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Res. 17950-2017 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 08/11/2017
OutcomeResultado
The transitional provision II of the Drinking Water Quality Regulation (Decree 39144-S) is declared unconstitutional for violating the precautionary principle and the rights to life, health, and a healthy environment.Se declara inconstitucional el transitorio II del Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable (Decreto 39144-S) por violar el principio precautorio y los derechos a la vida, la salud y un ambiente sano.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Court reviewed a claim against Executive Decree No. 39144-S, which added a transitional provision to the Drinking Water Quality Regulation (Decree No. 38924-S). This provision suspended for three years the application of the original table of pesticide residue parameters—which used global maximum admissible values—and replaced it with a table of individual values, many using the category "Not Detectable by Method" (ND) instead of a concrete numeric value. The petitioner argued that the decree violated the rights to life, health, and a healthy environment, as well as the precautionary principle. The Court held that the transitional provision was unconstitutional because it represented a regression in public health protection without technical justification and contravened the precautionary principle by failing to ensure drinking water safety against toxic pesticides. The provision was annulled effective from the date of the ruling, without prejudice to potential liability for damages occurring while it was in force.La Sala Constitucional conoció una acción de inconstitucionalidad contra el Decreto Ejecutivo No. 39144-S, que adicionó un transitorio al Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable (Decreto No. 38924-S). Este transitorio suspendía por tres años la aplicación del cuadro de parámetros de residuos de plaguicidas originalmente establecido con valores máximos admisibles globales, y en su lugar ponía a regir una tabla con valores individuales, donde en muchos casos se utilizaba la categoría "No Detectable por Método" (ND) en lugar de un valor concreto. El accionante alegó que el decreto violaba los derechos a la vida, la salud y un ambiente sano, así como el principio precautorio. La Sala determinó que el transitorio era inconstitucional por constituir una regresión en la protección de la salud pública, sin respaldo técnico, y por ignorar el principio precautorio al no garantizar la inocuidad del agua potable frente a plaguicidas tóxicos. Anuló el transitorio con efectos a partir de la fecha de la resolución, dejando a salvo posibles acciones de responsabilidad por daños ocurridos durante su vigencia.
Key excerptExtracto clave
VI.- On the complainant's arguments where violations of Constitutional Law ARE found.- Of all the arguments made by the complainant, it was found that, indeed, the Regulation for the Quality of Drinking Water (Executive Decree No. 38924-S) is unconstitutional for violating the Precautionary Principle in environmental matters and the fundamental rights to life, health and environment, to the extent explained below. (...) Certainly the amendment to the regulation in question makes no reference to technical studies ensuring that the change in parameters to determine the maximum admissible value of pesticides in water will not cause harm to people's health. The only thing mentioned is that there should be gradualness in compliance with the Regulation, but there is no support for this, neither technical nor legal. Aggravating this is the fact that 30% of the chemical components do not even have a maximum permitted value, but are listed as ND (not detectable by method). Thus, there is a temporary shift from a rule with established parameters, numerical and global, to a rule with individual and even indeterminate values.VI.- Sobre los alegatos del accionante donde SI se encuentran violaciones al Derecho de la Constitución.- De todos los alegatos que realiza el accionante, se encontró que, en efecto, el Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable (Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38924-S) resulta inconstitucional por violentar el Principio precautorio en materia ambiental y los derechos fundamentales a la vida, salud y ambiente, con los alcances que se explica a continuación. (...) Ciertamente la reforma al reglamento en cuestión, no hace alusión alguna a estudios técnicos que garanticen que el cambio de parámetros para determinar el valor máximo admisible de plaguicidas en el agua no ocasionará daños a la salud de las personas. Lo único que se menciona es que debe haber gradualidad en el cumplimiento del Reglamento, pero no hay sustento alguno en ello, ni técnico, ni jurídico. Con el agravante de que, un porcentaje de 30% de los componentes químicos, ni siquiera tienen un valor máximo permitido, sino que se consignan como ND (no detectable por método). Así se pasa temporalmente de una norma con parámetros establecidos, número y globalmente, a una norma con valores individuales y hasta indeterminados.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Para garantizar el derecho a la salud y a la vida, es esencial la adopción por parte del Estado, de medidas de control efectivo de la calidad del agua potable para consumo humano."
"To guarantee the right to health and life, it is essential that the State adopt effective control measures for the quality of drinking water for human consumption."
Considerando VI
"Para garantizar el derecho a la salud y a la vida, es esencial la adopción por parte del Estado, de medidas de control efectivo de la calidad del agua potable para consumo humano."
Considerando VI
"Se pasa temporalmente de una norma con parámetros establecidos, número y globalmente, a una norma con valores individuales y hasta indeterminados."
"There is a temporary shift from a rule with established parameters, numerical and global, to a rule with individual and even indeterminate values."
Considerando VI
"Se pasa temporalmente de una norma con parámetros establecidos, número y globalmente, a una norma con valores individuales y hasta indeterminados."
Considerando VI
"La reforma al reglamento en cuestión, no hace alusión alguna a estudios técnicos que garanticen que el cambio de parámetros para determinar el valor máximo admisible de plaguicidas en el agua no ocasionará daños a la salud de las personas."
"The amendment to the regulation in question makes no reference to technical studies ensuring that the change in parameters to determine the maximum admissible value of pesticides in water will not cause harm to people's health."
Considerando VI
"La reforma al reglamento en cuestión, no hace alusión alguna a estudios técnicos que garanticen que el cambio de parámetros para determinar el valor máximo admisible de plaguicidas en el agua no ocasionará daños a la salud de las personas."
Considerando VI
Full documentDocumento completo
Constitutional Chamber Date of Resolution: November 8, 2017 at 10:31 a.m.
Case File: 16-015608-0007-CO Type of Matter: Unconstitutionality action Constitutional Review: Upholding judgment Relevance Indicators Relevant Judgment Related Judgments Content of Interest:
Type of content: Majority vote Branch of Law: 1. POLITICAL CONSTITUTION WITH JURISPRUDENCE Topic: 050- Environment Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
Topic: UNCONSTITUTIONALITY ACTION Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
"the Regulation for the Quality of Drinking Water (Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable, Executive Decree No. 38924-S) is unconstitutional because it violates the Precautionary Principle in environmental matters and the fundamental rights to life, health and the environment (...) because the pesticides contained in the Table of the decree are highly toxic chemical compounds, and for a large number no reference values are specified but rather an ND (non-detectable), aggravated by the fact that the maximum admissible value depends on the method, and the decree does not specify any method." Judgment 17950-17 ... See more Content of Interest:
Type of content: Majority vote Branch of Law: 3. MATTERS OF CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW Topic: ENVIRONMENT Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
017950-17. ENVIRONMENT. DECREE ON THE USE OF PESTICIDES IN DRINKING WATER. Executive Decree No. 39144-S adding a transitional provision to Executive Decree No. 38924-S of January 12, 2015. Regulation for the Quality of Drinking Water (Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable) ... See more *160156080007CO* CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at ten thirty-one hours on November 8, two thousand and seventeen.
Unconstitutionality action brought by RIGOBERTO ODILON GERARDO BLANCO SAENZ, seeking a declaration that Executive Decree No. 39144-S, which adds a transitional provision to Executive Decree No. 38924-S of January 12, 2015, -Regulation for the Quality of Drinking Water (Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable)- is unconstitutional, considering it contrary to articles 7, 11, 21, 50, 139(3), 140(4) and (8), and 191 of the Political Constitution and various international instruments on environmental matters. Also intervening in the proceeding were the representative of the Office of the Attorney General (Procuraduría General de la República) and the representative of the Ministry of Health (Ministerio de Salud). Whereas: 1.- By brief received at the Secretariat of the Chamber at 10:30 a.m. on November 7, 2016, the petitioner requests that the transitional provision of the Regulation for the Quality of Drinking Water (Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable, Executive Decree No. 38924-S of January 12, 2015), enacted through Executive Decree No. 39144-S, be declared unconstitutional.
The rule is challenged insofar as on September 1, 2015, Executive Decree No. 39144-S, which adds a transitional provision to Executive Decree No. 38924-S of January 12, 2015, Regulation for the Quality of Drinking Water (Reglamento para la calidad del agua potable), was published in the digital edition of La Gaceta No. 69, of September 1, 2015, No. 170. There is no evidence or reference in La Gaceta that this Executive Decree complied with the publicity and consultation procedure established by the Regulation for the Preparation of National Technical Regulations (Reglamento para elaborar Reglamentos Técnicos Nacionales). The challenged Decree regulates maximum amounts of pesticides in drinking water, and these products, being subject to international trade, fall, due to their characteristics, within the Regulations that must be consulted. He notes that the pesticides contained in Table 1 of the challenged Decree are chemical compounds of high toxicity, recognized by the scientific and medical community and, despite this, there is a lack of technical rigor for their applicability, since the established regulatory values are not quantitative.
He considers that neither of the two Decrees, No. 38924-S or No. 39144-S, specifies which analytical methods must be used to conduct water analyses. He indicates that the challenged Decree references the document Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories, EPA USA, 2012, for the Maximum Acceptable Value (Valor Máximo Aceptable, VMA) values, but the values recorded in that document are different from those indicated in the Table of the Decree in question; the selection of ND for the Maximum Admissible Value (Valor Máximo Admisible) for these pesticides is not used in the EPA document given as a reference in the challenged Decree. He adds that the definition of Maximum Admissible Values (Valores Máximos Admisibles), in a regulation intended to protect people's health and life in terms of Non-Detectable by Method, is contrary to good Analytical Chemistry practices, as it does not allow for the selection of an adequate methodology to determine the regulated concentrations and the basic public health criterion for defining maximum permissible values (which are reference values), which is based on a risk assessment criterion, as established by the World Health Organization.
He questions what observations and comments were made, according to Considering Clause (Considerando) 5 of the challenged Decree, that could be more relevant than protecting people's health and life, which omits the surveillance of pesticides in water for human consumption for three years, leaving the population exposed and suspending surveillance. Furthermore, he continues, he does not see how a 36-month amnesty can be progressive, since what it means is that for three years the Ministry of Health (Ministerio de Salud) authorizes the consumption of water whether contaminated or not, as analyses will not be performed since Table 4 of Executive Decree No. 38924-S, containing the same suspended values, does not "exist." He maintains that the health authorities persist in ignoring the Precautionary Principle (Principio Precautorio) with the challenged Decree, which delays or postpones immediate actions to protect human health and life without any justification, failing in their fundamental duties.
He considers that there is a breach, by the State, of its legal and constitutional obligation to ensure the protection of the population's health, since, in a capricious manner and without any scientific reason to do so, it renders ineffective a technical regulation governing the concentrations of pesticide residues in drinking water, thus preventing the surveillance of the possible presence of toxic substances in drinking water, putting the population at risk. He considers that the challenged Decree violates articles 7 and 11 of the Constitution, due to the omission in complying with the precautionary principle (principio de precaución), incorporated in the Stockholm Convention, the Rio Declaration, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, and the Uruguay Round. He indicates that the legislation allows the government to issue a Decree which, in the absence of scientific certainty about the deleterious effects of pesticides and given the possibility of serious or irreversible harm to the health of the population and the environment, precautionarily prohibits them until there is evidence that this possibility does not exist or is negligible, in a legitimate and responsible manner.
However, here the opposite is done, omitting compliance with the precautionary principle (principio precautorio). Also, he continues, article 11 of the Constitution is violated by the Minister's breach of his legal and constitutional obligation to ensure the protection of the population's health, given that, without any scientific reason for doing so, he renders ineffective a technical regulation governing the concentrations of pesticide residues in drinking water, preventing the surveillance of the possible presence of toxic substances in drinking water, putting the population at risk. He perceives a violation of article 33 of the Political Constitution through arbitrary and non-transparent conduct, by omitting the procedure established in the Regulation for the Preparation of National Technical Regulations (Reglamento para elaborar Reglamentos Técnicos Nacionales) and favoring the "authorities of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería) and certain organizations" to suspend for three years the application of a regulation that, rightly or wrongly, aims to protect people's health.
He considers article 50 of the Constitution violated due to the potential causation of irreparable damages and injuries to the population, which will be supplied with water it believes is potable, but which could contain toxic pesticides. He perceives a violation of the principle of legal reserve (principio de reserva de ley) and the principle of legality, given that, by way of decree, fundamental rights such as personal liberty, personal dignity, the right to life, physical integrity, the right to honor, personal privacy, and the right to health are regulated; regulation reserved to the law. He accuses a violation of the principle of separation of powers since the Executive Branch, by way of decree, regulated matters reserved to the legislature, as provided in article 149(3) of the Political Constitution, these being matters that threaten people's lives, by exposing them to unknown risks, by eliminating the obligation to monitor the presence of toxic, carcinogenic, and genotoxic substances in drinking water, arbitrarily and without any technical justification.
He considers the right of consumers to protect their life and environment -article 46 of the Constitution- is violated by withholding prior information about a Decree that affects the sanitary quality of a good as fundamental to life and health as water. Also, he continues, the challenged rule violates the right to life and a healthy environment -articles 21 and 50 of the Constitution-, with the potential exposure of the population to pesticides recognized as toxic, capable of systematically affecting the human organism. He considers the principle of citizen participation -article 9 of the Constitution- is violated because the Executive Branch did not submit the draft of the challenged Decree to public consultation, which prevented citizens and other bodies from opining on its advisability or not, despite being a matter of national interest, insofar as it authorizes the absence of control, for 36 months, of the presence of toxic substances in water..
Regarding Decree 39144, it was based, as stated in its heading, on the provisions of several laws that give it valid support, from a formal standpoint, for its promulgation: Law 5412/1973, Organic Law of the Ministry of Health, Article 2, subsection c (exercising control and oversight of the activities of natural and legal persons in health matters, ensuring compliance with pertinent laws, regulations, and standards, as a function of the Ministry of Health); Law 5395/1973, General Health Law, Articles 1 (protection of the population's health by the State), 2 (ensuring the population's health as a function of the State, through the Ministry of Health, with the authority to issue regulations in this matter), 4 (subjection of every person to the mandates of that law, its regulations, and the orders issued by health authorities in the exercise of their powers), 7 (public order nature of the General Health Law, its regulations, and administrative provisions relating to health), 264 (water for human consumption as a public utility good), 265 (physical, chemical, and biological characteristics that potable water must meet, in accordance with the potability standards of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau approved by the Government), 266 (water supplies in the country must meet the technical specifications issued by the Executive Branch), 268 (the subjection of all potable water supplies to the control of the Ministry of Health regarding the quality of water supplied to the population and its competence to ensure that the constituent elements of the system guarantee adequate and safe supply), 272 (those engaged in supplying water for drinking must submit to the regulatory provisions of the Ministry of Health), etc. From which it follows that the Executive Branch has not regulated matters reserved to the Law without support in an enabling legal norm, so as to attribute to its regulatory action a violation of the principle of legal reserve and the consequent articles of the Constitution that contemplate it.
In the regulated aspect, the pertinent norms of the General Health Law require for their application an infra-legal development that sets the quality parameters for potable water, including the maximum permitted limits of pesticide residues in it. In this regard, this Chamber has stated that "it is usual for the legislator to entrust the Executive Branch with determining the scope of legislation, when it must be adapted to technical and scientific criteria, since laws cannot be exhaustive, much less enjoy the flexibility and adaptability to new requirements as regulations do. The foregoing is supported by the fact that this type of regulation need not go through formal procedures and processes, which are normally characteristic of legal provisions that pathologically suffer from slowness" (judgment 6400/2011). It goes without saying that the Executive Branch, when developing the general precepts of a law, must keep their content unchanged, without contradicting them or producing an opposite effect which, in this case, would be to fail to protect health, an aspect that will be addressed.
Drafted by Judge Cruz Castro; and,
Considering:
I.Object of the challenge.- The plaintiff challenges the transitional provision of the Regulation for Potable Water Quality (Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable) (Executive Decree No. 38924-S, of January 12, 2015) added by Executive Decree No. 39144-S. The challenged decree provides as follows:
"Article 1.- Add a transitional article to Executive Decree No. 38924-S of January 12, 2015 'Regulation for Potable Water Quality', so that henceforth it reads as follows:
"Transitional Provision II.- The parameters contained in Table 5 (Water Quality Parameters - Fourth Level N 4) of Annex 1 of this Executive Decree shall enter into force once the 3-year period has elapsed, counted from the entry into force of this Executive Decree.
During said 3 (three) year period, the interested parties must comply with the values established in the following Table 4:
PESTICIDE RESIDUES (N4) WHO PARAMETER (Active Ingredient) Maximum admissible value (ug/L) Alachlor N.D(*) Aldicarb N.D Aldrin/dieldrin N.D Atrazine 2 Bentazone 300 Carbofuran N.D Chlordane N.D 2,4 D 30 2,4DB N.D DDTa N.D Dibromochloropropane N.D Dichloropropane 20 Dichlorprop 100 Heptachlor-epoxide N.D Isoproturon 9 Lindane N.D Mecoprop 10 Methoxychlor 10 Molinate 6 Pentachlorophenol (PCP) N.D Pendimethalin 20 Permethrin 20 Propanil 20 Pyridate 100 Simazine 2 2,4,5-T N.D Trifluralin 20 EPA Ametryn 60 Bentazon 200 Bromacil N.D Chlorpyrifos 2 Cyanazine 1 Diazinon 1 Dicamba 400 Dinoseb 70 Disulfoton 7 Diuron N.D Fenamiphos 7 Glyphosate N.D Hexazinone 40 Isophorone 10 Malathion 50 Maleic hydrazide 400 MCPA 30 Methomyl 200 Methoxychlor 40 Methyl Parathion 1 Metolachlor 70 Metribuzin 7 Paraquat 30 Propazine 10 Terbufos 0.4 Trifluralin 10 Triadimefon N.D Source: World Health Organization (2012 Edition of the Drinking Water Standard and Health Advisories, US EPA N.D(*): Not detectable by method.
The pesticide residues indicated in the table with this nomenclature correspond to pesticides prohibited in the country, and to pesticides indicated in the votes of the Constitutional Chamber, additionally as a precautionary principle the pesticide residues not contemplated in this table." The Water Quality parameters contained in Table 5 of Decree 38924, whose application is suspended for three years, are:
TABLE 5. Water Quality Parameters Fourth Level (N4) PESTICIDE RESIDUES PARAMETER Maximum Admissible Value (VMA) μg/L Pesticides (a) 0.10 Organochlorine pesticides (b) 0.03 Total pesticides (c) 0.50 (a) By "Pesticides" is meant: organic insecticides, organic herbicides, organic fungicides, organic nematocides, organic acaricides, organic algaecides, organic rodenticides, organic molluscicides, related products (growth regulators) and their pertinent metabolites and degradation and reaction products. It is only necessary to control those pesticides that are likely to be present in a given supply. If present in the supply and the treatment system is implemented, these must be evaluated on a monthly basis. (b) Substances prohibited for use in the country, but which due to their persistence in Costa Rica could be found in waters given their long half-life in the environment and their extensive use in previous times. (c) By "Total pesticides" is meant the sum of all pesticides detected and quantified in the control procedure. The plaintiff considers that said decree is unconstitutional by virtue of the fact that it violates:
It is the responsibility of the Health Area to submit a semi-annual report on compliance or non-compliance with drinking water quality regulations, and in the event of non-compliance, to issue a sanitary order (article 12) and to conduct random sampling (article 16). The Ministry of Health must publish, via decrees, the maximum permissible values for any contaminant not covered in annex I of the regulation (article 19). Its entry into force is established as of September 1, 2015. However, on that same day, an amendment was made, adding a Transitional Provision II that granted a three-year period (a period that would expire on September 1, 2018) for compliance with the parameters contained in table 5 of annex I, during which time they must comply with the parameters of the table indicated. Comparing both tables, table 5 establishes maximum permissible values (MPVs) for pesticides (0.10), prohibited-use substances (0.03), for a total of pesticides of 0.50 ug/L.
In contrast, the table in the transitional provision establishes an individual maximum permissible value (MPV) for each active ingredient, with 16 of them (corresponding to 30% of the total) marked ND, meaning “non-detectable by method,” which correspond to pesticides prohibited in the country and to those indicated in the rulings of the Constitutional Chamber. The rest have individual values ranging from 2 to 400 ug/L. This shows that said transitional provision is significantly MORE permissive regarding the presence of pesticides in drinking water.
V.Regarding the petitioner’s allegations in which NO violations of Constitutional Rights are found.- Of all the allegations made by the petitioner, no violation of Constitutional Rights was found concerning the following:
VI.Regarding the petitioner’s allegations in which violations of Constitutional Rights ARE found.- Of all the allegations made by the petitioner, it is found that, indeed, the Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable (Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38924-S) is unconstitutional for violating the Precautionary Principle in environmental matters and the fundamental rights to life, health, and environment, with the scope explained below. The petitioner argues that Decree 39144 was issued with a lack of scientific certainty regarding the deleterious effects of pesticides and the potential damage to the health of the population and the environment. Faced with the possible causing of irreparable damages and injuries to the population, which will be supplied with water it believes to be potable but that could contain the most toxic pesticides. This is because the pesticides contained in the Table of the decree are chemical compounds of high toxicity, and for a large number, reference values are not specified but rather an ND (non-detectable), with the aggravating factor that the maximum permissible value depends on the method, and the decree does not specify any method.
In this regard, the PGR in its report considers that the transgression of said principle would occur if it is considered that the reform does not adequately regulate the maximum permissible values of pesticides in water for it to be potable. It considers that the transitional provision introduced could present the constitutional frictions invoked, by decreasing the protection of the right to health, life, and the environment, by suspending for a period of three years the application of table 5 and instead putting into effect a table that does not contemplate a global maximum permissible value, but rather individual ones for some pesticides. Furthermore, the maximum permissible value for some of the compounds is not established through a specific number, but rather an ND: non-detectable by method. Thus, there is a temporary shift from a norm with established parameters, numerical and global, to one with individual and even indeterminate values.
Nor is any reference made to technical studies that guarantee that the change in parameters to determine the maximum permissible value of pesticides in water will not cause damage to people’s health. The lack of a standard method for conducting pesticide studies in water could generate the obtaining of diverse values, to the detriment of human health. For its part, the Ministry of Health indicates that Decree No. 39144-S incorporated the pesticides regulated by the EPA and the WHO and those not covered by these international agencies regarding ND as an analytical result of the precautionary principle. Three aspects were considered for the amendment to Decree No. 38924-S: respecting the mandate of the Chamber regarding the absence of pesticide residues in water sources (bromacil, diuron, triadimefon); pesticides prohibited in the country, absence in drinking water, and the precautionary principle; absence of pesticides not regulated by the EPA and WHO.
Decree No. 38924-S adheres to the strengthening and sanitary inspection related to sources by applying the SERSA Inspection Guide, which determines and categorizes risk factors in taking measures to avoid contamination of supplies. From all of this, this Chamber considers that the petitioner and the PGR are correct in their arguments. To guarantee the right to health and to life, the adoption by the State of effective control measures for the quality of drinking water for human consumption is essential. Specifically, the Ministry of Health has the duty to exercise effective control and surveillance in order to guarantee the protection and improvement of the population’s health status. Thus, this Ministry of Health has the obligation to regulate and monitor the presence of chemical substances, biological and physical agents in water for human consumption, as this can affect human health and the balance of ecosystems.
In this sense, the issuance of the questioned regulation is understood. However, this Chamber finds no technical support nor proper justification for having included a Transitional Provision II that “suspends” for three years the application of more rigorous parameters and allows, therefore, maximum permissible values of pesticides at levels higher than those initially regulated. This evidently constituted a regression, which finds no justification whatsoever in the above duties of protecting public health through the regulation of the quality of water for human consumption, and which is contrary to the application of the precautionary principle in environmental matters. Certainly, the reform to the regulation in question makes no mention whatsoever of technical studies guaranteeing that the change in parameters to determine the maximum permissible value of pesticides in water will not cause damage to people’s health.
The only thing mentioned is that there must be gradualness in compliance with the Regulation, but there is no support for this, neither technical nor legal. With the aggravating factor that 30% of the chemical components do not even have a maximum permitted value, but rather are designated as ND (non-detectable by method). Thus, there is a temporary shift from a norm with established parameters, numerical and global, to a norm with individual and even indeterminate values. Finally, regarding the alleged unconstitutionality by omission concerning the lack of methods, certainly neither the table nor the transitional provision establish specific methods. However, the reference to methods is found in article 10 of the Regulation when paragraph b) indicates “The reference methods for analysis are those indicated in the latest edition of the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.” Thus, the alleged omission regarding methods was not evidenced.
VII.Conclusion.- Transitional Provision II of the Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable (Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38924-S) added by Decreto Ejecutivo No. 39144-S does not violate the principle of citizen participation, the principle of legal reservation (reserva legal), nor the autonomy of the Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social. However, because said transitional provision makes no mention whatsoever of technical studies guaranteeing that the change in parameters to determine the maximum permissible value of pesticides in water will not cause damage to people’s health; because several of the chemical components do not even have a maximum permitted value, but rather are designated as ND (non-detectable by method); and because there is a temporary shift from a norm with established parameters, numerical and global, to a norm with individual and even indeterminate values; this Chamber considers that said transitional provision violates the Precautionary Principle in environmental matters and the fundamental rights to Life, health, and environment related to the consumption of drinking water.
Consequently, the granting of this action is appropriate, proceeding to annul the transitional provision, but in order not to cause serious disruption to legal certainty, said annulment proceeds as of the date of this resolution. The foregoing, of course, without prejudice to possible liability actions that could arise on the occasion of possible damages that the parameters established in the cited Transitional Provision II may have caused during the months in which they were in effect.
Therefore:
The action is declared WITH merit; consequently, Transitional Provision II of the Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable (Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38924-S) added by Decreto Ejecutivo No. 39144-S is declared unconstitutional. The effects of this judgment are dimensioned so that the annulment of the aforementioned provision is as of the date of this resolution, without prejudice to possible liability actions that could arise on the occasion of possible damages that the parameters established in the cited Transitional Provision II may have caused during the months in which they were in effect. Let this pronouncement be published in the Diario Oficial La Gaceta and published in its entirety in the Boletín Judicial. Notify the Executive Branch. Let it be notified.- Ernesto Jinesta L.
Fernando Cruz C. Fernando Castillo V.
Nancy Hernández L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
José P. Hernández G Ronald Salazar Murillo L/03 Classification prepared by SALA CONSTITUCIONAL of the Poder Judicial. Its reproduction and/or distribution in onerous form is prohibited.
It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 23-02-2026 15:18:03.
Control constitucional: Sentencia estimatoria Indicadores de Relevancia Sentencia relevante Sentencias Relacionadas Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 1. CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: 050- Ambiente Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
Tema: ACCIÓN DE INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
“el Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable (Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38924-S) resulta inconstitucional por violentar el Principio precautorio en materia ambiental y los derechos fundamentales a la vida, salud y ambiente (…)por cuanto los plaguicidas contenidos en la Tabla del decreto son compuestos químicos de alta toxicidad, y para un gran número no se precisan valores de referencia sino un ND (no detectable), con el agravante de que el valor máximo admisible depende del método, siendo que el decreto no especifica método alguno.” Sentencia 17950-17 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 3. ASUNTOS DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
017950-17. AMBIENTE. DECRETO SOBRE USO DE PLAGUICIDAS EN AGUA POTABLE. Decreto Ejecutivo No. 39144-S que adiciona un transitorio al Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38924-S del 12-01-2015. Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable ... Ver más *160156080007CO* SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las diez horas y treinta y uno minutos de ocho de noviembre de dos mil diecisiete.
Acción de inconstitucionalidad promovida por RIGOBERTO ODILON GERARDO BLANCO SAENZ, para que se declare inconstitucional el Decreto Ejecutivo No. 39144-S que adiciona un transitorio al Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38924-S, del 12 de enero de 2015, -Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable- por estimarlo contrario a los artículos 7, 11, 21, 50, 139, inciso 3), 140, incisos 4) y 8) y 191 de la Constitución Política y diversos instrumentos internacionales en materia ambiental. Intervinieron también en el proceso el representante de la Procuraduría General de la República y el representante del Ministerio de Salud. Resultando: 1.- Por escrito recibido en la Secretaría de la Sala a las 10:30 horas del 07 de noviembre del 2016, el accionante solicita que se declare la inconstitucionalidad del transitorio del Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable (Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38924-S, del 12 de enero de 2015) efectuado mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo No. 39144-S.
La norma se impugna en cuanto el 1 de setiembre del 2015, se publicó en el alcance digital de La Gaceta No. 69, de 1° de setiembre de 2015, No. 170, el Decreto Ejecutivo No. 39144-S, que adiciona un transitorio al Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38924-S, de 12 de enero de 2015, Reglamento para la calidad del agua potable. No hay evidencia ni referencia en La Gaceta que este Decreto Ejecutivo haya cumplido con el procedimiento de publicidad y consulta establecido por el Reglamento para elaborar Reglamentos Técnicos Nacionales. El Decreto impugnado regula cantidades máximas de plaguicidas en el agua potable, y siendo estos productos sujetos del comercio internacional, por sus características, cae dentro de los Reglamentos que deben ser consultados. Señala que los plaguicidas contenidos en la Tabla 1 del Decreto impugnado son compuestos químicos de alta toxicidad, reconocida por la comunidad científica y médica y, pese a esto, se carece de rigurosidad técnica para su aplicabilidad, pues los valores establecidos de regulación no son cuantitativos.
Estima que en ninguno de los dos Decretos, el No. 38924-S o el No. 39144-S, se especifican cuáles son los métodos analíticos que se deben utilizar para realizar los análisis de agua. Indica que el Decreto impugnado da como referencia de los valores de Valor Máximo Aceptable (VMA) el documento Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories, EPA USA, 2012, pero los valores consignados en este documento son diferentes a los indicados en la Tabla del Decreto en cuestión; la selección de ND para el Valor Máximo Admisible para estos plaguicidas no es de uso en el documento de la EPA dado como referencia en el Decreto impugnado. Añade que la definición de los Valores Máximos Admisibles, en una regulación que pretende proteger la salud y la vida de las personas en términos de No Detectable por Método, es contraria a las buenas prácticas de la Química Analítica, pues no permite seleccionar una metodología apta para determinar las concentraciones reguladas y el criterio básico de salud pública para la definición de valores máximos permisibles (que son valores de referencia), el cual se basa en un criterio de evaluación del riesgo, tal y como lo establece la Organización Mundial de la Salud.
Cuestiona cuáles fueron las observaciones y comentarios hechos, según el Considerando 5° del Decreto impugnado, que pudieran ser más relevantes que la protección de la salud y la vida de las personas, que omita la vigilancia de plaguicidas en el agua de consumo humano por tres años, dejando a la población expuesta y suspendiendo la vigilancia. Por otro lado, continúa, no ve como una amnistía por 36 meses pueda ser progresiva, pues eso lo que significa es que por tres años el Ministerio de Salud autoriza que se consuma agua contaminada o no, ya que, no se realizaran los análisis al no "existir" la Tabla 4 del Decreto ejecutivo No. 38924-S que contiene los mismos valores suspendidos. Sostiene que las autoridades de salud persisten en ignorar el Principio Precautorio con el Decreto impugnado que dilata o pospone acciones inmediatas para proteger la salud y la vida humana sin ninguna justificación, faltando a sus deberes fundamentales.
Considera que existe un incumplimiento, por parte del estado, de su obligación legal y constitucional, de velar por la protección de salud de la población, ya que, de manera antojadiza y, sin contar con ninguna razón científica al respecto, deja sin efecto una normativa técnica que regula las concentraciones de residuos de plaguicidas en el agua potable impidiendo así la vigilancia de la posible presencia de sustancias tóxicas en el agua de bebida poniendo en riesgo a la población. Estima que el Decreto impugnado lesiona los artículos 7 y 11 constitucionales, por la omisión de cumplimiento del principio de precaución, incorporado en el Convenio de Estocolmo, la Declaración de Río, la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, el Protocolo de Cartagena sobre Bioseguridad y la Ronda de Uruguay. Indica que la legislación le permite al gobierno emitir un Decreto que, ante la falta de certeza científica de los efectos deletéreos de los plaguicidas y ante la posibilidad de daño grave o irreversible a la salud de la población y el medio ambiente y, en forma precautoria, se prohíban hasta que haya evidencia que esa posibilidad no exista o sea despreciable, de manera legítima y responsable.
Sin embargo, aquí se actúa en sentido contrario, omitiéndose el cumplimiento del principio precautorio. También, continua, se lesiona el artículo 11 constitucional por el incumplimiento del señor Ministro de su obligación legal y constitucional de velar por la protección de la salud de la población, ya que, sin contar con ninguna razón científica al respecto, deja sin efecto una normativa técnica que regula las concentraciones de residuos de plaguicidas en el agua potable impidiendo la vigilancia de la posible presencia de sustancias tóxicas en el agua de bebida, poniendo en riesgo a la población. Aprecia una violación al artículo 33 de la Constitución Política con el actuar arbitrario y no trasparente, al omitir el procedimiento establecido en el Reglamento para elaborar Reglamentos Técnicos Nacionales y privilegiar a las “autoridades del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería y a ciertas organizaciones" para suspender por tres años la aplicación de una regulación que bien o mal pretende proteger la salud de las personas.
Considera lesionado el artículo 50 constitucional ante la posible causación de daños y lesiones irreparables en la población, que se verá proveída con agua que creerá potable, pero que podría contener los plaguicidas tóxicos. Aprecia una violación al principio de reserva de ley y al principio de legalidad, dado que, vía decreto, se regulan derechos fundamentales tales como la libertad personal, la dignidad de la persona, el derecho a la vida, a la integridad física, el derecho al honor, a la intimidad personal y el derecho a la salud; regulación reservada a la ley. Acusa violación al principio de división de poderes toda vez que el Poder Ejecutivo, vía decreto, reguló materia reservada al legislador, según lo dispuesto en el artículo 149, inciso 3), de la Constitución Política, con lo son asuntos que atentan contra la vida de las personas, al exponerlas a riesgos desconocidos, al eliminar la obligación de vigilar por la presencia de sustancias tóxicas, cancerígenas y genotóxicas en el agua de bebida, en forma arbitraria y sin ninguna justificación técnica.
Considera lesionado el derecho de los consumidores a proteger su vida y su ambiente -artículo 46 constitucional- al ocultarles información previa sobre un Decreto que afecta la calidad sanitaria de un bien tan fundamental para la vida y la salud como es el agua. También, continúa, la norma impugnada lesiona el derecho a la vida y a un ambiente sano -artículos 21 y 50 constitucionales- , con la posible exposición de la población a plaguicidas reconocidamente tóxicos, capaces de afectar en forma sistemática al organismo humano. Estima se lesiona el principio de participación ciudadana -artículo 9 constitucional- por cuanto el Poder Ejecutivo no sometió a consulta pública el proyecto del Decreto impugnado, lo que impidió a la ciudadanía y a otros organismos opinar sobre su conveniencia o no, a pesar de tratarse de un asunto de interés nacional, en la medida que autoriza la ausencia control, por 36 meses, de la presencia de sustancias tóxicas en el agua.. 2.- A efecto de fundamentar la legitimación que ostenta para promover esta acción de inconstitucionalidad, señala que proviene del recurso de amparo No. 16-014567-0007-CO en el que, por resolución No. 2016-015922, de las 9:30 hrs del 28 de octubre de 2016, donde se confirió plazo al accionante para interponer acción de inconstitucionalidad contra el Decreto impugnado. 3.- Por resolución de las 11:06 horas del 11 de noviembre del 2016, se le dio curso a la acción, confiriéndole audiencia a la Procuraduría General de la República, y al Ministerio de Salud. 4.- Los edictos a que se refiere el párrafo segundo del artículo 81 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional fueron publicados en los números 241, 242 y 243 del Boletín Judicial, de los días 15, 16 y 19 de diciembre del 2016. 5.- La Procuraduría General de la República rindió su informe. Señala que:
Redacta el Magistrado Cruz Castro; y,
Considerando:
I.Objeto de la impugnación.- El accionante impugna el transitorio del Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable (Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38924-S, del 12 de enero de 2015) adicionado mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo No. 39144-S. El decreto impugnado dispone lo siguiente:
“Artículo 1.- Adiciónese un artículo transitorio al Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38924-S de 12 de enero de 2015 "Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable", para que en lo sucesivo se lea así:
"Transitorio II.- Los parámetros contenidos en el Cuadro 5 (Parámetros de Calidad del Agua - Nivel Cuarto N 4) del Anexo 1 del presente Decreto Ejecutivo, entrarán a regir una vez que transcurra el plazo de 3 años contados a partir de la entrada en vigencia del presente Decreto Ejecutivo.
Durante dicho plazo de 3 (tres) años los interesados deberán cumplir con los valores establecidos en el siguiente Cuadro 4:
RESIDUOS DE PLAGUICIDAS (N4) OMS PARÁMETRO (Ingrediente activo) Valor máximo admisible (ug/L) Alachlor N.D(*) Aldicarb N.D Aldrin/dieldrin N.D Atrazine 2 Bentazone 300 Carbofuran N.D Chlordane N.D 2,4 D 30 2,4DB N.D DDTa N.D Dibromocloropropano N.D Dichloropropano 20 DIclorprop 100 Heptachlor-epoxido N.D Isoproturon 9 Lindano N.D Mecroprop 10 Metoxychlor 10 Molinate 6 Pentaclorofenol (PCP) N.D Pendimethaline 20 Permethrin 20 Propanil 20 Pyridate 100 Simazine 2 2,4,5-T N.D Trifluraline 20 EPA Ametrina 60 Bentazon 200 Bromacil N.D Clorpirifos 2 Cyanazine 1 Diazinon 1 Dicamba 400 Dinoceb 70 Disulfuton 7 Diuron N.D Fenamifos 7 Glifosato N.D Hexazinona 40 Isoforona 10 Malation 50 Hidracida maleica 400 MCPA 30 Metomil 200 Metoxiclor 40 Metyl Paration 1 Metolaclor 70 Metribucin 7 Paraquat 30 Propazina 10 Terbufos 0,4 Trifutralina 10 Triadimefon N.D Fuente: Organización Mundial de la Salud (2012 Edition of the Drinking Water Standard and Health Advisories, US EPA N.D(*): No detectable por método.
Los residuos de plaguicidas señalados en el cuadro con esta nomenclatura corresponde a plaguicidas prohibidos en el país, y a plaguicidas indicados en los votos de la Sala Constitucional, además como principio precautorio los residuos de plaguicidas que no están contemplados en el presente cuadro. " Los parámetros de Calidad de Agua contenidos en el Cuadro 5 del Decreto 38924, cuya aplicación se suspende por tres años, son:
CUADRO 5. Parámetros de Calidad del Agua Nivel Cuarto (N4) RESIDUOS DE PLAGUICIDAS PARAMETRO Valor Máximo Admisible (VMA) μg/L Plaguicidas (a) 0,10 Plaguicidas organoclorados (b) 0,03 Total de plaguicidas (c) 0,50 (a) Por "Plaguicidas" se entiende: insecticidas orgánicos, herbicidas orgánicos, fungicidas orgánicos, nematocidas orgánicos, acaricidas orgánicos, alguicidas orgánicos, rodenticidas orgánicos, molusquicidas orgánicos, productos relacionados ( reguladores de crecimiento) y sus pertinentes metabolitos y productos de degradación y reacción. Sólo es preciso controlar aquellos plaguicidas que sea probable que estén presentes en un suministro dado. De estar presentes en el suministro e implementado el sistema de tratamiento; estos deben ser evaluados con una frecuencia mensual. (b) Sustancias de uso prohibido en el país, pero que debido a su persistencia en Costa Rica podrían encontrarse en aguas dada su larga vida media en el ambiente y su uso extensivo en épocas anteriores. (c) Por "Total de plaguicidas", se entiende la suma de todos los plaguicidas detectados y cuantificados en el procedimiento de control. Estima el accionante que tal decreto es inconstitucional en virtud de que viola:
Fernando Cruz C. Fernando Castillo V.
Nancy Hernández L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
José P. Hernández G Ronald Salazar Murillo L/03 Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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