11. Secondary Forests.
Secondary forests must be managed in accordance with Principles 1 through 9 and their respective Criteria and Indicators applicable to secondary forests stipulated in Executive Decree N° 27388-MINAE, published in "La Gaceta" N° 212 of November 2, 1998, and with the present Principle 11 and its Criteria and Indicators. The management of these forests promotes the efficient and continuous use of their various goods and services, in order to ensure economic viability, and social and environmental benefits. Likewise, management guarantees the permanence of the forest land use through the natural regeneration of the forest.
Criteria:
11.1 The management of the secondary forest guarantees the regeneration of commercial species in the harvesting (aprovechamiento) areas and seeks to minimize the impact on water and soil resources.
Indicators:
11.1.1 In management, appropriate silvicultural activities are promoted (regeneration cuts or polycyclic system), determined by the successional stage, floristic composition, structure, levels of regeneration of commercial species present in the forest and the site, and taking into consideration the owner's expectations or objectives for it.
11.1.2 In management, mitigation measures for the impact on soil, water and remaining stand (masa remanente) are considered and applied in the field.
11.2 Rare, threatened, endangered and protected forest species are protected. Likewise, hunting, capture and collection activities of flora and fauna species are controlled.
Indicators:
11.2.1 Actions are implemented to protect rare, threatened, endangered and protected forest species.
11.2.2 Actions are implemented to control hunting, capture and collection activities of flora and fauna species.
11.3 Management maintains and/or restores:
- a)Natural commercial regeneration and secondary succession.
- b)Sufficient genetic diversity to maintain the production system.
- c)The natural processes that affect the productivity of the ecosystem.
- d)The functions and processes of the natural drainage system.
- e)The areas designated for protection.
- f)The increase in the growth rate of commercial species.
Indicators:
11.3.1 The forest use of the harvested (aprovechadas) areas is maintained.
11.3.2 There exists a regeneration sampling conducted from the third year after the harvest. The sampling error is less than or equal to 20% with respect to the number of individuals for commercial species, for the sapling (latizal) and pole (fustal) regeneration size categories.
11.3.3. There are measures to avoid external disturbances that negatively alter the successional process, such as agricultural activities, fire, browsing (ramoneo), understory clearing (socola) and squatting.
11.3.4. The number of seed trees (árboles semilleros, AP) left after harvesting (aprovechamiento), is equal to or greater than five individuals per hectare, from the group of timber commercial species in the harvested (aprovechada) area and uniformly distributed by species and spatially.
11.3.5. The seed trees (árboles semilleros) meet the following characteristics: reproductive individuals, with straight trunks, well-developed crowns, and free of pests and diseases.
11.3.6. As far as possible, regeneration cuts avoid the establishment of monospecific forests.
11.3.7. Mitigation measures are implemented to avoid water erosion of the soil and the alteration of the natural drainage system.
11.3.8. In the execution of harvesting (aprovechamiento) and management, the minimum impact on the soil, water and remaining stand (masa remanente) is sought, which includes the following aspects and corresponding applicable levels:
- a)The area of log landings (patios de acopio) occupies no more than 1% of the productive forest area.
- b)The roads to be built or rehabilitated, on which trucks circulate, occupy no more than 2% of the productive forest area, with slopes less than 20%, and have the necessary conservation works to minimize erosion and damage to the soil and water. Upon concluding the operation, the maintenance of primary roads is ensured with the necessary measures to avoid erosion.
- c)Secondary roads do not exceed 8% of the productive forest area. On these roads, there are no slopes greater than 40% and the water crossings are functional. At the end of the operation, these roads are closed and measures are taken to avoid erosion and restore the functions and processes of the natural drainage system.
- d)Skid trails (pistas de arrastre) occupy a maximum of 3% of the productive forest area.
- e)In the case of polycyclic systems, the area of gaps caused by the cut does not exceed 15% of the area defined as productive forest and the sum of the harvesting (aprovechamiento) impact shall not exceed the 25% of the effective area.
11.3.9. After the harvest, the protection areas remain unaltered.
11.3.10. The cutting cycle is greater than the reproductive age of the commercial timber species of interest.
11.3.11. Trees of threatened, endangered and protected species are marked in the field and maintained. These fulfill an ecological function, but are not contemplated within the trees reserved as seed trees (semilleros).
11.3.12. The harvesting (aprovechamiento) of standing and fallen dead trees does not negatively affect the ecological functions of the forest.
11.3.13. Felling and skidding operations protect rare, threatened, endangered and protected species, as well as seed trees (árboles semilleros), and minimize the impact on the regeneration of commercial species.
11.3.14. The execution of silvicultural activities that involve tree felling use directional felling techniques, planned skidding and promote the use of winch and long-reach cable. Furthermore, the execution of such activities is the responsibility of personnel trained and certified in operational aspects of silvicultural activities.
11.3.15. Extraction activities use, as far as possible, low-impact methods such as animal power and agricultural tractors.
11.3.16. The growth rate of commercial species is favored through the application of silvicultural treatments, such as liberation, refinement, vine cutting, thinning and others.
11.4 Environmental pollution from agrochemical products and non-organic waste from silvicultural activities is minimized.
Indicators 11.4.1. The use of agrochemical products is governed by the legislation in force in the country and by the international treaties ratified by the country.
11.4.2. Forest management promotes the adoption of non-chemical methods in pest and disease control and devitalization.
11.4.3. There are mechanisms for the collection and disposal of non-organic waste resulting from silvicultural activities.
11.5. The management plan (plan de manejo) is the instrument for technical justification and planning of the activities to be developed in the secondary forest.
Indicators:
11.5.1 The general plan contains the following aspects:
- a)An executive summary comprising:
· Management objective · Silvicultural activities · Cutting cycle b) General description of the property:
The status of the property, registration and cadastral data, boundaries, administrative location, geographic location, access routes, land use and a general description of the adjacent areas.
- c)Management objectives d) The description of the timber resources of the forest, based on the results of an inventory (sampling) from 10 cm dbh, the biophysical limitations and the management risks in relation to the regeneration of commercial timber species. The sampling error is less than or equal to 20% with respect to the total number of trees and total basal area.
- e)If non-timber forest products with commercial potential are identified, they are managed in accordance with Principle 5 and the owner's objectives.
- f)The description of silvicultural management activities before and after the harvest, considers the characteristics of the forest, the information obtained in the forest inventory and the owner's objectives. In addition, the cutting cycle is indicated and justified.
- g)A monitoring plan in accordance with Criterion 11.6.
- h)A description of the mitigation measures for the impact of forest operations on water and soil resources.
- i)The identification and protection measures for rare, threatened, endangered or protected forest species.
- j)Maps indicating the forest resources, harvesting (aprovechamiento) areas, protection areas, required roads, and log landings (patios).
- k)Description of the measures to control hunting, fishing, capture and collection of flora and fauna.
- l)If management affects community assets of vital importance, such as roads, water springs (nacientes de agua), or sites of historical or cultural importance, the mechanisms for their protection and mitigation measures are indicated.
- m)Detailed description of the harvesting (aprovechamiento) activities and silvicultural treatments, their technical justification and the execution schedule.
11.5.2. The operational plans for harvesting (aprovechamiento) or silvicultural activities contemplate the following aspects:
- a)For harvesting (aprovechamiento), topographic and hydrological features, primary and secondary roads, log landings (patios de acopio), trees to be extracted (in the case of the polycyclic system) and seed trees (árboles semilleros), rare, threatened, endangered and protected species are specified and located on a map. A copy of the map is used in the field as a guide for the workers.
- b)The description and justification of the silvicultural and cutting techniques, and the equipment to be used.
- c)The design of the works that guarantee that the natural drainage system is not negatively affected by the harvesting (aprovechamiento) or silvicultural activities.
- d)The viable alternatives for the commercialization of the wood and the respective market prices.
- e)The list of seed trees (árboles semilleros), rare, endangered, threatened or protected species; in the case of the polycyclic system, the list of trees to be cut (species, diameter and volume) is included.
- f)Technical justification for the harvesting (aprovechamiento) of standing and/or fallen dead trees.
11.6. The management plan (plan de manejo) includes a monitoring plan that allows determining the impact of the management operations and their corrective measures when appropriate.
Indicators:
11.6.1 There are records of the silvicultural activities executed, volume of production per species and number of logs, verifiable with the respective transport guides. In the case of non-timber products, there are harvest records.
11.6.2 The responsible parties keep available forest management oversight reports (informes de regencia).
11.6.3 The location in the field of the seed trees (AP) and the numbering that identifies them coincides with the corresponding map.
11.6.4 In the case of regeneration cuts, there is a written commitment from the forest owner to allow the establishment and development of natural regeneration and secondary succession on the harvested (aprovechado) site (referred to Criterion 11.3.a.).
11.6.5 Corrective measures for the impact of management operations are applied according to the monitoring results.
11.6.6 In a productive secondary forest of more than 30 ha, there are permanent sampling plots with an area ranging between 400 and 600 m2, and with a sampling intensity of not less than 1%. The variables under analysis are: annual increase in dbh (mm year-1), annual increase in basal area (m2 ha-1 year-1), mortality, regeneration, recruitment and floristic composition.
11.6.7 The management plan (plan de manejo) is reviewed in each cutting cycle to incorporate the results of the evaluation and the new scientific and technical information that responds to changes in technological, environmental, social and economic circumstances.
11.7. The management plan (plan de manejo) has been prepared and signed by a duly authorized professional in forest sciences.