated by the companies. Article 6- The loss of wild fauna due to the failure to adopt the aforementioned guide may lead to the application of the sanctions established in the Wildlife Conservation Law (Ley de Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre) No. 7317, the Biodiversity Law (Ley de Biodiversidad) No. 7788, the Organic Environmental Law (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente) No. 7554, their Regulations, and Decreto Ejecutivo No. 31849 MINAE-MOPT-MAG-MEIC and No. 32079 MINAE-MOPT-MAG-MEIC.' (...) Likewise, on December 15, 2023, through Decreto 44329-MINAE, the 'Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Electrocution of Wild Fauna in Power Lines in Costa Rica' was officialized, which defines the conditions and normative instruments to promote that the provision of the public electricity service respects the life of all species inhabiting the country, thus complying with the general principles of conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
Said Decreto Ejecutivo, in its Considerando VIII, indicates that electrocution is a factor contributing to the extinction of wild species. This also implies problems of continuity and quality in the supply of the electrical service: 'VIII.- That a factor contributing to the extinction of wild species is electrocution, transforming this problem not only into an environmental issue due to loss of life and interruption of natural population cycles, but also into an issue of quality, continuity, and reliability in the supply of the electrical service of public electricity services, caused by deterioration and interruption of the public service to users, damage to infrastructure and equipment. This obligates the State to see the problem comprehensively and generate broader-reaching tools.' (...) The decree, furthermore, determines that it is of national scope for any natural or legal person; public or private, concessionaires in the stages of generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity in the national territory, as well as for instances involved in procedures and authorizations, environmental managers, regents, and environmental responsible parties in general, responsible for preventing and mitigating the electrocution of Wild Fauna.
It is provided that the concessionaire companies for electricity generation, transmission, or distribution must continuously identify electrocution hotspots for wild fauna on the existing electrical grid, within their distribution areas, and guarantee the use, at a minimum, of the measures established in the most updated version of the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Electrocution of Wild Fauna to eliminate or reduce occurrences. Article 9 of the decree stipulates that the concessionaire companies for electricity generation, transmission, or distribution must prioritize the placement of measures to mitigate and reduce fauna electrocution in zones identified as environmentally fragile areas, according to current regulations, using as a basis the measures established in the most updated version of the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Electrocution of Wild Fauna in Power Lines in Costa Rica to reduce biodiversity loss.
Finally, it was incorporated as an obligation for said companies that, during the design phase of new power lines or existing lines located in environmentally fragile areas, or with a high probability of trees falling on the network, they carry out a technical, environmental, and economic assessment, so that underground lines, changes in routes, or complete insulation of the distribution network are included, to prevent the loss of connectivity and biodiversity. In the same sense, the 'Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Electrocution of Wild Fauna in Power Lines in Costa Rica' contemplates the mechanisms for the prevention and mitigation of wild fauna electrocution. A general description of the protection devices and their corresponding specifications that must be considered in the electrical network is provided: (...) Said devices are recommended by the guide to be applied in projects to be built (following an analysis of the potential impact of wild fauna electrocution and according to the civil design proposal), and in those projects already in operation, when there is a clear potential for wild fauna electrocution.
However, as stated in the facts of this recurso de amparo and in accordance with the following section, despite the existence of extensive regulation, these norms are not being implemented in practice, as electrocution incidents are increasing. B) The respondents have failed to comply with their mitigation and prevention obligations As referred to in the facts of this recurso de amparo, the International Animal Rescue Foundation published on its website an interactive tool for collecting reports of wildlife accidents, including animal electrocutions (which mostly correspond to howler monkeys). The tool called 'Incident Map', accessible on the website (…) receives incident reports from all over the country and allows for periodic extraction of statistics. All information collected from reports made throughout the country is publicly accessible. These data do not represent the total number of incidents related to wildlife injuries; however, it is an essential input to make visible the impact generated by electrocution incidents.
As of the filing date of this recurso de amparo, 316 electrocution incidents have been collected since 2017. Each individual report specifies the type of incident, a brief description of what happened, and the date it occurred. Likewise, according to the information recorded in the Integrated System for Processing Environmental Complaints (Sistema Integrado de Trámite de Denuncias Ambientales) of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, 565 complaints for electrocuted wild animals are reported on said website. The frequency of such incidents is absolutely unacceptable, particularly in the howler monkey community, considering the high risk that the failure to implement mitigation and prevention actions on electricity transmission towers and devices represents for these animals, despite the existing obligations in this matter. Likewise, it must be considered that the information collected by the aforementioned institutions does not cover the totality of incidents that occur day by day, so there is a percentage of these that is not being properly recorded and could imply that the statistics of animals deceased or injured by electrocution is even much higher.
In this regard, we request the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) to consider the report called 'Veterinary Approach to Electrocutions in Wild Fauna with Emphasis on the Howler Monkey in the Nicoya Peninsula', issued by Dr. Francisco Sánchez Murillo, which is provided as documentary evidence of this remedy and which accurately recounts the severe trauma suffered by animals when touching a component of the power line and allows affirming that all electrocution traumas have a severe prognosis. When a howler monkey arrives at the veterinary clinic after suffering an electrocution, the following procedure is applied: • A visual examination of the individual and a quick observation of the patient's condition are performed. • If the animal is still conscious, the decision is made to apply anesthesia to be able to examine it safely and reduce pain and stress. Once under anesthesia, the patient is stabilized using previously established emergency protocols. • The airways are checked to ensure they are not obstructed for any reason that would make it impossible for the animal to breathe normally; next, the patient's ability to breathe normally is checked, and any hemorrhage that may exist is addressed. • An intravenous catheter with fluids is placed on all patients to stabilize blood pressure and help internal organs with possible injuries they may be suffering. • Once these three points are stabilized, the animal is weighed, and different medications are administered such as: anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, opioids, liver protectants, among others, to reduce the patient's pain and initiate preventive therapy for wound infections.
Complementary exams such as drawing blood samples (complete blood count, blood chemistry, and lactate) are performed to get a view of the state of internal organs, especially the liver and kidneys. • X-rays and ultrasound are performed seeking to identify any internal anomaly caused by the electricity. The most common organs where we find lesions are: lungs, liver, kidneys, intestines, and heart. • Once the results of all these tests are available, a decision is made whether the animal has a chance of surviving or if euthanasia is necessary due to the severity of the injuries. • Often, if they are mothers with an infant, the mother suffers the greatest impact of the trauma, which frequently leads to her death or euthanasia, and the infant is left orphaned with burns and possible internal trauma. (...) a) If the animal has a real chance of surviving, various medications are applied for the different lesions found in the exams.
External burns on the animals' bodies are addressed in various ways: (...) b) Power lines generate a lot of heat, so during one of these accidents, it is possible that these animals also catch fire, causing even more severe burns: (...) Electrocuted monkeys require months and even years of diverse care (healings, specialized and assisted diets if necessary), and periodic medical reviews including all the aforementioned exams. Many internal organ injuries can show symptoms weeks, months, or years after the accident, so continuous and periodic check-ups for all these patients are essential to manage to treat any chronic damage before it becomes totally irreversible. Many of these patients can die during the course of rehabilitation as a result of the internal damage generated by the electrocution incident. An adult monkey can take months of rehabilitation before being able to be released back into the forest.
An infant can take 2 to 3 years to be releaseable. Close to 90% of these individuals die at the moment of trauma, months after the trauma, or require euthanasia. Many of these animals end up with severe sequelae that make reintegration impossible, so they are destined to remain in a permanent sanctuary under human care: (...) Electrocutions cause hundreds or even thousands of deaths annually in Costa Rica from direct trauma, but also indirectly. Due to the social behavior of howler monkeys, when a troop's leading male dies, another must take its place, so this new male will often kill the offspring of the deceased male. Thus, the leader's death by electrocution causes the death of other individuals in this group. The nearly 100 howler monkeys per year that are electrocuted (which have been recorded only in the Nosara area), may be generating an imbalance at the behavioral and stability level of howler monkey troops that we are unaware of.
Losing reproductive-age females so frequently, and releasing troops of juveniles that did not grow up with adult monkeys, may be generating a problem in the population dynamics of an umbrella species that acts as an important seed disperser, meaning an impact on the flora of the forests and, therefore, an impact on the rest of the individuals that depend on the health of the forests where they develop. The average annual electrocutions means that the rescue center can receive a monkey injured by electrocution every 3-5 days. Attention to these animals with severe burns and painful wounds practically became normal, unlike animals received requiring attention for some other natural cause such as an attack by another animal, an illness, or an accident like a fall. In conclusion, electrocutions are extreme traumas for any animal, causing death in most of them and leading other individuals to undergo extensive healings and pain on their path to recovery.
The situation is absolutely severe, and yet, cases continue to increase day by day. Despite the regulatory framework outlined in this document, it seems that in practice, effective actions to mitigate electrocution incidents are not materializing. Since the issuance of Decreto Ejecutivo 44329 of December 15, 2023, no decrease in electrocutions has been reported; on the contrary, incidents increase week by week. That is why we come before the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) in order for the respondents to be ordered to implement, urgently and immediately, effective actions regarding the prevention of electrocution events to wild fauna, as detailed in the claims section. IV CLAIMS. We request the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) the following: a) That the present recurso de amparo be declared with merit. b) That the following be ordered: • To the Executive Branch: To submit to the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, SINAC) a plan to address the problem of electrocutions of arboreal fauna, prioritizing the district of Nosara.
This plan must be analyzed and processed expeditiously by SINAC, so that it is under implementation no later than within six months from the notification of the judgment issued in this case. • To the public companies ICE, CNFL, JASEC, ESPH, COOPELESCA, COOPEGUANACASTE, COOPEALFARO and COOPESANTOS: To render a report within three months on the implementation of the prevention and mitigation protocols and measures contemplated in the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Electrocution of Wild Fauna in Power Lines in Costa Rica, particularly in the installation, distribution, and maintenance services of power lines. Said report must contemplate the short, medium, and long-term actions that will be implemented, with a schedule and action plan, to reduce fauna electrocution incidents, as well as the prioritization measures for addressing the areas where the greatest number of incidents are recorded...".
- Geographic identification of hotspots, based on but not limited to other parameters of interest: o presence of threatened, migratory species, etc. o incidence of electrocution, o power cabling or step-down substations o phenological processes such as flowering, fruiting, or others that could be related to the movement of arboreal species o regulatory plans - Design of a standardized methodology for determining hotspots, which can be replicated by electric distribution companies and other involved stakeholders who require it in order to adequately compare and have information on the progress of measure implementation. - Generation of visual models that provide information contributing to decision-making to prevent loss of connectivity, or failing that, to identify areas urgently needing rehabilitation of areas important for connectivity focused on biodiversity maintenance, all through standardized methodologies that can be replicated by electric distribution companies and other interested parties.
Strategic alliances for the prevention of biodiversity loss are developed, established in the decree in Articles 11 and 14. Each company developed a regional analysis to establish partners for the implementation of the decree and to promote the elimination and reduction of wildlife electrocution impacts on power lines. These allies are being invited to the regional workshops being developed during 2025 for the establishment of collaborative Work Plans led by the Companies and the regional partners. In general, fundamental actors were identified in all regions such as: municipalities, civil society organizations, wildlife management sites, regional offices of SINAC, SETENA, Public Force, academia. The objectives of the regional workshops were established as: - Carry out a socialization process of the third edition of the guide and its relationship with the decree. - Share and focus strongly on the materials that have been developed by Costa Rica Silvestre to prevent, mitigate, and address interactions between human activities that generate biodiversity loss, seeking that regional actors become a channel with communities and groups and other organized groups. - Develop a regional mechanism with the participating actors to establish: - o Regional alliances and coordination mechanisms (reconexión, habitat rehabilitation, attention to electrocution events, construction of wildlife crossings, etc.). o Coordination processes with Rescue Centers for the care of injured and orphaned animals. o Regional integration mechanisms (GESR) and Work Plan (GESR) led by the company. o The established dates for the workshops For the implementation of Articles 12 and 13 where they relate directly to ARESEP, the Energy Superintendent, Eng.
Mario Mora Quiros, has issued the official letters: OF-0601-IE- informing that ARESEP, through the Energy Superintendence, opened a public case file (OT-030-2025) for the purpose of monitoring the implementation of Decreto Ejecutivo 44329-MINAE: Officialization of the instruments for the prevention and mitigation of wildlife electrocution by power lines in Costa Rica, published in La Gaceta N° 6 of January 15, 2024. OF-0586-EI-2025 addressed to the managements of all electric Distribution companies, regarding the implementation of Decreto Ejecutivo 44329-MINAE clarifying regulatory aspects related to the recognition of planned and executed investments for continuous improvement and actions for the reduction, prevention, and mitigation of wildlife electrocution.
Regarding Non-compliance and sanctions, according to Article 15, all efforts are being made internally within this Ministry with support from Legal Counsel, a procedure for the implementation of this article. An annex is being developed: Protocol for conducting the study for the prevention of wildlife electrocution, an addition and modification to Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC published in La Gaceta N°67, in Alcance N°65 of April 19, 2023, called 'Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental'. The document is currently in the process of publication and includes the minimum necessary requirements for including the analysis to prevent wildlife electrocution in projects and works submitted to SETENA for environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental). The foregoing has been reported by the Sustainable Electrification Group during 2024-2025, to standardize and have clear information on the required actions.
It is important that your honorable authority be aware that this Ministry has made efforts to reduce biodiversity loss through regulations, meaning that through Decreto N° 44710 – MINAE, Reglamento para la incorporación de la variable ambiental en planes de ordenamiento territorial, the analysis of the biodiversity variable was directly incorporated into the Development of the Plans that municipalities must develop for the planning of their territories. That being said, as demonstrated, due follow-up is given to mitigation actions for wildlife electrocution on power lines. In relation to the district of Nosara on the north Pacific coast of our country, SINAC created a commission For The Prevention And Attention Of Wildlife Electrocutions, With Special Attention To The Mono Congo (Alouatta palliata), through resolution ACT-OR-DR-037-2021, of March 5, 2021, which is formed with the purpose of addressing the problem of wildlife electrocution, especially of Mono Congo monkeys in the Península de Nicoya.
The following organizations were invited to participate in this Commission: - Rescate internacional. - Coopeguanacaste R.L. - UNED, Sede Santa Cruz. - Municipalidad de Carrillo. - Municipalidad de Santa Cruz. - Municipalidad de Nicoya. - ICE (electrification business). - Salvemonos Playa Hermosa. - Salvemonos Tamarindo. Subsequently, the organization SomosCongos, whose actions are carried out in the district of Cóbano, joined. As can be seen, the commission integrated the electrification companies in the area (ICE and Coopeguanacaste R.L.), academia, municipalities, and NGOs in a coordination space that allowed generating concrete results in a relatively short period of time. Allowing for improved attention to the specific causes of each electrocution, preventing many of them, and reducing the response time for cases. One of the actions being the preparation of a Work Plan, which has been implemented and followed up on in the virtual sessions that have been held monthly since 2021.
By official letter CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, the commission reports the following: 'Data on the number of electrocuted animals indicate, according to information generated by the organization Salvemonos up to 2024, an improvement in the prevention of electrocutions and attention to the specific causes of each case, given that, at this time, every time an incident occurs, the site is visited jointly by SINAC, the electrification company, and the NGO, the causes that generated it are assessed, and decisions are made with a view to preventing an electrocution from occurring again. However, the problem of wildlife electrocution is far from disappearing. (…) Mono Congo monkeys are a species accustomed to fragmented habitats, so it is normal to find them near human populations. When these human populations expand and tree cutting occurs to make space for new infrastructure, the routes used by the troops are modified, causing electrocutions, in most cases, on power lines that were built decades ago.
To this must be added the new power lines built for new projects, which in the case of Nosara, ICE builds with bare wiring, generating new sites with electrocution risk. With the entry into force of Decreto Ejecutivo N° 44329-MINAE, the dynamics of this commission have been under reconsideration in the sense that Article 6 of said decree states: Article 6—Electricity generation, transmission, or distribution concessionaire companies must implement all necessary actions to prevent ecosystem fragmentation by the electrical grid, as established in the latest version of the Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre en tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica to reduce biodiversity loss. In this regard, a recommendation was received by members of the working group 'Sustainable Electrification' (GES) that said sessions should be proposed and coordinated by the electrification companies operating in the area, so during 2025, SINAC's role as coordinator of the commission formed through resolution ACT-OR-DR-037-2021 was placed on hold.
Regarding the actions proposed to prevent and address the electrocution of arboreal fauna, the following activities will be implemented within three months: 1. Evaluate the degree of compliance with the work plan established in 2021 for the Commission for the Prevention and Attention of Wildlife Electrocutions, with Special Attention to the Mono Congo (Alouatta Palliata). 2. Update the action plan for the prevention and attention of arboreal wildlife electrocutions for the Área de Conservación Tempisque, including a component for the Nosara area of Nicoya. 3. Follow up on the actions that electrification companies execute in this matter. Therefore, it can be discerned that due follow-up is given to the obligations of actions regarding the prevention and mitigation of wildlife electrocution events, responsibility in observance of and compliance with the legislation…”. Requests that the filed appeal be declared without merit.
These measures seek to prevent wildlife from accessing the electrical grid through live fences (cercas vivas), one of the main causes of electrocution. The situation of the howler monkey (mono congo), an emblematic species of Costa Rican tropical forests and considered an umbrella species for its ecological role as a seed disperser, deserves particular attention. The loss of individuals due to electrocution, especially reproductive females or male troop leaders, can generate significant imbalances in the social structure of groups and indirectly affect forest regeneration. ICE has recognized this problem and has strengthened its institutional response through coordination with rescue centers such as the Rescate Wildlife Rescue Center, through the NGO Somos Congos, guaranteeing timely veterinary care for injured animals, particularly in areas such as the Nicoya Peninsula, where the incidence of these events is higher.
In addition, ICE has developed statistical and geospatial analyses to produce heat maps that identify priority intervention sites, and is working on predictive models that incorporate ecological and connectivity variables to standardize the implementation of mitigation measures. These tools not only strengthen internal management but are being shared with other electricity companies as part of the joint work of the Sustainable Electrification Commission (Comisión de Electrificación Sostenible), thus promoting continuous improvement in the sector. Likewise, it is important to highlight that the responsibility for protecting biodiversity does not fall solely on ICE, but also on the owners of lands where the electrical infrastructure is located or adjacent to it. This is in accordance with the provisions of: Civil Code: •Article 403. No one may plant trees near another's property, except at a distance of five meters from the dividing line, if the planting is of large trees, and two meters, if the planting is of shrubs or small trees. •Article 404.
If the branches of any trees extend over neighboring property, gardens, or patios, the owner thereof shall have the right to demand that they be cut, as far as they extend over their properties; and if it is the roots of neighboring trees that extend into the soil of another, the one into whose soil they are introduced may cut them within their own property by themselves. Law 5060; General Law of Public Roads (Ley General de Caminos Públicos): Article 21. Such possessors are also obliged to keep the roads, rounds, and retaining walls clean of all harmful vegetation, to trim the branches of trees that shade public roads, and to clear the live fences (cercas) each year, at the appropriate times, all at the request of the officials in charge from the Municipalities or the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MOPT), following their instructions. Therefore, the situation raised by the appellant has its cause not in the work that the Electricity Institute implements to mitigate the impact on fauna, but rather its root lies in the non-compliance with the aforementioned legislation.
Given that owners have the duty to keep the flora and trees within their properties under control, preventing their branches or canopies from interfering with the electrical grid, since this proximity represents a significant risk both for wildlife that may use these plant elements as a means of access to power lines, and for the continuity of the electrical service. That is to say, the omission of these maintenance tasks by the owners facilitates the occurrence of electrocutions and other impacts, which reinforces the need for active co-responsibility on the part of citizens in preventing this type of incident. Community participation and inter-institutional coordination are also fundamental pillars of this strategy. ICE works with municipalities, NGOs, and citizen science platforms to strengthen the early detection of incidents and prioritize critical areas, demonstrating that its actions are not limited to regulatory compliance but respond to a comprehensive vision of sustainability and environmental co-responsibility.
In this context, the reported electrocution incidents, although regrettable, cannot be interpreted as a direct violation by ICE of Article 50 of the Political Constitution. On the contrary, they reflect a complex problem that ICE has faced with responsibility, transparency, and commitment, through concrete actions, sustained investment, and inter-institutional collaboration. The institution has assumed its role as guarantor of the balance between electrical development and biodiversity conservation, and has demonstrated that its actions are aligned with constitutional principles and the international commitments assumed by the country in environmental matters…”. It requests that the appeal filed be declared without merit.
The actions of CNFL have been directed at guaranteeing the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, as required by Article 50 of the Constitution. Finally, it should be noted that to date, no administrative omission or regulatory non-compliance has been proven that would allow inferring a real violation of fundamental rights; on the contrary, actions have been taken in respect of the principles of legality, reasonableness, environmental precaution, and proportionality demanded by the constitutional order. CONCLUSION OF THE REPORT Having analyzed the merits of the appeal, it can be concluded with certainty that my represented party has acted in accordance with the applicable legal system, and the fundamental rights indicated by the appellants have not been violated, given that actions have been taken in accordance with the law. The pertinent actions have been executed to address what is established by the regulatory framework, as was demonstrated, always in pursuit of carrying out adequate planning in line with the company's line of work, which allows CNFL to prevent harm to Costa Rican wildlife and provide immediate attention in the event of an incident.
However, it must be reiterated that neither the Nosara district in the North Pacific of Costa Rica nor the Nicoya Peninsula are within the area served by this company. Finally, we comply with what was stated by this Honorable Constitutional Chamber with its request to obtain evidence to better resolve, in accordance with Article 47 of Law No. 7135 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction, placing ourselves at your disposal for any other requirement: (…) Article 47. Before issuing a ruling, for better provision, the Chamber may order the practice of any other diligence.' (…)…”. It requests that the appeal filed be declared without merit.
Given the reduction of forest spaces, the installation of electrical infrastructure, and rapid human development in an area very rich in arboreal fauna, there are frequent reports of electrocutions of wild animals. According to the reports held by the International Animal Rescue Foundation, the animals electrocuted solely in the Nosara area between the years 2021 and 2023 are:
| January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | Sept | Oct | Nov | Dec | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 11 | 8 | 12 | 8 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 70 |
| 2022 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 13 | 10 | 19 | 4 | 8 | 5 | 10 | 4 | 5 | 103 |
| 2023 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 7 | 6 | 12 | 5 | 10 | 94 |
(Documentary evidence 5, report entitled 'Electrocutions of howler monkeys (monos Congo) (Alouatta palliata) in the Nosara area and possible effects on the ecosystem' signed by Elena Echandi Herrera, Managing Biologist) RESPONSE: JASEC is a public company established through Law No. 7799, Reform of Law No. 3300 of 1964, whose legal purpose is the public services of electricity supply in its distribution and commercialization stages within its geographical coverage area, that is, the 5 central cantons of the Province of Cartago, namely, Central, El Guarco, Oreamuno, Alvarado, and Paraíso. Consequently, JASEC has no interference or any relationship with what has occurred in the district of Nosara in Guanacaste, since it is not part of its concession area.
FIFTH GRIEVANCE: In accordance with the reports held by the International Animal Rescue Foundation, the number of monkeys electrocuted solely in the Nosara area between the years 2021 and 2023 is outlined below:
| January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | Sept | Oct | Nov | Dec | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 20 | 7 | 11 | 8 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 65 |
| 2022 | 8 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 10 | 18 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 92 |
| 2023 | 7 | 2 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 87 |
(Documentary evidence 5. report entitled 'Electrocutions of howler monkeys (monos Congo) (Alouatta palliata) in the Nosara area and possible effects on the ecosystem' signed by Elena Echandi Herrera, Managing Biologist) RESPONSE: As indicated in the response to the previous fact, the district of Nosara is not part of JASEC's concession area in its capacity as provider of the electricity distribution service.
SIXTH GRIEVANCE: Electrocutions of wild fauna cause thousands of deaths each year in Costa Rica from direct trauma, but also indirectly. In particular, in the case of the howler monkey (mono Congo) population, considering their social behavior, when a troop's alpha male dies, another must take his place, which often means this new male will kill the offspring of the deceased male. Thus, the death of the leader by electrocution triggers other deaths within this group. (Documentary evidence 6, report entitled 'Veterinary Approach to Electrocutions in Wild Fauna with emphasis on the howler monkey (mono Congo) in the Nicoya peninsula, issued by Dr. Francisco Sánchez Murillo) RESPONSE: The extinction of wild species due to electrocution affects the quality, continuity, and reliability of the electrical service supply; therefore, Jasec makes great efforts to prevent and mitigate the loss of fauna lives in our service area. To achieve this objective, protection devices are placed on the electrical networks and on the posts, and vegetation clearing (descuaje) is performed. Furthermore, as a new requirement, real estate developers must deliver new electrical networks with protection devices incorporated, according to each specific case. The actions described above are duly presented from folio 38 onwards.
SEVENTH GRIEVANCE: The International Animal Rescue Foundation (sic) published on its website an interactive tool for collecting reports of wildlife accidents, including animal electrocutions (which mostly involve howler monkeys (monos Congo)). The tool called 'Incident Map,' accessible at the website https://www.iarcostarica.Org/map-report/#/incident/map, receives incident reports from across the country and allows periodic statistics to be extracted. All the information gathered from reports made nationwide is publicly accessible. These data do not represent the total number of incidents related to wildlife injuries. However, it is an essential input for making visible the impact generated as a result of electrocution incidents. (Documentary evidence 7, image of the incident map) RESPONSE: JASEC annually provides the Wildlife Coordination office of the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, SINAC-MINAE) with the corresponding information on the number of victims according to their species, cause, date, and place of the events, including geographic coordinates. The aforementioned data are reported in the official format; these can be observed on folio 13 of the case file.
EIGHTH GRIEVANCE: As of the date this amparo action was filed, 316 electrocution incidents have been compiled since the year 2017. Each individualized report specifies the type of incident, a brief description of what happened, and the date of the event. (Documentary evidence 8, incident statistics) RESPONSE: JASEC reports annually on the incidents occurring on its electrical networks. In the specific case of the year 2024, the highest incidence involved great-tailed grackles (zanates), pigeons, followed by climbers such as the squirrel, bald foxes (zorros pelones), and opossums (zarigüeyas), all these cases in the Paraíso circuit, located mainly in the Canton of Paraíso in the Province of Cartago. The incidents described above and their details can be seen on folio 14 of the case file. In view of these events, the company has taken the pertinent measures, such as the placement of anti-climbing devices, silicone covers, line covers, electrical tape, and electrostatic barriers. In addition, internal and external awareness campaigns.
NINTH GRIEVANCE: According to information recorded in the Integrated System for Processing Environmental Complaints (Sistema Integrado de Tramite de Denuncias Ambientales) of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía), as of the date this amparo action was filed, 565 complaints for electrocuted wild animals are reported on that website. (Documentary evidence 9, report from the Integrated System for Processing Environmental Complaints) RESPONSE: JASEC, through its internal efforts within its concession area, has managed to place a greater number of devices. This is reflected in a significant 21.3% decrease in electrocutions or outages due to fauna, according to reports from the 2024 to 2025 period. For further details, we can see folio 10 of the case file; this table corroborates that electrical insulators—post-type covers, insulating tubing, electrostatic repellent barriers, and electrical insulators—electrical tape—were installed. Additionally, we can see folio 45 of the case file; the illustrations show some types of devices installed in the year 2023. On folios 46 and 47 of the case file, other devices and statistics from the year 2024 can be seen.
TENTH GRIEVANCE: The number of electrocution incidents clearly reveals an omission by the State in effectively implementing the current regulatory framework regarding prevention, mitigation, and protection measures for wild fauna, particularly the howler monkey (mono Congo) population. The Executive Branch has not implemented effective actions to guarantee the mitigation and prevention of electrocution incidents.
RESPONSE: JASEC is not negligent in implementing the current regulatory framework regarding prevention, mitigation, and protection measures for wild fauna. To achieve these objectives, it developed the appropriate protocols and has taken the prevention and mitigation measures stipulated in the aforementioned guide. Among the most significant measures in the year 2024 was pruning along 34.25 kilometers of line, achieving protection for 436 kilometers of primary network. This is a data point from the conclusions of the 2024-2025 annual report, according to folio 16 of the case file.
CONCLUSION Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that JASEC has complied and continues to comply with Executive Branch Directive # 13-2018 of May 23, 2018, entitled: 'Guide for the prevention and mitigation of electrocution of wild fauna by power lines in Costa Rica' (Guía para la prevención y mitigación de la electrocución de la fauna silvestre por tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica) within the geographical area of its coverage for the distribution and commercialization of electrical energy. This is because the actions implemented and the follow-up to said measures, which are reported to the governing body of the matter with the periodicity required by previously established standards, were demonstrated. JASEC complies with Executive Decree # 44329 of December 15, 2023, entitled 'Officialization of the instruments for the prevention and mitigation of electrocution of wild fauna by power lines in Costa Rica' (Oficialización de los instrumentos para la prevención y mitigación de la electrocución de fauna silvestre por tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica).
Given that it has implemented internal and external guidelines that serve as instruments for officials and civil society to contribute to the prevention, mitigation, and protection of wild fauna. Thus, it is clear that, in the present case file, JASEC has complied with the applicable legal framework in the specific case, related to the protection of wild flora and fauna in its geographical coverage area; therefore, constitutional principles or rights are not being violated." Requests that the filed action be dismissed.
On the Appeal in general: Regarding the matter at hand, it is of utmost importance to mention that my represented party is aware that the activity of electrical energy distribution can generate diverse and highly complex impacts. Environmental impact is inherent to any human activity, and both electrification cooperatives and electrical companies, as well as the general public, are aware of this. Aware of this fact, Coopesantos R.L. recognizes its responsibility as a participatory and impact-generating agent by implementing measures for the protection of the environment. The exclusive designation of an Environmental Management department, which is responsible for coordinating all activities related to improving and minimizing the impact we cause on our environmental surroundings, is the first demonstration of this. Through said department, coordination is carried out with our environmental manager so that, among other things and in addition to their usual management, they participate as an active member of the Sustainable Electrification Group (Grupo de Electrificación Sostenible, GES), which is made up of MINAE and all the electrification companies.
Without detriment to the execution of technical plans that allow us to meet collective needs as appropriate, we also commit to complying with the guidelines for the provision of electricity service imposed on us by current regulations, in which my represented party has always sought to conduct itself legitimately. Not only in terms of technical regulations but also in terms of what the law provides regarding environmental protection, under the guardianship of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía). Therefore, as a result of recognizing the importance of the environmental component in our management, we have included within the Development Policies Manual, approved by the Board of Directors, our environmental commitment, embodied in its second objective which states: '2. Sustainable Development: We commit to developing and implementing energy and internet solutions that are sustainable and respectful of the environment.
We will seek to use renewable energy sources whenever possible and promote energy efficiency. Likewise, we will work to minimize our environmental impact in the implementation and maintenance of our infrastructure.' Guided by this principle and observing the regulatory environment, regarding the implementation of the 'Guide for the prevention and mitigation of electrocution of wild fauna by power lines in Costa Rica,' we have undertaken the task of developing an Implementation Plan whose main objective is to provide the principal measures to put into effect within Coopesantos R.L. the 'Guide for the prevention and mitigation of electrocution of wild fauna by power lines in Costa Rica,' and it includes actions such as: identifying existing technologies and practices within the cooperative, determining existing needs to prevent or mitigate fauna electrocution, recognizing areas vulnerable to wild fauna electrocution, showing the correct way to keep a registry of electrocutions that occur for the Geographic Information Systems department, teaching crew members the proper Management of Wild Fauna, among others, and establishes responsibilities for compliance for each of the areas involved and the staff in general.
See document 'Implementation Plan for the COOPESANTOS Fauna Electrocution Guide 2024-2025' (Plan Implementación de la Guía Electrocución Fauna COOPESANTOS 2024-2025) (Documentary evidence ONE). Compliance with what is established in said plan is detailed in the annual Implementation Report, which, among other things, records the results of the actions implemented for compliance, such as: Coordination with the Distribution Department to install shielding or aerial bypasses in vulnerable areas, identification of vulnerable areas where the power line passes and which are wildlife corridors to install equipment that reduces electrocutions, also considering the criteria of the distribution system crews and civil society to identify high levels of wildlife presence within the cooperative's concession area. Likewise, we will continue working hand in hand with the distribution department and will train different staff members on the subject, as well as members or people from the community through different environmental education activities.
See document 'Annual Implementation Report of the 2024 Plan' (Informe anual de Implementación del Plan 2024). (Documentary evidence number TWO) Among the actions that feed the development of the Implementation Plan are also the identification and recording of fauna electrocution events, which gives us input on vulnerable areas where we must install devices or develop protection measures. To support this action, we provide as documentary evidence THREE and FOUR the documents 'Sustainable Electrification Database 2024' (Base de datos Electrificación Sostenible 2024) and 'Prevention Devices and Measures 2024' (Dispositivos y medidas de prevención 2024), which report the installation date of protection equipment, the number, coordinates, equipment, shielded post or transformer, and the place where they were installed. Thanks to the diagnostic and recording means implemented, the construction of protected compact network distribution lines has likewise been a resource that has contributed significantly to the protection of our fauna.
See documentary evidence FIVE: 'Summary table and photographs of protected compact network installation' (Cuadro resumen y fotografías instalación de red compacta protegida). For Coopesantos R.L., communication with our members and clients is also of the utmost importance, and therefore we have the necessary openness for citizen participation and make available to users the tools necessary so they can resort to it in order to request the protection of their rights in whatever is pertinent. Additionally, at Coopesantos, knowing the importance of our users, we have a Complaints Management department that promptly addresses their requirements in whatever they consider necessary, so petitioners have at their disposal a direct avenue to manage what is appropriate, as a first instance before resorting to the jurisdictional route. For the reasons stated above, my represented party rejects the present amparo action, considering that it acts in accordance with what the legal system dictates for the installation of power lines and the provision of electricity service in a sustainable manner and with due protection to the environment, implementing impact mitigation measures that have yielded satisfactory results, and therefore requests that it be dismissed in all its aspects." Requests that the filed action be dismissed.
THIRD: ON THE ACTIONS IMPLEMENTED BY COOPEALFARORUIZ R.L. IN THE PREVENTION AND MITIGATION OF FAUNA ELECTROCUTION. 1. Identification of the problem. Electrocution occurs when an animal comes into contact with electrical conductors or energized parts, causing its immediate death. Among the most affected species are: • Birds (raptors, great-tailed grackles (zanates), black vultures (zopilotes)). • Arboreal mammals (monkeys, squirrels, sloths (perezosos)). The main risk factors are: • Infrastructure with designs not friendly to fauna. • Trees close to the network. • Lack of barriers or coverings. • Areas with high interaction between fauna and the power line.
2. Actions Implemented by Coopealfaroruiz In accordance with the national guide, Coopealfaroruiz has executed the following concrete actions: a) Anti-climbing devices Installation on anchor-type structures to prevent fauna access to the power line. See Photographic Annex #1. b) Vegetation management (descuaje) Strategic pruning and elimination of branches to prevent natural bridges to energized structures; this is constant and recurring work carried out as part of the maintenance programs the company has for the distribution networks. See Photographic Annex #2. c) Design of new safe structures Incorporation of covered insulators, greater separation between phases, and elimination of hazardous designs. This equipment is planned for acquisition in the next semester and implementation in 2026. d) Personnel training Technical training for identifying critical areas, applying solutions, and addressing incidents. See Photographic Annex #4 e) Inter-institutional coordination Communication with entities such as MINAE, SINAC, NGOs, and the sustainable electrification commission for case management, rescues, and feedback.
3. Data Analysis (July–December 2024) During the second half of 2024, 7 wild fauna electrocution incidents were documented, distributed as follows: Affected species:
| Species | Scientific name | Cases |
|---|---|---|
| Squirrel | Syntheosciurus brochus | 3 |
| Great-tailed grackle (Zanate) | Quiscalus mexicanus | 2 |
| Black vulture (Zopilote) | (Not determined) | 1 |
| Yellow belly (Pecho amarillo) | (Family Tyrannidae) | 1 |
Districts with the highest occurrence:
| District | Cases |
|---|---|
| Pueblo Nuevo | 2 |
| San José | 1 |
| Cirri Sur | 1 |
| Volio | 1 |
| Tapezco | 1 |
| Zarcero | 1 |
4. Data Analysis (January–June 2025) During the first half of 2025, 6 wild fauna electrocution incidents were documented, distributed as follows: Affected species:
| Species | Scientific name | Cases |
|---|---|---|
| Squirrel | Syntheosciurus brochus | 3 |
| Great-tailed grackle (Zanate) | Quiscalus mexicanus | 2 |
| Black vulture (Zopilote) | (Not determined) | 1 |
Districts with the highest occurrence:
| District | Cases |
|---|---|
| Pueblo Nuevo | 1 |
| San José | 1 |
| Cirri Sur | 3 |
| Volio | 1 |
5. Action Plan: Second Half of 2025 As part of Coopealfaroruiz R.L.'s ongoing commitment to the protection of wild fauna and the mitigation of risks on the electrical network, a specific action plan has been defined for the second half of 2025. During this period, a work schedule oriented towards two fundamental axes will be implemented: a) Installation of anti-climbing devices: The placement of 40 anti-climbing devices on strategically selected structures is planned. These devices are designed to prevent wild fauna from climbing onto energized components, thereby reducing the probability of accidental electrocutions. b) Completion of clearing (descuaje) of trees close to the electrical network: The work of clearing (descuaje) and pruning trees located near the electrical distribution network will be concluded. This task seeks to eliminate unwanted access routes for wild animals to the conductors and transformers.
With the completion of this task, 100% coverage in prioritized areas will be achieved. This effort not only strengthens the preventive actions already underway but also responds to the guidelines established by the National Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Electrocution of Wild Fauna, reaffirming the cooperative's commitment to sustainability and environmental protection that has always characterized us as a rural electrification cooperative company. 6. Expected Results and Benefits • Progressive reduction of incidents in intervened areas. • Improvement of technical-operational knowledge on the subject. • Regulatory compliance with Costa Rican environmental legislation. • Reinforcement of the cooperative's environmental commitment." Requests that the filed action be dismissed.
GROUNDS FOR DISCHARGE FIRST: The amparo action does not accuse any violation of the Rights and Freedoms enshrined by our Political Constitution, thus violating the provisions of subsection a) of Article 2 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction. Furthermore, it does not indicate who the passive subject of the potential violations is, that is, whose fundamental rights are being violated, which is of essential importance to be able to analyze active and passive standing in matters of rights violations. Based on ordinary legality arguments, the only thing the Action seeks is for this honorable Chamber to require the presentation of reports, a matter that has nothing to do with a violation of fundamental rights and freedoms.
SECOND: COOPEGUANACASTE R.L. is a cooperative entity, governed by Private Law, established under the Law of Cooperative Associations, number 4179, and is responsible for the electrification and electrical distribution activity of the entire Nicoya Peninsula, from the District of Guardia, Liberia, to Paquera, in the Province of Puntarenas, without profit motives, with the essential objective of satisfying the needs of its members, seeking their economic and social improvement. Any natural person and/or non-profit legal entity, residing in this Jurisdiction and who is a user of the electrical service offered by COOPEGUANACASTE, may become a member of this entity.
Likewise, in keeping with our nature as a cooperative organization, and in faithful fulfillment of the cooperative values of mutual aid, responsibility, democracy, equality, equity, and solidarity, we include in our strategic plans the ENVIRONMENTAL AXIS, which, without a doubt, is responsible for protecting the environment and all its diversity. THIRD: Since its enactment, we have complied with the scope of the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Electrocution of Wildlife by Power Lines in Costa Rica (Poder Ejecutivo – Directriz 13-2018). In that regard, we have carried out the following actions: • Execution of technical studies to identify vulnerable points that may affect wildlife, both in remodeling projects and in new power lines. • Application of an internal policy that establishes the use of semi-insulated cable in all new secondary power line projects (In effect years before the officialization of the Guide). • Replacement of existing lines with semi-insulated cable in areas identified as vulnerable, in order to mitigate electrocution incidents. • Implementation of preventive pruning programs in accordance with the established annual plan. • Installation of insulators and anti-climbing devices on electrical structures. • Construction and installation of wildlife crossings, as well as their periodic replacement. • Donation of trees to support reforestation campaigns led by forest brigades and local communities. • Internal training for crews responsible for addressing breakdowns and situations related to wildlife in the field. • Development of an institutional environmental education plan, which includes internal and external training on wildlife electrocution, waste management, and reforestation. • Implementation of an incident management system through multiple channels: web platform, AMI portal, Chat Bot, mobile application, social networks (Facebook and Instagram), and call center.
This system allows for the generation of work orders with traceability, facilitating the attention, prevention, and mitigation of wildlife-related incidents. • Participation in the National Sustainable Electrification Commission and the Regional Commission for the Prevention and Attention of Wildlife Electrocutions together with environmental groups. • Submission of an annual report to the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía. With these actions, Coopeguanacaste R.L. reaffirms its commitment to the protection of wildlife within our coverage area, as well as biodiversity and environmental sustainability, promoting responsible electric service. FOURTH: In relation to the executive branch directive 13-2018, my client's conduct has been in accordance with the Law, and the actions have been carried out according to its possibilities. Consequently, it can be stated that the claimant's allegation that fundamental rights are being violated is false, as it seeks to settle matters of ordinary legality in the constitutional venue, where it even appears that the claimant intends to transfer administrative procedures of the Executive Branch to the Chamber, outside the powers and competences of this Honorable Constitutional Chamber.” It requests that the appeal filed be dismissed.
Drafted by Judge Castillo Víquez; and,
Considering:
The appellant accuses the State of an omission in effectively implementing the current regulatory framework regarding measures for the prevention, mitigation of, and protection against the electrocution of wildlife, as it entails a violation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment as a fundamental right, established in Article 50 of the Constitución Política. Specifically, it states that, despite the issuance of the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Electrocution of Wildlife by Power Lines in Costa Rica —which is directed at ICE, CNFL, JASEC, ESPH, COOPELESCA, COOPEGUANACASTE, COOPEALFARO, COOPESANTOS S.R.L., and SETENA as environmental managers—, and Decreto Ejecutivo N° 44329, called “Officialization of the instruments for the prevention and mitigation of wildlife electrocution by power lines in Costa Rica”, the fact is that the Executive Branch has not implemented effective actions to guarantee the mitigation and prevention of wildlife electrocution incidents, especially in relation to the district of Nosara, in the Costa Rican North Pacific, where frequent reports of wild animal electrocutions are generated.
In particular, the appellant asserts that the aforementioned directive established the following: “Article 2.- The companies that provide the public electricity service, or that provide services for the installation and distribution of lines, are urged to apply the protocols and prevention and mitigation measures contained in the above-cited guide; likewise, SETENA, environmental managers, environmental regents, and environmental managers in general are urged to prevent and mitigate the electrocution of Wildlife. Article 3.- The companies to which this directive is addressed and that provide the Public Electricity Service are urged to annually provide the Wildlife Coordination of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación with the corresponding information on the number of victims by species, cause, date, and place of the events including geographic coordinates, damages generated to the electrical grid, and impact on the public service according to the databases and pertinent information generated by the companies.
Article 6.- The loss of wildlife due to non-compliance with the above-cited guide may lead to the application of the sanctions established in the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre N° 7317, the Ley de Biodiversidad N° 7788, the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N° 7554, their Regulations, and Decretos Ejecutivos N° 31849 MINAE-MOPT-MAG-MEIC and N° 32079 MINAE-MOPT-MAG-MEIC.” Likewise, Decreto N° 44329-MINAE defines the conditions and normative instruments to promote that the provision of the public electricity service respects the life of all species that inhabit the country, thus complying with the general principles of conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Said Decreto Ejecutivo, in its Considerando VIII, states that electrocution is a factor that contributes to the extinction of wild species. This also implies problems of continuity and quality in the electricity service supply: “VIII.- That a factor that contributes to the extinction of wild species is electrocution, transforming this problem not only into an environmental issue due to loss of life and interruption of natural population cycles, but also into an issue of quality, continuity, and reliability in the electricity service supply of public electricity services, caused by deterioration and interruption of the public service to users, and damages to infrastructure and equipment.
This obliges the State to view the problem integrally and generate tools with a broader scope.” The decree also determines that it is national in scope for all natural or legal persons, public or private, and concessionaires in the stages of generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity in the national territory, as well as the entities involved in procedures and authorizations, environmental managers, regents, and environmental managers in general, who are responsible for preventing and mitigating the electrocution of Wildlife. It is stipulated that the concessionaire companies for electricity generation, transmission, or distribution must continuously identify “hot spots” of wildlife electrocution on the existing electrical grid and in their distribution areas, as well as guarantee the use, at a minimum, of the measures established in the most updated version of the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Electrocution of Wildlife to eliminate or reduce occurrences.
Article 9 of the decree stipulates that the concessionaire companies for electricity generation, transmission, or distribution must prioritize the placement of measures to mitigate and reduce wildlife electrocution in areas identified as environmentally fragile areas, according to current regulations, using as a basis the measures established in the most updated version of the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Electrocution of Wildlife on power lines in Costa Rica to reduce biodiversity loss. Finally, it was incorporated as an obligation for said companies that, during the design phase of new power lines or existing lines located in environmentally fragile areas, or with a high probability of trees falling onto the grid, they perform a technical, environmental, and economic assessment to include underground lines, changes in routes, or complete insulation of the distribution grid, to prevent the loss of connectivity and biodiversity.
In the same vein, the “Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Electrocution of Wildlife on power lines in Costa Rica” contemplates the mechanisms for the prevention and mitigation of wildlife electrocution. A general description is provided of the protection devices and their corresponding specifications that must be considered on the electrical grid. These devices are recommended by the guide to be applied in projects to be built (following an analysis of the potential impact of wildlife electrocution and according to the civil design proposal) and, in those projects already in operation, when there is a clear potential for wildlife electrocution. However, as stated in the facts of this amparo appeal and in accordance with the following section, despite the existence of extensive regulation, these rules are not being implemented in practice, as electrocution incidents are increasing.
Likewise, it must be considered that the information collected by the mentioned institutions does not cover the totality of incidents that occur daily, so there is a percentage of cases that is not being properly recorded and could mean that the statistics for animals that died or were injured by electrocution are even much higher. In this context, the appellant highlights the particular situation of the howler monkey (mono Congo) population of the Nosara area, given that, considering their social behavior, when a leading male of the troop dies, another must take his place, so often the new leader kills the offspring of the deceased male, so the leader's death by electrocution triggers other deaths in the group.
Of importance for the decision of this matter, the following facts are deemed duly demonstrated, either because they have been proven or because the defendant has omitted to refer to them as provided in the initial order:
- A series of layers on Biological Corridors, Climate Refuges, and other environmentally fragile areas were shared with all the companies.
- A meeting was held with the coordinator of the National Biological Corridors Program of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación to initiate coordination processes with regional groups and electric distribution companies.
- ARESEP is providing information layers for the corresponding spatial analyses.
- A request for support was made to ICE so that, through Ing. Wilfredo Segura and the GES, an analysis could be developed for the companies to implement the following measures: gathering geographic information on the main environmentally fragile areas (AAF), integrating what is described in current regulations, and also following criteria such as: energy distribution region, corresponding conservation areas, municipal territories, and other administrative classifications that contribute to the prevention and mitigation of wildlife electrocution by all actors and interested parties.
- Geographic identification of “hot spots,” taking as a basis, and without excluding other parameters of interest: the presence of threatened, migratory species, etc.; electrocution incidence; electrical cables or reduction substations; or phenological processes such as flowering, fruiting, or others that could be related to the movement of arboreal species or regulatory plans.
- Design of a standardized methodology for determining “hot spots,” which can be replicated by electric distribution companies and other involved actors that require it, in order to compare them adequately and have information on the progress of measure implementation.
- Generation of visual models that provide information to support decision-making to prevent connectivity loss, or failing that, to identify urgent areas to rehabilitate and areas of importance for connectivity, focused on maintaining biodiversity; all through standardized methodologies that can be replicated by electric distribution companies and other interested parties (reports).
- Carry out a socialization process of the third edition of the guide and its relationship with the decree.
- Share and strongly focus on the materials that have been developed by Costa Rica Silvestre to prevent, mitigate, and address interactions between human activities that generate biodiversity loss, in pursuit of regional actors being a channel to communities and other organized groups.
- Develop a regional mechanism with the participating actors to establish alliances and regional coordination mechanisms for addressing impacts on biodiversity (reconnection, habitat rehabilitation, attention to electrocution events, construction of wildlife crossings, etc.), coordination processes with Rescue Centers for the care of injured and orphaned animals, and mechanisms for regional integration (GESR) and a Work Plan (GESR) led by the company (reports).
Theirs is a particular case, since the loss of individuals by electrocution—especially reproductive females or male troop leaders—can generate significant imbalances in the social structure of groups and, thereby, indirectly affect forest regeneration (reports).
"The data on the number of electrocuted animals indicate, according to information generated by the organization Salvémonos through 2024, an improvement in the prevention of electrocutions and in addressing the specific causes of each case, given that, at this time, every time an incident occurs, the site is visited jointly by SINAC, the electricity company, and the NGO, the causes that generated it are assessed, and decisions are made with a view to preventing an electrocution from occurring again. However, the problem of fauna electrocution is far from disappearing.
(...)
Howler monkeys are a species accustomed to fragmented habitats, so it is normal to find them near human populations. When these human populations expand and tree cutting occurs to make space for new infrastructure, the routes used by the troops are modified, resulting in electrocutions, in most cases, on power lines that were built decades ago. To this must be added the new power lines built for new projects, which in the case of Nosara, ICE builds with bare wiring, generating new sites with electrocution risk. With the entry into force of Decreto Ejecutivo N° 44329-MINAE, the dynamics of this commission have been reconsidered in the sense that Article 6 of said decree indicates: Article 6—Electricity generation, transmission, or distribution concession companies must implement all necessary actions to prevent the fragmentation of ecosystems by the power grid, as established in the latest version of the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Wildlife Electrocution on Power Lines in Costa Rica to reduce biodiversity loss.
In this regard, a recommendation was received from members of the 'Sustainable Electrification' working group (GES) that such sessions should be proposed and coordinated by the electricity companies operating in the area, so that during 2025, SINAC's role as coordinator of the commission formed through resolution ACT-OR-DR-037-2021 has been paused. Regarding the actions proposed to prevent and address arboreal fauna electrocution, the following activities will be implemented within three months: 1. Evaluate the degree of compliance with the work plan established in 2021 for the Commission for the Prevention and Response to Fauna Electrocutions, with Special Attention to the Howler Monkey (Alouatta Palliata). 2. Update the action plan for the prevention and response to arboreal fauna electrocutions for the Tempisque Conservation Area, including a component for the Nosara de Nicoya zone. 3. Follow up on the actions that electricity companies carry out on this matter..." (see reports).
In the sub lite, the appellant accuses the State of an omission in effectively implementing the current regulatory framework regarding measures for the prevention, mitigation, and protection against wildlife electrocution, as entailing a violation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment as a fundamental right, established in Article 50 of the Political Constitution. Specifically, they affirm that, despite the issuance of the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Wildlife Electrocution on Power Lines in Costa Rica and Decreto Ejecutivo N° 44329, denominated "Officialization of the instruments for the prevention and mitigation of wildlife electrocution on power lines in Costa Rica," the fact is that the Executive Branch has not implemented effective actions to guarantee the mitigation and prevention of wildlife electrocution incidents, especially in relation to the district of Nosara, on the Costa Rican North Pacific, where frequent reports of wild animal electrocutions are generated.
In this context, the claimant highlights the particular situation of the howler monkey population in the Nosara area. However, from the reports and the list of proven facts, it is inferred that the Respondent Authorities have indeed been implementing a very broad set of measures to prevent wildlife electrocution incidents, including the installation of infrastructure works such as dielectric devices on conductive elements, insulating covers on transformers and exposed lines, and the placement of anti-climbing (antiescalamiento) barriers, as well as performing preventive pruning and trail clearing. Furthermore, efforts are made to collect and process information on these incidents in order to identify "hot spots" (puntos calientes), which, according to the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Wildlife Electrocution on Power Lines in Costa Rica, are:
"Hot spots (Puntos calientes): These are those particular locations that will be more prone to wildlife electrocutions occurring due to one or more of the following characteristics: landscape conditions (for example, proximity and density of power lines or the presence of forest patches or corridors with trees), behavioral factors (for example, routes habitually used by wildlife), or demographic factors (for example, areas with higher densities of wildlife species) (Katsis 2018)" (consult the Glossary of the Guide for the Prevention and Mitigation of Wildlife Electrocution on Power Lines in Costa Rica).
To this must be added that the appellant formulates their allegations in very general terms, without fully indicating which specific omissions would be causing the problems they intend to denounce, nor where they have occurred. So much so that, regarding howler monkeys, the electrical distribution coverage area of many of the respondent public companies does not even encompass the district of Nosara, which the appellant seeks to highlight in their initial brief.
At this point, it must be mentioned that the Respondent Authorities contradict the claim that the number of howler monkey electrocution incidents is increasing, since according to official communication CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, the data on the number of electrocuted animals, according to the information generated by the organization Salvémonos through the year 2024, denoted an improvement in the prevention of electrocutions and in addressing the specific causes of each case. Regarding the district of Nosara, it is also reported that SINAC created a commission for the prevention and response to fauna electrocutions, with special attention to the case of the howler monkey, in order to address this problem. Additionally, it is indicated that ICE has strengthened its institutional response capacity to incidents, using direct coordination with specialized wildlife rescue centers such as the Wildlife Rescue Center, formerly known as Zooave, through the NGO "Somos Congos." Therefore, regarding howler monkeys, the only thing this Chamber observes is that, in his report, the Minister of Environment and Energy cited official communication CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, in which it had been indicated that the new power lines that ICE builds for new projects, in the case of Nosara, were built with bare wiring and generated new sites with electrocution risk. Since it is not indicated that ICE is taking measures to resolve this specific problem, it is appropriate to grant the appeal solely on this point, and dismiss the rest.
In the sub lite, with the usual respect, we differ from the majority's opinion and consider that the appropriate course is to continue the processing of the appeal.
It should be remembered that the filing brief claims the State's omission regarding the implementation of measures for the prevention, mitigation, and protection of wildlife concerning electrocutions, which affects a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Therefore, the claimant requests that the Executive Branch be ordered: "To present before the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) a plan to address the problem of arboreal fauna electrocutions, prioritizing the district of Nosara. This plan must be analyzed and processed expeditiously by SINAC, so that it is under execution no later than within six months from the notification of the judgment issued in this case." Additionally, in the report provided by the Minister of Environment and Energy, it was explained that SINAC created a commission for the prevention and response to fauna electrocutions with special attention to the howler monkey in the Nicoya Peninsula.
By virtue of the foregoing, we consider that, before resolving what corresponds in law, it is essential to request a report from the Executive Director of the National System of Conservation Areas on the facts alleged by the appellant.
The protection of a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, in the Costa Rican Legal System, is protected not only in Article 50 of the Political Constitution but also in a series of laws and executive decrees (regulations) in force, such as the Organic Environmental Law, Law N° 7554 of October 4, 1995; the Biodiversity Law, Law N° 7788 of April 30, 1998; the Wildlife Conservation Law, Law N° 7317 of October 21, 1992; and Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849 of May 24, 2004, General Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Procedures, to cite just a few. This makes it necessary, in environmental matters, to separate constitutional review from legality review. In this sense, it is the undersigned's opinion that this Chamber, through an amparo appeal, should only hear a matter where a violation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment is alleged, if the Administration has not yet intervened and when the violation of that right is manifest and evident, easily verifiable, of certain importance or gravity, and directly affects a specific person or community.
Otherwise, the issue must be raised and discussed through legality channels. Therefore, the simple breach of obligations and duties legally imposed on the various public administrations in environmental matters is appropriate to be heard through legality channels —administrative or jurisdictional—, where, with much greater breadth, the alleged breaches or omissions can be scrutinized.
It must be borne in mind that the amparo proceeding is a summary, informal, simple, and swift process, such that, from the very moment the Administration intervenes in an environmental matter, in the exercise of its powers, and substantiates a procedure, by issuing administrative acts, its review falls outside the scope of action of this specialized jurisdiction. Therefore, the review of administrative actions carried out concerning an environmental issue that requires, for its proper assessment, a full evidentiary proceeding, is only possible in the ordinary jurisdiction, since the design of the amparo process is incompatible with the contrasting or review of technical or legal criteria developed under the protection of current legal or regulatory provisions, or with the production of new and additional elements of conviction necessary for the contrasting or review of the criteria already contained in the administrative case file.
The contrary would imply transforming the amparo into an ordinary full evidentiary proceeding, thereby denaturing it and rendering nugatory the purposes for which it was designed, thus causing it to lose its condition as an instrument for the effective protection of fundamental rights. As a consequence of the foregoing, I consider that when a public entity or body has intervened, in various ways, or has issued administrative acts in relation to an environmental matter, its review and oversight corresponds to the jurisdiction of the administrative-contentious courts. It is, precisely, the verification of the existence of that administrative intervention which determines that the matter falls under the jurisdiction of the legality pathway. Consequently, this amparo petition should have been rejected outright as far as this aspect is concerned, since its object is a matter properly to be discussed, analyzed, and resolved in the legality pathway.
However, since this was not done, the proper course is to dismiss it, without making any pronouncement regarding the merits of the question raised, as it corresponds to the ordinary jurisdiction, specifically, the administrative-contentious jurisdiction, to determine whether the challenged administrative actions and conduct conform or not, in substance, to the provisions of the legal order, regarding the protection, safeguarding, and conservation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
The parties are warned that if they have provided any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not withdrawn within this period shall be destroyed, as provided in the 'Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial', approved by the Corte Plena in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, article XXVI and published in Boletín Judicial number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The petition is DECLARED WITH MERITS, solely against the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad and the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, in its capacity as governing body in this matter, in relation to the problems faced by the howler monkey population in the district of Nosara. Marco Acuña Mora, in his capacity as executive president, and Ányelo Gerald Vargas Hernández, in his capacity as head of the División Distribución y Comercialización, both of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, and Franz Tattenbach Capra, in his capacity as minister of Ambiente y Energía, or whomever holds those positions, are ordered, within the maximum and non-extendable term of SIX MONTHS, counted from the notification of this resolution, to implement the necessary measures to correct the problem present in the electrical lines that the ICE has built in the district of Nosara with bare wiring. In all other respects, the petition is dismissed.
The aforementioned authorities, or whomever holds their positions, are warned that failure to comply with said order shall incur the crime of disobedience and that, in accordance with article 71 of the Law of this jurisdiction, a penalty of imprisonment from three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, shall be imposed on anyone who receives an order that must be complied with or enforced, issued in an amparo proceeding, and does not comply with it or does not enforce it, provided the offense is not more severely punished. The State and the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad are ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts that serve as the basis for this declaration, which shall be liquidated in the enforcement of judgment phase of the administrative-contentious proceeding. Judges Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal dissent and decide to continue processing the petition, in order to request a report from the executive director of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación. Judge Salazar Alvarado partially dissents and dismisses the petition, regarding the alleged violation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Notify.
\t Fernando Castillo V.
\t Fernando Cruz C.
\t \t Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
\t \t Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
\t \t Ingrid Hess H.
Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
Sentencia con Voto Salvado Indicadores de Relevancia Sentencia relevante Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente Contenido de Interés:
Temas Estrategicos: Ambiental,Der Económicos sociales culturales y ambientales Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
FAUNA.
001626-26. AMBIENTE. ACUSA QUE EL ESTADO NO HA IMPLANTADO LAS ACCIONES EFECTIVAS PARA GARARTIZAR LA MITIGACIÓN Y PREVENCIÓN DE INCIDENTES DE ELECTROCUCIÓN DE FAUNA SILVESTRE (DECRETO 44329). SE DECLARA CON LUGAR EL RECURSO, ÚNICAMENTE CONTRA EL INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ELECTRICIDAD Y EL MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA, EN SU CARÁCTER DE ENTE RECTOR EN ESTA MATERIA, EN RELACIÓN CON LA PROBLEMÁTICA QUE ENFRENTA LA POBLACIÓN DE MONOS CONGO EN EL DISTRITO DE NOSARA. SE ORDENA A LAS AUTORIDADES DEL INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ELECTRICIDAD, Y AL MINISTRO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA, QUE EN EL TÉRMINO MÁXIMO E IMPRORROGABLE DE SEIS MESES, IMPLANTEN LAS MEDIDAS NECESARIAS PARA CORREGIR EL PROBLEMA PRESENTE EN LAS LÍNEAS ELÉCTRICAS QUE EL ICE HA CONSTRUIDO EN EL DISTRITO DE NOSARA CON CABLEADO DESNUDO. VCG01/2026 “(…) III.- SOBRE EL FONDO. En el sub lite, la parte recurrente acusa una omisión del Estado a la hora de implantar, de manera efectiva, el marco normativo vigente referente a las medidas de prevención, mitigación y protección contra la electrocución de la fauna silvestre, por entrañar una violación al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado como derecho fundamental, establecido en el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política.
En concreto, afirma que, a pesar de la emisión de la Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre por Tendidos Eléctricos en Costa Rica y del Decreto Ejecutivo N° 44329, denominado “Oficialización de los instrumentos para la prevención y mitigación de la electrocución de fauna silvestre por tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica”, lo cierto es que el Poder Ejecutivo no ha implantado acciones efectivas para garantizar la mitigación y prevención de incidentes de electrocución de fauna silvestre, en especial, en relación con el distrito de Nosara, en el Pacífico norte costarricense, en la cual se generan frecuentes reportes de electrocuciones de animales silvestres. En este contexto, la parte accionante destaca la situación particular de la población de monos Congo de la zona de Nosara. Sin embargo, de los informes y el elenco de hechos probados, se colige que las Autoridades recurridas sí han estado implantando un conjunto muy amplio de medidas para evitar incidentes de electrocución de la fauna silvestre, incluyendo la instalación de obras de infraestructura como dispositivos dieléctricos sobre elementos conductores, cobertores aislantes en transformadores y líneas expuestas, y la colocación de barreras antiescalamiento, así como la realización de podas preventivas y la limpieza de trochas.
Además, se hacen esfuerzos para recolectar y procesar la información de estos incidentes con el fin de identificar “puntos calientes”, mismos que, según la Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre por Tendidos Eléctricos en Costa Rica, son:
“Puntos calientes: Son aquellas ubicaciones particulares que serán más propensas a que se presenten electrocuciones de vida silvestre debido a una o varias de las siguientes características: condiciones del paisaje (por ejemplo, proximidad y densidad de tendidos eléctricos o a la presencia de parches de bosques o corredores con árboles), factores de comportamiento (por ejemplo, rutas habitualmente utilizadas por la fauna silvestre) o factores demográficos (por ejemplo, zonas con mayores densidades de especies de fauna silvestre) (Katsis 2018)” (consultar el Glosario de la de la Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre por Tendidos Eléctricos en Costa Rica).
A ello se le suma que la parte recurrente formula sus alegaciones en términos muy generales, sin indicar cabalmente cuáles omisiones concretas estarían causando los problemas que pretende denunciar, ni dónde han ocurrido. Tan así es, que, en lo tocante a los monos congo, el área de cobertura de distribución eléctrica de muchas de las empresas públicas recurridas ni siquiera abarca al distrito de Nosara, que la parte recurrente pretende resaltar en su escrito inicial.
En este punto, debe mencionarse que las Autoridades recurridas contradicen el alegato de que el número de incidentes por electrocución de monos congo esté aumentando, pues según el oficio CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, los datos de la cantidad de animales electrocutados, según la información generada por la organización Salvémonos hasta el año 2024, denotaban una mejoría en la prevención de electrocuciones y de atención de las causas puntuales de cada caso. En cuanto al distrito de Nosara, se informa además que el SINAC creó una comisión para la prevención y atención de electrocuciones de fauna, con especial atención al caso del mono congo, a fin de abordar esa problemática. Asimismo, se indica que el ICE ha fortalecido su capacidad de respuesta institucional ante incidentes, valiéndose de una coordinación directa con centros especializados en el rescate de fauna silvestre como el centro de rescate Wildlife Rescue Center, anteriormente conocido como Zooave, a través de la ONG “Somos Congos”.
Por ello, en lo tocante a los monos congos, lo único que la Sala advierte es que, en su informe, el señor ministro de Ambiente y Energía citó el oficio CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, en el cual se había indicado que las nuevas líneas eléctricas que el ICE construye para proyectos nuevos, en el caso de Nosara, eran construidas con cableado desnudo y generaban nuevos sitios con riesgo de electrocución. Como no se indica que el ICE esté tomando medidas para solucionar ese problema concreto, corresponde declarar con lugar el recurso únicamente por dicho extremo, y desestimar los demás. (…)” ... Ver más Citas de Legislación y Doctrina Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto salvado Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
FAUNA.
En el sub lite, con el respeto acostumbrado, diferimos del criterio de la mayoría y estimamos que lo procedente es continuar la tramitación del recurso.
Recuérdese que en el memorial de interposición se reclama la omisión del Estado en cuanto a la implementación de medidas de prevención, mitigación y protección de la fauna silvestre en cuanto a electrocuciones, lo que afecta el ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Por ello, la parte accionante solicita que se le ordene al Poder Ejecutivo: “Presentar ante el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) un plan de atención del problema de electrocuciones de fauna arborícola, priorizando el distrito de Nosara. Este plan debe ser analizado y tramitado con celeridad por parte de SINAC, de modo que esté en ejecución a más tardar en el plazo de seis meses a partir de la notificación de la sentencia dictada en este caso”. Adicionalmente, en el informe vertido por el ministro de Ambiente y Energía se explicó que el SINAC creó una comisión para la prevención y atención de electrocuciones de fauna con especial atención del mono Congo en la península de Nicoya.
En virtud de lo anterior, estimamos que, previo a resolver lo que en derecho corresponde, resulta indispensable requerir un informe al director ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, sobre los hechos alegados por la parte recurrente.
VCG01/2026 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto salvado Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
FAUNA.
La protección a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, en el Ordenamiento Jurídico Costarricense, está tutelado no solo en el artículo 50, de la Constitución Política, sino también en una serie de leyes y decretos ejecutivos (reglamentos) vigentes, tales como la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley N° 7554 de 4 de octubre de 1995; la Ley de Biodiversidad, Ley N° 7788 de 30 de abril de 1998; la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, Ley N° 7317 de 21 de octubre de 1992; y el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849 de 24 de mayo de 2004, Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), para citar solo algunos. Esto hace necesario, en materia ambiental, separar el control de constitucionalidad del control de legalidad. En este sentido, es criterio del suscrito que esta Sala, por vía de amparo, solo debe conocer un asunto en que se alega violación al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, si la Administración no ha intervenido aún y cuando la violación a ese derecho sea manifiesta y evidente, de fácil constatación, de cierta importancia o gravedad y que afecte, de forma directa, a alguna persona o comunidad en concreto.
De lo contrario, el tema debe plantearse y discutirse en la vía de legalidad. Por ello, el simple incumplimiento de obligaciones y deberes impuestos legalmente a las diversas administraciones públicas en materia ambiental es propio de ser conocido en la vía de legalidad –administrativa o jurisdiccional-, donde, con mucha mayor amplitud, podrán fiscalizarse los incumplimientos u omisiones que se acusen. Debe tenerse presente que el recurso de amparo es un proceso sumario, informal, sencillo y rápido, de manera tal, que desde el momento mismo en que la Administración interviene en un asunto ambiental, en ejercicio de sus competencias, y sustancia un procedimiento, con el dictado de actos administrativos, su conocimiento resulta ajeno al ámbito de acción de esta jurisdicción especializada. Por ello, la revisión de las actuaciones administrativas llevadas a cabo en torno a un tema ambiental que requiera, para su correcta valoración, de un proceso de conocimiento pleno, solo es posible en la jurisdicción ordinaria, toda vez que el diseño del proceso de amparo es incompatible con la contrastación o revisión de criterios técnicos o jurídicos elaborados al amparo de las normas legales o reglamentarias vigentes o con la evacuación de nuevos y mayores elementos de convicción necesarios para la contrastación o revisión de los criterios que ya consten en el expediente administrativo del caso.
Lo contrario implicaría transformar el amparo en un proceso ordinario de pleno conocimiento, con lo cual se desnaturalizaría y se tornarían nugatorios los fines para los cuales ha sido diseñado, con lo cual, perdería, su condición de instrumento para la tutela eficaz de los derechos fundamentales. Como consecuencia de lo anterior, estimo que cuando un ente u órgano público ha intervenido, en diversas formas, o ha dictado actos administrativos en relación con un asunto ambiental, su conocimiento y fiscalización corresponde a la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo. Es, precisamente, la verificación de la existencia de esa intervención administrativa lo que determina que el asunto sea competencia de la vía legalidad. En consecuencia, este recurso debió haberse rechazado de plano en cuanto a este extremo se refiere, ya que su objeto es una cuestión propia de ser discutida, analizada y resuelta en la vía de legalidad.
Empero, como no se hizo así, lo procedente es declararlo sin lugar, sin hacer pronunciamiento alguno con respecto al fondo de la cuestión planteada por corresponderle a la jurisdicción ordinaria, en específico, a la contencioso-administrativa, determinar si las actuaciones y conductas administrativas acusadas se ajustan o no, en sustancia, a lo preceptuado en el ordenamiento jurídico de rango legal, en cuanto a la protección, tutela y conservación del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
VCG01/2026 ... Ver más Res. Nº <A_númeroVoto [-r1]> SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del dieciseis de enero de dos mil veintiseis .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente número 25-019390-0007-CO, interpuesto por [Nombre 001], cédula de identidad [Valor 001], [Nombre 002], cédula de identidad [Valor 002], y [Nombre 003], cédula de identidad [Valor 003], contra el PODER EJECUTIVO, la COMPAÑIA NACIONAL DE FUERZA Y LUZ, la EMPRESA DE SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS DE HEREDIA, el INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ELECTRICIDAD (ICE), la JUNTA ADMINISTRADORA DEL SERVICIO ELÉCTRICO DE CARTAGO (JASEC), el MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA, la COOPERATIVA DE ELECTRIFICACIÓN DE SAN CARLOS (COOPELESCA), la COOPERATIVA DE ELECTRIFICACIÓN RURAL DE GUANACASTE (COOPEGUANACASTE), la COOPERATIVA ALFARO RUIZ (COOPEALFARO) y la COOPERATIVA DE ELECTRIFICACIÓN RURAL LOS SANTOS (COOPESANTOS S.R.L.).-
Resultando:
Enero Febrero Marzo Abril Mayo Junio Julio Agosto Set Oct Nov Dic Total 2021 3 6 4 11 8 12 8 3 3 4 3 5 70 2022 8 8 9 13 10 19 4 8 5 10 4 5 103 2023 8 2 6 9 9 9 11 7 6 12 5 10 94 (Prueba documental 5, informe denominado 'Electrocuciones de los monos Congo (Alouatta palliata) en la zona de Nosara y posibles efectos sobre el ecosistema' suscrito por Elena Echandi Herrera, Bióloga regente) RESPUESTA: JASEC es una empresa pública constituida mediante la Ley No. 7799, Reforma de la Ley No. 3300 de 1964, que tiene como objetivo legal los servicios públicos de suministro de electricidad en sus etapas de distribución y comercialización en su área geográfica de cobertura, sea, los 5 cantones centrales de la Provincia de Cartago, sea, Central, El Guarco, Oreamuno, Alvarado y Paraíso. Consecuentemente, JASEC no tiene injerencia o relación alguna con lo acontecido en el distrito de Nosara de Guanacaste, puesto que no es parte de su área de concesión. AGRAVIO QUINTO: De conformidad con los reportes que maneja la Fundación International Animal Rescue, a continuación, se reseña la cantidad monos electrocutados únicamente en la zona de Nosara entre los años 2021 y 2023:
Enero Febrero Marzo Abril Mayo Junio Julio Agosto Set Oct Nov Dic Total 2021 3 4 3 20 7 11 8 2 3 4 3 5 65 2022 8 5 9 13 10 18 3 8 5 5 3 5 92 2023 7 2 6 9 8 9 10 7 5 5 5 8 87 (Prueba documental 5. informe denominado 'Electrocuciones de los monos Congo (Alouatta palliata) en la zona de Nosara y posibles efectos sobre el ecosistema' suscrito por Elena Echandi Herrera, Bióloga regente) RESPUESTA: Tal y como se indicó en la respuesta al hecho anterior, el distrito de Nosara no forma parte del área de concesión de JASEC en su condición de prestataria del servicio de distribución de electricidad. AGRAVIO SEXTO: Las electrocuciones de fauna silvestre provocan miles de muertes cada año en Costa Rica por el trauma directo, pero también de manera indirecta. En particular, en el caso de la población de monos Congo, considerando su comportamiento social, cuando un macho líder de la tropa muere, otro debe tomar su lugar, por lo que muchas veces este macho nuevo va a matar a las crías del macho que murió.
Así que la muerte del líder por electrocución desencadena otras muertes en este grupo. (Prueba documental 6, informe denominado 'Abordaje Veterinario de Electrocuciones en Fauna Silvestre con énfasis en el mono Congo en la península de Nicoya, emitido por el Dr. Francisco Sánchez Murillo) RESPUESTA: La extinción de las especies silvestres por electrocución afecta la calidad, continuidad y confiabilidad en el suministro del servicio eléctrico; por lo cual Jasec hace grandes esfuerzos para evitar y mitigar las pérdidas de vidas de la fauna en nuestra área servida. Para lograr este objetivo, se colocan dispositivos de protección en las redes eléctricas y en los postes, realiza limpieza de vegetación (descuaje). Además, como requisito nuevo, los desarrolladores inmobiliarios deben entregar las nuevas redes eléctricas con dispositivos de protección incorporados, según el caso en concreto. Las acciones antes descritas, son debidamente expuestas desde el folio 38 y siguientes.
AGRAVIO SÉTIMO: La Fundación Internacional Animal Recusé (sic) publicó en su sitio web una herramienta interactiva para la recolección de reportes accidentes de vida silvestre, incluyendo electrocución de animales (que, en su mayoría, corresponden a monos Congo). La herramienta denominada 'Mapa de Incidentes', accesible en el sitio web https://www.iarcostarica.Org/map-report/#/incident/map,recibe reportes de incidencias de todo el país y permite extraer estadísticas periódicas. Toda la información recopilada de los reportes que se realizan en todo el país es de acceso público. Estos datos no representan el número total de incidentes relacionados con lesiones de vida silvestre. No obstante, es un insumo esencial para visibilizar la afectación generada producto de incidencias de electrocución. (Prueba documental 7, imagen sobre mapa de incidentes) RESPUESTA: JASEC suministra anualmente a la Coordinación de Vida Silvestre del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC-MINAE), la información correspondiente sobre el número de víctimas según su especie, causa, fecha y lugar de los hechos incluyendo las coordenadas geográficas.
Los datos antes citados, son reportados en el formato oficial; los mismos, se pueden observarse en el folio 13 del expediente. AGRAVIO OCTAVO: A la fecha de interposición del presente recurso de amparo, se recopilan 316 incidentes de electrocución desde el año 2017. Cada reporte de manera individualizada especifica el tipo de incidente, una breve descripción de lo ocurrido la fecha de suceso. (Prueba documental 8, estadísticas de incidentes) RESPUESTA: JASEC reporta anualmente los incidentes presentados en sus redes eléctricas. En el caso concreto del año 2024, la mayor incidencia fue con zanates, palomas, seguidos de trepadores como la ardilla, zorros pelones y zarigüeyas, todos estos casos en el circuito Paraíso, ubicado fundamentalmente en el Cantón de Paraíso de la Provincia de Cartago. Los incidentes antes descritos y sus detalles pueden apreciarse en el folio 14 del expediente. Ante estos hechos, la empresa ha tomado las medidas pertinentes, tales como colocación de dispositivos anti-escalamiento, cobertores de silicón, forros de línea, cinta aislante y barreras electroestáticas.
Además, campañas de sensibilización internas, como externas. AGRAVIO NOVENO: De conformidad con la información que consta en el Sistema Integrado de Tramite de Denuncias Ambientales del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, a la fecha de interposición del presente recurso de amparo, en dicho sitio web se encuentran reportadas 565 denuncias por animales silvestres electrocutados. (Prueba documental 9, reporte del Sistema Integrado de Trámite de Denuncias Ambientales) RESPUESTA: JASEC a través de sus gestiones internas en su área de concesión, ha logrado colocar una mayor cantidad de dispositivos. Lo anterior, se refleja en una disminución significativa de 21.3 % las electrocuciones o salidas por fauna, según los reportes del periodo 2024 al 2025. Para mayores detalles, podemos ver el folio 10 del expediente, en este cuadro se corrobora que se instalaron aislantes eléctricos cobertor tipo poste, tubo aislante, barreras-repelente electroestático y aislantes eléctrico-cinta aislante.
Adicionalmente, podemos ver el folio 45 del expediente, en las ilustraciones se aprecian algunos tipos de dispositivos instalados en el afio 2023. En los folios 46 y 47 del expediente, se aprecian otros dispositivos y estadísticas del año 2024. AGRAVIO DÉCIMO: La cantidad de incidentes de electrocución permiten visibilizar con claridad una omisión del Estado en implementar de manera efectiva el marco normativo vigente referente a las medidas de prevención, mitigación y protección de la fauna silvestre, particularmente la población de monos Congo. El Poder Ejecutivo no ha implementado acciones efectivas para garantizar la mitigación y prevención de incidentes de electrocución. RESPUESTA: JASEC no es omisa en implementar el marco normativo vigente relativo a las medidas de prevención, mitigación y protección de la fauna silvestre. Para lograr estos objetivos, elaboró los debidos protocolos y ha tomado las medidas de prevención y mitigación estipulados en la guía supra citada.
Dentro de las medidas más significativas en el año 2024 ha sido la poda en 34,25 kilómetros de línea, alcanzando una protección de 436 kilómetros de red primaria. Lo anterior, es un dato de las conclusiones del informe anual 2024-2025, según el folio 16 del expediente. CONCLUSION Conforme a lo expuesto se puede concluir que JASEC, ha cumplido y sigue cumpliendo, con la Directriz del Poder Ejecutivo # 13-2018 del 23 de mayo de 2018, denominada: 'Guía para la prevención y mitigación de la electrocución de la fauna silvestre por tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica' en el área geográfica de su cobertura para la distribución y comercialización de energía eléctrica. Lo anterior, por cuanto se evidenció las acciones implementadas y el seguimiento a dichas medidas, las cuales son reportadas al ente rector de la materia en la periodicidad requerida por las normas previamente establecidas. JASEC cumple, con el Decreto Ejecutivo # 44329 del 15 de diciembre de 2023, denominado 'Oficialización de los instrumentos para la prevención y mitigación de la electrocución de fauna silvestre por tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica'.
Dado que tiene implementado los instructivos internes y externos, que sirven de instrumentos a los funcionarios y la sociedad civil para coadyuvar a la de prevención, mitigación y protección de la fauna silvestre. Así las cosas, queda claro que, en el presente expediente, JASEC ha cumplido con el ordenamiento jurídico aplicable en el caso concreto, relacionado con la protección a la fauna y flora de la vida silvestre en su área geográfica de cobertura; por lo que no se transgreden principios o derechos constitucionales”. Solicita que se declare sin lugar el recurso planteado.
Especie Nombre científico Casos Ardilla Syntheosciurus brochus 3 Zanate Quiscalus mexicanus 2 Zopilote (No determinado) 1 Pecho amarillo (Familia Tyrannidae) 1 Distritos con mayor ocurrencia:
Distrito Casos Pueblo Nuevo 2 San José 1 Cirri Sur 1 Volio 1 Tapezco 1 Zarcero 1 4. Análisis de Datos (enero–junio 2025) Durante el primer semestre de 2025, se documentaron 6 incidentes de electrocución de fauna silvestre, distribuidos de la siguiente forma:
Especies afectadas:
Especie Nombre científico Casos Ardilla Syntheosciurus brochus 3 Zanate Quiscalus mexicanus 2 Zopilote (No determinado) 1 Distritos con mayor ocurrencia:
Distrito Casos Pueblo Nuevo 1 San José 1 Cirri Sur 3 Volio 1 5. Plan de Acción: Segundo Semestre 2025 Como parte del compromiso continuo de Coopealfaroruiz R.L. con la protección de la fauna silvestre y la mitigación de riesgos en la red eléctrica, se ha definido un plan de acción específico para el segundo semestre del año 2025. Durante este período, se implementará un cronograma de trabajo orientado a dos ejes fundamentales: a) Instalación de dispositivos anti-escalamientos: Se tiene previsto la colocación de 40 dispositivos anti-escalamientos en estructuras estratégicamente seleccionadas. Estos dispositivos están diseñados para impedir el ascenso de fauna silvestre hacia componentes energizados, reduciendo así la probabilidad de electrocuciones accidentales. b) Finalización del descuaje de árboles cercanos a la red eléctrica: Se concluirán los trabajos de descuaje y poda de árboles que se encuentran próximos a la red de distribución eléctrica.
Esta labor busca eliminar rutas de acceso no deseadas para animales silvestres hacia los conductores y transformadores. Con la finalización de esta tarea, se alcanzará una cobertura del 100% en zonas priorizadas. Este esfuerzo no solo fortalece las acciones preventivas ya en marcha, sino que también responde a los lineamientos establecidos por la Guía Nacional para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de Fauna Silvestre, reafirmando el compromiso de la cooperativa con la sostenibilidad y la protección del ambiente que como empresa cooperativa de electrificación rural nos ha caracterizado siempre.6. Resultados y Beneficios esperados • Reducción progresiva de incidentes en zonas intervenidas.• Mejora del conocimiento técnico-operativo en el tema. • Cumplimiento normativo con la legislación ambiental costarricense.• Reforzamiento del compromiso ambiental de la cooperativa”. Solicita que se declare sin lugar el recurso planteado.
Redacta el Magistrado Castillo Víquez; y,
Considerando:
La parte recurrente acusa una omisión del Estado a la hora de implantar, de manera efectiva, el marco normativo vigente referente a las medidas de prevención, mitigación y protección contra la electrocución de la fauna silvestre, por entrañar una violación al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado como derecho fundamental, establecido en el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política. En concreto, afirma que, a pesar de la emisión de la Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre por Tendidos Eléctricos en Costa Rica —que está dirigida al ICE, CNFL, JASEC, ESPH, COOPELESCA, COOPEGUANACASTE, COOPEALFARO, COOPESANTOS S.R.L. y SETENA como gestores ambientales—, y del Decreto Ejecutivo N° 44329, denominado “Oficialización de los instrumentos para la prevención y mitigación de la electrocución de fauna silvestre por tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica”, lo cierto es que el Poder Ejecutivo no ha implantado acciones efectivas para garantizar la mitigación y prevención de incidentes de electrocución de fauna silvestre, en especial, en relación con el distrito de Nosara, en el Pacífico norte costarricense, en la cual se generan frecuentes reportes de electrocuciones de animales silvestres.
En particular, la parte accionante asevera que en la directriz antes citada se estableció lo siguiente: “Artículo 2º-Se insta a las empresas que brindan el servicio público de electricidad, o que brinden servicios para la instalación y distribución de líneas, a aplicar los protocolos y medidas de prevención y mitigación contenidos en la guía supra citada, de igual manera se insta a SETENA, los gestores ambientales, los regentes ambientales y los responsables ambientales en general, a prevenir y mitigar la electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre. Artículo 3º-Se insta a las empresas a las que se dirige la presente directriz y que brindan el Servicio Público de electricidad, a suministrar anualmente a la Coordinación de Vida Silvestre del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación la información correspondiente sobre el número de víctimas según su especie, causa, fecha y lugar de los hechos incluyendo coordenadas geográficas, daños generados a la red eléctrica y afectación al servicio público según las bases de datos e información pertinente generada por las empresas.
Artículo 6º- La pérdida de fauna silvestre en virtud del no acogimiento de la guía supra citada, podrá conllevar a la aplicación de las sanciones establecidas en la Ley de Conservación de la Fauna Silvestre N° 7317, la Ley de Biodiversidad N° 7788, la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N° 7554, sus Reglamentos y los Decretos Ejecutivos N° 31849 MINAE-MOPT-MAG-MEIC y N° 32079 MINAE-MOPT-MAG-MEIC”. Asimismo, el Decreto N° 44329-MINAE define las condiciones e instrumentos normativos para promover que la prestación del servicio público de electricidad respete la vida de todas las especies que habitan el país, cumpliendo así con los principios generales de conservación y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad. Dicho Decreto Ejecutivo, en su Considerando VIII, señala que la electrocución es un factor que contribuye a la extinción de especies silvestres. Esto también implica problemas de continuidad y calidad en el suministro del servicio eléctrico: “VIII.-Que un factor que contribuye a la extinción de las especies silvestres es la electrocución, trasformando esta problemática no solo en un tema ambiental por pérdidas de vidas e interrupción de ciclos naturales de las poblaciones, sino además en un tema de la calidad, continuidad y confiabilidad en el suministro del servicio eléctrico de los servicios públicos de electricidad, ocasionado por deterioro e interrupción del servicio público a los usuarios, daños en infraestructura y equipos.
Esto obliga al Estado a ver el problema de forma integral y generar herramientas con un mayor alcance”. El decreto, además, determina que es de alcance nacional para toda persona física o jurídica, pública o privada, concesionarias en las etapas de generación, trasmisión y distribución de electricidad en el territorio nacional, así como a las instancias con vinculación en trámites y autorizaciones, los gestores ambientales, los regentes y los responsables ambientales en general, son responsables de prevenir y mitigar la electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre. Se dispone que las empresas concesionarias de generación, trasmisión o distribución eléctrica deberán identificar de manera continua los “puntos calientes” de electrocución de fauna silvestre en la red eléctrica existente y de sus áreas de distribución, así como garantizar el uso, como mínimo, de las medidas establecidas en la versión más actualizada de la Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre para eliminar eliminar o reducir las ocurrencias.
El artículo 9 del decreto estipula que las empresas concesionarias de generación, trasmisión o de distribución eléctrica deberán priorizar la colocación de las medidas para mitigar y reducir la electrocución de fauna en las zonas identificadas como áreas ambientalmente frágiles, según la normativa vigente, utilizando como base las medidas establecidas en la versión más actualizada de la Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre en tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica para reducir la pérdida de biodiversidad. Finalmente, se incorporó como obligación para dichas empresas que, durante la fase de diseño de nuevos tendidos eléctricos o en tendidos existentes que se ubiquen en áreas ambientalmente frágiles, o con alta probabilidad de caída de árboles sobre la red, realicen la valoración técnica, ambiental y económica, para que se incluyan líneas subterráneas, cambios en los trazados o aislamiento completo de la red de distribución, para prevenir la pérdida de conectividad y biodiversidad.
En el mismo sentido, en la “Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre en tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica” se contemplan los mecanismos para la prevención y mitigación de electrocución de la fauna silvestre. Se realiza una descripción general de los dispositivos de protección y sus correspondientes especificaciones que deben ser consideradas en la red eléctrica. Dichos dispositivos son recomendados por la guía para ser aplicados en proyectos por construir (posterior a un análisis de impacto potencial de electrocución de fauna silvestre y de acuerdo a la propuesta de diseño civil) y, en aquellos proyectos ya en operación, cuando exista un claro potencial de electrocución de fauna silvestre. No obstante, según consta en los hechos del presente recurso de amparo y de conformidad con el siguiente apartado, pese a que existe una vasta regulación, esas normas no se están implantando en la práctica, ya que los incidentes de electrocución están aumentando.
Asimismo, debe considerarse que la información que recopilan las instituciones mencionadas no abarca la totalidad de incidentes que ocurren diariamente, así que existe un porcentaje de casos que no está siendo debidamente registrado y podría entrañar que las estadísticas de animales fallecidos o heridos por electrocución sea incluso mucho mayor. En este contexto, la parte accionante destaca la situación particular de la población de monos Congo de la zona de Nosara, toda vez que, considerando su comportamiento social, cuando un macho líder de la tropa muere, otro debe tomar su lugar, por lo que muchas veces el nuevo líder mata a las crías del macho que murió, así que la muerte del líder por electrocución desencadena otras muertes en el grupo.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque el recurrido haya omitido referirse a ellos según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
- Se compartió con todas las empresas una serie de capas sobre Corredores Biológicos, Refugios Climáticos y otras áreas ambientalmente frágiles.
- Se efectuó una reunión con el coordinador del Programa Nacional de Corredores Biológicos del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación para iniciar procesos de coordinación con grupos regionales y empresas de distribución eléctrica.
- ARESEP está proporcionando capas de información para los análisis espaciales que corresponden.
- Se formuló una solicitud de apoyo al ICE para que, por medio del Ing. Wilfredo Segura y el GES, se desarrollara un análisis para que las empresas implanten las siguientes medidas: levantamiento de información geográfica de las principales áreas ambientalmente frágiles (AAF), integrando lo descrito en la normativa vigente y, además, siguiendo criterios como: región de distribución de energía, áreas de conservación correspondientes, territorios municipales y otras clasificaciones administrativas que coadyuven a la prevención y mitigación de la electrocución de fauna silvestre por parte de todos los actores y partes interesadas.
- Identificación geográfica de “puntos calientes”, tomando como base y sin exclusión de otros parámetros de interés: la presencia de especies amenazadas, migratoria, etc.; incidencia de electrocución; cableados eléctricos o subestaciones de reducción o procesos fenológicos como floración, fructificación u otros que podrían estar relacionados con el movimiento de las especies arborícolas o planes reguladores.
- Diseño de una metodología estandarizada para la determinación de los “puntos calientes”, que pueda ser replicada por las empresas distribuidoras eléctricas y otros actores involucrados que así lo requieran, a fin de poder compararlas adecuadamente y tener información sobre los avances de implantación de medidas.
- Generación de modelos visuales que aporten información que apoye la toma de decisiones para prevenir la pérdida de conectividad, o en su defecto, identificar áreas urgentes de rehabilitar y áreas de importancia para la conectividad, enfocada al mantenimiento de la biodiversidad; todo esto mediante metodologías estandarizadas que puedan ser replicadas por las empresas distribuidoras eléctricas y otras partes interesadas (informes).
- Realizar un proceso de socialización de la tercera edición de la guía y su relación con el decreto.
- Compartir y enfocar fuertemente hacia los materiales que se han desarrollado desde Costa Rica Silvestre para prevenir, mitigar y atender las interacciones entre las actividades humanas que generan pérdida de biodiversidad, en busca de los actores regionales sean un canal con comunidades y grupos otros grupos organizados.
- Desarrollar un mecanismo regional con los actores participantes para establecer alianzas y mecanismos de coordinación regional para la atención de impactos en la biodiversidad (reconexión, rehabilitación de hábitat, atención a eventos de electrocución, construcción de pasos de fauna, etc.), procesos de coordinación con Centros de Rescate para la atención de los animales heridos y huérfanos y mecanismos de integración regional (GESR) y Plan de trabajo (GESR) liderado por la empresa (informes).
“Los datos de cantidad de animales electrocutados indican según la información generada por la organización Salvémonos hasta el 2024, indica una mejoría en la prevención de electrocuciones y de atención de las causas puntuales de cada caso, dado que, en este momento, cada vez que ocurre un incidente, se visita el lugar en conjunto SINAC, empresa electrificadora y ONG, se valora las causas que lo generó y en toman las decisiones con miras a que no ocurra de nuevo una electrocución. No obstante, el problema de la electrocución de fauna está lejos de desaparecer.
(…)
Los monos Congo son una especie habituada a hábitats fragmentados por lo que es normal encontrarla cerca de poblaciones humanas. Cuando estas poblaciones humanas se expanden y ocurre corta de árboles para dar espacio a nueva infraestructura, se modifican las rutas que las tropas utilizan por lo que ocurren electrocuciones, en la mayoría de las ocasiones, sobre líneas eléctricas que fueron construidas décadas atrás. A esto se debe agregar las nuevas líneas eléctricas que se construyen para proyectos nuevos, las cuales en el caso de Nosara, el ICE las construye con cableado desnudo, generando nuevos sitios con riesgo de electrocución. Con la entrada en vigor del Decreto Ejecutivo N° 44329-MINAE, la dinámica de esta comisión se ha estado reconsiderando en el sentido de que el art. 6 de dicho decreto indica: Artículo 6º-Las empresas concesionarias de generación, trasmisión o distribución eléctrica deberán implementar todas las acciones necesarias para prevenir la fragmentación de los ecosistemas por la red eléctrica, según lo establecido en la última versión de la Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre en tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica para reducir la pérdida de biodiversidad.
En este sentido, se recibió la recomendación por miembros del grupo de trabajo 'Electrificación Sostenible' (GES) de que dichas sesiones debían ser propuestas y coordinadas por las empresas electrificadoras que operan en la zona, por lo que durante el 2025, el rol del SINAC como coordinador de la comisión conformada mediante la resolución ACT-OR-DR-037-2021, quedó en pausa. En cuanto a las acciones que se proponen para prevenir y atender la electrocución de fauna arborícola, en el plazo de tres meses se implementarán las siguientes actividades: 1. Evaluar el grado de cumplimiento del plan de trabajo establecido en el 2021 para la Comisión para la Prevención y Atención de Electrocuciones de Fauna, con Especial Atención del Mono Congo (Alouatta Palliata). 2. Actualizar el plan de acción para la prevención y atención de electrocuciones de fauna arborícola para el Área de Conservación Tempisque, incluyendo un componente para la zona de Nosara de Nicoya. 3. Brindar seguimiento a las acciones que las empresas electrificadoras ejecuten en esta materia…” (ver informes).
En el sub lite, la parte recurrente acusa una omisión del Estado a la hora de implantar, de manera efectiva, el marco normativo vigente referente a las medidas de prevención, mitigación y protección contra la electrocución de la fauna silvestre, por entrañar una violación al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado como derecho fundamental, establecido en el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política. En concreto, afirma que, a pesar de la emisión de la Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre por Tendidos Eléctricos en Costa Rica y del Decreto Ejecutivo N° 44329, denominado “Oficialización de los instrumentos para la prevención y mitigación de la electrocución de fauna silvestre por tendidos eléctricos en Costa Rica”, lo cierto es que el Poder Ejecutivo no ha implantado acciones efectivas para garantizar la mitigación y prevención de incidentes de electrocución de fauna silvestre, en especial, en relación con el distrito de Nosara, en el Pacífico norte costarricense, en la cual se generan frecuentes reportes de electrocuciones de animales silvestres.
En este contexto, la parte accionante destaca la situación particular de la población de monos Congo de la zona de Nosara. Sin embargo, de los informes y el elenco de hechos probados, se colige que las Autoridades recurridas sí han estado implantando un conjunto muy amplio de medidas para evitar incidentes de electrocución de la fauna silvestre, incluyendo la instalación de obras de infraestructura como dispositivos dieléctricos sobre elementos conductores, cobertores aislantes en transformadores y líneas expuestas, y la colocación de barreras antiescalamiento, así como la realización de podas preventivas y la limpieza de trochas. Además, se hacen esfuerzos para recolectar y procesar la información de estos incidentes con el fin de identificar “puntos calientes”, mismos que, según la Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre por Tendidos Eléctricos en Costa Rica, son:
“Puntos calientes: Son aquellas ubicaciones particulares que serán más propensas a que se presenten electrocuciones de vida silvestre debido a una o varias de las siguientes características: condiciones del paisaje (por ejemplo, proximidad y densidad de tendidos eléctricos o a la presencia de parches de bosques o corredores con árboles), factores de comportamiento (por ejemplo, rutas habitualmente utilizadas por la fauna silvestre) o factores demográficos (por ejemplo, zonas con mayores densidades de especies de fauna silvestre) (Katsis 2018)” (consultar el Glosario de la de la Guía para la Prevención y Mitigación de la Electrocución de la Fauna Silvestre por Tendidos Eléctricos en Costa Rica).
A ello se le suma que la parte recurrente formula sus alegaciones en términos muy generales, sin indicar cabalmente cuáles omisiones concretas estarían causando los problemas que pretende denunciar, ni dónde han ocurrido. Tan así es, que, en lo tocante a los monos congo, el área de cobertura de distribución eléctrica de muchas de las empresas públicas recurridas ni siquiera abarca al distrito de Nosara, que la parte recurrente pretende resaltar en su escrito inicial.
En este punto, debe mencionarse que las Autoridades recurridas contradicen el alegato de que el número de incidentes por electrocución de monos congo esté aumentando, pues según el oficio CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, los datos de la cantidad de animales electrocutados, según la información generada por la organización Salvémonos hasta el año 2024, denotaban una mejoría en la prevención de electrocuciones y de atención de las causas puntuales de cada caso. En cuanto al distrito de Nosara, se informa además que el SINAC creó una comisión para la prevención y atención de electrocuciones de fauna, con especial atención al caso del mono congo, a fin de abordar esa problemática. Asimismo, se indica que el ICE ha fortalecido su capacidad de respuesta institucional ante incidentes, valiéndose de una coordinación directa con centros especializados en el rescate de fauna silvestre como el centro de rescate Wildlife Rescue Center, anteriormente conocido como Zooave, a través de la ONG “Somos Congos”.
Por ello, en lo tocante a los monos congos, lo único que la Sala advierte es que, en su informe, el señor ministro de Ambiente y Energía citó el oficio CARTA-SINAC-ACT-OR-DR-DT-1079-2025, en el cual se había indicado que las nuevas líneas eléctricas que el ICE construye para proyectos nuevos, en el caso de Nosara, eran construidas con cableado desnudo y generaban nuevos sitios con riesgo de electrocución. Como no se indica que el ICE esté tomando medidas para solucionar ese problema concreto, corresponde declarar con lugar el recurso únicamente por dicho extremo, y desestimar los demás.
En el sub lite, con el respeto acostumbrado, diferimos del criterio de la mayoría y estimamos que lo procedente es continuar la tramitación del recurso.
Recuérdese que en el memorial de interposición se reclama la omisión del Estado en cuanto a la implementación de medidas de prevención, mitigación y protección de la fauna silvestre en cuanto a electrocuciones, lo que afecta el ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Por ello, la parte accionante solicita que se le ordene al Poder Ejecutivo: “Presentar ante el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) un plan de atención del problema de electrocuciones de fauna arborícola, priorizando el distrito de Nosara. Este plan debe ser analizado y tramitado con celeridad por parte de SINAC, de modo que esté en ejecución a más tardar en el plazo de seis meses a partir de la notificación de la sentencia dictada en este caso”. Adicionalmente, en el informe vertido por el ministro de Ambiente y Energía se explicó que el SINAC creó una comisión para la prevención y atención de electrocuciones de fauna con especial atención del mono Congo en la península de Nicoya.
En virtud de lo anterior, estimamos que, previo a resolver lo que en derecho corresponde, resulta indispensable requerir un informe al director ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, sobre los hechos alegados por la parte recurrente.
La protección a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, en el Ordenamiento Jurídico Costarricense, está tutelado no solo en el artículo 50, de la Constitución Política, sino también en una serie de leyes y decretos ejecutivos (reglamentos) vigentes, tales como la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley N° 7554 de 4 de octubre de 1995; la Ley de Biodiversidad, Ley N° 7788 de 30 de abril de 1998; la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, Ley N° 7317 de 21 de octubre de 1992; y el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849 de 24 de mayo de 2004, Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), para citar solo algunos. Esto hace necesario, en materia ambiental, separar el control de constitucionalidad del control de legalidad. En este sentido, es criterio del suscrito que esta Sala, por vía de amparo, solo debe conocer un asunto en que se alega violación al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, si la Administración no ha intervenido aún y cuando la violación a ese derecho sea manifiesta y evidente, de fácil constatación, de cierta importancia o gravedad y que afecte, de forma directa, a alguna persona o comunidad en concreto.
De lo contrario, el tema debe plantearse y discutirse en la vía de legalidad. Por ello, el simple incumplimiento de obligaciones y deberes impuestos legalmente a las diversas administraciones públicas en materia ambiental es propio de ser conocido en la vía de legalidad –administrativa o jurisdiccional-, donde, con mucha mayor amplitud, podrán fiscalizarse los incumplimientos u omisiones que se acusen. Debe tenerse presente que el recurso de amparo es un proceso sumario, informal, sencillo y rápido, de manera tal, que desde el momento mismo en que la Administración interviene en un asunto ambiental, en ejercicio de sus competencias, y sustancia un procedimiento, con el dictado de actos administrativos, su conocimiento resulta ajeno al ámbito de acción de esta jurisdicción especializada. Por ello, la revisión de las actuaciones administrativas llevadas a cabo en torno a un tema ambiental que requiera, para su correcta valoración, de un proceso de conocimiento pleno, solo es posible en la jurisdicción ordinaria, toda vez que el diseño del proceso de amparo es incompatible con la contrastación o revisión de criterios técnicos o jurídicos elaborados al amparo de las normas legales o reglamentarias vigentes o con la evacuación de nuevos y mayores elementos de convicción necesarios para la contrastación o revisión de los criterios que ya consten en el expediente administrativo del caso.
Lo contrario implicaría transformar el amparo en un proceso ordinario de pleno conocimiento, con lo cual se desnaturalizaría y se tornarían nugatorios los fines para los cuales ha sido diseñado, con lo cual, perdería, su condición de instrumento para la tutela eficaz de los derechos fundamentales. Como consecuencia de lo anterior, estimo que cuando un ente u órgano público ha intervenido, en diversas formas, o ha dictado actos administrativos en relación con un asunto ambiental, su conocimiento y fiscalización corresponde a la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo. Es, precisamente, la verificación de la existencia de esa intervención administrativa lo que determina que el asunto sea competencia de la vía legalidad. En consecuencia, este recurso debió haberse rechazado de plano en cuanto a este extremo se refiere, ya que su objeto es una cuestión propia de ser discutida, analizada y resuelta en la vía de legalidad.
Empero, como no se hizo así, lo procedente es declararlo sin lugar, sin hacer pronunciamiento alguno con respecto al fondo de la cuestión planteada por corresponderle a la jurisdicción ordinaria, en específico, a la contencioso-administrativa, determinar si las actuaciones y conductas administrativas acusadas se ajustan o no, en sustancia, a lo preceptuado en el ordenamiento jurídico de rango legal, en cuanto a la protección, tutela y conservación del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el 'Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial', aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara CON LUGAR el recurso, únicamente contra el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad y el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, en su carácter de ente rector en esta materia, en relación con la problemática que enfrenta la población de monos congo en el distrito de Nosara. Se ordena a Marco Acuña Mora, en su condición de presidente ejecutivo y Ányelo Gerald Vargas Hernández, en su condición de jefe División Distribución y Comercialización, ambos del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, y a Franz Tattenbach Capra, en su calidad de ministro de Ambiente y Energía, o a quienes ocupen esos cargos, que en el término máximo e improrrogable de SEIS MESES, contado a partir de la notificación de esta resolución, implanten las medidas necesarias para corregir el problema presente en las líneas eléctricas que el ICE ha construido en el distrito de Nosara con cableado desnudo. En lo demás, se declara sin lugar el recurso.
Se les advierte a dichas autoridades, o a quienes ocupen sus cargos, que de no acatar la orden dicha, incurrirá en el delito de desobediencia y, que de conformidad con el artículo 71 de la Ley de esta jurisdicción, se le impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Se condena al Estado y al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. Los magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal salvan el voto y disponen continuar con la tramitación del recurso, a fin de requerir un informe al director ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación.
El magistrado Salazar Alvarado salva el voto en forma parcial y declara sin lugar el recurso, en cuanto a la acusada violación del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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