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Res. 01189-2020 Tribunal Agrario · Tribunal Agrario · 26/11/2020
OutcomeResultado
The Tribunal held the defendant company liable for the herbicide-related injury and loss of thirty-two thousand pepper plants, ordered payment of damages to be quantified during enforcement proceedings, and awarded ₡300,000 for emotional distress, statutory interest, and costs.El Tribunal responsabilizó a la sociedad demandada por la intoxicación y pérdida de treinta y dos mil plantas de chile causada por la aplicación de herbicida, ordenó indemnizar los daños y perjuicios por cuantificar en ejecución de sentencia y concedió ₡300.000 por daño moral, intereses legales y costas.
SummaryResumen
The Agrarian Tribunal partially reversed the judgment that had dismissed a damages claim arising from the loss of approximately thirty-two thousand pepper plants. Based on testimonial, technical, and judicial-inspection evidence, it found that the defendant company applied Pastar herbicide, containing 2,4-D, on land approximately five hundred meters from the crop; that the product can drift considerable distances under windy conditions; and that shortly after the application the plants exhibited herbicide-injury symptoms and the entire crop was lost. The Tribunal rejected the defense of lack of passive standing and partially granted the claim. It ordered the company to compensate the farmer for property damage and lost profits, with the amounts to be established during judgment-enforcement proceedings, and awarded ₡300,000 for emotional distress. It also imposed statutory interest from the date on which the decision fixing the total compensation becomes final, together with litigation costs. Separate inflation adjustment was denied because the applicable interest rate already accounts for monetary depreciation.El Tribunal Agrario revocó parcialmente la sentencia que había rechazado una demanda indemnizatoria por la pérdida de una plantación de aproximadamente treinta y dos mil matas de chile. A partir de la prueba testimonial, técnica y judicial, tuvo por acreditado que la sociedad demandada aplicó el herbicida Pastar, cuyo componente incluye 2,4-D, en una finca situada aproximadamente a quinientos metros del cultivo; que el producto puede desplazarse a larga distancia en condiciones ventosas; y que, poco después de la aplicación, las plantas mostraron síntomas de intoxicación y se perdió todo el cultivo. Rechazó la excepción de falta de legitimación pasiva y declaró parcialmente con lugar la demanda. Condenó a la empresa a indemnizar el daño material y el lucro cesante, cuya cuantificación deberá efectuarse en ejecución de sentencia, además de pagar ₡300.000 por daño moral, intereses legales desde la firmeza de la resolución que determine la indemnización, y las costas personales y procesales. Denegó la indexación separada porque los intereses ya compensan la depreciación monetaria.
Key excerptExtracto clave
For these reasons, this Tribunal considers that the plaintiff must resort to judgment-enforcement proceedings in order to prove and quantify the amounts incurred as property damage and the income not received as profits. The appealed judgment is partially reversed solely insofar as it sustained the defense of lack of passive standing and dismissed the claim. Instead, the defense of lack of passive standing raised by the defendant is rejected. The claim brought by [Name1] against HACIENDA LA FRANCESA BGCS SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA is PARTIALLY GRANTED, and is deemed rejected as to all matters not expressly addressed. The defendant company is ordered to pay the damages caused by the injury to and loss of the plaintiff’s pepper crop, consisting of the loss and intoxication of thirty-two thousand planted pepper plants, according to their varieties, resulting from the herbicide application carried out on its property registered as [Plate1] - () in the Province of Guanacaste during the first week of October 2018. The plaintiff must resort to judgment-enforcement proceedings to prove and quantify the property damage and consequential losses. The defendant is ordered to pay emotional-distress damages in the amount of EXACTLY THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND COLONES (₡300,000.00). The defendant is also ordered to pay interest at the rate paid by Banco Nacional de Costa Rica on six-month certificates of deposit. Interest shall accrue from the date on which the decision establishing the total compensation becomes final until full payment, together with the plaintiff’s attorney fees and procedural costs.Por tales motivos, estima este Tribunal deberá acudir la parte actora al proceso de ejecución de sentencia a efectos de demostrar la cuantificación y determinación de los montos erogados como daño material y lo dejado de percibir como ganancias.- Se revoca parcialmente la sentencia recurrida únicamente en cuanto, declara con lugar la excepción de falta de legitimidad pasiva y declara sin lugar la demanda. En su lugar se rechaza la excepción de falta de legitimación pasiva formulada por la parte demandada. Se declara PARCIALMENTE CON LUGAR la demanda planteada por el señor [Nombre1] contra HACIENDA LA FRANCESA BGCS SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA entendiéndose rechazado en lo que no se haga especial mención. Se condena a la sociedad demandada al pago de los daños y perjuicios ocasionados por la afectación y pérdida del cultivo de chile al actor, en función de la pérdida e intoxicación de treinta y dos mil plantas de chile sembradas (de acuerdo a sus variedades), ante la aplicación de herbicida realizada en su inmueble matrícula [Placa1] - () del Partido de Guanacaste, durante la primera semana de octubre del 2018.- Deberá la parte actora acudir al proceso de ejecución de sentencia a efectos de demostrar la cuantificación del daño material y los perjuicios generados.- Se condena a la demandada al pago del daño moral estimado en la suma de TRESCIENTOS MIL COLONES EXACTOS (300.000,00).- Se condena además a la demandada al pago de los intereses, que es igual al que pague el Banco Nacional de Costa Rica por los certificados de depósito a seis meses plazo.- Los intereses deber ser cancelados a partir de la firmeza de la resolución que establezca el monto total a indemnizar y hasta su efectivo pago; así como al pago de las costas personales y procesales ocasionadas al actor.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"En condiciones ventosas puede ocasionar una deriva de largas distancias, de hasta por un kilómetro de espacio."
"Under windy conditions, it can cause long-distance drift of up to one kilometer."
Considerando II
"En condiciones ventosas puede ocasionar una deriva de largas distancias, de hasta por un kilómetro de espacio."
Considerando II
"En cuanto a los perjuicios generados, éstos deben entenderse únicamente en función del lucro cesante, sea lo dejado de percibir como ganancia ante los daños generados."
"As for the consequential losses, these must be understood exclusively as lost profits, meaning the earnings not received because of the damage caused."
Considerando X
"En cuanto a los perjuicios generados, éstos deben entenderse únicamente en función del lucro cesante, sea lo dejado de percibir como ganancia ante los daños generados."
Considerando X
"En cuanto al daño moral, de manera reiterada se ha referido que éste proviene de la lesión del derecho extrapatrimonial y supone una perturbación injusta de las condiciones anímicas de la persona. No requiere de una prueba directa y queda a la equitativa valoración del Juez, por lo que los tribunales están facultados para decretar y cuantificar la condena."
"Regarding emotional distress, it has repeatedly been held that it arises from injury to a non-economic right and entails an unjust disturbance of a person’s emotional condition. It does not require direct evidence and is left to the judge’s equitable assessment, so courts may award and quantify such damages."
Considerando X
"En cuanto al daño moral, de manera reiterada se ha referido que éste proviene de la lesión del derecho extrapatrimonial y supone una perturbación injusta de las condiciones anímicas de la persona. No requiere de una prueba directa y queda a la equitativa valoración del Juez, por lo que los tribunales están facultados para decretar y cuantificar la condena."
Considerando X
"De tal suerte, no procede la indexación de las sumas que se reclaman en este caso, toda vez que los intereses contienen en sí, la depreciación que valora precisamente el tema de la indexación como componente de ésta."
"Accordingly, the amounts claimed in this case may not be separately adjusted for inflation, because the interest itself accounts for the depreciation addressed by indexation."
Considerando XI
"De tal suerte, no procede la indexación de las sumas que se reclaman en este caso, toda vez que los intereses contienen en sí, la depreciación que valora precisamente el tema de la indexación como componente de ésta."
Considerando XI
Full documentDocumento completo
Sign Document * * * * * * CASE FILE:
PROCEEDING:
ORDINARY AGRARIAN PROCEEDING (PROCESO ORDINARIO AGRARIO) PLAINTIFF:
[Nombre12] ARTURO ORDOÑEZ QUIRÓS DEFENDANT:
HACIENDA LA FRANCESA BGCS SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA * * * * DECISION No.* 1189-F-20* * * TRIBUNAL AGRARIO. SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL DE SAN JOSÉ.- At fifteen hours zero minutes on veintiséis de noviembre de dos mil veinte.-* * ORDINARY PROCEEDING (PROCESO ORDINARIO) brought by* [Nombre1] , of legal age, married, farmer, resident of Bagaces, identity card CED1 - - ;* against HACIENDA LA FRANCESA BGCS SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA, corporate identification number CED2 - - , represented by its president, vested with authority as a general agent with unlimited powers (apoderado generalísimo sin límite de suma), [Nombre2] , of legal age, married, resident of Grecia, identity card CED3 - - . Attorney Fernando Castrillo Arias, bar number cuatro mil doscientos cincuenta y seis, acts as counsel of record (abogado director) for the plaintiff; attorney Ruddy Saborio Sánchez., identity card CED4 - - , bar number veintidós mil trescientos ochenta y uno, and attorney Raúl Alexander Camacho Alfaro, identity card CED5 - ., act for the defendant.* Heard before the Juzgado Agrario del Primer Circuito Judicial de Guanacaste, Liberia.-* RESULTS:* * 1.- The plaintiff filed an ordinary proceeding valued at* doscientos sesenta millones de colones, requesting that the judgment declare: “1) That this action against the defendant company be granted in all respects because the company, through its negligent and careless conduct, caused the loss of the thirty-two thousand chili pepper plants that I had in production and that collapsed as a result of the spraying of herbicides on the defendant’s property. * 2) That it be ordered to pay THE DAMAGES CAUSED TO ME, WHICH I DESCRIBE BELOW: DAMAGES: All the damages requested below WERE CAUSED BY THE IRRESPONSIBLE CONDUCT, CARELESSNESS, AND DISREGARD OF THE DEFENDANT IN SPRAYING ITS LAND WITH AN HERBICIDE AS HARMFUL AND VOLATILE AS PASTAR ON 2 Y 3 DE OCTUBRE DEL PRESENTE AÑO, AN HERBICIDE THAT FELL UPON OUR ENTIRE PLANTATION OF 32 MIL CHILI PEPPER PLANTS, WHICH WERE IN PERFECT CONDITION, AND KILLED THEM, EVEN THOUGH THE DEFENDANT HAD BEEN WARNED IN ADVANCE THAT THE CHILI PEPPERS WOULD BE PLANTED, THAT THEY HAD BEEN PLANTED ONCE WE HAD PLANTED THEM, THEREBY CAUSING THE DAMAGES DESCRIBED BELOW: Property Damage (Daño Material): The 22,438,419,82 COLONES that I invested in the chili pepper plantation to bring it into production.
All of this money had been invested by 1 DE OCTUBRE, before the herbicide poisoning, and another portion of this amount was subsequently invested in an unsuccessful attempt to save the affected plantation, which continued through 29 DE OCTUBRE. All these dates are in the current year. All of this is described in the schedule submitted as evidence of everything done to the plantation. Non-Pecuniary Damage (Daño Moral): The sum of CINCUENTA MILLONES DE COLONES for all the suffering and stress this situation has caused me and my family, especially my wife, who has been the most important source of support throughout all of this. Your Honor should take into account that all our capital was invested in this plantation and that we now do not have a penny on which to survive. LOSSES: The only loss caused is LOST PROFITS (LUCRO CESANTE), due to the loss of the plantation, which contained a total of thirty-two thousand chili pepper plants in perfect condition and at an ideal stage of growth, with anticipated production of approximately 180 millones de colones, which will be determined with greater clarity and precision in the expert report (peritaje) that we will offer as evidence next week, prepared by [Nombre3] Bustos, a specialist in this field.
INTEREST: That it be ordered to pay interest on the amounts requested above, calculated according to the statutory interest rate, from the time the plantation was damaged on 2 de octubre del 2018 until those amounts are paid in full. COSTS: That the plaintiff be ordered to pay both attorney fees and procedural costs (costas personales como procesales) arising from this action. INDEXATION (INDEXACIÓN): That, when rendering judgment, Your Honor update the amounts requested as damages in light of the period elapsed between the filing of this action and the rendering of judgment, based on increases in the cost of living.” (see complaint entered on 09/11/2018 02:10:32).- The plaintiff also filed an incidental motion based on new facts (incidente de hechos nuevos), according to the brief entered on 12 de mayor del 2019. (see brief entered on 02/05/2019 09:42:54)* * 2.-* The defendant* answered the complaint filed against it and raised the defenses (excepciones) of lack of a legal right to relief (falta de derecho), lack of standing, and lack of proper passive standing (falta de legitimación activa y pasiva).
(see brief entered on 12/12/2018 10:51:04) * * 3.-* By order number 246-A-2019 at once horas y diecisiete minutos on veintisiete de setiembre del año dos mil diecinueve, the incidental motion based on new facts filed by the plaintiff in the brief entered on 22 de mayo del 2019 was decided.- The operative portion (parte dispositiva) of that order states: “THEREFORE (POR TANTO): THIS INCIDENTAL MOTION BASED ON NEW FACTS IS DENIED. The matter is decided without a special award of costs” (see judgment entered on 27/09/2019 11:17:27).* * 4.- Judge* Rodrigo Valverde Umaña, of the Juzgado Agrario del Primer Circuito Judicial de Guanacaste, Liberia, in judgment number 300-S-2019, issued at* catorce horas y cincuenta y siete minutos on diecinueve de diciembre del año dos mil diecinueve, ruled:* “THEREFORE:* The DEFENSES OF LACK OF A LEGAL RIGHT TO RELIEF AND LACK OF STANDING are denied. The DEFENSE OF LACK OF PROPER PASSIVE STANDING is granted.
This action is DENIED in all respects. The plaintiff is ordered to pay both categories of costs. Let notice be served.” (see judgment entered on* 19/12/2019 14:57:40).-* * 5-* Attorney Fernando Castrillo Arias, acting as special litigation counsel (apoderado especial judicial) for [Nombre1] , filed* an appeal (recurso de apelación), expressly stating the grounds relied upon to refute the trial court’s position (see appeal entered on 09/01/2020 08:52:03).-* * 6.- In the conduct of the proceeding,* the statutory requirements have been observed, and there are no errors or omissions capable of rendering the judgment null and void.* * Drafted by Judge Sánchez Blanco; * CONSIDERING: * * I.- Before analyzing this matter, the Tribunal notes a procedural issue that should be clarified. By order number 246-A-2019 at once horas y diecisiete minutos on veintisiete de setiembre del año dos mil diecinueve, the incidental motion based on new facts filed by the plaintiff was decided.* In that motion, the plaintiff alleged that the defendant might be selling the property and thereby precluding the possibility of obtaining compensation for the damages claimed* (see filing entered on 22/05/2019 09:42:54).- The operative portion of that order states: “THEREFORE: THIS INCIDENTAL MOTION BASED ON NEW FACTS IS DENIED.
The matter is decided without a special award of costs” (see judgment entered on 27/09/2019 11:17:27).- By their nature, incidental matters of this kind are governed by article 42 of the Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria and article 35.6 of the Código Procesal Civil, which applies supplementally in agrarian matters.- Accordingly, as follows from those provisions, they must be adjudicated in the judgment, except where the motion is summarily dismissed because it is manifestly inadmissible, such as when it is actually an offer of evidence. In this case, before issuing the judgment, the trial judge denied the motion on its merits, finding that in its arguments the plaintiff had resorted to the incidental motion at issue not to expand the complaint with respect to the facts, but solely for the purpose of obtaining, according to the plaintiff’s own statement, a provisional measure (medida cautelar).- Although the approach employed by the judge was not correct, this does not affect the validity of the judgment because, as the trial judge observed, incidental motions of this kind may not be used to obtain provisional measures and are manifestly inadmissible for that purpose.
Moreover, neither party appealed that order, thereby accepting its provisions.- * * II.- The findings of fact deemed proven (hechos tenidos por demostrados) numbered 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18 and 19 are affirmed because they reflect the evidence.- Finding 1 is affirmed, with the following addition: In dos mil dieciocho, the plaintiff planted chili peppers on the land recorded in the Public Registry, Guanacaste Section, under number CED6 - , with survey plan G- UN MILLÓN TRESCIENTOS UN MIL NOVECIENTOS DOCE- DOS MIL OCHO. Located in the place known as El Chile de Bagaces de Guanacaste.- Finding 2 is affirmed, with the following addition: In agosto del dos mil dieciocho, the plaintiff proceeded to plant chili peppers on the leased property facing [Dirección1] street, consisting of the varieties Chile Nathalie, Chile 15-4212 and Chile 15-4215, in an approximate quantity* of treinta y dos mil plants.- Finding 5 is affirmed but amended to read as follows: The commercial herbicide Pastar 36 SL has low volatility, since its two constituent components, Aminopyralid and 2,4-D, are formulated as salts (triisopropanolamine salt), which, under ideal temperature conditions, are considered to have low volatility.
Under windy conditions, it may cause long-distance spray drift (deriva), extending up to un kilómetro.- Findings 4, 17, 21 and 22 are not affirmed because they are contrary to the evidence.- Given their importance and their relevance to the grounds for appeal, the following are also deemed proven: 23) During the first week of octubre del año 2018, the defendant, Hacienda La Francesa, performed weed control (control de malezas) on its property registered under [Placa1] - () in the Guanacaste Section by applying Pastar herbicide, one of whose components is 2-4D. (response to the fifth allegation of the complaint; also see the statements of [Nombre4] , [Nombre5] , [Nombre6] , [Nombre7] , [Nombre8] , [Nombre9] included on the CD).- 24 ) During the days following cinco de octubre del año dos mil dieciocho, the chili pepper plants in the plaintiff’s plantation exhibited damage to their leaves and stems, including curled shoots, yellow spots and hypertrophic growth caused by herbicide poisoning, resulting in* the loss of the entire crop, although some plants were affected more severely than others.
(see the judicial inspection (reconocimiento judicial) of 16 de noviembre del 2018, as well as the private reports entered on 09/11/2018 and the statements of [Nombre10] , [Nombre11] , and [Nombre12], and also the statement of [Nombre6] , included on the compact disc).-
Pastar is a fairly safe product if it is used under the conditions I mentioned earlier—I am referring to proper application conditions—but if it is not used under those conditions, if it is applied in strong winds, Pastar will end up who knows where, because the wind will carry it and cause a very long drift (deriva), approximately a kilometer and a half, according to the research...” He adds: “...I could not tell you whether drift could have reached the area because I do not know the wind speed or wind direction at that time...” In this regard, his testimony, together with the expert examination (pericia) performed (entered into the record on 26/04/2019 09:50:50 and clarification on 14/05/2019 13:40:27), makes it possible to assess only the technical conditions for applying the Pastar herbicide and the possible drift it may generate. Nevertheless, as the expert himself states, his examination cannot establish the actual physical conditions that existed on the properties or at the sweet-pepper plantation after the spraying carried out by the defendant, given that several months had passed by the time he conducted it; therefore, no specific conclusions can be reached regarding what actually occurred at the time of the events.- Accordingly, the result of this expert examination must be considered together with the other evidence, since the other technical reports submitted contain important elements concerning the harm to the sweet-pepper crop.
In this respect, five private technical reports were submitted: three prepared by engineers [Nombre10], [Nombre11], and [Nombre12] (entered into the record on 09/08/2011 14:10:32); and those prepared by the defendant’s consulting engineers, [Nombre18] and [Nombre4] (see 12/12/2018 10:51:04, labeled evidence 1 and evidence 2), all of whom also testified.- Regarding these reports, although the findings of the first three differ significantly from those of the last two, their veracity must be weighed together with the remaining evidence.- According to the technical report prepared by [Nombre3] [Nombre10] * Muñoz, who is a [Nombre3] agronomist at the Instituto Regional de Sustancias Tóxicas de la Universidad Nacional, Pastar is described as follows: “The commercial herbicide Pastar 36 SL consists of a mixture of two substances: 2,4-D (32%) and amynopiralid (4%), which are herbicides from the synthetic-auxin or hormonal group.
These herbicides mimic the action of the plant hormones known as auxins and, when applied at high concentrations, cause phytotoxic damage (daños fitotóxicos), primarily in broadleaf plants. Both are systemic herbicides (herbicidas sistémicos) that are absorbed through the leaves and roots, are transported within the plant, and accumulate primarily at the meristematic points (puntos meristemáticos), where their growth-inhibiting effect is observed.” This also accords with the product’s technical data sheet, which states: “Aminopyralid is an herbicide with properties similar to auxins, which are plant-growth regulators. It moves systemically through the plant and disrupts metabolic growth patterns, affecting the growth process. 24-1) is also a systemic herbicide that acts as a growth inhibitor. It is translocated to the meristematic regions of roots and stems, where it exerts its effect.”.- In other words, this herbicide may be applied to pasture grass, but not to sweet peppers, because that plant is similar to broadleaf weeds.
(See the private technical report and technical data sheet entered into the record on 09/08/2011 14:10:32).- These technical data are further supported by the testimony of [Nombre10], who recounts (minute 34:17, part 2): “...We are accustomed to receiving requests from individuals, communities, and associations concerning the effects of pesticides... In this case, I received a call from a woman, doña [Nombre25], who had a problem and told me what had happened... What she was primarily seeking was to learn whether the Institute conducted residue analyses for hormonal herbicides... We agreed that IRET could help her in some way. IRET does not perform that type of analysis because no laboratory in Central America analyzes 2-4D, but a sample could be taken from the plantation. I went there on October 22 in my official capacity to inspect the sweet-pepper plantation, and what I observed was a plantation affected by some abiotic agent (agente abiótico); it had symptoms entirely consistent with herbicide poisoning (intoxicación con herbicidas)... generally throughout the entire plantation.
I walked through the whole plantation and around its perimeter... it covered approximately three hectares... We toured the farm and began looking at the plants, shoots, aborted fruit, and we pulled plants out to inspect their roots...” He adds (minute 38:45 p2): “...several samples were taken because I wanted to rule out viral infection (virosis), pathological problems, diseases, or problems caused by nematodes... systematic samples from the plot’s soil, whole plants, foliage, and roots. They were properly identified... for transport to the Universidad Nacional, the Universidad Nacional plant-pathology laboratory, the nematology laboratory of the Escuela Agrarias, while I kept others to determine soil pH. In the pathology examination, she prepared a report stating that there were no pathogens that could be affecting the sweet peppers. The neurologist’s report found zero plant-pathogenic nematodes (nemátodos fitopatógenos), leading to the conclusion that nematodes were having no effect on the plantation.
It had a pH of 6, perfect for agriculture, and conductivity below 2 points, which is very good... We determined that the soil was in perfect condition, the crop management appeared very good, and there were no diseases... What I was able to determine was that the plant had hypertrophic growth (crecimiento hipertrófico) in its shoots, spoon-shaped leaves (hojas acucharadas), and brittle stems, which are all symptoms of exposure to hormonal herbicides... such as 2-4D... Pastar’s formulation contains 32% 2-4D...”.- Additionally, Mr. [Nombre12], the [Nombre3] agronomist in charge of the sweet-pepper plantation, also stated (minute 03:27:43 p1): “...I have known [Nombre12] by sight for some time; he asked me to help him with the sweet-pepper project... so we gradually became involved, with me providing him assistance... everything was done based on my knowledge; the seedbeds were commissioned... using varieties selected for the area, with high yields...
Initially, he showed me the areas throughout the farm that he wanted to plant, and we selected the area that seemed best to me; it was scrubland (tacotal)... First, all the brush-clearing and mechanized work was carried out... that involves a process of eliminating the weeds until the land is fully suitable for planting, with its ridges, and when the seedlings arrive, the irrigation system is installed... all the work was completed until the small plants were planted. My way of working is preventive; we begin by managing nutrition so as to draw out all the plant’s potential... the plant began to grow, flower, and set fruit. Then, at some point, they applied a product on the neighboring farm... and the plantation began to show symptoms of poisoning... from this type of product, Pastar, one of whose components is 2-4D... the label itself says, ‘do not apply near susceptible crops’... a very, very small amount is enough to poison the plant because it is highly susceptible... an attempt was made to save the sweet peppers... milk and polysaccharides are applied... but the plant actually continues the process of dying...
I am the one advising him, and I told [Nombre12], look, we cannot invest any more money, and I cannot be so irresponsible as to tell you to continue when it is no longer possible...” He adds (minute 03:35:12): “thirty-two thousand plants were planted; that is what was commissioned...” He also states (minute 03:42:40 p1): “...on the day it happened, I arrived at the plantation in the afternoon, so there was not much we could see... By Saturday we had the products ready to apply; on Sunday and Monday, these products were applied every day in an attempt to reactivate the plant... With the herbicide, these products are systemic, so once it reaches the plant, it attacks it... generally, the effects of a product become visible within two hours... the herbicide’s effects can also be seen in other plants, but wild vegetation is more resistant, whereas sweet peppers are more susceptible... the amount needed to kill one of those plants is greater than the amount needed for a plant as susceptible as a sweet pepper...”.- For his part, Mr.
Francisco Álvarez, a [Nombre3] consulting entomologist and MAG retiree, recounts (minute 01:47:20): “My involvement in this matter arose because [Nombre23] came to ask me to inspect the sweet-pepper plantation, because they said that the symptoms it exhibited were caused by an organism known as the broad mite (ácaro del chile)... When I entered the sweet-pepper field, I had already been told that it had been poisoned... and as soon as you enter, you know it is poisoned... they said it was a mite, but from the moment I entered, I saw no mites... nor bacterial blight (pringe bacterial)...”.- Both the professionals’ testimony and the technical reports constitute useful evidence establishing the phytotoxicity (fitotoxicidad) of the 2-4D herbicide with respect to the plaintiff’s sweet-pepper plantation and the damage it caused.- In this regard, this Court agrees with the appellant’s arguments that what was observed when the expert [Nombre15] visited the crop, months after the damage occurred, could never be the same as what could have been observed in the days following the poisoning of the sweet peppers; therefore, it cannot properly be asserted that there were no affected patches in the crop.
On the contrary, the damage caused by the herbicide to the plants was so evident at that time that there is no basis for finding that the crop was affected by some other circumstance.- Specifically, engineers [Nombre10] and [Nombre11] (who have no interest in this matter) visited the site, and both concluded that an area of three and a half hectares of sweet peppers on the plaintiff’s parcel had been affected by scorching caused by an abiotic agent. The record also contains the nematode examination performed by the Universidad Nacional laboratory, in which samples obtained from the sweet-pepper plants were analyzed without any nematodes capable of causing damage being observed (see documentary evidence entered into the record on 09/08/2011 14:10:32).- This supports the conclusion that, although the technical reports by Messrs. [Nombre18] and [Nombre4] presume the existence of other possible causes for the plantation’s condition, whether bacteria or viruses, that hypothesis is ruled out by the analyses and sampling actually performed on the plants.
Similarly, [Nombre3] [Nombre4] expressly concludes in his report that: “The sweet-pepper plantation suffered a drastic physiological and morphological alteration that affected virtually all the plants. The symptoms of that alteration coincide with those caused by hormonal systemic herbicides, the group to which 2,4-D belongs, but it cannot be ruled out that they were also caused by one or more viruses, such as the so-called ‘curly top,’ which produces very similar symptoms.-” He further notes: “At the growth points, virtually all of the sweet-pepper plants exhibited deformities such as curling of the new leaves and prominent veins, with little or no intervenal leaf-blade surface.
This symptomatology is characteristic of phytotoxicity (fitotoxicidad) caused by a systemic herbicide (herbicida sistémico), but it is also very similar to that caused in pepper plants by other viruses, such as the so-called “curly top virus”; therefore, during this inspection it was not possible to determine precisely the identity of a single causative agent responsible for the aforementioned symptoms.” Accordingly, these reports do not constitute sufficient evidence to establish the existence of diseases or pathogenic agents (agentes patógenos); on the contrary, they confirm that the observed symptoms are also caused by herbicide toxicity (toxicidad por herbicidas), as was proven by the other evidence analyzed above. [Nombre26] that engineers [Nombre10] and [Nombre2] found no evidence of diseases or organisms affecting the plants.- * *IX.- In addition to the foregoing, the causal relationship (relación de causalidad) has been established, since it was not proven that the same herbicide, or another herbicide with similar effects, had been applied on other properties near the site where the affected pepper crop was planted, such that the damage could have been caused by a third party rather than by the defendant.- With regard* to this situation, the defendant alleges that it conducted a drone flyover and visited other properties that had been sprayed with the same type of herbicide around those dates (see response to allegation of fact 12).
However, although witnesses [Nombre18] and [Nombre9] state that they visited those other properties and that apparent aerial images of those properties were captured, this is insufficient to* conclude with certainty that hormonal herbicides (herbicidas hormonales)* that could have affected the plaintiff’s crop were in fact applied on those other properties, or that the damage was not caused by the application carried out by the defendant. In addition to the foregoing, the defendant’s property is located toward [Dirección10] in relation to the plaintiff’s pepper crop, whereas the other properties are located toward [Dirección11] in relation to the pepper field—that is, against the direction of the wind—as was established by the judicial inspections (reconocimientos judiciales) conducted.- Furthermore, the assessment of the windy conditions, the wind direction, and the drift of the product applied was also erroneous, because regardless of the wind speed at the time of the alleged events, it was a windy season.
In this regard, witness [Nombre6], a worker in the pepper field, was emphatic in stating so. The judicial inspections also show that the wind easily reaches the plants, as reflected by their considerable movement (which can even be seen affecting the identification badge of the judge conducting the first inspection). This indicates that the direction from which the wind was blowing (at least on the two occasions when the properties at issue in this matter were visited) was from the public road, that is, from [Dirección10]. The foregoing plausibly supports the plaintiff’s position that the herbicide reached the pepper crop through drift from the product applied by the defendant. Expert witness [Nombre15] clearly explained that, under conditions of light wind or a breeze, Pastar is a safe product, but not under windy conditions, in which it may be highly volatile. Based on the context of the case and the evidence analyzed, particularly the expert evidence (prueba pericial), it is possible to conclude that the conditions under which the defendant applied the herbicide were not optimal, since it was applied using a “spray boom” (a tractor fitted with spray arms) on a windy day.
This entails a high probability that drift droplets (gota por deriva) were generated, which are precisely residues carried by the wind.- Likewise, a herbicide product containing 2-4D is volatile (to a greater or lesser extent), and therefore even its mere odor gives rise to a presumption that it was present in the air.- Witnesses [Nombre8], [Nombre6], and [Nombre13] all consistently state that, on the day the events occurred, a strong odor of 2-4D was detected, which they immediately reported to the plaintiff, and that the plants began to die thereafter.- Thus, since sweet pepper plants are highly susceptible, it is evident that they were directly affected, even though more severe damage was not found in surrounding areas; indeed, the judicial inspection conducted on 16 de noviembre del 2018 showed that other weeds had also been damaged.- Moreover, as to the finding that the plaintiff is not a farmer, the appellant is correct.
In this case, the plaintiff cannot be deemed not to be a farmer because of the other occupations he performs, since persons engaged in agriculture often do so seasonally and may also engage in other commercial activities; such circumstances do not detract from whether farming is part of their customary occupation. Furthermore, in this case, the fact that the plaintiff also performs other work has no bearing whatsoever on the evidence, because the testimony as a whole—and particularly the statements made by [Nombre3] [Nombre12]—establishes that the plaintiff relied on that person’s technical expertise as an agronomy professional. Accordingly, the plaintiff’s sweet pepper cultivation may be regarded as having operated at all times as a systematic and organized agricultural activity, and it moreover had good production conditions until the poisoning occurred.- Indeed, witnesses [Nombre6], [Nombre8], and [Nombre13] also so testified.
For these reasons, the damage suffered is attributable neither to the plaintiff nor to third parties, nor to acts of God (hechos fortuitos) or force majeure (fuerza mayor), because the causal nexus (nexo de causalidad) has been fully established. It must be recalled that, in matters of strict liability (responsabilidad objetiva), it is unnecessary to prove whether the party causing the damage acted with intent or fault (negligence, lack of skill, or recklessness); rather, what must be proven is the objective occurrence of the damage and the causal nexus. In this case, it was proven that damage was caused by drift during the application of the herbicide Pastar, which the defendant company carried out on property it owned during the first days of octubre del 2018.- Within that context, this Court finds that the plaintiff has established the existence of the damage suffered and that such damage is directly related to the agrochemical applied by the defendant on neighboring land, as well as that the product applied is highly toxic to the plaintiff’s pepper crop and can generate sufficient drift under windy conditions to reach that crop.- In this regard, the defendant company has failed to establish conclusively that herbicides were applied directly to the plaintiff’s crop or that the crop was improperly managed; that the plants suffered from diseases affecting the entire crop and causing its loss; or that a third party was responsible.- * * X.- Regarding the claim concerning damages (daños y perjuicios), the appellant is partially correct.
In light of the extensive findings above, the causal relationship (relación causal) and the damages sustained as a result of the loss of the entire crop have been fully demonstrated, specifically with regard to thirty-two thousand pepper plants that were planted by the plaintiff and were affected; therefore, the defendant must pay the resulting damages. However, the economic quantification of both the property damage (daño material) and the resulting lost profits (perjuicios) cannot be estimated at this stage because the evidence in the record is insufficient for that purpose.- The appraisal report (peritaje de avalúo) prepared by [Nombre3] [Nombre27] (see expert report entered into the record on 27/05/2019 11:16:39) sets forth the amounts of the property damage and lost profits determined by the expert. However, this Court considers that expert report to be unfounded because it does not clearly show the considerations underlying it, the methodology used, or the information sources consulted (such as invoices, actual costs, or other documents) to arrive, in particular, at the amounts of the expenditures made that constitute the property damage, nor does it adequately substantiate the lost profits.
These deficiencies were raised by the defendant; nevertheless, they were disregarded at the appropriate time by the trial court due to the failure to pay the expert fees, and were merely deemed to have been raised (see ruling entered into the record on 19/06/2019 14:12:11).- Despite this, the defendant is correct in its objections to that expert report, and it therefore cannot be considered when determining the amounts of compensation with certainty.- This is so even under section 13 of the Regulations Governing Experts of the Judiciary (Reglamento de peritos del Poder Judicial), which provides: "REQUIREMENTS FOR EXPERT OPINIONS: Expert opinions must be prepared on a computer or other electronic device or, failing that, on a typewriter for text preparation. They must be clear, complete, precise, and correctly spelled, and must be submitted in a perfectly clean condition, dated and signed.
The same procedure shall apply to the translation of documents. The report submitted by the expert must include, at a minimum, the subject matter of the expert examination, the background of the case, the methodology employed, and the conclusions. The expert must also attach all supporting documentation considered necessary. The applicable procedural rules shall govern the deadline for submitting opinions and requests for clarification or supplementation, whether made at a party's request or by the court on its own motion."- This Court has no doubt that the thirty-two thousand plants planted by the plaintiff were damaged by the herbicide. Although the defendant attempted to dispute the stated number of plants based on the complaint that the plaintiff filed with the Organismo de Investigación Judicial, OIJ, in which he referred to only twenty thousand plants, the fact remains that the evidence as a whole establishes a larger quantity, as explained above.- In this regard, as to the property damage and lost profits, it is clear that compensation is required due to the widespread loss of the pepper crop comprising those thirty-two thousand plants (proven and claimed by the plaintiff), based on the total expenses invested by the plaintiff in their production through the month of October 2018, as well as the expenses he incurred in attempting to save the pepper crop.
It has been reliably established that, after the herbicide damage occurred, the plaintiff also invested in additional supplies and labor to recover the crop, without success. The testimony of [Nombre12], [Nombre6], [Nombre8], and even [Nombre23] is consistent in establishing such expenses; nevertheless, that testimony does not make it possible to quantify and determine their actual monetary amount. Indeed, the private appraisal prepared by Boanerges Bustos and [Nombre28] (entered into the record on 26/11/2018 13:35:56) is likewise insufficient to establish the amounts because it also fails to identify the sources relied upon for the listed items, such as invoices, actual costs, and the like.- As for the resulting lost profits, they must be understood solely as loss of earnings (lucro cesante), that is, the profit not received as a result of the damage caused. The appraisal by the court-appointed expert Rodríguez Arce calculates this item based on the anticipated production and expected proceeds from the sale of the peppers, but it is insufficient because of the information omitted from the expert report.- For these reasons, this Court considers that the plaintiff must resort to proceedings for enforcement of the judgment (proceso de ejecución de sentencia) in order to establish and quantify the amounts expended as property damage and the profits not received.- As for emotional distress damages (daño moral), it has repeatedly been stated that such damages arise from the infringement of a non-property right (derecho extrapatrimonial) and entail an unjust disturbance of a person's emotional well-being.
They do not require direct evidence and are subject to the judge's equitable assessment; consequently, the courts are empowered to award and quantify them. Based on the foregoing and on an analysis of the events reflected in the record, this Court considers that an award of emotional distress damages is also warranted. In the present case, the testimony of Jessica Gamboa, the plaintiff's wife, and Laura Gamboa, the plaintiff's sister-in-law, describes what they experienced and establishes that the plaintiff and his family have suffered severe financial and personal hardship because of the damage to the pepper crop at issue in this case. Under standards of logic and reasonableness,* it is evident that the loss of the crop* affected the emotional state of the plaintiff, [Nombre1], causing the stress and suffering* experienced* when confronting such an unexpected event and being unable to harvest the anticipated crop.- Despite the foregoing, this assessment must be calculated in proportion to the property damage established and not according to the amount sought by the plaintiff;* in this Court's judgment, only the sum of THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND COLONES EXACTLY (300.000,00) is appropriate and sufficient to compensate him for the anguish he experienced. * * XI.- It is now consequently appropriate to address the interest and indexation (indexación) sought by the plaintiff.
In* several precedents, the First Chamber of the Supreme Court (Sala Primera de la Corte) has held that interest compensates for the opportunity cost borne by a person who did not receive money owed during the period of nonperformance, while indexation serves as a mechanism to adjust for the loss of the currency's value due to inflation. In this regard, it has stated: "[...] Nevertheless, the payment of interest (statutory or contractual) constitutes both a compensatory and indexation measure, insofar as it adjusts for changes in the value of money over time as well as for the effects of not having it available when due. The legislature established two methods of calculating interest in the absence of an agreement between the parties: Article 1163 of the Civil Code for civil obligations and Article 497 of the Commercial Code for commercial obligations. Under the former, the interest shall equal the rate paid by the Banco Nacional de Costa Rica on six-month certificates of deposit in the currency concerned.
Under the latter, it shall be calculated on the basis of the Banco Central de Costa Rica's basic deposit rate for transactions in local currency and the prime rate for transactions in United States dollars. In both cases, the calculation benchmark is governed by the return financial institutions provide to their depositors. The purpose of these rates is to counteract the effects of inflation on deposited funds so that the amount deposited is compensated and updated while also providing the depositor with a return. In short, it is a composite rate: it covers both indexation and return. The same applies to contractual rates, insofar as the agreed rate exceeds the aforementioned statutory rates. Thus, whenever a monetary obligation bears interest, the amount cannot also be indexed, because their combined payment would compensate twice for monetary depreciation..." (See, among others, votes No. 1315 of 10 hours 56 minutes on 7 de diciembre de 2016, No. 835 of 9 hours 25 minutes on 11 de agosto de 2016).- Accordingly, this Court considers that, in this case,* interest must be awarded at the statutory rate, which equals the rate paid by the Banco Nacional de Costa Rica on six-month certificates of deposit, as provided in Article 1163 of the Civil Code.- Interest must be paid from the date the ruling establishing the total amount of compensation becomes final until actual payment.- Accordingly, indexation of the sums claimed in this case is not appropriate because interest itself includes the* depreciation addressed by indexation as one of its components.- [Nombre26], considering that the events occurred in 2018, the expenditure of any amounts is therefore adjusted to present-day circumstances, without any need for an additional adjustment under the foregoing analysis.* * * XI.- Finally, this Court considers that the appellant is consequently correct regarding the award of costs (condenatoria en costas), because, pursuant to Article 55 of the Agrarian Jurisdiction Law (Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria),* they must be paid by the unsuccessful party.
Thus, because the causal link and the damages sustained have been established, the defendant company must be ordered to pay the attorney's fees and procedural costs (costas personales y procesales) incurred by the plaintiff.- Therefore, in accordance with the foregoing, the appealed judgment must be reversed, for the reasons explained by this Court, solely insofar as it grants the defense of lack of standing as a defendant (excepción de falta de legitimidad pasiva) and dismisses the action. Instead, the* defense of lack of standing as a defendant asserted* by the defendant is denied. The action brought by [Nombre1] against HACIENDA LA FRANCESA is GRANTED IN PART, and is understood to be denied as to all matters not expressly addressed. The defendant company is ordered to pay the damages caused to the plaintiff by the damage to and loss of the pepper crop,* arising from the loss and poisoning of thirty-two thousand pepper plants that had been planted (according to their varieties), due to the application of herbicide on its property registered under matrícula CED9 - () of the Partido de Guanacaste, during the first week of October 2018.- The plaintiff must resort to proceedings for enforcement of the judgment in order to establish and quantify the property damage and resulting lost profits.- The defendant is ordered to pay emotional distress damages assessed at THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND COLONES EXACTLY (300.000,00).- The defendant is ordered to pay interest at the statutory rate, which equals the rate paid by the Banco Nacional de Costa Rica on six-month certificates of deposit, as provided in Article 1163 of the Civil Code.- Interest must be paid from the date the ruling establishing the total amount of compensation becomes final until actual payment, together with the attorney's fees and procedural costs incurred by the plaintiff. * POR TANTO* The appealed judgment is partially reversed solely insofar as it sustains the defense of lack of standing as a defendant (excepción de falta de legitimación pasiva) and dismisses the claim.
Instead, the defense of lack of standing as a defendant* raised* by the defendant is rejected.* The claim filed by Mr. [Nombre1] against HACIENDA LA FRANCESA BGCS SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA* is declared PARTIALLY GRANTED, and is deemed denied as to all matters not specifically mentioned herein.* The defendant company is ordered to pay the damages and losses (daños y perjuicios) caused to the plaintiff by the damage to and loss of the chili pepper crop,* based on the loss and poisoning of thirty-two thousand planted chili pepper plants (according to their varieties), resulting from the application of herbicide carried out on its property registered under [Placa1] - () in the Province of Guanacaste, during the first week of October 2018.- The plaintiff shall initiate judgment-enforcement proceedings (proceso de ejecución de sentencia) to establish the amount of the property damage (daño material) and resulting losses.- The defendant is ordered to pay non-pecuniary damages (daño moral), assessed in the amount of EXACTLY THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND COLONES (300.000,00).-* The* defendant is also ordered to pay interest at the same rate paid by the Banco Nacional de Costa Rica on six-month certificates of deposit.- Interest shall be payable from the date on which the decision establishing the total amount of compensation becomes final until payment in full, as well as the plaintiff’s attorneys’ fees and court costs (costas personales y procesales).* *3DSBQXQKNMI61* [Nombre29] - DECIDING JUDGE *RK7WIS2I647S61* [Nombre30] - DECIDING JUDGE *W6IMNN0MV47K61* [Nombre31] - DECIDING JUDGE * * CASE FILE: * * * *
Firmar Documento * * * * * * ORDINARIO AGRARIO ACTOR/A:
[Nombre12] ARTURO ORDOÑEZ QUIRÓS DEMANDADO/A:
HACIENDA LA FRANCESA BGCS SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA * * * * VOTO N°* 1189-F-20* * * TRIBUNAL AGRARIO. SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL DE SAN JOSÉ.- A las quince horas cero minutos del veintiséis de noviembre de dos mil veinte.-* * PROCESO ORDINARIO establecido por* [Nombre1] , mayor, casado, agricultor, vecino de Bagaces, cédula de identidad CED1 - - ;* contra HACIENDA LA FRANCESA BGCS SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA, cédula jurídica CED2 - - , representada por su presidente con facultades de apoderado generalísimo sin límite de suma, [Nombre2] , mayor, casado, vecino de Grecia, cédula de identidad CED3 - - . Actúa como abogado director de la parte actora, el licenciado Fernando Castrillo Arias, colegiado cuatro mil doscientos cincuenta y seis; de la parte demandada el letrado Ruddy Saborio Sánchez., cédula de identidad CED4 - - , colegiado veintidós mil trescientos ochenta y uno; y el licenciado Raúl Alexander Camacho Alfaro, cédula de identidad CED5 - .* Tramitado ante el Juzgado Agrario del Primer Circuito Judicial de Guanacaste, Liberia.-* RESULTANDO:* * 1.- La parte actora interpone proceso ordinario estimado en la suma de* doscientos sesenta millones de colones, solicitando que en sentencia se declare: "1) Que se declare con lugar en todos los extremos la presente demanda en contra de la sociedad demandada, por ser esta la causante con actuar negligente y falto de cuidado, de la perdida de las treinta y dos mil plantas de chile que el suscrito tenia en producción y que se cayeron en razón de las fumigaciones con herbicidas en la propiedad de la demanda. * 2) Que que se le condene al pago de LOS DAÑOS Y PERJUICIOS CAUSADOS AL SUSCRITO LOS CUALES DETALLO A CONTINUACIÓN: DAÑOS: Todos los daños y perjuicios que se solicitan a continuación, FUERON OCASIONADOS POR EL ACTUAR IRRESPONSABLE, LA FALTA DE CUIDADO Y EL DESINTERÉS DE LA PARTE DEMANDADA AL FUMIGAR SUS TIERRAS CON UN HERBICIDA TAN DAÑINO Y VOLÁTIL COMO EL PASTAR, LOS DÍAS 2 Y 3 DE OCTUBRE DEL PRESENTE AÑO, HERBICIDA QUE CAYÓ SOBRE TODA NUESTRA PLANTACIÓN DE CHILE DE 32 MIL MATAS EN PERFECTO ESTADO , Y QUE LAS MATÓ , A PESAR DE HABER SIDO ADVERTIDOS CON ANTELACIÓN DE QUE SE IBA A SEMBRAR EL CHILE , DE QUE ESTABA SEMBRADO, CUANDO YA LO PLANTAMOS, OCASIONANDO LOS DAÑOS Y LOS PERJUICIOS QUE A CONTINUACIÓN SE DESCRIBEN: Daño Material: Los 22,438,419,82 COLONES de la inversión realizada por el suscrito en la plantación de chile para lograr ponerla a producir.
Todo este dinero fue el invertido hasta el día 1 de octubre, antes de la intoxicación por el Herbicida, y otra parte de este monto se invirtió posteriormente para tratar de salvar la plantación afectada , lo que se extiende hasta el 29 de octubre sin éxito. Todas estas fechas en el presente año. Todo esto se describe en el cronograma que se aporta como prueba de todo lo que se le hizo a la plantación. Daño Moral: La suma de CINCUENTA MILLONES DE COLONES, por todo el sufrimiento, y la tensión que esta situación ha causado en el suscrito y en mi familia, en especial mi esposa que ha sido el soporte más importante en todo esto. Tome en cuenta su Autoridad que todo nuestro capital se invirtió en esta plantación, y ahora no contamos con un cinco para poder sobrevivir. PERJUICIOS: El único perjuicios causado es el LUCRO CESANTE, esto en razón de la perdida de la plantación , que tenía un total de treinta y dos mil plantas de chile en perfecto estado de cuidado y crecimiento , con una expectativa de producción de 180 millones de colones aproximadamente lo que se va a determinar con mayor claridad y exactitud en el peritaje que ofreceremos como prueba la próxima semana realizado por el [Nombre3] Bustos, especialista en esta materia.
INTERESES: Que se le condene al pago de los intereses desde el momento en que se causa al daño a la plantación el día 2 de octubre del 2018 , sobre los montos antes solicitados y hasta el pago efectivo de los mismos, calculados de conformidad con la tasa de interés legal. COSTAS: Que se le condene a la parte actora al pago de las costas tanto personales como procesales de la presente demanda. INDEXACIÓN: Que su Autoridad, en el momento del dictado de la Sentencia, proceda a la actualización de los montos solicitados en razón de los daños y perjuicios, considerando el plazo transcurrido desde la interposición de esta demanda hasta el dictado de la sentencia, esto según los aumentos que se den en el costo de la vida." (ver demanda incorporada en 09/11/2018 02:10:32).- Presenta además incidente de hechos nuevos según memorial incorporado en fecha 12 de mayor del 2019. (ver memorial incorporado en 02/05/2019 09:42:54)* * 2.-* La parte demandada* contestó la demanda incoada en su contra e interpuso las excepciones de falta de derecho, falta de legitimación activa y pasiva.
(ver memorial incorporado en 12/12/2018 10:51:04) * * 3.-* Mediante resolución número 246-A-2019 de las once horas y diecisiete minutos del veintisiete de setiembre del año dos mil diecinueve, se resolvió incidente de hechos nuevos planteado por la parte actora en memorial incorporado el 22 de mayo del 2019.- En su parte dispositiva la referida resolución indica: "POR TANTO: Se declara SIN LUGAR EL PRESENTE INCIDENTE DE HECHOS NUEVOS. Se resuelve sin especial condenatoria en costas" (ver sentencia incorporada en 27/09/2019 11:17:27).* * 4.- El juez* Rodrigo Valverde Umaña, del Juzgado Agrario del Primer Circuito Judicial de Guanacaste, Liberia, en sentencia número 300-S-2019, de las* catorce horas y cincuenta y siete minutos del diecinueve de diciembre del año dos mil diecinueve, resolvió:* “POR* TANTO: Se declara sin lugar las EXCEPCIONES DE, FALTA DE DERECHO, FALTA DE LEGITIMACIÓN ACTIVA.
Se declara con lugar, la EXCEPCIÓN FALTA DE LEGITIMACIÓN PASIVA. Se declara SIN LUGAR la presente demanda en todos sus extremos. Se condena a la parte actora al pago de ambas costas. Notifíquese.", (ver sentencia incorporada en* 19/12/2019 14:57:40).-* * 5-* El licenciado Fernando Castrillo Arias, en su condición de apoderado* especial judicial de [Nombre1] , interpuso* recurso de apelación con indicación expresa de las razones en que se apoyaron para refutar la tesis del juzgado de instancia (ver recurso incorporado en 09/01/2020 08:52:03).-* * 6.- En la substanciación del proceso* se han observado las prescripciones legales, y no se observa la existencia de errores u omisiones capaces de producir la nulidad del fallo.* * Redacta la jueza Sánchez Blanco; * CONSIDERANDO: * * I.- Previo a entrar al análisis de este asunto, denota este Tribunal un aspecto de orden procesal que resulta pertinente aclarar.
Mediante resolución número 246-A-2019 de las once horas y diecisiete minutos del veintisiete de setiembre del año dos mil diecinueve, se resolvió incidente de hechos nuevos planteado por la parte actora,* en el cual alegó que la demandada podía estar vendiendo la finca y con ello imposibilitar la posibilidad de lograr el resarcimiento de los daños y perjuicios reclamados* (ver escrito incorporado en 22/05/2019 09:42:54).- En su parte dispositiva la referida resolución indica: "POR TANTO: Se declara SIN LUGAR EL PRESENTE INCIDENTE DE HECHOS NUEVOS. Se resuelve sin especial condenatoria en costas" (ver sentencia incorporada en 27/09/2019 11:17:27).- Por su naturaleza, este tipo de incidencias se encuentran reguladas en el artículo 42 de la Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria y el artículo 35.6 del Código Procesal Civil aplicado supletoriamente en materia agraria.- De este modo, tal y como se desprende del articulado su conocimiento debe realizarse hasta sentencia, a excepción si el rechazo resulta de plano por evidente improcedencia de la gestión, cuando se trata en realidad, por ejemplo, de un ofrecimiento de prueba.
En el presente caso, resuelve el juzgador de instancia en auto previo a la emisión de la sentencia el rechazo por el fondo al considerar que en sus alegatos la parte actora acude al incidente de mérito, no para ampliar la demanda en cuanto a hechos, sino con el propósito único de obtener, de acuerdo a su dicho, una medida cautelar.- Si bien la técnica empleada por el juzgador no es la correcta, lo anterior no influye en la validez de la sentencia debido a que conforme lo señaló el juzgador de instancia, no es dable el planteamiento de este tipo de incidencias para obtener medidas cautelares, resultando evidentemente improcedente. Amén de que dicha resolución no fue recurrida por ninguna de las partes, conformándose con lo dispuesto.- * * II.- Se avalan los hechos tenidos por demostrados números 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18 y 19 por ser reflejo de las pruebas.- Se avala el hecho 1 pero se le adiciona: Que la parte actora para el dos mil dieciocho sembró chile dentro del terreno inscrito en el Registro Público Partido de Guanacaste número CED6 - , con el plano G- UN MILLÓN TRESCIENTOS UN MIL NOVECIENTOS DOCE- DOS MIL OCHO.
Sito en el lugar conocido como El Chile de Bagaces de Guanacaste.- Se avala el hecho 2 pero se le adiciona: Que el actor para el mes de agosto del dos mil dieciocho, procede a la siembra de chile en la finca arrendada frente a calle [Dirección1], cuyas variedades fueron de Chile Nathalie, Chile 15-4212 y Chile 15-4215, en una cantidad aproximada* de treinta y dos mil matas.- Se avala el hecho 5 pero se modifica para que se lea así: Que el herbicida comercial Pastar 36 SL, es de baja volatilidad, ya que los dos componente que lo constituyen; Aminopyralid y 2,4-D; vienen formulados en forma de sales (sal trisopropanolamina); las cuales en condiciones ideales de temperatura se consideran de baja volatilidad. En condiciones ventosas puede ocasionar una deriva de largas distancias, de hasta por un kilómetro de espacio.- No se avalan los hechos 4, 17, 21 y 22 por ser contrarios al reflejo de las pruebas.- Por su importancia y en función de lo que es motivo de apelación se tiene por acreditado además: 23) En la primera semana de octubre del año 2018, la demandada Hacienda La Francesa realizó en su inmueble matrícula [Placa1] - () del Partido de Guanacaste, control de malezas con aplicación de herbicida Pastar, en cuyos componentes se presenta el 2-4D.
(contestación hecho quinto de demanda, además ver declaraciones de [Nombre4] , [Nombre5] , [Nombre6] , [Nombre7] , [Nombre8] , [Nombre9] incorporadas en cd).- 24 ) Para los días posteriores al cinco de octubre del año dos mil dieciocho, las matas de chile de la plantación del actor presentaron afectación en sus hojas y tallos con enrollamiento de cogollos, manchas amarillas, crecimiento hipertrófico ocasionados por intoxicación con herbicida, lo que generó * la pérdida de la totalidad del cultivo, aunque algunas matas se afectaron en mayor grado que otras. (ver reconocimiento judicial del 16 de noviembre del 2018, además informes privados incorporados en 09/11/2018 y declaraciones de [Nombre10] , [Nombre11] , y [Nombre12] y también declaración de [Nombre6] , incorporadas en disco compacto).-
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