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Res. 00235-2015 Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal II Circuito Judicial de San José · Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal II Circuito Judicial de San José · 13/02/2015
OutcomeResultado
The Criminal Appeals Court annuls the acquittal and orders a remand for new analysis.El Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal anula la sentencia absolutoria y ordena el reenvío para un nuevo análisis.
SummaryResumen
The Criminal Appeals Court annuls an acquittal for a private individual accused of defaming a high-ranking public official through Facebook posts. The court examines the clash between the fundamental rights to honor and freedom of expression when the aggrieved party is a state official. It concludes that public officials, including those at the highest level, must tolerate a greater degree of criticism and scrutiny, but their right to honor is not devoid of protection. Criminal liability arises when freedom of expression is exercised abusively—exceeding its legitimate scope through falsehoods, rumors, malicious speculation, or language that is formally insulting and unnecessary. The trial court erred by adopting its own ideological standard that limited protection of honor to direct insults or criminal accusations, without comprehensively analyzing the content and manner of the publication or distinguishing between facts, opinions, and falsehoods. The case is remanded for a new analysis in accordance with the law.El Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal anula la sentencia absolutoria dictada a favor de un particular acusado de difamación contra una alta funcionaria pública por publicaciones en Facebook. El tribunal examina la colisión entre los derechos fundamentales al honor y la libertad de expresión cuando el afectado es un servidor del Estado. Concluye que los funcionarios públicos, incluidos los de máximo rango, gozan de un mayor umbral de tolerancia frente a críticas y escrutinio, pero su derecho al honor no queda vaciado. La protección penal procede cuando se ejerce la libertad de expresión de forma abusiva, excediendo su ámbito legítimo mediante falsedades, rumores, especulaciones maliciosas o un lenguaje formalmente injurioso e innecesario. El tribunal de instancia erró al fijar un criterio ideológico propio que limitaba la tutela del honor a ofensas directas o imputación de delitos, sin analizar integralmente el contenido y la forma de la publicación ni distinguir entre hechos, opiniones y falsedades. Se ordena el reenvío para un nuevo análisis ajustado a derecho.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Nevertheless, and it must be established from the outset, the interpretation of the above-cited norms carried out by the trial court in the contested judgment is not legally permissible. This is because such a criterion stems from a subjective interpretation of the Costa Rican socio-political reality by the lower-court judges, a stance from which they define an ideological basis for their decision, which, as they expressly state in the ruling, supports the essential standard upon which they resolve the merits of this case—namely, that the judges consider that the person occupying the position of […] must bear or tolerate even greater limitations on their right to honor compared to other public officials, with regard to the exercise of freedom of expression, such that only direct insults to that fundamental right or references to acts that expressly constitute a crime would be the circumstances under which the right to honor of the […] could be unlawfully violated, a criterion on the basis of which they dismiss the infringement of the right to honor in the case of the […] and complainant, [Name [Name1]].No obstante lo anterior, y desde ya es preciso establecer, no es legalmente procedente la interpretación que de las normas supra expuestas lleva a cabo el tribunal penal en la sentencia de mérito. Esto, por cuanto tal criterio deriva de una interpretación subjetiva de la realidad político-social costarricense por parte de los juzgadores de instancia, postura conforme a la que definen una base ideológica de su decisión, la que, según expresamente así lo indican en el fallo, sustenta el criterio o parámetro esencial con base el que resuelven el fondo del presente asunto, sea éste, que los juzgadores aprecian o consideran que quien ocupa la […] debe soportar o tolerar aún mayores limitaciones a su derecho al honor con respecto al resto de los funcionarios públicos, en cuanto al ejercicio de la libertad de expresión, de modo que sólo las ofensas directas a tal derecho fundamental o la referencia a hechos que expresamente constituyen un delito, serían los supuestos en que podría darse la vulneración ilícita del derecho al honor del […] o […], criterio con el cual descartan la afectación al derecho al honor en la especie de la […] y querellante, [Nombre [Nombre1]].
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Los funcionarios públicos, a pesar del deber de tolerancia al que están sometidos por su condición de tal, sí poseen y son titulares del derecho al honor, el cual debe tutelarse y garantizarse bajo la aplicación estricta del principio de rendición de cuentas y transparencia propios de un Estado Democrático de Derecho."
"Public officials, despite the duty of tolerance to which they are subject by virtue of that status, do possess and are holders of the right to honor, which must be protected and guaranteed under strict application of the principles of accountability and transparency inherent in a Democratic Rule-of-Law State."
Considerando B.1.iv
"Los funcionarios públicos, a pesar del deber de tolerancia al que están sometidos por su condición de tal, sí poseen y son titulares del derecho al honor, el cual debe tutelarse y garantizarse bajo la aplicación estricta del principio de rendición de cuentas y transparencia propios de un Estado Democrático de Derecho."
Considerando B.1.iv
"No es posible invocar la libertad de expresión para difundir situaciones que se sabe son falsas o respecto de las cuales no se hizo esfuerzo alguno por quien hace la publicación, para tratar de constatar algún aspecto objetivo que descarte su falsedad, así como la necesidad de valorar el caso concreto para desvirtuar la mala fe como objetivo real de la publicación."
"It is not possible to invoke freedom of expression to disseminate information known to be false or regarding which the publisher made no effort to verify any objective aspect that would rule out its falsehood, and the need to assess the specific case to disprove bad faith as the real purpose of the publication."
Considerando B.2.1.vii
"No es posible invocar la libertad de expresión para difundir situaciones que se sabe son falsas o respecto de las cuales no se hizo esfuerzo alguno por quien hace la publicación, para tratar de constatar algún aspecto objetivo que descarte su falsedad, así como la necesidad de valorar el caso concreto para desvirtuar la mala fe como objetivo real de la publicación."
Considerando B.2.1.vii
"La libertad de expresión en torno al derecho al honor de los funcionarios públicos, no cubre ni ampara el ejercicio de aquella mediante el señalamiento o divulgación de hechos falsos, simples especulaciones o comentarios maliciosos que tienen como verdadera finalidad la de afectar el honor del funcionario público involucrado."
"Freedom of expression in relation to the right to honor of public officials does not cover or protect its exercise through the pointing out or dissemination of false facts, mere speculation, or malicious comments whose true purpose is to affect the honor of the public official involved."
Considerando B.1.iv
"La libertad de expresión en torno al derecho al honor de los funcionarios públicos, no cubre ni ampara el ejercicio de aquella mediante el señalamiento o divulgación de hechos falsos, simples especulaciones o comentarios maliciosos que tienen como verdadera finalidad la de afectar el honor del funcionario público involucrado."
Considerando B.1.iv
Full documentDocumento completo
THIRD GROUNDS OF APPEAL. […] B.- Legally relevant aspects for resolving the case in accordance with the Law. This case has two particularities that must necessarily be assessed with care and rigor for the correct legal resolution of the known dispute, specifically these: 1.- that the complainant [Name [Nombre1]] held the position of […] on the date that [Nombre2] –the defendant– published on his “Facebook” profile the text accused as defamatory; 2.- that the facts under judgment are directly linked to two rights of constitutional rank, whose protection in the criminal sphere reveals their importance for the social and individual development of each of the inhabitants of our country, namely: i.- the right to honor and; ii.- the right to free expression. In consideration of and under the prism of these two essential pillars of the sub lite, the legally relevant and necessary aspects for resolving the case in accordance with the Law must be defined. Thus, we proceed to individualize such premises.
b.1.- Normative legal framework. In the first instance, it is necessary to establish the normative framework linked to the facts being judged, which must be considered and applied for their correct understanding. In this way, the regulations that are part of the constitutionality block related to and regulating the subject matter in question must first be defined, being the following:
i.- Article 11 of the Political Constitution; Its regulation covers a principle essential for the proper application of criminal law –and undoubtedly for the specific case– which is the principle of legality. This constitutional precept stipulates the following: “(…) Public officials are mere depositaries of authority. They are obligated to fulfill the duties imposed upon them by law and cannot arrogate powers not granted therein. They must take an oath to observe and comply with this Constitution and the laws. The action to demand criminal liability for their acts is public. The Public Administration, in a broad sense, shall be subject to a procedure for evaluating results and accountability (rendición de cuentas), with the consequent personal liability for officials in the fulfillment of their duties. The law shall indicate the means for this results control and accountability (rendición de cuentas) to operate as a system covering all public institutions. (As amended by Ley 8003 of June 8, 2000) (…)”. Another aspect essential for resolving the case, derived from Article 11 of the Constitution, is the duty of accountability (rendición de cuentas) of public officials, as well as the requirement of personal liability in the fulfillment of their duties.
ii.- Article 41 of the Political Constitution. This precept establishes the right to honor with constitutional rank, that is, it grants it the status of a fundamental right, hence the relevance of this norm for resolving the merits of the specific dispute known here. Said article establishes: “(…) Resorting to the laws, all must find reparation for the injuries or damages they have received to their person, property, or moral interests. Justice must be rendered promptly, completely, without denial, and in strict conformity with the laws (…)”.
iii.- Another article of our Political Constitution whose regulations are applicable and important for resolving the present case is established in its numeral 28, which regulates the following: “(…) No one may be disturbed or persecuted for the expression of their opinions or for any act that does not violate the law. Private actions that do not harm public morals or order, or that do not harm a third party, are outside the action of the law (…)”.
iv.- On the other hand, we have Article 29 of our Magna Carta, which protects as fundamental rights the freedom of expression, information, and press, all of which are undoubtedly directly linked to the event complained of in this criminal case. Literally, this norm regulates the following: “(…) All may communicate their thoughts by word or in writing, and publish them without prior censorship; but they shall be liable for the abuses they commit in the exercise of this right, in the cases and in the manner established by law (…)”.
Similarly, it is necessary to specify the regulation of Conventional Law that is linked to and must be assessed in the resolution of the present case, being the following:
i.- Article 11 of the American Convention on Human Rights. This norm expressly recognizes protection of honor and dignity of the person as a human right. Thus, it stipulates the following: “(…) Protection of Honor and Dignity. 1. Everyone has the right to have his honor respected and his dignity recognized. 2. No one may be the object of arbitrary or abusive interference with his private life, his family, his home, or his correspondence, or of unlawful attacks on his honor or reputation (…)”.
ii.- Also, as part of the “conventional block” governing our legal system, Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights expressly recognizes the right to freedom of expression and information, such rights being regulated as follows: “(…) 1. Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference. 2. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice. 3. The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary: (a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; (b) For the protection of national security or of public order (orden público), or of public health or morals (…)”.
iii.- In the same vein, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights stipulates the following: “(…) 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and expression. This right includes freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing, in print, in the form of art, or through any other medium of one's choice. 2. The exercise of the right provided for in the foregoing paragraph shall not be subject to prior censorship but shall be subject to subsequent imposition of liability, which shall be expressly established by law and be necessary to ensure: (a) respect for the rights or reputations of others; or (b) the protection of national security, public order (orden público), or public health or morals. 3. The right of expression may not be restricted by indirect methods or means, such as the abuse of government or private controls over newsprint, radio broadcasting frequencies, or equipment used in the dissemination of information, or by any other means tending to impede the communication and circulation of ideas and opinions (…)”.
iv.- A norm related to those previously set forth, and which is relevant for the decision of the sub judice, is provided in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which establishes the following: “(…) Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers (…)”.
On the other hand, in the legal sphere of our legal system, a series of regulations are contemplated that are of vital importance for the resolution of the present complaint in accordance with Law, being these the following:
i.- Article 146 of the Penal Code classifies the crime of defamation, which is precisely the punishable act complained of as committed by the accused [Nombre2]. Said article establishes: “(…) Defamation. Shall be punished with twenty to sixty days fine anyone who dishonors another or spreads statements suitable to affect their reputation (…)”. Thus, it is clear that the fundamental right to honor is at stake in the resolution of the sub judice, with the particularity that the rigorous assessment of the right to freedom of expression protected in the higher legal norms set forth above is also important for such effect; ii.- The regulation contained in Article 25 of the Penal Code is directly linked to the subject matter under discussion, specifically, regarding the legitimate exercise of the right to freedom of expression. Its regulation states the following: “(…) Compliance with the law. No one commits a crime who acts in compliance with a legal duty or in the legitimate exercise of a right (…)”. This ground for justification is of utmost importance for the purpose of defining, in a case like the one being resolved, whether or not criminal liability exists for the dissemination of facts complained of as harmful to honor.
iii.- Also legally relevant in the present case is the normative content of Article 22 of the Civil Code, since it expressly regulates the prohibition of abuse of a right, a provision linked to freedom of expression according to the norms that recognize and protect such a fundamental right in the legal instruments forming the constitutionality block, as set forth above. Said article states the following: “(…) The law does not protect the abuse of right or its antisocial exercise. Any act or omission in a contract that, due to the intention of its author, its object, or the circumstances in which it is carried out, manifestly exceeds the normal limits of the exercise of a right, causing damage to a third party or the counterparty, shall give rise to the corresponding indemnification and the adoption of judicial or administrative measures to prevent the persistence of the abuse (…)”.
iv.- Furthermore, by virtue of the special personal condition of the complainant [[Nombre3]], it must be considered that the General Law of Public Administration regulates provisions related to the substantive issue, which are relevant for resolving the case. First, Article 11 of the cited law regulates the principle of legality as an essential guiding principle for the actions of public officials, stipulating the following: “(…) The Public Administration shall act subject to the legal system and may only perform those acts or provide those public services authorized by said system, according to the hierarchical scale of its sources. An act expressly regulated by a written norm shall be considered authorized, at least as to its motive or content, even if in an imprecise form (…)”. For its part, Article 113 of the General Law of Public Administration provides the following: “(…) 1. The public servant shall perform their functions in a manner that primarily satisfies the public interest, which shall be considered as the expression of the coincident individual interests of the citizens. 2.
The public interest shall prevail over the interest of the Public Administration when they may be in conflict. 3. In the appreciation of the public interest, the values of legal certainty and justice for the community and the individual shall be taken into account, first and foremost, to which mere convenience cannot in any case be given priority (…)”. Another relevant legal norm is Article 114 of the General Law of Public Administration, which establishes: “(…) 1. The public servant shall be a servant of the citizens, in general, and in particular of each individual or citizen who relates to him by virtue of the function he performs; each citizen must be considered in the individual case as a representative of the community on which the official depends and for whose interests he must watch. 2. Without prejudice to what other laws establish for the servant, consider, especially, as irregular performance of their function any act, deed, or omission that due to their fault or negligence causes unjustified or arbitrary hindrances or obstacles to the citizens (…)”.
The normative framework set forth contains the provisions that must be considered and applied in the resolution of the sub judice, which, as previously noted, presents two particularities of great legal relevance that must necessarily be assessed to issue the decision that corresponds according to Law, these being; that the complainant [[Nombre3]] held the position of […] at the time when [Nombre2] published on his personal “Facebook” account the text that was complained of as defamatory in this case and; that the facts under judgment are directly linked to two rights of constitutional rank, whose protection in the criminal sphere reveals their importance for the social and individual development of each of the inhabitants of our country, namely: i.- the right to honor and; ii.- the right to free expression. Thus, from the study and application of the norms indicated above, it is determined that in the present case there exists what can be described as a kind of “friction” between the fundamental rights to honor and freedom of expression, about which it must be expressly indicated that, despite such a situation, they are not mutually exclusive.
This, because what is determined in this sense, based on what is regulated in our legal system, is that both fundamental rights are closely linked to each other, since both the right to honor and freedom of expression are essential for the individual and social development of every person, to which must be added that freedom of expression has an essential quality from a political-institutional and social point of view, as the protection and respect of such a right are absolutely necessary to guarantee the structuring, validity, and development of a society based on a Democratic State, as framed in our Political Constitution. This being the case, the provisions contained in the normative instruments of reference allow establishing that it is not feasible to think or consider that one of such human rights is of a higher degree or that it must be applied to the absolute detriment of the other, since what is appropriate for the purpose of guaranteeing and protecting both human rights, duly, in accordance with the precepts of our legal system, is their equal application, it being that in the event of a collision between the two –by virtue of their special link– what is appropriate is to assess the objective and subjective circumstances of each specific case, in order to rationally and proportionally modulate the value that corresponds to granting to the right to honor with respect to freedom of expression in a given matter of criminal legal relevance.
It is important to complement the previous idea, so that in addition to the considerations specific to the case in question regarding the “modulation” of the fundamental rights of reference, the scope or ambit of each of such fundamental precepts must also be assessed and carefully defined. This, with the objective of determining whether in a specific case the right to free expression was overstepped or “went beyond” its legitimate scope of protection. The foregoing is important because, normally, the right to honor will be affected by manifestations, opinions, or criticisms from third parties, but that affectation –by itself– should not be the sole parameter to consider, since it must also be assessed and defined to what extent honor and decorum –in the case of public officials– must tolerate such criticisms, so that it is not only sufficient to “modulate” the specific protective scope of one or the other human right, but also, limits and scopes of such rights must be established.
The foregoing is based on the objective and comprehensive study and analysis of the stated regulations, an analysis that leads to the conclusion that freedom of expression cannot be limited or restricted a priori, which would imply that such restrictions translate into prior censorship that would denature and, in turn, signify the emptying of the content and efficacy of freedom of expression, which is absolutely harmful to the adequate development and validity of a Democratic State of Law. From the stated regulations, as well as the legal nature and purposes of freedom of expression, the pertinent matter is that the limits to its exercise be given a posteriori, yes and only if, in cases where there has been an abusive use of freedom of expression that exceeds its normative content, and which implies, in turn, the violation of other fundamental rights, as can occur with respect to the right to honor, with which it has already been indicated that the right to free expression is closely linked.
In this way, it is not appropriate to establish as an absolute rule that the right to freedom of expression will prevail in all cases and without any limit over the right to honor, it being legally appropriate to consider and define in each specific case, what is the weight or value that corresponds to one or the other, for the purpose of adequately guaranteeing and in accordance with constitutional parameters, the validity and effective protection of both fundamental rights under their balance and adequate recognition. The foregoing is of utmost legal relevance for the resolution of the sub judice in accordance with Law and for guaranteeing one of the fundamental pillars of criminal due process, such as the right to a just sentence subject to legality, as established in the renowned resolution N° 1739-92 of the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice. Specifically, by virtue of the fact that, as previously established, the complainant [Name [Nombre1]] held the position of […] at the time the facts under judgment occurred.
Such a situation introduces another essential theme into the analysis of the sub judice, namely, the condition of being a public official and the obligation that, by virtue of such status, exists towards citizens, so that by reason of the provisions of the principles of legality and accountability (rendición de cuentas), anyone who holds a public official position has greater responsibility in the exercise of the powers inherent to their investiture, as well as being subject to greater scrutiny and oversight in the exercise of the public function, a parameter that ultimately gives a special nuance to the fundamental right to freedom of expression versus the right to honor. Thus, it is clear that by reason of the principle of accountability (rendición de cuentas) derived from Articles 11 of the Political Constitution, as well as from Articles 11, 113, and 114 of the General Law of Public Administration, whoever is a public official and holds a position of such nature, whether by popular election or any other type, by virtue of their condition as a public official and for having voluntarily opted for the management of a position of that category, is obligated to endure a greater level of tolerance in the scrutiny and oversight of the exercise of their position, as well as in the performance of their actions –including those of a personal nature– that are directly or indirectly linked to, affect, or have an impact on the management of their public function.
By reason of the foregoing, there is no doubt that whoever holds a position such as the one held by the complainant [Name [Nombre1]] at the date of the facts, that is, the […], –and in general anyone who occupies or exercises a public function– has the duty to submit to –and accept– greater control in the exercise of their functions, not only by the formal bodies or mechanisms created for such effect, such as the Contraloría General de la República, but also –and to a very important degree– by informal means of control and oversight, such as the press and public opinion in general. Thus, it is guaranteed that the administration of the State's assets and resources –which actually belong to all the inhabitants of the country and have been delegated to public officials for their proper governance– is carried out in accordance with the purposes and with the efficiency required by law, by those who hold some public office.
In turn, the effective safeguarding and validity of the democratic State are protected, in which prior –or any other type– restrictions on freedom of expression as a means of social control and domination have no place whatsoever, it being rather that in a democratic scheme like the one governing our country, freedom of expression must be guaranteed as a form of control of the exercise of public power. In this way, and concretely, whoever holds the position of the […], is subject to a greater level of tolerance in the scrutiny of their functions, which undoubtedly encompasses aspects related to the exercise of freedom of expression with respect to the right to honor of the […] or the […], so that the person holding the position is subject to criticisms, questionings, opinions, or manifestations that are directed at or are based on the exercise of their public function or that are directly or indirectly linked to their condition as a public official and to the powers they exercise.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, and it is necessary to establish from now on, the interpretation of the norms set forth above carried out by the criminal court in the judgment on the merits is not legally appropriate. This, because such a criterion derives from a subjective interpretation of the Costa Rican political-social reality by the trial judges, a posture according to which they define an ideological basis for their decision, which, as they expressly so indicate in the ruling, sustains the essential criterion or parameter based on which they resolve the merits of the present matter, that is, that the judges appreciate or consider that whoever occupies the […] must endure or tolerate even greater limitations to their right to honor with respect to the rest of public officials, regarding the exercise of freedom of expression, so that only direct offenses to such fundamental right or reference to facts that expressly constitute a crime would be the cases in which an unlawful violation of the right to honor of the […] or […] could occur, a criterion with which they dismiss the affectation to the right to honor in the case of the […] and complainant, [Name [Nombre1]].
In this regard, the study and interpretation that corresponds in accordance with Law to the previously defined normative framework does not allow establishing that it expressly or tacitly regulates that the level of tolerance of whoever holds the position of the […] is different from that of the rest of the public officials who are members of the Supreme Powers of the Republic, or of any other public office of a lower degree than those previously indicated. Thus, the differentiation carried out by the lower court (a quo) –distinguishing where the norm does not– regarding the point under analysis is neither objective nor legally supported, but derives from their own view or subjective position as to what the trial judges believe is the answer to the questions they pose to themselves in their ruling, these being: “[…] what type of State and society does the majority of Costa Ricans want? Is a strong State desired where the honor of public servants has greater legal protection than freedom of expression? or Is a Constitutional State desired where there is just protection between the honor of public officials and freedom of expression of other Costa Ricans […]” (cf. folio 360 of the main file).
The limitations and relationship existing between the right to freedom of expression with respect to the right to honor of Costa Rican public officials are not defined based on the subjective interpretation or individualization of the ideology of what is considered in this regard to be what the majorities of our country want, as erroneously carried out by the lower court (a quo) in the judgment on the merits. The legal relationship between the right to honor and freedom of expression in order to adequately guarantee the principles of legality, transparency, and accountability (rendición de cuentas) of public officials, for the validity and correct development of the democratic model established by our Magna Carta, must be defined based on the application of the normative framework set forth above, from which the following is determined: i.- Public officials are subject to the principles of legality and accountability (rendición de cuentas) in their capacity as depositaries of the public function. ii.- The strict application of such principles implies that public officials have a greater level of tolerance in the scrutiny and oversight of the exercise of their positions, in order to guarantee the adequate management of the public resources of all citizens, as well as to guarantee the full development of the democratic principle and the safeguarding of the Democratic State established by our Political Constitution. iii.- The constitutional, conventional, and legal regulations set forth above determine that public officials, despite the duty of tolerance to which they are subjected by their status as such, do possess and are holders of the right to honor, which must be protected and guaranteed under the strict application of the principle of accountability (rendición de cuentas) and transparency inherent to a Democratic State of Law, which give a special nuance and a higher threshold of tolerance in the relationship honor versus freedom of expression of public officials, a tolerance that legally cannot translate into the emptying or de facto disregard of the protection of honor of those who exercise the public function, in which, obviously, the position of […] is included.
Thus, although the person holding said position must endure criticisms, questionings, or opinions, which can even be strong, harsh, and uncomfortable, they retain their right to honor, so that it cannot be violated under the curtain or screen of the legitimate exercise of a right (Article 25 of the Penal Code), that is, freedom of expression, when in reality what exists is an abusive and illegitimate exercise of such fundamental right that implies a violation of the decorum and dignity of the person that not only affects them in their individual sphere, but also, by virtue of their special condition, affects them with respect to the exercise of the public function and administration. Such abusive use of the right to freedom of expression against honor can be carried out in many ways, as expressly stipulated in constitutional, conventional jurisprudence, and that of our Chamber III of the Supreme Court of Justice –to which reference will be made in a subsequent section– and not only through direct offenses or express criminal accusations against a […] or […], as the trial judges estimated in the judgment on the merits without an objective and legal basis.
This being the case, in order to guarantee the protection and effective application of the regulations set forth above that govern the fundamental rights to honor and freedom of expression in a case like the one being elucidated in the sub judice, without causing an illegitimate impairment of one of such rights to the detriment of the other, and thus achieve the safeguarding and efficacy of both, forms a priori or exhaustive as typical or necessary for the offense to the honor of a specific public official should not be assessed or defined, that is, in the present matter that of whoever occupies the […], but rather what is appropriate is to appreciate or assess in each specific case the statement that is accused or complained of as offensive to the honor of the public official, from two perspectives; 1.- that the text or content of the published material is made, expressed, or presented in a form or manner that leads to an objectively verifiable affectation or impairment of the honor, decorum, or dignity of the public official, by virtue of the abusive exercise of the freedom of expression.
That is, the main issue is the offensive content of the publication, however, as indicated by the Chamber III in the resolution studied above, it is important to assess the form in which ideas are expressed, captured, or the publication is carried out; 2.- that from “the statement” that is complained of or reputed as harmful to honor, the existence of common intent (dolo común) of the person making it is derived, that is, the knowledge and will that the expression is offensive to honor, that is, to affect the honor or decorum of the public official, a will that departs from and exceeds the exercise of freedom of expression that corresponds to the scrutiny and oversight that public officials must tolerate as part of the duty of transparency and accountability (rendición de cuentas) attached to the position they hold. In simple terms, it can be pointed out that the very least that can be required of a person who carries out a publication or dissemination of an expression regarding a person holding a public office –a posteriori in order to avoid any possibility of prior censorship– is that they have at least verified the seriousness or real existence of the source, that is, to appreciate and define at least an objective basis that justifies the questioning, criticism, denunciation, comment, etc., being disseminated or published.
It is clear that depending on each particular case, and in consideration of the degree of responsibility, hierarchy, and level of exposure of the position of a given public official, a margin of tolerance for criticism, questioning, or unfavorable opinions carried out in the serious and measured exercise of freedom of expression, as a means of control and formation of public opinion, will be more common and must be accepted with greater regularity, as occurs in the position of the […].
iv.- From the aforementioned regulations, it is inferred that freedom of expression concerning the right to honor of public officials does not cover or protect its exercise through the pointing out or dissemination of false facts, mere speculation, or malicious comments whose true purpose is to affect the honor of the public official involved, and not to give effect to the legitimate exercise of a right with the objective of informing or generating public opinion regarding situations that are relevant to the correct exercise of public function. The foregoing does not mean that someone who makes a statement, criticism, or opinion regarding the actions of a public official is obliged to prove the truth of the content of their publication, since such a position could unduly limit freedom of expression as a form of prior censorship. What is appropriate in each specific case—as was advanced supra—is to analyze, in the first instance, the objective basis of the comment, opinion, or publication, and secondly, that its issuance and dissemination do not have the true purpose of unduly affecting the right to honor of a public official under the appearance or subterfuge of invoking the exercise of freedom of expression.
This is because openly accepting, without any discrimination, any type of negative expression or comment against a public official, without sifting such manifestations through the lens of the higher level of tolerance that corresponds to them, is not appropriate. Nor is it acceptable to radically affect their right to honor, by virtue of the definition and appreciation of exhaustive factual assumptions that are neither derived from nor regulated in the legal framework set forth above in any way, as the lower court (a quo) does. Such a position, far from satisfying, procuring, and permitting the control, scrutiny, and oversight of those who hold public office, in order to guarantee the duties of transparency and accountability constitutionally established for the validity and development of the democratic State through the formation of public opinion and the questioning of the various acts that occur in the exercise of state power and administration, generates the "deformation of public opinion," which leads to undue disillusionment and loss of trust in those who exercise public administration and, consequently, to the possible irregular affectation of the correct institutional order.
The foregoing not only affects the individual honor of such persons, but also—and this is extremely harmful for a Democratic State—undermines the institutionality and governance thereof, as it unduly produces an environment of distrust and disillusionment among the governed in general, regarding those who exercise public function by their delegation and on their behalf. In this way, freedom of expression and communication in a democratic constitutional framework not only includes the possibility of carrying out manifestations freely and without prior censorship by the inhabitants of the State, but also contemplates the right to receive and for truthful, serious, objective, and responsible information to be disseminated about the actions of those who hold public function, in order to guarantee the formation of an adequate public opinion that enriches and enshrines the democratic principle through the protection and correct application of the principles of transparency and accountability which, obviously, concern and bind whoever exercises the […].
By reason of all the foregoing, it is determined that the ideological basis that was subjectively defined by the lower court, based on its particular appreciation of the reality of our country, to define parameters that, according to its appreciation, rule out the existence of unlawful conduct injurious to honor to the detriment of [Name [Name1]] for the facts that she filed a criminal complaint (querelló) against the accused [Name2], is a decision that is neither supported by nor conforms to the norms that in our legal system regulate the right to honor of public officials with respect to the exercise of freedom of expression.
b.2.- Jurisprudential precedents applicable to the substantive issue. In the judgment on the merits (sentencia de mérito), the trial court judges invoke and appreciate in their argumentation jurisprudential precedents from the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) and the Third Chamber (Sala Tercera) of the Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia), as well as from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos). Notwithstanding the foregoing, the comprehensive examination of the ruling reveals that, as the appellant claims, the trial court did not fully assess the content of such pronouncements, even though they are very important for deciding the merits of this matter, given that they study and develop the issue relating to the precepts and criteria that must be followed in the criminal-legal approach to the relationship between the fundamental rights of freedom of expression and the right to honor of those who exercise public function, as well as define other legally relevant aspects for the solution of the case.
For this reason, and by virtue of the fact that the reference jurisprudential framework has been appreciated and assessed in order to substantiate this pronouncement, it is necessary to recapitulate and analyze the most important contents of each of the precedents invoked in the judgment on the merits, related to the subject matter of the litigation.
i.- The precedent under study analyzes the fundamental right to freedom of the press, with the Constitutional Chamber stating in that regard that the case is approached from the perspective of said right in relation to public officials and the dissemination of issues of social relevance—news events (hechos noticiosos)—this even though the norm is conceived within a broader framework of subjects. In this regard, it should be noted that in the judgment on the merits, the trial court judges did not appreciate in any way that, although the case analyzed in the reference constitutional precedent has some aspects that are applicable to this matter—as they are related to a certain degree to the facts being judged in the case at bar (sublitem)—the specific issue addressed by the Constitutional Chamber was that of freedom of the press, which differs from what is discussed in this criminal complaint (querella), given that "the item" (la especie) that was filed as injurious to the honor of [[Name3]] was not published in a press medium, nor was it carried out by any person dedicated to such a professional field.
This is because [Name2] is not a journalist, to which it must be added that the respondent (querellado) also did not carry out the publication in question as a result of a journalistic investigation, nor under the dissemination characteristics that are customary and proper to communication media of such nature. This situation must be kept in mind to be able to gauge the scope of the pronouncement in question, in order to derive the aspects thereof that are applicable to the solution of the case at hand (subjudice), which was completely ignored by the lower court in the assessment it carried out in the ruling of the constitutional precedent under study.
ii.- Another aspect that the criminal court (tribunal penal) did not assess with the legally corresponding weight is the statement made by the Constitutional Chamber regarding the limits that freedom of the press has—which at some point in its reasoning it identifies as freedom of expression—with respect to those who exercise public function and their right to honor. In this sense, it is stipulated, in general terms, that the norms establishing restrictions on said fundamental right do not have the purpose of limiting the duty of transparency, but rather that of sanctioning the bad faith (mala fe) and inexcusable negligence of anyone who uses freedom of the press as a means to injure the honor of a public official. Literally, regarding the aspects previously noted, the Constitutional Chamber establishes: “[…] It is not, then, a norm configured to shield the public function, nor to avoid the necessary transparency that must exist regarding its acts, but rather it intends, in general, to sanction whoever, in bad faith or by inexcusable negligence, uses freedom of the press as a means to injure the honor of persons and the right of citizens to receive adequate and timely information from journalists and media that disseminate information through written means.
Topics outside the indicated framework are not addressed, as they are not part of the case, such as other non-journalist subjects or communication media, who express themselves and inform on different topics daily to the citizenry through the printing press, which generically encompasses all types of printed matter, printing, edition, circulation of pamphlets, magazines, and publications of all kinds […]”. The foregoing reveals the weaknesses in the reasoning and, consequently, in the basis of the decision subject to appeal.
iii.- Regarding freedom of expression, the Constitutional Chamber establishes that such a fundamental right is an essential pillar of democracy, which this appellate chamber fully assumes and shares, according to what was set forth in the preceding point of this pronouncement. Specifically, in this regard, the Constitutional Chamber stipulates the following: “[…] Freedom of expression as an indispensable requirement of democracy. Freedom of expression is without a doubt one of the conditions—although not the only one—for democracy to function. This freedom is what allows the creation of public opinion, essential for giving content to several principles of the constitutional State, such as, for example, the right to information, the right of petition, or rights regarding political participation; the existence of a free and consolidated public opinion is also a condition for the functioning of representative democracy.
The possibility for all persons to participate in public discussions constitutes the necessary precondition for the construction of a social dynamic of exchange of knowledge, ideas, and information, which allows the generation of consensus and decision-making among the components of the various social groups, but which also constitutes a channel for the expression of dissent, which in democracy is as necessary as agreements. For its part, the exchange of opinions and information that originates from public discussion contributes to forming personal opinion, both make up public opinion, which ends up manifesting itself through the channels of representative democracy […]”.
iv.- In the precedent under study, the Constitutional Chamber defines the content of freedom of expression, framing it in different facets, a categorization that is of capital importance for the solution of this case. In this regard, the following is stipulated: “[…] Content of freedom of expression. Freedom of information could be said to have several facets, as recognized by national doctrine (of which the first three are related to what is discussed here): a) freedom of the press in a broad sense, which covers any type of publication, b) freedom of information through non-written means, c) the right of rectification or response. Freedom of the press generically encompasses all types of printed matter, printing, edition, circulation of newspapers, pamphlets, magazines, and publications of all kinds. It is by its nature the natural vehicle of citizens' freedom of expression. It translates into the right for the governed to seek and disseminate information and ideas to an indeterminate number of persons about facts that by their nature are of general interest because they are considered newsworthy.
By its nature, it is subject to the same limitations as freedom of expression. Its functions in democracy are: to inform (facts, newsworthy events), to integrate opinion (stimulating social integration), and to control political power, as it is a permanent guardian of the honesty and correct management of public affairs. Given its symbiotic link with democratic ideology, an endless number of international instruments and practically all the Constitutions of the free world, since the French Declaration of 1789 (art. 11), have recognized it (…) Freedom of expression has as a consequence the prohibition of any form of censorship, in a double sense: one cannot censor the interlocutors, on the one hand; and one cannot, in general, censor in advance the possible contents of the discussion either: in principle, in a democracy, all topics are discussable. The non-censorability of subjects has a practically universal character, as established by our Constitution, no one can be deprived of the freedom to speak and express themselves as they see fit; the non-censorability of contents, although not given in advance, encounters some limitations, however, these must be such that the freedom continues to have meaning or is not emptied of its content, basically, like all freedom, it must be exercised with responsibility, in the end, to pursue legitimate aims within the system […]” (The underlining is not part of the original text).
From the foregoing, two fundamental points are inferred regarding the exercise of freedom of expression, in order to fulfill the proper purposes of a Democratic State, namely: a.- it is defined as the right of the governed to disseminate ideas to an indeterminate number of persons about facts that by their nature are of general interest because they are considered newsworthy. Thus, it is clear that what freedom of expression allows to be disseminated are "facts" that are relevant and have the character of being newsworthy, because they are linked to the exercise of public function. Such aspects were not assessed by the lower court despite using in its substantive reasoning the jurisprudential content of the reference precedent, given that it did not carry out any assessment to define whether in this case, "the item" that was filed as suitable for affecting the right to honor of [[Name3]] for being defamatory, bears the character of "fact" and, in turn, whether it can be considered of interest to the general public for being of a newsworthy nature.
In this sense, it is worth reiterating, as was established supra by this appellate court, that from a criminal law standpoint, anyone who exercises the right to freedom of expression or of the press is not obliged to demonstrate the veracity of the facts they disseminate; however, the verification of a certain objective basis is necessary, which allows for ruling out that what is hidden behind the publication is a falsehood or mere speculation that is maliciously circulated or disseminated with knowledge that it is suitable for affecting the honor of the public official involved, just as the Constitutional Chamber itself stipulates in the jurisprudence being examined. The comprehensive examination of the appealed ruling reveals that the trial court did not assess, with the rigorousness required by Articles 142 and 184 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal), the aspects previously noted, despite being essential for properly categorizing and deciding the facts alleged in the complaint (hechos querellados) in this case. b.- The Constitutional Chamber expressly establishes that prior limits on the exercise of freedom of expression are not appropriate, since such restrictions could imply a kind of prior censorship.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, our Constitutional Court establishes that certain limits a posteriori are appropriate, limits that do not suppress the content of the fundamental right, limits that are justified in that all freedom must be exercised with responsibility, in order to procure and achieve legitimate aims within the system.
v.- Another essential aspect touched upon in the precedent under study is that relating to the limits that the Constitutional Chamber stipulates correspond to freedom of expression. In this regard, it is established that not all expressions have the same value, and consequently, do not enjoy the same constitutional protection. In this respect, it takes up the jurisprudence of the Spanish Constitutional Court, stating the following: “[…] To determine which expressions can be limited and to what extent, it is important to take into account that not all expressions can have the same value nor, consequently, enjoy the same constitutional protection. Thus, for example, even international jurisprudence, e.g., the Spanish Constitutional Court, has pointed out that insults or value judgments that are formally injurious and unnecessary for the expression of an idea, thought, or opinion lack constitutional protection […]”.
From the foregoing, it is inferred that insults, as well as value judgments that are formally injurious and unnecessary for the expression of an idea, thought, or opinion, lack protection. In this sense, the comprehensive examination of the judgment on the merits allows for the conclusion that the trial court judges did not assess, under the parameters stipulated by the Constitutional Chamber, the content of the publication that was filed as defamatory in this case, given that they did not assess whether the manner in which such statement was drafted and its content were necessary for the expression of the item that was disseminated on the “Facebook” profile of [Name2]. In this sense, it should be added that the lower court analyzed the publication in question in a segmented and restrictive manner, based on the criterion that it subjectively defined as the “ideological basis” of its ruling, from which it established the parameters that it considered and determined as the only ones that can generate an affectation of the right to honor of whoever holds the […].
Thus, it limited its examination of the case to assessing whether the text in question was directly injurious or undeniably attributed criminal conduct to the plaintiff (querellante), an analysis that evidently does not conform to the parameters defined by our Constitutional Chamber in the reference precedent, a situation that translates into the erroneous legal basis of the appealed judgment.
Continuing with the analysis that said Chamber makes in the jurisprudence under study, regarding the limitations that constitutionally correspond to the right to freedom of expression, it is important to highlight the following points that delimit the legitimate exercise of said fundamental right: “[…] On another rung are opinions, that is, personal value judgments that are not formally injurious and unnecessary for what one wishes to express, even if they contain what is known as 'disturbing or hurtful opinions'; these opinions would be constitutionally protected by freedom of expression and could even contain irony, satire, and mockery. On another echelon would be information, understood as the truthful narration of facts, which would be protected as a general rule, unless it violates other fundamental rights or constitutionally protected legal interests (for example, honor, privacy, the order and tranquility of the nation, the rights of children and adolescents).
On another level would be the news item (noticia), understood as the truthful narration of facts that have public relevance, either because of the facts themselves or because of the people involved in them; news items contribute in an outstanding way to the creation of a free public opinion. On the last echelon would be found falsehoods, rumors, or insidious statements that hide behind a neutral narration of facts and that, in reality, completely lack veracity. Regarding the issue of veracity, the Human Rights Commission has pointed out (Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression, adopted by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights at its 108th regular period of sessions in October 2000) that any prior conditioning on aspects such as veracity, timeliness, or impartiality of the information is considered prior censorship, but in the opinion of this Court, it must be understood that this refers to the possibility of using such arguments as justifications for a prior censorship of information, not to prevent the right to effective judicial protection against the insults or damages that one may have received in their person, property, or moral interests, as established by Article 41 of our Constitution by stating: 'Resorting to the laws, everyone must find reparation for the insults or damages they have received in their person, property, or moral interests.
Swift, complete justice must be administered to them, without denial and in strict conformity with the laws.' It is recognized that the exercise of freedom of the press, understood as part of the right to inform and therefore a form of freedom of expression, must be exercised within elementary ethical principles, because 'freedom of the press is not synonymous with the right to insult.' This is because there is another fundamental right that justifies that the legal system provide a balance that will always be determined by analysis of the specific case. This does not mean that in all cases the honor of persons must prevail, or that these are rights of the same rank. They are rather freedoms that relate to each other within the system of freedom that supports our democratic institutionality […]” (The underlining is not part of the original text).
From the aforementioned, two very important aspects are derived regarding the right to honor, which were not duly assessed by the lower court, namely: a.- Opinions or personal value judgments are not exempt per se or in an absolute manner from generating an abuse of the right to freedom of expression to the detriment of other fundamental rights. Thus, as ordered by our Constitutional Court, to rule out such abusive use of the right to freedom of expression, one must assess and define whether the opinions are formally injurious and unnecessary to disseminate what one wishes to express, an analysis that the trial court omitted to carry out in the case at hand, by virtue of the absolute preponderance it gave to the parameter that it subjectively defined, to delimit the conducts that it exhaustively determined as the only ones that can affect the right to honor in the specific case of whoever holds the […].
It should be added that disturbing, hurtful, ironic, satirical, or mocking opinions, provided they are not formally injurious and unnecessary to express what is published, do not exceed freedom of expression as stipulated by the Constitutional Chamber in the precedent being analyzed. In this regard, it must be indicated that in the judgment on the merits, the criminal court points out that what was said by the respondent [Name4] against [[Name3]] was carried out through a "strong," "sarcastic," and undoubtedly "upsetting" text for said plaintiff, based on the facts that [Name4] reported as the basis for his statement or opinion. In this sense, it must be reiterated that in the appealed judgment, it is neither established nor derived from logical reasoning, nor on the basis of what evidentiary means, the lower court accurately granted the character of "facts" to the points encompassed in the text published on the "Facebook" profile of [Name5] against [Name [Name1]].
Likewise, in the ruling, the trial court judges also did not express the reasons why they considered that "the item" disseminated by the respondent was done in a manner that is not formally injurious and unnecessary to communicate what was disseminated on the "Facebook" account of [Name4].
b.- Another defect in the legal basis of the judgment, which is verified from its comprehensive examination—based on what is prescribed by the Constitutional Chamber in the pronouncement that the lower court invoked in its ruling—is that the trial court did not express any criterion or reason by virtue of which it ruled out in the case at hand that the statements that were filed as defamatory do not constitute falsehoods, rumors, or insidious statements that were disseminated under an apparent "neutral narration of facts" on the "Facebook" profile of [Name2]—since it was not analyzed—whether the publication in question completely lacks veracity. In this sense, as alleged by the appellant [Name6], the criminal court did not fully assess the statement of the plaintiff [Name [Name1]] given at trial, since it only assessed it in order to conclude, in the segmented analysis of the publication in question that it carried out in the ruling, that "the feelings expressed by the plaintiff were mere personal appraisals and derivations among many others that could be inferred from the content of the publication filed as defamatory" (without the ruling specifying objectively what those "many other derivations" are).
In relation to the point being analyzed, it must be indicated that the Constitutional Chamber, in the precedent under study, establishes that the accreditation of the truth of what is published cannot be demanded a priori, since such a situation would imply a type of prior censorship and would affect the right to freedom of expression, but at the same time, our Constitutional Court considers that in the case where a person decided to exercise such fundamental right with full knowledge that it has limits and can generate responsibilities for them, it is appropriate and necessary a posteriori to establish that what was expressed does not concern falsehoods or rumors that completely lack veracity. This assumption, defined as one of the constitutional parameters to limit freedom of expression, was not adequately assessed by the criminal court in the judgment on the merits.
vi.- One of the most relevant points for the solution of the case at hand, which is developed in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Chamber under study, is that relating to the manner in which the collision that can occur between the right to honor and the exercise of freedom of expression must be resolved, in the case where a person or persons who exercise public function are involved, given that in this regard the Chamber assesses the doctrine of the "preferred position" (posición preferente) of the right to information. In this respect, the following is stipulated: “[…] It is recognized that freedom of expression in its broadest sense is so fundamental that it represents the foundation of the entire political order, that is, it is not just another freedom, hence there has emerged—mainly due to North American influence—the doctrine of the 'preferred position' of the right to information in matters of constitutionality control, understood as that which affirms that when the right to freely inform comes into conflict with other rights, even if they are fundamental rights, it tends to prevail over them, a position that explains why aspects of the right to privacy and honor of public persons must yield before the interest of information.
The Spanish Constitutional Court has referred to the preferred position of freedom of expression against other fundamental rights in the following terms: Given its institutional function, when a collision of freedom of information with the right to privacy and honor occurs, the former enjoys, in general, a preferred position and the restrictions that may derive from said conflict to freedom of information must be interpreted in such a way that the fundamental content of the right to information is not, given its institutional hierarchy, denatured or incorrectly relativized (judgments 106/1986 and 159/1986). However, it is evident that the preferred position exists insofar as the right is exercised to fulfill its legitimate function in democracy and therefore as an essential part thereof, not to allow falsehoods, rumors, or insidious statements that hide behind the exercise of a fundamental right with the excuse, as indicated, of a supposed neutral narration of facts completely lacking in veracity, which cause violations of freedoms also essential from the point of view of the system of freedom, such as the honor of persons and the right to be informed in an adequate and timely manner.
This freedom is so important that it indeed enjoys special protections for its correct exercise, such as freedom of conscience, protection of sources, and the prohibition of prior censorship, to mention a few, all in order for it to fulfill the social function it is called upon to perform within the democratic framework. In this sense, the appellant is correct in pointing out that freedom of the press, unlike the right to honor, has, in addition to its dimension of individual protection, a social dimension. However, it is forgotten that the other side of freedom of the press, also with an evident social dimension, is precisely the right of individuals to receive adequate and timely (non-manipulated) information, which excludes the possibility of exercising this freedom in a manner contrary to the legitimate aims of the system or which, in turn, harms equally legitimate interests of the same.
In this sense, the preferred position is valid insofar as it is not used as a mechanism to violate other relevant aims of the system, because that is not what it was conceived for. Otherwise, manipulation or disinformation of individuals or the masses would be authorized, an objective as contrary to democracy as censorship itself. In this sense, when it is said that the right to transmit information regarding relevant facts or persons takes precedence over the right to privacy and honor in the event of a collision, it is necessary to conclude that in this confrontation of rights, the right to freedom of information, as a general rule, must prevail provided that the transmitted information is truthful and refers to public matters of general interest due to the subjects they address or the persons involved, thus contributing to the legitimate formation of public opinion. In this case, the content of the right to free information reaches its maximum level of justifying efficacy against the right to honor, which weakens proportionally as an external limit to the freedoms of expression and information (judgment STC 107/1988).
It should be clarified that legally it is not possible to require that everything published be true or exact, because as the Spanish Constitutional Court has indicated, if truth were imposed as a condition for the recognition of the right, the only guarantee of legal certainty would be silence (STC 28/96), but it also cannot protect a journalist who has acted with disregard for the truth or falsity of what was communicated. What it does protect is information rightly obtained and disseminated "even if it turns out to be inaccurate, provided that the duty to verify its truthfulness was observed through the appropriate inquiries expected of a diligent professional" (STC 178\93). It equally protects neutral reportage, understood as "those cases in which a media outlet merely reports statements from third parties, even when these turn out to be contrary to the rights to honor, personal and family privacy, and one's own image (STC 22|93), provided that good faith is involved, that is, that the person responsible for the dissemination was not aware of its inaccuracy or lack of truthfulness, because from that moment on, if it is not corrected, one would be acting in bad faith, affecting other guarantees relevant to the system of freedom […]" (the underlining is not part of the original text).
Regarding the doctrine of the "preferred position" of freedom of communication with respect to the protection of other fundamental rights such as the right to honor, it must be stated that undoubtedly, the trial court granted preference to freedom of expression over the right to honor of the complainant [[Nombre3]], as is established in principle as corresponding by the Constitutional Chamber in the reference precedent. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the reasoning set forth in the contested judgment, no consideration whatsoever was made regarding the aspects that, according to our Constitutional Court, must be assessed to determine whether the "preferred position" is applicable or not in a specific case, namely, specifically, that the lower court did not express the reasoning based on which it determined that said doctrine was fully applicable in the present matter. Thus, in the challenged judgment, no analysis was conducted to rule out that the statements or information disseminated by the defendant [Nombre4] on his "Facebook" profile do not constitute falsehoods, rumors, or insidiousness hidden behind the apparent exercise of a fundamental right under the guise of a supposedly neutral narration of facts completely devoid of truthfulness.
In this sense, a comprehensive examination of the judgment reveals that the lower court merely considered that in the present matter it was not necessary to establish whether the information disseminated by the defendant was truthful or not, since it was his "opinion" regarding the facts included in the publication in question, given that, as indicated above, the criminal court also did not establish the reasons—or the evidence—based on which it deemed the statements expressed by [Nombre4] against the complainant as "facts," or why it classified said statements as mere opinion, all of which contravenes the precepts defined by the Constitutional Chamber and demonstrates the erroneous legal reasoning of the acquittal judgment issued in this case. vii.- In the reasoning of the Constitutional Chamber precedent under study, emphasis is placed on the fact that one cannot previously require a person exercising their freedom of expression or press to verify beforehand the truthfulness of what they publish, as this would be a situation that could degenerate into prior censorship as a way of limiting such fundamental rights; however, the same Constitutional Chamber likewise reiterates that it is not possible to invoke freedom of expression to disseminate situations that are known to be false or regarding which no effort was made by the publisher to try to verify any objective aspect that rules out their falsity, as well as the need to evaluate the specific case to prove bad faith as the real objective of the publication.
In this regard, the reference precedent revisits what the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has indicated on the subject of prior censorship, and also analyzes the content of the judgment issued by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case New York Times vs. Sullivan, considerations that undoubtedly must be kept in mind and assessed in the solution of the present case. In this respect, the Constitutional Chamber considered the following: “(…) Evidently, as indicated, State protection cannot occur, as the Human Rights Court has pointed out, through the right to previously censor information, which would be clearly unconstitutional (Art. 28), but rather refers to its subsequent control, in the event that there was an intention to inflict harm or it was acted upon with full knowledge that false news was being disseminated or with manifest negligence in the search for the truth or falsity thereof, and with it the honor and reputation of any person was affected.
The Chamber shares the opinion of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Advisory Opinion 5/85) in the sense that: 33. ... It would not be licit to invoke the right of society to be truthfully informed to establish a regime of prior censorship supposedly intended to eliminate information that would be false in the censor's opinion. Nor would it be admissible that, based on the right to disseminate information and ideas, public or private monopolies over the media be constituted to try to mold public opinion according to a single point of view. It also recognizes the jurisprudence established in the case New York Times vs. Sullivan of 1964, which states that the protection that the Constitution offers to freedom of expression does not depend on the truth, popularity, or social utility of the ideas and beliefs manifested, and recognizes that a certain degree of abuse is inseparable from the proper use of that freedom, from which the government and the courts must allow an ”uninhibited, robust, and open” debate to develop, which can include caustic, vehement expressions and sometimes severe, unpleasant attacks towards the government and public officials.
Erroneous statements are inevitable in a free debate, and must be protected to give freedom of expression the breathing space it needs to survive. The rules must prevent a public official from being able to sue a media outlet or an individual for damages caused by a false defamation relating to their official conduct, unless it is proven by clear and convincing evidence that the expression was made with actual malice, that is, with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not. This qualification is indispensable given the State's obligation to protect the reputation and honor of individuals and, moreover, within its obligation to ensure that the misuse or deviation of this freedom is not used to violate equally essential aims of the democratic system, among which the system of fundamental rights is included […]” (the underlining is not part of the original text).
The content of the segment of the precedent set forth above was not assessed in any way by the trial court, in order to establish whether, in the present case, the publication made by [Nombre2] constituted a misuse of freedom of expression, since the lower court, without greater reasoning, disregarded considering whether the dissemination of the statements against the complainant had any degree of objectivity or even truthfulness, nor did it assess whether the text published on [Nombre4]'s "Facebook" profile was made with "knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not," as defined by our Constitutional Chamber based on the analysis of what was resolved in the case New York Times vs. Sullivan. In conclusion, two fundamental aspects are determined from all the foregoing: a.- Ruling No. 2006-05977 of the Constitutional Chamber develops an extensive interpretation and analysis of the manner in which the collision between the right to freedom of expression and the right to honor should be understood, as well as the limits that constitutionally correspond to the exercise of freedom of expression and communication, which undoubtedly constitutes a necessary legal input for the correct solution of the present case; b.- Despite the fact that in the judgment on the merits the lower court refers to and assesses a segment of the aforementioned constitutional precedent, it does not apply it fully and adequately in the legal analysis of the facts that were complained of as defamatory by [Nombre [Nombre1]] against [Nombre2], which implies not only ignorance of what was prescribed by the Constitutional Chamber for the analysis of a case such as the one being decided herein. 2.- Third Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice.
In the judgment under appeal, the trial court invoked the jurisprudential content of resolution No. 2002-01050, of 8:50 a.m. on October 25, 2002, of our Criminal Cassation Chamber. The study of said ruling regarding the substantive issue under consideration in this sub judice allows us to establish that this precedent analyzes and develops a series of legal aspects that are highly relevant to determine how to address, from a criminal perspective, the issue related to the exercise of freedom of expression versus the protection of the right to honor, in order to define in which cases there is a legitimate exercise of the fundamental right to express and communicate ideas, and in which situations there is an abusive exercise of such constitutional guarantee that constitutes the violation of the legally protected interest "honor" under criminal law, that is, in the sub litem, with respect to the crime of defamation provided for in Article 146 of the Penal Code that was charged against [Nombre2].
It is necessary to indicate that a comprehensive examination of the appealed ruling allows us to establish that the trial judges did not comprehensively analyze the pronouncement of the Cassation Chamber that they cited in the reasoning of the challenged judgment, since they did not assess its content with the rigor required by Articles 142 and 184 of the Criminal Procedure Code, in order to adequately support the acquittal ordered in this case. In order to support the present ruling, we proceed to define and assess the main aspects established by the Third Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice regarding the substantive issue that is the subject of discussion in this sub judice, which are the following: i.- The resolution under study deals, specifically, with the exercise of freedom of communication by a person dedicated to journalism, regarding the protection of the right to honor of individuals from a criminal perspective.
This particularity must be appreciated in order to mark the difference that exists with respect to the facts judged in this case; however, aspects do derive from the ruling of the reference Criminal Cassation Chamber that are applicable for the proper legal analysis and solution of the present matter. ii.- As this Court of Appeals has established and has been developed in Section A) of this resolution, the Third Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice considers that a case with criminal relevance where there is a collision between the fundamental rights to honor and freedom of communication, expression, or press, cannot be decided by attending only to criminal norms, but rather it is necessary to assess constitutional and conventional norms in order to adequately analyze and resolve the case. In this sense, the referenced vote stipulates the following: “[…] The conflict between the right to honor and the freedoms of information and press is one of the most difficult to resolve, as one is faced with fundamental rights of the person and this requires defining very well when one of them has primacy over the others.
The problem is not resolved by considering only what is provided in the Penal Code, but must start directly from the Constitution and international human rights regulations in order to understand the scope of punitive legislation […]”. The criterion expressed by the Third Chamber is what follows and justifies in this ruling that the legal framework whose norms are linked to the substantive conflict being resolved in this case has been enumerated, and which in turn, is assessed to demonstrate the erroneous legal reasoning of the judgment on the merits. iii.- The Criminal Cassation Chamber establishes that in the event of a conflict or collision between the right to honor and freedom of expression, the first of such fundamental rights yields to the second, except in cases where an abusive use is made of the right to freedom of communication—by exceeding or overstepping the scope of protection it contemplates—a situation in which the criminal provisions that protect the right to honor as a criminally relevant legal interest are indeed applicable.
Thus, the Third Chamber considered the following: “[…] As is obvious, we are in the presence of legal interests deserving of equal protection by the legal system. By virtue of what has just been indicated, the problem that must be addressed in this case is when the right to honor prevails over the indicated freedoms. In accordance with constitutional and international humanitarian law provisions, that conflict between fundamental rights can only be resolved in favor of the right to honor when an abusive exercise of the freedoms of information and press is verified. The foregoing is because the Costa Rican legal system contemplates, as a general rule (enshrined in Article 22 of the Civil Code), that it does not protect the abuse of rights or the antisocial use of the same. This is precisely because if a right is abused, it implies that the scope of protection it contemplates has been exceeded or overstepped, so that said excess is not covered by it and lacks protection.
Thus, if no abuse is incurred, but rather the freedoms of information and press are legitimately exercised, then there is no possibility whatsoever of criminally punishing the communicator, as he would not have committed any crime against honor […]”. From the foregoing, it is determined that, in cases where an excess occurs in the performance of human conduct related to the substantive criminal issue, either through the abuse of freedom of communication or expression and an antisocial use thereof is reached, such excess is not covered by the content of the fundamental right, meaning that for this reason it lacks protection and instead the criminal protection of the right to honor arises. The foregoing applies fully in the event that persons who are public officials are involved, since it is not possible to discriminate or define areas of exclusion that allow or justify an antisocial and abusive exercise of freedom of expression or communication, by the mere fact that the affected person holds a public office, whatever that office may be, even that of the […], since the position being questioned does not adhere to criteria of rationality and proportionality that must be appreciated for the protection and application of fundamental rights.
Thus, a constitutionally enshrined right such as the right to honor cannot be disregarded, which is fully retained by those who exercise public functions, yes, nuanced and tempered by the duty or obligation to endure greater tolerance in aspects related to questioning, criticism, opinions, control, and oversight—undoubtedly related to the right to honor—that derives from the exercise of their function and their special condition, and which is based on the duties of transparency and accountability constitutionally and legally stipulated. Therefore, the criterion by which the lower court defines a minimal and practically null scope of criminal protection for the right to honor of the person holding the […], by virtue of exercising such office, is forced and legally unfounded, since what actually derives from its reasoning is that the duty of tolerance indicated above is erroneously equated with the de facto emptying of the legal interest of honor of the person holding said office, given that such a position would allow, without possibilities of exclusion, the abusive and antisocial exercise of freedom of expression and communication, which—as indicated above—far from guaranteeing and reinforcing the democratic model that governs us, would imply the impairment of the right to receive truthful information for the formation of adequate public opinion, as well as for the suitable oversight of public functions and, obviously, of the exercise of public powers by all citizens. iv.- In the ruling of the Cassation Chamber under study, the principle of accountability is legally defined and framed, to which all public officials are subject, by virtue of which they are subject to extensive control and scrutiny by official or formal bodies established for this purpose—for example, the General Comptroller of the Republic—and by informal sectors—press, mass media, citizens in general—which have great weight and importance in a democratic regime like the one governing our country.
Likewise, the Third Chamber stipulates which acts of those who exercise public functions are subject to such type of scrutiny, that is, in general terms, those that are of public interest and correspond to the public facet of the lives of those who hold an office of such nature. Such parameters allow us to establish the criminal-legal scope of the duty of tolerance, as well as in which areas of the life or existence of a person who holds a public office they have the obligation to endure greater scrutiny and control, given that in this sense and regarding the relationship of the right to honor versus freedom of expression, the Cassation Chamber establishes that the public official's right to honor prevails and must be protected under criminal law when there is an excess in the exercise of freedom of communication or expression, even by those who exercise journalistic activity. The points set forth above were not assessed in any way in the judgment on the merits, despite being essential for the correct legal analysis of the facts complained of as defamatory in this case.
In the content of the resolution being examined regarding the aspects previously set forth, the following is stipulated: “[…] The events of interest here—that is, the video recording of the complainant's vehicle, as well as the information broadcast by Noti-Catorce and the response given by [Nombre7]. to the reports of said news program—occurred between October and December 1999. At that time, the Political Constitution provided in its Article 11 the following: ”Public officials are mere depositaries of authority and cannot arrogate powers that the law does not grant them. They must take an oath to observe and comply with this Constitution and the laws. The action to demand criminal liability for their acts is public.“ (It should be noted that following the constitutional reform enacted through Law No. 8003 of June 8, 2000, published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 126 of June 30, 2000, this article of the Constitution was modified and a provision was added to the effect that public officials must fulfill the duties that the law imposes on them; moreover, the principle of accountability was formally established, aspects that this Chamber estimates—as will be seen throughout this Consideration—could be extracted from the prior wording combined with provisions of the General Law of Public Administration, although certainly the reform makes it easier to appreciate the constitutional rank of said principle).
As can be observed, the Fundamental Law (as applicable to the specific case) clearly establishes that public servants are subject to the legal system; this is what derives from them being described as mere ”depositaries of the authority“; in other words, they are not above the Law. In this context, it follows from the constitutional provision under discussion (a precept that is revitalized with the aforementioned 2000 reform) that public officials are bound by permissive norms, as well as ordering and prohibitive norms, adding also that they can only do what the law expressly authorizes them to do. Thus, in Costa Rica every public official (whether popularly elected, appointed by another or a collective body, or having obtained the position through a competitive process; whether permanent, substitute, or interim; appointed indefinitely or for a term; whether a confidential employee or enjoying employment stability; whether a career official or not; etc.) is exposed, from the moment they assume office, to oversight of their acts in the performance of their duties.
This is because everything that person does by reason of the public office they hold is of interest to all inhabitants of the Republic, since the aim is to ensure that they act, as a servant, in strict conformity with the legal system. This constant supervision of their acts is one of the consequences of being a public servant, so that whoever assumes a position of this nature implicitly accepts that their actions will be publicly examined. By virtue of their investiture, the official is subject to the principle of legality, according to which they are only authorized to do what the law—in a broad sense and in accordance with the normative hierarchy—expressly permits them, with everything else being prohibited. Thus, performing a public function entails for the person being subject to controls, which have been conceived to verify that the exercise of the powers deriving from the position is correct, as well as to prevent the breach of the inherent duties of the office.
Now, within these controls are counted not only the institutionalized ones (such as those of the Public Administration itself, as well as the judicial ones), but in a democratic State—the Constitution defines Costa Rica as such in its Article 1—it is also necessary to consider the role of communicators. If every human being has the right to be informed, if there is also freedom to communicate thoughts and opinions, even by publishing them, and if it is considered that communicators have as their profession gathering data, analyzing it, and based on it informing others about topics of interest to them, then it is evident that the practice of journalism is a perfect manifestation of the freedoms of information and press. In this context, it is irrefutable that the mass media, journalists, and other communicators have the right to inform—making public the data they handle—the inhabitants. That is the premise that must prevail in a democratic society.
The foregoing requires certain clarifications when dealing with a matter of public interest related to the actions of a state server. The first is that a matter of public interest is everything that reasonably can be presumed to coincidentally attract the individual interest of citizens (Article 113 subsection 1) of the General Law of Public Administration); note that by speaking of ”citizens“ it becomes evident that these are topics related to the running of the State (in a broad sense, that is, the Government of the Republic—described in Article 9 of the Constitution—and other public entities) and the management of its resources, aspects that can be validly presumed to interest the general population of a country, as they are the ones who contribute to financing the expenses of the State. The second is that it is normal, in matters of public interest, for a state official to be involved, although it is also possible (an aspect to be seen at the end of this Consideration) that there are individuals not invested as public servants who carry out a task that is indeed public, whereby they would also be subject to oversight of their actions in the exercise of that public function.
Thus, in matters of public interest, the freedoms of information and press that protect communicators are so important, as they constitute one of the means of controlling public management in a democratic State, that if confronted with the right to honor that those who perform a public function also hold as persons, the latter may yield to the former, only in what pertains to the public facet of their conduct. In accordance with this approach, only when an abuse is incurred by the communicator when informing will it be possible to place the official's right to honor above the freedoms of information and press that protect the communicator, as well as the right to be informed that every person holds. There are a great number of norms that support this position. For example, note that Article 26 of the Constitution guarantees the country's inhabitants the right to assemble peacefully and without arms to examine the public conduct of officials.
This is important, as it is obvious that the constituent legislator was aware that there are public and private aspects in the behavior of State servants, with only the former being susceptible to open examination and discussion by society. Those public acts of officials are precisely those that have been established here as related to the performance of the office; private acts—and therefore not susceptible to being publicly debated—are those pertaining to personal and family privacy not connected to the exercise of the function. If one can publicly debate, in an assembly, aspects of the public actions of state servants, it is then undeniable that one must be able to report on their acts so that they can be examined by the inhabitants of the national territory. Furthermore, it must be remembered that under Article 28 of the Constitution, no one may be even disturbed for the expression of their opinions, nor for acts that do not infringe the law.
As a corollary of the foregoing, it must be observed that Article 29 of the Constitution expressly provides for the possibility of every person to communicate (to convey to another) their thoughts, by word or in writing, and even to publish them (to make them public knowledge) without prior censorship, so that they will only be liable if they abuse these rights. In this context, it follows that the exercise of the communicators' activity, which is indispensable to guarantee the right to be informed that every person holds, permits freely reporting on aspects related to the exercise of public functions, as this is a matter of evident public interest […]”.
It should be added to the foregoing that the Third Chamber, in defining the criminal protection of the right to honor that corresponds to the particular situation of public officials, does not make any discrimination regarding the specific type of position held by a particular person, whether it be by popular election or an appointment resulting from a public competition, etc. The foregoing demonstrates that the thesis upheld by the lower court (a quo), and upon which it dismisses the harm to the right to honor of the plaintiff [ [Nombre3] ], does not adhere to the precepts established by the Criminal Cassation Chamber regarding the protection of that fundamental right, which must be guaranteed to those who exercise public function, regardless of the type of position they hold, including even those designated by popular election, among which, of course, is that of the […]. In this regard, an integral review of the decision allows for establishing that the criminal court did not set forth weighty legal arguments to justify departing from the jurisprudential precepts defined by the Third Chamber regarding the matter under judgment, given that the only thing derived from the intellectual foundation of the challenged sentence is the criterion defined by the trial judges based on their particular reading of the Costa Rican reality and “the ideology” that, expressly, they indicate derives from such aspect, determining, based on that argumentation, an exceptional and specific margin of criminal protection for the right to honor that they particularly estimate corresponds to the person holding the position of […], a criterion that, as has been established throughout this ruling, is neither intellectually nor legally justified as legally required, pursuant to the provisions of Articles 39 and 41 of the Political Constitution, and in numerals 1, 142, 184, and 363 of the Criminal Procedure Code.
Another aspect that the Criminal Cassation Chamber specifies as legally relevant, to define in which cases the right to honor of public officials must be criminally protected with respect to the abusive exercise of the freedom of communication and expression, is that concerning the ways in which the dissemination or exposure of comments, opinions, or thoughts that have sufficient entity to violate the honor of the public official can occur, and for that reason the propriety of criminal protection of their honor and dignity (decoro). In this sense, it is clear that the Third Chamber does not restrict the cases of criminal protection of the right to honor of public officials to the narrow margins and cases subjectively defined by the lower court in the judgment on the merits (fallo de mérito), that is, based on its criterion of “absolute exceptionality” or exceptional regime of criminal protection, which the trial court estimates corresponds to the honor of the person who exercises the position of […], namely, direct insults or the imputation of criminal acts as the only possible interpretations of “the species” being published.
In this regard, the Criminal Cassation Chamber establishes that the honor and dignity (honra y decoro) of a public official can be affected by the manner in which ideas are expressed, the mode in which the publication occurs, when false data are knowingly disclosed, when there is a failure to seek the version of the official involved in order to provide balanced information, etc. Accordingly, the Third Chamber stipulated the following: “[…] Only when the freedoms of information and the press are abused (such as could be the case if false data are deliberately disclosed as if they were true, if there is no attempt to obtain the official’s version in order to offer balanced information, if the public servant is denied their rights to rectification and/or reply, if purely private matters or sensitive information unrelated to the position held by the person are involved, if it is presented to the public as certain that the servant’s conduct is criminal without a judicial ruling to that effect, if the sole intent is to offend a person —an aspect that must be examined on a case-by-case basis and in which several factors could be relevant, such as the context in which information is disclosed, the way photographs or images are handled, the way news is presented, or comments surrounding it, or similar situations) can the communicator be held liable, since the abuse of a right (a situation that must be verified in each specific case) implies exceeding the scope of its protection.
That abuse is not protected by the legal system (Article 29 of the Constitution related to Article 22 of the Civil Code), so that a communicator who engages in abusive conduct will have to answer for their acts (which could even eventually entail the liability of the medium that disseminated the information). […]”. Thus, it is determined that the criminal court did not appreciate or adequately assess the jurisprudential precept in question—despite having expressly mentioned it in its ruling—for the purpose of supporting the criterion based on which it analyzed the facts giving rise to the complaint (hechos querellados) and dismissed them as damaging to the honor of the [CED1], which confirms the erroneous legal foundation of the criterion outlined by the lower court and, consequently, the lack of legal basis for its decision to acquit the defendant [Nombre2]. v.- Another point addressed in the resolution of the Cassation Chamber under study, which is relevant for the proper legal analysis of the sub judice, is that relating to public interest (interés público), which is defined as a parameter that must be assessed to delimit the degree of criminal protection that must be given to the right to honor of a public official with respect to the exercise of freedom of expression and communication.
In this sense, the following is indicated: “[…] Of course, the coexistence of those two provisions in the same normative text reveals that they are complementary. In that sense, the freedoms of information and the press related to matters of public interest would displace the protection of honor and dignity with respect to public officials; let it be noted immediately that this rule would not apply to persons who do not hold such character. This is because in these circumstances (when faced with a case of public importance related to state servants), what is at issue is not the privacy of a person, but rather the way in which they perform in the exercise of a public office, an aspect that—in the face of the conflict of the legal interests in question, namely the right to honor and the freedoms of information and the press—is the most important from the point of view of the national community.
If what is disseminated is correct and indeed corresponds to a matter of public interest, then there is no possibility whatsoever for the official to claim that their honor has been injured (in any case, if the news concerns some inappropriate act, the one who would have injured their honor is the servant themselves and not the communicator, such that the latter cannot be held responsible for the former’s responsibility). Of course, if the information is false or does not relate to a matter of public interest, then it could eventually be one of the cases of abusive conduct mentioned supra (which could even constitute a crime) that do entail a declaration of liability for the communicator. In this context, the two international provisions under comment (Articles 11 and 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights), viewed together, reveal that regarding matters of public interest relating to the way servants perform their duties, the right to honor yields to the freedoms of information and the press, as well as to the right to be informed.
To understand that it does not displace it would be tantamount to creating a very broad sphere of topics in which the aforementioned freedoms could not be exercised, which would be an attack against the democratic regime contemplated in the Costa Rican Constitution. Added to the above, it must be indicated that Articles 17 and 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights also address the problem at hand. The first of these establishes that no one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with their privacy, nor to unlawful attacks on their honor or reputation. This wording is important to highlight because—examined a contrario sensu—it shows that honor can be legally affected, which reinforces the thesis that there are cases (such as those of interest here) in which, despite there being an impact on said legal interest, no one can be held responsible for it.
This Chamber considers that the foregoing occurs precisely in cases where information is published on matters of public interest related to questionable actions by public officials (or even by persons who perform a public function), situations in which the honor of the persons involved is evidently affected (as a consequence, not as an intention). In those situations where what is disclosed will inevitably affect some public servant, in which additionally there is no sole intent to offend, the freedoms of information and the press must prevail over the right to honor, since the communicator acts in compliance with their right to inform and does not become responsible for the consequent impact on the honor of the officials (which in any case, as already stated, would have its cause in their own acts and not in what is published) related to the news. Of course—it is worth reiterating—if the information is not of public interest, the sole intention is to offend a person, or what is reported is false, then the communicator (and eventually the medium) does become liable for the abuse committed.
In summary, both in the Political Constitution and in the international Human Rights provisions applicable in Costa Rica, there are regulations that allow for affirming that public officials (though not private individuals, except in cases where they perform a public function) are subject to public scrutiny of their actions in the exercise of their office, so that the freedom to disseminate information about their acts in relation to matters of public interest displaces their right to honor, such that no communicator can be held criminally responsible for that type of information, unless they acted abusively. This follows from the fact that, in accordance with Article 25 of the Criminal Code, whoever legitimately exercises a right does not commit a crime. To what has already been stated, it must be added that there are also legal provisions that reinforce the criterion upheld here. What is established in Articles 113 and 114 of the General Law of Public Administration is of special importance.
The first of these provides: “1. The public servant shall perform their functions in a manner that primarily satisfies the public interest, which shall be considered as the expression of the coinciding individual interests of those administered. 2. The public interest shall prevail over the interest of the Public Administration when they may be in conflict. 3. In assessing the public interest, the values of legal certainty and justice for the community and the individual shall be taken into account, firstly, to which mere convenience cannot under any circumstances be given priority.” For its part, the second of the mentioned numerals stipulates: “1. The public servant shall be a servant of those administered, in general, and in particular of each individual or administered person who deals with them by virtue of the function they perform; each administered person must be considered in the individual case as a representative of the collectivity on which the official depends and for whose interests they must watch. 2.
Without prejudice to what other laws establish for the servant, consider, especially, as irregular performance of their function any act, deed, or omission that through their fault or negligence causes unjustified or arbitrary hindrances or obstacles to those administered.” As can be seen, the legislator grants great importance to the satisfaction of public interest as the guiding axis of administrative activity, so much so that it formulates the principle of objectivity of public function as acting for the sake of satisfying said interest. Furthermore, the duty of accountability on the part of public servants is striking, who must consider themselves—in each specific case—servants of the person with whom they deal by virtue of the office they hold (it is pertinent to note that these provisions have existed since 1978, so that if they were related to the previous wording of Article 11 of the Constitution, the enshrinement in the Costa Rican legal system of the principle of accountability was evident, even before the constitutional reform of the year 2000 alluded to previously).
This further highlights the public character of the actions of officials regarding the fulfillment of the inherent functions of the position they occupy. In this context, it is unthinkable—unless the democratic principle established in the Political Constitution is ignored—to criminally sanction a person who acts in accordance with their right to disseminate information related to the actions of state officials in matters of public interest, unless they have incurred in some abuse (such as those set forth above) when making the information public. […]” (The bolding is not part of the original text). Based on the foregoing, it is opportune to indicate that the comprehensive examination of the judgment on the merits reveals that the trial judges did not make any consideration regarding the questions of fact and law for which they concluded that the content of the text disseminated on the “Facebook” profile of the defendant [Nombre2] corresponds to a situation inherent to or directly or indirectly linked with the exercise of the position of […], the public office that the plaintiff [[Nombre3]] held at that time.
Likewise, in the appealed sentence, a broad and sufficient analysis is not observed that allows for establishing whether the content of the publication disseminated by said defendant is correct—or at least supported by certain objective and verifiable data—or whether it refers to an action carried out by [Name [Nombre1]] as […] that constitutes a questionable action in the performance of said public office. The foregoing, for the purpose of ruling out that the publication subject of this complaint is not in reality a mere malicious speculation or a falsehood that is not linked to or derived from an action carried out by [[Nombre3]] during their tenure. Such intellectual exercise must necessarily be highlighted in the sub judice, to determine accurately whether the content of said publication corresponds to a matter of public interest or not, since it is in this situation that the Third Chamber defines that there is no possibility whatsoever on the part of the person exercising public function to claim that their right to honor or dignity (honra o decoro) has been injured, a criterion shared by this appellate chamber (cámara de apelaciones) and which should have been assessed with greater rigor by the lower court to comply with the standards of substantiation legally required for the efficacy and validity of the criminal sentence.
In conclusion, the Criminal Cassation Chamber determines in the ruling under study that the right to honor of those who exercise public function yields to the exercise of freedom of expression by reason of the duty of accountability and due to the very condition of being a public official—a greater level of tolerance—when it concerns matters of public interest or questionable actions by state servants in the performance of their functions or in matters related to such public duties, regardless of the position held, which has its limit and justifies the criminal protection or safeguarding of the right to honor of state servants in cases where an abusive use is made of the freedom of expression or communication that exceeds the scope of protection of that fundamental right. Such situations were not assessed nor reasoned in a broad, precise, and sufficient manner by the lower court in the judgment on the merits, by virtue of its subjective criterion of restricting the situations it defined ad hoc as appropriate for the propriety of the criminal protection of the right to honor of the person holding the position of […].
That reasoning is not sufficient to disregard and ignore the criteria of interpretation and application that, based on a deep, broad, and integral analysis of the norms linked to the substantive issue, have been established by our Criminal Cassation Chamber, criteria about which it must be indicated that they follow the jurisprudential guidelines stipulated by the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional), in the precedent analyzed supra in this resolution. 3.- Inter-American Court of Human Rights. In the ruling under challenge, the criminal court invokes and cites some segments contained in two precedents of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, these being the judgment in the case [Nombre8] vs Costa Rica dated July 2, 2014, as well as the judgment issued in the case [Nombre9] vs [Nombre10] dated May 2, 2008, sentences in which topics were addressed and criteria were issued relating to the exercise and protection of the right to freedom of expression and communication regulated in Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights. 3.1.
Judgment in the case [Nombre8] vs Costa Rica. Regarding the analysis of said precedent issued in the Inter-American System of Human Rights, which was carried out by the lower court in the judgment on the merits, as well as with respect to its relevance for the resolution of the sub judice, it is opportune to indicate the following: i.- First, it must be indicated that the appellant [Nombre6] is correct that the lower court errs in citing and assessing the ruling under reference. This is because the criminal court mistakenly and without any justification makes reference to and assesses, in the foundation of the appealed ruling, the particular criterion established in the “reasoned concurring vote of Judge [Nombre11]” (In this sense, the paragraphs identified as 26 and 27 in the verbatim citation included in the judgment on the merits visible at folios 356 and 357 of the main file), as if the individual considerations of said judge were part of the decision that the Inter-American Court of Human Rights—as a collegiate jurisdictional body—issued regarding the case indicated above, which is evidently incorrect and reveals the weakness of the legal reasoning of the challenged sentence.
This is because the trial judges granted legal value and weight to a dissenting vote (voto de minoría) that it does not have, by invoking and assessing its content as if it were part of the foundation that the majority of the members of the Inter-American Court considered and established to issue the sentence in the case [Nombre8] vs Costa Rica, given that it did not even make any clarification as to whether it endorsed the individual thesis of Judge [Nombre12]. Thus, the judgment on the merits has a defect in its legal substantiation regarding the parameters and situations that the lower court assessed to support its criterion, concerning the definition of a restrictive and specific scope for the protection of the right to honor of the person holding the public office of the […], a criterion based on which it dismissed the existence of a punishable act in the sub judice and decided to acquit [Nombre2] of all penalty and responsibility. ii.- It is important to indicate that in the case of [Nombre13], two very important aspects were present that differ from those discussed in this case, namely that [Nombre8] is a journalist and it was in the exercise of that profession that a complaint was filed against him, and, secondly, that his action consisted of reproducing, in four journalistic articles he authored, the content of reports carried out by European newspapers in which reference was made to alleged illicit acts by a person who was part of the Costa Rican diplomatic service.
Such aspects are important to consider in order to dimension the scope of what was resolved by the Inter-American Court in the case [Nombre8] vs Costa Rica and to modulate its content to the objective and subjective circumstances of the case being judged, an intellectual analysis that the lower court omitted to perform in the judgment on the merits. iii.- The integral review of the challenged ruling allows for establishing that the trial judges made reference to the content of the sentence in the [Nombre8] case and assessed it, to establish their criterion that the person holding the office of the […] has the highest maximum level of tolerance with respect to their right to honor, in light of the preference held by the exercise of freedom of expression, a margin of tolerance that the lower court considered is not comparable to that of the rest of the public officials, specifically, by virtue of the hierarchical degree corresponding to the person who occupies the […].
However, from the examination of the analysis carried out by the trial judges regarding the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court under reference, sufficient elements of judgment are not gathered that, when compared with the provisions of the sentence in the [Nombre8] case, allow for arriving at the criterion upheld by the trial court and assessed to issue the acquittal ruling under challenge. In this sense, a reading and study of the judgment issued in the case under reference allows for establishing that the Inter-American Court of Human Rights does not carry out any discrimination regarding the margins of protection of the right to honor corresponding to the person exercising public function, with respect to the exercise of freedom of expression regardless of the position—type or hierarchy—the person occupies. Specifically, the Inter-American Court establishes that in the situation under study, a greater level of tolerance is required from the person exercising public function, in order not to unduly restrict the right to freedom of communication and expression, whose respect and effectiveness it establishes as absolutely necessary for the consolidation and dynamics of a democratic society.
Likewise, the Inter-American Court establishes that although there is a greater level of tolerance for public officials regarding the protection of their right to honor or dignity, by virtue of the duties of transparency of governmental activities and probity to which they are subject—and with the goal of guaranteeing the validity and development of a democratic society—the exercise of freedom of expression is not absolute and has limits that must be observed, which cannot be applied as prior censorship, but rather through subsequent liabilities (responsabilidades ulteriores) expressly established by law, and for the purpose of guaranteeing respect for the rights of others or their reputation. In this regard, the ruling in question establishes: “[…] 120. It is important to highlight that the right to freedom of expression is not an absolute right; it can be subject to restrictions, as indicated by Article 13 of the Convention in its paragraphs 4 and 5.
Likewise, the American Convention, in its Article 13.2, envisions the possibility of establishing restrictions on freedom of expression, which are manifested through the application of subsequent liabilities for the abusive exercise of this right, which must not in any way limit, beyond what is strictly necessary, the full scope of freedom of expression and become a direct or indirect mechanism of prior censorship. To be able to determine subsequent liabilities, three requirements must be met, namely:
v.- It must be noted that in the judgment handed down in the case of [Nombre8] vs. Costa Rica by the Inter-American Court—extensively transcribed, yet not so extensively or rigorously assessed in the judgment by the trial court—it is expressly established that “politicians” have a higher level of tolerance in the relationship between the right to honor and freedom of expression. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Inter-American Court establishes that despite the particular situation of those who exercise state functions as set forth above, their right to honor and dignity must indeed be protected, and in this regard the [Nombre8] ruling stipulates the following: “[…] 127. Democratic control, exercised by society through public opinion, fosters the transparency of state activities and promotes the accountability of public officials regarding their public management, which is why there must be a reduced margin for any restriction on political debate or debate on matters of public interest. 128.
In this context, it is logical and appropriate that expressions concerning public officials or other persons who exercise functions of a public nature should enjoy, under the terms of Article 13.2 of the Convention, a margin of openness to broad debate regarding matters of public interest, which is essential for the functioning of a truly democratic system. This does not mean, in any way, that the honor of public officials or public persons should not be legally protected, but rather that it must be protected in a manner consistent with the principles of democratic pluralism […].” In this regard, it is necessary to indicate that, although the trial judgment cites several segments of what was decided in the [Nombre8] case, it does not comprehensively assess the jurisprudential precepts indicated by the Inter-American Court in the referenced ruling, and without further justification the criminal court disregards the scope of protection of the right to honor that the Inter-American Court establishes is proportional to the condition of being a public official and the higher level of tolerance to which they are subject due to that condition.
In this same vein, the lower court (a quo) does not appreciate in its substantive reasoning that the Inter-American Court, regarding the protection of the right to honor that corresponds to those who hold public office, does not specify or determine that there are different degrees of protection of this fundamental right depending on the hierarchy or type of state office held by the person. Thus, it is clear that the criminal court did not adequately assess such precedent from the Inter-American Human Rights System, by establishing ad hoc and disproportionately restrictive criteria with respect to the criminal protection of the right to honor that they considered corresponds particularly to whoever holds the office of […], and such a stance implies and in reality translates into the almost absolute emptying of the content of the constitutional and legal protection that this fundamental right is afforded in our legal system, which is improper.
In this regard, it is important to point out that the same trial judges established in their ruling that, from the publication made by the accused [Nombre4], certain meanings can indeed be derived that may be considered offensive to the complainant [[Nombre3]], but that nevertheless, since it is considered that they are not unambiguous or the only ones emanating from the content of the disseminated text, since according to the lower court (a quo) other meanings arise—without the ruling defining what the other possible derivations are—that have nothing to do with offensive situations, the right to honor of the [[Nombre3]] was not violated. To reach this conclusion, the criminal court sets forth the criterion it defined, as set out supra, to restrict the scope of criminal protection it considered corresponds to the office of the […], that is, that only direct offenses and the expression of ideas or opinions whose sole meaning is the imputation of a criminal act are punishable as injurious to the honor and dignity of whoever holds said public office.
Such reasoning does not derive from the legal guidelines that have been defined in the jurisprudential precedents studied in this pronouncement—and cited in the appealed judgment—regarding the interpretation and application of the rules governing the factual and legal situation of a case like the one discussed in the case at bar (subjudice), including, even, the binding jurisprudence of the Constitutional Chamber, all of which reveals a serious weakness in the intellectual and legal foundation of the judgment under appeal. 3.2. Judgment in the Case of [Nombre9] vs. [Nombre10]. i.- In the appealed ruling, two segments of the judgment handed down by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the case of [Nombre9] vs. [Nombre10] are cited, and in that regard, the trial judges established the following: “[…] Now, on this point, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has said that the activities of public servants: ‘...leave the domain of the private sphere to insert themselves into the sphere of public debate.
This threshold (…) is based on the public interest of the activities they carry out.’ (Case of [Nombre9] vs. [Nombre10], May 2, 2008, paragraph 86). Note that the highest continental human rights body establishes that in the Americas, public officials are more exposed to criticism, that this is inherent to the office they voluntarily accepted, and that the activities they carry out are of public interest. Now, it must be noted that these affirmations of the Inter-American Court have been made in the context of cases involving high-ranking public servants, but not of the highest rank as is the case in this complaint, the […] […] These assessments are important because if we affirm with the Inter-American Court ‘...that in a democratic society, public officials are more exposed to public scrutiny and criticism.’ (Case of [Nombre14] vs. [Nombre10], idem), the exposure of the highest-ranking official of the public function is even greater and, correspondingly, the public criticism must be even greater […]” (Cf. folios 346 and 347.
The transcription is literal). In this regard, it must be established that the lower court (a quo) does not fully, nor correctly, assess the content of the resolution issued in the case of [Nombre9] vs. [Nombre10], since, referencing such precedent, the trial judges determine that the scope of protection of the right to honor of whoever holds the office of the […] must be differentiated from that of other public officials who do not hold such investiture or hierarchy. This is because the lower court (a quo) considered that the [Nombre9] case establishes a greater degree of tolerance for state servants and, consequently, on their own they consider that the degree of tolerance must be greater according to the public office held, a conclusion reached by the criminal court despite the fact that no such differentiation is made in that precedent. Likewise, the trial judges conclude motu proprio that whoever holds the office of the […] is subject to a specific, more restrictive parameter of protection of the right to honor compared to the rest of the public officials, a differentiation they deemed it necessary to make because the [Nombre9] vs. [Nombre10] case did not rule on the particular situation of whoever holds that type of public office.
Such interpretation and analysis of the precedent in question is not logical, and in reality, what it reveals is that the thesis of the lower court (a quo) does not derive in any way from what was stipulated by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the referenced case, but rather it is a criterion defined by the trial court based on its particular appreciation of what it considered to be the ideology desired by the majority of Costa Ricans regarding the management of public offices, particularizing that popular desire for the case of the […]. ii.- In the same vein, it is important to note that, from the comprehensive analysis of what was established in the precedents of the Constitutional Chamber and the Third Chamber, as well as what was indicated by the Inter-American Court, it neither derives from, nor can it be considered that, the totality of the private life acts of those who hold public office are part of or can be included in the greater scope of tolerance to which their right to honor is subject due to their condition as public officials.
This is because the greater margin of tolerance of the right to honor of state servants with respect to the exercise of freedom of expression relates to their actions that are of public interest and that are directly, or at least indirectly, related to the exercise of the duties inherent to the office, to which must be added that it is necessary to analyze each specific case to define the proportionality of the margin of tolerance that should be upheld in order to guarantee the validity of the fundamental rights to honor and freedom of expression, all of which was not duly appreciated by the judges in the trial judgment. Specifically, regarding the points previously analyzed, the ruling in the case of [Nombre15] stipulates the following: “[…] 51. Regarding these facts, the parties presented various arguments in which a conflict underlies between the right to freedom of expression on matters of public interest and the protection of the honor of public officials.
The Court recognizes that both freedom of expression and the right to honor, protected by the Convention, are of the utmost importance. The exercise of both must be guaranteed. In this regard, the prevalence of one in a given case will depend on the balancing carried out through a proportionality test. The resolution of the conflict that arises between certain rights requires the examination of each case, according to its characteristics and circumstances, to assess the existence and intensity of the elements on which said test is based (…) 53. Regarding the content of freedom of thought and expression, the Court has indicated that those under the protection of the Convention have the right to seek, receive, and impart ideas and information of all kinds, as well as to receive and know the information and ideas disseminated by others. It is for this reason that freedom of expression has an individual dimension and a social dimension: the latter requires, on the one hand, that no one be arbitrarily harmed or prevented from expressing their own thoughts and therefore represents a right of each individual; but on the other hand, it also implies a collective right to receive any information and to know the expression of another's thoughts. 54.
However, freedom of expression is not an absolute right. Article 13.2 of the Convention, which prohibits prior censorship, also provides for the possibility of demanding subsequent liability for the abusive exercise of this right. These restrictions are exceptional in nature and must not limit, beyond what is strictly necessary, the full exercise of freedom of expression and become a direct or indirect mechanism of prior censorship. 55. For its part, Article 11 of the Convention establishes that every person has the right to respect for their honor and the recognition of their dignity. This implies limits on interference by individuals and the State. Therefore, it is legitimate for anyone who considers their honor affected to resort to the judicial means that the State provides for its protection. 56. The need to protect the rights to honor and reputation, as well as other rights that could be affected by an abusive exercise of freedom of expression, requires due observance of the limits set in this regard by the Convention itself.
These must respond to a criterion of strict proportionality. 57. Given the importance of freedom of expression in a democratic society and the high responsibility this entails for those who professionally engage in social communication, the State must not only minimize restrictions on the circulation of information but also balance, to the greatest extent possible, the participation of the diverse information in the public debate, promoting informative pluralism. Consequently, equity must govern the flow of information. In these terms, the protection of the human rights of those who face the power of the media and the attempt to ensure structural conditions that allow the equitable expression of ideas can be explained (…) 71. As was established in paragraph 55 supra, judges, like any other person, are protected by the safeguard provided by Article 11 of the Convention, which enshrines the right to honor.
Moreover, Article 13.2.a) of the Convention establishes that the ‘reputation of others’ can be grounds for establishing subsequent liability in the exercise of freedom of expression. Consequently, the protection of the honor and reputation of every person is a legitimate aim consistent with the Convention. Likewise, the criminal law instrument is suitable because it serves the purpose of safeguarding, through the commination of a penalty, the legal interest that is to be protected, that is, it could be capable of contributing to the realization of said objective. However, the Court warns that this does not mean that, in the case under analysis, the criminal path is necessary and proportional, as will be seen infra (…) 79. On the other hand, within the framework of freedom of information, the Tribunal considers that there is a duty for the journalist to reasonably verify, although not necessarily exhaustively, the facts on which they base their opinions.
That is, it is valid to demand equity and diligence in the verification of sources and the search for information. This implies the right of individuals not to receive a manipulated version of the facts. Consequently, journalists have the duty to maintain some critical distance regarding their sources and to contrast them with other relevant data (…) 82. The representatives agreed with the Commission and alleged that ‘the facts reported by Mr. [Nombre9] are of public interest,’ considering that the investigation referred ‘to a paradigmatic case of repression’ and that the ‘investigation carried out by the journalist is part of [the] review that Argentine society must undertake and the discussion about the causes for which the military government deployed its actions without encountering obstacles in the [J]udicial [P]ower.’ They added that Mr. [Nombre9] ‘did not use any language that could be considered abusive’ nor did he use ‘excessive, much less outrageous words’; that he referred to the judge ‘solely and exclusively regarding his official actions and did not delve into any aspect of his life or personality unrelated to his work as a public official’; that in the sections of the book where factual affirmations are made ‘everything he asserted conforms to reality’ and that ‘the paragraphs that were part of the criminal trial’ contain ‘critical value judgments about the judicial power of that era,’ which is why ‘they are not susceptible to being true or false, nor can they, in themselves, justify a restriction on freedom of expression, as long as it concerns the right of every person to freely opine on matters of public interest and on the official actions of a judge in a matter of the greatest public relevance.’ 83.
In this last step of the analysis, it is considered whether the restriction is strictly proportional, so that the sacrifice inherent to it is not exaggerated or excessive compared to the advantages obtained through such limitation. The Court has adopted this method by indicating that: for restrictions to be compatible with the Convention, they must be justified according to collective objectives that, by their importance, clearly prevail over the social need for the full enjoyment of the right guaranteed by Article 13 of the Convention and must not limit the right proclaimed in said article more than is strictly necessary. That is, the restriction must be proportional to the interest that justifies it and must closely adjust to the achievement of that legitimate objective, interfering as little as possible in the effective exercise of the right to freedom of expression. 84. For the case at hand, the restriction would have to achieve significant satisfaction of the right to reputation without rendering nugatory the right to free criticism against the actions of public officials.
To carry out this balancing, one must analyze i) the degree of affectation of one of the legal interests in play, determining whether the intensity of said affectation was grave, intermediate, or moderate; ii) the importance of the satisfaction of the opposing interest; and iii) whether the satisfaction of the latter justifies the restriction of the other. In some cases, the balance will lean towards freedom of expression, and in others towards safeguarding the right to honor (…) 86. Regarding the right to honor, expressions concerning the suitability of a person for the performance of a public office or the acts carried out by public officials in the performance of their duties enjoy greater protection, so as to foster democratic debate. The Court has indicated that in a democratic society, public officials are more exposed to public scrutiny and criticism. This different protective threshold is explained because they have voluntarily exposed themselves to more demanding scrutiny.
Their activities leave the domain of the private sphere to insert themselves into the sphere of public debate. This threshold is not based on the quality of the subject, but on the public interest of the activities they carry out, as occurs when a judge investigates a massacre in the context of a military dictatorship, as happened in the present case […].” From the foregoing, it is determined how the trial court carried out a biased and partial analysis of the precedent handed down by the Inter-American Court in the case of [Nombre9] vs. [Nombre10], limiting its considerations to a minimal segment of that resolution, which it forcefully adjusted to the particular criterion on the basis of which it analyzed the facts of the complaint, that is, the exclusive differentiation of the protection of the right to honor that the trial judges defined as corresponding to whoever holds the office of the […], which shows that they neither analyzed nor gave the legally appropriate weight to the content of the resolution in the [Nombre9] case for the correct resolution of the case at bar (subjudice), which does not protect nor serve as a basis to justify in any way the criterion by which they dismissed the violation of the right to honor of the complainant [Name [Nombre1]] by virtue of the facts charged against [Nombre2], all of which implies a lack of legal reasoning in the judgment.
By virtue of all of the foregoing, it is concluded that the jurisprudential precedents analyzed supra in this pronouncement are extremely important for the resolution of this matter. Likewise, it is established that such precedents were not fully and correctly appreciated by the criminal court in the trial judgment, and none of them supports the criterion on the basis of which the lower court (a quo) limited in an almost absolute manner the protection of the right to honor of whoever holds the office of the […] in the relationship of said fundamental right with the exercise of freedom of expression and communication, which, although it must bear a greater margin of tolerance in the case of public officials compared to the rest of the community, such limitation cannot imply the emptying of the fundamental right to honor and dignity of any person, including whoever exercises a public function, regardless of the hierarchy of the office they hold.
Thus, there is no doubt that in a democratic society like the one instituted in the organic component of our Political Constitution, the exercise and effectiveness of freedom of expression must be guaranteed, giving it preference, even, over the protection of the right to honor of state servants. In this way, it is proper to protect a broad margin for denunciation, opinion, investigation, questioning, and strong and uncomfortable criticism from the social collective, as well as from those who are directly actors and linked to the exercise of press and communication freedom, with respect to the scrutiny and oversight of activities related to the exercise of the public function by those who are its mere depositaries, which allows democratic pluralism to be maintained, the correct exercise of the public function to be overseen, and undue restrictions on freedom of expression to be avoided in order to prevent a conducive environment or fertile ground for the emergence of authoritarian political systems.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, as has already been indicated with complete clarity and precision by the Costa Rican Constitutional and Criminal Cassation Chambers, as well as the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, freedom of expression and communication is not absolute, as it has restrictions that must be applied a posteriori in order to avoid prior censorship, but which entail liability for the violation of other fundamental rights by those who exercise it in an abusive and disproportionate manner, as occurs in the case of the constitutionally protected right to honor, even of public officials. In this regard, it is important to highlight that none of the aforementioned jurisdictional bodies has established any discrimination or differentiation whatsoever regarding the right to or scope of protection of the honor and dignity of public servants, by virtue of the specific office or hierarchy they hold, a criterion that only emanates from the stance defined ad hoc by the trial court to analyze the merits of the event that is the subject of judgment in the present case.
In this regard, it must be established that the trial court’s stance is not duly reasoned—from a legal perspective—as it relies on a very particular way of reasoning and defining an ideological parameter, to create a very subjective thesis regarding the scope of protection of the right to honor that they consider corresponds, exclusively, to whoever holds the office of the […], a stance that lacks objective and rigorous legal and jurisprudential support. In this sense, throughout the development of this pronouncement, it has been demonstrated that the lower court (a quo) did not rigorously apply, nor sufficiently analyze, the legal framework governing the subject matter under discussion, nor did it comprehensively and sufficiently assess the jurisprudential precedents cited in its ruling, which have been previously analyzed in this resolution. b.3. Social networks and their importance in the exercise of freedom of expression and communication, regarding the protection of the right to honor.
In the present case, the publication complained of as defamatory by [Name [Nombre1]] against [Nombre2] was carried out on one of the most modern and, undoubtedly, most effective means of communication, that is, on a social network on the Internet, specifically, “Facebook.” For the purpose of analyzing and defining the criminal-legal importance of the existence of such socio-virtual groups with respect to the protection of the right to honor, it must be pointed out that one of the main characteristics of social networks in our contemporary reality is the amplifying effect on the spectrum of dissemination of ideas, comments, photographs, videos, news, texts, etc., that are shared and published by any of the members that make up the “virtual community,” to the entirety of it, or to a group of its members that make up their environment or virtual group on the social network. In the specific case of “Facebook,” for example, the virtual community is composed of all those who have an account or profile, which allows them to have their own page—or profile—on the Internet and within the social network, with which they are part of that community, and in that way can be in contact with all the other members of “Facebook” and share all the information and content of their profile.
Likewise, whoever has a Facebook account can restrict access to a certain number of users to their profile, so that they share communication with that group, just as they can limit access to a part of the content of their profile, for example, their “wall,” photos, some publications, friends, etc. Similarly, the user can limit the dissemination of what they publish on their “Facebook” page, whether to a group of members with whom they are virtually linked, or what is known as the “group of friends,” or even to some of those belonging to that group or another of which they are a part. Thus, the power of dissemination and communication that “Facebook” has is clear, as information of all kinds can be shared “online,” or communication can occur through “chats” or conversations at any time, and anywhere in the world where any of the members of the virtual community may be, whether at a national or even global level.
The foregoing reveals the great importance that social networks have in the formation of public opinion today, through the expression of ideas, thoughts, and criticisms, as well as in the dissemination of information of any type, to the point that even traditional mass media, such as radio, television, and the press, feed on the content and participate in the traffic of information circulating on the Internet through social networks, hence the importance that such forms of communication have today for the protection of the right to honor with respect to the exercise of freedom of expression. Another characteristic of utmost importance of social networks, not only “Facebook,” but also of another significant number of groups of that type that exist in cyberspace, such as “Twitter,” “Instagram,” “Linkedin,” etc., is the ease of access for the greater part of the social conglomerate to the various virtual communities that exist and develop on the Internet and, consequently, to all the information and the broad range of content that is transmitted, disclosed, shared, or disseminated by the members of such social networks—for example, through the publication of “posts,” photographs, videos, comments, etc.—such that today, the diverse events, points of view, news information, among others, of the social, political, economic, scientific reality, etc., are published and reproduced practically “online” or in real time.
Thus, any event can become very important on the network, and its dissemination will occur in a very short time and among a large number of people who have access to or are part of the virtual environment. In this last aspect, one must bear in mind the great advances of current technology, which has come to produce electronic devices that practically allow a very large number of people to be “online” at all times, such as, for example, through “smartphones,” “tablets,” portable personal computers, etc., artifacts that are becoming more economically accessible every day for the vast majority of the population of our country and many countries of the world. In the present case, the study of the evidentiary body produced at trial reveals that the publication made by the accused [Nombre2] generated a large number of comments and assessments regarding its content, from a large number of “Facebook” users, participations within which there is a significant number that express direct offenses against the complainant [[Nombre3]], who at that time was the […] (In this regard, see folios 23 to 37 of the main file), a situation that demonstrates the supreme impact and transcendence that social networks have in the dissemination of ideas and formation of public opinion today, dissemination of information that is even faster than what traditional media achieve nowadays.
This being the case, it is clear that behaviors carried out on the Internet have great criminal-legal relevance today, which is why it has been necessary to create specific legislation in this regard, such as the framework of Computer Crimes introduced into the Criminal Code through Law No. 9048 of July 10, 2012. Similarly, there are rules in common criminal legislation that regulate and are applicable to behaviors carried out through computer means, as occurs in the case of crimes against honor, defined in Articles 145, 146, and 147 of the Criminal Code.
Based on all of the foregoing, it is concluded that in the present case it is appropriate and necessary to analyze in depth and with the rigor required by the duty of legal reasoning of a criminal judgment, whether the publication made by the accused [Name16] Baldí on his public “Facebook” profile caused an injury to the honor of the complainant [[Name3] ], for which it is required and important to appreciate the particularities that, as stated above, social networks have in our current reality, just as the aspects pertaining to the relationship between the right to honor of public officials versus the exercise of freedom of expression in a democratic society must be considered, and in accordance with the limits that this latter fundamental right has as a result of its abusive and disproportionate exercise, as considered throughout this ruling. C.- Specific defects of the challenged judgment that constitute the defect of lack of reasoning.
In the preceding sections of this ruling and based on the comprehensive examination of the judgment by this appellate chamber, reasons of fact and law have been established and set forth that demonstrate and confirm that the judgment on the merits violates the duty of legal reasoning required for its validity and effectiveness, in accordance with the provisions of Articles 39 and 41 of the Political Constitution, as well as what is regulated in Articles 1, 142, 184, and 363 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Thus, and as a complement to what was previously stated, it is appropriate to specify certain aspects of the judgment that similarly reveal its erroneous legal reasoning, as claimed by attorney [Name6]. Thus, the following is noted: i.- Although it is true that public officials have a higher level of tolerance regarding the exercise of freedom of expression in relation to the protection of their right to honor, because they voluntarily submitted themselves to greater public scrutiny, which derives from the principles of transparency and accountability, this particularity is not coupled with the absolute emptying of the right to honor and respect that must be protected for those who exercise state functions, given that the criterion defined in this sense by the trial court practically leads to the emptying of said fundamental right, since practically no conduct could affect the right to honor of whoever […].
Such aspects were not duly assessed by the trial court, since it set aside any objective consideration regarding the constitutional, conventional, and legal norms that are linked to the substantive issue, and it also omitted to comprehensively and objectively assess the jurisprudential precedents that, regarding the point under litigation, have been previously issued by the Costa Rican Constitutional Chamber and Criminal Cassation Chamber, and also by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. This is because the trial judges limited themselves to supporting the criterion based on which they decided to acquit the accused [Name4], based on the definition and appreciation of the ideology that they considered corresponds to the majority of Costa Rican society regarding the issue under discussion, reasoning from which the trial court established an ad hoc and exclusive criterion to delimit the scope of protection of honor that it deemed proper for whoever holds the position of […].
Such a position is subjective and, in accordance with the principle of legality, exceeds the proper functions of jurisdictional activity, that is, interpreting and applying the law, since it is not appropriate for a criminal court to define motu proprio an ideology that, according to its particular appreciation, corresponds to the social majorities, and in this way, assess ideological assumptions to define parameters of protection for a fundamental and constitutionally recognized right such as the honor of state servants, and what is more sensitive and even more inappropriate, to establish ad hoc and exclusive criteria for the protection of such right of the male or female citizen who holds the position of […], which far from guaranteeing the principle of equality established in Article 33 of the Political Constitution, implies discriminatory treatment and the lack of protection of the essence of the human right in question by virtue of a particular situation that does not justify the absolute suppression of the same.
Thus, the criminal court does not appreciate the normative framework that is linked to and regulates the substantive issue regarding the guarantee of freedom of expression and communication with respect to the protection of the right to honor and respect of those who exercise public functions, which demonstrates the weakness of the reasoning on which the trial court supports the decision under challenge. Likewise, the trial judges do not set forth sufficient legal and objective reasons that justify their decision not to follow the jurisprudential criteria previously expressed on the manner in which the relationship between the right to honor versus the exercise of freedom of expression should be legally addressed in the case of public officials, given that they renounce carrying out a comprehensive analysis of the jurisprudential precedents that they only cite and reproduce tendentiously in their judgment, and instead, limit their substantive reasoning to the consideration of a subjective thesis, which according to their particular appreciation creates a jurisprudential line regarding the scope of protection that exclusively corresponds to whoever holds the position of […], an analysis that is legally incorrect.
This is because it is not appropriate to define the spheres of protection of a fundamental right based on ideological assumptions that, even though they could coincide with the position of the majorities, could not coincide with the will of the constituent assembly, an aspect that is not proper to elucidate through diffuse constitutional control, but only through the direct and concentrated control that corresponds to the Constitutional Chamber, a situation that demonstrates the overstepping of its competencies that the trial court carried out to establish the criterion on which it based its decision on the merits. ii.- As has been extensively analyzed in this ruling, it is not possible to achieve adequate protection of freedom of expression in a democratic society if limitations are established that operate as prior censorship and discourage the exercise of this fundamental right, which is characteristic of authoritarian regimes that do not correspond to the scheme contemplated by our Political Constitution.
Thus, it is not appropriate to generically and previously demand that what will be published must be true or previously verified –proven–, since such a position implies establishing limitations that may result in the imposition of prior censorship of opinions, questions, and criticisms of situations that are of public interest, as would happen with acts carried out by state officials in the exercise of their competencies or in relation to them, an assumption that without a doubt is of public interest and is subject to greater control and oversight by all administered parties, which as indicated derives from the principles of transparency and accountability of state servants. Notwithstanding the foregoing, as established by the norms set forth above, and stipulated in the jurisprudential precedents that have been previously subject to analysis, it is appropriate, without violating freedom of expression and communication, that a posteriori controls be made or subsequent responsibilities be demanded from those who exercise such fundamental rights abusively and disproportionately.
Thus, in each specific case it must be established whether the exercise of freedom of expression is not a screen or curtain used to disseminate false, speculative, or insidious facts whose real objective is to affect the honor of a public official, which is an assumption that is not covered by the scope of protection or the sphere of protection that corresponds to freedom of expression and communication, even when reference is made to whoever holds public office regardless of their hierarchy. This is because neither the Constitutional Chamber, the Third Chamber, nor the Inter-American Court of Human Rights establish any difference regarding the margin of protection of the right to honor that corresponds to those who exercise public functions, whether their office is of popular election or of some other type, as pointed out above. This being the case, the criterion based on which the trial court refused to hear the arguments and thesis of the defense of the complainant [Name [Name1]], regarding whether in the sub judice it is necessary to define if the content of the publication made by [Name2] is false and speculative, and that it was disseminated with the knowledge of its suitability to affect the honor of the person who held the position of […], is not appropriate.
In this sense, the trial judges limited themselves to establishing that because it concerned the [CED1] it was not necessary to establish whether what was disseminated by the accused is true or false, since he simply expressed his idea, opinion, or personal thought about the “facts” that he published on his “Facebook” profile. This being the case, it is determined that the trial court's reasoning is unfounded, since it set aside the scope of protection of the right to honor that corresponds to public officials established even by our Constitutional Chamber, whose jurisprudence is binding “erga omnes”. Similarly, it omitted to carry out a legal analysis or rigorous assessment regarding the content of the “item” disseminated on [Name4]'s “Facebook” profile, limiting its reasoning, in this sense, to indicating that it was not necessary to establish whether such content was true or not, because it is an opinion, and opinions do not need to be proven, which is incorrect according to what was stated above in that sense.
In this regard, it should be added that the trial court also does not set forth the reasoning that legally allows it to classify the publication in question as “a mere or simple opinion,” even though the same starts from the affirmation of a series of situations that, in principle, is closer to an imputation than an opinion about the “facts” that are part of the publication. To the above must be added that the trial court does not establish in the grounds of the judgment on the merits, what evidence it assessed and how it managed to grant the character of “facts” –as it states in its reasoning– to the events cited by the accused in his publication, and regarding which it limited itself to indicating that they came to his knowledge, and based on this situation, he gave his opinion and disseminated it on his public “Facebook” profile. In the same sense, the challenged judgment does not establish the aspects that the trial court assessed to determine with certainty that the “facts” disseminated and criticized by the accused [Name4] are of public interest by virtue of being related to the activity –verifiable or objectively presumable– of the public functions of the complainant [[Name3]] in the exercise of her position as […].
Thus, it is found that the trial court did not adequately assess the point under analysis, in order to define whether the “facts” brought to the light of public opinion by [Name4] are evidently false or merely speculative, this with the purpose of establishing the legal aptitude of those to be subject to criticism, by virtue of corresponding to the exercise of the complainant's public function, or failing that, whether the exposure of the content of the publication in question, without attending to or disregarding the quality or reality of the disseminated information, constitutes in itself an action that pursues and demonstrates a defamatory purpose to the detriment of the complainant [[Name3]], who emphatically denied in her statement at the hearing that the facts aired by [Name4] were true, an aspect that it is reiterated the trial court did not assess with the depth and rigor legally required. iii.- In relation to the foregoing, the comprehensive examination of the judgment reveals that the criminal court does not define or precisely substantiate how it conclusively determines that in the sub judice we are in the presence of simple thoughts, ideas, or questions disseminated by the accused [Name4], and not in the presence of an offense tinged with the right to honor of [[Name3]].
Thus, the trial court did not assess whether, through the content and the manner in which the presentation of the “facts” in question was made –unsubstantiated, under the appearance and affirmation of being true or certain, and written in a way that could lead to the conclusion that there was influence peddling or improper conduct by the complainant to enrich herself by virtue of exercising public function–, one could be in the presence of an item suitable, ideal, and sufficient to affect the complainant's right to honor. This situation occurs because the trial court analyzed the events charged solely and exclusively based on its ad hoc defined criterion to establish the scope of protection of the right to honor that the trial court estimated corresponds to whoever exercises the position of […], a criterion that, as extensively set forth throughout this ruling, is not duly substantiated because it does not conform to the interpretation and application of the norms analyzed above that regulate the protection that corresponds to the right to honor versus the protection and exercise of freedom of expression in the case of those who exercise public functions. iv.- The reasoning of a criminal judgment cannot reside in the definition of an ideology derived from what a body of the ordinary criminal jurisdiction considers to be the position of “the majorities,” but must be limited to the application and interpretation of the law, and must appreciate binding jurisprudential criteria, as well as those emanating from higher judicial authorities that, without limiting the principle of judicial independence, are applicable to the specific case.
In this sense, it is appropriate to add that the human nature of the person who holds the position of judge of the Republic cannot be ignored, nor their relationship with the social environment, which entails that they have a particular ideology that indirectly could have some weight when interpreting and applying the legal norm, however, it is not acceptable that the support of a judicial decision has a direct and manifestly ideological foundation, derived from a particular perception of social reality. In this case, this last situation is what in reality defines the scope of protection of the right to honor that the trial judges concretized as that which corresponds to whoever holds the position of […], by considering that this legal right can only be affected when the offense is direct or expressly attributes the commission of a crime to whoever holds such public office. Such an appreciation, as already indicated, is not only unfounded, but also ignores the precepts that the Constitutional Chamber and the criteria that the Third Chamber and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights have defined regarding the scope and limits of the right to honor of public officials versus the exercise of freedom of expression in a democratic State, which are very clear in establishing that a higher level of tolerance does exist and must be recognized, but in turn, they emphasize that the excesses and abuses of freedom of communication are not protected, which actually seek to disguise, through the supposed exercise of such fundamental right, the exposure of false facts that are insulting and defamatory, knowing that with such action the right to honor of the public official can be affected.
The foregoing, far from guaranteeing the validity of the democratic society, rather causes it harm, by violating the social component of the right to freedom of expression to receive pertinent and adequate information for the correct formation of public opinion, and in this way guarantee the correct course of public function so that it is not affected by unjust attacks that affect the institutionality, governability, and credibility of those who hold public power, which is more sensitive and delicate in the cases of those who exercise the Supreme Powers of the Republic. v.- The court conducts a segmented and non-comprehensive analysis of the entirety of the text that was charged as defamatory, an approach that does not correspond to what the Third Chamber has established as proper in this sense according to what was stated above, since it must be appreciated in each specific case not only the content of the disseminated information but also the manner in which it is disseminated –wording, vocabulary, placement of photographs, etc.– must be assessed to establish whether the publication is suitable or not to achieve a defamatory result.
Thus, the analysis of the list of proven facts of the judgment on the merits (cf. folios 323 and 324 of the main case file), allows establishing that the judges considered it proven that in the content of the publication in question it is presented as true that the complainant acquired a farm valued at the sum of two and a half million dollars, and that she is an owner of wind generation, and that based on these affirmations the accused [Name4] makes a comparison with the case of a person –a renowned soccer player– who at that time was under criminal investigation, regarding whom he indicates that by “discovering lukewarm water” and with five days of study at INCAE he became a millionaire and owner of yachts, airplanes, and a life of luxury. Likewise, the accused expressly states that “[…] I compare the wealth of the Lady with this player, whose entrepreneurship and business vision we applaud, that ease of paying millions of dollars, without us mortals finding an explanation in our daily life where money is hard-earned over a whole life of effort and work (…) these instant riches amaze us and we find no logical explanations.
Now, could it be that they read the Book of Secrets and discovered the short path to wealth. In any case, we congratulate the [Name [Name1]] who prepares her departure from public service being a millionaire and possessor of material riches that cost any citizen a lifetime and for public officials and soccer players seem to be just five days of touching the ball […]” (cf. folio 324, the transcription is literal). From the foregoing, it is inferred that, in the present case, it is necessary to analyze in a comprehensive and not segmented manner, as the trial court did, the content and the manner in which the publication disseminated by [Name4] was made, in order to define if it was disclosed in the pure exercise of the accused's right to freedom of expression, in an ironic, heavy, and bothersome way, or if, on the contrary, the text disseminated on [Name4]’s “Facebook” profile corresponds to the abusive and disproportionate exercise of such fundamental right.
This analysis was not carried out by the trial court, because it did not comprehensively appreciate the content of the publication in question, and in turn, because it analyzed the text at issue solely based on its criterion that only direct offenses and the imputation of criminal acts as the only possible meaning of a publication can violate the right to honor of whoever exercises the position of […]. Added to the foregoing, the trial court considered that the complainant deemed her honor affected based on subjective appreciations that she derived from “the item” published by [Name4], which the trial court considered are not the only ones possible to derive from it –without giving greater grounds in this sense as has already been noted–, all of which it appreciated to conclude that the facts charged in the present case are not defamatory. Based on all the foregoing, it is concluded that the factual, intellectual, and legal analysis carried out in the judgment on the merits does not conform to the normative precepts established in Articles 39 and 41 of the Political Constitution, as well as in what is stipulated in Articles 1, 142, 184, and 363 of the Criminal Procedure Code, which implies the defect of erroneous legal reasoning of the judgment that is claimed by the representative of the complainant [Name [Name1]].
Consequently, the appeal filed by attorney [Name17] is granted, and the challenged judgment is entirely annulled. The referral of the case to the court of origin is ordered so that, with a different panel, it resolves what corresponds in law.”
“TERCER MOTIVO. […] B.- Aspectos jurídicamente relevantes para la solución del caso conforme a Derecho. El presente caso tiene dos particularidades que necesariamente deben valorarse con detenimiento y rigurosidad para la correcta solución jurídica del litigio que se conoce, sean en éstos: 1.- que la querellante [Nombre [Nombre1]] ostentaba el cargo de […] para la fecha en que [Nombre2] –querellado- publicó en su perfil de “Facebook” el texto que se acusa como difamatorio; 2.- que los hechos objeto de juzgamiento están vinculados directamente con dos derechos de rango constitucional, cuya tutela en el ámbito penal revela su importancia para el desarrollo social e individual de cada uno de los habitantes de nuestro país, sean: i.- el derecho al honor y; ii.- el derecho a la libre expresión. En atención y bajo el prisma de estos dos pilares de carácter esencial del sublitem, se deben definir los aspectos jurídicamente relevantes y necesarios para la solución del caso conforme a Derecho.
Así, se procede a individualizar tales supuestos. b.1.- Marco jurídico normativo. En primer término es necesario establecer el marco normativo que está vinculado a los hechos que se juzgan y que es necesario apreciar y aplicar para su correcto conocimiento. De esta forma debe definirse en primer lugar la normativa que es parte del bloque de constitucionalidad que está relacionada y que regula la temática en cuestión, siendo esta la siguiente: i.- Artículo 11 de la Constitución Política; En su normativa se regula un principio que es de carácter esencial para la debida aplicación del derecho penal –y sin duda alguna para el caso concreto- como lo es el principio de legalidad. En dicho precepto constitucional se estipula lo siguiente: “(…) Los funcionarios públicos son simples depositarios de la autoridad. Están obligados a cumplir los deberes que la ley les impone y no pueden arrogarse facultades no concedidas en ella.
Deben prestar juramento de observar y cumplir esta Constitución y las leyes. La acción para exigirles la responsabilidad penal por sus actos es pública. La Administración Pública en sentido amplio, estará sometida a un procedimiento de evaluación de resultados y rendición de cuentas, con la consecuente responsabilidad personal para los funcionarios en el cumplimiento de sus deberes. La ley señalará los medios para que este control de resultados y rendición de cuentas opere como un sistema que cubra todas las instituciones públicas. (Así reformado por Ley N° 8003 del 8 de junio del 2000) (…)”. Otro aspecto de carácter esencial para la solución del caso, y que se deriva del artículo 11 constitucional, es el deber de rendición de cuentas de los funcionarios públicos así como la exigencia de responsabilidad personal en el cumplimiento de sus deberes. ii.- Artículo 41 de la Constitución Política.
En este precepto se establece el derecho al honor con rango constitucional, es decir, se le concede el grado de derecho fundamental, de ahí la relevancia que tiene esta norma para resolver el fondo del litigio que se conoce en la especie. En dicho artículo se establece: “(…) Ocurriendo a las leyes, todos han de encontrar reparación para las injurias o daños que hayan recibido en su persona, propiedad o intereses morales. Debe hacérseles justicia pronta, cumplida, sin denegación y en estricta conformidad con las leyes (…)”. iii.- Otro artículo de nuestra Constitución Política cuya normativa es aplicable e importante para la solución del presente caso, es la establecida en su numeral 28, en el que se regula lo siguiente: “(…) Nadie puede ser inquietado ni perseguido por la manifestación de sus opiniones ni por acto alguno que no infrinja la ley. Las acciones privadas que no dañen la moral o el orden públicos, o que no perjudiquen a tercero, están fuera de la acción de la ley (…)”.iv.- Por otra parte, tenemos el artículo 29 de nuestra Carta Magna en el cual se tutelan como derechos fundamentales la libertad de expresión, información y prensa, las que sin duda alguna están directamente vinculadas al evento querellado en la presente causa penal.
Literalmente, en dicha norma se regula lo siguiente: “(…) Todos pueden comunicar sus pensamientos de palabra o por escrito, y publicarlos sin previa censura; pero serán responsables de los abusos que cometan en el ejercicio de este derecho, en los casos y del modo que la ley establezca (…)”. De igual forma, es necesario puntualizar la regulación del Derecho Convencional que está vinculada y debe ser valorada en la solución del presente caso, sea esta la siguiente: i.- Artículo 11 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos. En esta norma se reconoce expresamente como un derecho humano la protección a la honra y a la dignidad de la persona. Así, se dispone lo siguiente: “(…) Protección de la Honra y de la Dignidad. 1. Toda persona tiene derecho al respeto de su honra y al reconocimiento de su dignidad. 2. Nadie puede ser objeto de injerencias arbitrarias o abusivas en su vida privada, en la de su familia, en su domicilio o en su correspondencia, ni de ataques ilegales a su honra o reputación (…)”. ii.- También, como parte del “bloque convencional” que rige en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, en el artículo 19 del Pacto Internacional de Derechos Civiles y Políticos se reconoce expresamente el derecho a la libertad de expresión y de información, siendo que tales derechos se regulan de la siguiente forma: “(…) 1.
Nadie podrá ser molestado a causa de sus opiniones. 2. Toda persona tiene derecho a la libertad de expresión; este derecho comprende la libertad de buscar, recibir y difundir informaciones e ideas de toda índole, sin consideración de fronteras, ya sea oralmente, por escrito o en forma impresa o artística, o por cualquier otro procedimiento de su elección. 3. El ejercicio del derecho previsto en el párrafo 2 de este artículo entraña deberes y responsabilidades especiales. Por consiguiente, puede estar sujeto a ciertas restricciones, que deberán, sin embargo, estar expresamente fijadas por la ley y ser necesarias para: a) Asegurar el respeto a los derechos o a la reputación de los demás; b) La protección de la seguridad nacional, el orden público o la salud o la moral públicas (…)”. iii.- En el mismo orden, en el artículo 13 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos se estipula lo siguiente: “(…) 1.
Toda persona tiene derecho a la libertad de pensamiento y de expresión. Este derecho comprende la libertad de buscar, recibir y difundir informaciones e ideas de toda índole, sin consideración de fronteras, ya sea oralmente, por escrito o en forma impresa o artística, o por cualquier otro procedimiento de su elección. 2. El ejercicio del derecho previsto en el inciso precedente no puede estar sujeto a previa censura sino a responsabilidades ulteriores, las que deben estar expresamente fijadas por la ley y ser necesarias para asegurar: a) el respeto a los derechos o a la reputación de los demás, o b) la protección de la seguridad nacional, el orden público o la salud o la moral públicas. 3. No se puede restringir el derecho de expresión por vías o medios indirectos, tales como el abuso de controles oficiales o particulares de papel para periódicos, de frecuencias radioeléctricas, o de enseres y aparatos usados en la difusión de información o por cualesquiera otros medios encaminados a impedir la comunicación y la circulación de ideas y opiniones (…)”. iv.- Una norma relacionada con las previamente expuestas y que es relevante para la decisión del subjudice, es la dispuesta en el artículo 19 de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, en la cual se establece lo siguiente: “(…) Todo individuo tiene derecho a la libertad de opinión y de expresión; este derecho incluye el de no ser molestado a causa de sus opiniones, el de investigar y recibir informaciones y opiniones, y el de difundirlas, sin limitación de fronteras, por cualquier medio de expresión (…)”.
Por otra parte, en el ámbito legal de nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, se contempla una serie de regulaciones que son de vital importancia para la solución de la presente querella conforme a Derecho, sean éstas las siguientes: i.- El artículo 146 del Código Penal tipifica el delito de difamación, que es precisamente el hecho punible que se querelló como cometido por el imputado [Nombre2] . En dicho artículo se establece: “(…) Difamación. Será reprimido con veinte a sesenta días multa en que deshonrare a otro o propalare especies idóneas para afectar su reputación (…)”. Así, es claro que el derecho fundamental al honor está de por medio en la solución del subjudice, con la particularidad que también es importante para tal efecto la apreciación rigurosa del derecho a la libertad de expresión tutelado en las normas jurídicas superiores supra expuestas; ii.- La normativa que se regula en el artículo 25 del Código Penal, está directamente vincula con la temática objeto de discusión, específicamente, en cuanto al ejercicio legítimo del derecho a la libertad de expresión.
En su regulación se dispone lo siguiente: “(…) Cumplimiento de la ley. No delinque quien obrare en cumplimiento de un deber legal o en el ejercicio legítimo de un derecho (…)”. Esta causa de justificación es de suma importancia a efecto de definir en un caso como el que se resuelve, si existe responsabilidad penal o no por la difusión de hechos que se querellan como lesivos al honor. iii.- También es jurídicamente relevante en el presente caso, el contenido normativo del artículo 22 del Código Civil, ya que en este se regula expresamente la prohibición del abuso de un derecho, disposición que está vinculada a la libertad de expresión según las normas que reconocen y tutelan tal derecho fundamental en los instrumentos jurídicos que conforman el bloque de constitucionalidad, tal y como supra se expuso. En dicho artículo se dispone lo siguiente: “(…) La ley no ampara el abuso del derecho o el ejercicio antisocial de éste.
Todo acto u omisión en un contrato, que por la intención de su autor, por su objeto o por las circunstancias en que se realice, sobrepase manifiestamente los límites normales del ejercicio de un derecho, con daño para tercero o para la contraparte, dará lugar a la correspondiente indemnización y a la adopción de las medidas judiciales o medidas administrativas que impidan la persistencia en el abuso (…)”. iv.-Por otra parte, en virtud de la especial condición personal de la querellante [[Nombre3] ], debe apreciarse que en la Ley General de Administración se regulan disposiciones relacionadas con el tema de fondo, las que son relevantes para la solución del caso. En primer término, en el artículo 11 de la ley citada se regula el principio de legalidad como rector esencial de la actuación de los funcionarios públicos, siendo que se estipula lo siguiente: “(…) La Administración Pública actuará sometida al ordenamiento jurídico y sólo podrá realizar aquellos actos o prestar aquellos servicios públicos que autorice dicho ordenamiento, según la escala jerárquica de sus fuentes.
Se considerará autorizado el acto regulado expresamente por norma escrita, al menos en cuanto a motivo o contenido, aunque sea en forma imprecisa (…)”. Por su parte, en el artículo 113 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública se dispone lo siguiente: “(…) 1. El servidor público deberá desempeñar sus funciones de modo que satisfagan primordialmente el interés público, el cual será considerado como la expresión de los intereses individuales coincidentes de los administrados. 2. El interés público prevalecerá sobre el interés de la Administración Pública cuando pueda estar en conflicto. 3. En la apreciación del interés público se tendrá en cuenta, en primer lugar, los valores de seguridad jurídica y justicia para la comunidad y el individuo, a los que no puede en ningún caso anteponerse la mera conveniencia (…)”. Otra norma legal relevante, es el artículo 114 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, en la cual se establece: “(…) 1.
El servidor público será un servidor de los administrados, en general, y en particular de cada individuo o administrado que con él se relacione en virtud de la función que desempeña; cada administrado deberá ser considerado en el caso individual como representante de la colectividad de que el funcionario depende y por cuyos intereses debe velar. 2. Sin perjuicio de lo que otras leyes establezcan para el servidor, considérese, en especial, irregular desempeño de su función todo acto, hecho u omisión que por su culpa o negligencia ocasione trabas u obstáculos injustificados o arbitrarios a los administrados (…)”. El marco normativo expuesto, contiene las disposiciones que deben considerarse y aplicarse en la solución del subjudice, el que , tal y como anteriormente se apuntó, presenta dos particularidades de gran relevancia jurídica que deben valorarse, necesariamente, para dictar la decisión que conforme a Derecho corresponde, sean éstos; que la querellante [[Nombre3] ] ocupaba el cargo de […] para el momento en que [Nombre2] publicó en su cuenta personal de “Facebook” el texto que se querelló como difamatorio en la presente causa y; que los hechos objeto de juzgamiento están vinculados directamente con dos derechos de rango constitucional, cuya tutela en el ámbito penal revela su importancia para el desarrollo social e individual de cada uno de los habitantes de nuestro país, sean: i.- el derecho al honor y; ii.- el derecho a la libre expresión.
Así, del estudio y aplicación de las normas supra apuntadas, se determina que en el presente caso existe lo que se puede enunciar como una especie de “fricción” entre los derechos fundamentales al honor y el de la libertad de expresión, sobre los que debe indicarse, expresamente, que a pesar de tal situación no son excluyentes entre sí. Esto, por cuanto lo que se determina en tal sentido, con base en lo regulado en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, es que ambos derechos fundamentales están estrechamente vinculados el uno con el otro, puesto que tanto el derecho al honor como la libertad de expresión, son esenciales para el desarrollo individual y social de toda persona, a lo que debe sumarse que la libertad de expresión tiene una cualidad esencial desde el punto de vista político-institucional y social, como lo es que la tutela y respeto de tal derecho son absolutamente necesarios para garantizar la estructuración, vigencia y desarrollo de una sociedad basada en un Estado Democrático, como el que se enmarca en nuestra Constitución Política.
Así las cosas, las disposiciones contenidas en los instrumentos normativos de referencia, permiten establecer que no es dable pensar o considerar, que uno de tales derechos humanos es de grado superior o que deba aplicarse en detrimento absoluto del otro, ya que lo que corresponde a efecto de garantizar y proteger ambos derechos humanos, debidamente, conforme a los preceptos de nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, es su aplicación igualitaria, siendo que en el supuesto de darse una colisión entre ambos –en virtud de su especial vinculación- lo que corresponde es valorar las circunstancias objetivas y subjetivas de cada caso concreto, con el fin de modular racional y proporcionalmente, el valor que corresponde otorgar al derecho al honor con respecto a la libertad de expresión en un determinado asunto de relevancia jurídico penal. Es importante complementar la idea anterior, de modo que aunado a las consideraciones propias del caso en particular en cuanto a la “modulación” de los derechos fundamentales de referencia, debe apreciarse también y definirse con cuidado, el alcance o ámbito de cada uno de tales preceptos fundamentales.
Esto, con el objetivo de determinar si en un caso concreto el derecho a la libre expresión se extralimitó o se “salió” de su ámbito legítimo de tutela. Lo anterior es importante porque, normalmente, el derecho al honor se verá afectado con manifestaciones, opiniones o críticas de terceros, pero esa afectación –por sí sola- no debe ser el parámetro único a considerar, ya que también debe apreciarse y definirse hasta dónde la honra y el decoro –en el caso de los funcionarios públicos- debe tolerar dichas críticas, de modo que no sólo es suficiente “modular” el ámbito de tutela específico de uno u otro derecho humano, sino que además, se deben fijar límites y alcances de tales derechos. Lo anterior se sustenta en el estudio y análisis objetivo e integral de la normativa enunciada, análisis que lleva a concluir que la libertad de expresión no puede limitarse o restringirse a priori, lo cual implicaría que tales restricciones se traduzcan en una censura previa que desnaturalizaría y significaría a su vez, el vaciamiento del contenido y eficacia de la libertad de expresión, lo que es absolutamente nocivo para el adecuado desarrollo y vigencia de un Estado Democrático de Derecho.
De la normativa expuesta, así como de la naturaleza jurídica y fines de la libertad de expresión, lo pertinente es que los límites a su ejercicio se den a posteriori, sí y sólo sí, en los casos en que se haya dado un uso abusivo de la libertad de expresión que exceda su contenido normativo, y que implique, a su vez, la vulneración de otros derechos fundamentales, tal y como puede darse con respecto al derecho al honor, con el que ya se ha indicado que el derecho a la libre expresión está estrechamente vinculado. De esta forma no procede establecer como regla absoluta que el derecho a la libertad de expresión va a prevalecer en todo caso y sin límite alguno sobre el derecho al honor, siendo lo jurídicamente procedente considerar y definir en cada cada caso concreto, cuál es el peso o el valor que le corresponde a uno u otro, a efecto de garantizar adecuadamente y conforme a los parámetros constitucionales, la vigencia y tutela efectiva de ambos derechos fundamentales bajo su equilibrio y reconocimiento adecuado.
Lo antes expuesto es de suma relevancia jurídica para la solución del subjudice conforme a Derecho y para garantizar uno de los pilares fundamentales del debido proceso penal, como lo es el derecho a una sentencia justa y sujeta a la legalidad, tal y como se establece en la célebre resolución N° 1739-92 de la Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia. Específicamente en virtud de que, tal y como se ha establecido previamente, la querellante [Nombre [Nombre1]] ocupaba la […] en el momento en que acaecieron los hechos objeto de juzgamiento. Tal situación introduce a otra temática esencial en el análisis del subjudice, a saber, la condición de funcionario público y la obligación que, en virtud de tal calidad, existe para con los administrados en general, de modo que en razón de lo preceptuado por los principios de legalidad y rendición de cuentas, todo aquel que ostente el cargo de funcionario público tiene una mayor responsabilidad en el ejercicio de las competencias propias de su investidura, así como está sujeto a un mayor escrutinio y fiscalización en el ejercicio de la función pública, parámetro que en definitiva le da un matiz especial al derecho fundamental a la libertad de expresión versus el derecho al honor.
Así, es claro que en razón del principio de rendición de cuentas derivado de los artículos 11 de la Constitución Política, así como de los artículos 11, 113 y 114 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, quien sea funcionario público y ejerza un cargo de tal naturaleza, ya sea de elección popular o de cualquier otro tipo, en virtud de su condición de funcionario público y por haber optado voluntariamente a la gestión de un puesto de esa categoría, está obligado a soportar un mayor nivel de tolerancia en el escrutinio y fiscalización del ejercicio de su cargo, así como en la realización de sus actuaciones –incluso de carácter personal- que directa o indirectamente se vinculen, afecten o tengan incidencia en la gestión de su función pública. En razón de lo anterior, no cabe duda que quien ostenta un cargo como el que ocupaba para la fecha de los hechos la querellante [Nombre [Nombre1]], sea el de la […] –y en general todo aquel que ocupe o ejerza la función pública-, tiene el deber de someterse –y aceptar- un mayor control en el ejercicio de sus funciones, no sólo por los órganos o mecanismos formales creados para tal efecto, como por ejemplo la Contraloría General de la República, sino también –y en un grado de suma importancia- por los medios de control y fiscalización informal, tal como lo son los medios de prensa y la opinión pública en general.
Así, se garantiza que la administración de los bienes y recursos del Estado –que en realidad pertenecen a todos los habitantes del país y los han delegado para su correcto gobierno a los funcionarios públicos- se realice conforme a los fines y con la eficiencia exigida por la ley, por parte de quienes ejercen algún cargo público. A su vez, se tutela el efectivo resguardo y vigencia del Estado democrático, en el que no caben en modo alguno restricciones previas –o de algún otro tipo- a la libertad de expresión como medio de control y dominación social, siendo más bien que en un esquema democrático como el que rige en nuestro país debe garantizarse la libertad de expresión como una forma de control del ejercicio del poder público. De esta forma, y concretamente, quien ejerza el cargo de la […], está sujeto a un mayor nivel de tolerancia en el escrutinio de sus funciones, lo cual sin duda alguna abarca los aspectos atinentes al ejercicio de la libertad de expresión con respecto al derecho al honor del […] o la […], de modo que quien ostenta el cargo está sujeto a críticas, cuestionamientos, opiniones o manifestaciones que se dirijan o se sustenten en el ejercicio de su función pública o que estén vinculadas directa o indirectamente a su condición de funcionario público y a las competencias que desempeña.
No obstante lo anterior, y desde ya es preciso establecer, no es legalmente procedente la interpretación que de las normas supra expuestas lleva a cabo el tribunal penal en la sentencia de mérito. Esto, por cuanto tal criterio deriva de una interpretación subjetiva de la realidad político-social costarricense por parte de los juzgadores de instancia, postura conforme a la que definen una base ideológica de su decisión, la que, según expresamente así lo indican en el fallo, sustenta el criterio o parámetro esencial con base el que resuelven el fondo del presente asunto, sea éste, que los juzgadores aprecian o consideran que quien ocupa la […] debe soportar o tolerar aún mayores limitaciones a su derecho al honor con respecto al resto de los funcionarios públicos, en cuanto al ejercicio de la libertad de expresión, de modo que sólo las ofensas directas a tal derecho fundamental o la referencia a hechos que expresamente constituyen un delito, serían los supuestos en que podría darse la vulneración ilícita del derecho al honor del […] o […], criterio con el cual descartan la afectación al derecho al honor en la especie de la […] y querellante, [Nombre [Nombre1]].
En tal sentido, el estudio e interpretación que conforme a Derecho corresponde del marco normativo previamente definido, no permite establecer que se regule expresa o tácitamente que el nivel de tolerancia de quien ostenta el cargo de la […] sea distinto al del resto de los funcionarios públicos que son miembros de los Supremos Poderes de la República, o de cualquier otro cargo público de grado inferior a los antes señalados. Así, la diferenciación que lleva a cabo el a quo –distinguiendo donde la norma no lo hace- en cuanto al punto objeto de análisis, no es objetiva ni jurídicamente sustentada, sino que deriva de su parecer o postura subjetiva en cuanto a lo que estiman los juzgadores de instancia que es la respuesta que corresponde a las interrogantes que se auto plantean en su fallo, sean éstas: “[…] ¿qué tipo de Estado y de sociedad quiere la mayoría de los costarricenses? ¿Se quiere un Estado fuerte donde el honor de los servidores públicos tenga mayor protección legal que la libertad de expresión? o ¿Se quiere un Estado Constitucional donde exista una justa protección entre el honor de los funcionarios públicos y la libertad de expresión de los demás costarricenses […]” (cfr. folio 360 del legajo principal).
Las limitaciones y relación existentes entre el derecho a la libertad de expresión con respecto al derecho al honor de los funcionarios públicos costarricenses, no se define a partir de la interpretación o individualización subjetiva de la ideología de lo que en tal sentido se considere que quieren las mayorías de nuestro país, tal y como equívocamente lo lleva a cabo el a quo en la sentencia de mérito. La relación jurídica entre el derecho al honor y la libertad de expresión en aras de garantizar adecuadamente los principios de legalidad, de transparencia y rendición de cuentas de los funcionarios públicos, para la vigencia y correcto desarrollo del modelo democrático que instaura nuestra Carta Magna, debe definirse con base en la aplicación del marco normativo supra expuesto, del cual se determina lo siguiente: i.- Los funcionarios públicos están sujetos a los principios de legalidad y de rendición de cuentas en su calidad de depositarios de la función pública. ii.- La aplicación estricta de tales principios implica que los funcionarios públicos tienen un mayor nivel de tolerancia en el escrutinio y fiscalización del ejercicio de sus cargos, a efecto de garantizar el adecuado manejo de los recursos públicos de todos los administrados, así como para garantizar el desarrollo pleno del principio democrático y el resguardo del Estado Democrático que instaura nuestra Constitución Política. iii.- La normativa constitucional, convencional y legal supra expuesta, determina que los funcionarios públicos, a pesar del deber de tolerancia al que están sometidos por su condición de tal, sí poseen y son titulares del derecho al honor, el cual debe tutelarse y garantizarse bajo la aplicación estricta del principio de rendición de cuentas y transparencia propios de un Estado Democrático de Derecho, los que dan un especial matiz y un umbral de tolerancia mayor, en la relación honor versus libertad de expresión de los funcionarios públicos, el que jurídicamente no puede traducirse en el vaciamiento o desconocimiento de facto de la tutela al honor de quienes ejercen la función pública, en los que, obviamente, se incluye el cargo de […].
Así, si bien la persona que ostente dicho cargo debe soportar críticas, cuestionamientos u opiniones, las que incluso, pueden ser fuertes, ácidas e incómodas, mantiene su derecho al honor, de modo que el mismo no puede vulnerarse bajo la cortina o la mampara del ejercicio legítimo de un derecho (artículo 25 del Código Penal), sea el de la libertad de expresión, cuando en realidad lo que existe es un ejercicio abusivo e ilegítimo de tal derecho fundamental que implica una vulneración del decoro y dignidad de la persona que no sólo la afecta en su ámbito individual, sino que además, en virtud de su condición especial, la afecta con respecto al ejercicio de la función y administración pública. Tal uso abusivo del derecho al honor se puede realizar de muchas formas, tal y como expresamente se ha estipulado en la jurisprudencia constitucional, convencional y de nuestra Sala III de la Corte Suprema de Justicia –a la cual se hará referencia en un acápite subsiguiente- y no sólo mediante ofensas directas o señalamientos delictivos expresos en contra de un […] o […], tal y como sin un sustento objetivo y jurídico lo estimaron los jueces de instancia en la sentencia de mérito.
Así las cosas, para garantizar la tutela y aplicación efectiva de la normativa supra expuesta que regula los derechos fundamentales al honor y a la libertad de expresión en un caso como el que se dilucida en el subjudice, sin que se dé un menoscabo ilegítimo de uno de tales derechos en detrimento del otro, y lograr así el resguardo y eficacia de ambos, no deben valorarse o definirse formas a priori o taxativas como propias o necesarias para la ofensa al honor de un determinado funcionario público, sea en el presente asunto el de quien ocupe la […], sino que lo procedente es apreciar o valorar en cada caso concreto la especie que se acusa o querella como ofensiva al honor del funcionario público, desde dos perspectivas; 1.- que el texto o contenido del material publicado se realice, exprese o plantee de una forma o manera que conlleve a una afectación o un menoscabo objetivamente constatables del honor, decoro o dignidad del funcionario público, en virtud del ejercicio abusivo de la libertad de expresión.
Es decir, que lo principal es el contenido ofensivo de la publicación, mas sin embargo, tal y como lo ha indicado la Sala Tercera en la resolución supra estudiada, es importante valorar la forma en que se expresan, se plasman las ideas o se lleva a cabo la publicación; 2.- que de “la especie” que se querella o reputa como lesiva al honor, se derive la existencia de un dolo común de quien la realiza, es decir, el conocimiento y voluntad de que la manifestación es ofensiva al honor, sea afectar la honra o decoro del funcionario público, voluntad que se aparta y excede el ejercicio de la libertad de expresión que corresponde al escrutinio y fiscalización que deben tolerar los funcionarios públicos como parte del deber de transparencia y rendición de cuentas que está aparejada al cargo que ostentan. En términos sencillos, puede puntualizarse que lo mínimo que puede requerírsele a una persona que lleva a cabo una publicación o difusión de una expresión con respecto a una persona que ostenta un cargo público –a posteriori a efecto de evitar cualquier posibilidad de censura previa-, es el que se haya cerciorado al menos, de la seriedad o existencia real de la fuente, es decir, apreciar y definir al menos una base objetiva que justifique el cuestionamiento, crítica, denuncia, comentario etc., que se difunde o publica.
Es claro que dependiendo de cada caso en particular, y en atención al grado de responsabilidad, jerarquía y grado de exposición del cargo de un determinado funcionario público, será más común y se tendrá que aceptar con mayor habitualidad el margen de tolerancia a la crítica, cuestionamientos u opiniones desfavorables que se lleven a cabo en el ejercicio serio y mesurado de la libertad de expresión, como medio de control y formación de opinión pública, tal y como ocurre en el cargo de la […]. iv.- De la normativa expuesta, se colige que la libertad de expresión en torno al derecho al honor de los funcionarios públicos, no cubre ni ampara el ejercicio de aquella mediante el señalamiento o divulgación de hechos falsos, simples especulaciones o comentarios maliciosos que tienen como verdadera finalidad la de afectar el honor del funcionario público involucrado, y no la de hacer efectivo el ejercicio legítimo de un derecho con el objetivo de informar o generar opinión pública con respecto a situaciones que son relevantes para el correcto ejercicio de la función pública.
Lo anterior no se traduce en que quien lleva a cabo una manifestación, crítica u opinión con respecto a la actuación de un funcionario público, esté obligado a demostrar la verdad del contenido de su publicación, ya que tal postura podría limitar indebidamente la libertad de expresión como una forma de censura previa. Lo que procede en cada caso concreto –tal y como supra se adelantó-, es analizar en primer término, la base objetiva del comentario, opinión o publicación, y en segundo lugar, que su emisión y difusión no tengan como verdadera finalidad la de afectar indebidamente el derecho al honor de un funcionario público bajo la apariencia o subterfugio de invocar el ejercicio de la libertad de expresión. Esto, en razón de que aceptar abiertamente y sin discriminación alguna cualquier tipo de expresión o comentario negativos en contra de un funcionario público, sin tamizar tales manifestaciones bajo la óptica del mayor nivel de tolerancia que les corresponde no es procedente.
Tampoco es de recibo, afectar radicalmente su derecho al honor, en virtud de la definición y apreciación de presupuestos de hecho taxativos que no se derivan ni regulan, en el marco jurídico supra expuesto en modo alguno, tal y como lo hace el a quo. Tal postura lejos de satisfacer, procurar y permitir el control, escrutinio y fiscalización de quienes ostentan cargos públicos, a efecto de garantizar los deberes de transparencia y rendición de cuentas constitucionalmente establecidos, para la vigencia y desarrollo del Estado democrático a través de la formación de opinión pública y el cuestionamiento de los distintos actos que se dan en el ejercicio del poder y la administración estatal, lo que genera es la “deformación de la opinión pública”, lo que conlleva al desencanto y pérdida de confianza indebidos en quienes ejercen la administración pública y, en consecuencia, a la posible afectación irregular del correcto orden institucional.
Lo anterior no solo afecta el honor individual de tales personas, sino que además y lo que es sumamente perjudicial para un Estado Democrático, menoscaba la institucionalidad y la gobernabilidad del mismo, ya que se produce indebidamente un ambiente de desconfianza y desencanto de los administrados en general, con respecto de quienes ejercen la función pública por su delegación y en su representación. De esta forma, la libertad de expresión y comunicación en un esquema constitucional democrático, no solo incluye la posibilidad de llevar a cabo las manifestaciones de modo libre y sin censura previa por los habitantes del Estado, sino que además, contempla el derecho a recibir y que se difunda información veraz, seria, objetiva y responsable sobre la actuación de quienes ostentan la función pública, a efecto de garantizar la formación de una adecuada opinión pública que enriquezca y consagre el principio de democrático a través de la tutela y correcta aplicación de los principios de transparencia y rendición de cuentas los que, obviamente, atañen y vinculan a quien ejerza la […].
En razón de todo lo expuesto, se determina que la base ideológica que se definió subjetivamente por el a quo, a partir de su apreciación particular de la realidad de nuestro país, para definir parámetros que según su apreciación descartan la existencia de conductas ilícitas lesivas al honor en perjuicio de la [Nombre [Nombre1]] por los hechos que querelló en contra del imputado [Nombre2] , es una decisión que no se acuerpa ni se ajusta a las normas que en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico regulan el derecho al honor de los funcionarios públicos con respecto al ejercicio de la libertad de expresión. b.2.- Precedentes jurisprudenciales aplicables al tema de fondo. En la sentencia de mérito los juzgadores de instancia invocan y aprecian en su argumentación, precedentes jurisprudenciales de las Salas Constitucional y Tercera, de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, así como de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos.
No obstante lo anterior, el examen integral del fallo deja ver que, tal y como lo reclama el impugnante, el tribunal de juicio no valoró de modo íntegro el contenido de tales pronunciamientos, a pesar de que resultan muy importantes para decidir el fondo del presente asunto, toda vez que en ellos se estudia y desarrolla el tema relativo a los preceptos y criterios que deben seguirse en el abordaje jurídico-penal de la relación que existe entre los derechos fundamentales a la libertad de expresión con respecto al derecho al honor de quienes ejercen la función pública, así como también definen otros aspectos jurídicamente relevantes para la solución del caso. Por tal motivo y en virtud de que el marco jurisprudencial de referencia ha sido apreciado y valorado a efecto de fundamentar el presente pronunciamiento, es necesario recapitular y analizar los contenidos más importantes de cada uno de los precedentes invocados en el fallo de mérito, relacionados con el tema objeto de litigio. 1.-Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia.
El estudio del fallo de mérito permite establecer que los juzgadores de instancia utilizaron, en el fundamento de su decisión de absolver al querellado [Nombre2] , el precedente jurisprudencial de la Sala Constitucional N°2006-05977, de las 15:16 horas del 3 de mayo de 2006, en el que se resolvió una acción de inconstitucionalidad planteada en contra del texto "Los responsables de delitos de calumnias o injuria cometidos por medio de la prensa, serán castigados con la pena de arresto de uno a ciento veinte días", contenido en el párrafo primero del artículo 7º de la Ley de Imprenta, N° 32 del 12 de julio de 1902. En dicho pronunciamiento, cuyas disposiciones debe recordarse que son erga omnes, se destacan los siguientes aspectos: i.- En el precedente objeto de estudio se analiza el derecho fundamental a la libertad de prensa, siendo que la Sala Constitucional indica en tal sentido, que el caso se aborda desde la perspectiva de dicho derecho en relación con funcionarios públicos y la divulgación de temas de relevancia social -hechos noticiosos-, esto aún y cuando la norma está concebida dentro de un marco más amplio de sujetos.
Al respecto, cabe señalar que en la sentencia de mérito los juzgadores no apreciaron en modo alguno que si bien el caso analizado en el precedente constitucional de referencia, tiene algunos aspectos que son aplicables al presente asunto -por estar relacionados en cierto grado con los hechos que se juzgan en el sublitem-, el tema que se trató en específico por la Sala Constitucional fue el de la libertad de prensa, lo cual difiere de lo que se discute en esta querella, toda vez que “la especie” que se querelló como lesiva al honor de [[Nombre3] ] no se publicó en un medio de prensa, ni tampoco se llevó a cabo por alguna persona dedicada a tal ámbito profesional. Esto, por cuanto [Nombre2] no es periodista, a lo debe sumarse que el querellado tampoco realizó la publicación de marras como resultado de una investigación periodística, ni bajo las características de la difusión que se estila y que son propias de los medios de comunicación de tal naturaleza.
Esta situación debe tenerse presente para poder dimensionar los alcances del pronunciamiento en cuestión, a efecto de derivar los aspectos que del mismo sí son aplicables en la solución del subjudice, lo cual se dejó totalmente de lado por el a quo en la valoración que llevó a cabo en el fallo del precedente constitucional que se estudia. ii.- Otro aspecto que no valoró el tribunal penal con el peso que jurídicamente corresponde, es la afirmación que hace la Sala Constitucional en cuanto a los límites que tiene la libertad de prensa –que en algún momento de su razonamiento identifica como libertad de expresión- con respecto a quienes ejercen la función pública y su derecho al honor. En tal sentido se estipula, en términos generales, que las normas que establecen restricciones a dicho derecho fundamental no tienen como finalidad limitar el deber de transparencia, pero sí la de sancionar la mala fe y la negligencia inexcusable de quien utiliza la libertad de prensa como medio para lesionar el honor de un funcionario público.
Literalmente, sobre los aspectos previamente apuntados la Sala Constitucional establece: “[…] No se trata entonces de una norma configurada para escudar la función pública, ni evitar la necesaria transparencia que debe existir sobre sus actos, sino que pretende en general, sancionar a quien de mala fe o por negligencia inexcusable, utiliza la libertad de prensa como medio para lesionar el honor de las personas y el derecho de los ciudadanos a recibir información adecuada y oportuna de parte de los periodistas y medios que difunden información a través de medios escritos. No se abordan por no ser parte del caso, los temas ajenos al marco señalado, como lo son los otros sujetos no periodistas o medios de comunicación, que se expresan e informan sobre los distintos temas diariamente a la ciudadanía por medio de la imprenta que engloba de manera genérica todos los tipos de impresos, impresión, edición, circulación de folletos, revistas y publicaciones de toda clase […]”.
Lo anterior revela las debilidades en el razonamiento y, en consecuencia, en el fundamento de la decisión objeto de impugnación. iii.- En cuanto a la libertad de expresión, la Sala Constitucional establece que tal derecho fundamental es un pilar esencial de la democracia, lo cual asume y comparte plenamente esta cámara de alzada, según lo expuesto en el punto precedente de este pronunciamiento. Específicamente, en tal sentido la Sala Constitucional estipula lo siguiente: “[…] La libertad de expresión como requisito indispensable de la democracia. La libertad de expresión sin duda alguna es una de las condiciones -aunque no la única-, para que funcione la democracia. Esta libertad es la que permite la creación de la opinión pública, esencial para darle contenido a varios principios del Estado constitucional, como lo son por ejemplo el derecho a la información, el derecho de petición o los derechos en materia de participación política; la existencia de una opinión pública libre y consolidada también es una condición para el funcionamiento de la democracia representativa.
La posibilidad de que todas las personas participen en las discusiones públicas constituye el presupuesto necesario para la construcción de una dinámica social de intercambio de conocimientos ideas e información, que permita la generación de consensos y la toma de decisiones entre los componentes de los diversos grupos sociales, pero que también constituya un cauce para la expresión de los disensos, que en la democracia son tan necesarios como los acuerdos. Por su parte, el intercambio de opiniones e informaciones que se origina con la discusión pública contribuye a formar la opinión personal, ambas conforman la opinión pública, que acaba manifestándose por medio de los canales de la democracia representativa […]”. iv.- En el precedente objeto de estudio, la Sala Constitucional define el contenido de la libertad de expresión encuadrándola en distintas facetas, categorización que es de capital importancia para solución del presente caso.
Al respecto se estipula lo siguiente: “[…] Contenido de la libertad de expresión . La libertad de información podría decirse que tiene varias facetas, según lo ha reconocido la doctrina nacional (de las cuales las tres primeras se relacionan con lo que aquí se discute): a) la libertad de imprenta en sentido amplio, que cubre cualquier tipo de publicación, b) la libertad de información por medios no escritos, c) el derecho de rectificación o respuesta. La libertad de prensa engloba de manera genérica todos los tipos de impresos, impresión, edición, circulación de periódicos, folletos, revistas y publicaciones de toda clase. Es por su naturaleza vehículo natural de la libertad de expresión de los ciudadanos. Se traduce en el derecho para los administrados de buscar y difundir las informaciones y las ideas a un número indeterminado de personas sobre hechos que por su naturaleza son de interés de la generalidad por considerarse noticiosos.
Por su naturaleza, está sujeta a las mismas limitaciones que la libertad de expresión. Tiene como funciones en la democracia: informar (hechos, acontecimientos noticiosos), integrar la opinión (estimulando la integración social) y controlar el poder político, en cuanto es permanente guardián de la honestidad y correcto manejo de los asuntos públicos. Dado su vínculo simbiótico con la ideología democrática, un sin fin de instrumentos internacionales y prácticamente todas las Constituciones del mundo libre, desde la Declaración Francesa de 1789 (art.11) la han reconocido (…) La libertad de expresión tiene como consecuencia la prohibición de toda forma de censura, en un doble sentido: no se puede censurar a los interlocutores, por una parte; y no se puede, en general, tampoco censurar en forma previa los contenidos posibles de la discusión: en principio, en una democracia, todos los temas son discutibles.
La no censurabilidad de los sujetos tienen un carácter prácticamente universal, como lo establece nuestra Constitución, nadie puede ser privado de la libertad de hablar y expresarse como mejor le parezca; la no censurabilidad de los contenidos, si bien no se da en forma previa, encuentra algunas limitaciones, sin embargo, éstas deben ser tales que la libertad siga teniendo sentido o no sea vaciada de su contenido, básicamente, como toda libertad, debe ejercerse con responsabilidad, en fin para perseguir fines legítimos dentro del sistema […]” (El subrayado no es parte del texto original). De lo expuesto se coligen dos puntos fundamentales con respecto al ejercicio de la libertad de expresión, a efecto de cumplir con los fines propios de un Estado Democrático, a saber: a.- se le define como el derecho de los administrados a difundir ideas a un número indeterminado de personas sobre hechos que por su naturaleza con de interés de la generalidad por considerarse noticiosos.
Así, es claro que lo que la libertad de expresión permite difundir son “hechos” que sean relevantes y tengan el carácter de noticiosos, por estar vinculados al ejercicio de la función pública. Tales aspectos no fueron valorados por el a quo a pesar de utilizar en su razonamiento de fondo el contenido jurisprudencial del precedente de referencia, siendo que no llevó a cabo apreciación alguna para definir si en el presente asunto, “la especie” que se querelló como idónea para afectar el derecho al honor de [[Nombre3] ] por ser difamatoria, reviste el carácter de “hecho” y, a su vez, si puede considerarse de interés para la generalidad de las personas por ser de carácter noticioso. En este sentido cabe reiterar según fue establecido supra por este tribunal de alzada, que desde el punto de vista penal quien ejerce el derecho a libertad de expresión o de prensa no está obligado a demostrar la veracidad de los hechos que difunde, sin embargo, sí es necesaria la constatación de cierta base objetiva que permita descartar que lo que se esconde detrás de la publicación es una falsedad o una mera especulación que de manera maliciosa se pone a circular o se difunde a sabiendas de que es idónea para afectar el honor del funcionario público que se involucra, tal y como la misma Sala Constitucional lo estipula en la jurisprudencia que se examina.
El examen integral del fallo recurrido deja ver que el tribunal de mérito no valoró, con la rigurosidad que exigen los artículos 142 y 184 del Código Procesal Penal, los aspectos antes apuntados a pesar de ser esenciales para categorizar y decidir adecuadamente los hechos querellados en la presente causa. b.- La Sala Constitucional expresamente establece que no son procedentes límites previos al ejercicio de la libertad de expresión, ya que tal tipo de restricciones podría implicar una especie de censura previa. No obstante lo anterior, nuestro Tribunal Constitucional establece que sí son procedentes ciertos límites a posteriori, mismos que no supriman el contenido del derecho fundamental, límites que se justifican en que toda libertad debe ejercerse con responsabilidad, a efecto de procurar y alcanzar los fines legítimos dentro del sistema. v.- Otro aspecto esencial que se toca en el precedente objeto de estudio, es el relativo a los límites que la Sala Constitucional estipula que le corresponden a la libertad de expresión.
En tal sentido se establece que no todas las expresiones tienen el mismo valor, y en consecuencia, no gozan de la misma protección constitucional. Al respecto, retoma la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional español, siendo que indica lo siguiente: “[…] Para determinar cuáles expresiones se pueden limitar y en qué medida, es importante tomar en cuenta que no todas las expresiones pueden tener el mismo valor ni gozar, en consecuencia, de la misma protección constitucional. Así por ejemplo, incluso la jurisprudencia internacional, vgr. el Tribunal Constitucional español, ha señalado que carecen de protección constitucional, los insultos o los juicios de valor formalmente injuriosos e innecesarios para la expresión de una idea, pensamiento u opinión […]”. De lo anterior se colige que carecen de protección los insultos, así como los juicios de valor formalmente injuriosos e innecesarios para la expresión de una idea, pensamiento u opinión.
En tal sentido, el examen comprensivo del fallo de mérito permite concluir que los juzgadores de instancia no valoraron bajo los parámetros estipulados por la Sala Constitucional, el contenido de la publicación que se querelló como difamatoria en el presente asunto, siendo que no apreciaron si la manera en que se redactó tal manifestación y su contenido, eran necesarios para la expresión de la especie que se difundió en el perfil de “Facebook” del [Nombre2] . En este sentido cabe agregar que el a quo analizó la publicación de marras de manera segmentada y restrictivamente, a partir del criterio que de modo subjetivo definió como la “base ideológica” de su fallo, del cual estableció los parámetros que consideró y determinó como los únicos que pueden generar la afectación del derecho al honor de quien ocupa la […]. Así, limitó su examen del caso en apreciar si el texto en cuestión era directamente injurioso o atribuía indubitablemente una conducta delictiva a la querellante, análisis que evidentemente no se ajusta a los parámetros definidos por nuestra Sala Constitucional en el precedente de referencia, situación que se traduce en la errónea fundamentación jurídica de la sentencia recurrida.
Siguiendo con el análisis que dicha Sala realiza en la jurisprudencia objeto de estudio, en cuanto a las limitaciones que constitucionalmente le corresponden al derecho a libertad de expresión, es importante destacar los siguientes puntos que delimitan el legítimo ejercicio de dicho derecho fundamental: “[…] En otro peldaño se encuentran las opiniones, es decir, los juicios de valor personales que no sean formalmente injuriosos e innecesarios para lo que se quiere expresar, aunque contengan lo que se conoce como "opiniones inquietantes o hirientes"; estas opiniones sí estaría protegidas constitucionalmente por la libertad de expresión y podría tener como contenido incluso la ironía, la sátira y la burla. En otro escalón estaría la información, entendiendo por tal la narración veraz de hechos, que estaría protegida como regla general, a menos que vulnere otros derechos fundamentales o bienes constitucionalmente protegidos (por ejemplo, el honor, la intimidad, el orden y tranquilidad de la nación, los derechos de los niños y adolescentes).
En otro nivel estaría la noticia, entendiendo por tal la narración veraz de hechos que tienen relevancia pública, ya sea por los hechos en sí mismos, o por las personas que intervienen en ellos; las noticias contribuyen de manera destacada a la creación de la opinión pública libre. En el último escalón se encontrarían las falsedades, los rumores o insidias que se esconden detrás de una narración neutral de hechos y que en realidad carecen por completo de veracidad. Sobre el tema de la veracidad, la Comisión de Derechos Humanos ha señalado (Declaración de Principios sobre Libertad de Expresión, adoptada por la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en su 108 periodo ordinario de sesiones en octubre de 2000) que se considera censura previa cualquier condicionamiento previo, a aspectos tales como veracidad, oportunidad o imparcialidad de la información, pero a criterio de este Tribunal, debe entenderse que está referido a la posibilidad de utilizar dichos argumentos como justificantes de una censura previa de la información, no para impedir el derecho a una tutela judicial efectiva frente a las injurias o daños que hayan recibido en su persona, propiedad o intereses morales, como lo establece el artículo 41 de nuestra Constitución al señalar: “Ocurriendo a las leyes, todos han de encontrar reparación para las injurias o daños que hayan recibido en su persona, propiedad o intereses morales.
Debe hacérseles justicia pronta, cumplida, sin denegación y en estricta conformidad con las leyes.” Se reconoce que el ejercicio de la libertad de prensa, entendida como parte del derecho a informar y por lo tanto una forma de libertad de expresión, debe ejercerse dentro de principios éticos elementales, pues “la libertad de prensa no es sinónimo de derecho a injuriar”. Esto porque existe otro derecho fundamental que justifica que el sistema jurídico provea un equilibrio que será determinado siempre con análisis del caso concreto. No quiere esto decir que en todos los casos el honor de las personas debe prevalecer, o que son derechos del mismo rango. Son más bien libertades que se relacionan entre sí dentro del sistema de libertad que soporta nuestra institucionalidad democrática […]” (El subrayado no es parte del texto original). De lo antes señalado se derivan dos aspectos muy importantes en cuanto al derecho al honor, que no fueron valorados debidamente por el a quo, a saber: a.- Las opiniones o juicios de valor personales no están exentos per se o de modo absoluto de generar un abuso del derecho a la libertad de expresión en detrimento de otros derechos fundamentales.
Así, conforme lo dispone nuestro Tribunal Constitucional, para descartar tal uso abusivo del derecho a la libertad de expresión, debe apreciarse y definirse si las opiniones son formalmente injuriosas e innecesarias para difundir lo que se quiere expresar, análisis que omitió llevar a cabo el tribunal de mérito en el subjudice, en virtud de la preponderancia absoluta que le dio al parámetro que subjetivamente definió, para delimitar las conductas que taxativamente determinó como las únicas que pueden afectar el derecho al honor en el caso específico de quien ostenta la […]. Cabe agregar que las opiniones inquietantes, hirientes, irónicas, satíricas o burlescas, siempre que no sean formalmente injuriantes e innecesarias para expresar lo que se publica, no exceden la libertad de expresión según lo estipula la Sala Constitucional en el precedente que se analiza. Al respecto, debe indicarse que en el fallo de mérito el tribunal penal señala que lo referido por el querellado [Nombre4] en contra de [[Nombre3] ], se llevó a cabo a través de un texto “fuerte”, “sarcástico” y sin duda “molesto” para dicha querellante, a partir de los hechos que [Nombre4] informó como base para su manifestación u opinión.
En tal sentido debe reiterarse que en la sentencia impugnada, no se establece ni se deriva el razonamiento lógico ni tampoco con base en qué medios probatorios el a quo le otorgó, certeramente, el carácter de “hechos” a los puntos que se engloban en el texto publicado en el perfil de “Facebook” de [Nombre5] , en contra de la [Nombre [Nombre1]]. De igual manera, en el fallo los jueces de instancia tampoco expresaron los motivos por los que consideraron que “la especie” difundida por el querellado, se hizo de una manera que no es formalmente injuriosa e innecesaria para comunicar lo que se difundió en la cuenta de “Facebook” de [Nombre4] . b.- Otro defecto en el fundamento jurídico de la sentencia, que se constata de su examen integral –con base en lo preceptuado por la Sala Constitucional en el pronunciamiento que el a quo invocó en su fallo-, es que el tribunal de mérito no expresó criterio o razón algunos en virtud de los que descartó en el subjudice que las manifestaciones que fueron querelladas como difamatorias no constituyen falsedades, rumores o insidias que se difundieron bajo una aparente “narración neutral de hechos” en el perfil de “Facebook” de [Nombre2] –pues no se analizó- si la publicación de marras carece por completo de veracidad.
En este sentido, tal y como lo alega el recurrente [Nombre6] , el tribunal penal no valoró íntegramente la declaración de la querellante [Nombre [Nombre1]] rendida en el juicio, ya que sólo la apreció a efecto de concluir en el análisis segmentado de la publicación de marras que realizó en el fallo, que “los sentimientos expresados por la querellante eran meras apreciaciones personales y derivaciones entre muchas otras que se podían colegir del contenido de la publicación querellada como difamatoria” (sin que en el fallo se precisen objetivamente cuáles son esas “otras muchas derivaciones”). En relación con el punto que se analiza, debe indicarse que la Sala Constitucional, en el precedente objeto de estudio, establece que no puede pretenderse la acreditación de la verdad de lo que se publica a priori, ya que tal situación implicaría una especie de censura previa y afectaría el derecho a la libertad de expresión, pero a su vez considera nuestro Tribunal Constitucional que en el caso en que una persona decidió ejercer tal derecho fundamental a sabiendas de que el mismo tiene límites y le puede generar responsabilidades, es procedente y necesario a posteriori establecer que lo expresado no se trata de falsedades o rumores que carecen por completo de veracidad.
Este supuesto, definido como uno de los parámetros constitucionales para limitar la libertad de expresión, no se valoró adecuadamente por el tribunal penal en la sentencia de mérito.vi.- Uno de los puntos de mayor relevancia para la solución del subjudice, que se desarrolla en la jurisprudencia de la Sala Constitucional objeto de estudio, es el relativo a la forma en que debe resolverse la colisión que puede darse entre el derecho al honor y el ejercicio a la libertad de expresión, en el caso en que de por medio esté una persona o personas que ejerzan la función pública, siendo que en tal sentido la Sala valora la doctrina de la “posición preferente” del derecho a la información. Al respecto, se estipula lo siguiente: “[…] Es reconocido que la libertad de expresión en su más amplio sentido, es tan fundamental que representa el fundamento de todo el orden político, es decir, no es una libertad más, de ahí que haya surgido -principalmente por influencia norteamericana-, la doctrina de la "posición preferente" del derecho a la información en materia de control de constitucionalidad, entendida como aquella que afirma que cuando el derecho a informar libremente entra en conflicto con otros derechos, aunque sean derechos fundamentales, tiende a superponerse a ellos, posición que explica el porqué aspectos del derecho a la intimidad y al honor de las personas públicas deban ceder ante el interés de la información.
El Tribunal Constitucional español se ha referido a la posición preferente de la libertad de expresión frente a otros derechos fundamentales en los siguientes términos: Dada su función institucional, cuando se produzca una colisión de la libertad de información con el derecho a la intimidad y al honor aquélla goza, en general, de una posición preferente y las restricciones que de dicho conflicto puedan derivarse a la libertad de información deben interpretarse de tal modo que el contenido fundamental del derecho a la información no resulte, dada su jerarquía institucional, desnaturalizado ni incorrectamente relativizado (sentencias 106/1986 y 159/1986). Sin embargo es evidente que la posición preferente existe en cuanto el derecho sea ejercido para cumplir con su función legítima en la democracia y por ende como parte esencial del mismo, no para permitir falsedades, rumores o insidias que se esconden detrás del ejercicio de un derecho fundamental con la excusa como se indicó, de una supuesta narración neutral de hechos carentes por completo de veracidad, que causan violaciones a libertades también esenciales desde el punto de vista del sistema de libertad, como lo son el honor de las personas y el derecho a ser informados en forma adecuada y oportuna.
Es tan importante esta libertad, que efectivamente goza de especiales protecciones en aras de su correcto ejercicio, como la libertad de conciencia, la protección de la fuente, la no censura previa para mencionar algunas, todo en aras de que ejerza la función social que está llamada a cumplir dentro del marco democrático. En ese sentido lleva razón el recurrente cuanto señala que la libertad de prensa, contrario al derecho al honor, tiene además de su dimensión de protección individual, una dimensión social. Se olvida sin embargo que la otra cara de la libertad de prensa, también con una dimensión social evidente, es precisamente el derecho de las personas a recibir una información, adecuada y oportuna (no manipulada), con lo cual se excluye la posibilidad de ejercer esta libertad en forma contraria a fines legítimos del sistema o que, a su vez, lesione intereses igualmente legítimos del mismo.
En ese sentido la posición preferente vale en tanto y en cuanto no se utilice como mecanismo para violar otros fines relevantes del sistema, porque para eso no fue concebida. De lo contrario se estaría autorizando una manipulación o desinformación de las personas o de las masas, objetivo tan contrario para la democracia, como la censura misma. En ese sentido, cuando se habla de que el derecho a transmitir información respecto de hechos o personas de relevancia con preeminencia sobre el derecho a la intimidad y al honor, en caso de colisión, resulta obligado concluir que en esa confrontación de derechos, el de la libertad de información, como regla general, debe prevalecer siempre que la información transmitida sea veraz, y esté referida a asuntos públicos que son de interés general por las materias a que se refieren, por las personas que en ellas intervienen, contribuyendo, en consecuencia, a la formación de la opinión pública en forma legítima.
En este caso el contenido del derecho de libre información alcanza su máximo nivel de eficacia justificadora frente al derecho al honor, el cual se debilita, proporcionalmente, como límite externo de las libertades de expresión e información (sentencia STC 107/1988 ). Cabe aclarar que jurídicamente no es posible exigir que todo lo que se publique sea verdadero o exacto, pues como lo ha señalado el Tribunal Constitucional español, de imponerse la verdad como condición para el reconocimiento del derecho, la única garantía de la seguridad jurídica sería el silencio (STC 28/96), pero tampoco puede amparar al periodista que ha actuado con menosprecio de la verdad o falsedad de lo comunicado. Lo que sí protege es la información rectamente obtenida y difundida “aunque resulte inexacta, con tal de que se haya observado el deber de comprobar su veracidad mediante las oportunas averiguaciones propias de un profesional diligente”.
(STC 178\93). Igualmente protege, el reportaje neutral, entendido como “aquellos casos en que un medio de comunicación se limita a dar cuenta de declaraciones de terceros, aun y cuando resulten ser contrarias a los derechos de honor, intimidad personal y familiar y la propia imagen, (STC 22|93), siempre que medie la buena fe, es decir que no se haya enterado el responsable de la difusión de su inexactitud o falta de veracidad, porque a partir de ese momento, de no corregirse se estaría actuando de mala fe, en afectación de otras garantías relevantes para el sistema de libertad […]” (el subrayado no es parte del texto original). En cuanto a la doctrina de la “posición preferente” de la libertad de comunicación con respecto a la tutela de otros derechos fundamentales como el derecho al honor, debe indicarse que sin duda alguna, el tribunal de mérito le otorgó preferencia a la libertad de expresión por sobre el derecho al honor de la querellante [[Nombre3] ], tal y como en principio se establece que es lo que corresponde por la Sala Constitucional en el precedente de referencia.
No obstante lo anterior, en el razonamiento que se plasmó en el fallo de marras, no se realizó consideración alguna en cuanto a los aspectos que según nuestro Tribunal Constitucional, deben apreciarse para determinar si la “posición preferente” es aplicable o no en un caso determinado, sea específicamente, que el a quo no expresó los razonamientos con base en los que determinó que en el presente asunto era plenamente aplicable dicha doctrina. Así, en la sentencia impugnada no se realizó análisis alguno para descartar que las manifestaciones o información difundida por el querellado [Nombre4] en su perfil de “Facebook” no constituyan falsedades, rumores o insidias escondidas detrás del aparente ejercicio de un derecho fundamental bajo la fachada de una supuesta narración neutral de hechos carentes por completo de veracidad. En este sentido, el examen integral del fallo deja ver que el a quo se limitó a considerar que en el presente asunto no era necesario establecer si la información que difundió el querellado era veraz o no, ya que se trató de su “opinión” con respecto a los hechos que se incluyeron en la publicación de marras, siendo que tal y como supra se indicó, el tribunal penal tampoco estableció las razones -ni las pruebas- con base en las que estimó como “hechos” las afirmaciones expresadas por [Nombre4] en contra de la querellada, o por qué calificó dichas afirmaciones como una mera opinión, todo lo cual contraviene los preceptos definidos por la Sala Constitucional y evidencia la errónea fundamentación jurídica de la sentencia absolutoria dictada en la presente causa. vii.- En el fundamento del precedente de la Sala Constitucional objeto de estudio, se hace hincapié en cuanto a que no se puede exigir previamente a quien ejerce su libertad de expresión o de prensa, que constate de antemano la veracidad de lo que publica, ya que se estaría en presencia de una situación que puede degenerar en la censura previa como forma de limitar tales derechos fundamentales, empero, la misma Sala Constitucional, de igual forma, reitera que no es posible invocar la libertad de expresión para difundir situaciones que se sabe son falsas o respecto de las cuales no se hizo esfuerzo alguno por quien hace la publicación, para tratar de constatar algún aspecto objetivo que descarte su falsedad, así como la necesidad de valorar el caso concreto para desvirtuar la mala fe como objetivo real de la publicación.
En tal sentido, en el precedente de referencia se retoma lo que ha indicado la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos sobre el tema de la censura previa, así como se analiza el contenido de la sentencia dictada por la Corte Suprema de Justicia de los Estados Unidos en el caso New York Times vs. Sullivan, consideraciones que sin duda alguna deben tenerse presentes y valorarse en la solución del presente caso. Al respecto, la Sala Constitucional consideró lo siguiente: “(…) Evidentemente que como se indicó, la protección del Estado no puede darse como lo ha señalado la Corte de Derechos Humanos, con el derecho a censurar previamente las informaciones, lo cual será a todas luces inconstitucional (art. 28), sino que se refiere a su control a posteriori, en el caso que haya existido intención de infligir daño o actuado con pleno conocimiento de que se estaban difundiendo noticias falsas o se condujo con manifiesta negligencia en la búsqueda de la verdad o falsedad de las mismas y con ella resultó afectado el honor y reputación de alguna persona.
La Sala comparte la opinión de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (opinión consultiva 5/85) en el sentido de que: 33. ... No sería lícito invocar el derecho de la sociedad a estar informada verazmente para fundamentar un régimen de censura previa supuestamente destinado a eliminar las informaciones que serían falsas a criterio del censor. Como tampoco sería admisible que, sobre la base del derecho a difundir informaciones e ideas, se constituyeran monopolios públicos o privados sobre los medios de comunicación para intentar moldear la opinión pública según un solo punto de vista. De igual forma reconoce la jurisprudencia sentada en el caso New York Times vs. Sullivan de 1964 en la que se señala que la protección que la Constitución ofrece a la libertad de expresión no depende de la verdad, popularidad o utilidad social de las ideas y creencias manifestadas, y reconoce que un cierto grado de abuso es inseparable del uso adecuado de esa libertad, a partir de la cual el gobierno y los tribunales deben permitir que se desarrolle un debate "desinhibido, robusto y abierto", lo que puede incluir expresiones cáusticas, vehementes y a veces ataques severos desagradables hacia el gobierno y los funcionarios públicos.
Los enunciados erróneos son inevitables en un debate libre, y deben ser protegidos para dejar a la libertad de expresión aire para que pueda respirar y sobrevivir. Las normas deben impedir que un funcionario público pueda demandar a un medio de comunicación o a un particular por daños causados por una difamación falsa relativa a su comportamiento oficial, a menos que se pruebe con claridad convincente que la expresión se hizo con malicia real, es decir, con conocimiento de que era falsa o con indiferente desconsideración de si era o no falsa. Esta salvedad que se hace es indispensable frente a la obligación del Estado de proteger la reputación y honra de las personas y más aún, dentro de la obligación que tiene de velar porque el mal uso o desvío de esta libertad no se utilice para violar fines igualmente esenciales del sistema democrático, entre los que se incluye el sistema de derechos fundamentales […]” (el subrayado no es parte del texto original).
El contenido del segmento del precedente antes expuesto no fue valorado en modo alguno por el tribunal de juicio, a efecto de establecer si, en el presente caso, con la publicación realizada por [Nombre2] se hizo un mal uso de la libertad de expresión, ya que el a quo sin mayor fundamento dejó de lado el considerar si la difusión de las afirmaciones en contra de la querellante tenían algún grado de objetividad o incluso de veracidad, así como tampoco valoró si el texto publicado en el perfil de “Facebook” de [Nombre4] , se hizo con “conocimiento de que era falsa o con indiferente desconsideración de si era o no falsa,” tal y como lo define nuestra Sala Constitucional a partir del análisis de lo resuelto en el caso New York Times vs. Sullivan. En conclusión, de todo lo expuesto de determinan dos aspectos fundamentales: a.- El pronunciamiento N° 2006-05977 de la Sala Constitucional desarrolla una interpretación y análisis extensos de la forma en que debe entenderse la colisión entre el derecho a la libertad de expresión y el derecho al honor, así como los límites que constitucionalmente corresponden al ejercicio de la libertad de expresión y comunicación, lo cual sin duda alguna constituye un insumo jurídico necesario para la correcta solución del presente caso; b.- A pesar de que en el fallo de mérito el a quo hace referencia y valora un segmento del precedente constitucional antes enunciado, no lo aplica de modo íntegro y adecuado en el análisis jurídico de los hechos que se querellaron como difamatorios por la [Nombre [Nombre1]] en contra de [Nombre2] , lo cual implica no sólo el desconocimiento de lo preceptuado por la Sala Constitucional para el análisis de un caso como el que se dilucida en la especie. 2.-Sala Tercera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia.
En la sentencia objeto de impugnación, el tribunal de instancia invocó el contenido jurisprudencial de la resolución N° 2002-01050, de las 8:50 horas del 25 de octubre de 2002 de nuestra Sala de Casación Penal. El estudio de tal pronunciamiento con respecto al tema de fondo que se conoce en el subjudice, permite establecer que en tal precedente se analiza y desarrolla una serie de aspectos jurídicos que son de suma relevancia para determinar la forma en que procede abordar penalmente el tema relativo al ejercicio de la libertad de expresión versus la tutela del derecho al honor, a efecto de definir en qué casos existe un ejercicio legítimo del derecho fundamental a expresar y comunicar las ideas, y en qué supuestos se da un ejercicio abusivo de tal garantía constitucional que signifique la violación del bien jurídico “honor” penalmente tutelado, sea en el sublitem, en lo que respecta al delito de difamación dispuesto en el artículo 146 del Código Penal que se querelló en contra de [Nombre2] .
Es preciso indicar que el examen integral del fallo recurrido permite establecer que los juzgadores de instancia no analizaron de modo integral el pronunciamiento de la Sala de Casación que citaron en el fundamento de la sentencia impugnada, ya que no apreciaron con la rigurosidad que exigen los artículos 142 y 184 del Código Procesal Penal su contenido, a efecto de sustentar adecuadamente la absolutoria dictada en la presente causa. A efecto de sustentar el presente pronunciamiento, se procede a definir y valorar los principales aspectos establecidos por la Sala Tercera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia en torno al asunto de fondo que es objeto de discusión en el subjudice, sean éstos los siguientes: i.- La resolución objeto de estudio versa, específicamente, sobre el ejercicio a la libertad de comunicación de quien se dedica al periodismo, en torno a la tutela del derecho al honor de las personas desde la perspectiva penal.
Tal particularidad debe apreciarse con el fin de marcar la diferencia que existe con respecto a los hechos juzgados en la especie, sin embargo, de la resolución de la Sala de Casación Penal de referencia se derivan aspectos que sí son aplicables para el adecuado análisis jurídico y solución del presente asunto. ii.- Al igual que lo ha establecido esta cámara de apelaciones y se ha desarrollado en el acápite A) de esta resolución, la Sala Tercera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia considera que un caso de relevancia penal en el que existe colisión entre los derechos fundamentales al honor y la libertad de comunicación, expresión o prensa, no se puede decidir atendiendo únicamente a las normas de carácter penal, sino que es necesario valorar normas constitucionales y convencionales con el fin de analizar y resolver adecuadamente el caso. En tal sentido, en el voto de referencia se estipula lo siguiente: “[…] El conflicto entre el derecho al honor y las libertades de información y prensa es uno de los más difíciles de resolver, pues se está ante derechos fundamentales de la persona y ello obliga a definir muy bien cuándo alguno de ellos tiene primacía sobre los otros.
El problema no se resuelve teniendo en cuenta solamente lo dispuesto en el Código Penal, sino que debe partirse directamente de la Constitución y de la normativa internacional sobre derechos humanos para así comprender los alcances de la legislación punitiva […]”. El criterio externado por la Sala Tercera es el que sigue y justifica en el presente pronunciamiento, que se haya enumerado el marco jurídico cuya normativa se vincula con el conflicto de fondo que se resuelve en la especie, y que a vez, es el que se aprecia para demostrar la errónea fundamentación jurídica de la sentencia de mérito. iii.- La Sala de Casación Penal establece que en caso de conflicto o colisión entre el derecho al honor y la libertad de expresión, el primero de tales derechos fundamentales cede ante el segundo, salvo en los casos en que se haga un uso abusivo del derecho a la libertad de comunicación – en razón de que excede o extralimita el ámbito de protección que este contempla-, supuesto en que el que sí son aplicables las disposiciones penales que tutelan el derecho al honor como un bien jurídico penalmente relevante.
Así, la Sala Tercera consideró lo siguiente: “[…] Como salta a la vista, se está en presencia de bienes jurídicos merecedores de igual tutela por parte del ordenamiento. En virtud de lo recién indicado, el problema que debe abordarse en este caso es el de cuándo prevalece el derecho al honor sobre las libertades indicadas. De conformidad con las disposiciones constitucionales e internacionales humanitarias, ese conflicto entre derechos fundamentales sólo puede resolverse a favor del derecho al honor cuando se constata un ejercicio abusivo de las libertades de información y de prensa. Lo anterior obedece a que el ordenamiento jurídico costarricense contempla como regla general (consagrada en el artículo 22 del Código Civil) el no amparar el abuso del derecho ni el uso antisocial de éste. Ello se debe precisamente a que si se abusa de un derecho, eso implica que se ha excedido o extralimitado el ámbito de protección que el mismo contempla, de modo que dicho exceso no queda cubierto por éste y carece de tutela.
Así, si no se incurre en abuso alguno, sino que se ejercen legítimamente las libertades de información y de prensa, entonces no hay posibilidad alguna de sancionar penalmente al comunicador, pues no habría cometido ningún delito contra el honor […]”. De lo expuesto se determina que, en los casos en que se da un exceso en la realización de conductas humanas relacionadas con el tema penal de fondo, sea por el abuso de la libertad de comunicación o de expresión y se llega a un uso antisocial de la misma, tal exceso no queda cubierto por el contenido del derecho fundamental, siendo que por tal motivo carece de tutela y más bien surge la tutela penal del derecho al honor. Lo anterior se aplica plenamente en el supuesto en que estén involucradas personas que sean funcionarios públicos, ya que no es posible discriminar o definir ámbitos de exclusión que permitan o justifiquen un ejercicio antisocial y abusivo de la libertad de expresión o comunicación, por el solo hecho de que la persona afectada ocupe un cargo público, sea cual sea dicho cargo, incluso el de la […], ya que la postura que se cuestiona no atiende a criterios de racionalidad y proporcionalidad que deben apreciarse para la tutela y aplicación de los derechos fundamentales.
Así, no se puede desconocer un derecho constitucionalmente consagrado como lo es el derecho al honor, el que conservan plenamente quienes ejercen la función pública, eso sí, matizado y atemperado por el deber o la obligación de soportar una mayor tolerancia en aspectos relativos a los cuestionamientos, críticas, opiniones, control y fiscalización –relacionados sin duda alguna con el derecho al honor- que se deriva del ejercicio de su función y de su especial condición, y que se sustenta en los deberes de transparencia y rendición de cuentas constitucional y legalmente estipulados. Por lo anterior, el criterio mediante el que el a quo define un mínimo y prácticamente nulo ámbito de tutela penal del derecho al honor de quien ostenta la […], en virtud de ejercer tal cargo, es forzado y jurídicamente infundado, toda vez que lo que se deriva en realidad de su razonamiento es que erróneamente se equiparan el deber de tolerancia supra indicado con el vaciamiento de facto del bien jurídico honor de quien ocupa dicho cargo, siendo que tal postura permitiría sin posibilidades de exclusión, el ejercicio abusivo y antisocial de la libertad de expresión y comunicación, lo cual -tal y como supra se indicó- lejos de garantizar y reforzar el modelo democrático que nos rige, implicaría la afectación del derecho a recibir información veraz para la formación de una adecuada opinión pública, así como para la idónea fiscalización de la función pública y, obviamente, del ejercicio de los poderes públicos por parte de todos los administrados. iv.- En la resolución de la Sala de Casación que se estudia, se define y encuadra jurídicamente el principio de rendición de cuentas al que están sujetos todos los funcionarios públicos, en virtud del cual están sometidos a un amplio control y escrutinio por parte de órganos oficiales o formales establecidos para tal efecto –por ejemplo la Contraloría General de la República- y por sectores informales –prensa, medios de comunicación colectiva, los administrados en general- los que tienen una gran peso e importancia en un régimen democrático como el que rige en nuestro país.
Asimismo, la Sala Tercera estipula cuáles son los actos de quienes ejercen la función pública que están sometidos a tal tipo de escrutinio, sea en términos generales, aquellos que son de interés público y que corresponden a la faceta pública de la vida de quienes ocupan un cargo de tal naturaleza. Tales parámetros permiten establecer los alcances jurídico-penales del deber de tolerancia, así como en qué ámbitos de la vida o existencia de quien ejerce un cargo público, tiene la obligación de soportar un mayor escrutinio y control, siendo que en tal sentido y en torno a la relación derecho al honor versus libertad de expresión, la Sala de Casación establece que el derecho al honor del funcionario público prevalece y debe tutelarse penalmente cuando se da un exceso en el ejercicio de la libertad de comunicación o expresión, incluso, por quienes ejercen la actividad periodística. Los puntos antes expuestos no fueron apreciados en modo alguno en la sentencia de mérito, a pesar de ser esenciales para el correcto análisis jurídico de los hechos querellados como difamatorios en la presente causa.
En el contenido de la resolución que se examina en lo atinente a los aspectos previamente expuestos, se estipula lo siguiente: “[…] Los acontecimientos que aquí interesan –sea la grabación en video del vehículo del querellante, así como la información divulgada por Noti-Catorce y la respuesta dada por [Nombre7]. a los reportajes de dicho noticiero- ocurrieron entre octubre y diciembre de 1999. En aquel entonces la Constitución Política disponía en su artículo 11 lo siguiente: “Los funcionarios públicos son simples depositarios de la autoridad y no pueden arrogarse facultades que la ley no les concede. Deben prestar juramento de observar y cumplir esta Constitución y las leyes. La acción para exigirles la responsabilidad penal de sus actos es pública.” (Cabe acotar que tras la reforma constitucional efectuada mediante Ley N° 8003 de 8 de junio de 2000, publicada en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta N° 126 de 30 de junio de 2000, se modificó dicho artículo de la Constitución y se agregó una disposición en el sentido de que los funcionarios públicos deben cumplir los deberes que la ley les impone; además, se instauró formalmente el principio de rendición de cuentas, aspectos que estima esta Sala –como se verá a lo largo de este Considerando- podían extraerse de la redacción anterior aunada a disposiciones de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, aunque ciertamente la reforma hace más fácil de apreciar el rango constitucional de dicho principio).
Como puede observarse, la Ley Fundamental (tal cual es aplicable al caso concreto) claramente establece que los servidores públicos están sujetos al ordenamiento jurídico, eso es lo que se deriva de que se les califique como simples “depositarios de la autoridad”; en otras palabras, no están por encima del Derecho. En esa tesitura, se desprende de la disposición constitucional de comentario (precepto que se revitaliza con la reforma del año 2000 ya aludida) que los funcionarios públicos se ven vinculados tanto por las normas permisivas, como por las ordenatorias y las prohibitivas, agregándose además que sólo pueden hacer aquello que la ley expresamente les autoriza. Así las cosas, en Costa Rica todo funcionario público (sea que haya sido elegido popularmente, haya sido designado por otro o algún cuerpo colegiado, o haya ganado la plaza mediante concurso; sea propietario, suplente o interino; esté nombrado indefinidamente o a plazo; sea de confianza o goce de estabilidad laboral; sea funcionario de carrera o no; etc.) está expuesto, desde que asume el cargo, a la fiscalización de sus actos en el desempeño del cargo.
Ello obedece a que todo lo que haga esa persona con ocasión del puesto público que ocupa es de interés para la generalidad de habitantes de la República, ya que de lo que se trata es de velar porque actúe, como servidor, en estricta conformidad con el ordenamiento jurídico. Esa supervisión constante de sus actos es una de las consecuencias que acarrea el ser servidor público, de modo que quien asume un cargo de esta naturaleza acepta de forma implícita que se examine públicamente su actuación. Por la investidura, el funcionario está sujeto al principio de legalidad, según el cual sólo le está autorizado hacer aquello que la ley –en sentido amplio y en adecuación de la escala normativa- expresamente le permite, estándole prohibido todo lo demás. Así las cosas, desempeñar una función pública conlleva para la persona una sujeción a controles, los cuales han sido concebidos para verificar que el ejercicio de las atribuciones que derivan del puesto sea correcto, así como para evitar que se incumplan los deberes inherentes al cargo.
Ahora bien, dentro de estos controles se cuentan no sólo los institucionalizados (como lo son los propios de la Administración Pública, al igual que los judiciales), sino que en un Estado democrático –la Constitución define a Costa Rica como tal en su artículo 1- es necesario considerar también el papel de los comunicadores. Si todo ser humano tiene el derecho de ser informado, si existe además la libertad para comunicar pensamientos y opiniones, incluso publicándolos, y si se considera que los comunicadores tienen como profesión el recabar datos, analizarlos y con base en ellos informar a los demás sobre los temas que les interesan, entonces es evidente que la práctica del periodismo es una manifestación perfecta de las libertades de información y de prensa. En esa tesitura, es irrebatible que los medios de comunicación colectiva, los periodistas y demás comunicadores tienen el derecho de informar –haciendo públicos los datos que manejan- a los habitantes.
Esa es la premisa que debe prevalecer en una sociedad democrática. Lo anterior requiere de ciertas precisiones cuando se está ante un asunto de interés público relacionado con la actuación de un servidor estatal. Lo primero es que asunto de interés público es todo aquello que de manera razonablemente presumible atrae de forma coincidente el interés individual de los administrados (artículo 113 inciso
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