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Res. 07827-2024 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 22/03/2024
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber suspends the amparo proceeding until constitutionality action No. 22-001372-0007-CO, challenging articles 7 and 9 of the water-use royalty decree DE-32868-MINAE, is resolved.La Sala Constitucional suspende la tramitación del recurso de amparo hasta que se resuelva la acción de inconstitucionalidad N° 22-001372-0007-CO, que impugna los artículos 7 y 9 del DE-32868-MINAE sobre el canon de aprovechamiento de aguas.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber hears an amparo filed against AyA, MAG, MINAE, MIDEPLAN, and SENARA regarding the PAACUME megaproject. The petitioner challenges the project’s financial viability, the alteration of the water regime, the impact on Lomas de Barbudal Biological Reserve (a Ramsar site), and the discriminatory water-use royalty set by Executive Decree DE-32868-MINAE. Specifically, the small royalty paid by large agricultural irrigators is contrasted with the potential burden on drinking-water users. The Chamber notes that a constitutionality action (exp. 22-001372-0007-CO) is underway, challenging articles 7 and 9 of that very Decree. Therefore, it suspends the amparo proceeding until that constitutional challenge is resolved, pursuant to Article 48 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law.La Sala Constitucional conoce un recurso de amparo interpuesto contra AyA, MAG, MINAE, MIDEPLAN y SENARA por el proyecto PAACUME (Agua para la Bajura). El recurrente cuestiona la viabilidad financiera del megaproyecto, la alteración del régimen hídrico, la afectación a la Reserva Biológica Lomas de Barbudal (sitio Ramsar), y la aparente discriminación tarifaria en el canon de aprovechamiento de aguas fijado por decreto ejecutivo (DE-32868-MINAE). En particular, denuncia que los grandes usuarios de riego agrícola pagan canon ínfimo mientras se planifica trasladar los altos costos del proyecto a los usuarios del servicio de agua potable. La Sala advierte que mediante expediente N° 22-001372-0007-CO se tramita una acción de inconstitucionalidad que impugna precisamente los artículos 7 y 9 del Decreto cuestionado, por lo que ordena suspender la tramitación del amparo hasta que se resuelva dicha acción, de conformidad con el artículo 48 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
Key excerptExtracto clave
SOLE CONSIDERANDO.- In the case under study, the petitioner claims that before carrying out a project such as PAACUME 2022, economic and financial feasibility studies are required. He claims that in the case of concessions granted by MINAE, the water-use royalty is set by Decree. In other words, the Executive Branch can modify it whenever it wishes, so as to end the collection of 14 and 18 centavos de colón per m3 from large, powerful estate owners. He alleges that the association he represents filed, and is awaiting resolution of, the constitutionality action being processed under file No. 22-001372-0007-CO, in which the abnormal and illegal discrepancy in the amount of the irrigation royalty was raised (specifically challenging articles 7 and 9 of DE-32868-MINAE — Water-Use Royalty). He asks the respondent entities to rule on the appropriateness of applying differentiated rates, increasing as the volume consumed for irrigation rises. He argues that the higher the flow, the higher the royalty. He adds that the disparities are very large, both in volume and in price. However, given that the cited rule is being challenged in the constitutionality action being processed under file No. 22-001372-0007-CO as indicated above, this Chamber deems it appropriate to suspend the processing of this amparo appeal until that proceeding is resolved, as provided by Article 48 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law. THEREFORE: The processing of this amparo appeal is suspended until the constitutionality action being processed under file No. 22-001372-0007-CO is resolved.ÚNICO.- En el caso en estudio, la parte recurrente reclama que previo a la realización de un proyecto como PAACUME 2022 se requieren estudios de factibilidad económica y financiera. Reclama que en el caso de las concesiones otorgadas por MINAE el canon de aprovechamiento se fija por Decreto. Es decir, el Poder Ejecutivo puede modificarlo cuando quiera, para terminar con el cobro 14 y 18 centavos de colón por m 3 a los grandes y poderosos finqueros. Alega que la asociación que representa presentó y está pendiente de resolución la acción de inconstitucionalidad que se tramita en el expediente N° 22-001372-0007-CO, en la que se planteó la anormal e ilegal diferencia en el monto del canon del riego (se cuestiona específicamente los artículos 7 y 9 del DE-32868-MINAE - Canon por concepto de aprovechamiento de aguas-). Solicita a los entes recurridos que se pronuncien sobre la conveniencia de aplicar tarifas diferenciadas, ascendentes según aumente el volumen consumido para riego. Arguye que a mayor caudal, canon más alto. Añade que las diferencias son muy grandes, tanto en volumen como en precio. Ahora bien, dado que la norma de cita se encuentra impugnada en la acción de inconstitucionalidad que se tramita bajo el expediente N° 22-001372-0007-CO como se indicó ut supra, esta Sala considera procedente suspender la tramitación de este recurso de amparo, hasta tanto no sea resuelto dicho proceso, conforme lo dispuesto por el artículo 48 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. POR TANTO: Se suspende la tramitación de este recurso de amparo, hasta tanto no sea resuelta la acción de inconstitucionalidad que se tramita bajo el expediente N° 22-001372-0007-CO.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Ahora bien, dado que la norma de cita se encuentra impugnada en la acción de inconstitucionalidad que se tramita bajo el expediente N° 22-001372-0007-CO como se indicó ut supra, esta Sala considera procedente suspender la tramitación de este recurso de amparo, hasta tanto no sea resuelto dicho proceso, conforme lo dispuesto por el artículo 48 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional."
"However, given that the cited rule is being challenged in the constitutionality action being processed under file No. 22-001372-0007-CO as indicated above, this Chamber deems it appropriate to suspend the processing of this amparo appeal until that proceeding is resolved, as provided by Article 48 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law."
Considerando Único
"Ahora bien, dado que la norma de cita se encuentra impugnada en la acción de inconstitucionalidad que se tramita bajo el expediente N° 22-001372-0007-CO como se indicó ut supra, esta Sala considera procedente suspender la tramitación de este recurso de amparo, hasta tanto no sea resuelto dicho proceso, conforme lo dispuesto por el artículo 48 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional."
Considerando Único
"Se suspende la tramitación de este recurso de amparo, hasta tanto no sea resuelta la acción de inconstitucionalidad que se tramita bajo el expediente N° 22-001372-0007-CO."
"The processing of this amparo appeal is suspended until the constitutionality action being processed under file No. 22-001372-0007-CO is resolved."
Por Tanto
"Se suspende la tramitación de este recurso de amparo, hasta tanto no sea resuelta la acción de inconstitucionalidad que se tramita bajo el expediente N° 22-001372-0007-CO."
Por Tanto
Full documentDocumento completo
Date of Resolution: March 22, 2024 at 09:20 Type of matter: Amparo appeal SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at nine hours twenty minutes on March twenty-second, two thousand twenty-four.
Amparo appeal processed in expediente No. 23-019417-0007-CO, filed by GAD AMIT KAUFMAN, residence ID 137600015818, on behalf of ASOCIACIÓN CONFRATERNIDAD GUANACASTECA, legal ID 3002395766, against the INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (AYA), THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK (MAG), THE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY (MINAE), THE MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING AND ECONOMIC POLICY (MIDEPLAN) AND THE SERVICIO NACIONAL DE RIESGO Y AVENAMIENTO (SENARA).
Whereas:
In relation to the appellant's allegations, this Office proceeds to provide a report in the following terms: This Ministry is the governing body of the Environment and Energy Sector, and has competencies for the management of the country's water resources under the development and application of general principles in harmony with the laws of other State institutions and national objectives, for the benefit of Costa Rican society. Through the Dirección de Agua, as the Technical Body of this Ministry for the management and conservation of the National Water Resource. The project called PAACUME, approved by Law No. 9610 called: Modification of the Limits of the Lomas de Barbudal Biological Reserve for the development of the Water Supply Project for the Middle Tempisque River Basin and Coastal Communities (Proyecto de Abastecimiento de Agua para la Cuenca Media del Río Tempisque y Comunidades Costeras), published in Scope 199 of the Gazette of November 23, 2018, states for clarity purposes in numerals 5 and 6 the following: “ARTICLE 5- The area of the Río Piedras Reservoir (Embalse Río Piedras), which includes the buffer zone (anillo de protección), forms an integral part of the Water Supply Project for the Middle Tempisque River Basin and Coastal Communities (Paacume) that will be developed by the Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (Senara), which will allow the storage and regulation of water from the Arenal Dengo Sandillal Hydroelectric Complex (Ardesa) with subsequent conveyance and equitable distribution to supply the needs of agricultural productive consumption, hydroelectric generation, tourism promotion, and population supply, the latter through the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA), in addition to those other activities that are necessary for the fulfillment of the objectives proposed by Paacume.
Of the fee (canon) that the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Minae) charges users for the concept of water use and exploitation, fifty percent (50%) will be allocated to the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (Sinac) for the implementation of the General Plan for Sustainable and Rational Use Management (Plan General de Manejo de Uso Sostenible y Racional). ARTICLE 6- Once the construction works are completed and the Río Piedras Reservoir is put into operation by the Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (Senara), the reservoir area, which includes the buffer zone, will constitute a wetland ecosystem administered by the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (Sinac) and in accordance with the provisions of article 33 of Law No. 7575, Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), of February 13, 1996. There must be strict coordination with Senara for the use of water according to the various required uses.
The Executive Power, through SINAC, will carry out the necessary studies to grant said space a management category, which must not conflict with the use given to the water resulting from the Water Supply Project for the Middle Tempisque River Basin and Coastal Communities (Paacume). For the preparation of the General Plan for Sustainable and Rational Use Management, a commission will be formed with representation from Sinac, Senara, and the Municipality of Bagaces.” Now, in relation to what was alleged, the appellant points out that the project is not to meet the urgent obligations of AYA but to favor a few water users, that instead of AYA investing in infrastructure within PAACUME, it could capture water from the Tempisque without implying a millionaire cost. Likewise, he argues that CATSA has a concession for 5750 liters per second from the Tempisque River, and pays 14 cents of a colón per m³ and that AyA wants to charge them at least 11 colones and 53 cents, to the national heritage or comprehensive and sustainable economic development.
In accordance with the above, this issue will be addressed by AYA, however, it is noted that to date, AYA has not requested from this Ministry any potential water intake registration from the Tempisque River. The monitoring and control work that the Dirección de Aguas has carried out for years for this river is presented to this honorable Court. Monitoring and control that has generated multiple technical reports that are attached as evidence and that are also available on the official website of the Dirección de Aguas www.da.go.cr. That being so, through memorandum DA-2165-2023 of September 19, 2023, signed by the Director of the Dirección de Aguas, José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, he stated: "For its part, an updated study was carried out, official letter DAUHTPNOB-0169-2017 of March 31, 2017, and it dealt with the availability of water under normal conditions in the Tempisque River. This makes an analysis in which the design flow rate measured at the height of the hydrometric station in Guardia is used (data from the ICE station number 741901, data period from the years 1951-1969, 1980-2010), measurements that are affected by the flow rate assigned in the concessions (concesiones) upstream of the control point (Guardia station), as it is assumed that the water uses are being utilized as indicated in each of the concession rights.
In accordance with the above, there is an average monthly flow rate that must pass through the control point, which corresponds to the most representative data of the flow rate series that allows for greater security when ensuring water distribution, resolving availability month by month. For the distribution of the available water flow rate, the environmental flow rate is subtracted to ensure that it prevails downstream in the river, and the downstream concession flow rate is subtracted. To the aforementioned, the impact of the warm phase of the El Niño phenomenon (ENSO in its warm phase) must be integrated, which generates a great impact on the North Pacific; focused on the Tempisque River basin, which is characterized by being susceptible to dry and rainy extremes, accordingly, the application of a methodology for adapting its use in the presence of the El Niño phenomenon corresponding to the dry phase of ENSO is analyzed.
On the other hand, the Dirección de Agua, as the Technical Body of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, for the management and conservation of the National Water Resource, carries out a hydrological analysis in the basin, considering not only the Tempisque River as the main current, but also its tributaries in the upper basin area with the objective of evaluating the actual water availability in the basin, to resolve considering the current concessions (concesiones) and the concession renewal applications that are in process. It is important to note, for the purposes of this analysis, that only historical rights were considered, and new applications for the use of water resources in the Tempisque are not contemplated. Likewise, to carry out the environmental flow rate analysis, the study carried out by the World Conservation Union (UICN) is taken as a basis, resumed in official letter IMN-DA-2391-2005, which shows the monthly environmental flow rate that the source must have from the Guardia bridge to its mouth in the Gulf of Nicoya as indicated in the Forestry Magazine (Revista Forestal) (Costa Rica) 5 (13) (Alvarado, 2008).
It is important to note that there is no other reliable scientific source on environmental flow rate, for which reason the data established in the UICN study constitutes a truthful piece of data, with scientific support for the proposal, taking as a basis for its establishment the aforementioned control point. Currently, the Dirección de Agua signed an agreement with the Agricultural Engineering School of the Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica for the analysis regarding the environmental flow rate in this river, among others, which will allow greater detail once concluded. That in relation to the analysis of availability in a drought scenario, the analysis was carried out considering the effects caused by the warm phase of the ENSO Phenomenon. For this, the data presented by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is taken as a basis, which establishes the indicator called the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI); being an indicator that is handled on a general scale worldwide.
However, notwithstanding the above, for Costa Rica the Institution in charge of issuing the alert and projections is the Instituto Meteorológico Nacional (IMN), for which the warnings issued by the IMN will be taken as official. That the methodology defined in the cited study for the analysis of the concessions, starts from three scenarios: when the El Niño Phenomenon is categorized in a moderate state: 1. If the gauging measurements (aforos) or the record are Equal to or Greater than 14.90 m3/s, no hydrological impact is presented, considering it a normal average flow rate. 2. If the gauging measurements or the record are Less than 14.90 m3/s and Greater than or equal to 10.40 m3/s, abnormal conditions with minimum flow rates with a moderate hydrological impact will be considered. 3. If the gauging measurements or the record are Less than 10.40 m3/s and Greater than or equal to 9.80 m3/s, abnormal conditions with minimum flow rates with a strong hydrological impact will be considered. 4.
If the gauging measurements or the record are Less than 9.80 m3/s and greater than or equal to 6.00 m3/s, abnormal conditions with minimum flow rates with a very strong hydrological impact will be considered. In detail we can represent it as follows: 1) If the average flow rate corresponding to the month of January is equal to or greater than 14.90 m3/s, no percentage reduction is applied and the concession conditions are maintained according to the flow rate assigned for each month (tables are inserted)...". "... In accordance with what was indicated, two variables are presented to adjust the concession flow rate in the source: the first which would be the ONI ranges and their respective design flow rates, and the second the record of flow rates from the Station and instantaneous gauging measurements in the months of December and January at the site carried out by the Dirección de Agua as part of the control management (product of the Guardia station or manual gauging measurements).
For either of the two variables, the starting point must be to maintain at all times the environmental flow rate that was proposed in official letter IMN-DA-2391-2005, which is 6400 liters per second in the month of January, 5200 liters per second in February, 3600 liters per second in the month of March, 3200 liters per second in April, and 3400 liters per second in May. On the other hand, according to the data obtained and analyzed as set forth and gauging measurements of the Dirección de Agua, in the months of January, February, March, and April there is a water deficit which must be recovered. To compensate for this deficit and manage to recover the environmental flow rate of the Tempisque River, all concessions must be adjusted, calculating the percentage that the deficit represents of the total concession flow rate of the Tempisque and its tributaries. To achieve the above, all the flow rates of the concessions of the Tempisque River and its tributaries upstream of Guardia that are in process were adjusted, in the following percentages and according to the months of use: 4% for the month of January, 20% for the month of February, 25% for the month of March, and 31% for the month of April.
The other months of the year do not undergo modifications. This flow rate reduction is carried out based on the data that is broken down in technical report DA-UHTPNOL-1125-2018, added to the expediente. Technical Report DA-UHTPNOB-0394-2017 of June 30, 2017, called “Adaptation to climate change of the concessions of the Tempisque River Warm phase of the ENSO phenomenon” was also issued, in order to generate scientific alternatives so that the water rights and their use regarding the availability of water in the Tempisque River can face climate variability according to the increasingly frequent behavior of the Warm El Niño Southern Oscillation Phenomenon (ENSO). As a complement to the aforementioned studies, the technical analysis official letter DA-UHTPNOL-1125-2018 of December 21, 2018, called "Comprehensive analysis of the Tempisque River and its main tributaries for the recovery of the environmental flow rate and to integrate the adaptation methodology for the warm phase of the ENSO phenomenon." is carried out.
The main objective of the study is to adjust current and future water rights according to the current water availability, in addition to establishing the environmental flow rate, and the water use scenario in conditions where the presence of El Niño (ENSO warm phase) occurs, all on a monthly basis and with a control point at the Guardia Hydrometric Station. And it is based on these studies and given the need to ensure the environmental flow rate in the Tempisque River, through official letter DAUHTPNOL-0220-2019 of April 22, 2019, prepared by Eng. Leonardo Solano Romero, Coordinator of the Liberia Regional Office that serves the Tempisque Hydrological Unit of the Dirección de Agua of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, he proposed before the office of the undersigned, the implementation of the instrument called "Implementation protocol for the potential adjustment of flow rates in concessions in light of the decrease in the availability of water resources in the Tempisque River, in the presence of the El Niño phenomenon." For this, the following indicators would be used: - Presence of the El Niño phenomenon - ONI Alert - Gauging measurements (Aforos) carried out in the months of December and January of each year corresponding to the transition from the rainy to the dry season. - Comparison of record flow rates with the aforementioned gauging measurements.
Regarding the flow rate, the monthly average of the Guardia Station record will be considered as the baseline and the gauging measurements will correspond to the measurements that the Dirección de Agua can carry out in the month of December and January of each year, which corresponds to the beginning of the dry season in the region, in order to define whether or not there is a decrease in the flow rate in the river. The control point will be the Hydrometric Station of the Tempisque River currently operated by AyA at the height of Guardia. Once the indicated criteria have been proven and there is certainty of the decrease in the flow rate, an application of temporary adjustment of the concessioned flow rates is foreseen, in accordance with study DA-UHTPNOL-1125-2018 and DA-UHTPNOL-220-2019, starting from the months of February, March, April, and May as applicable, these being the months according to historical records that face the greatest decreases in available flow rate and reflect critical data in the ENSO season.
As a complement to the cited reports, DAUHTPNOL-0220-2019 of April 22, 2019, was issued, with which it is reported, in addition to the methodology included, the following: “…By official communication in the first week of February; with public notification and also the concessionaire directly notified, the alert and application of the respective adjustments will be arranged, so that the adjustments are applied in the diversions immediately. The Dirección de Agua will carry out the usual periodic and systematic control of the authorized water intakes, and will also carry out flow rate measurements at the control point during the months of February, March, and April in order to monitor the behavior of availability and use. In addition, gauging measurements (aforos) will be carried out during the dry season (época de estiaje) from December to April of each year in the main tributary rivers of the Tempisque River in order to better specify the behavior in the middle and upper basin regarding the availability of water both in the main river and in the tributaries themselves.” The protocol was approved by the undersigned director of Water of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, Engineer José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, through official letter DA-0948-2019 of July 17, 2019, and was launched.
As can be observed, the management of the Tempisque River is not simple; it is not a matter of addition and subtraction as the appellant presents it, who, moreover, leaves aside the productive, socio-economic part of the province of Guanacaste, as if this were not paired with human development. As you can realize, a series of very serious, technical, and scientific studies have been carried out, studies that are available to the appellant for reading." Therefore, the Dirección de Agua implements a novel methodology to address periods of hydrological drought in the Tempisque River basin; enabling technical-scientific elements have been incorporated into the resolutions of the concessions so that when the criteria set forth in the protocol appear, water use can be carried out in accordance with the water availability resulting from the drought; if there is no drought, ordinary use can be made according to the studies that support it.
In this way, climate variability and the behavior of availability according to climate change are integrated into the water concessions of the Tempisque River. Likewise, monthly control is carried out by officials of the Liberia office of the Dirección de Agua. Regarding the cost of water, the manner in which it is charged, the discrepancy that the appellant has regarding the application of DE-32868-MINAE, and its reforms. And as a result of that, the disagreement and challenge for the non-application of article 172 of the Water Law (Ley de Aguas). This Ministry has demonstrated technically and legally, how the operator of the norm manages to implement the appropriate legal instrument, according to the legal figure through which the authorization from the Public Administration to use the water is obtained, this is the concession (concesión). It is explained to this honorable Chamber that the cost of water concessioned by this Ministry through the Technical Body, is expressly contained in DE-32868-MINAE, being an economic instrument that took many years of debate with all interested sectors, including the AyA.
This modification or analysis or update of use fee (canon de aprovechamiento) costs, however one wishes to define it, is halted by direct action of the appellant himself, who has prevented it from moving forward. Remember once again that it was he who filed the unconstitutionality action expediente 22-001372-0007-CO, through which articles 7 and 9 of DE-32868-MINAE and its reforms are specifically questioned. This amparo appeal is being heard by this Tribunal in the cited expediente. On the issue of lack of accounting for illegal wells, the appellant is informed that work has been done with the Asociaciones de Acueducto y Alcantarillados Comunales (Asadas) and AyA, Ministry of Health and others, in the intervention of illegal wells, particularly in the Coastal Zone of Guanacaste, taking advantage of the Commission called CONIMBOCO coordinated by the Dirección de Aguas, in which situation status reports have been rendered, such as the most recent report Official Letter DA-1045-2023 of May 18, 2023.
For its part, also through the CTI Groundwater coordinated by the Dirección de Aguas for the case of the Coastal aquifers of Potrero, Basilito, and Huacas Tamarindo, I forward report Official Letter DA-2117-2023 to this Ministry, as the governing body on the matter, to promote the regulation of water in these aquifers and resolution R-0283-2023 was issued through which provisions are made in this regard. On the other hand, the term Abrogate, is a technical-legal term, which for the purposes of this Chamber to be clear, was used to respond to the appellant once again among the endless documentation and procedures that have been attended to for the appellant, to explain how the administrative acts through which the authorization to use water is issued are not subject to paying taxes, but rather to paying fees (cánones). It was also explained, the difference between the fee (canon) and the tax, pointed out in various rulings and pronouncements of the Sala Constitucional.
Thus, what the appellant alleges regarding ARESEP's functions under Article 5 of Law No. 7593, we do not understand at this point what the appellant intends; however, it must be clarified that they do not cite the part of the mentioned article that states: "The authorization to provide the public service shall be granted by the entities listed below: Subsection e): Ministry of Environment and Energy." In accordance with the foregoing, pursuant to the pronouncement of the Attorney General's Office, C-218-2017 of September 22, 2017, in the case of the Irrigation Districts managed by SENARA, SENARA must process the respective water concession (concesión de agua), which is the enabling title to provide the public service. Thereafter, ARESEP sets the tariffs within these Irrigation Districts. Therefore, we do not understand the accusation of alleged "usurpation of functions" by this Ministry.
The National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, hereinafter SINAC), by reason of its competence defined in Article 22 of the Biodiversity Law No. 7788 (hereinafter Law 7788), through official communication SINAC-ACAT-D-0221-2023 dated September 19, 2023, signed by Engineer Alexander León Campos, Director of ACAT, stated the following: "This Directorate considers that, since SENARA is the entity developing the PAACUME Project, it falls within its competence to address such an allegation. However, it is necessary to recall that, according to the spirit of the legislator, contained in bill No. 20465 that gave rise to Law No. 9610 Modifying the limits of the Lomas de Barbudal Biological Reserve for the development of the water supply project for the middle basin of the Tempisque River and coastal communities, the Legislative Assembly maintained that the 'Comprehensive Water Supply Program for Guanacaste - North Pacific (Programa Integral de Abastecimiento de Agua para Guanacaste - Pacífico Norte, PIAAG) has aimed to ensure the optimal use of water resources in the province of Guanacaste to satisfy water demands by communities and various productive activities, improving access to water in adequate quantity and quality.
To this end, it contemplates four strategic axes: I. Water security for communities (Human Right to access water - AyA systems and Community Aqueducts - ASADAS). II. Food security (Increase in food production with irrigation systems). III. Water needs of ecosystems (Promote the sustainability of ecosystems). IV. Sustainable use management (improve the use of available water, with priority on groundwater). V. In accordance with axes I and II, the National Groundwater, Irrigation and Drainage Service (Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento, SENARA) is developing the Water Supply System Project for the Middle Basin of the Tempisque River and Coastal Communities (PAACUME).' It is recalled that precisely rulings 2020-13836 and 2020-021308, upon hearing the unconstitutionality actions filed against Law No. 9610, have found the release (desafectación) of that land (113 hectares of the Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve) to be constitutional in order to modify its use and environmental protection because the required technical and formal procedures were fulfilled for this purpose, and the Constitutional Chamber even carried out the respective analysis regarding the constitutionality of the compensation established by the cited law, considering: 'Finally, the compensation offered in this law was 5 to 1 to improve environmental redress (resarcimiento ambiental), since in exchange for the use of the current 113 hectares, the reserve will receive more than 500 hectares, which would become part of it, including those same 113 has, but with a different aquatic and protection habitat.
In this sense, not only environmental protection comes into consideration, but also the need to ensure the supply to a large part of the Guanacastecan population of a liquid that is vital for human beings, such as providing water. Hence, all possible scenarios must be assessed and the least harmful measures adopted for all parties and the rights involved, in pursuit of what sustainable development seeks. The principle of environmental non-regression of the Lomas de Barbudal biological reserve is not violated either; on the contrary, the challenged regulations are guaranteeing a strengthening in protection and administration in environmental matters, since the reserve area is increased, areas with natural wetlands (Cabuyo River and Amores Creek) are protected and incorporated, economic resources are allocated for the administration and management of natural resources, coordination between institutions is integrated for the management and preparation of the corresponding environmental plans, and, finally, it incorporates a new wetland ecosystem, which, in addition to being a new destination for aquatic birds, will be an ecosystem that will contribute to adaptation and climate change throughout the province of Guanacaste.
Beyond what was suggested in the OET study of acquiring at least 332 ha, the legislative proposal that was finally approved and endorsed by national technical bodies such as SENARA and SINAC, incorporated into the compensation proposal for this project many more hectares, in order to facilitate the management and control of fires. Likewise, by incorporating the Brindis de Amor and Hacienda Ciruelas properties, it allowed for having riparian forest in adequate conservation conditions, and also being able to conserve, by being within the project area, the main springs (nacientes) of the Cabuyo River and Amores Creek, which are located in those farms.' From the foregoing, it is concluded that such purposes have already been presented before the Constitutional Chamber and considered by this honorable Court in case files 19-017939-0007-CO and 19-000257-0007-CO. Likewise, to date, the farm is State property registered to real folio 5177359-000 and administered by the National System of Conservation Areas, on which the 113 hectares released from the Lomas Barbudal Biological Reserve for the PAACUME project have not been segregated, and rather, there is a commitment by SENARA that by next year at the latest, the areas provided for in Law No. 9610 for compensation will be purchased and transferred to MINAE-SINAC; a path that is clearly known and respected by SENARA.
It is important to point out that Article 50 of our Magna Carta establishes that the State must seek the greatest well-being for all the inhabitants of the country, guaranteeing the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, in respect of the right to the protection of human health derived from the right to life; being then that the primary objective of the use and protection of the environment is to obtain development and evolution favorable to human beings in harmony with it, in which environmental quality and economic means turn out to be fundamental parameters for people."
Formal request for final approval to initiate procedures to obtain loans for a project or the projects that make up a program, submitted by the highest institutional authority and addressed to the head of MIDEPLAN, with a copy to the Ministry of Finance, justifying the importance of the project or program, type of financing, the amount to be negotiated, purpose of the loan, responsible unit, and its relationship with the National Development and Public Investment Plan (Plan Nacional de Desarrollo y de Inversión Pública, PNDIP) and other current planning instruments. ii. Formal communication signed by the highest authority of the Ministry of Finance, when the Government of the Republic appears in the indebtedness as Borrower or Guarantor, specifying the terms under which the Government participates and the conditions of said participation, whether it assumes the debt service and other expenses associated with the indebtedness in full or jointly with the institution responsible for the project. iii.
The project or projects must be registered in the BPIP, have their respective code, and contain updated information. iv. The following studies, depending on the stage or stages to be financed: a) Prefeasibility study of the project or of each project that makes up the program, and the financial and economic-social evaluation of the program, if the financing is for the feasibility study, design, and environmental viability. This study must be prepared in accordance with MIDEPLAN’s methodological guides for the identification, formulation, and evaluation of public investment projects. If the financing is for the aforementioned studies and the execution phase, an economic-social evaluation must additionally be presented demonstrating that the benefits of obtaining the resources without having completed the pre-investment phase are greater than the costs associated with public indebtedness (assess different scenarios according to possible sources of financing); as well as the risk related to variations in the project's investments and the possibility of covering those differences. b) Feasibility study, if the financing is for the design and obtaining of environmental viability. c) Feasibility and design study, if the resources are for the preparation of documents that allow obtaining environmental viability. d) Feasibility, design, and environmental viability study, if the financing is for the project execution phase. v. The terms of reference for the pre-investment or other studies to be financed with the indebtedness and their costs. vi.
Decentralized institutions must present a copy of the Board of Directors Agreement approving the project or projects of the program to be financed, authorizing the processing of the public loan, and empowering the Institutional Head to request final approval from MIDEPLAN to initiate procedures for obtaining public loans. vii. When the project generates revenue, the financial evaluation must include, among other things, a sensitivity analysis to changes in the interest rate, considering the possible financial conditions of the loan according to available market options and the variations this generates in the project's profitability indicators. viii. Present a plan for acquisitions or expropriations of the required lands and state the situation they are in; as well as present the status and coordination carried out with institutions for the relocation of public services or other permits that could affect the start of works.” (Emphasis supplied) In this regard, it should be noted that the content of the pre-investment studies required for these projects in the Costa Rican SNIP is no different from that required by other National Public Investment Systems in Latin America. b.- PROCESSING OF PAACUME (WATER FOR THE LOWLANDS) BEFORE MIDEPLAN: i.- REGISTRATION IN THE BPIP: The Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA), in its role as technical lead, registered PAACUME in the BPIP on August 7, 2016, assigning it code 002299.
Regarding updates, the last movement recorded is the update of the PAACUME feasibility study in the BPIP, which was formalized on July 1, 2022, where SENARA recorded the information derived from the “Feasibility Study. PAACUME Río Tempisque” updated version March 2022, this being the last formal, current document for PAACUME, developed mainly by SENARA, with the contribution of other inputs prepared by the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE). Since that date, MIDEPLAN has not received changes to the project regarding name, scope, objectives, results, or technical aspects requiring modifications to the feasibility study. However, from that update to date, the PAACUME information recorded in the digital module of the BPIP has had 3 adjustments or changes on the following dates: August 11, 2022, February 24, 2023, and September 5, 2023, primarily referring to adjustments in the dates of the lifecycle stages and distribution of investments per year in the resource scheduling. ii.- FINAL APPROVAL TO INITIATE PROCEDURES FOR OBTAINING A LOAN: Regarding the final approval to initiate procedures for obtaining a loan to finance PAACUME, in Official Communication No. DM-0901-2021 of August 23, 2021, Mr.
Elián Villegas Valverde, in his former capacity as Minister of Finance, stated, in relevant part: “(…) the financing operation would correspond to a public indebtedness with the Banco Centroamericano de Integración Económica (BCIE), for an amount of up to US$425,000,000, which would be executed by SENARA. Said Project aims to increase water availability on the right bank of the Tempisque River through the construction of infrastructure works that allow for better water utilization and an increase in the socioeconomic development of the region and its adaptation to climate change. The Government of the Republic of Costa Rica would participate as the borrower of the operation and would assume the debt service, including amortization, interest, and commissions. The counterpart funds associated with the project or any need for additional resources beyond the financing to meet its objectives would be covered by SENARA as part of its budget, complying with spending limits and fiscal rule compliance.” (Emphasis supplied) Similarly, in Official Communication No. SENARA-GG-0530-2021 of September 20, 2021, Ms.
Patricia Quirós Quirós, formerly General Manager of SENARA, requested the final approval to initiate procedures for obtaining a loan for the project Water Supply for the Middle Basin of the Tempisque River and Coastal Communities (Abastecimiento de Agua para la Cuenca Media del Río Tempisque y Comunidades Costeras, PAACUME), highlighting, for the case at hand, the following: “The Project aims to increase water availability on the right bank of the Tempisque River through the construction of infrastructure works that allow for better water utilization and an increase in the socioeconomic development of the region and its adaptation to climate change. PAACUME is important since, as stated in the Feasibility Study, ‘it represents an excellent initiative for utilizing the waters of the Arenal, Dengo, Sandillal Hydroelectric System (Ardesa) in productive activities such as irrigated agriculture, irrigated agricultural production, and irrigation in tourism developments; as well as for potable water and electricity generation.
This implies a great opportunity for growth and development in the province of Guanacaste.’ Senara (2018:p1). It is proposed as the best alternative to develop within the framework of addressing the water deficit problem in the province of Guanacaste. The project is estimated to supply water to a historically dry area, which, due to variability and climate change, has experienced increased drought conditions, limiting sustainability and discouraging socioeconomic growth in the region and, therefore, in the country overall. Senara (2018:p1). It consists of the construction of a storage and regulation reservoir on the Piedras River, to utilize the waters discharged by the ARDESA Hydroelectric System and convey them to the right bank of the Tempisque River for potable water supply, agricultural irrigation, and irrigation in tourism developments in the cantons of Carrillo, Santa Cruz, and Nicoya. Paacume is composed of four components; namely:
Five: As for Aresep, it notes that there are no tariffs set by Aresep for each of the uses and volumes related to the PAACUME project, and therefore it is unknown how it will be financed. However, in accordance with the purpose of this appeal, it is possible to state that as of today, Aresep has not included in the tariffs set for AyA what the appellant indicates. It also states that it participated in the public hearing held by Aresep on the future tariffs to be applied in the SENARA DRAT, which is being processed under case file number ET-069-2022, where a tariff increase and staggered increases are proposed based on volume and other points, in which the PAACUME project was not discussed. However, the foregoing only refers to a tariff-setting process carried out in accordance with the law, without a direct challenge being made against it. For the rest, reference is made to situations related to the respondent entities, and not to the powers of this Regulatory Authority.
Six through Eight: These facts do not relate to specific powers of this Regulatory Authority. Nine: Regarding the feasibility study (estudio de factibilidad) of the project, it is noted that Aresep data is taken, but no real participation by this Regulatory Authority takes place, and no reference is made to the tariffs that should be charged if the works are carried out. That said, in accordance with the purpose of this appeal, it is possible to state that as of today, Aresep has not included in the tariffs set for AyA the costs related to the project. For the rest, reference is made to situations related to the respondent entities, and not to the powers of this Regulatory Authority. Ten: These facts do not relate to specific powers of this Regulatory Authority. Eleven: As for Aresep, it is limited to indicating that there is no base price for water, and that with AyA's tariff, set by Aresep, other users are subsidized, since in some cases more than 400 and up to 1200 colones are paid per cubic meter of water, while large consumers who use the irrigation service pay only 14 cents of a colón for the same cubic meter, because the Executive Branch has defined it so via decree.
On this point, it refers to what will be developed in the following section, regarding the implementation of solidarity and equity factors that could be included by the Regulatory Authority in public service tariffs. Twelve: The appellant labels this fact as "Aresep Functions," and indicates that Article 5 of Law No. 7593 provides that Aresep sets the prices and tariffs of regulated public services, and that these include three services related to the PAACUME project: power supply, provision of the aqueduct and sewerage service, and irrigation and drainage when the service is provided by a public enterprise or by concession or permit. It adds that, in its opinion, MINAE usurps one of these functions from this Regulatory Entity, since it is by decree that the Executive Branch defines the water tariffs for irrigation concessions granted by MINAE. It concludes by indicating that despite the functions attributed by the legislator to Aresep, this Institution has not been an active and decisive part in evaluating the financial feasibility and defining the tariffs that will be applied to the services related to the PAACUME project if the works are built.
On this point, and within the framework of the concern raised by the appellant in its appeal, that the cost of the project will be charged to the drinking water service, it refers to the development of the following section, regarding the need to incorporate... In this sense, this fact clearly does not imply a challenge to the specific actions of Aresep, but is limited to making an interpretation of the current regulations and challenging the actions of the Executive Branch, considering that it engages in the usurpation of powers corresponding to Aresep. Thirteen and Fourteen: These facts do not relate to specific powers of this Regulatory Authority. Fifteen: As for Aresep, it is noted that the government of the Republic has not undertaken any procedure before Aresep, and does not even make it a party to the project process. It also indicates that information is lacking regarding tariffs approved by Aresep that take into account the planned investments for the various uses of water and for electricity.
IV. AS TO THE MERITS OF THE MATTER, ARESEP'S POWERS IN SETTING TARIFFS FOR THE DRINKING WATER SERVICE. Regarding the disagreement with the tariffs intended to be charged under the "PACUME" project (which changed its name to "Agua para la Bajura"), it must be noted that, as regards the Regulatory Authority, the power to set public service tariffs was granted to it by its special law, No. 7593, which specifies in its Article 5 what those services subject to tariff setting are; among which are found, according to subsections c) and e), the following: "c) The provision of the aqueduct and sewerage service, including drinking water, and the collection, treatment, and disposal of black water, wastewater, and stormwater, as well as the installation, operation, and maintenance of the hydrant service (...) e) Irrigation and drainage, when the service is provided by a public enterprise or by concession or permit." The foregoing implies that, in the case of these public services, Aresep is responsible for setting their tariffs and for doing so must follow the procedure regulated in Law No. 7593 itself, in Articles 29, 30, 31, and 36.
In this sense, Aresep has the exclusive and preclusive power to regulate public services that have been declared as such by the legislator. Said power encompasses—among other things—the establishment of tariff methodologies, tariff setting, the determination of technical standards, sanctioning powers, and the resolution of complaints, reports, and disputes. Therefore, since the Regulatory Authority is the only entity competent by subject matter to carry out tariff setting for public services subject to its regulation, any other public or private entity or body (including the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados) would be prevented from doing so. For the present case, this means that if AyA sets tariffs for public services regulated under Article 5 of Law No. 7593, this would imply an excess of its powers, ergo, it would not conform to the legal framework. This is important, because as explained, to determine public service tariffs, Law No. 7593 established the specific procedure for doing so, where the cost-of-service principle, among others, applies.
According to this principle, pursuant to subsection b) of Article 3 of the cited Law, only costs necessary to provide the service are considered, such that they allow a competitive return and guarantee adequate development of the activity, discarding those considered unnecessary or extraneous to the provision of the public service, in addition to disproportionate expenses compared to normal expenses for equivalent activities (Article 32)—a task that, according to the cited regulations, only Aresep can perform. It is also important to note that, for the calculation and setting of public service tariffs, the principles and criteria of solidarity and equity apply, under which each user must assume the total costs they are responsible for, while seeking to support lower-income consumers. On this matter, Article 12 of Law No. 7593 states: "(...) Article 12.- Prohibition of discrimination: Providers may not establish any type of discrimination against a certain group, sector, class, or individual consumer.
Tariff differences established for social reasons shall not constitute discrimination (...)" Therefore, solidarity and equity factors could well be included by the Regulatory Authority in public service tariffs, without this being considered discriminatory. However, it should be emphasized that this is different from including in the tariffs a tax that has been declared by law; in which case the bill must clearly specify it and the tax amount must be itemized separately from the tariff being charged for the service provided. Regarding the above, it is worth reporting that as of today, Aresep has not included in the tariffs set for AyA what the appellant indicated, concerning "that all users pay the bill and subsidize the cost of the project through a tax collected through AyA's tariffs, which will evidently lead to a cost increase, making access impossible for low-income people." On the other hand, the appellant is concerned about: How will the operation be maintained and the enormous investment recovered? since there are still no tariffs set by ARESEP.
As for the foregoing, it is reported that providers of drinking water public services are obliged to guarantee water for the Costa Rican populations. To do this, the Regulatory Authority requires them, through the Technical Regulation for "Provision of Aqueduct, Sanitary Sewerage, and Hydrant Services, AR-PSAYA-2015," to develop programs regarding expansion, maintenance, and improvement of services. That is, providers are obliged to develop the necessary projects to satisfy the demand for the resource and thus guarantee the provision of aqueduct, sanitary sewerage, and hydrant services under conditions of quality and continuity. In this way, providers must prepare investment plans indicating the budget they will allocate to address these investments, which works they will build, the time frame for doing them, and the criteria on which they base their definition. This plan, to justify the indicated resources, must be submitted by the service provider to Aresep as part of the tariff adjustment request, as established in Article 30 of Law No. 7593.
Once the request is received, this Regulatory Authority will analyze the corresponding justifications in accordance with the law to determine its viability; and if found suitable, it will proceed to include the costs in the tariff setting, and in this way, the provider will be able not only to recover the investment, but also to keep in good condition the assets used in the provision of the public service.
Drafted by Judge Hess Herrera; and,
Considering:
SOLE.- In the case under study, the appellant claims that prior to carrying out a project like PAACUME 2022, economic and financial feasibility studies are required. It claims that in the case of concessions granted by MINAE, the water-use levy (canon de aprovechamiento) is set by Decree. That is, the Executive Branch can modify it whenever it wants, to end the charge of 14 and 18 cents of a colón per m³ to the large and powerful landowners. It alleges that the association it represents filed, and is pending resolution, the unconstitutionality action being processed under case file No. 22-001372-0007-CO, in which the abnormal and illegal difference in the amount of the irrigation levy was raised (specifically challenging Articles 7 and 9 of DE-32868-MINAE - Canon por concepto de aprovechamiento de aguas-). It requests the respondent entities to pronounce on the convenience of applying differentiated tariffs, increasing as the volume consumed for irrigation increases.
It argues that the higher the flow rate, the higher the levy should be. It adds that the differences are very large, both in volume and in price. That said, given that the cited regulation is challenged in the unconstitutionality action being processed under case file No. 22-001372-0007-CO as indicated ut supra, this Chamber deems it appropriate to suspend the processing of this amparo appeal (recurso de amparo) until said process is resolved, pursuant to Article 48 of the Law of the Constitutional Jurisdiction.
THEREFORE:
The processing of this amparo appeal is suspended until the unconstitutionality action being processed under case file No. 22-001372-0007-CO is resolved.- Fernando Cruz C.
President a.i.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Ingrid Hess H.
Ana María Picado B.
Alejandro Delgado F.
Jorge Isaac Solano A.
CASE FILE N° 23-019417-0007-CO Telephones: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2295-3712 / 2549-1633. Electronic address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 mts. Sur of the Perpetuo Socorro church). Reception of matters from vulnerable groups: Edificio Corte Suprema de Justicia, San José, Distrito Catedral, Barrio González Lahmann, streets 19 and 21, avenues 8 and 6 It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 08-05-2026 14:30:50.
SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del veintidos de marzo de dos mil veinticuatro .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente No. 23-019417-0007-CO, interpuesto por GAD AMIT KAUFMAN, cédula de residencia 137600015818, a favor de ASOCIACIÓN CONFRATERNIDAD GUANACASTECA, cédula jurídica 3002395766, contra el INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (AYA), EL MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA Y GANADERÍA (MAG), EL MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA (MINAE), EL MINISTERIO DE PLANIFICACIÓN NACIONAL Y POLÍTICA ECONÓMICA (MIDEPLAN) Y EL SERVICIO NACIONAL DE RIESGO Y AVENAMIENTO (SENARA).
Resultando:
En relación con los alegatos del recurrente, este Despacho procede a rendir informe en los siguientes términos: Este Ministerio es el rector del Sector Ambiente y Energía, y tiene competencias para la gestión de los recursos hídricos del país bajo el desarrollo y aplicación de los principios generales en armonía con las leyes de otras instituciones del Estado y los objetivos nacionales, para el beneficio de la sociedad costarricense. Mediante la Dirección de Agua, como Órgano Técnico de este Ministerio para la gestión y conservación del Recurso Hídrico Nacional. El proyecto denominado PAACUME, aprobado mediante la Ley N° 9610 denominada: Modificación de Límites de la Reserva Biológica Lomas de Barbuda loara el desarrollo del Proyecto de Abastecimiento de Agua para la Cuenca Media Del Río Tempisque y Comunidades Costeras, publicada en el Alcance 199 de la Gaceta del 23 de noviembre del 2018, señala para efectos de claridad los numerales 5 y 6 lo siguiente: “ARTÍCULO 5- El área del Embalse Río Piedras, que incluye el anillo de protección, forma parte integral del Proyecto de Abastecimiento de Agua para la Cuenca Media del Río Tempisque y Comunidades Costeras (Paacume) que desarrollará el Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (Senara), que permitirá el almacenamiento y la regulación del agua proveniente del Complejo Hidroeléctrico Arenal Dengo Sandillal (Ardesa) con posterior conducción y distribución equitativa para abastecer las necesidades de consumo productivo agropecuario, generación hidroeléctrica, fomento turístico y el abastecimiento poblacional, este último por medio del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA), además de aquellas otras actividades que sean necesarias para el cumplimiento de los objetivos propuestos por Paacume.
Del canon que cobre el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (Minae) a los usuarios por concepto de uso y aprovechamiento de agua, se destinará un cincuenta por ciento (50%) al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (Sinac) para la implementación del Plan General de Manejo de Uso Sostenible y Racional. ARTÍCULO 6- Finalizadas las obras de construcción y puesto en operación el Embalse Río Piedras por parte del Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (Senara), el área de embalse, que incluye el anillo de protección, se constituirá en un ecosistema de humedal administrado por el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (Sinac) y conforme a lo establecido en el artículo 33 de la Ley N.° 7575, Ley Forestal, de 13 de febrero de 1996. Deberá existir estricta coordinación con Senara para la utilización del agua conforme a diversos usos requeridos. El Poder Ejecutivo, mediante el SINAC, realizará los estudios necesarios para otorgar a dicho espacio una categoría de manejo, que no deberá contraponerse al uso que se le dé al agua producto del Proyecto de Abastecimiento de Agua para la Cuenca Media del Río Tempisque y Comunidades Costeras (Paacume).
Para la elaboración del Plan General de Manejo de Uso Sostenible y Racional, se conformará una comisión con representación del Sinac, Senara y la Municipalidad de Bagaces.” Ahora bien, en relación a lo alegado el recurrente señala que el proyecto no es para atender las obligaciones urgentes del AYA sino favorecer a unos cuantos usuarios de agua, que en vez de invertir el AYA en infraestructura dentro de PAACUME, podría captar agua del Tempisque sin que ello implique un costo millonario. Asimismo, aduce que CATSA tiene concesionado 5750 litros por segundo del río Tempisque, y paga 14 centavos de colon por cada m³ y que al AyA quieren cobrarle al menos 11 colones con 53 centavos, al patrimonio nacional o el desarrollo económico integral y sostenible. De conformidad con lo anterior este tema será atendido por el AYA, sin embargo, se señala que a la fecha el AYA no ha solicitado ante este Ministerio, inscripción alguna potencial tomada de agua del río Tempisque.
Se le presenta a este honorable Tribunal el trabajo de monitoreo y control que durante años ha realizado la Dirección de Aguas para este río. Monitoreo y control que ha generado múltiples informes técnicos que se adjuntan como prueba y que también se encuentran disponibles en la página web oficial de la Dirección de Aguas www.da.go.cr. Siendo así, mediante el memorándum DA-2165-2023 del 19 de septiembre de 2023 , suscrito por el Director de la Dirección de Aguas José Miguel Zeledón Calderón señaló: ¨Por su parte se realizó estudio actualizado oficio DAUHTPNOB-0169-2017 del 31 de marzo del 2017 y versó sobre la disponibilidad de agua condiciones normales en el río Tempisque. Este hace análisis en el que se utiliza como caudal de diseño medido a la altura de la estación hidrométrica en Guardia (datos de la estación del ICE número 741901, período de datos de los años 1951-1969, 1980-2010), mediciones que están afectadas por el caudal asignado en las concesiones aguas arriba del punto de control (estación de Guardia), en tanto se asume que los aprovechamientos de agua se están utilizando conforme lo indicado en cada uno los derechos concesionados.
Acorde con lo anterior se tiene un caudal promedio mensual que debe de pasar por el punto de control, que corresponde al dato más representativo de la serie de caudales que permite tener mayor seguridad a la hora de asegurar la distribución de agua, resolviendo la disponibilidad mes a mes. Para la distribución de caudal de agua a disponer, se resta el caudal ambiental para asegurar que éste prevalezca aguas abajo en el rio, y se sustrae el caudal concesionado aguas abajo. A lo mencionado hay que integrar la afectación de la fase cálida del fenómeno El Niño (ENOS en su fase cálida) misma que genera gran impacto al Pacífico Norte; enfocado esto a la cuenca del río Tempisque, la cual se caracteriza por ser susceptible a los extremos secos y lluviosos, conforme esto se analiza la aplicación de una metodología para la adaptación de su aprovechamiento ante la presencia del fenómeno El Niño que corresponde a la fase seca del ENOS.
Por otra parte, la Dirección de Agua, como Órgano Técnico del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, para la gestión y conservación del Recurso Hídrico Nacional realiza un análisis hidrológico en la cuenca, considerando no solo del río Tempisque como corriente principal, sino igualmente sus afluentes en la parte cuenca alta con el objetivo de evaluar la disponibilidad de agua real en la cuenca, para resolver tomando en consideración las concesiones vigentes y las solicitudes de renovación de concesión que se encuentran en trámite. Es importante señalar, para los efectos de este análisis, que sólo se consideraron los derechos históricos, y no se contemplan nuevas solicitudes de aprovechamiento del recurso hídrico en el Tempisque. Asimismo, para realizar el análisis del caudal ambiental se toma como base el estudio realizado por la Unión Mundial de la Naturaleza (UICN) retomado en el oficio IMN-DA-2391-2005, donde se muestra el caudal ambiental mensual que debe tener la fuente desde el puente de Guardia hasta la desembocadura en el Golfo de Nicoya como se indica en la Revista Forestal (Costa Rica) 5 (13) (Alvarado, 2008).
Es importante señalar, que no existe otra fuente científica fiable sobre caudal ambiental, por lo cual el dato establecido en el estudio de la UICN constituye un dato veraz, con sustento científico para la propuesta, tomando como base para su establecimiento el punto de control antes citado. Actualmente la Dirección de Agua suscribió un convenio con la Escuela de Ingeniería Agrícola del Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica para el análisis en lo que refiere al caudal ambiental en este río entre otros, que permitirá mayor detalle una vez concluido. Que en relación al análisis de la disponibilidad en escenario de sequía se realizó el análisis considerando los efectos a causa de la fase cálida del Fenómeno ENOS. Para ello se toma como base los datos que presenta la National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), que establece el indicador llamado Índice Oceánico del Niño (ONI); siendo un indicador que se maneja a escala general a nivel mundial.
No obstante, lo anterior, para Costa Rica la Institución encargada de realizar la alerta y proyecciones es el Instituto Meteorológico Nacional (IMN), para lo cual se tomará como oficial las prevenciones que realice el IMN. Que la metodología definida en el citado estudio para el análisis de las concesiones, parte de tres escenarios: cuando el Fenómeno El Niño se cataloga en estado moderado: 1. Si los aforos o el registro son Igual o Mayor a 14.90 m3/s, no se presenta afectación hidrológica considerándose caudal normal promedio. 2. Si los aforos o el registro son Menores a 14.90 m3/s y Mayores o igual a 10.40 m3/s, se considerará condiciones anormales con caudales mínimos con una afectación hidrológica moderada. 3. Si los aforos o el registro son Menores a 10.40 m3/s y Mayores o igual a 9.80 m3/s se considerará condiciones anormales con caudales mínimos con una afectación hidrológica fuerte. 4.
Si los aforos o el registro son Menores a 9.80 m3/s y mayores o igual a 6.00 m3/s se considerará condiciones anormales con caudales mínimos con una afectación hidrológica muy fuerte. En detalle lo podemos representar de la siguiente manera: 1) Si el caudal promedio correspondiente al mes de enero es igual o mayor a 14.90 m3/s. no se aplica ningún porcentaje de reducción y se mantienen las condiciones de la concesión según el caudal asignado para cada mes (se insertan cuadros)...”. “... De conformidad con lo señalado se presentan dos variables para realizar el ajuste de caudal de concesiones en la fuente: la primera que sería los rangos del ONI y sus respectivos caudales de diseño y la segunda el registro de caudales de la Estación y aforos instantáneos en los meses de diciembre y enero en el sitio levantados por la Dirección de Agua como parte de la gestión de control (producto de la estación de Guardia o aforos manuales).
Para cualquiera de las dos variables, debe tenerse como punto de partida, mantener en todo momento el caudal ambiental que fue propuesto en el oficio IMN-DA-2391-2005, el cual es de 6400 litros por segundo en el mes de enero, 5200 litros por segundo en febrero, 3600 litros por segundo en el mes de marzo, 3200 litros por segundo abril y 3400 litros por segundo en mayo. Por otra parte, conforme los datos obtenidos y analizados según lo expuesto y aforos de la Dirección de Agua, en los meses de enero, febrero, marzo y abril existe déficit hídrico el cual se debe recuperar. Para compensar este déficit y lograr recuperar el caudal ambiental del Río Tempisque se deben de ajustar todas las concesiones, esto calculando el porcentaje que representa el déficit al total del caudal concesionado del Tempisque y sus afluentes. Para conseguir lo anterior, se ajustaron todos los caudales de las concesiones del Río Tempisque y sus afluentes aguas arriba de Guardia que estén en trámite, en los siguientes porcentajes y de según sean los meses de aprovechamiento: un 4% para el mes de enero, 20% para el mes de febrero, 25% para el mes de marzo y 31% para el mes de abril.
Los demás meses del año no sufren modificaciones. Esta reducción de caudal se realiza con base a los datos que se encuentran desglosados en el informe técnico DA-UHTPNOL-1125-2018, agregado al expediente. También se emitió el Informe Técnico, DA-UHTPNOB-0394- 2017 de 30 de junio del 2017, denominado “Adaptación al cambio climático de las concesiones del río Tempisque Fase cálida del fenómeno ENOS”, con el fin de generar alternativas científicas para que los derechos de agua y su aprovechamiento respecto a la disponibilidad de agua en el río Tempisque puedan enfrentar la variabilidad del clima según el comportamiento cada vez más frecuente del Fenómeno Cálido El Niño Oscilación Sur (ENOS). Como complemento a los estudios señalados, se realiza el análisis técnico oficio DA-UHTPNOL-1125- 2018 del 21 de diciembre del 2018, denominado “Análisis integral del río Tempisque y sus principales afluentes para la recuperación del caudal ambiental e integrar la metodología de adaptación a la fase cálida del fenómeno ENOS.
El objetivo principal del estudio es ajustar los derechos de agua actuales y futuros conforme la disponibilidad hídrica actual, además de establecer el caudal ambiental, y el escenario de aprovechamiento de agua en condiciones donde se dé la presencia de El Niño (ENOS fase cálida), todo de forma mensual y con punto de control en la Estación Hidrométrica Guardia. Y es con base en estos estudios y ante la necesidad de asegurar el caudal ambiental en el río Tempisque, mediante el oficio DAUHTPNOL-0220-2019 de 22 de abril del 2019, elaborado por el Ing. Leonardo Solano Romero Coordinador de la Oficina Regional Liberia que atiende la Unidad Hidrológica Tempisque de la Dirección de Agua del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, propuso ante la oficina del suscrito, la implementación del instrumento denominado “Protocolo de implementación para el potencial ajuste de caudales en las concesiones ante la disminución de la disponibilidad del recurso hídrico en el río Tempisque, en presencia del fenómeno El Niño”.
Para ello se utilizarían los siguientes indicadores: - Presencia del fenómeno El Niño - Alerta de la ONI - Aforos realizados en los meses de diciembre y enero de cada año correspondiente a la transición de la época lluviosa a la seca. - Comparación de caudales de registro con los aforos antes citados. En lo que respecta al caudal se considerará como línea base el promedio mensual del registro de la Estación Guardia y los aforos corresponderán a las mediciones que la Dirección de Agua pueda realizar en el mes de diciembre y enero de cada año que corresponde al inicio de la época seca en la región, a fin de definir si existe o no disminución de caudal en el río. El punto de control será la estación Hidrométrica del Rio Tempisque hoy operada por el AyA a la altura de Guardia. Conforme se tengan probados los criterios indicados y se tenga certeza en la disminución del caudal, se prevé, conforme el estudio DA-UHTPNOL-1125-2018 y DA-UHTPNOL-220-2019, una aplicación de ajuste temporal de los caudales concesionados, a partir de los meses de febrero, marzo, abril y mayo según corresponda, siendo éstos los meses conforme registro histórico que enfrentan las mayores disminuciones de caudal disponible y reflejan datos críticos en época del ENOS.
Como complemento de los informes citados, se emitió el DAUHTPNOL-0220-2019 del 22 de abril del 2019, con el que se informa, además, de la metodología que se incluye, lo siguiente: “…Mediante comunicación oficial en la primera semana del mes febrero; con notificación publica y además directamente notificado el concesionario se dispondrá de la alerta y aplicación de los respectivos ajustes, de tal forma que se aplique lo ajustes en las derivaciones de forma inmediata. La Dirección de Agua hará el control periódico y sistemático acostumbrado de las tomas de agua autorizadas, además realizar mediciones de caudal en el punto de control durante los meses de febrero, marzo y abril con el fin de dar seguimiento al comportamiento de la disponibilidad y el aprovechamiento. Además, se realizarán aforos durante la época de estiaje de diciembre a abril de cada año en los principales ríos afluentes del río tempisque con el fin de precisar mejor el comportamiento en la cuenca media y alta sobre la disponibilidad de agua tanto en el río principal como en los afluentes mismos.” El protocolo fue aprobado por el suscrito director de Agua del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, Ingeniero José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, mediante oficio DA-0948-2019 del 17 de julio del 2019 y se puso en marcha.
Como se puede observar, el manejo del río Tempisque no es simple, no se trata de una suma y resta como lo presenta el recurrente, quien, además, deja de lado la parte productiva, socio-económica de la provincia de Guanacaste, como si esto no fuera aparejado al desarrollo humano. Como pueden darse cuenta, se han hecho una serie de estudios, muy serios, técnicos y científicos, estudios que están a disposición del recurrente, para su lectura.¨. Por lo que, la Dirección de Agua implementa metodología novedosa para atender periodos de seguía hidrológica en la cuenca del río Tempisque, se ha incorporado elementos técnicos científicos habilitantes en las resoluciones de las concesiones para cuando se presenten los criterios dispuesto en el protocolo, se puede realizar un aprovechamiento de agua acorde con la disponibilidad de agua consecuente de la sequía, sino hay sequia se puede dar el aprovechamiento ordinaria según los estudios que lo respaldan.
De tal forma en las concesiones de agua del rio Tempisque está integrada la variabilidad climática y el comportamiento de la disponibilidad conforme el cambio del clima. Asimismo, se realiza control mensual por parte de los funcionarios de la oficina de Liberia de la Dirección de Agua. Respecto al costo de agua la forma en cómo se cobra, la discrepancia que tiene el recurrente en cuanto a la aplicación del DE-32868-MINAE, y sus reformas. Y a raíz de eso la disconformidad e impugnación por la no aplicación del artículo 172 de la Ley de Aguas. Este Ministerio ha demostrado técnica y legal, de cómo el operador de la norma, logra poner en marcha el instrumento jurídico adecuado, conforme la figura jurídica por la cual se obtiene la autorización de la Administración Pública para aprovechar el agua, esta es la concesión. Se le explica a esta honorable Sala que el costo del agua que concesiona este Ministerio por medio del Órgano Técnico, está expresamente contenido en el DE-32868-MINAE, siendo un instrumento económico que llevó largos años de debate con todos los sectores interesados, incluido el AyA.
Esta modificación o análisis o actualización de costos del canon de aprovechamiento, como quiera definirse está detenida por acción directa del mismo recurrente, quien ha impedido que el mismo avance. Recordar una vez más que fue quien presentó la acción de inconstitucionalidad expediente 22-001372-0007-CO, mediante la cual se cuestiona específicamente los artículos 7 y 9 del DE-32868-MINAE y sus reformas. Este recurso de amparo, está siendo conocido por este Tribunal en el expediente citado. En el tema de falta de contabilización de pozos ilegales, se le indica al recurrente que se ha trabajado con las Asociaciones de Acueducto y Alcantarillados Comunales (Asadas) y el AyA, Ministerio de Salud y otros, en la intervención de pozos ilegales, particularmente en la zona Costera de Guanacaste, esto aprovechando Comisión denominada CONIMBOCO que coordina la Dirección de Aguas, en la cual se ha rendido informes sobre estado de situación como el más reciente informe Oficio DA-1045-2023 del 18 de mayo de 2023.
Por su parte, igualmente a través del CTI Agua Subterráneas que coordina la Dirección de Aguas para el caso de los acuíferos Costeros de Potrero, Basilito y Huacas Tamarindo elevo informe Oficio DA-2117- 2023 a este Ministerio, como ente rector en la materia, para promover la regulación de agua en estos acuíferos y se emitió la resolución R-0283-2023 mediante la cual se dispone al respecto. Por otra parte, el término Abrogar, es un término técnico-legal, que para los efectos de que esta Sala tenga claro, fue utilizado para contestarle una vez más entre el sin fin de documentación. y gestiones, que se le ha atendido al recurrente, para explicarle como los actos administrativos por medio de los cuales se emite la autorización para aprovechar el agua, no son susceptibles de pagar impuestos, sino de pagar cánones. Se le explicó, además, la diferencia entre el canon y el impuesto, señalada en diferentes votos y pronunciamientos de la Sala Constitucional.
De esta forma, lo alegado por el recurrente en razón a las funciones de ARESEP, conforme al artículo 5 de la Ley N° 7593 no comprendemos en este punto que pretende el recurrente, sin embargo, se le debe aclarar que no cita parte del artículo mencionado que señala : “La autorización para prestar el servicio público será otorgada por los entes citados a continuación: Inciso e): Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía.” De conformidad con lo anterior, conforme el pronunciamiento de la Procuraduría General de la República, C-218-2017 del 22 de septiembre del 2017, para el caso de los Distritos de Riego manejados por SENARA, éste debe de tramitar la respectiva concesión de agua, que es el título habilitante para prestar el servicio público. A partir de entonces, la ARESEP, fija las tarifas dentro de estos Distritos de Riego. Por lo que no comprendemos la acusación de supuesta “usurpación de funciones” por parte de este Ministerio.
El Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (en adelante SINAC), en razón de su competencia definidas en el artículo 22 de la Ley de Biodiversidad N° 7788 (en adelante Ley 7788), mediante el oficio SINAC-ACAT-D-0221-2023 de fecha 19 de septiembre de 2023 suscrito por el ingeniero Alexander León Campos Director de ACAT señalo lo siguiente: ¨Esta Dirección, estima que por ser el SENARA el ente desarrollador del Proyecto PAACUME corresponde por competencia referirse a tal alegato. Sin embargo, precisa recordar que, de acuerdo al espíritu del legislador, contenido en el proyecto de ley N° 20465 que dio origen a la Ley N°9610 que Modifica límites de la Reserva Biológica Lomas de Barbudal para el desarrollo del proyecto de abastecimiento de agua para la cuenca media del Río Tempisque y comunidades costeras, se sostuvo por parte de la Asamblea Legislativa que el “Programa Integral de Abastecimiento de Agua para Guanacaste - Pacífico Norte (PIAAG), ha tenido como objetivo asegurar el aprovechamiento óptimo del recurso hídrico en la provincia de Guanacaste para satisfacer las demandas de agua por parte de las comunidades y las distintas actividades productivas, mejorando el acceso al agua en cantidad y calidad adecuada.
Para ello contempla cuatro ejes estratégicos: I. Seguridad hídrica para las comunidades (Derecho Humano acceso al agua - sistemas de AyA y Acueductos Comunales - ASADAS). II. Seguridad alimentaria (Incremento de la producción alimentaria con sistemas de riego). III. Necesidades de agua de los ecosistemas (Promover la sostenibilidad de los ecosistemas. IV. Gestión de aprovechamiento sostenible (mejorar el aprovechamiento del agua disponible, con prioridad el agua subterránea). V. Conforme los ejes I y II, el Servicio Nacional de Agua Subterránea, Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA) desarrolla el Proyecto Sistema de Abastecimiento de Agua para la Cuenca Media del río Tempisque y Comunidades Costeras (PAACUME)” Se recuerda que precisamente los votos 2020-13836 y 2020- 021308 , al conocer las acciones de inconstitucionalidad presentadas contra la Ley N°9610 han encontrado constitucional la desafectación de ese terreno (113 hectáreas de la Reserva Biológica Lomas Barbudal) para modificar su uso y protección ambiental por haberse cumplido los procedimientos técnicos y formales requeridos para tal efecto e inclusive se realizó por parte de la Sala Constitucional el análisis respectivo referente a la constitucionalidad de la compensación establecida por la ley de cita, considerando: “Finalmente, la compensación ofrecida en esta ley fue de 5 a 1 para mejorar el resarcimiento ambiental, pues a cambio del uso de las 113 hectáreas actuales, la reserva recibirá más de 5 00 hectáreas, que vendrían a formar parte de esta, incluyendo esas mismas 113 has, pero con un hábitat acuático y de protección diferente.
En ese sentido, no solo entra en ponderación la protección ambiental, sino también la necesidad de procurar el suministro a una gran parte de la población guanacasteca, de un líquido que es vital para los seres humanos, como el dotar de agua. De ahí que deban ser valorados todos los escenarios posibles y adoptar las medidas menos lesivas para todas las partes y los derechos involucrados, en atención a lo que procura un desarrollo sostenible. Tampoco se violenta el principio de no regresión ambiental de la reserva biológica Lomas de Barbudal, por el contrario, la normativa impugnada está garantizando un fortalecimiento en materia de protección y administración en temas ambientales, ya que se incrementa el área de la reserva, se protegen e incorporan áreas con humedales naturales (río Cabuyo y Quebrada Amores), se asignan recursos económicos para la administración y manejo de recursos naturales, se integra la coordinación entre instituciones para el manejo y elaboración de los planes correspondientes en materia ambiental, y, finalmente , incorpora un nuevo ecosistema de humedal, el cual, además de ser un nuevo destino para las aves acuáticas, será un ecosistema que contribuirá a la adaptación y al cambio climático en toda la provincia de Guanacaste.
Más allá de lo sugerido en el estudio de la OET de adquirir como mínimo 332 ha, la propuesta legislativa que finalmente fue aprobada y respaldada por órganos técnicos nacionales como SENARA y el SINAC, incorporó en la propuesta de compensación de este proyecto, muchas más hectáreas, a fin de facilitar el manejo y control de mínimo 332 ha, la propuesta legislativa que finalmente fue aprobada y respaldada por órganos técnicos nacionales como SENARA y el SINAC, incorporó en la propuesta de compensación de este proyecto, muchas más hectáreas, a fin de facilitar el manejo y control de incendios. Asimismo, al incorporar las propiedades Brindis de Amor y Hacienda Ciruelas, permitió contar con bosque ripario en condiciones adecuadas de conservación, y poder conservar también, al estar dentro del área del proyecto, las nacientes principales del río Cabuyo y quebrada Amores, que se encuentran en esas fincas” De lo expuesto se concluye que tales fines ya han sido expuesto ante la Sala Constitucional y considerados por este honorable Tribunal en los expedientes 19-017939-0007- CO y 19-000257-0007-CO.
Asimismo, a la fecha la finca es propiedad Estatal inscrita al folio real 5177359-000 y administrada por el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación en la cual se encuentran las 113 hectáreas desafectadas de la Reserva Biológica Lomas Barbudal para el proyecto PAACUME no han sido segregadas y que más bien existe un compromiso por parte del SENRA para que el próximo año a más tardar, se compre y traspase al MINAE-SINAC las áreas previstas en la Ley N° 9610 para compensación; ruta que es claramente conocida y respetada por el SENARA. Es importante señalar que el artículo 50 de nuestra carta magna establece que el Estado debe procurar el mayor bienestar a todos los habitantes del país, garantizando el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, en respeto del derecho a la protección de la salud humana que se deriva del derecho a la vida; siendo entonces que el objetivo primordial del uso y protección del ambiente es obtener un desarrollo y evolución favorable al ser humano en armonía con este, en el que la calidad ambiental, y los medios económicos resultan ser de los parámetros fundamentales para las personas. ”.
Redacta la Magistrada Hess Herrera; y,
Considerando:
ÚNICO.- En el caso en estudio, la parte recurrente reclama que previo a la realización de un proyecto como PAACUME 2022 se requieren estudios de factibilidad económica y financiera. Reclama que en el caso de las concesiones otorgadas por MINAE el canon de aprovechamiento se fija por Decreto. Es decir, el Poder Ejecutivo puede modificarlo cuando quiera, para terminar con el cobro 14 y 18 centavos de colón por m 3 a los grandes y poderosos finqueros. Alega que la asociación que representa presentó y está pendiente de resolución la acción de inconstitucionalidad que se tramita en el expediente N° 22-001372-0007-CO, en la que se planteó la anormal e ilegal diferencia en el monto del canon del riego (se cuestiona específicamente los artículos 7 y 9 del DE-32868-MINAE - Canon por concepto de aprovechamiento de aguas-). Solicita a los entes recurridos que se pronuncien sobre la conveniencia de aplicar tarifas diferenciadas, ascendentes según aumente el volumen consumido para riego.
Arguye que a mayor caudal, canon más alto. Añade que las diferencias son muy grandes, tanto en volumen como en precio. Ahora bien, dado que la norma de cita se encuentra impugnada en la acción de inconstitucionalidad que se tramita bajo el expediente N° 22-001372-0007-CO como se indicó ut supra, esta Sala considera procedente suspender la tramitación de este recurso de amparo, hasta tanto no sea resuelto dicho proceso, conforme lo dispuesto por el artículo 48 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
POR TANTO:
Se suspende la tramitación de este recurso de amparo, hasta tanto no sea resuelta la acción de inconstitucionalidad que se tramita bajo el expediente N° 22-001372-0007-CO.- Fernando Cruz C.
Presidente a.i Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Ingrid Hess H.
Ana María Picado B.
Alejandro Delgado F.
Jorge Isaac Solano A.
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