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Res. 01189-2020 Tribunal Agrario · Tribunal Agrario · 26/11/2020
OutcomeResultado
The Court partially overturns the first-instance decision, partially grants the claim, and orders the defendant corporation to pay damages and lost profits (to be quantified in enforcement), moral damages, interest, and costs.El Tribunal revoca parcialmente la sentencia de primera instancia, declara parcialmente con lugar la demanda y condena a la sociedad demandada al pago de daños y perjuicios (a cuantificar en ejecución), daño moral, intereses y costas.
SummaryResumen
The Agrarian Court partially overturns the first-instance judgment and partially grants the ordinary agrarian claim filed by the owner of a sweet pepper plantation against a neighboring cattle farm corporation. The court finds that the defendant applied the herbicide Pastar (key ingredient 2,4-D) on its property during the first week of October 2018, and that the windy conditions at the time caused the product to drift onto the plaintiff's crop, poisoning and completely destroying 32,000 pepper plants. Based on Articles 2, 98 and 101 of the Organic Environmental Law and Article 32 of the Plant Protection Law, the court applies strict liability for the risk created by hazardous activities and reverses the burden of proof: the plaintiff only had to show damage and a plausible causal link, while the defendant had to prove that it was not the cause. Given the defendant's insufficient evidence, the court awards material damages and lost profits (to be quantified in judgment enforcement), moral damages of ₡300,000, legal interest, and both personal and procedural costs.El Tribunal Agrario revoca parcialmente la sentencia de primera instancia y declara parcialmente con lugar la demanda ordinaria agraria interpuesta por el propietario de una plantación de chile dulce contra la sociedad propietaria de una finca ganadera vecina. El tribunal determina que la parte demandada aplicó el herbicida Pastar (cuyo componente principal es 2,4-D) en su inmueble durante la primera semana de octubre de 2018, y que las condiciones ventosas del momento provocaron la deriva del producto hacia la plantación del actor, causando la intoxicación y pérdida total de las 32.000 plantas de chile. Con base en los artículos 2, 98 y 101 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y el artículo 32 de la Ley de Protección Fitosanitaria, el Tribunal aplica el régimen de responsabilidad objetiva por el riesgo creado en actividades peligrosas, e invierte la carga de la prueba: al actor le bastó demostrar el daño y la causalidad en grado verosímil, correspondiendo a la demandada probar de manera contundente que no fue la causante. Ante la insuficiencia probatoria de la defensa, el tribunal condena a la sociedad demandada al pago de daños y perjuicios (cuya cuantificación se remite a ejecución de sentencia), daño moral por ₡300.000, intereses legales y ambas costas.
Key excerptExtracto clave
VII.- Strict liability for the use of agrochemicals: In the matter at hand, compensation is sought for the loss of a pepper crop damaged by a herbicide applied by the defendant on a nearby cattle and grass-cutting farm. This type of case is governed by Articles 2, 98 and 101 of the Organic Environmental Law and Article 32 of the Plant Protection Law, which set out the applicable liability regime — objective imputation — for the application of chemical, biological or biochemical substances in agriculture, which necessarily constitutes a hazardous activity. Under these rules, whoever carries it out is obliged to compensate the damages and any losses it causes. […] Accordingly, with regard to pesticide handling, the liability is strict, based on the theory of created risk in dangerous activities. This leads to a different dynamic with respect to the burden of proof: it is reversed, because the plaintiff must prove the existence of the claimed damage and causation to a plausible degree, as the defendant (in this case) applied or used an agrochemical product that caused the claimed harm; while it falls to the defendant to prove unequivocally that it was not the one that caused the damage — in this case, related to the damage to the plaintiff’s pepper crop, through the application of the herbicide “Pastar,” whose main ingredient is 2-4D, on its property.VII.- De la responsabilidad objetiva ante el uso de agroquímicos: En el subjúdice, se pretende la indemnización de daños y perjuicios por la pérdida de una plantación de chile afectada por el uso de un herbicida aplicado por la parte demandada en una finca cercana, que se dedica a ganadería y corta de pasto. Este tipo de casos, se encuentran regulados en los artículos 2, 98 y 101 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y el artículo 32 de la Ley de Protección Fitosanitaria, que disponen el régimen de responsabilidad aplicable, en función del criterio de imputación objetivo, ante la aplicación substancias químicas, biológicas o bioquímicas en la agricultura; y que conllevan en sí, una actividad riesgosa. De acuerdo a dicha normativa, quien la realice está obligado a resarcir los daños y eventuales perjuicios que ocasione. […] Con base en lo dispuesto, en materia de manejo de plaguicidas, el tipo de responsabilidad es objetiva por la teoría del riesgo creado en actividades peligrosas.- Esto genera que exista en cuanto a la carga de la prueba, una dinámica diferente. Es decir, se genera la inversión de la carga de la prueba, debido a que a la parte actora le compete acreditar la existencia del daño reclamado y la causalidad en grado verosímil. Lo anterior, en función de que la parte demandada haya (en este caso) aplicado o utilizado un producto agroquímico que conllevara la afectación reclamada; mientras que es a la parte demandada, a quien le corresponde acreditar de manera contundente que no fue ella quien generó los daños -en este caso- relacionados con la afectación de la plantación de chile del actor, al aplicarse el agroquímico herbicida "Pastar", cuyo componente principal es el 2-4D, en su inmueble.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Con base en lo dispuesto, en materia de manejo de plaguicidas, el tipo de responsabilidad es objetiva por la teoría del riesgo creado en actividades peligrosas.- Esto genera que exista en cuanto a la carga de la prueba, una dinámica diferente. Es decir, se genera la inversión de la carga de la prueba, debido a que a la parte actora le compete acreditar la existencia del daño reclamado y la causalidad en grado verosímil."
"Accordingly, regarding pesticide handling, the liability is strict, based on the theory of created risk in dangerous activities. This leads to a different dynamic with respect to the burden of proof: it is reversed, because the plaintiff must prove the existence of the claimed damage and causation to a plausible degree."
Considerando VII
"Con base en lo dispuesto, en materia de manejo de plaguicidas, el tipo de responsabilidad es objetiva por la teoría del riesgo creado en actividades peligrosas.- Esto genera que exista en cuanto a la carga de la prueba, una dinámica diferente. Es decir, se genera la inversión de la carga de la prueba, debido a que a la parte actora le compete acreditar la existencia del daño reclamado y la causalidad en grado verosímil."
Considerando VII
"El principio de inmediatez a que tiende el proceso agrario, ha sido considerado como una extensión del principio de oralidad, pues llega a su máxima expresión en un sistema procesal oral. [...] No obstante, su observancia se hace indiscutible respecto de la intervención de personas ajenas a la persona juzgadora en la evacuación o recepción de la prueba, cuando no se posee vinculación con los elementos probatorios o se imposibilita obtener de primera mano, los elementos necesarios para la resolución posterior del conflicto."
"The principle of immediacy to which the agrarian process aspires has been considered an extension of the orality principle, as it reaches its fullest expression in an oral procedural system. [...] However, its observance becomes indisputable regarding the intervention of persons other than the judge in the production or reception of evidence, when there is no connection with the evidentiary elements or it is impossible to obtain firsthand the elements necessary for the subsequent resolution of the conflict."
Considerando V
"El principio de inmediatez a que tiende el proceso agrario, ha sido considerado como una extensión del principio de oralidad, pues llega a su máxima expresión en un sistema procesal oral. [...] No obstante, su observancia se hace indiscutible respecto de la intervención de personas ajenas a la persona juzgadora en la evacuación o recepción de la prueba, cuando no se posee vinculación con los elementos probatorios o se imposibilita obtener de primera mano, los elementos necesarios para la resolución posterior del conflicto."
Considerando V
"El sistema de la libre valoración de la prueba supera el clásico sistema de la prueba legal así como el de la sana crítica, que rigen en el proceso civil. [...] En la motivación del fallo el juez debe exponer los motivos de convicción que lo llevan a resolver en los términos que lo hace."
"The system of free evaluation of evidence surpasses both the classic system of legal proof and that of sound criticism, which govern civil procedure. [...] In the reasoning of the judgment, the judge must set out the grounds for his conviction that lead him to rule as he does."
Considerando VI
"El sistema de la libre valoración de la prueba supera el clásico sistema de la prueba legal así como el de la sana crítica, que rigen en el proceso civil. [...] En la motivación del fallo el juez debe exponer los motivos de convicción que lo llevan a resolver en los términos que lo hace."
Considerando VI
Full documentDocumento completo
V.- […] Article 592 of the repealed Labor Code (Código de Trabajo), applicable to this matter according to Transitional Provision I of Law 9343 of January 25, 2016, by express referral of article 60 of the Agrarian Jurisdiction Law (Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria), requires that when analyzing an appeal, this Tribunal must first review the case file to determine if there is a procedural defect affecting the process or the challenged resolution that must be corrected, if legally pertinent. […] Therefore, if it is found that any formality has been omitted, capable of causing effective defenselessness, an attempt must first be made to correct the defect, and only in cases that truly warrant it, decree the nullity of the actions or resolutions, only to the extent necessary to guide the normal course of the trial. Under these regulations, this Court has maintained the criterion that a declaration of procedural nullity proceeds when its pronouncement is absolutely indispensable, to avoid defenselessness or to guide the normal course of the procedure, due to a violation of essential forms in the proceeding (articles 194 to 198 of the Civil Procedure Code (Código Procesal Civil), applied supplementarily)." [Nombre1].- […] The principle of immediacy (principio de inmediatez) to which the agrarian process tends has been considered an extension of the principle of orality, as it reaches its maximum expression in an oral procedural system.
It supposes that the judging person competent to issue the judgment is also the one for the processing of the case and the evidence-receiving stage, and can thereby directly appreciate all aspects and details of the conduct of the parties, the witnesses, the experts, thus obtaining a clearer idea of the process than can be formed by simply observing what is recorded in the case file, and that this is not done through another person. […] However, its observance becomes indisputable regarding the intervention of persons other than the judge in the evacuation or receipt of evidence, when there is no connection with the evidentiary elements or it becomes impossible to obtain firsthand the necessary elements for the subsequent resolution of the conflict. […] This situation does not harm the principle of immediacy, since even though it is not the same judging person (in physical terms) who conducts the hearing and its continuation (the next day), according to the Agrarian Jurisdiction Law (Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria) (current norm), there is no legal impediment for different judges, due to some particular situation - which normally arises based on appointments - to receive the evidence, process the case, or issue the judgment.- […] As indicated, the fact that it is not the same judging person who maintained the continuation of the trial presents no procedural consequences, as there is no sanction in the currently valid agrarian legislation establishing the nullity of the judgment in these cases.
As has been extensively noted by jurisprudence, there are significant efforts to ensure that in judicial practice there is a coincidence of the judging persons when conducting hearings (when they require several days) and even when issuing the judgment within the agrarian process, considering the procedural and substantive benefits this generates; however, due to different circumstances, this is not always possible."
VI.The other claims challenge the way in which the evidence was assessed in the judgment. In this regard, it must be kept in mind that numeral 54 of the Agrarian Jurisdiction Law (Ley de la Jurisdicción Agraria) establishes the system of free assessment of evidence (libre valoración probatoria). This requires the tribunal to study and select the sources of evidence obtained, in order to establish their effectiveness for resolving the conflict submitted to its knowledge, through perception, representation or reconstruction, and deductive or inductive reasoning. The tribunal must express the principles of equity or law on which it bases its criterion."
VII.On strict liability (responsabilidad objetiva) for the use of agrochemicals: In the sub judice case, compensation for damages and losses (daños y perjuicios) is sought for the loss of a chili pepper plantation affected by the use of a herbicide applied by the defendant on a nearby farm dedicated to livestock and grass cutting. These types of cases are regulated in articles 2, 98, and 101 of the Organic Environmental Law (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente) and article 32 of the Phytosanitary Protection Law (Ley de Protección Fitosanitaria), which provide the applicable liability regime, based on the criterion of strict liability (criterio de imputación objetivo), for the application of chemical, biological, or biochemical substances in agriculture, which inherently involves a risky activity. According to said regulations, whoever carries it out is obliged to compensate for the damages and eventual losses caused. […] On the other hand, for the claim to be admitted, there must be damage or loss, which must be attributable to or caused by the person being sued. […] -Based on the foregoing, in matters of pesticide management, the type of liability is strict due to the theory of created risk in dangerous activities.- This generates a different dynamic regarding the burden of proof.
That is, the reversal of the burden of proof (inversión de la carga de la prueba) is generated, because it is incumbent upon the plaintiff to prove the existence of the claimed damage and causation to a plausible degree. This is based on the fact that the defendant (in this case) applied or used an agrochemical product that led to the claimed harm; while it is up to the defendant to convincingly prove that she was not the one who generated the damages - in this case - related to the harm to the plaintiff's chili pepper plantation, upon applying the herbicide agrochemical "Pastar," whose main component is 2-4D, on her property. […] Regarding non-material damage (daño moral), it has been repeatedly stated that this originates from the infringement of an extra-patrimonial right and entails an unjust disturbance of the person's emotional conditions. It does not require direct proof and is left to the equitable assessment of the Judge, hence tribunals are empowered to decree and quantify the award.
According to what has been stated and from the analysis of what occurred in the case file, this Tribunal considers that compensation for non-material damage also proceeds. […] XI.- Now then, consequently, it is pertinent to analyze the claims for interest (intereses) and indexation (indexación) sought by the plaintiff. In several precedents of the First Chamber of the Supreme Court (Sala Primera de la Corte), it has been held that interest serves to compensate the opportunity cost borne by the party who did not receive the money owed during the period of non-compliance, and indexation, on its part, functions as a mechanism to readjust the loss of currency value due to inflation. […] The interest must be paid as of the finality of the resolution establishing the total amount to be indemnified and until its effective payment.- Thus, indexation of the sums claimed in this case does not proceed, since the interest inherently contains the depreciation that precisely assesses the issue of indexation as a component thereof.- [Nombre1] considering that the events occurred in the year 2018, so the expenditure of eventual amounts is adjusted to a current reality, without requiring an additional readjustment according to what has been stated.
He maintains that what was stated by his witnesses [Name6], [Name13], and [Name8] is not appreciated, in that they clearly declare that they were present in the chile field (chilar) on October 3, 2018, at 9 a.m., when they smelled the herbicide 2-4D and that they informed his client of this, as well as that they observed on the defendant’s farm the spray plane (chapulín) with its spraying wings open, at a distance of [Address3] from the chile plantation, and that the spray plane pilot (chapulinero) told them he was applying the herbicide 2-4D (PASTAR). He states that, therefore, the smell of the herbicide 2-4D (PASTAR) that his witnesses say they perceived in the plantation means that the herbicide drift had reached his plantation, contaminating and killing the crop, so it cannot be considered that the herbicide was applied under normal conditions. He adds that it is evident that during the application of the herbicide, a much smaller and less heavy droplet occurred in the spray from the "Spray Boom" nozzles, which clearly makes it more volatile.
He alleges that this is duly demonstrated by the expert reports, but that the judge disregards and does not analyze them. Additionally, he maintains that it is not true that the application of the Pastar herbicide was in lower doses and that it has no capacity to move (generate herbicide drift). In this regard, he indicates that [Name3] [Name4] was hired by the defendant for the purpose of distorting the facts of the complaint, but that his visit to the crop was on November 25, 2018, that is, 53 days after the contamination, so in his opinion, it cannot be accredited by his declaration that the application was in low concentration, because he maintains that he was not present at the time of the events. He argues that there is no evidentiary basis. He reiterates that in this case the application carried out by the defendant was not under normal conditions, so the low possibilities of herbicide drift being generated cannot be considered.
He affirms that with the testimony of [Name3] [Name10] it is proven that the cause of death of the chile field is contamination with the herbicide 2-4D, a conclusion he says is reached through the photographs and the field visit he makes on October 22 of that year, and that in addition to the tests carried out, on the one hand, the existence of nematodes in the chile or in the soil is ruled out (or else the few that are detected do not generate losses in the plants), but on the other hand, lesions typical of phytotoxicity generated by agrochemicals are observed in the tissue; which he says was observed not only in his chile plants but also in plants near the defendant’s farm and in the sector where the fumigation was carried out. He maintains that [Name3] [Name10] makes three clear reports supported by his vast knowledge of the subject, with samples obtained in the field and corroborated with laboratory tests.
He also complains that the statement made by the lower court judge (A quo), regarding the windy condition of October 3, 2018, based on the testimonial declaration of Mr. [Name16], and that the wind speed cannot be taken as constant from what was seen in the judicial inspection (reconocimiento judicial), because even for the days after October 3, 2018, Tropical Storm [Name17] occurred, which affected the area with strong winds during those days. It is clear, he says, that this allowed the herbicide drift to be considerable, to the point of affecting his production.
On the other hand, he refers to the fact that it is held as accredited that it was on October 5, 2018, that the defendant applied the herbicide on its farm, but that his witnesses relate that the smell of the application was perceived from October 3. Furthermore, he states that it cannot be held as true that the areas near the herbicide application on the defendant’s farm were not affected; he alleges thus that this statement is supported by the declarations of the witnesses, [Name18], and the expert report of the expert [Name15], but that these were not present at the time of application. He states that it must be held as demonstrated that the date on which the defendant applied the herbicide was October 3, and not the following days, since this was even impossible due to the storm caused by storm [Name17] during those days; he adds that this is evident from the copies of the control book of the community police (policía de proximidad) and the complaint to the OIJ, but that these were not taken into account by the lower court judge.
He additionally alleges that it cannot be held as unproven that the plaintiff is a farmer, since on the contrary, he says, in his declaration he indicated that before this chile field he had planted two more times and that he had also planted in another area near Upala and that for this reason he had dedicated himself to agriculture. He questions why he is not considered a farmer, if performing these tasks occasionally or seasonally does not remove or detract from that condition.
Regarding the unproven facts, he complains that the judge did not assess that the private report of [Name3] [Name19], the expert report of [Name20], and the plaintiff’s declaration specify the varieties of chile affected, in addition to the purchase of thirty-two thousand seedling plants, and the items included in the crop investment and wages of agricultural laborers.
He adds that, contradictorily, the wind speed for October 3, 2018, is held as unproven, but that the judge forgets that before a tropical storm the wind is strong. He says that meteorological reports from these dates were provided but are not considered. Furthermore, he maintains that Mr. [Name13] went to stop the fumigation that the defendant was carrying out, which he says is evident from the very declarations of his witnesses [Name13], [Name6], and [Name8], but that the judge does not take into account.
Additionally, he appeals regarding the damages (daños y perjuicios). He argues that the judge holds as proven that his client has suffered certain and effective damages for the loss of the chile crop, but that he never demonstrated clearly and forcefully that said damage was caused by a third party, in this case the defendant company Hacienda La Francesa, nor that this loss was due to the application of the herbicide 2-4D Pastar, nor that there were spots on the crop due to the effects of herbicide drift. He maintains that the flaw in the appealed judgment lies in the complete lack of analysis of the evidence offered by his side, which he says accredits the direct responsibility of the defendant company, by reason of the contamination it caused to the chile crop, which he assures leaves it impossible to harvest.
He refers again to the fact that his witnesses are all clear and consistent in relation to the herbicide application made by the defendant, as well as to the date of October 3, 2018.
Regarding the exceptions, he alleges that the analysis carried out by the judge is contradictory, for the reason that he maintains that it is not true that it was not demonstrated that it was the defendant who, in his opinion, caused the damage to the chile field. He reiterates that the judge did not take into account the expert reports or the pathology and nematode laboratory tests, and that causation was demonstrated by the testimonial evidence.
Likewise, he complains regarding the payment of procedural and personal costs (costas procesales y personales). He maintains that Article 55 of the Agrarian Jurisdiction Law provides for the exoneration of costs. He says that his client sued Hacienda la Francesa because it was the only property near the chile field that fumigated with Pastar on October 3, 2018, and that with the drift it could cause the loss of all the planted chile.
Finally, he alleges the violation of the principle of immediacy (principio de inmediatez). He maintains that the trial hearing was held over several days, and that on one day Judge Carolina Quirós participated, and that the next day Judge Rodrigo Valverde continued the hearing. He complains that this change of judge injures the principle of immediacy of evidence that must exist in every proceeding, since he even states that the majority of the witnesses that Judge Valverde does not take into account in his judgment are the witnesses that Judge Quirós received during her substitution.
V.In the first place, although the party does not expressly invoke its grievances as grounds for nullity of the appealed judgment, it is appropriate to resolve the complaints regarding the violation of the principle of immediacy. Article 592 of the repealed Labor Code, applicable to this matter according to Transitory Provision I of Law 9343 of January 25, 2016, by express remission of Article 60 of the Agrarian Jurisdiction Law, requires that when analyzing an appeal, this Court must first review the file to determine if there is a procedural defect that affects the proceeding or the challenged resolution that must be corrected, if legally pertinent. Likewise, Article 26 of the Agrarian Jurisdiction Law, in what interests us, provides: "When appropriate, the courts may, on their own initiative, declare nullities and order the repetition of proceedings, in order to correct irregularities that could affect the validity of the proceeding." Therefore, if it is found that some formality has been omitted, capable of causing effective defenselessness, an attempt must first be made to correct the defect, and only in cases that truly warrant it, decree the nullity of the actions or resolutions, to the extent necessary to guide the normal course of the trial.
Under these regulations, this Court has maintained the criterion that a declaration of procedural nullity is appropriate when its pronouncement is absolutely indispensable, to avoid defenselessness or to guide the normal course of the procedure, due to violation of essential forms in the proceeding (articles 194 to 198 of the Civil Procedure Code, applied supplementarily).
In this regard, the appellant party alleges that in this proceeding, the principle of immediacy was violated because the evidentiary hearing was held on different days by different judges; however, this reproach lacks foundation, so the ground for nullity invoked by the appellant party is not admissible. The principle of immediacy toward which the agrarian process tends has been considered an extension of the principle of orality, as it reaches its maximum expression in an oral procedural system. It assumes that the judge competent to issue the judgment is also the one who handles the proceeding and the evidentiary reception stage, and can thereby directly assess all aspects and details of the conduct of the parties, the witnesses, and the experts, thus obtaining a clearer idea of the process than can be formed from the simple observation of what is recorded in the case file, and that this is not done through another person.
The doctrine has defined this principle with greater rigor as follows: "… the principle of immediacy requires that the judge be present at the acts of the proceeding, and particularly in the oral debates for the evidentiary hearing, so that they can obtain a direct impression, without intermediaries, of everything that happens in the proceeding. Contrary to what was thought in the past, it is now considered that this contamination of the judge with the elements of reality constitutes an indispensable condition for them to issue a judgment appropriate to the facts of the conflict and just in its solutions." ([Name21], Teoría del Proceso Jurisdiccional, San José, Editorial Investigaciones Jurídicas S.A., 2001, p. 410). However, its observance becomes indisputable with respect to the intervention of persons other than the judge in the evidentiary hearing or reception, when there is no connection with the evidentiary elements or it is impossible to obtain firsthand the elements necessary for the subsequent resolution of the conflict.
In the case under study, certainly the trial and evidentiary hearing was scheduled for August 6, 7, and 8, 2019, due to the large amount of evidence to be heard. Thus, said hearing was held over two days; the first day of the hearing was directed and presided over by a different judge than the following day, due to a substitution. (see videos on compact disc and trial record incorporated on 08/08/2019 08:53:41). This situation does not injure the principle of immediacy, because even when it is not the same judge (in physical terms) who conducts the hearing and the continuation (the next day), according to the Agrarian Jurisdiction Law (current law), there is no legal impediment for different judges who, due to some particular situation—which normally arises based on appointments—to conduct the evidentiary hearing, handle the proceeding, or issue the judgment.
The ordinary agrarian proceeding, pursuant to the provisions of Article 26 of the Agrarian Jurisdiction Law, is based on a verbal system with an approach to the written system, so when the evidentiary hearing or reception occurs, its verification must be reflected in the case file records, either via documentary means or with new technological media, but always through the judge, which is done so that its subsequent analysis or assessment is not impeded. The case is different when the final judgment must be issued orally at the same act of the trial.
In this same line, the First Chamber (Sala Primera) of the Court has indicated: "VI. In relation to the sixth ground, it claims that the Judge who issued the ruling on the matter, in the first instance, was not the one who heard the evidence. Regarding this extreme, this Chamber has pronounced itself on repeated occasions, dismissing the presence of nullity in those cases where the judge who receives the evidence and the one who issues judgment are different. In Ruling No. 994 of 9:00 a.m. on November 18, 2004, it was stated: 'Regarding the alleged violation of the principle of immediacy of evidence and the contradictory manner in which, according to the plaintiff party, the appellate judges resolved the point, it must be indicated that, even though the evidentiary principle is recognized in some cases, according to which the judge who issues judgment must be the same one before whom the evidence of the dispute was heard, this was not violated in the case.
The Court accepted the existence of such principle, but also pointed out that it could not be fulfilled in all cases, due to personnel movements within the judiciary. And, if in this proceeding the evidence was heard by a different judge than the one who ruled in the first instance, the law does not provide any nullity in the event of breaking such immediacy. This Chamber finds no contradiction in what was stated by the second-instance judges. Indeed, it is a notorious fact that, due to vacations, leaves, promotions, vacant positions, and judge selection processes, some are appointed on an interim basis in different judicial offices of the country. Therefore, the situation in which the agrarian judge who receives evidence is different from the one who issues judgment is reasonable, which, although it is not the most recommendable, does not generate per se defenselessness for the parties, since the one who rules has the records of the evidentiary hearing in the file and is in a position to form the same conviction as the judge who heard the evidence.
In any case, as the Court correctly noted, there is no defective procedural activity in agrarian matters if this circumstance arises. Canon 195 of the Civil Procedure Code, applied supplementarily to this matter, provides: "When the law prescribes a certain form without penalty of nullity, the judge will consider the act valid if carried out in another way and it achieved its purpose." ... More than a principle to be protected with the drastic sanction of nullity, immediacy is a goal to be achieved in those procedural regimes different from orality. For the foregoing, this charge is rejected.' In this same sense, Resolution No. 95 of 11:40 a.m. on February 11, 2004, may be consulted." (see among others, Ruling of the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice in Ruling 179 of 8:35 a.m. on March 13, 2008).
In accordance with what has been stated, the fact that it was not the same judge who continued the trial does not have procedural consequences, because in the currently valid agrarian legislation, there is no sanction of nullity of the judgment in these cases. As has been widely pointed out by case law, there are important efforts to ensure that in judicial practice there is a coincidence of judges when conducting hearings (when they warrant several days) and even when issuing judgment within the agrarian process, considering the procedural and substantive benefits that this generates; however, due to different circumstances, this is not always possible. In the present case, certainly the trial hearing was held on simultaneous days, with the intervention of another different judge; however, it is the criterion of this Court that this does not generate an infringement of due process or the right of defense, and therefore this first ground must be rejected.
VI.The remaining allegations challenge the manner in which the evidence was assessed in the judgment. In this regard, it must be kept in mind that Article 54 of the Agrarian Jurisdiction Law establishes the system of free evidentiary assessment (libre valoración probatoria). This requires the court to study and select the sources of evidence obtained, in order to establish their effectiveness to resolve the conflict submitted to its knowledge, through perception, representation or reconstruction, and deductive or inductive reasoning. The court must express the principles of equity or law on which it bases its criterion. "The system of free evidentiary assessment overcomes the classic system of legal evidence as well as that of sound criticism (sana crítica), which govern in civil proceedings. The way in which the agrarian process has been conceived allows the judge to broadly assess the facts alleged by the parties.
Said system is not arbitrary; on the contrary, in the free assessment of evidence, it must be reasoned, critical, and based on logic, experience, and psychology. In the reasoning of the ruling, the judge must set forth the grounds for conviction that lead them to resolve in the terms they do. Unlike the system of legally prescribed evidence, in which evidence is assessed subject to prior legal rules, and even the admissibility of evidence must be previously indicated by the Legal System, in the system of free assessment the judge has freedom to admit evidence according to their criterion" (Rulings 398 of June 6, 2001, of the First Chamber. In the same sense, Rulings 206 of March 26, 1999; 46 of April 26, 1995; 66 of February 6, 2009, and 364 of May 28, 2009, of the Agrarian Court, and 3657 of May 7, 2003, of the Constitutional Chamber).
In essence, the appellant states that in the considerations and conclusions given by the lower court judge, what was declared by witnesses [Name12], [Name10], [Name6], [Name13], and [Name8] is not taken into account, a biased analysis of the testimony of Mr. Ruiz Marchena is generated, and that additionally, the private technical reports provided by his side, together with the expert evidence, the laboratory analyses, and the meteorological reports, are not considered.
He alleges that important details in the testimonial declarations, private technical reports, and documentary evidence referring to the copies of the police control book, the complaint to the OIJ, and meteorological reports were disregarded, which he says, if they had been analyzed by the judge, would have led to a different conclusion.
VII.Strict liability (responsabilidad objetiva) for the use of agrochemicals: In the sub judice, indemnification for damages (daños y perjuicios) is sought for the loss of a chile plantation affected by the use of a herbicide applied by the defendant on a nearby farm dedicated to cattle raising and grass cutting. This type of case is regulated in Articles 2, 98, and 101 of the Organic Environmental Law (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente) and Article 32 of the Phytosanitary Protection Law (Ley de Protección Fitosanitaria), which provide the applicable liability regime, based on the objective imputation criterion, for the application of chemical, biological, or biochemical substances in agriculture; an activity that inherently entails a risky activity. According to said regulations, whoever carries it out is obligated to compensate the damages and eventual losses caused. The treatment of this type of liability has been developed in repeated pronouncements.
In a case similar to the present one, this Court held: "It is what has been termed the theory of created risk in case law and doctrine: 'V. (...) It is the Phytosanitary Protection Law No. 7664, and the Civil Aviation Law No. 5050 of December 11, 1972, that regulate it. The first provides: "Those who import, manufacture, formulate, repackage, redistribute, store, transport, sell, and apply chemical, biological, or related substances for agricultural use shall be obligated to compensate the damages and losses that, through their actions or omissions, they cause to agriculture, livestock, human health, and the environment" (Article 32). The second establishes: "Any individual or legal entity that uses aircraft destined for agricultural aviation shall be liable for the damages caused to persons or property of third parties on the surface" (Article 107). Both clearly determine strict liability; neither obligates the victim to demonstrate any subjective element of imputation.
Therefore, it is sufficient that the damage and the causal relationship are proven to impute civil liability to the subjects who must objectively respond, according to the cited norms...'" (see Ruling of the Agrarian Court No. 814-F-03 of 2:45 p.m. on December 16, 2003, highlighting is not from the original).
Additionally, the First Chamber of the Court has stated: "VII. (...) The basis of this thesis is very simple. It is not about the subjective liability provided for in Article 1045 of the Civil Code, because in such a hypothesis the injured party must prove the causal link between the action of the harmful agent and the losses suffered. Under strict liability, the mere existence of the damage presumes liability on the harmful agent for having been the cause of that damage, and as such, they must indemnify the damages and losses caused by their conduct. This does not derive from an arbitrary act but from pure logic, because whoever, even in a lawful conduct, assumes a risk involving dangerousness, must respond for any damage that dangerousness may cause. There are many examples of this. If a person handles gunpowder, or any type of flammable material, whether in a factory, in a commercial activity, or for their own amusement, and a sinister occurs with effects on any neighbor, the injured party is not the one called upon to prove the causal link between the conduct exercised and the damage caused; rather, the legal system starts from the culpability of the one who assumed the risk and dangerousness, and only to exempt them from liability could they prove not to be the direct person responsible for the damage caused; thus, the burden of proof is reversed, and the exonerating circumstances, as could be applied by analogy for the environmental sphere, would be those provided in the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública) where the strict liability of the State is also provided for, these being "force majeure (fuerza mayor)", "fault of the victim (culpa de la víctima)", or "act of a third party (hecho de un tercero)" (Article 190)." (Ruling of the First Chamber No. 398-F-01 of 4:00 p.m. on June 6, 2001).
On the other hand, for the claim to be admitted, there must be damage or loss, which must be attributable to or caused by the defendant. Damage is understood as "any impairment, loss, or detriment to the patrimonial or extra-patrimonial legal sphere of the injured person, which causes the deprivation of a legal interest, regarding which its conservation was objectively expected had the harmful event not occurred." Under this approach, there is no civil liability if there is no damage, and only the damage that is proven is indemnifiable. (see among others, Ruling of the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice No. 114 of 4:00 p.m. on November 2, 1979). Apart from having to be real, certain, effective, and deserving of legal protection, the damage must be caused by a third party and must subsist at the time the lawsuit is filed.
There must also be a causal relationship between the wrongful act and the damage that occurred. Based on the foregoing, in matters of pesticide management, the type of liability is strict by the theory of risk created in dangerous activities. This generates a different dynamic regarding the burden of proof. That is, the reversal of the burden of proof occurs, because it falls upon the plaintiff to prove the existence of the damage claimed and causality to a plausible degree (en grado verosímil). The foregoing, insofar as the defendant (in this case) applied or used an agrochemical product that caused the claimed damage; whereas it falls upon the defendant to prove forcefully that it was not they who generated the damages—in this case—related to the damage to the plaintiff’s chile plantation, when applying the agrochemical herbicide "Pastar", whose main component is 2-4D, on their property.
VIII.As observed, the grievances are aimed at demonstrating that it was the defendant who applied the herbicide and that as a result of the product's drift, damage was generated to the chile planted by the plaintiff, as the event and cause generating the damage.
In the appealed judgment, regarding what is of interest, the trial court judge states: "V.- ON THE MERITS OF THE CASE REGARDING THE PAYMENT OF DAMAGES, INTEREST, AND INDEXATION: It falls upon the plaintiff the duty to demonstrate the veracity of their statements, since it is the one who affirms who must prove, and the Judge must resolve according to what is alleged and proven by the parties. Under this reasoning, it is concluded that the plaintiff has suffered damage (sic) and loss, certain and effective, due to the loss (sic) of his chile crop, for which he is deserving of legal protection. (see proven facts, photos provided as evidence by the plaintiffs, expert reports, and witness declarations). However, the plaintiff never demonstrated, clearly and forcefully, that said damage and loss was caused by a third party, in this case by the defendant HACIENDA LA FRANCESA." It continues to indicate: "There is no doubt, and it is (sic) duly demonstrated, with the documentary and expert evidence provided and the testimonial evidence heard, that the plaintiff’s chile plantation was intoxicated and would not produce.
However, the plaintiff party never accredited, clearly and forcefully, that this was caused (sic) by the application of the Pastar herbicide, by the defendant Hacienda la Francesa. Neither did they prove the wind speed on October 3, 2018, since the defendant’s farm is at a distance of approximately [Address4], from the plaintiff’s chile crop, as indicated by the Judges who made the videos of the judicial inspection of the chile crop (see judicial inspection videos, and declaration of witness [Name22] (), and expert report)." Taking into account what was explained in the previous recital (considerando), this Court considers that the appellant party is correct in its grievances, since in the analysis of the evidence there are errors in the assessment that lead to varying what was decided, because the causal link (nexo de causalidad) between the application of the agrochemical Pastar carried out by the defendant and the damages suffered in the plaintiff’s chile plantation with the intoxication and loss of the entire crop is evident.
Thus, on the one hand, the plaintiff [Name1] sowed, in the month of August 2018, on the property registered under title CED7 Partido de Guanacaste, located in Bagaces de Guanacaste, four lots of sweet chile crop with an area of three hectares. A crop that was shown to be planted in rows with stake supports, raised beds (lomillos), irrigation systems, clean and maintained with at least thirty-two thousand sweet chile plants, consisting of 15,000 plants of the Nathali variety, 15,000 plants of the 15-42-15 variety, and 2,000 plants of the 15-42-12 variety.
Such conditions were observed in the judicial inspection carried out on November 16, 2018, by the trial court.
Likewise, from the inspection carried out by the Judicial Investigation Agency (Organismo de Investigación Judicial) in connection with the criminal complaint filed by the plaintiff on October 4 of that same year (see documentary evidence incorporated on 09/11/2018 14:10:32); where it was possible to count the number of existing rows and the planting distance of the plants, even reflecting a higher density.- Additionally, from the testimonial statement of Mr. [Nombre12], [Nombre3] agronomist in charge of the technical assistance of the crop and who during his testimony provided data regarding this plantation from the beginning of production; as well as from Mrs. [Nombre23], wife of the plaintiff who declared the help she gave to the plaintiff in his chili pepper production as a family business, and which was subsequently affected in its entirety.- And on the other hand, it is the case that, in effect, the defendant company Hacienda la Francesa, as part of the maintenance activities on its property registration CED8 Partido Guanacaste, located at an approximate distance of [Dirección5] from the chili pepper plantation, applied a fumigation with the herbicide Pastar (whose main component* is 2-4D), which took place during the first week of October 2018.- On this point, one of the important aspects evidenced in the case is that the defendant itself acknowledges having applied said herbicide on its land on October 5, 2018 (response to fact five of the complaint) with a difference of only two days in relation to the date of October 3, 2018, on which the facts were alleged by the plaintiff.
However, this difference of two days in the dates does not affect the fact that in the subsequent days and months, that is, during October and November of 2018 (even when the first judicial inspection is carried out on November 16, 2018), the affectation and loss of the chili pepper plantation was observed; an affectation that is notorious in the entirety of the plantation. According to what was observed at that time, the plants presented marks, burns, and "cupping" (acucharamiento) on leaves and stems, as well as on some surrounding weeds, which are associated with symptoms of phytotoxicity from the herbicide Pastar; and that this damage suffered covers the entire approximate planted area of three hectares.- Now then, the defendant attempts to discredit its responsibility with various positions. On the one hand, it maintains that the affectations to the plantation were caused by the poor management of the crop that, it says, the plaintiff had for not being an agricultural entrepreneur, as well as by the existence of diseases in the crop that led to its loss.
Furthermore, that it was on other neighboring lands (which are not its property) where, on those same days, there was application of the same herbicide and, on the other hand, the low volatility that, it says, this herbicide (Pastar) has. However, all these allegations are, in effect, counteracted by the testimonial statements of Messrs. [Nombre12], [Nombre10], [Nombre6], [Nombre13] and [Nombre8], as well as the testimony of [Nombre11]. In their statements, they are unanimous that the plaintiff had planted three hectares of chili pepper and that by the first days of October 2018, it was affected by the application of hormonal herbicides of 2-4D, that is, Pastar, by the defendant, on the adjacent land of its property. In this regard, the statements of [Nombre13], [Nombre8], [Nombre6] are precise in indicating what happened at that moment, that is, that while they were performing agricultural work in the plantation, the smell of 2-4D was perceived, which they informed the plaintiff of, and that he verified that it came from the defendant's land as they were present at the time.- Regarding what is relevant, they declared: [Nombre6] (minute 03:04:15 part 1): "....It was a normal plantation, it was coming along very well... we were there until what everyone already knows happened... apparently it was intoxicated by herbicide... in fact I perceived the smell, the day the smell was perceived, I was the one who perceived it, that was on October 3... because I lived through the same affectation on my own plantation... in those days it started to rain, [Nombre3] began to apply some things that he recommended, but the chili pepper already started to go backwards until it had to be abandoned... that was around 9 in the morning, it was a sunny day but it was windy, it was breezy... we were there like at [Dirección6] at [Dirección7]... when the smell is perceived I told my coworker: you know there's a smell of herbicide coming... it was a continuous smell, we left at two in the afternoon and it was still perceived... at that moment, [Nombre12] appears and we communicated to him... he said I'm going to go see what's happening... we continued tying... [Nombre13] arrived and said I'm going to go look for [Nombre24], then he returned... a little while later [Nombre24] arrived and told us that apparently on the farm next door they were applying herbicide...".- [Nombre13], says (minute 02:26:45 part 2): "[Nombre12] is dedicated to the cultivation of chili pepper... he explained to me that he was going to do a planting of chili pepper, when he came...
I visited like three times a week... the 3rd arrived, I went, I fed the dogs, I went to the old chili pepper field and since I didn't see him, I asked [Nombre8]: and [Nombre24]? he just left, that it smells like 2-4D... I went on the motorcycle, turned around, I left and there I found him, the tractor was stopped, on [Dirección8], [Nombre24] was talking with him and he says to me stay calm [Nombre13], I turned around and came back... I arrived exactly at the place where they were applying the herbicide... I had my helmet on, I lifted the visor and at that moment I did smell the odor... the little guy who works there was there...it was not [Nombre7] who was mounted on the tractor...".- [Nombre8], brother of the plaintiff, contracted for tying work in the chili pepper field, declares (02:21:24): "I was contracted for the tying of the chili pepper field...the chili pepper was about 22 days old... it was super good... what happened was that because of the smell of herbicide we realized... on October 3, 2018, between 9 and 9:30, a smell of 2-4D came upon us... [Nombre6] communicated to me 'smell the odor it's 2-4D, there's no other way'... we communicated to [Nombre12]... after that, he tells us that he had mentioned that the one who was fumigating over there by [Dirección9] was fumigating and that it was herbicide... we continued the task tying...we worked until the chili pepper field finished...
The chili pepper field kept getting sick and sick and they kept adding things to it, milk was applied to try to recover it... but they gave the order not to... from the beginning the chili pepper field began to be ruined, the days passed and the chili pepper field was ruined...".- These statements are further related to what was reflected in the judicial inspections, the first carried out on November 16, 2018, and the second on August 6, 2019, since not only the affectation of the chili pepper field is verified, but also the location of the properties, the application of the herbicide, and the wind conditions that can occur in the location.- Now then, regarding the fact that there is a biased analysis of what was declared by the expert [Nombre15] (appointed from the list of experts of the Judicial Branch), the appellant is correct. The expert clarified that his inspection was carried out months after the application of the herbicide, that is, not until April 2019, so his expertise focused on observing the distance between the properties and the wind direction in the event of possible drift during the application.
In his statement, he refers (minute 10:10 part 1): "... that was on April 4, 2018... we carried out the inspection to get an idea of how a drift from that place could affect the chili pepper field... first we went there to the farm and later here at the plantation of the sweet chili pepper crop that no longer existed... likewise because for obvious reasons of the dry season, where the application was carried out there were no longer any signs of the application since it was summer and the grass was already dry, so I could verify almost nothing... basically I went to verify how the wind was circulating... my work was based on technical questions...".- Furthermore, he says (minute 13:35 p1): "....the good application conditions should be with light wind, or light breeze, which in general terms is achieved between 5 in the morning and 9 in the morning, one must also take into account that the temperature is not high and that the relative humidity is low.
Those are the 3 conditions that must be observed... and under those conditions an almost perfect application is made.".- He also points out (minute 19:25 p1): "...easily it does not cause drift... Pastar is a quite safe product if it is done under the conditions I mentioned previously I am talking about good application conditions, but if it is not done under those conditions, if it is done under strong winds, Pastar will end up who knows where, because the wind will carry it and will make a very long drift, like one and a half kilometers, according to the investigations..." He adds: "... I could not tell you if drift could have arrived because I do not know the wind speed or the wind direction at that moment...". In this sense, his testimony together with the expert report carried out (incorporated on 26/04/2019 09:50:50 and clarification on 14/05/2019 13:40:27), allows for the appreciation only of the technical conditions for the application of the herbicide Pastar and the possible drift it may generate.
However, just as the expert himself states, with his expert report one cannot appreciate the actual material conditions that occurred on the properties and the chili pepper plantation after the fumigation carried out by the defendant, given that by the time he performs it, several months had passed, without being able to reach specific conclusions regarding what really happened at the time of the facts.- Therefore, the result of this expert report must be viewed in conjunction with the other elements of evidence, since from the other technical reports provided, important elements are extracted regarding the affectation of the sweet chili pepper crop. In this regard, five private technical reports have been submitted; three carried out by the engineers [Nombre10], [Nombre11] and [Nombre12] (incorporated on 09/08/2011 14:10:32); and those carried out by the defendant's consulting engineers, [Nombre18] and [Nombre4] (see on 12/12/2018 10:51:04 labeled evidence item 1 and evidence item 2), whose professionals also all declared.- Regarding these, although their results vary significantly in relation to the first ones compared to the last two, their veracity must be weighed in conjunction with the remaining evidence.- According to the technical report carried out by [Nombre3] [Nombre10] * Muñoz, who is an [Nombre3] agronomist from the Regional Institute of Toxic Substances of the National University, he indicates regarding Pastar: "The commercial herbicide Pastar 36 SL is composed of the mixture of two substances: 2,4-D (32%) and aminopyralid (4%), which are herbicides from the group of synthetic auxins or hormonal herbicides.
These herbicides imitate the action of plant hormones auxins and, when applied in high concentrations, cause phytotoxic damage, mainly in broadleaf plants. Both are systemic herbicides that are absorbed by the leaves and roots, are transported within the plant, and accumulate mainly in the meristematic points, where their growth-inhibiting effect is observed." Which also agrees with the product's technical sheet that indicates: "Aminopyralid is an herbicide that possesses qualities similar to auxins, which are plant growth regulators. It moves systemically through the plant and dysregulates the metabolic growth patterns, affecting the growth process. 2,4-D is also a systemic herbicide, which acts as a growth inhibitor. It is translocated to the meristematic regions of roots and stems, where it exerts its effect.".- That is, this herbicide can be applied to grass, but not to chili pepper, because this plant is similar to broadleaf weeds.
(see private technical report and technical sheet incorporated in 09/08/2011 14:10:32).- These technical data are also reinforced by the statement of [Nombre10], who relates (minute 34:17 part 2): "...We are accustomed to receiving requests from people, communities, associations regarding the effect of pesticides... in this case, I received a call from a lady, Mrs. [Nombre25], who had a problem and she told me the story... more than anything what she was looking for was to know if the Institute did residue analysis for hormonal herbicides... We agreed that IRET could help her in some way. IRET does not do that type of analysis because no laboratory in Central America does it for 2-4D, but we could have some sample of the plantation. I went on October 22, I went officially to the chili pepper plantation and what I noticed was a plantation affected by some abiotic agent, it had symptoms totally compatible with herbicide intoxication... generally throughout the entire plantation, I walked through the entire plantation, around the surroundings... it was approximately three hectares... we walked the farm we began to see the plants, the shoots, aborted fruits, we pulled them up to see roots..." He adds (minute 38:45 p2): "...several samples were taken because I wanted to rule out that it was virosis, pathological problems, diseases, or that it was problems due to nematodes... systematic from the lot in the soil, whole plants, foliage, and root.
They were correctly identified...to be transported to the National University, to the phytopathology laboratory of the National University, to the nematology laboratory of the Agricultural School, and others I kept to determine soil PH. In the case of pathology, she made a report that there were no pathogens that could be affecting the chili pepper. In the neurologist's report, zero phytopathogenic nematodes were found, which concluded that nematodes were not having any effect on the plantation. It had a PH of 6, perfect for agriculture, and a conductivity of less than 2 points, which is very good...We ruled out that the soil was perfect, the management looked very good, there were no diseases... what I could determine was that the plant had hypertrophic growth in the shoots, cupped leaves, brittle stems, which are completely symptoms of hormonal herbicides... such as 2-4D... the formulation of Pastar has a 32% of 2-4D...".- Additionally, Mr. [Nombre12], [Nombre3] agronomist in charge of the chili pepper plantation also indicated (minute 03:27:43 p1): "...I have known [Nombre12] by sight for a long time, he asked me to help him with the chili pepper project...so we became involved, I helping him with assistance... everything was done based on my knowledge, the seedbeds were paid to be made... of selected varieties for the zone, of high production... initially he presented me the areas he wanted to plant of the entire farm, the best area that seemed to me was chosen, it was a thicket... first all the labor of clearing, mechanization was done... that involves a process of eliminating that weed until leaving it totally suitable for planting, with its ridges, until the seedlings come the irrigation system is set up... everything was done to it until the little plants are planted.
My way of working is preventive, you start to work with nutrition to begin to bring out all that potential that the plant brings...the plant was growing, flowering, setting fruit. Until a moment arrives, when they make an application on the neighboring farm... and the plantation begins to present symptoms of intoxication... of this type of product Pastar, which carries in its components 2-4D... the label itself says 'do not apply near susceptible crops'... the plant needs very, very little to become intoxicated because it is very susceptible... they tried to save the chili pepper... milk, polysaccharides are applied to it... the plant actually continues its process of death... I am the one who is doing the advising for him, and I said to him [Nombre12] look we cannot put in more money and in that I cannot be so irresponsible as to tell him yes if it cannot be continued anymore..." He adds (minute 03:35:12): "thirty-two thousand plants was what was planted, that was what was paid to be made..." He also points out (minute 03:42:40 p1): "...the day it happened I arrived at the plantation in the afternoon, so there wasn't much we could see.. until Saturday we were with the products to apply, Sunday and Monday, every day these products were applied to try to give a reactivation to the plant... with the herbicide these products are systemic so when it arrives it attacks the plant... generally, a product's effects are seen in two hours... that affectation of the herbicide if is evidenced in other plants, but the scrub is more resistant but the chili pepper is more susceptible... the amount needed to kill a plant like those is greater than for a plant as susceptible as chili pepper..." .- For his part, Mr.
Francisco Álvarez, [Nombre3] entomologist consultant, retired from the MAG, relates (minute 01:47:20): "My participation in this matter, is because [Nombre23] came to ask me for an inspection of the chili pepper plantation, because they said the symptoms it presented were caused by an organism which is the chili pepper mite... I entered the chili pepper field they had already indicated to me that it had been intoxicated...and from the moment one enters one knows that it is intoxicated... they said it was a mite but from the moment I entered I did not see that there were mites... nor bacterial spot either...".- Both the statements of the professionals and the technical reports are useful evidence to accredit the phytotoxicity of the herbicide with 2-4D with respect to the plaintiff's chili pepper plantation and the damages it generated.- In this sense, this Court shares the allegations formulated by the appellant in that, what was observed at the time the expert [Nombre15] visited the crop, months after the affectation, can never be the same as what could be observed days after the intoxication of the chili pepper; therefore, it is not plausible to point out that there were no stains on the crop, but on the contrary, the damage generated by the herbicide in the plants was so evident at that time that there is no way to consider that the crop was affected by a different situation.- Specifically, the engineers [Nombre10] and [Nombre11] (who are unrelated to the interests of this matter) make their field visits and both conclude that, on the plaintiff's plot, there was an area of three and a half hectares of chili pepper affected by a burn caused by an abiotic agent.
Furthermore, in the case file, there is the examination of nematodes carried out by the laboratory of the National University, where the samples obtained from the chili pepper plants are analyzed, without observing nematodes susceptible of generating affectation (see documentary evidence incorporated on 09/08/2011 14:10:32).- This allows consideration that, although the technical reports of Messrs. [Nombre18] and [Nombre4] presume the existence of other reasons for which the plantation could have been affected, either by bacteria or viruses, this hypothesis is discarded in the face of the performance even of analysis and sampling of the plants. See in the same way, [Nombre3] [Nombre4] concludes in his report expressly that: "The sweet chili pepper plantation suffered a drastic physiological and morphological alteration, which encompassed practically all the plants. The symptoms of said alteration coincide with those caused by systemic hormonal-type herbicides, group to which 2,4-D belongs, but it cannot be ruled out that they were also caused by one or several viruses such as the one called 'curly top', which produces very similar symptoms.-" He further evidences: "In the growth points, practically all the chili pepper plants presented malformations such as curling of the new leaves and highlighted veins, with little or no surface of interveinal foliar blade.
This symptomatology is typical of phytotoxicity caused by some systemic herbicide, but it is also very similar to that which other viruses such as the so-called 'curly top virus' produce in chili pepper, therefore during this inspection, the identity of a single causal agent of the referred symptoms could not be determined with exactitude.".- In this manner, these reports are not sufficient evidentiary elements to consider the existence of diseases or pathogenic agents; on the contrary, they confirm that the evidenced symptoms are also generated by toxicity from herbicides, which was proven with the other evidence previously analyzed. [Nombre26] that the engineers [Nombre10] and [Nombre2] did not evidence the presence of diseases or organisms that affected the plants.- * * IX.- In addition to the foregoing, the causal relationship is demonstrated, since it was not proven that the same herbicide or another with similar effects was applied on other properties near the place where the affected chili pepper field was planted, in such a way that the affectation was caused by a third party and not by the defendant.- See that in relation to this situation, the defendant alleges it carried out an overflight with drones and visited other lands that were fumigated with the same type of herbicide, around those dates (see response to fact 12).
However, despite the fact that witnesses [Nombre18] and [Nombre9] point out having visited those other lands and that apparent images in the air of those properties were captured, these are not sufficient to conclude with certainty that, in effect, on those other properties, hormonal herbicides were applied that could have affected the plaintiff's plantation, and that the damage would not have been caused by the application made by the defendant. In addition to the above, it is the case that the location of the defendant's property in relation to the plaintiff's chili pepper plantation faces towards the [Dirección10] and the other lands are located towards the [Dirección11] in relation to the chili pepper field, that is, against the direction of the wind, a situation that was thus evidenced from the judicial inspections carried out.- Additionally, regarding the windy weather, the wind direction, and the drift of the applied product, an erroneous appreciation is also observed, since regardless of the speed that the wind could have had at the time of the claimed facts, it was a windy season.
In this regard, witness [Nombre6], a worker of the chili pepper field, was emphatic in affirming it. Furthermore, it is observed in the judicial inspections that the wind easily reaches the plants, which is reflected by the great movement they have (and is even noticeable on the badge of the judge who conducts the first one). This reveals that the direction in which it was blowing (at least at the two moments when the lands object of this matter are visited) comes from the public road, that is, from the [Dirección10]. The foregoing supports, with a credible degree, the position of the plaintiff that the herbicide reached the chili pepper due to the drift of the product applied by the defendant. The expert [Nombre15] clearly explained that under conditions of light wind or breeze, Pastar is a safe product but not so under windy conditions in which it can present high volatility. From the context of the case and based on the evidence analyzed, especially the expert evidence, it is possible to conclude that the conditions under which the defendant applied the herbicide were not optimal, since it was carried out with a "spray boom" (which is a tractor with sprayer arms), on a windy day.
This implies a high probability that droplet drift was generated, which is precisely a residue that is transported with the wind.- Likewise, it is understood that an herbicide product with 2-4D components is volatile (to a greater or lesser extent), so the mere smell even makes one presume its presence in the air.- Witnesses [Nombre8], [Nombre6] and [Nombre13] are all unanimous in pointing out that on the day the events occur, a strong smell of 2-4D was perceived, which they immediately communicated to the plaintiff; and that after this, the plants began to die.- Thus, since sweet chili pepper plants are highly susceptible, it is evident that they were directly affected, even if in surrounding areas a stronger affectation is not verified, since indeed it is evidenced from the judicial inspection carried out on November 16, 2018 that there were other damaged weeds.- Moreover, regarding the consideration that the plaintiff is not a farmer, the appellant is correct.
In this case, it cannot be considered that the plaintiff is not a farmer due to the occupations he performs, since many times people who dedicate themselves to agriculture do so seasonally and may additionally dedicate themselves to other commercial activities; such circumstances do not detract from whether or not he habitually is a farmer. In addition to this, in this case, the fact that the plaintiff also dedicates himself to other tasks in no way influences the result of the evidence, since it is held as demonstrated from the totality of the statements and especially from what was stated by [Nombre3] [Nombre12], that the plaintiff had his technical expertise as a professional in agronomy, in such a way that it can be considered that the sweet chili pepper crop that the plaintiff maintained functioned at all times as a systematic and organized agricultural activity, which, furthermore, presented good production conditions until the intoxication suffered.- See even that witnesses [Nombre6], [Nombre8] and [Nombre13] also declare so.
For such reasons, the damage suffered is not attributable to the plaintiff, nor to third parties, nor to fortuitous events or force majeure, because the causal nexus is fully demonstrated. It must be remembered that when dealing with objective liability, it is not necessary to demonstrate whether there was intent or fault (negligence, lack of skill, or imprudence) on the part of the agent generating the damage, but rather the objective materiality of the damage and the causal nexus. In this case, it was proven that there is damage caused by the drift in the application of the herbicide Pastar, carried out by the defendant company, on a property of its own, in the first days of October 2018.- Within the framework of that context, for this Court, the plaintiff accredits the existence of the damage suffered and that this damage is directly related to the agrochemical applied by the defendant on a neighboring land, as well as that the applied product presents a high toxicity for the plaintiff's chili pepper crop and that it can generate sufficient drift in windy conditions, in such a way that it reached that crop.- In that sense, the defendant company does not manage to prove in a reliable manner that on the plaintiff's plantation herbicides were applied directly or that there was poor management of the plantation; that there were diseases in the plants in such a way that they affected the entire crop in general causing the loss, or that the responsibility of a third party had intervened.- * * X.- Regarding the reproach referring to the damages and losses, the appellant is partially correct.
In light of what has been amply indicated, it has been fully demonstrated, the causal relationship and the damages suffered due to the loss of the entirety of the plantation, that is, in relation to the thirty-two thousand chili pepper plants that were planted by the plaintiff and that were affected, for which the defendant must pay the damages and losses generated. However, the economic quantification of that material damage, as well as the losses generated, are not possible to estimate in this instance because the evidence in the case file is not sufficient for it.- In the appraisal expert report formulated by [Nombre3] [Nombre27] (see expert report incorporated on 27/05/2019 11:16:39), the amounts of the material damages and the losses are established to which the expert concluded. However, this Court considers that said expert report is unfounded because it does not show in a clear manner the considerations generated, nor the methodology used, nor the sources of information consulted (such as invoices, real costs, or other documents) to fundamentally arrive at the amounts of the invested expenses that generate the material damage, as well as the loss.
These deficiencies were expressed by the defendant, nonetheless they were ignored by the Court of First Instance in its opportunity, in the face of the lack of payment of the fees, merely taking them as performed (see resolution incorporated on 19/06/2019 14:12:11).- Despite this, the defendant is correct in its objection to that expert report, which is why it cannot be considered to determine with certainty the amounts of compensation.- The foregoing, even in accordance with what is established in numeral 13 of the Regulations for Experts of the Judicial Branch (Reglamento de peritos del Poder Judicial) that stipulates "REQUIREMENTS FOR EXPERT OPINIONS: Expert opinions must be drafted on a computer or other electronic device or, failing that, on a typewriter for text editing. They must be clear, complete, precise, and have good spelling, as well as be presented in a perfect state of cleanliness, dated, and signed.
The same shall apply to the translation of documents. The report rendered by the expert must contemplate, at a minimum, the object on which the expert opinion is based, the background of the case, the methodology used, and the conclusions. In addition, they must attach all supporting documentation they deem necessary." Regarding the deadline for submitting expert opinions, as well as requests for clarification or amplification, whether at the request of a party or on the court's own motion, the applicable procedural rules shall govern.
This Tribunal has no doubt that damage was caused to the thirty-two thousand plants sown by the plaintiff due to the herbicide's effects; although the defendant attempted to dispute this based on the number of plants stated in the complaint the plaintiff filed with the Judicial Investigation Agency, OIJ, indicating only twenty thousand plants, the truth of the matter is that the totality of the evidence truly yields a larger quantity as has been explained.
Accordingly, regarding the material damage and the loss, the need for reparation clearly arises due to the generalized loss of the chili (chile) plantation with respect to those thirty-two thousand plants (demonstrated and claimed by the plaintiff) based on the total expenses invested in its production by the plaintiff up to October 2018; as well as the expenses incurred in trying to save the chili crop (chilar). It is reliably accredited that the plaintiff also invested, once the herbicide damage occurred, in additional inputs and labor to recover the crop, without success. The statements of Mr. [Nombre12], Mr. [Nombre6], Mr. [Nombre8], and even Mr. [Nombre23] are all consistent in evidencing such expenses, although from them it is not possible to achieve a real economic quantification and determination. It is also noted that the private appraisal made by Mr. Boanerges Bustos and Mr. [Nombre28] (incorporated on 11/26/2018 13:35:56) is not sufficient to prove the amounts, because it also fails to show the sources consulted, such as invoices, real costs, among others, on which the items are based.
Regarding the losses generated, these must be understood solely in terms of lost profits (lucro cesante), that is, what was left unearned as profit due to the damages caused. The official expert Rodríguez Arce's appraisal calculates this item based on the expectation of production and yields expected from the sale of the chili, but it is not sufficient given the lack of information presented in the expert report.
For these reasons, this Tribunal deems that the plaintiff must resort to the judgment enforcement (ejecución de sentencia) proceeding to demonstrate the quantification and determination of the amounts expended as material damage and the profits left unearned.
Regarding moral damages (daño moral), it has been repeatedly stated that these arise from injury to non-patrimonial rights and involve an unjust disturbance of a person's emotional conditions. They do not require direct proof and remain subject to the judge's equitable assessment, so courts are empowered to decree and quantify the award. Based on the foregoing and the analysis of what has occurred in the case record, this Tribunal deems that compensation for moral damages is also proper. It is noted that in this case, the testimonial evidence of Mrs. Jessica Gamboa, the plaintiff's wife, and Laura Gamboa, the plaintiff's sister-in-law, reflects in their statements what was experienced, evidencing that the plaintiff and his family have been in a critical state economically and personally due to the damage to their chili plantation that is the subject of this matter; which is notorious, applying criteria of logic and reasonableness, that the loss of the plantation has impacted the emotional state of plaintiff [Nombre1] with the stress and suffering that are endured when facing such an unexpected event and not being able to harvest what was expected from the crop.
Notwithstanding the above, this estimation must be calculated in proportion to the material damages evidenced and not based on the amount claimed by the plaintiff, corresponding solely to this Tribunal's discretion the sum of EXACTLY THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND COLONES (300,000.00), which is sufficient to compensate for the anguish suffered.
XI.Now, it is consequently necessary to analyze the interest and indexation sought by the plaintiff. In several precedents of the First Chamber of the Supreme Court (Sala Primera de la Corte), it has been held that interest serves to compensate the opportunity cost borne by someone who did not receive money owed during the period of default, and, for its part, indexation functions as a mechanism to readjust the loss of the currency's value due to inflation. In this regard, it has been indicated: "[...] However, the payment of interest (legal or conventional) constitutes both a compensatory and indexation measure, as it adjusts the mismatches in the value of money over time, as well as the effects of not having it available in time. The legislator regulated two ways to calculate interest in the absence of an agreement between parties: Article 1163 of the Civil Code for civil obligations and Article 497 of the Commercial Code for commercial ones.
Under the first, the interest shall be equal to that paid by the Banco Nacional de Costa Rica on six-month certificates of deposit for the currency in question. Under the second, it shall be calculated based on the basic passive rate of the Banco Central de Costa Rica for transactions in national currency and the prime rate for transactions in United States dollars. In both cases, the parameter for its calculation is governed by the yield that financial institutions provide to their depositors. The purpose of this type of rate is to counteract the effects of inflation on saved money, so that the deposited sum is compensated and updated and, in turn, provides a return to the saver. In short, it is a composite rate: it covers indexation and profit at the same time. Conventional interest runs the same course, as long as the agreed rate is higher than the legal ones referred to. Thus, whenever there is a monetary obligation with payment of interest, it is not possible to index the sum, because their joint payment would imply settling monetary devaluation twice over...'" (See, among others, rulings No. 1315 of 10 hours 56 minutes on December 7, 2016, No. 835 of 9 hours 25 minutes on August 11, 2016).
In this way, this Tribunal considers that for this case, the recognition of interest at the legal rate is appropriate, which is equal to that paid by the Banco Nacional de Costa Rica on six-month certificates of deposit, as stipulated in Article 1163 of the Civil Code.
The interest must be paid from the finality of the decision that establishes the total amount to be compensated and until its effective payment.
Thus, indexation of the sums claimed in this case is not proper, since the interest itself contains the depreciation that indexation specifically values as a component thereof.
[Nombre26] considering that the events occurred in 2018, so the expenditure of potential amounts is adjusted to a current reality, without meriting an additional adjustment as stated.
XI.Finally, this Tribunal deems the appellant is correct regarding the imposition of costs (costas), since according to the provisions of Article 55 of the Agrarian Jurisdiction Law, their payment falls upon the losing party. Thus, upon proving the causal link and the damages suffered, the imposition, at the expense of the defendant company, of the personal and procedural costs caused to the plaintiff is proper.
Therefore, in accordance with the foregoing, it is proper to reverse the appealed judgment, for the reasons explained by this Tribunal, solely as it upholds the exception of lack of passive standing (legitimidad pasiva) and dismisses the claim. In its place, the exception of lack of passive standing raised by the defendant is denied. The claim filed by Mr. [Nombre1] against HACIENDA LA FRANCESA is PARTIALLY GRANTED, with everything not specifically mentioned herein being denied. The defendant company is ordered to pay the damages and losses caused to the plaintiff by the damage and loss of the chili crop, stemming from the loss and intoxication of thirty-two thousand sown chili plants (according to their varieties), due to the herbicide application carried out on its property CED9 - () of the Partido de Guanacaste, during the first week of October 2018.
The plaintiff must resort to the judgment enforcement proceeding to demonstrate the quantification of the material damage and the losses generated.
The defendant is ordered to pay moral damages estimated in the sum of EXACTLY THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND COLONES (300,000.00).
The defendant is ordered to pay interest at the legal rate, which is equal to that paid by the Banco Nacional de Costa Rica on six-month certificates of deposit, as stipulated in Article 1163 of the Civil Code.
The interest must be paid from the finality of the decision that establishes the total amount to be compensated and until its effective payment; as well as the payment of the personal and procedural costs caused to the plaintiff.
THEREFORE
The appealed judgment is partially reversed only as it upholds the exception of lack of passive standing and dismisses the claim. In its place, the exception of lack of passive standing raised by the defendant is denied. The claim filed by Mr. [Nombre1] against HACIENDA LA FRANCESA BGCS SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA is PARTIALLY GRANTED, with everything not specifically mentioned herein being denied. The defendant company is ordered to pay the damages and losses caused to the plaintiff by the damage and loss of the chili crop, stemming from the loss and intoxication of thirty-two thousand sown chili plants (according to their varieties), due to the herbicide application carried out on its property [Placa1] - () of the Partido de Guanacaste, during the first week of October 2018.
The plaintiff must resort to the judgment enforcement proceeding to demonstrate the quantification of the material damage and the losses generated.
The defendant is ordered to pay moral damages estimated in the sum of EXACTLY THREE HUNDRED THOUSAND COLONES (300,000.00). The defendant is also ordered to pay interest, which is equal to that paid by the Banco Nacional de Costa Rica on six-month certificates of deposit. The interest must be paid from the finality of the decision that establishes the total amount to be compensated and until its effective payment; as well as the payment of the personal and procedural costs caused to the plaintiff.
[Nombre29] - JUDGE DECISION-MAKER [Nombre30] - JUDGE DECISION-MAKER [Nombre31] - JUDGE DECISION-MAKER Classification prepared by the JURISPRUDENTIAL INFORMATION CENTER of the Judicial Branch. Its reproduction and/or distribution for profit is prohibited.
It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 03-04-2026 11:20:35.
Tribunal Agrario Sentencias en igual sentido Sentencias del mismo expediente Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: Derecho Procesal Agrario Tema: Nulidad en materia agraria Subtemas:
Deber del Tribunal de determinar vicios procesales que deban subsanarse.
Tema: Recurso de apelación en materia agraria Subtemas:
Deber del Tribunal de determinar vicios procesales que deban subsanarse.
Tema: Tribunal agrario Subtemas:
Deber del Tribunal de determinar vicios procesales que deban subsanarse.
Tema: Principio de conservación de los actos procesales Subtemas:
Deber del Tribunal de determinar vicios procesales que deban subsanarse.
"V.-[…]El numeral 592 Código de Trabajo derogado, aplicable a este asunto según Transitorio I de la Ley 9343 de 25 de enero de 2016, por remisión expresa del artículo 60 de la Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria, impone que al analizar una apelación, este Tribunal debe primero revisar el expediente, para determinar si existe un vicio procesal que afecte el proceso o la resolución impugnada que deba ser subsanado, si es pertinente legalmente. […]Por ende, si se encontrase que se ha omitido alguna formalidad, capaz de causar efectiva indefensión, debe primer intentarse subsanar el defecto y solo en casos que de verdad lo ameriten, decretar la nulidad de las actuaciones o resoluciones, hasta donde sea necesario para orientar el curso normal del juicio. Al amparo de dichas regulaciones, esta Sede ha mantenido el criterio de que la declaratoria de nulidad procesal procede cuando sea absolutamente indispensable su pronunciamiento, para evitar indefensión o para orientar el curso normal del procedimiento, por violación a formas esenciales en el trámite (artículos 194 a 198 del Código Procesal Civil, aplicados supletoriamente)." ... Ver más Citas de Legislación y Doctrina Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: Derecho Procesal Agrario Tema: Principio agrario de inmediatez de la prueba Subtemas:
Inexistencia de nulidad en caso de que sea distinto el juez que recibe la prueba del que dicta sentencia.
Tema: Nulidad de la sentencia en materia agraria Subtemas:
Inexistencia de nulidad en caso de que sea distinto el juez que recibe la prueba del que dicta sentencia.
Tema: Proceso agrario Subtemas:
Inexistencia de nulidad en caso de que sea distinto el juez que recibe la prueba del que dicta sentencia.
Tema: Prueba en materia agraria Subtemas:
Inexistencia de nulidad en caso de que sea distinto el juez que recibe la prueba del que dicta sentencia.
"[Nombre1].-[…] El principio de inmediatez a que tiende el proceso agrario, ha sido considerado como una extensión del principio de oralidad, pues llega a su máxima expresión en un sistema procesal oral. Supone, que la persona juzgadora competente para dictar la sentencia, sea también para la tramitación del proceso y la etapa de recepción de pruebas, y que pueda con ello apreciar directamente todos los aspectos y detalles de la conducta de las partes, los testigos, los peritos, obteniendo así una idea más clara del proceso de la que puede formarse con la simple observación de lo consignado en autos y que esto no sea realizado por intermedio de otra persona.[…]No obstante, su observancia se hace indiscutible respecto de la intervención de personas ajenas a la persona juzgadora en la evacuación o recepción de la prueba, cuando no se posee vinculación con los elementos probatorios o se imposibilita obtener de primera mano, los elementos necesarios para la resolución posterior del conflicto. […] Esta situación no lesiona el principio de inmediatez, pues aún y cuando no son la misma persona juzgadora (en términos físicos) quien realiza la audiencia y la continuación (al día siguiente), conforme la Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria (norma vigente), no existe impedimento legal para que sean diferentes juzgadores quienes por alguna situación particular -que normalmente surge en función de los nombramientos- realice la recepción de la prueba, la tramitación del proceso, o bien la emisión de la sentencia.- [...]Conforme lo señalado, el hecho de que no sea la misma persona juzgadora quien hubiere mantenido la continuación del juicio, no presenta consecuencias procesales, pues no existe en la legislación agraria actualmente vigente, como sanción, la nulidad de la sentencia en estos casos.
Tal y como ampliamente se ha señalado por la jurisprudencia, existen esfuerzos importantes para procurar que en la práctica judicial exista coincidencia de las personas juzgadoras al realizar la realización de las audiencias (cuando ameritan varios días) e incluso ante el dictado de la sentencia dentro del proceso agrario, considerando los beneficios procesales y sustantivos que ello genera, sin embargo por diferentes circunstancias, esto no siempre es posible." ... Ver más Citas de Legislación y Doctrina Sentencias Relacionadas Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: Derecho Procesal Agrario Tema: Principio de libre valoración de la prueba agraria Subtemas:
Apreciación en conciencia requiere el dictado de un fallo fundamentado.
Tema: Valoración de la prueba en materia agraria Subtemas:
Apreciación en conciencia requiere el dictado de un fallo fundamentado.
"VI.- Los demás alegatos, combaten la forma en cómo se apreció la prueba en la sentencia. Al respecto, debe tenerse presente que el numeral 54 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Agraria establece el sistema de la libre valoración probatoria. Ello exige al tribunal estudiar y seleccionar las fuentes de prueba obtenidas, a fin de establecer su eficacia para resolver el conflicto sometido a su conocimiento, a través de la percepción, la representación o reconstrucción y el razonamiento deductivo o inductivo. El tribunal debe expresar los principios de equidad o de derecho sobre los cuales basa su criterio." ... Ver más Citas de Legislación y Doctrina Sentencias Relacionadas Contenido de Interés:
Temas Estrategicos: Ambiental Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: Derecho Agrario Tema: Agroquímicos Subtemas:
Responsabilidad objetiva ante el uso de agroquímicos. Análisis sobre el pago de intereses o indexación sobre monto a indemnizar por daños y perjuicios.
Tema: Daños y perjuicios en materia agraria Subtemas:
Responsabilidad objetiva ante el uso de agroquímicos. Análisis sobre el pago de intereses o indexación sobre monto a indemnizar por daños y perjuicios.
Tema: Responsabilidad agrario ambiental Subtemas:
Responsabilidad objetiva ante el uso de agroquímicos. Análisis sobre el pago de intereses o indexación sobre monto a indemnizar por daños y perjuicios.
Tema: Producción agraria Subtemas:
Responsabilidad objetiva ante el uso de agroquímicos. Análisis sobre el pago de intereses o indexación sobre monto a indemnizar por daños y perjuicios.
Tema: Daños y perjuicios derivados del uso de agroquímicos Subtemas:
Responsabilidad objetiva ante el uso de agroquímicos. Análisis sobre el pago de intereses o indexación sobre monto a indemnizar por daños y perjuicios.
Tema: Daño ambiental Subtemas:
Responsabilidad objetiva ante el uso de agroquímicos. Análisis sobre el pago de intereses o indexación sobre monto a indemnizar por daños y perjuicios.
Tema: Indexación Subtemas:
Análisis sobre el pago de intereses o indexación sobre monto a indemnizar por daños y perjuicios.
Tema: Intereses Subtemas:
Análisis sobre el pago de intereses o indexación sobre monto a indemnizar por daños y perjuicios.
Tema: Daño moral Subtemas:
Responsabilidad objetiva ante el uso de agroquímicos. Análisis sobre el pago de intereses o indexación sobre monto a indemnizar por daños y perjuicios.
"VII.- De la responsabilidad objetiva ante el uso de agroquímicos: En el subjúdice, se pretende la indemnización de daños y perjuicios por la pérdida de una plantación de chile afectada por el uso de un herbicida aplicado por la parte demandada en una finca cercana, que se dedica a ganadería y corta de pasto. Este tipo de casos, se encuentran regulados en los artículos 2, 98 y 101 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y el artículo 32 de la Ley de Protección Fitosanitaria, que disponen el régimen de responsabilidad aplicable, en función del criterio de imputación objetivo, ante la aplicación substancias químicas, biológicas o bioquímicas en la agricultura; y que conllevan en sí, una actividad riesgosa. De acuerdo a dicha normativa, quien la realice está obligado a resarcir los daños y eventuales perjuicios que ocasione.[…] Por otro lado, para ser admitido el reclamo debe existir un daño o perjuicio, el cual debe ser imputable u originado por quien se demanda. […]-Con base en lo dispuesto, en materia de manejo de plaguicidas, el tipo de responsabilidad es objetiva por la teoría del riesgo creado en actividades peligrosas.- Esto genera que exista en cuanto a la carga de la prueba, una dinámica diferente.
Es decir, se genera la inversión de la carga de la prueba, debido a que a la parte actora le compete acreditar la existencia del daño reclamado y la causalidad en grado verosímil. Lo anterior, en función de que la parte demandada haya (en este caso) aplicado o utilizado un producto agroquímico que conllevara la afectación reclamada; mientras que es a la parte demandada, a quien le corresponde acreditar de manera contundente que no fue ella quien generó los daños -en este caso- relacionados con la afectación de la plantación de chile del actor, al aplicarse el agroquímico herbicida "Pastar", cuyo componente principal es el 2-4D, en su inmueble. […]En cuanto al daño moral, de manera reiterada se ha referido que éste proviene de la lesión del derecho extrapatrimonial y supone una perturbación injusta de las condiciones anímicas de la persona. No requiere de una prueba directa y queda a la equitativa valoración del Juez, por lo que los tribunales están facultados para decretar y cuantificar la condena.
Conforme lo expuesto y del análisis de lo acaecido en autos, estima este Tribunal que también procede la indemnización por daño moral. […] XI.- Ahora bien, consecuentemente corresponde analizar respecto de los intereses e indexación pretendidos por el actor. En varios precedentes de la Sala Primera de la Corte se ha sostenido que los intereses sirven para compensar el costo de oportunidad que tuvo que soportar quien no recibió el dinero debido durante el plazo del incumplimiento y, por su parte, la indexación funge como mecanismo para reajustar la pérdida del valor de la moneda por la inflación. […]Los intereses deber ser cancelados a partir de la firmeza de la resolución que establezca el monto total a indemnizar y hasta su efectivo pago.- De tal suerte, no procede la indexación de las sumas que se reclaman en este caso, toda vez que los intereses contienen en sí, la depreciación que valora precisamente el tema de la indexación como componente de ésta.- [Nombre1] considerando que lo sucedido acaece para el año 2018, por lo que la erogación de eventuales montos están ajustados a una realidad actual, sin que se amerite un reajuste adicional conforme lo expuesto." ... Ver más Citas de Legislación y Doctrina Sentencias Relacionadas Firmar Documento * * * * * * ORDINARIO AGRARIO ACTOR/A:
[Nombre12] ARTURO ORDOÑEZ QUIRÓS DEMANDADO/A:
HACIENDA LA FRANCESA BGCS SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA * * * * VOTO N°* 1189-F-20* * * TRIBUNAL AGRARIO. SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL DE SAN JOSÉ.- A las quince horas cero minutos del veintiséis de noviembre de dos mil veinte.-* * PROCESO ORDINARIO establecido por* [Nombre1] , mayor, casado, agricultor, vecino de Bagaces, cédula de identidad CED1 - - ;* contra HACIENDA LA FRANCESA BGCS SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA, cédula jurídica CED2 - - , representada por su presidente con facultades de apoderado generalísimo sin límite de suma, [Nombre2] , mayor, casado, vecino de Grecia, cédula de identidad CED3 - - . Actúa como abogado director de la parte actora, el licenciado Fernando Castrillo Arias, colegiado cuatro mil doscientos cincuenta y seis; de la parte demandada el letrado Ruddy Saborio Sánchez., cédula de identidad CED4 - - , colegiado veintidós mil trescientos ochenta y uno; y el licenciado Raúl Alexander Camacho Alfaro, cédula de identidad CED5 - .* Tramitado ante el Juzgado Agrario del Primer Circuito Judicial de Guanacaste, Liberia.-* RESULTANDO:* * 1.- La parte actora interpone proceso ordinario estimado en la suma de* doscientos sesenta millones de colones, solicitando que en sentencia se declare: "1) Que se declare con lugar en todos los extremos la presente demanda en contra de la sociedad demandada, por ser esta la causante con actuar negligente y falto de cuidado, de la perdida de las treinta y dos mil plantas de chile que el suscrito tenia en producción y que se cayeron en razón de las fumigaciones con herbicidas en la propiedad de la demanda. * 2) Que que se le condene al pago de LOS DAÑOS Y PERJUICIOS CAUSADOS AL SUSCRITO LOS CUALES DETALLO A CONTINUACIÓN: DAÑOS: Todos los daños y perjuicios que se solicitan a continuación, FUERON OCASIONADOS POR EL ACTUAR IRRESPONSABLE, LA FALTA DE CUIDADO Y EL DESINTERÉS DE LA PARTE DEMANDADA AL FUMIGAR SUS TIERRAS CON UN HERBICIDA TAN DAÑINO Y VOLÁTIL COMO EL PASTAR, LOS DÍAS 2 Y 3 DE OCTUBRE DEL PRESENTE AÑO, HERBICIDA QUE CAYÓ SOBRE TODA NUESTRA PLANTACIÓN DE CHILE DE 32 MIL MATAS EN PERFECTO ESTADO , Y QUE LAS MATÓ , A PESAR DE HABER SIDO ADVERTIDOS CON ANTELACIÓN DE QUE SE IBA A SEMBRAR EL CHILE , DE QUE ESTABA SEMBRADO, CUANDO YA LO PLANTAMOS, OCASIONANDO LOS DAÑOS Y LOS PERJUICIOS QUE A CONTINUACIÓN SE DESCRIBEN: Daño Material: Los 22,438,419,82 COLONES de la inversión realizada por el suscrito en la plantación de chile para lograr ponerla a producir.
Todo este dinero fue el invertido hasta el día 1 de octubre, antes de la intoxicación por el Herbicida, y otra parte de este monto se invirtió posteriormente para tratar de salvar la plantación afectada , lo que se extiende hasta el 29 de octubre sin éxito. Todas estas fechas en el presente año. Todo esto se describe en el cronograma que se aporta como prueba de todo lo que se le hizo a la plantación. Daño Moral: La suma de CINCUENTA MILLONES DE COLONES, por todo el sufrimiento, y la tensión que esta situación ha causado en el suscrito y en mi familia, en especial mi esposa que ha sido el soporte más importante en todo esto. Tome en cuenta su Autoridad que todo nuestro capital se invirtió en esta plantación, y ahora no contamos con un cinco para poder sobrevivir. PERJUICIOS: El único perjuicios causado es el LUCRO CESANTE, esto en razón de la perdida de la plantación , que tenía un total de treinta y dos mil plantas de chile en perfecto estado de cuidado y crecimiento , con una expectativa de producción de 180 millones de colones aproximadamente lo que se va a determinar con mayor claridad y exactitud en el peritaje que ofreceremos como prueba la próxima semana realizado por el [Nombre3] Bustos, especialista en esta materia.
INTERESES: Que se le condene al pago de los intereses desde el momento en que se causa al daño a la plantación el día 2 de octubre del 2018 , sobre los montos antes solicitados y hasta el pago efectivo de los mismos, calculados de conformidad con la tasa de interés legal. COSTAS: Que se le condene a la parte actora al pago de las costas tanto personales como procesales de la presente demanda. INDEXACIÓN: Que su Autoridad, en el momento del dictado de la Sentencia, proceda a la actualización de los montos solicitados en razón de los daños y perjuicios, considerando el plazo transcurrido desde la interposición de esta demanda hasta el dictado de la sentencia, esto según los aumentos que se den en el costo de la vida." (ver demanda incorporada en 09/11/2018 02:10:32).- Presenta además incidente de hechos nuevos según memorial incorporado en fecha 12 de mayor del 2019. (ver memorial incorporado en 02/05/2019 09:42:54)* * 2.-* La parte demandada* contestó la demanda incoada en su contra e interpuso las excepciones de falta de derecho, falta de legitimación activa y pasiva.
(ver memorial incorporado en 12/12/2018 10:51:04) * * 3.-* Mediante resolución número 246-A-2019 de las once horas y diecisiete minutos del veintisiete de setiembre del año dos mil diecinueve, se resolvió incidente de hechos nuevos planteado por la parte actora en memorial incorporado el 22 de mayo del 2019.- En su parte dispositiva la referida resolución indica: "POR TANTO: Se declara SIN LUGAR EL PRESENTE INCIDENTE DE HECHOS NUEVOS. Se resuelve sin especial condenatoria en costas" (ver sentencia incorporada en 27/09/2019 11:17:27).* * 4.- El juez* Rodrigo Valverde Umaña, del Juzgado Agrario del Primer Circuito Judicial de Guanacaste, Liberia, en sentencia número 300-S-2019, de las* catorce horas y cincuenta y siete minutos del diecinueve de diciembre del año dos mil diecinueve, resolvió:* “POR* TANTO: Se declara sin lugar las EXCEPCIONES DE, FALTA DE DERECHO, FALTA DE LEGITIMACIÓN ACTIVA.
Se declara con lugar, la EXCEPCIÓN FALTA DE LEGITIMACIÓN PASIVA. Se declara SIN LUGAR la presente demanda en todos sus extremos. Se condena a la parte actora al pago de ambas costas. Notifíquese.", (ver sentencia incorporada en* 19/12/2019 14:57:40).-* * 5-* El licenciado Fernando Castrillo Arias, en su condición de apoderado* especial judicial de [Nombre1] , interpuso* recurso de apelación con indicación expresa de las razones en que se apoyaron para refutar la tesis del juzgado de instancia (ver recurso incorporado en 09/01/2020 08:52:03).-* * 6.- En la substanciación del proceso* se han observado las prescripciones legales, y no se observa la existencia de errores u omisiones capaces de producir la nulidad del fallo.* * Redacta la jueza Sánchez Blanco; * CONSIDERANDO: * * I.- Previo a entrar al análisis de este asunto, denota este Tribunal un aspecto de orden procesal que resulta pertinente aclarar.
Mediante resolución número 246-A-2019 de las once horas y diecisiete minutos del veintisiete de setiembre del año dos mil diecinueve, se resolvió incidente de hechos nuevos planteado por la parte actora,* en el cual alegó que la demandada podía estar vendiendo la finca y con ello imposibilitar la posibilidad de lograr el resarcimiento de los daños y perjuicios reclamados* (ver escrito incorporado en 22/05/2019 09:42:54).- En su parte dispositiva la referida resolución indica: "POR TANTO: Se declara SIN LUGAR EL PRESENTE INCIDENTE DE HECHOS NUEVOS. Se resuelve sin especial condenatoria en costas" (ver sentencia incorporada en 27/09/2019 11:17:27).- Por su naturaleza, este tipo de incidencias se encuentran reguladas en el artículo 42 de la Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria y el artículo 35.6 del Código Procesal Civil aplicado supletoriamente en materia agraria.- De este modo, tal y como se desprende del articulado su conocimiento debe realizarse hasta sentencia, a excepción si el rechazo resulta de plano por evidente improcedencia de la gestión, cuando se trata en realidad, por ejemplo, de un ofrecimiento de prueba.
En el presente caso, resuelve el juzgador de instancia en auto previo a la emisión de la sentencia el rechazo por el fondo al considerar que en sus alegatos la parte actora acude al incidente de mérito, no para ampliar la demanda en cuanto a hechos, sino con el propósito único de obtener, de acuerdo a su dicho, una medida cautelar.- Si bien la técnica empleada por el juzgador no es la correcta, lo anterior no influye en la validez de la sentencia debido a que conforme lo señaló el juzgador de instancia, no es dable el planteamiento de este tipo de incidencias para obtener medidas cautelares, resultando evidentemente improcedente. Amén de que dicha resolución no fue recurrida por ninguna de las partes, conformándose con lo dispuesto.- * * II.- Se avalan los hechos tenidos por demostrados números 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18 y 19 por ser reflejo de las pruebas.- Se avala el hecho 1 pero se le adiciona: Que la parte actora para el dos mil dieciocho sembró chile dentro del terreno inscrito en el Registro Público Partido de Guanacaste número CED6 - , con el plano G- UN MILLÓN TRESCIENTOS UN MIL NOVECIENTOS DOCE- DOS MIL OCHO.
Sito en el lugar conocido como El Chile de Bagaces de Guanacaste.- Se avala el hecho 2 pero se le adiciona: Que el actor para el mes de agosto del dos mil dieciocho, procede a la siembra de chile en la finca arrendada frente a calle [Dirección1], cuyas variedades fueron de Chile Nathalie, Chile 15-4212 y Chile 15-4215, en una cantidad aproximada* de treinta y dos mil matas.- Se avala el hecho 5 pero se modifica para que se lea así: Que el herbicida comercial Pastar 36 SL, es de baja volatilidad, ya que los dos componente que lo constituyen; Aminopyralid y 2,4-D; vienen formulados en forma de sales (sal trisopropanolamina); las cuales en condiciones ideales de temperatura se consideran de baja volatilidad. En condiciones ventosas puede ocasionar una deriva de largas distancias, de hasta por un kilómetro de espacio.- No se avalan los hechos 4, 17, 21 y 22 por ser contrarios al reflejo de las pruebas.- Por su importancia y en función de lo que es motivo de apelación se tiene por acreditado además: 23) En la primera semana de octubre del año 2018, la demandada Hacienda La Francesa realizó en su inmueble matrícula [Placa1] - () del Partido de Guanacaste, control de malezas con aplicación de herbicida Pastar, en cuyos componentes se presenta el 2-4D.
(contestación hecho quinto de demanda, además ver declaraciones de [Nombre4] , [Nombre5] , [Nombre6] , [Nombre7] , [Nombre8] , [Nombre9] incorporadas en cd).- 24 ) Para los días posteriores al cinco de octubre del año dos mil dieciocho, las matas de chile de la plantación del actor presentaron afectación en sus hojas y tallos con enrollamiento de cogollos, manchas amarillas, crecimiento hipertrófico ocasionados por intoxicación con herbicida, lo que generó * la pérdida de la totalidad del cultivo, aunque algunas matas se afectaron en mayor grado que otras. (ver reconocimiento judicial del 16 de noviembre del 2018, además informes privados incorporados en 09/11/2018 y declaraciones de [Nombre10] , [Nombre11] , y [Nombre12] y también declaración de [Nombre6] , incorporadas en disco compacto).-
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