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Res. 41106-2025 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 11/12/2025
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Court denied the amparo, finding that the refusal to supply drinking water in a State Natural Heritage area is justified on technical and legal grounds, without violation of the plaintiffs' fundamental rights.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar el recurso de amparo, al determinar que la negativa a suministrar agua potable en un área de Patrimonio Natural del Estado está justificada en razones técnicas y legales, sin que exista violación a los derechos fundamentales de los recurrentes.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Court dismissed an amparo action filed by the president of the Playa Colibrí Community Improvement Committee against the ASADA La Palma and other authorities for refusing to supply drinking water. The petitioner claimed that, despite years of efforts, the service had been omitted or denied, forcing the community to use unsafe well water while other nearby communities on national heritage land did have service. The Court found no violation of fundamental rights, determining that the area is State Natural Heritage, an inalienable and imprescriptible public domain asset where only research, training, and ecotourism activities may be authorized with SINAC's permit. The respondent authorities demonstrated they acted legally, denying the service based on technical and legal criteria, including SINAC rulings confirming the protected status and ongoing criminal proceedings for illegal occupation and environmental damage. The ruling reaffirms that public service providers may reject requests when justified by technical or legal reasons, without that being arbitrary or rights-violating. One justice issued a separate note on prompt administrative justice, and two justices dissented, considering it necessary to hear from the regulatory authority (ARESEP) before deciding.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar un recurso de amparo interpuesto por la presidenta del Comité Pro-mejora y Desarrollo de la Comunidad de Playa Colibrí contra la ASADA La Palma y otras autoridades, por la negativa a suministrar agua potable. La recurrente alegó que, pese a años de gestiones, se había omitido o denegado el servicio, obligando a la comunidad a consumir agua de pozo no apta, mientras otras comunidades cercanas en zona de patrimonio nacional sí contaban con él. La Sala descartó violación de derechos fundamentales al constatar que la zona en cuestión constituye Patrimonio Natural del Estado, bien demanial inalienable e imprescriptible, donde solo pueden autorizarse actividades de investigación, capacitación y ecoturismo previo permiso del SINAC. Las autoridades accionadas acreditaron haber actuado conforme a derecho, denegando el servicio basadas en criterios técnicos y legales, incluyendo dictámenes del SINAC que confirmaron la condición protegida del área y la existencia de procesos penales por ocupación ilegal y daños ambientales. La sentencia reitera que los prestadores de servicios públicos pueden rechazar solicitudes si existen razones técnicas o legales justificadas, sin que ello constituya arbitrariedad ni vulneración de derechos. Un magistrado añadió nota sobre justicia administrativa pronta y cumplida, y dos magistrados salvaron el voto por considerar necesario oír a la ARESEP antes de resolver.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Accordingly, the Court dismisses the violation of the fundamental rights of the protected party. This is because, although the petitioner claims that despite years of various efforts before the respondent authorities to obtain drinking water service for the Playa Colibrí community, this has not been possible, while other communities also located in national heritage areas do have such service, it is proven from the reports rendered and the evidence in the record that the problem lies in the fact that the area in question is State Natural Heritage, where only scientific research, training and ecotourism activities may be authorized, with prior permission from SINAC, since it is State property. That is, they are publicly owned assets that cannot be subject to private property; they are inalienable, imprescriptible and unseizable, outside commerce, because they are subject to a special regime of use and protection. Having said that, the respondent authorities are legally and materially unable to include it in billing or to install the drinking water service claimed by the petitioner, due to the special conditions of the area. Furthermore, as seen in the proven facts of this judgment, the respondent authorities carried out a series of actions and investigations in order to resolve the petitioner's request, providing a response both to her and to the Playa Colibrí community about the legal impediment to supplying drinking water; a situation that is not considered arbitrary, since it was based on objective reasons and technical criteria.Al respecto, la Sala descarta la afectación a los derechos fundamentales de la parte amparada. Lo anterior, porque si bien la recurrente alega que, pese a que por años han realizado diversas gestiones ante las autoridades accionadas para que se les suministre el servicio de agua potable a la comunidad de Playa Colibrí; sin embargo, esto no ha sido posible, mientras que otras comunidades ubicadas también en zona de patrimonio nacional sí cuentan con dicho servicio. No obstante, de los informes rendidos, así como de la prueba que consta en autos, se tiene por acreditado que la problemática radica en que la zona en cuestión es Patrimonio Natural del Estado, donde solo pueden autorizarse actividades de investigación científica, capacitación y ecoturismo, previo permiso del SINAC, ya que es un bien del Estado. Es decir, son bienes de titularidad pública que no pueden ser objeto de propiedad privada, son inalienables, imprescriptibles e inembargables, están fuera del comercio de los hombres, porque están sujetos a un régimen especial de utilización y protección. Dicho lo anterior, las autoridades accionadas están imposibilitadas legal y materialmente a su inclusión en la facturación o para la instalación del servicio de agua potable que alega la recurrente, por las condiciones especiales que presenta la zona. Asimismo, como se aprecia en los hechos probados de esta sentencia, las autoridades accionadas realizaron una serie de actuaciones e investigaciones, a fin de resolver la solicitud de la recurrente, siendo que le dieron respuesta tanto a ella como a la comunidad de Playa Colibrí, sobre el impedimento legal para suministrar el servicio de agua potable; situación que no se considera arbitraria, toda vez que se fundamentó en razones objetivas y en criterios técnicos.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"la zona en cuestión es Patrimonio Natural del Estado, donde solo pueden autorizarse actividades de investigación científica, capacitación y ecoturismo, previo permiso del SINAC, ya que es un bien del Estado. Es decir, son bienes de titularidad pública que no pueden ser objeto de propiedad privada, son inalienables, imprescriptibles e inembargables, están fuera del comercio de los hombres"
"the area in question is State Natural Heritage, where only scientific research, training and ecotourism activities may be authorized, with prior permission from SINAC, since it is State property. That is, they are publicly owned assets that cannot be subject to private property; they are inalienable, imprescriptible and unseizable, outside commerce"
Considerando VI
"la zona en cuestión es Patrimonio Natural del Estado, donde solo pueden autorizarse actividades de investigación científica, capacitación y ecoturismo, previo permiso del SINAC, ya que es un bien del Estado. Es decir, son bienes de titularidad pública que no pueden ser objeto de propiedad privada, son inalienables, imprescriptibles e inembargables, están fuera del comercio de los hombres"
Considerando VI
"siempre que la falta de dotación del servicio de agua potable no sea una actuación antojadiza, arbitraria o sin fundamento, sino que esté justificada en la imposibilidad jurídica o material no estamos frente a la violación de derechos fundamentales"
"as long as the lack of provision of drinking water service is not a whimsical, arbitrary or unfounded action, but is justified by legal or material impossibility, we are not in the presence of a violation of fundamental rights"
Considerando VI (citando jurisprudencia)
"siempre que la falta de dotación del servicio de agua potable no sea una actuación antojadiza, arbitraria o sin fundamento, sino que esté justificada en la imposibilidad jurídica o material no estamos frente a la violación de derechos fundamentales"
Considerando VI (citando jurisprudencia)
Full documentDocumento completo
Constitutional Chamber Date of Resolution: December 11, 2025 at 10:10 a.m.
Case File: 25-032602-0007-CO Type of matter: Amparo action CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at ten hours ten minutes on December eleventh, two thousand twenty-five.
Amparo action processed under case file No. 25-032602-0007-CO, filed by Nombre87787, identity card CED48381, in her capacity as president of the committee Pro-mejora y Desarrollo de la Comunidad de Playa Colibrí, against the ASOCIACIÓN ADMINISTRADORA DEL ACUEDUCTO Y ALCANTARILLADO SANITARIO (ASADA) LA PALMA DE PUERTO JIMÉNEZ AND OTHERS.
Whereas:
It requests that the appeal be dismissed.
Now, this is related to what is called "Stage 2" of the Playa Colibrí potable water supply project, because from what has been indicated and what will be said in the following lines, even though my represented party has had the intention of being able to provide potable water to all persons who require it, it so happens that as progress was made with "Stage 1", the different interventions of the SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN. SEDE OFICINA SUBREGIONAL PENINSULAR. (PUERTO JIMÉNEZ), revealed that a large part of the territory known as Barrio or Comunidad Colibrí or Playa Colibrí, is immersed in what has been determined to be "Patrimonio Natural de Estado" and in what concerns the interests represented by the appellant, all request a potable water service by means of a "water connection (prevista de agua)" within lands that are part of that Patrimonio Natural, which has been the reason why we cannot accede to what has been petitioned to us in administrative venue in our offices, and which here now is the object of an Amparo Appeal, because as was said before, for my represented party to act, it must do so in accordance with the Reglamento de las Asociaciones Administradoras de Sistemas de Acueductos y Alcantarillados comunales Nº 42582- S-MINAE, which in Article 28, on Obligations and Rights of the ASADAS, subsection "j", refers to acting in accordance with technical and Legal guidelines, and it is precisely as already stated, through Official Letter SINAC-ACOSA-DFRVS-SRP-0142-2024, the point was clarified, but in addition as will be seen the SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN, SEDE OFICINA SUBREGIONAL PENINSULAR.
(PUERTO JIMÉNEZ), also manifests itself and in the same sense through Official Letter: SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVD-SRP-0494-2024 (which will be detailed further on). Another important detail is that when on June 17, 2024, Mr. Juan Carlos Hernández Meza addressed our organization through an unnumbered note, he did so as representative of the Colibrí community, and as President of the Committee, requesting a meeting to clarify details related to the continuation of the Stage II project, almost simultaneously again Mr. Carlos Velásquez Zamora via email dated June 21, 2024, made us aware of situations he considered relevant to inform us, such as the existence of criminal proceedings for "illegal occupations, and he said:"…(…)…in areas administered by SINAC and eventually also on lands administered by the Municipalidad de Jiménez, these places being public domain assets (bienes demaniales) belonging to the natural heritage of the State, where the construction of dwelling houses and others without the respective permits is not allowed,…(…)…Given this situation, I request you to address the Prosecutor of the Public Ministry, Lic. Ángel Gwam" italics not from the original.
Reason for which my represented party by means of official letter ASADALAPALMA-IOG-036- 2024 dated June 26, 2024, makes the inquiry via email to the Prosecutor of the Public Ministry, Lic. Ángel Gwam …” (image inserted) …”. "… Making it clear that in addition there are on site criminal litigations of the nature of Usurpation, land-use change (Cambio de Uso de Suelo), and Felling in Protection Zone, and mentions 6 persons as accused, among them the appellant here and signatory of this Amparo Appeal. Likewise, in the eagerness to obtain greater clarity on the issue related to Stage II of the Project, our organization, addresses Paula Mena Corea, in her capacity as Head of SINAC at the Puerto Jiménez headquarters, that by means of official letter ASADALAPALMA-IOG-041-2024, dated July 16, 2024, in which she is requested Information about the process in the Community of Colibrí, in which it was explained that it was necessary for our organization to know about the processes that were being followed in the community of Colibrí, because once the email from Carlos Velásquez Zamora is received on June 21, 2024, the operation of "Stage 2" of the Project was paralyzed, and an answer had to be given to the interested neighbors and now appellants here, in this it is indicated to Paula that the Prosecutor has not given further details, and that is why she requests information from her, in response to this official letter Mr.
Carlos Velásquez Zamora replies that information cannot be given, that via email on the same date July 16, 2024. This is how then through Official Letter ASADALAPALMA-IOG-052-2024, dated September 4, 2024, my organization addresses Mrs. Evelyn Daniela Valverde Gamboa (Official of SINAC- Patrimonio Natural del Estado), in which the subject indicates: "Request for certification of Patrimonio Natural del Estado and request for field visit.", and in which what is intended is to know details in order to give an answer to the residents of the community of Nombre87788 who still await the Project in its "Stage 2", the same that in what is of interest literally indicates: "We are ASADA La Palma Integrada Osa-Golfito, who with the support of the municipalities, public and private institutions; and our governing body the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AYA), have managed the continuous and uninterrupted supply of potable water to more than 15 communities, spread between the canton of Osa and the canton of Puerto Jiménez, supplying around 7,000 inhabitants.
We currently have a project underway called "Construction of branch in the community of Colibrí", this community is located in La Palma of the district of Puerto Jiménez, canton of Puerto Jiménez, in the province of Puntarenas; we divided the project into Stage 1 and Stage 2, as we have knowledge of the existence of criminal process 19-2.000124-1137-PE and case 22-002777-0062-PE, for the destruction and illicit appropriation of State lands in the community. Given this situation, we have only carried out Stage 1, which corresponds to the part of the community free of this situation, but the project in its Stage 2 remains unexecuted and the population in this sector continually asks us for solutions, because access to potable water is a human right. Thus, we kindly request the following: 1-) Certification of Patrimonio Natural de Estado: With this document in our possession, we can communicate to the population of the community of Colibrí that, indeed, we cannot carry out our project on those lands because we would be working illegally on State property. 2-) Field visit: We request a field visit by some official so that, they can point out exactly the boundary points of our project, that is, up to where we can legally continue our project to supply potable water to that community.
By way of background, on March 19, 2024, there was a visit by SINAC personnel to the project, as they received a complaint when we were working on Stage 1 of the project, and then, upon communicating with us, we requested that they carry out an inspection, the document is dated March 21, 2024 with consecutive number SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-0142-2024, we attach it to this email. However, although the result was that we were not in any non-compliance and we were able to continue Stage 1, it was not delimited up to where we can continue our Stage 2. Therefore, we turn to you with these requests, in order to provide a solution to the inhabitants of the community, who to date find themselves without access to potable water in their homes. This request has a response through official letter SINAC-ACOSA-DT-PNE-154-2024, signed by Evelyn Daniela Valverde Gamboa …” (image inserted) …”. "… Noting with this that indeed the lands of that sector of Nombre87788 are part of Patrimonio Natural del Estado, and that any occupation on that site was done illegally, and indicates that on site: "rather work should be done on the eviction of all these irregular occupants"- italics not from the original.
Likewise, the same Evelyn Daniela Valverde Gamboa issues the CONSTANCIA Number: SINAC-ACISA-DT-PNE-046-2024 dated March 2, 2024, at the time addressed to Lic. Gwam in his capacity as Prosecutor of Puerto Jiménez on behalf of the Public Ministry, in which she indicates the geographical coordinates of the site, the same coordinates that bear great similarity with those referred to in the email previously mentioned as received from Lic. Gwam when he indicated the existence of criminal proceedings. In a similar sense, there is the official letter signed by Andrés Carvajal Ruiz, dated October 8, 2024, number: SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVD-SRP-0494-2024, in which my represented party is given a report of a field visit carried out on September 26, 2024 to the community of Playa Colibrí, and which was with the objective of "responding to the possibility of the installation of an aqueduct to provide potable water service to private individuals located in that sector" …” (image inserted) …”.
"… This again being a legal impediment that has hindered my represented party from being able to provide the service that here in this amparo appeal channel is requested for "water connections" or potable water service. Another of the procedures that on this issue addressed in this amparo appeal have been presented by the same appellant, was the one processed through a note addressed to my represented party dated August 1, 2023, in which the appellant here subscribes as the president of the "Committee for the improvement and development of community Playa Colibrí"; this request was analyzed and a response was given through official letter: ASADALAPALMA-OIG-184-2023 of September 13, 2023, which is delivered personally on September 14, 2023 since she did not indicate a means of notification, and in which the procedure is rejected because in addition to not having a Site Plan of the lands (necessary to locate the exact site of the service installation), she requested water connections for people without having any power of attorney or authorization granted by them, that is to say without demonstrating the necessary standing to act on behalf of another(s), and furthermore she does not process any water connection for herself.
(for this purpose, the proof of this procedure is attached). As the last act considered relevant in this report regarding procedures that the appellant here has carried out in administrative venue, on March 1, 2025, the same person made via email, a request for a meeting with the Assembly to request three water connections, to which on March 3, 2025, she is answered via the same channel that her request will be elevated to the Board of Directors of my represented party, on the same line of request to the appellant here she is indicated via email dated March 13, 2025, that there is still no date to be able to receive her, but that she is requested, in order to advance her request, to please send the documents she has on the properties to which she wishes to provide potable water connections, and in response to that via email on March 14, 2025, she attaches an Image named: "IMG_2550314_090556.JPG", which is a draft cadastral plan that is presented before the Registro Nacional de la Propiedad, Sección Catastro through the presentation entries: Tomo: 2025, Asiento: 15887-C, then on March 20, 2025 via email the same appellant inquires about her procedure, and the meeting she requested with the Assembly, and she is summoned to a meeting at the offices of the ASADA located at Dirección5570, at 3:30 pm on April 8, 2025.
While this was happening, an inquiry was made before the SINAC of Puerto Jiménez, as to whether by Mrs. Nombre87787, the approval or endorsement of any cadastral plan had been requested, this generated Certification No. SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-171-2025, signed by engineer Andrés Carvajal Ruiz, in which it is indicated that there is no endorsement or certification in this sense. Subsequent to this, in an email received on April 7, 2025, from the email ...2288 , a document is received in my represented party's email that in addition to containing the identity card of Mrs. Nombre87787, attaches a registry qualification minute from the Catastro section of the Registro Nacional de Propiedad, of the presentation entries previously referred to as those of the draft Cadastral plan of Carolina (Tomo: 2025, Asiento: 15887-C), and it is as a result of this that the decision is made on behalf of my represented party to again make inquiries before the SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN, SEDE OFICINA SUBREGIONAL PENINSULAR.
(PUERTO JIMÉNEZ), in addition, by one of the field inspectors of my represented party a site visit was made and it was determined based on the draft cadastral plan presented by Mrs. Nombre87787, that "There is no conduction pipe in front of the property. 4/4/2025. SIRI is used", and it is determined that the draft plan is immersed in the zone that so many times until that moment had been indicated was Patrimonio Natural del Estado, and it is when through official letter number ASADALAPALMA-IOG-024-2025, my represented party makes a query to SINAC headquarters Puerto Jiménez, regarding the new request of Nombre87787, specifically so that as a technical entity in the field of natural resources and biodiversity they would respond to the following questions of interest that were decisive for attending to the request made by Mrs. Carolina, and which textually were: "A.- If the Geographic Unit that is visualized within the Survey identified with Entries from Tomo: 2025 and Asiento:15887-C, previously referred to, has the presence of wetlands (humedales) and/or is in the Zona Marítimo Terrestre.
B.- If in the Geographic Unit that is visualized within the Survey identified with Entries from Tomo: 2025 and Asiento:15887-C, previously referred to, residential development, or agricultural or livestock use is technically possible. C.- If in the Geographic Unit that is visualized within the Survey identified with Entries from Tomo: 2025 and Asiento:15887-C, previously referred to, residential development, or agricultural or livestock use is legally possible." Italics not from the original. Simultaneously to this, Mrs. Carolina through official letter ASADALAPALMA-IOG-026- 2025, dated April 21, 2025, is responded to indicating that her request will be resolved hoping to have everything ready by May 2, 2025, and then she is informed that the deadline is extended according to note of May 2, 2025, and it is not until May 15, 2025, that she is definitively answered. Thus, in response to the query of official letter ASADALAPALMA-IOG-024-2025, Engineer Andrés Carvajal responds through official letter: SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-0264-2025, in which he literally indicates: "Nombre4351.
Based on a field visit to the mentioned Geographic Unit and its subsequent technical desktop analysis, the overlap with an area of Patrimonio Natural del Estado is evident in a section categorized as forest (bosque) code B9 based on official letter ACOSA-008-2010 of Patrimonio Natural del Estado Río Rincón – Playa Blanca. Furthermore, based on the sampling carried out in said inspection, ecological characteristics of wetlands are identified, such as: hydromorphic soils, water condition and hydrophilic vegetation. Which extend even beyond the requested geographic unit. On the other hand, the property presents anthropogenic actions such as the removal of cover, fill and drainages, this with the intention of deteriorating and/or eliminating the wetland conditions. Therefore, it is established that the area is a wetland. B.- As already indicated in the previous point, being a wetland system it is not technically possible to develop residential, agricultural or livestock activities without altering the wetland ecosystem.
Since they are ecosystems that regulate hydrological regimes. This requires the development of actions (fills, drainages, removal of forest cover (cobertura forestal), among others) to mitigate the influence of water in the area, which would cause the deterioration or even the elimination of the wetland. This without counting the displacement of the flora and fauna characteristic of these ecosystems. Therefore, and based on the general mandate mentioned in Art. 2, Decreto Ejecutivo 42760, regardless of the place where these ecosystems are located, the State shall exercise special legal guardianship for their protection due to their condition as assets of public interest, both with the environmental dimension of the social function of property, and with the right of persons to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Nombre5650.- Starting from Article 50 of the Political Constitution which dictates the right of persons to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
Coupled with the principle, Article 19 of Ley 7575 prohibits land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), which established the principle of lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) of the forest, which implies that it is not allowed to remove or eliminate the forest to establish another type of activity. The Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, in its Article No. 32 declares wetlands as a protected wilderness area. Likewise, the RAMSAR convention approved through Ley N° 7224 that said areas must be administered according to Management Plans to adopt measures that respect the ecological characteristics. In addition, subsection b of Article 2 of Decreto N° 42760- MINAE prohibits all those anthropogenic actions that deteriorate or eliminate the wetland and as previously mentioned, given the conditions of superficial water tables and types of hydrophilic soils, they would generate an impact that deteriorates this type of ecosystem." Nombre87790 not from the original My represented party, in view of the preceding official letter, determines through official letter: ASADALAPALMAIOG-DNP-030-2025, dated May 15, 2025, sent to the recipient via email on the same date, addresses Nombre87787 to explain that: "The previous queries made to the Área de Conservación Osa Dirección de Recursos Forestales y Vida Silvestre Subregión Peninsular, are carried out since this is the entity in charge of issuing the criteria on what was requested as a Technical and Legal entity according to the Ley de Biodiversidad, in its SECTION II, referring to SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN, in its Article 22, all in order to respect an "adequate management of natural resources", a criteria of which it is pertinent to indicate that it establishes as a true premise that in the Geographic Unit that is visualized within the Survey identified with Entries from Tomo: 2025 and Asiento:15887-C, it is in a condition of overlap with an area of Patrimonio Natural del Estado in a section categorized as forest code B9 based on official letter ACOSA-008-2010 of Patrimonio Natural del Estado Río Rincón – Playa, and therefore it is an area that neither technically nor legally can be dedicated to residential development, or agricultural or livestock use.
This is how, according to the Reglamento de las Asociaciones Administradoras de Sistemas de Acueductos y Alcantarillados comunales Nº 42582-S-MINAE, according to Article 28 subsection "j" which refers to the possibility of issuing certificates of service availability and water capacity letters and provided it is technically and legally appropriate, your petition must be denied, because as has been seen and explained here, from what could be known of your procedures and documents provided, and the criteria of SINAC, it is neither technically nor legally possible for you to develop any kind of use in that zone." -Italics not from the original. And so finally, through my represented party's official letter ASADALAPALMA-IOGDNP-061-2025, dated May 27, 2025, on the same date via email, it is addressed to Nombre87787, ID CED48382, the denial of her request supported by official letter: SINAC-ACOSA-DRFVS-SRP-0264-2025 and other details …” (image inserted) …”.
"… 2.- Regarding what was indicated by the promoter of the appeal concerning that since 2016 they have been fighting to be supplied with potable water and that to date her request is omitted, it is reported that: Regarding the ASADA, the steps that have been taken on the issue, are those that have been set forth here by means of this Report. Notwithstanding and even though it does not correspond to a manifestation on the request that my represented party made, as previously reported, from the Municipalidad de Golfito through official letter SMG-T-172-03-2021 dated March 26, 2021, and the Official Letter of the Acting Head of the Zona Marítimo Terrestre Department of the Municipalidad de Golfito, number ZMT-MGO.I-046-2021 of March 11, 2021, their approach was indeed attended to, although certainly not in terms positive to the purposes of the now appellant. 3.- Regarding what was referred to by the appellant in that the Municipalidad de Golfito, would send the request to an Environment Commission to extend a "certification of permission for the Asada de la Palma to proceed to install the meters", it must be reported that: Regarding the ASADA, the steps that have been taken on the issue, are those that have been set forth here by means of this Report and without the Municipalidad de Golfito ever sending us a certification or permission in the sense of approving or installing a potable water connection for the appellant or her represented parties. 4.- Regarding what was referred to in the amparo appeal in relation to the participation or steps that have been taken at the Municipalidad de Puerto Jiménez, to "request that we be granted a permission so that the Asada de la Palma could install the potable water meters" and her saying that this was denied by such municipal corporation through official letter, I report that: Regarding the ASADA, the steps that have been taken on the issue, are those that have been set forth here by means of this Report and without the Municipalidad de Puerto Jiménez ever sending us a certification or permission in the sense of approving or installing a potable water connection for the appellant or her represented parties. 5.- Regarding the participation of officials of Acueductos y Alcantarillados of the Nombre87789 office, in the analysis of this issue.
In its opportunity the A y A will render its report, however it is worth clarifying that regarding the ASADA, the steps that have been taken on the issue, are those that have been set forth here by means of this Report and in the sense of approving or installing a potable water connection for the appellant or her represented parties, we have only been given collaboration in this sense from the ORAC (Oficinas Regionales de Acueductos Comunales. Entity of the A y A in charge of providing support and guidance to the ASADAS) of Nombre87789, in relation to "Stage 1" of the Project, but for "Stage 2", no. 6.- Finally, regarding the health effects on the amparo-protected parties, and referred to in their petition writ; it is desired to render a report making clear on behalf of my represented party that at no time has it acted arbitrarily in the analysis of what is now the object of this amparo appeal process, quite the contrary, we are an organization that fights for the service it provides to be of quality, and to be the broadest, but in this matter, it happens that we must adhere to our own legal body, which is the Reglamento de las Asociaciones Administradoras de Sistemas de Acueductos y Alcantarillados comunales Nº 42582-S-MINAE, for a case like the one reviewed, in which the creation of new water connections must be disposed of, and for this on site heavy machinery work must necessarily be carried out for trenching (apertura de zanjeas), and knowing that it is a Patrimonio Natural del Estado zone, it is that based on the Block of Legality, in order to comply with the technical and legal analysis to approve a service, we have had to resort to queries to the entity in charge which in this case is SINAC, which, with regret for the health effects that the appellants manifest, have indicated as has been referenced before and in those terms, that in that zone it is not possible to grant potable water connections.". It requests that the appeal be dismissed.
Inter-institutional and community meetings. SINAC officials were invited by professionals from the Universidad Nacional to meetings with the ASADA of La Palma and interested persons. In those sessions: 1. Informative talks were given on the legal regime of the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado). 2. It was explained that these lands are inalienable, unseizable, imprescriptible, public domain, and that mere possession does not generate rights. 3. It was clarified that the Municipalities lack jurisdiction to grant permits within these areas; this responsibility lies exclusively with SINAC. 4. The Environmental Prosecutor of Osa, Lic. Camilo Flores Pacheco, participated, explaining to the public the legal implications of occupying public domain assets (bienes demaniales). M.Sc. Carolina Carrillo Vargas, an official of the Institute for Population Studies (IDESPO) Coastal Interdisciplinary Program of the Universidad Nacional, prepared a detailed minute of the meetings.
VI.Attached documentation folder. As a result of all the preceding actions, ACOSA integrated a folder with an index, containing: Technical reports from forestry engineers, surveyors, and Control and Protection personnel, Maps, photographs, and evidentiary documentation, Chronological detail of the complaints filed, Evidence that the actions in Nombre87788 constitute usurpation of public domain assets, Proof of permanent coordination with the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público). This folder is attached for the corresponding legal purposes.
VII.Specific response to the appellant's allegations. The appellant claims that they went to MINAE-SINAC to request potable water service, and that this action was "denied." Regarding this, it must be stated: 1. SINAC is not the competent entity to provide potable water service. 2. What was communicated to the residents -in open meetings and minutes- was that: • The sector is located within State Natural Heritage. • Current regulations prevent the consolidation of illegal settlements. • The ASADAs cannot provide basic services in protected zones without SINAC permits, which cannot be granted in this case for legal reasons. • The consultation with the governing body of ASADAs confirmed the inadmissibility of granting the service. Therefore, there was no arbitrary denial, but rather the strict application of the environmental legal system and the legal limits of our powers. Nor is it possible for the appellant to accuse her of having any of her rights violated or made nugatory.
VIII.Conclusion. SINAC-ACOSA has acted at all times, within its jurisdictional framework, with technical and legal basis, in coordination with the Public Prosecutor's Office, addressing citizen complaints, and protecting the State Natural Heritage, as required by the legal system. The actions challenged by the appellant do not constitute a violation of any right, but rather the fulfillment of legal, constitutional, and environmental obligations for the defense of the public domain assets of all Costa Ricans." It requests that the appeal be dismissed.
Drafted by Judge Hess Herrera; and,
CONSIDERING:
The appellant requests that the ASADA La Palma of Puerto Jiménez be ordered to supply potable water service to the community of Playa Colibrí, alleging that for years they have made various efforts before the Municipality of Golfito, the Municipality of Puerto Jiménez, MINAE, and other authorities; however, these have been omitted or denied, even though other communities also located in a national heritage zone do have this service. They affirm that they currently depend on a well that does not meet health standards and that the repeated refusal violates their access to an essential basic service.
II-. PRELIMINARY MATTER. ON THE AMPARO AGAINST PRIVATE LAW SUBJECTS. In this case, the respondents are a private law association (Integrated Osa Golfito La Palma Aqueduct and Sanitary Sewer Association) and public law subjects (National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC); Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers]; Municipality of Golfito, and the Municipality of Puerto Jiménez). For the foregoing, prior to the assessment of the merits of this matter, it must be stated that the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, in its Article 57, provides that the amparo appeal proceeds against the actions or omissions of private law subjects, but only when they act or must act in the exercise of public functions or powers, or are, de jure or de facto, in a position of power against which ordinary jurisdictional remedies are clearly insufficient or tardy to guarantee the fundamental rights or freedoms referred to in Article 2, subsection a), of the same Law. In the specific case, it is deemed that the appeal is admissible with respect to the private law subject, because the situation brought to the attention of this Chamber shows that the Integrated Osa Golfito La Palma Aqueduct and Sanitary Sewer Association is in a position of power, against which ordinary jurisdictional remedies are insufficient or tardy to guarantee the fundamental rights of the protected party.
In the specific case, despite the fact that the report was submitted by the legal advisor of the Municipality of Puerto Jiménez by delegation of the mayor and the president of the Municipal Council, it must be warned that in the order opening this proceeding, the report was requested personally—not through a representative or attorney—from the president of the Council of the Municipality of Puerto Jiménez. For the foregoing, the report is deemed not rendered in accordance with the provisions of Article 45 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, and consequently, this Chamber resolves the case assessing the evidence in the record and the jurisprudence of this Court applicable to the specific case.
Regarding this matter, which is also appealed against a public law subject, before analyzing the merits of the case—for the alleged violation of the right to a prompt and fulfilled procedure—it must be clarified that, as of Judgment No. 2008-2545 of 08:55 hours on February 22, 2008, this Chamber has referred to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction—with some exceptions—those matters in which it is discussed whether the public administration has complied or not with the deadlines established by the General Law of Public Administration (articles 261 and 325) or sectoral laws for special administrative procedures, to resolve by final act an administrative procedure—initiated ex officio or at the request of a party—or to hear the corresponding administrative appeals. Precisely, in the sub lite case, an exception is raised, as it concerns the alleged delay in resolving the supply of potable water service. Having clarified this point, we proceed to resolve the specific situation raised in this amparo.
Of importance for the decision of this matter, the following facts are deemed duly proven, either because they have been credited or because the respondent has omitted to refer to them, as provided in the initial order:
Regarding the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados):
Municipality of Golfito:
Municipality of Puerto Jiménez:
Integrated Osa-Golfito La Palma Aqueduct and Sanitary Sewer Management Association (ASADA La Palma):
National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC):
The legal framework—including the Political Constitution, the Ley Forestal, and Executive Decree 38868 MINAE—prevents authorizing services that consolidate illegal settlements in protected areas. (see report rendered); 72) On October 27, 2024, an inter-institutional meeting was held with the community. SINAC officials were invited by Universidad Nacional professionals to meetings with the ASADA of La Palma and interested persons. In those sessions: 1. Informational talks were given on the legal regime governing the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado). 2. It was explained that these lands are inalienable, unattachable, imprescriptible, in the public domain, and that mere possession creates no rights. 3. It was clarified that Municipalities lack competence to grant permits within these areas; that responsibility lies exclusively with SINAC. 4. The Environmental Prosecutor of Osa, Lic. Camilo Flores Pacheco, participated and explained to the public the legal implications of occupying public-domain property (bienes demaniales).
M.Sc. Carolina Carrillo Vargas, an official of the Institute of Population Studies (Instituto de Estudios en Población, IDESPO), Interdisciplinary Coastal Program of the Universidad Nacional, prepared a minute (Acta No. 002-2024, detailing the meeting). (see report rendered and evidence provided); 73) The current regulations prevent the consolidation of illegal settlements. ASADAs cannot provide basic services in protected areas without SINAC permits, which cannot be granted in this case for legal reasons. (see report rendered and evidence provided).
On the issue discussed here, this Chamber has indicated that the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados), the associations administering aqueducts and sewers (asociaciones administradoras de acueductos y alcantarillados), municipalities, and other institutions providing potable water supply services may reject applications for potable water service made to them, or may condition them if there are technical or legal reasons that so justify. Thus, through judgment No. 2014-9134 of 14:05 hours on June 19, 2014, it ordered the following:
(...) This Chamber has indicated in reiterated judgments on the subject that the supply of potable water (agua potable) is considered within the Costa Rican legal system as a public service, and as such, every public-service provider—whether a public or private entity—is obligated to provide the service continuously, efficiently, under conditions of equality, and adapting to technological changes (see in this regard judgment 2001-09676 of eleven hours twenty-five minutes on September twenty-six, two thousand one, and judgment 2004-08161 of ten hours fifty-three minutes on July twenty-three, two thousand four). It is therefore clearly concluded that the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, being one of the state entities responsible for providing the public service of potable water, is also obligated to provide this service continuously, adaptably, efficiently, and equally to all inhabitants.
That said, the jurisprudence of this Constitutional Chamber has also indicated that, in the face of legal impossibility (which is the failure to meet requirements established in the respective regulations) or formal impossibility (which is the absence of a Water Distribution Network), it is reasonable not to process service requests or to require that the interested party assume the installation costs when no potable water distribution network exists and infrastructure construction is needed. Thus, in these cases it has been clear that it is not a matter of a denial of access to potable water service, but rather the impossibility of providing it or the necessary participation of the interested party in overcoming a technical impossibility, namely, the lack of infrastructure. In other words, provided that the failure to provide potable water service is not a capricious, arbitrary, or unfounded action, but is justified by legal or material impossibility, we are not facing a violation of fundamental rights.” (The highlighting does not correspond to the original text).
In this regard, the Chamber dismisses any impact on the fundamental rights of the protected party (parte amparada). The foregoing, because although the petitioner alleges that, despite having for years made various efforts before the respondent authorities to obtain potable water service for the community of Playa Colibrí, this has not been possible, while other communities also located within the national heritage zone do have such service. Nevertheless, from the reports rendered, as well as from the evidence in the case file, it is established that the problem lies in the fact that the area in question is State Natural Heritage, where only scientific research, training, and ecotourism activities may be authorized, with prior permission from SINAC, since it is a State asset. That is, they are publicly owned assets that cannot be subject to private property, are inalienable, imprescriptible, and unattachable, are outside commerce, because they are subject to a special regime of use and protection. Having said this, the respondent authorities are legally and materially prevented from including the petitioner in billing or from providing the installation of the potable water service she claims, due to the special conditions of the area.
Also, as seen in the proven facts of this judgment, the respondent authorities carried out a series of actions and investigations to resolve the petitioner's request, and they provided a response both to her and to the community of Playa Colibrí, regarding the legal impediment to providing potable water service; a situation not considered arbitrary, since it was based on objective reasons and technical criteria.
For the foregoing reasons, the Chamber dismisses any impact on the fundamental rights of the protected party, since, as indicated, the respondent authority resolved and informed the interested party of the reasons why potable water supply was denied to the population of Playa Colibrí.
I have supported this Court's thesis that when a litigant alleges a violation of the right to prompt and fulfilled justice in administrative venues, those who must hear the legal dispute are the Administrative-Contentious Courts and not this Chamber. That said, with the recent enactment of Law No. 9097, Law Regulating the Right of Petition (Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición), it has been established that this right is susceptible to judicial protection through the amparo remedy established by Article 32 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional), in relation to Article 27 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica, in those cases where the petitioner considers that the material actions of the Administration, its administrative acts, or its response are affecting their fundamental rights. In my view, the recently enacted regulation does not imply that this Court must modify its jurisprudential line; this Court, based on numeral 7 of its Law, is exclusively responsible for defining its own competence.
Therefore, except for those legal-constitutional disputes that have been recognized by this same Chamber as exceptional cases, which may properly be heard in this jurisdiction through the constitutional amparo guarantee process, in all other cases, and for the reasons this Court has given (judgment No. 2008-02545 of 8:55 hours on February 22, 2008), the competent bodies are the Judges of the administrative-contentious jurisdiction, all of which is in accordance with numeral 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights, the Law of the Constitution (values, principles, and norms), and the corresponding legal norms based on a logical, systemic, and teleological interpretation of the legal system.
In the sub examine, the petitioner states that, in 2018, the committee of the community of Nombre87788 requested authorization from the Municipality of Golfito for the respondent ASADA to supply potable water to the residents; however, the request was omitted by the referred local government. She details that on February 13, 2021, the request was again filed before the Municipality of Golfito, and it was requested that a certification be issued to instruct the respondent association to install potable water provisions for the residents of the area. She indicates that through official letter no. SMG-T-111-02-2021 of February 25, 2021, the Municipal Council of Golfito heard the request and in ordinary session no. 7, chapter 5, article 10, agreed to refer the matter to the Administration so that a response could be provided to the community. However, she accuses that the ASADA failed to execute the municipal council's resolution.
She maintains that they requested that the community of Nombre87788 be granted potable water service, since other communities near the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone (Zona Marítimo Terrestre) (Rincón de Osa, Playa Blanca, Playa Juanito Mora, among others) do enjoy that basic service. She affirms that since 2016 they have fought to be supplied with the liquid in question. She adds that a year ago the respondent ASADA installed a meter 500 meters from the community of Playa Colibrí. She mentions that from the hydrant to the community there is a distance of 100 meters. She comments that the respondent authorities have alleged that the community in question cannot have access to potable water because it constitutes national heritage. She notes that in the same canton there are other communities (Playa Blanca and Playa Escondida) that are also located within the national heritage area and do have potable water service.
She maintains that all these efforts were made when the Municipality of Golfito was responsible for administering the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone. She details that the residents of the community of Nombre87788 went to the Municipality of Puerto Jiménez to request a permit so that the respondent ASADA would supply them water; however, the request was denied. She mentions that they also went to MINAE to request potable water service, but their petition was likewise rejected. In addition, officials of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers of Nombre87789 met with the community and told them that this community should have access to potable water service, but they did not provide any document nor indicate a date for a visit. She alleges that the community consumes water from a well that fails to meet the standards established by the Ministry of Health for human consumption.
On this point, the undersigned magistrates note that what is alleged in the sub lite corresponds, prima facie, to a problem of great magnitude, since it is not only a community that is without a supply of potable water, but it is even mentioned that the water source to which they must turn fails to respect the standards set by the Ministry of Health for human consumption.
In this regard, we consider it essential to have the Public Services Regulatory Authority (Autoridad Reguladora de Servicios Públicos, ARESEP) as a party, since, in judgment no. 2020007754 of 9:45 hours on April 24, 2020, the Chamber assessed that ARESEP, in rendering its report, pointed out a series of problems of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers in relation to investment in infrastructure, losses from unaccounted-for water, and execution capacity. On that occasion, this Court considered: “In this regard, it is not only evident that the water shortage problem had been apparent since 2017, but also that ARESEP pointed out that the ICAA had a lag in infrastructure investment and, additionally, significant losses from unaccounted-for water. Likewise, the regulatory body also affirmed that the project execution capacity of the potable water service operators has not been as desired.” Consequently, we dissent from the vote and order that the processing of the appeal continue for the purpose of requesting a report from the general regulator of the Public Services Regulatory Authority.
This Chamber must warn the parties that if they have provided any paper documents, as well as objects or evidence backed by any additional device, or by electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic means or those produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the office within a period of 30 business days after receiving notification of this judgment; otherwise, all will be destroyed in accordance with the provisions of the “Regulations on the Electronic Case File before the Judicial Branch” (Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial), approved by the Full Court (Corte Plena) in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI, and published in Judicial Bulletin number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as the agreement approved by the Superior Council of the Judicial Branch (Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial), in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.
THEREFORE:
The appeal is dismissed. Magistrate Castillo Víquez adds a note. Magistrates Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal dissent from the vote and order that the processing of the appeal continue for the purpose of requesting a report from the general regulator of the Public Services Regulatory Authority. Notify.- Fernando Castillo V.
President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Ingrid Hess H.
Alejandro Delgado F.
It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 05-08-2026 11:57:25.
SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las diez horas diez minutos del once de diciembre de dos mil veinticinco .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente No. 25- 032602-0007-CO, interpuesto por Nombre87787, cédula de identidad CED48381 en su condición de presidenta del comité Pro-mejora y Desarrollo de la Comunidad de Playa Colibrí, contra la ASOCIACIÓN ADMINISTRADORA DEL ACUEDUCTO Y ALCANTARILLADO SANITARIO (ASADA) LA PALMA DE PUERTO JIMÉNEZ Y OTROS.
Resultando:
Redacta la Magistrada Hess Herrera; y,
CONSIDERANDO:
La parte recurrente solicita que se ordene a la ASADA La Palma de Puerto Jiménez suministrar el servicio de agua potable a la comunidad de Playa Colibrí, alegando que por años han efectuado diversas gestiones ante la Municipalidad de Golfito, la Municipalidad de Puerto Jiménez, el MINAE y otras autoridades; sin embargo, han sido omitidas o denegadas, pese a que otras comunidades ubicadas también en zona de patrimonio nacional sí cuentan con dicho servicio. Afirma que actualmente dependen de un pozo que no cumple los estándares de salud y que la negativa reiterada vulnera su acceso a un servicio básico esencial.
II-. DE PREVIO. SOBRE EL AMPARO CONTRA SUJETOS DE DERECHO PRIVADO. En este caso los recurridos son sujeto de derecho privado asociación (Asociación del Acueducto y Alcantarillado Sanitario de La Palma Integrada Osa Golfito), y sujeto de derecho público (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC); Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados]; Municipalidad de Golfito, y la Municipalidad de Puerto Jiménez). Por lo anterior, de previo a la valoración del fondo del presente asunto, debe indicarse que la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en su artículo 57, dispone que el recurso de amparo procede contra las acciones u omisiones de sujetos de derecho privado, pero únicamente cuando éstos actúen o deban actuar en ejercicio de funciones o potestades públicas, o, se encuentren, de derecho o de hecho, en una posición de poder frente a la cual los remedios jurisdiccionales comunes resulten claramente insuficientes o tardíos para garantizar los derechos o libertades fundamentales a que se refiere el artículo 2, inciso a), de la misma Ley.
En el caso concreto se estima que el recurso es admisible respecto del sujeto de derecho privado, por cuanto en la situación que se pone en conocimiento de esta Sala se evidencia que la Asociación del Acueducto y Alcantarillado Sanitario de La Palma Integrada Osa Golfito, se encuentra en una posición de poder, frente a la cual los remedios jurisdiccionales ordinarios son insuficientes o tardíos para garantizar los derechos fundamentales de la parte tutelada.
En el caso concreto, a pesar de que, el informe fue remitido por el asesor legal de la Municipalidad de Puerto Jiménez por delegación del alcalde y del presidente del Concejo Municipal, debe advertirse que en el auto de curso del presente proceso el informe le fue solicitado, de forma personal -no por medio de representante o apoderado, al presidente del Concejo de la Municipalidad de Puerto Jiménez. Por lo anterior, se tiene por no rendido el informe de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 45 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, y en consecuencia esta Sala resuelve el caso valorando la prueba que consta en autos, y la jurisprudencia de este Tribunal aplicable al caso concreto.
En cuanto a este asunto también se recurre contra un sujeto de derecho público, antes de analizar el fondo del asunto -por la presunta violación del derecho a un procedimiento pronto y cumplido- debe aclararse que, a partir de la Sentencia N° 2008-2545 de las 08:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008, esta Sala ha remitido a la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa –con algunas excepciones– aquellos asuntos en los que se discute si la administración pública ha cumplido o no los plazos pautados por la Ley General de la Administración Pública (artículos 261 y 325) o las leyes sectoriales para los procedimientos administrativos especiales, para resolver por acto final un procedimiento administrativo –instruido de oficio o a instancia de parte– o conocer de los recursos administrativos procedentes. Precisamente, en el sub lite, se plantea un supuesto de excepción, pues se está ante la supuesta demora en resolver sobre el suministro de servicio de agua potable. Aclarado el punto, se entra a resolver la situación concreta planteada en este amparo.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque el recurrido haya omitido referirse a ellos, según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
En relación con el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados:
Municipalidad de Golfito:
Municipalidad de Puerto Jiménez:
Asociación Administradora del Acueducto y Alcantarillado Sanitario La Palma Integrada Osa-Golfito (ASADA La Palma):
Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC):
Sobre el tema que aquí se discute, esta Sala ha indicado que el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, las asociaciones administradoras de acueductos y alcantarillados, las municipalidades y demás instituciones que prestan el servicio de suministro de agua potable, pueden rechazar las solicitudes de servicio de agua potable que les sean formuladas, o bien condicionarlas si existen razones técnicas o legales que así lo justifican. Es así como, mediante sentencia No 2014-9134 de las 14:05 horas del 19 de junio de 2014, dispuso lo siguiente:
(...) Esta Sala ha indicado en reiteradas sentencias sobre el tema que el suministro de agua potable es considerado dentro del ordenamiento jurídico costarricense como un servicio público, y que como tal, todo prestador de servicios públicos -sea sujeto público o sujeto privado- está obligado a prestar el servicio de forma continua, eficiente, en condiciones de igualdad y debiendo adaptarse a los cambios tecnológicos (véase al respecto la sentencia 2001-09676 de las once horas veinticinco minutos del veintiséis de setiembre del dos mil uno y la sentencia 2004-08161 de las diez horas con cincuenta y tres minutos del veintitrés de julio del dos mil cuatro). Resulta claro entonces concluir que el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, al ser uno de los entes estatales encargados de la prestación del servicio público de agua potable, está obligado también a prestar este servicio de forma continua, adaptable, eficiente y por igual a todos los habitantes.
Ahora bien, también la jurisprudencia de este Tribunal Constitucional ha indicado que, frente a la imposibilidad jurídica (que es la falta de cumplimiento de requisitos establecidos en la reglamentación respectiva) o frente a la imposibilidad formal (que es la falta de una Red de Distribución de Aguas), es razonable no atender las solicitudes de servicio o solicitar que el interesado asuma los costos de instalación cuando no exista red de distribución de agua potable y se necesite la construcción de infraestructura. Así, en estos casos se ha tenido claro que no es que se trate de una negativa al acceso al servicio de agua potable, sino de la imposibilidad para brindarlo o de la necesaria participación del interesado en el levantamiento de una imposibilidad técnica, cual es, la falta de infraestructura. En otras palabras, siempre que la falta de dotación del servicio de agua potable no sea una actuación antojadiza, arbitraria o sin fundamento, sino que esté justificada en la imposibilidad jurídica o material no estamos frente a la violación de derechos fundamentales”. (Lo resaltado no corresponde al texto original).
Al respecto, la Sala descarta la afectación a los derechos fundamentales de la parte amparada. Lo anterior, porque si bien la recurrente alega que, pese a que por años han realizado diversas gestiones ante las autoridades accionadas para que se les suministre el servicio de agua potable a la comunidad de Playa Colibrí; sin embargo, esto no ha sido posible, mientras que otras comunidades ubicadas también en zona de patrimonio nacional sí cuentan con dicho servicio. No obstante, de los informes rendidos, así como de la prueba que consta en autos, se tiene por acreditado que la problemática radica en que la zona en cuestión es Patrimonio Natural del Estado, donde solo pueden autorizarse actividades de investigación científica, capacitación y ecoturismo, previo permiso del SINAC, ya que es un bien del Estado. Es decir, son bienes de titularidad pública que no pueden ser objeto de propiedad privada, son inalienables, imprescriptibles e inembargables, están fuera del comercio de los hombres, prque están sujetos a un régimen especial de utilización y protección. Dicho lo anterior, las autoridades accionadas están imposibilitadas legal y materialmente a su inclusión en la facturación o para la instalación del servicio de agua potable que alega la recurrente, por las condiciones especiales que presenta la zona.
Asimismo, como se aprecia en los hechos probados de esta sentencia, las autoridades accionadas realizaron una serie de actuaciones e investigaciones, a fin de resolver la solicitud de la recurrente, siendo que le dieron respuesta tanto a ella como a la comunidad de Playa Colibrí, sobre el impedimento legal para suministrar el servicio de agua potable; situación que no se considera arbitraria, toda vez que se fundamentó en razones objetivas y en criterios técnicos.
Por lo expuesto, la Sala descarta la afectación a los derechos fundamentales de la tutelada, pues como se indicó, la autoridad accionada resolvió y le informó a la interesada las razones por las cuales se le negó el suministro de agua potable a la población de Playa Colibrí.
He apoyado la tesis de este Tribunal, de que cuando el justiciable alega una vulneración al derecho a una justicia pronta y cumplida en sede administrativa, quienes deben conocer la controversia jurídica son los Tribunales de lo Contencioso-Administrativo y no esta Sala. Ahora bien, con la reciente promulgación de la Ley n.° 9097, Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición, se ha establecido que ese derecho es susceptible de tutela judicial por medio del recurso de amparo establecido por el artículo 32 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en relación con el artículo 27 de la Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica, en aquellos casos en que el peticionario considere que las actuaciones materiales de la Administración, sus actos administrativos o su respuesta le estén afectando sus derechos fundamentales. A mi modo de ver, la normativa recién promulgada no implica que este Tribunal deba modificar su línea jurisprudencial, quien, con base en el numeral 7 de su Ley, le corresponde definir exclusivamente su propia competencia.
Por ende, salvo aquellas controversias jurídico-constitucionales que han sido reconocidas por esta misma Sala como supuestos de excepción, que sí proceden ser conocidas en esta jurisdicción a través del proceso constitucional de garantía del amparo, en los demás casos, y por las razones que ha dado este Tribunal (sentencia N° 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008), los competentes son los Jueces de la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo, todo lo cual es conforme al numeral 25, de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, el Derecho de la Constitución (valores, principios y normas) y las normas legales correspondientes con base en una interpretación lógica, sistémica y teleológica del ordenamiento jurídico.
En el sub examine, la parte recurrente manifiesta que, en 2018, el comité de la comunidad Nombre87788 solicitó ante la Municipalidad de Golfito autorización para que la ASADA recurrida les suministrara agua potable a los vecinos; no obstante, la gestión fue omitida por el gobierno local referido. Detalla que el 13 de febrero de 2021 se planteó nuevamente la gestión ante la Municipalidad de Golfito y se solicitó que se emitiera una certificación para instruir a la asociación accionada a instalar las previsiones de agua potable a los vecinos de la zona. Indica que mediante oficio nro. SMG-T-111-02-2021 del 25 de febrero de 2021, el Concejo Municipal de Golfito conoció la solicitud y en la sesión ordinaria nro. 7 capítulo 5° artículo 10 acordó trasladar la gestión a la Administración para que se le brindara una respuesta a la comunidad. No obstante, acusa que la ASADA omitió ejecutar la resolución del concejo municipal.
Sostiene que solicitaron que se le otorgare a la comunidad de Nombre87788 el servicio de agua potable, ya que otras comunidades cercanas a la Zona Marítimo Terrestre (Rincón de Osa, Playa Blanca, Playa Juanito Mora entre otras) sí disfrutan de ese servicio básico. Afirma que desde el 2016 han luchado para que se les suministre el líquido de marras. Agrega que hace un año instaló la Asada recurrida un medidor a 500 metros de la comunidad de Playa Colibrí. Menciona que desde el hidrante hasta la comunidad hay una distancia de 100 metros. Comenta que las autoridades recurridas han alegado que la comunidad de marras no puede tener acceso al agua potable por constituir patrimonio nacional. Acota que en el mismo cantón existen otras comunidades (Playa Blanca y Playa Escondida) que también se ubican dentro del área de patrimonio nacional y sí cuentan con el servicio de agua potable. Sostiene que todas estas gestiones se realizaron, cuando la Municipalidad de Golfito era la encargada de administrar la Zona Marítimo Terrestre.
Detalla que los vecinos de la comunidad de Nombre87788 acudieron a la Municipalidad de Puerto Jiménez a fin de solicitar un permiso para que la ASADA recurrida les suministrada agua; no obstante, la gestión fue denegada. Menciona que también acudieron al MINAE para solicitar el servicio de agua potable, pero, su petición igualmente fue rechazada. Además, personeros del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados de Nombre87789 se reunieron con la comunidad y les dijeron que esa comunidad debía tener acceso al servicio de agua potable, pero no entregaron documento alguno ni señalaron una fecha para hacer una visita. Alega que la comunidad consume agua de un pozo que incumple los estándares establecidos por el Ministerio de Salud para el consumo humano.
Sobre particular, los infrascritos magistrados advertimos que lo alegado en el sub lite corresponde, prima facie, a un problema de gran magnitud, pues no solamente se trata de una comunidad que se encuentra desabastecida de agua potable, sino que incluso se menciona que la fuente de agua a la que deben acudir irrespeta los estándares fijados por el Ministerio de Salud para el consumo humano.
En este sentido, consideramos imprescindible tener como parte a la Autoridad Reguladora de Servicios Públicos (Aresep), pues incluso, en la sentencia nro. 2020007754 de las 9:45 horas de 24 de abril de 2020, la Sala valoró que Aresep, al rendir su informe, puntualizó una serie de problemas del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados en relación con la inversión en infraestructura, pérdidas por agua no contabilizada y capacidad de ejecución. En esa oportunidad, este Tribunal consideró: “Al respecto, no solo consta que la problemática de desabastecimiento de agua se venía reflejando desde el 2017, sino que la ARESEP puntualizó que el ICAA tenía un rezago en la inversión en infraestructura y, además, significativas pérdidas por concepto de agua no contabilizada. Asimismo, el ente regulador también afirmó que la capacidad de ejecución de los proyectos por parte de los operadores del servicio de agua potable no ha sido la deseable”.
En consecuencia, salvamos el voto y ordenamos continuar la tramitación del recurso a los efectos de que se solicite informe al regulador general de la Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos.
Debe prevenir esta Sala a las partes que de haber aportado algún documentos en papel, así como objetos o pruebas respaldadas por medio de cualquier dispositivo adicional, o por medio de soporte electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, éstos deberán ser retirados del despacho, en un plazo de 30 días hábiles, después de recibida la notificación de esta sentencia, de lo contrario todo ello será destruido de conformidad con lo establecido en el “Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial”, aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión No. 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión No. 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso. El magistrado Castillo Víquez pone nota. Los magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal salvan el voto y ordenan continuar la tramitación del recurso a los efectos de que se solicite informe al regulador general de la Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos. Notifíquese.- Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Ingrid Hess H.
Alejandro Delgado F.
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