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Res. 32048-2025 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 03/10/2025
OutcomeResultado
The amparo action is denied, as the Chamber considers that challenges to the environmental viability constitute an ordinary legality matter exceeding the summary nature of amparo and must be heard in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction.Se declara sin lugar el recurso de amparo, al considerar la Sala que los cuestionamientos a la viabilidad ambiental constituyen un asunto de legalidad ordinaria que excede la naturaleza sumaria del amparo y debe ventilarse en la vía contencioso-administrativa.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber reviewed an amparo action against the environmental viability granted by SETENA for the Papagayo Gulf megaproject in Playa Panamá, Guanacaste. The petitioner alleged violations of the rights to a healthy environment, citizen participation, and due process, citing omission of a public hearing, inadequate assessment of impacts on forests and mangroves, non-compliance with Law 6758, and ambiguity of Decree 44448. The ICT defended the special legal regime of the project and SETENA's exclusive competence, stating it was not the authority responsible for environmental viability. The Municipality of Liberia argued lack of jurisdiction, while Carrillo deferred to the Court. The Chamber analyzed the summary nature of amparo and its incompetence to review ordinary legality of administrative acts, reiterating that constitutional control does not substitute contentious-administrative channels. It concluded the matter required a full evidentiary process and dismissed the amparo, preserving ordinary remedies.La Sala Constitucional conoció un recurso de amparo contra la viabilidad ambiental otorgada por SETENA al megaproyecto turístico Golfo de Papagayo, en Playa Panamá, Guanacaste. El recurrente alegó violaciones a los derechos a un ambiente sano, participación ciudadana y debido proceso, por la omisión de audiencia pública, falta de evaluación adecuada de impactos en bosques y manglares, incumplimiento de la Ley 6758 y ambigüedad del Decreto 44448. El ICT defendió el régimen jurídico especial del proyecto y la competencia exclusiva de SETENA, señalando que no era la autoridad responsable de la viabilidad ambiental. La Municipalidad de Liberia argumentó falta de jurisdicción, mientras que la de Carrillo se allanó a lo que se decidiera. La Sala analizó la naturaleza sumaria del amparo y su incompetencia para revisar actos administrativos de legalidad ordinaria, reiterando que el control de constitucionalidad no sustituye las vías contencioso-administrativas. Concluyó que el asunto requería un proceso de conocimiento pleno y rechazó el amparo, dejando a salvo las vías ordinarias.
Key excerptExtracto clave
The Chamber's position is clear and emphatic: the review of administrative actions on an environmental matter, for its proper assessment, requires a full evidentiary process, possible only in the ordinary jurisdiction, since the amparo process is incompatible with the review of technical or legal criteria elaborated under the applicable regulations. Therefore, the oversight or review of an administrative act related to an environmental matter corresponds to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction; delegating it to the constitutional avenue distorts the summary procedure created at the constitutional level for that purpose. ... In the case under analysis, as we will demonstrate, the aforementioned requirements are NOT met and, therefore, the amparo action must be dismissed.La posición de la Sala es clara y contundente: la revisión de las actuaciones administrativas sobre un tema ambiental, para su correcta valoración requiere de un proceso de conocimiento pleno, posible únicamente en la jurisdicción ordinaria, pues el proceso del amparo es incompatible con la revisión de criterios técnicos o jurídicos elaborados con base en la normativa aplicable. Por tanto, la fiscalización o revisión de un acto administrativo vinculado con un asunto ambiental, le corresponde a la jurisdicción de lo contencioso administrativo, delegarlo en la vía constitucional desnaturaliza el procedimiento sumario creado a nivel constitucional para ello. ... En el caso bajo análisis, tal y como lo evidenciaremos, los presupuestos señalados anteriormente NO se cumplen y, por tanto, el recurso de amparo debe ser rechazado.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"la revisión de las actuaciones administrativas sobre un tema ambiental, para su correcta valoración requiere de un proceso de conocimiento pleno, posible únicamente en la jurisdicción ordinaria, pues el proceso del amparo es incompatible con la revisión de criterios técnicos o jurídicos elaborados con base en la normativa aplicable."
"the review of administrative actions on an environmental matter, for its proper assessment, requires a full evidentiary process, possible only in the ordinary jurisdiction, since the amparo process is incompatible with the review of technical or legal criteria elaborated under the applicable regulations."
Considerando VII
"la revisión de las actuaciones administrativas sobre un tema ambiental, para su correcta valoración requiere de un proceso de conocimiento pleno, posible únicamente en la jurisdicción ordinaria, pues el proceso del amparo es incompatible con la revisión de criterios técnicos o jurídicos elaborados con base en la normativa aplicable."
Considerando VII
"la determinación de si una conducta se ajusta o no al ordenamiento jurídico administrativo, aún y cuando esté vinculado a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, es del resorte de la jurisdicción ordinaria y no de la vía constitucional."
"the determination of whether a conduct conforms to the administrative legal order, even when linked to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, falls within the purview of the ordinary jurisdiction and not the constitutional avenue."
Considerando VII
"la determinación de si una conducta se ajusta o no al ordenamiento jurídico administrativo, aún y cuando esté vinculado a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, es del resorte de la jurisdicción ordinaria y no de la vía constitucional."
Considerando VII
Full documentDocumento completo
CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours and twenty minutes of October third, two thousand twenty-five.
An amparo appeal processed in case file no. 25-025228-0007-CO, filed by Nombre49424, identity card CED7814, against the COSTA RICAN TOURISM INSTITUTE (INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE TURISMO, ICT), THE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY (MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA, MINAE), THE MUNICIPALITY OF CARRILLO AND THE MUNICIPALITY OF LIBERIA.
Whereas:
Analysis of the situation Special Legal Regime: The Papagayo Project, under Law 6758, is governed by a particular legal framework that defines its management and ownership, rather than being classified under the standard regime of the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado). Conservation as a Priority: Law 6758 mandates that 70% of the territory remain undeveloped, designating those areas for biodiversity conservation, biological corridors, and public spaces for environmental protection. State Management and Oversight: Despite not being a State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural estatal), the Costa Rican State maintains a strict legal framework and exercises oversight over the use and management of these areas for their preservation. Detailed Legal Framework: Law 6758 is the one that establishes the conditions for the project's development, detailing the management of the 70% conservation area and environmental sustainability.
POSSIBLE LEGAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONFLICTS The statement posits that Law 6758 could: Contravene constitutional rights: Affect due process (Article 39), environmental protection (Article 50), and citizen participation rights, such as those of neighbors and environmentalists, in environmental decision-making (Articles 28, 29, 30, and 33). GO AGAINST OTHER LAWS: Challenge the Environment Law (Ley de Ambiente), the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública), and the principle of legality, by creating a special legal regime that might not align with the general principles of these regulations. CONCLUSION ACCORDING TO THE STATEMENT The protected areas in the Nombre169752 Project are part of a Specific Conservation Management System and not a State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado), due to the unique nature established by Law 6758. However, this raises the concern that SAID LAW COULD BE OVERRIDING FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES IN COSTA RICA…”.
(Folio 84, 85, 86). II. LAW 6758 FOR THE Nombre169752 PROJECT EXPOSES THE RISK OF LEGAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL CONFLICTS The statement regarding Law 6758 for the Nombre169752 Project exposes the risk of legal and constitutional conflicts because it could violate due process, environmental protection, and citizen participation guaranteed in the Constitution, in addition to contradicting regulations such as the Environment Law (Ley de Ambiente) and the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública) by establishing a special legal regime. This situation could give rise to the filing of an amparo appeal (recurso de amparo) or an unconstitutionality action (acción de inconstitucionalidad). CONSTITUTIONAL CONFLICTS RAISED: Right to due process (Article 39 of the Political Constitution): The law could affect this right by not guaranteeing a fair procedure. Environmental protection (Article 50 of the Political Constitution): It is argued that Law 6758 could go against the principles of environmental protection that the Constitution establishes.
Citizen participation rights (Articles 28, 29, 30, and 33 of the Political Constitution): The risk is mentioned that Law 6758 might not allow effective participation by neighbors and environmentalist groups in decisions regarding the environment. Conflicts with other laws: Challenge to the Environment Law (Ley de Ambiente) and the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública): The creation of a special legal regime for the Nombre169752 Project could fail to align with the general principles of these laws. Principle of Legality (Principio de Legalidad): Law 6758 could contravene this fundamental principle, which requires that all state action be grounded in law. Conclusion of the statement: It is posited that Law 6758, by creating a specific management system for the protected areas of the Papagayo Project, could be violating fundamental constitutional and legal principles in Costa Rica.
Given this situation, the possibility of filing legal remedies such as an amparo appeal (recurso de amparo) or an unconstitutionality action (acción de inconstitucionalidad) is contemplated. (Folio 88, 89). III. THE Nombre169752 PROJECT FACES LEGAL CHALLENGES FOR POTENTIAL VIOLATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS, ESPECIALLY REGARDING CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF LAW 6758. The Nombre169752 Project faces legal challenges for potential violation of constitutional rights, especially regarding citizen participation in the environmental assessment of Law 6758, which could give rise to an amparo appeal (recurso de amparo) or unconstitutionality action (acción de inconstitucionalidad). Despite the fact that the company Bahía Nombre169752 asserts that it complies with the principles of sustainability and sustainability, organizations and citizens have questioned the validity of the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) granted, arguing possible favoritism toward investors over Costa Rican legislation.
Details of the Situation Citizen Participation and Indigenous Community: It is alleged that the required continuous citizen participation (sic) was not carried out, particularly because the project affects indigenous communities, which constitutes a violation of Article 33 of the Constitution and other fundamental principles. Possible Legal Transgression: The inquiry indicates that the process of preparing the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) for the Nombre169752 Project could violate Articles 11, 28, 29, 30, 33, 39, and 50 of the Constitution, as well as the principle of legality and the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública), among other laws. Law 6758: It is argued that Law 6758, which created a specific management system for the project, could be violating constitutional and legal principles. Law 6758 could violate Costa Rican constitutional principles by contravening the principle of equality of citizens before the law and the prohibition of privileges and monopolies, since it establishes a special management regime for the protected areas of the Papagayo Project, with possible discriminatory and restrictive implications for other managers or developers.
It could also transgress the principle of legislative reservation (reserva de ley), by delegating the management of public resources (Protected Areas) without adequate citizen participation and without due legal justification. Constitutional Principles allegedly violated: • Principle of Equality and Prohibition of Privileges: • Analysis: Law 6758 creates a specific management system for the Papagayo Project, which could mean differentiated and privileged treatment for a particular project, to the detriment of other projects and citizens in general. • Violation: This undermines Article 33 of the Political Constitution, which establishes that all persons are equal before the law and there can be no discrimination whatsoever. • Principle of Prohibition of Monopolies and Exclusivity: • Analysis: By granting exclusive and specific management to an entity over protected areas, the law could be creating a de facto monopoly, preventing the equitable participation of other actors and limiting access to the management of these resources. • Violation: This could violate the spirit of the Social State of Law (Estado Social de Derecho), which seeks competition and the participation of various actors in the economy and in the use of natural resources. • Principle of Legislative Reservation (Reserva de Ley) and Citizen Participation: • Analysis: The management of protected areas implies the use of public resources and the fulfillment of state functions.
If the law delegates these functions to a specific management system without broad legal justification and without the due process of citizen participation, it could be violating the principle of legislative reservation (reserva de ley). • Violation: This would undermine Articles 11 and 12 of the Constitution, which require that the action of public powers conform to the law and that citizen participation must be guaranteed in decisions of public interest. Implications: • Restriction of competition: The law could be generating an environment of exclusivity that limits competition in the tourism and natural resource management sector. • Discriminatory effect: Other projects or actors could be at a disadvantage compared to the managing entity of the Papagayo Project, creating inequity in treatment and in development opportunities. • Weakening of the general legal framework: By creating a special regime, the law could weaken the general application of the rules governing the management of protected areas in the country, creating legal uncertainty and a problematic precedent.
Favoritism Toward Investors: There is concern that Law 6758 prioritizes the interests of investors over the legality of Costa Rican laws. Potential Legal Remedies Amparo Appeal (Recurso de Amparo): An amparo appeal could be filed before the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) to protect the fundamental rights that are considered violated by the project's approval process. UNCONSTITUTIONALITY ACTION (ACCIÓN DE INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD): An unconstitutionality action could also be filed so that the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) reviews the conformity of Law 6758 and the administrative acts related to the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) with the Constitution. Company's Position The company Bahía Nombre169752 defends the legality and sustainability of its project. It argues that the project promotes responsible tourism development and creates opportunities for the local community, without generating gentrification.
The company has been the subject of an amparo appeal (recurso de amparo) filed by the former mayor of Carrillo, who questioned the legality of the environmental approval process, which was admitted by the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional). (Folio 90, 91, 92). DOCUMENTS: FOLIOS 7 THROUGH 92 ARE PROVIDED.”
Mentioned Implications: • The information suggests that the application of these regulations could be generating controversies, since the possible violation of several articles of the General Public Administration Act related to continuous environmental participation in land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) and environmental road management is mentioned, according to the text provided.”
Article 12.-The Board of Directors of the Costa Rican Tourism Institute may grant concessions for the use of the project lands in the area designated for it, in accordance with the terms and conditions that the Institute establishes for this purpose, and in accordance with the provisions of Article 1073 of the Law of the Financial Administration of the Republic.” Following the enactment of the cited regulation, the ICT, in collaboration with the corresponding authorities, the Notary of the State, MOPT, the Comptroller General of the Republic, among others, carried out the expropriation procedures to incorporate private properties and provide compensation to some possessors, with the PTGP being comprised of the following areas (article 2, subsection i, second paragraph) of the Regulation to Law 6758, Regulatory Law for the Development and Execution of the PTGP: “(…) This territorial portion comprises those areas that have been acquired by the ICT for the development of the project, encompassing a fifty-meter inalienable public zone area, a one hundred and fifty-meter restricted zone area, and a continental zone, the latter being understood as the area located inland, beyond two hundred meters from the maritime terrestrial zone (Zona Marítimo Terrestre, ZMT) of the Pacific coast.
The Proyecto Turístico Golfo Nombre169752 is located from Punta Cabuyal to the North, to one kilometer south of Punta Ballena, with the coordinates of Law 6370 prevailing, and also encompasses the area permanently covered by the sea located within said coordinates, intended for the construction, administration, and operation of marinas and tourist docks, within the Proyecto Turístico Golfo de Papagayo, in accordance with the provisions of the Law on the Concession and Operation of Marinas and Tourist Docks, Law No. 7744 of December 19, 1997, and its amendments, published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 26 of February 6, 1998.” It should be clarified that not all areas within the coordinates of Law 6370 are part of the sectors administered exclusively by the ICT, since not everything was expropriated. However, from the various expropriation files, it can be identified that most of the lots were indicated as “pasture” (potrero), “agriculture” (agricultura), “scrubland” (charral).
By way of example, in the case of the expropriation of the area that is currently within what is now known as lot 1 (map G-52763-2023, 2168-Z-000) and lot 3 (map G-43129-2022, 2169-Z-000), both concession rights of ENJOY HOTELS & RESORTS S.A., the acquisition was made through expropriation from Mr. Francisco Vargas, based on map Placa34111-, with the nature “PASTURE LAND VARIETY REPASTOS” (TERRENO POTRERO VARIEDAD REPASTOS), thus registered today in the National Registry under registration number Placa34113 in the name of the ICT; note that, even the boundaries still refer to the “nautical mile.” On February 09, 2005, through Decree 33132-MP-T, “Declares of national convenience, the development and execution of the Proyecto Turístico Golfo de Papagayo,” it was ordered: “Article 1.-To declare of national convenience, the development and execution of the Proyecto Turístico Golfo de Papagayo, under the administration of the Costa Rican Tourism Institute, located in the cantons of Liberia and Carrillo in the Province of Guanacaste.
Article 2.-For the optimal development of this Project, all Government agencies, ministries, and public institutions are urged to provide all help and collaboration to it, within the framework of their material possibilities and the scope of their respective competencies.” Thus, the Polo Turístico Golfo de Nombre169752 constitutes a paradigmatic case in Costa Rican administrative law, consolidating itself as a national strategic project developed under an exceptional legal regime (régimen jurídico de excepción). This special figure, granted by the legal system, is justified not only for reasons of economic convenience but also for reasons of planning, sustainability, and state control. Its creation and execution are based on a series of legislative and administrative acts that, systematically, configure a differentiated normative framework from the common regime of the ZMT regulated by Law No. 6043.
From the point of view of substantive legal analysis, the regime of the Proyecto Golfo Nombre169752 presents a reasoned and proportional exception within the Costa Rican constitutional framework, since it does not annul the common rules but rather modulates them for a specific case, ensuring greater state intervention, technical control, and environmental protection. It is an example of how a special regime can coexist with common law, provided it has legal backing, a legitimate purpose, and control mechanisms that guarantee subjection to the public interest. From the point of view of legal certainty, the project has a robust and systematized regulatory set, composed of laws, regulations, decrees, and administrative acts, which articulate a coherent legal structure for its development. This legal structure confers certainty to both the State and potential investors regarding the rights, duties, and conditions for participating in the project. At the same time, it guarantees the protection of the State's natural heritage and the principles of sustainability, planning, and legality.
REGARDING STANDING There is no doubt that the analysis sought by the appellant does NOT meet the prerequisites required to consider it as the object of a proper amparo (constitutional protection) proceeding of a summary nature, and all the analysis requested in its appeal to be carried out undoubtedly distorts the nature of the amparo. Those cases that require an analysis of compliance with respect to what is stipulated in the regulations, as well as the demonstration and presentation of evidence to define the legality of the actions, are matters of ordinary legality that cannot be heard through an amparo appeal, as this would distort its summary nature. We will be analyzing this situation in another section.
REGARDING THE FACTUAL ELEMENTS POINTED OUT BY THE APPELLANT The described facts are addressed and the described factual elements are analyzed. This amparo is directed against the alleged lack of safeguarding of fundamental rights—specifically the right to a healthy environment and to citizen participation—within the framework of the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) granted to the Proyecto Turístico Papagayo. It is intended to attribute direct responsibility to the ICT for alleged flaws in the environmental viability procedure carried out by the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA). The ICT is not the competent authority to grant or control the environmental viability of projects; that competence corresponds, exclusively and preclusively, to SETENA, a deconcentrated body attached to MINAE, as established by the Organic Law of the Environment and its regulations. The actions of the ICT in relation to the Proyecto Nombre169752 are limited to the competencies established in Law No. 6758 (Law Regulating the Proyecto Turístico Golfo de Papagayo), particularly those of administration of tourist concessions and investment attraction, and not environmental assessment.
At all times, the ICT has respected the current regulations, has cooperated with the competent environmental authorities, and has ensured that any act on its part is subordinated to the environmental resolutions and conditions issued by SETENA and other governing entities.
REFUTATION OF THE ARGUMENTS OF THE AMPARO Lack of passive legitimation of the ICT regarding environmental viability: The act being questioned—granting of environmental viability—is issued by SETENA. Attempting to attribute its nullity to the ICT lacks support, since the ICT cannot modify or annul SETENA resolutions. Respect for the constitutional right to a healthy environment (art. 50 CP): This right is guaranteed through a normative system that attributes the technical assessment of environmental impacts to SETENA. Insofar as the ICT is concerned, we have respected this constitutional design, abiding by the binding environmental resolutions. Regarding citizen participation: The procedure for public consultation or hearing is the responsibility of SETENA to define in accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment (Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, EIA) regulations. The ICT does not substitute or limit said process; therefore, a violation of the right to citizen participation cannot be attributed to it.
Presumption of legality of the administrative act: The environmental viability resolution enjoys a presumption of legality as long as it is not annulled through the corresponding channel (administrative nullity proceeding or contentious-administrative proceeding). The amparo cannot become a means to technically review administrative acts issued by the competent authority, as the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) has reiterated. We have reiterated in the response to other appeals that the amparo does not substitute ordinary means of challenge (administrative appeals, contentious-administrative proceeding). In this case, the claimant has specific avenues to challenge SETENA's resolution, so the amparo is inadmissible. There is no action or omission by the ICT that violates, restricts, or threatens the fundamental rights of the protected party.
REGARDING THE DISTRIBUTION OF COMPETENCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS AND THE TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE OF SETENA The organic and regulatory regulations on environmental matters are clear in assigning to SETENA the exclusive competence to hear, evaluate, and qualify the environmental impacts of projects, works, or activities submitted to its knowledge. By virtue of the Organic Law of the Environment (Law No. 7554) and its regulations, it is the responsibility of SETENA to: 1- Define and qualify the significance of the environmental impacts that a project may generate. 2- Determine the applicable assessment instrument. 3- Issue the environmental viability resolution (VLA), which constitutes a technical administrative act, based on scientific and legal criteria that only said authority is empowered to weigh. On the contrary, the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (ICT), although it holds competencies within the framework of the Proyecto Turístico Golfo de Nombre169752 (Law No. 6758) relating to the administration, promotion, and regulation of tourist concessions within the special regime, does not have normative or regulatory competence to issue, review, modify, suspend, or annul environmental viability resolutions.
This jurisdictional delimitation is not merely formal but responds to essential constitutional and administrative principles: 1- Principle of legality (art. 11 LGAP and art. 11 CP): Each body must act within the scope of competencies expressly conferred upon it by law. In environmental matters, the legislator ordered that the assessment of impacts and the decision on viability corresponds to SETENA, a body attached to MINAE and endowed with technical specialization. 2- Principle of technical specialty: Environmental impact control requires a specialized body that applies scientific, technical, and legal methodologies; that function is concentrated in SETENA, to the exclusion of other public entities that do not possess that competence. 3- Legal certainty: The presumption of legality of administrative acts implies that, as long as their nullity is not declared through the legally provided avenue (nullity proceeding in administrative venue or contentious-administrative proceeding), the resolutions of SETENA are binding on the entire Administration, including the ICT.
Therefore, any claim of nullity or invalidity regarding the environmental viability of the Proyecto Nombre169752 must be directed and analyzed with respect to the actions of SETENA, never those of the ICT, given that the latter lacks decision-making powers in that field. The ICT, in its capacity as the respondent entity, reaffirms this distribution of competencies: 1- Recognizes and respects the technical authority of SETENA. 2- Strictly abides by the environmental viability resolutions that it issues, integrating its conditions into the acts of concession and tourist regulation. 3- Cooperates in verifying compliance with environmental obligations within the framework of its competencies, but does not substitute or interfere in the technical-administrative process of environmental assessment. Consequently, the correct delimitation of competencies constitutes a central element for evaluating passive legitimation in this constitutional proceeding: the ICT cannot be summoned for acts of SETENA, which are in themselves technically valid.
RESPONSE TO THE QUESTIONS RAISED IN RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL VIABILITY OF THE PROYECTO BAHÍA NOMBRE169752 Regarding the alleged omission of a public hearing It is not correct to state that the absence of a public hearing constitutes per se a violation of fundamental rights or the principle of legality. In the case of the Proyecto Bahía Papagayo, what was approved was the procedure according to the instrument defined by SETENA. No interested party formally requested the hearing, nor was its mandatory nature verified according to the type of impact of the project at the corresponding stage. Therefore, SETENA could not impose a procedure not required by the regulations, as doing so would indeed have constituted an infraction of the principle of legality (art. 11 CP and art. 11 LGAP).
Regarding the alleged transgression of constitutional articles (11, 28, 29, 30, 39 and 50 CP) 1- Article 11 CP (legality): Far from being breached, SETENA acted strictly within the legal framework by applying the current environmental regulations. It could not demand requirements not foreseen. 2- Articles 28, 29 and 30 CP (citizen participation and access to information): Participation was guaranteed through existing legal mechanisms (forms, access to the file, right of petition). The public hearing is not the only recognized mechanism of participation. 3- Article 39 CP (due process): Administrative due process was not violated, since all stages foreseen in the procedure were fulfilled, with the possibility of challenge in administrative and jurisdictional venues. 4- Article 50 CP (right to a healthy environment): Precisely the existence of the EIA and the environmental viability resolution constitutes the realization of this right.
This jurisdictional delimitation is not merely formal but responds to essential constitutional and administrative principles: 1- Principle of legality (art. 11 LGAP and art. 11 CP): Each body must act within the scope of competencies expressly conferred upon it by law. In environmental matters, the legislator ordered that the assessment of impacts and the decision on viability corresponds to SETENA, a body attached to MINAE and endowed with technical specialization. 2- Principle of technical specialty: Environmental impact control requires a specialized body that applies scientific, technical, and legal methodologies; that function is concentrated in SETENA, to the exclusion of other public entities that do not possess that competence. 3- Legal certainty: The presumption of legality of administrative acts implies that, as long as their nullity is not declared through the legally provided avenue (nullity proceeding in administrative venue or contentious-administrative proceeding), the resolutions of SETENA are binding on the entire Administration, including the ICT.
Therefore, any claim of nullity or invalidity regarding the environmental viability of the Proyecto Nombre169752 must be directed and analyzed with respect to the actions of SETENA, never those of the ICT, given that the latter lacks decision-making powers in that field. The ICT, in its capacity as the respondent entity, reaffirms this distribution of competencies: 1- Recognizes and respects the technical authority of SETENA. 2- Strictly abides by the environmental viability resolutions that it issues, integrating its conditions into the acts of concession and tourist regulation. 3- Cooperates in verifying compliance with environmental obligations within the framework of its competencies, but does not substitute or interfere in the technical-administrative process of environmental assessment. Consequently, the correct delimitation of competencies constitutes a central element for evaluating passive legitimation in this constitutional proceeding: the ICT cannot be summoned for acts of SETENA, which are in themselves technically valid.
RESPONSE TO THE QUESTIONS RAISED IN RELATION TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL VIABILITY OF THE PROYECTO BAHÍA NOMBRE169752 Regarding the alleged omission of a public hearing It is not correct to state that the absence of a public hearing constitutes per se a violation of fundamental rights or the principle of legality. In the case of the Proyecto Bahía Papagayo, what was approved was the procedure according to the instrument defined by SETENA. No interested party formally requested the hearing, nor was its mandatory nature verified according to the type of impact of the project at the corresponding stage. Therefore, SETENA could not impose a procedure not required by the regulations, as doing so would indeed have constituted an infraction of the principle of legality (art. 11 CP and art. 11 LGAP).
Regarding the alleged transgression of constitutional articles (11, 28, 29, 30, 39 and 50 CP) 1- Article 11 CP (legality): Far from being breached, SETENA acted strictly within the legal framework by applying the current environmental regulations. It could not demand requirements not foreseen. 2- Articles 28, 29 and 30 CP (citizen participation and access to information): Participation was guaranteed through existing legal mechanisms (forms, access to the file, right of petition). The public hearing is not the only recognized mechanism of participation. 3- Article 39 CP (due process): Administrative due process was not violated, since all stages foreseen in the procedure were fulfilled, with the possibility of challenge in administrative and jurisdictional venues. 4- Article 50 CP (right to a healthy environment): Precisely the existence of the EIA and the environmental viability resolution constitutes the realization of this right.
Regarding the allegation of non-compliance with Law No. 6758 (Nombre169752) The regulation to the Master Plan regulates occupancy rates and construction limits, but its supervision does not correspond to SETENA, but to the ICT in its capacity as administrator of the concession regime. SETENA's competence is limited to environmental impact, not to the urbanistic calculation of densities, so there is no defect attributable to SETENA in this regard.
Regarding the claim of “inaccurate mapping” and the alleged lack of protection of 70% of the area The delimitation of polygons, official maps, and zoning corresponds to the governing body of the territorial regime (ICT and National Cadastre), not to SETENA. In the viability procedure, SETENA is limited to analyzing the official cartographic inputs that are submitted to it. Attempting to attribute a supposed mapping error to SETENA exceeds its legal competencies.
With respect to the appellant's claim that Executive Decree 44448 of January 17, 2024, is ambiguous “due to the lack of adequate mapping of the 1,658 hectares of the project, which prevents a correct application of the construction standards and leaves 70% of the areas of natural and heritage conservation unprotected,” the following must be clarified: The regulation to Law 6758 (Executive Decree 2439-MP-TUR, as amended by Executive Decree 44448 of January 17, 2024) is not a technical standard. The technical standard that establishes the construction and development parameters is the Regulation of the Master Plan, whose definition is found in article 2, subsection h) of the Regulation, which provides: “h) Master Plan: Tool for the control and regulation of land use, zoning, road systems, densities, floor area ratio (coeficiente de ocupación de superficie, COS), also known as ‘coverage’ (cobertura), as well as the bases for site design and general specifications for the development of the project and the planning of its urban development, according to the “General Master Plan Regulation of the Proyecto Turístico Golfo de Papagayo”, approved by the Board of Directors of the ICT, in Ordinary Session No. 4572, article 2, subsection VIII, held on July 10, 1995, and published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 140 of July 24, 1995, and its amendments.
The Master Plan is a guiding planning figure, in that it indicates the guiding principles, general guidelines, and master lines that are to guide and regulate urban or building planning and land use of the Proyecto Turístico Golfo Papagayo; all within the applicable legal limitations and whose nature, in addition to being technical, is of a normative and mandatory scope. (As amended by article 1 of Executive Decree No. 44448 of January 17, 2024)” Regarding the consultation with municipalities and communities The Regulation of Environmental Impact Assessment establishes that consultation with municipalities is not mandatory in all cases, but only in the situations determined by the instrument and the level of environmental impact. SETENA processed the file according to what the regulation required, and the principle of legality prevents it from imposing additional consultations outside the law.
Regarding the possibility of reversing environmental viability The nullity of administrative acts can only be declared in accordance with the procedures of the General Law on Public Administration (arts. 173 et seq.), under specific grounds and with an individualized analysis of substantial defects. The mere generic allegation of constitutional or regulatory violation is not sufficient to annul a final administrative act. Furthermore, it has been reiterated that the amparo does not substitute contentious-administrative procedures for challenging acts of presumed validity.
In accordance with the foregoing: 1- SETENA's action in the case of the environmental viability of the Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 was in accordance with the principle of legality and the current regulations. 2- There was no obligation to hold a public hearing. 3- The constitutional rights of participation and due process were guaranteed. 4- The questions regarding mapping and construction density correspond to other competent entities (ICT, Cadastre, municipalities), not to SETENA. 5- There are no grounds for nullity that would allow the environmental viability to be reversed, beyond what the legal system expressly establishes.
COMPETENCE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER IN ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS. From what is observed, what the appellant requires is precisely that the Constitutional Chamber carry out a legality analysis of the conduct or administrative acts related to the Project in Papagayo; an analysis that exceeds its competencies. For a long time, this Chamber has set a clear jurisprudential line regarding the analysis of constitutionality, proper to its competencies, and the analysis of ordinary legality, the competence of administrative bodies and/or the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. It has pointed out, among others, that the determination of whether a conduct conforms to or violates the administrative legal system, even when it is linked to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, falls within the purview of the ordinary jurisdiction and not the constitutional avenue. Likewise, it has defined that the control of constitutionality in those cases where a violation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment is alleged is carried out provided that the Administration has not intervened (even in situations where the affectation is evident, requiring that the appellant has previously approached the institution, as it maintains that it is not a reviewer of administrative conduct); otherwise—when there is intervention by the Administration—it must be addressed through the legality avenue, so that, with greater precision, the alleged non-compliances can be reviewed and inspected; also highlighting that the Constitutional Chamber is not a processing instance for environmental complaints, since administrative mechanisms exist for this which the appellant must necessarily exercise, being able only to resort to amparo in the absence of a response.
This is because the amparo process has been conceived as a summary, simple, and fast one, and, therefore, the analysis of the Administration's conduct or its acts in contrast with the provisions of the regulations exceeds the scope of an amparo, as it requires an in-depth review proper to the ordinary legality avenue.
As a complement to what has been pointed out so far in relation to the competencies of the Constitutional Chamber in environmental matters, it is important to bring up the following rulings: Through its Judgment No. 08710 – 2024, of April 05, 2024, at 09:20, the Constitutional Chamber set forth the summary nature of the amparo appeal, highlighting its incompatibility with the analysis of evidence and compliance of projects or resolutions with special regulations (…) Its position is clear: any analysis that requires a regulatory and evidentiary review to determine the compliance of a project or act with technical and legal requirements, as well as the adequate granting of permits, exceeds its competencies, since it is the ordinary legality avenue that is responsible for carrying out the examination of legality and evidentiary review in order to determine the existence of such disagreements.
(…) The position of the Chamber is clear and forceful: the review of administrative actions on an environmental matter, for its correct assessment, requires a full knowledge process, possible only in the ordinary jurisdiction, since the amparo process is incompatible with the review of technical or legal criteria prepared based on the applicable regulations. Therefore, the inspection or review of an administrative act linked to an environmental matter corresponds to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction; delegating it to the constitutional avenue distorts the summary procedure created at the constitutional level for this.
As an additional element for hearing amparo appeals in environmental matters, the Constitutional Chamber requires the demonstration of proven inertia by the Administration and, in addition, that a complaint has been filed through the administrative avenue, since it maintains that it is not within its competence to hear environmental complaints (…) It is, therefore, the competence of the Constitutional Chamber a clearly residual one, delimited to a series of elements that over the years this Chamber has developed and identified in a clear and forceful manner, not being possible, then, to seek through the amparo avenue that the Constitutional Chamber become a reviewer of environmental complaints, nor a reviewer of the legality of administrative acts aimed at granting permits, authorizations, and validations to different projects with environmental impact.
Given the circumstances, and in accordance with the precedents of the Constitutional Chamber regarding its competence in environmental matters, it is possible to conclude with total clarity: 1- The amparo appeal is eminently summary in nature. Its processing is incompatible with the handling of extensive or complex evidence. 2- The competence of the Constitutional Chamber is not circumscribed to determining the compliance of a project with technical and legal requirements, nor is it the analysis of an act to define whether it was granted adequately or not. 3- The requirement, through the amparo avenue, of a conduct or special provision for the protection of the right to the environment cannot be capricious or hypothetical; it must be linked to the verification of an imminent danger to that right. It is, therefore, necessary to prove the inertia of the Administration in the face of the requirements or demands of the administered parties. 4- Through the amparo avenue, the Chamber will hear those matters where a violation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment is alleged if the Administration has NOT intervened, even when the violation of that right is evident and manifest.
Otherwise, when the Administration has intervened, its questioning and review is a matter for the legality avenue. The appellant must necessarily demonstrate that they have already filed the complaint through the administrative avenue, without having received a response. 5- The assessment of administrative actions in environmental matters that require a full procedure where technical or legal criteria, administrative acts, and their compliance with current legal and regulatory norms must be reviewed can only be carried out through a full knowledge process—administrative or contentious-administrative avenue—since it is not possible to transform the summary amparo procedure into an ordinary process of full knowledge, as this would distort the institute of amparo.
In the case under analysis, as we will demonstrate, the budgets mentioned above are NOT met, and, therefore, the amparo appeal must be rejected. 6- The object of the amparo appeal is far from being a matter of constitutionality and instead requires a legality analysis. Impossibility of the Constitutional Chamber to carry out an ordinary legality analysis through an amparo appeal such as the one filed by the Asociación Confraternidad Guanacasteca.
Despite the fact that this position of the Constitutional Chamber has been reiterated for a long time, that recently said Chamber had already rejected an amparo action filed for the same situation, and that there is a motion to nullify (incidente de nulidad) filed before SETENA questioning the environmental viability of the Project—based on the alleged prevalence of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal) over the special regulations, which has been given the corresponding processing and is pending resolution. They file the amparo action before us, in order to practically request that the Chamber carry out a legality analysis of the permits granted to the Project; a requirement that, according to the foregoing, does not meet the necessary preconditions to consider that we are dealing with a merely constitutional issue. CLAIM OF THIS REPRESENTATION For the aforementioned reasons, this representation considers that the amparo appeal filed must be denied in all its aspects."
Key details of Article 169: • Local Administration: The principal function of the municipal government is the management of local interests and services within each canton. • Composition of the Municipal Government: • Deliberative Body: Made up of council members (regidores) elected by popular vote. • Executive Official: An official whose designation is the responsibility of the law., Article 170 of the Political Constitution of Costa Rica establishes the autonomy of the municipal corporations and sets an allocation of no less than 10% of the ordinary revenues of the Republic in the Ordinary Budget of the Nation. The law determines the powers transferred from the public authorities to the municipalities and the manner in which said resources will be distributed, which are allocated progressively until reaching 10%. Furthermore, Article 6, 11 of the General Law of Public Administration, Principle of Legality, decree 44448, given that both are at the apex, over Law 6370, 6758, decree 44448, given that it does not permit participation in Public Hearing (sic), continuous environmental participation, they did not request technical criteria from the Municipality of Carrillo and Liberia, failing to comply with due process.
And so the position of the Constitutional Chamber does nothing about it, a mega project is built. .The Constitution protects citizen participation.• SETENA is obligated by the Constitution to permit this participation. • Public hearings are an important mechanism of participation that must not be ignored when there is a public interest. The phrase argues that ignoring the right to citizen participation in a project that impacts public well-being would be a violation of constitutional principles. Therefore, SETENA must act in accordance with the Constitution and facilitate participation mechanisms, such as public hearings. Conclusion: Although SETENA has the authority to grant environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) and issue decrees, its competence is limited by the legal order. The Constitution is above any other regulation, including decrees authorizing the construction of the Papagayo Mega Project.
RESPONSE: The affirmation maintains that the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (ICT), the National Biodiversity Institute (INBio), the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), and Decreto Ejecutivo 44448, by failing to guarantee citizen participation in public hearings and consultation with the municipalities, transgress due process and the principle of legality enshrined in the Political Constitution of Costa Rica, violating Articles 27, 28, 29, 30, 39, 41, 46, 50, and 169 of the Constitution, as well as Article 6 and 11 of the General Law of Public Administration. It is argued that SETENA, as an entity with competence in environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental), must permit citizen participation in public hearings, since this right is above any decree and that the construction of a mega project without consultation with the municipalities and without due process is a constitutional violation.
Violations of the Political Constitution • Citizen Participation: The Constitution protects the right of citizens to participate in public decision-making. SETENA has the obligation to guarantee this right through mechanisms such as public hearings, even for high-impact projects. • Due Process and Legality: The lack of consultation with the Municipalities and the exclusion of citizen participation, both in public hearings and in continuous environmental participation processes, constitute a breach of due process and the principle of legality. • Municipal Autonomy: Article 169 of the Constitution establishes that the administration of local interests rests with the Municipal Government, composed of popularly elected council members (regidores). Article 170 reinforces municipal autonomy. Violations of the General Law of Public Administration • Fundamental Principles: Articles 6 and 11 of the General Law of Public Administration establish the principles of legality and respect for the rights of citizens.
Decree 44448, by not permitting citizen participation and omitting consultation with the municipalities, directly contradicts these principles. CONCLUSION • SETENA is obligated to comply with the legal order, and the Constitution is above any decree. Therefore, it must facilitate citizen participation mechanisms, such as public hearings, instead of ignoring them to build a mega project. • The argument is that the violation of citizen participation rights constitutes a transgression of constitutional principles and the rights of citizens, and therefore SETENA must act in accordance with the Constitution.”
[It reiterates] that the megaproject, as approved, is void due to multiple violations of fundamental rights, the principle of legality, and environmental regulations, which requires the intervention of this Chamber to restore the effectiveness of the injured rights: It should be clarified to this honorable Chamber that, in compliance with the Municipal Code, Article 4 and following and concordant articles, it establishes that the municipality possesses the political, administrative, and financial autonomy conferred by the Political Constitution, within its powers. Therefore, in compliance with said regulations, it is not possible for this municipality to intervene in a matter that does not fall within the powers granted by the Municipal Code and by the Political Constitution itself, as it is a matter that falls to other state institutions, whether these be the Ministry of Environment and Energy and not this Municipality.
For its part, through OFFICIAL MEMORANDUM: SPUCC-124-09-2025, dated September 22, 2025, signed by Ing. José Rafael Jiménez Rojas, MBA, Urban Planning and Construction Control of the Municipality of Liberia, the following is stated: "Subject: Amparo petition filed Mr. Nombre49424 . In response to the email received on September 22, 2025, you are informed that the Playa Panamá area is within the territorial jurisdiction of the canton of Carrillo. By virtue of the foregoing, this office lacks jurisdiction to hear or process requests for administrative acts, in particular Construction Permits, related to the project indicated in the attached documentation." (Emphasis is ours). This municipality considering that what the petitioner states in these facts is not true, since the fundamental rights alleged are not being violated, and therefore the petition filed must be declared without merit. SEVENTH (sic): A certified copy of the documentation related to this amparo petition is remitted. PETITION. I request that this amparo petition be declared without merit and that the petitioner be ordered to pay both sets of costs of this action".
RESPONSE: The Municipality of Liberia participates in the Proyecto Turístico Papagayo, located on the border with the canton of Carrillo, but the primary authority for land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) and the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) of the project rests with state entities such as MINAE, which administers the area under a special regime. The Municipality of Liberia argues that these matters exceed its powers, while the Municipality of Carrillo has undertaken to comply with judicial decisions if it is determined that its canton is affected, even after an association filed an amparo action against the project's environmental viability. Shared Jurisdiction in the Nombre169752 Project • The Proyecto Turístico Nombre169752 is distributed between the cantons of Carrillo and Liberia, extending over the Nacascolo district of Liberia, where the Four Seasons Hotel is located, and over the Sardinal district in the canton of Carrillo.
Consultation Process and Competent Authority • Due to the project's extension across both cantons, it was necessary to consult both municipalities for the land-use change and environmental viability. • However, the primary responsible entity is the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE), which manages the Polo Turístico Golfo de Nombre169752 (ICT) under a special regime and a law that grants it powers in environmental matters. Arguments of the Municipalities • Municipality of Liberia: • States that the decision on environmental viability and land use is the exclusive competence of MINAE, according to the Código Municipal and the Constitución Política. • Municipality of Carrillo: Although consulted, it is willing to comply with judicial orders if it is proven that its canton is affected by the project. Incidence of the Amparo Action • The amparo action argues violations of equality, citizen participation, legality, and the right to a healthy environment, due to the principle, legal reservation (reserva de ley), principle of legality (principio de legalidad).
The analysis of this amparo action involves identifying that violations of fundamental rights are being claimed, such as equality, citizen participation, the right to a healthy environment, and the right to due process (debido proceso). In addition, the non-compliance with key legal principles is alleged, such as the principle of legality (the administration must act in accordance with the law) and the principle of legal reservation (certain matters can only be regulated by formal law). The court must determine whether the actions or omissions that motivated the amparo effectively violated these rights and principles. Analysis by component: 1. Violation of Equality: It would be argued that an action or omission by a public authority affected citizens unequally, treating them unjustifiably or discriminatorily. 2. Violation of Citizen Participation: It could be alleged that citizens were not allowed to adequately participate in public decision-making, or that their voices were not considered in a process that affects them. 3.
Violation of the Right to a Healthy Environment: It would be claimed that the public administration has allowed or has been a party to environmental damage, affecting people's right to enjoy a healthy environment. • It questions the lack of a public hearing, the deficient assessment of environmental impacts on forests and mangroves, non-compliance with the Ley Forestal and Ley 6758, and the ambiguity of Decreto Ejecutivo 44448. • The claims include the suspension of the viability (viabilidad), the rolling back (retrotraimiento) of the process, and the holding of a public hearing. RESPONSE: The Municipality of Liberia does share jurisdiction in the Proyecto Turístico Papagayo, specifically in the Nacascolo district, but the primary authority for environmental viability and land-use change rests with the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE), due to the special regime governing the Polo Turístico Golfo de Papagayo.
The Municipality of Liberia has refrained from intervening, arguing that these matters exceed its powers, while the Municipality of Carrillo has expressed its willingness to comply with judicial decisions if it is determined that its canton is affected by the project. 1. Shared Jurisdiction • The Proyecto Turístico Nombre169752 covers territory in the cantons of Carrillo and Liberia, with the part located in Liberia corresponding to the Nacascolo district, where the Four Seasons Hotel is located. 2. Competent Authority • Despite the shared jurisdiction, the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) is the state entity with primary authority over the Polo Turístico Golfo de Papagayo, which operates under a special law and regime. • 3. Position of the Municipalities • Municipality of Liberia: Maintains that decisions on land use and environmental viability correspond to MINAE and not to its competence, in accordance with the Código Municipal and the Constitution. • Municipality of Carrillo: Has shown itself willing to comply with judicial orders if it is determined that the project causes any impact on its canton. 4.
Consultation Process and Amparo • Due to the transboundary nature of the project, both municipalities were not consulted for the land-use change (decreto 44448) and the environmental viability. Given that NO information provided by the Municipality of Liberia and Carrillo, referring to a request for technical criteria, appears in the file, since they did not provide it when they responded to the Amparo Action 25 25228 007 CO. • The amparo action alleges that SETENA (the entity responsible for environmental viability) violated constitutional and legal rights by not conducting a public hearing or continuous environmental participation for citizens for the project, failing to comply with regulations, and not adequately assessing the environmental impacts on forests and mangroves. 5. Claims of the Appellant • The appellant requests the suspension of the environmental viability of the project, lack of due process, and for transgressing the principle of legality. • It requests that the land-use approval process be rolled back and that the irregularities be adjusted under decreto 44448 once corrections are made for being ambiguous.
Furthermore, that it be adjusted to Ley No. 6758 and that the granting of the environmental viability in the Proyecto Papagayo be decreed. • It demands the holding of a public hearing with the participation of citizens, allowing continuous environmental participation for citizens, organized environmentalist groups, and other interested parties.” 25.- By writing added to the digital file on September 24, 2025
For all the above reasons, the citizen participation mechanism that was applied in the environmental assessment process was the local perception study, which was carried out based on the regulations established in Decree 32966-MINAE. "Manual de EIA IV Anexo 1 Guía general para la elaboración de instrumentos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (Guía de EIA), section 9 called. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL AMBIENTE SOCIOECONÓMICO, section 9.7 Local perception of the Project and its possible impacts, (Qualitative study), which states: “Indicate what is the perception, position, attitudes, and concerns of the inhabitants of the social influence area (área de influencia social) regarding the execution of the project, work, or activity, the transformations generated from it, as well as the perception of potential environmental impacts that such execution could generate. Furthermore, identify the information needs that the population has about the project, work, or activity.
Identify and characterize the possible social conflicts that could arise from the execution.” Quantitative study: Carried out by means of a local perception survey about the project, which must be applied in the direct influence area (área de influencia directa, AID) and the indirect influence area (área de influencia indirecta, AII) defined to a representative sample of its population, with a confidence level of 90%. This survey will be applied in projects whose INFLUENCE AREA contains populations considered to be urban, rural in transition to urban, or peripheral urban. The main impacts determined in the survey must be analyzed in the impact assessment and mitigation and/or compensation measures must be established for them.” The quantitative perception study is visible on folio 111 of the Project file, it complied technically and legally, and in summary, it was carried out as follows:
• A quantitative study was carried out, through a local perception survey in the AID and AII, defining a representative sample based on the total population data of the canton of Carrillo, according to the 2011 Census, as it is the last Census that the country carried out and therefore the official information, the formula used is the following:
• The sample is random, finite population, with a margin of error of 0.05 and a confidence interval of 90%. Assuming the weights for proportions p and q (let q = 1-p) at 0.5 and homogeneity in the population. The total number of people in the canton is taken as the population, so the sample size is 67 people.
• Effectively, among the most important results of the perception study, it was found that 88% of the population indicated they were not aware of the project. When asked of the 12% who were previously aware of the project about the means by which they found out, they indicated it was mainly through friends or family (63%). Secondly, they indicated they found out about it through television, radio, or social media (25%), and thirdly, through construction colleagues (12%).
• When the population was asked about their position regarding the project, 94% declared themselves in favor of the project, 6% mentioned that the project was indifferent to them, and no person declared themselves against it. This does not seem to indicate a high degree of conflictivity for the project.
• The appendices of this study include the instrument applied to the population and an informational poster that was placed in various locations in the community of the influence areas. In the file, there is the aforementioned informational poster for the dissemination of the project and a photographic record of some points used for the project's dissemination, in addition to the results of the local perception analysis. Said file is available for public consultation through the link: https://tramites.setena.go.cr/ConsultaPublica/ver_expediente?key=ZXhwZWRpZW50ZV9 maWxlOjoxMjUxNzYxNjU2NmUwN2IxOTQ0Y2U5NzA5NjA4OTA0Mw== • Once this community perception study was analyzed, SETENA, through resolution 1263-2021-SETENA, requested a single appendix with additional information, specifically regarding the section of the EsIA called DESCRIPCIÓN DEL AMBIENTE SOCIOECONÓMICO, the following was requested:
Point 14: “Available basic services: On pages 76 and 77 of the submitted EsIA, a series of observations are made regarding the concerns of the neighboring localities; regarding the potable water supply; the text also indicates a series of recommendations on the issue of potable water and the concern about everything related to this service. Therefore, the respective measures to be implemented must be included, in response to the concerns of the residents of the project's influence area (communities surrounding the project).” Point 20: “For the section on Population Perception, it is indicated that there is a lack of awareness about the project at 88%; therefore, the needs for lack of information regarding the project are reflected; for this reason, adequate social dissemination procedures must be carried out; from which it is possible to identify and characterize the possible social conflicts that may arise from the execution of the project.
Therefore, environmental measures must be provided to mitigate the perception of (lack of awareness of the project). As established in DE-32966-MINAE. Additionally, the potential impacts that the project, work, or activity may generate on the available basic services must be considered. Establish recommendations, mitigation and/or compensation measures for them, which must be incorporated into the PGA Table. As established in DE-32966-MINAE.” In response to this resolution, the developer attached an official letter signed by the social sciences professional responsible for conducting the section of the EsIA called DESCRIPCIÓN DEL AMBIENTE SOCIOECONÓMICO, in which it is declared that there are no potential impacts on the services and commits to participation and dissemination of project information. This official letter indicated the following:
“In relation to the “Bahía Papagayo” project, regarding the available basic services, it is indicated on pages 76 and 77 of the submitted EsIA: a series of observations are made regarding the concerns of neighboring localities; regarding the potable water supply; the text also indicates a series of recommendations on the issue of potable water and the concern about everything related to this service. Therefore, the respective measures to be implemented must be included, in response to the concerns of the residents of the project's influence area (communities surrounding the project).” In relation to the concerns expressed by the localities neighboring the project, it must be noted that in most projects developed within Guanacaste, the populations express the same concern, even when the development has suitable means or supplies from the various entities responsible for providing the service.
In relation to the development of the “Bahía Papagayo” project, as provided upon submission of the study, according to official letters SIGDD-2019-00040487-1-1-1, SIGDD-2019-00040488-1-1-1, SIGDD-2019-00040489-1-1-1, and SIGDD-2019-00040509-1-1-1 issued by the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AYA), it is recorded that “There Is Availability of Potable Water Fronting the Properties” that make up the project. Similarly, within the project area, infrastructure already installed by the same entity exists. However, among the measures to be implemented to address the concerns of the population, and linked to an information issue, the following measures are proposed:
• Local mass communication media such as radio, television will be used. • Publications on web pages and social media. • As well as conducting participatory workshops with key actors from the influence area and the general community. • And keeping the telephone line and email available during the project execution period as a means of personal information.” With this response, it is clear that the developer committed to expanding citizen participation mechanisms during the project management phase. This commitment remained subject to verification and follow-up by SETENA's Department of Environmental Auditing and Follow-up. While it is true that Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, "Manual de EIA IV Anexo 1 Guía general para la elaboración de instrumentos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (Guía de EIA), section 9 called. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL AMBIENTE SOCIOECONÓMICO, indicates another participation mechanism called “Interactive participatory process” that would have provided greater possibilities for participation, this was not carried out, given that a high level of social conflict was not identified in the groups or communities of the AID.
This is supported by the fact that no notes of opposition or appearance regarding the project were received, and the majority of the population consulted in the perception study said they agreed with the project's development. Regarding this, the cited regulation states:
“Interactive participatory process: The consulting team will carry out an interactive participatory process in projects whose defined INFLUENCE AREA has an indigenous population or in projects that are likely to generate a high level of social conflict in the groups or communities of the AID (the level of conflict can be foreseen either through historical knowledge or direct manifestations). For the execution of this process, the CONSULTING TEAM must organize a participatory program of meetings and activities with members of the communities. The project will be presented to them, and the scope and possible impacts will be analyzed. As part of this interaction process, the team will include in the impact analysis the topics or specific points that the communities consider relevant in relation to the project. The consulting team will prepare a record or systematized report of all these meetings and activities, which will be submitted as part of the EIA.” The claim that the perception study was applied without carrying out a prior dissemination process is true; however, the regulation did not require it as such, and for this reason, as public officials governed by the principle of legality, it would not have been possible to demand something that was not regulated.
Regarding the claim of not conducting a social risk or impact analysis, this was indeed contemplated by the consulting team that conducted the EsIA, and can be consulted on pages 104 to 158, where social factors that may be impacted, the assessment of the impacts, and the respective mitigation measures determined by the consulting team are identified.
Therefore, it is found that:
1. The possibility of holding a public hearing was not considered, first because this is discretionary for SETENA, and technically during the environmental assessment process, a high level of social conflictivity surrounding the project was not detected; and second, because it was not requested by any of the parties interested in the project. 2. The participation mechanism applied was the quantitative social perception study, and this was carried out in compliance with current regulations. 3. The implementation of other participation mechanisms, such as the so-called “Interactive participatory process” that would have provided greater possibilities for participation, was not considered, given that a high level of social conflict was not identified in the groups or communities of the AID. 4. The claim that the perception study was applied without carrying out a prior dissemination process is true; however, the regulation did not require it as such, and for this reason, as public officials governed by the principle of legality, it would not have been possible to demand something that was not regulated. 5.
The possibility of participation has never been limited; SETENA maintains open communication channels with the spirit of being able to receive and analyze arguments from groups and communities that have expressed themselves for or against the project. This is always open from the moment the EsIA information is published in a national circulation medium, as was done for this case in the newspaper La Teja on Tuesday, June 8, 2021, and is also recorded on folio 146 of the Project file (image attached). However, no actor expressed before SETENA a desire to receive more information about the project or oppose it at the time of the file analysis. 6. Finally, it is relevant to emphasize that the project's social communication and participation channels, at any stage of the environmental assessment process, are open, including its construction and operational phase, which implies there is currently no limitation on citizen participation.
The developer also acquired environmental commitments to address the population's concerns, linked to an information issue, which are: • Use local mass communication media such as radio, television. • Publications on web pages and social media. • Conduct participatory workshops with key actors from the influence area and the general community. • And keep the telephone line and email available during the project execution period as a means of personal information.
Likewise, it is not true that a public hearing was requested, much less that it was rejected for the reasons claimed by the appellant. It is worth mentioning that this issue of citizen participation and the holding of a Public Hearing was already presented before the Constitutional Court in File No. 25-012448-0007-CO, and resolved by resolution number Res. Nº 2025016284 at nine hours twenty minutes on May thirtieth, two thousand twenty-five, declaring it Without Merit, with the magistrates considering the following:
… Having clarified the above, it is determined that what the appellant states is a disagreement with the mechanism used by the project developer for granting environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) and SETENA's decision to approve it. In that sense, note that, as has been demonstrated, the respondent authority published the information from the Environmental Impact Study for the Bahía Nombre169752 Project in a national circulation medium for what may correspond, given that no appearance or opposition to the project was received prior to the granting of environmental feasibility, nor a request to hold a public hearing by a third party, in accordance with established regulations. In addition to the above, as reported under oath, the public hearing is not mandatory for all projects classified as type A, as its realization depends on the requests they receive for such purposes or on a technical requirement, assumptions that did not occur in the project in question.
Hence, the local perception study, which did not require prior dissemination, was used as the citizen participation mechanism applied in the environmental assessment process and was also regulated as a valid procedure within the regulations for such purposes. Thus, and in accordance with the cited precedent, it is not for this Court to determine, as the appellant intends, whether in this particular case some type of consultation on the project in question should have been carried out, or to establish which mechanism the respondent authorities must use to optimally guarantee citizen participation, given that these are matters of ordinary legality that must be raised before the respondent authority or before the competent judicial court and not before this constitutional court. Ergo, the appropriate course is to declare the appeal without merit, as is hereby done…
Second and Third Allegations:
“Also, it denounces the infringement of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, recognized in Article 50 of the Constitution. It alleges that the impacts on the forests, wetlands, and mangroves of the area were not duly evaluated, putting the State's natural heritage at risk. It questions that the forest inventory (informe forestal) used was prepared by the developing company itself, without objectivity or exhaustiveness, and that adequate mitigation measures were not incorporated. It considers that, upon being approved under these conditions, the administrative act is null and void ab initio, as it was vitiated from its origin. It refers to the non-compliance with the requirements of Law No. 6758, which establishes clear density limits (20 rooms per hectare and a maximum of 30% construction). According to the claim, these provisions were not respected in the project's design.” “Likewise, it criticizes Executive Decree No. 44448 for its ambiguity, since it does not contain precise mapping of the 1658 hectares involved, which generates legal uncertainty, leaves nearly 70% of the natural conservation areas unprotected, and hinders the correct application of the rules.
It adds that in the licensing process, the existence of wetlands, forests, and other ecosystems within the area was omitted from assessment, which aggravates the irregularities.” Response to the Second and Third Allegations:
Analyzing what was indicated by the appellant, at the time of the file analysis, the analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was considered, carried out by this Secretariat according to the information from the official layers of the SNIT (Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial), and considering Law 6758. Ley Reguladora del Desarrollo y Ejecución del Proyecto Turístico de Papagayo. In addition to this, there is the official letter DAJ-MINAE-1591-2025 where it is concluded that:
“Based on the foregoing, the Proyecto Turístico Golfo de Nombre169752 is governed by a specific legal framework, of an exceptional nature, which includes the Ley Reguladora del Desarrollo y Ejecución del Proyecto Turístico de Papagayo, Law No. 6758. This law, together with its regulation and the Master Plan for the project, establishes the rules for the development and execution of works in the designated area, that is, in the concession area. In addition, the Instituto Costarricense de Turismo (ICT) plays a fundamental role in the administration, regulation, and supervision of the project, understood as the entire parent area of the project and for each of the concessions located within the boundaries of the project area, as well as in the management of a special fund for its financing. In legal terms, this special and exceptional norm can be framed within the Principle of Protection under a specific situation for the development and execution of the works established by Law No. 675, together with its regulation and the Master Plan.” Additionally, this same official letter mentions: “In another aspect, and as part of the regulations governing this Project, in accordance with Executive Decree No. 33132-MP-T, published in La Gaceta No. 97 of May 22, 2006, there is the Declaration of National Convenience (Declaratoria de Conveniencia Nacional) for the development and execution of the Proyecto Turístico Golfo de Papagayo, under administration of the Instituto Costarricense de Turismo.
Part of the foundations of this provision by the Executive Branch were the following: ‘2.- That by means of Article 1 of Law No. 6370 of September 3, 1979, the lands necessary for the realization and execution of the Tourism Project in Bahía Culebra, located in the Province of Guanacaste, today known as Proyecto Turístico Golfo de Papagayo, under administration of the Instituto Costarricense de Turismo, were declared of public utility. 3.- That said Project has become the main tourism development hub in all of Central America. 4.- That the Procuraduría General de la República has emphasized, through opinion C210-2002, that by law the land use in said project is tourism, this prevailing over any other type of use. 5.- That the guidelines established in the Master Plan of the Proyecto Turístico Golfo de Papagayo make it a model of sustainable tourism development, by establishing duly planned development, under state administration and supervision, which incorporates environmental variables, low densities and coverage, adequate treatment of wastewater, etc. 6.- That it is in the interest of the Government of the Republic to support the efforts made by the Instituto Costarricense de Turismo to promote the development of the Proyecto Turístico Golfo de Papagayo, as a model of sustainable tourism development at an International level.’” It also mentions that: “Considering that Law No. 6758 is a special and exceptional law, any change in public domain status (mutación demanial), for legal certainty, must meet three requirements: 1.
A prevalent or more intense public interest to safeguard. 2. Support in a norm of sufficient rank. 3. Guarantee of the inseparability of the public legal regime. Under this understanding, as the Instituto Costarricense de Turismo (ICT) is the entity responsible for the exclusive administration of the Proyecto Turístico Golfo de Papagayo, and a special use regime for concession lands with a unique and supreme purpose oriented towards sui generis tourism development is clearly defined, Article 19 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575 is not applicable. This article is designed to regulate forest management on private properties, a legal condition that does not correspond to the lands granted by concession within the framework of the Project, given that these are public domain assets (bienes demaniales) of the State, whose ownership belongs to the Republic and whose administration is delegated to the ICT.
The concession holder, in this context, does not hold the status of private owner, but rather acts as a subject receiving an administrative real right of use granted by the State, through the ICT, with limited powers and under strict conditions. Therefore, the figure of the concession holder is not comparable to that of the private owner regulated by Article 19 of the Forest Law.
Likewise, it must be borne in mind that Article 18 of the Forest Law, which contemplates use permits on state lands, refers to a general regime of ordinary administration under the guardianship of MINAE, through the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC). The Use Permit is regulated in the General Public Administration Law and refers to the authorization to use a public domain asset temporarily and precariously, generally for a specific purpose and for the benefit of the community. This permit does not grant a real right over the asset and can be revoked unexpectedly. However, this figure is not the case for the Proyecto Turístico Golfo de Papagayo, where we find ourselves before a special and exceptional legal regime, defined by Law No. 6758, which grants the ICT the exclusive power of administration, planning, regulation, and execution of tourism development in the delimited area of the project, and the power to grant concessions for tourism purposes within the limits of the Project area, which grant an administrative real right, for a private, exclusive, and exclusionary use, of a patrimonial nature over a public domain asset within the Proyecto Turístico Golfo de Papagayo, which is different from the figure of the Use Permit.
Said special regime includes the possibility for the concession holder to remove vegetation cover (cobertura vegetal) —without distinguishing its nature (forest, scrubland, pasture, agroforestry, among others)— up to a maximum of 30% of the total area granted by concession, reserving the remaining 70% for its conservation, in strict adherence to the Project's Master Plan and its regulation. Notwithstanding, this must always be understood within the framework of the general principles of conservation and protection of natural resources. Consequently, it is imperative to observe minimum regulations, such as the prohibition of cutting banned forest species and the preparation of technical forest inventories, in order to guarantee responsible and sustainable removal of vegetation cover.” For this reason, this Secretariat, through the Department of Environmental Assessment, verified through the site design, submitted by the Developer and assuming the hypothesis that all the cadastral plans had 100% forest cover (cobertura boscosa) (which does not correspond to reality, and was only taken as the most impactful possible scenario), it was possible to corroborate that even in that factual situation, the utilization will not exceed 30%, which complies as shown in the following table:
Phase Built Footprint (m²) Property Area (m²) Percentage (%) I Lot 1 5-1186670-2007 130572 436564 30% II Lot 4 5-1274126-2008 68350.04 (According to site design corrected for archaeological exclusion zone) 309064.25 22% III Lot 3 5-1155787-2007 32926.32 (According to site design corrected for archaeological exclusion zone) 124827.92 26.4% IV Lot 5 5-1155786-2007 58,978.00 204165.91 29% It is important to emphasize that the project is developed on 4 cadastral plans whose coverages are described according to the Geospatial analysis carried out by this Secretariat. During the file analysis process, as part of the information for a better resolution, the developer submitted:
That according to the THIRD Considerando of Resolution No. 0591-2022-SETENA, “The studies carried out indicate a series of recommendations that must be followed as indicated, as part of the project's environmental commitments. If the removal of any tree is required, the corresponding permit must be processed before the MINAE office, and if surface water bodies or wells are located within or on the boundaries of the AP, the current legislation on protection zones must be applied.” In addition to all of the above, one must not forget that the Environmental License (Licencia Ambiental) is a preparatory and initial act for the realization of a project, and the purpose is that all necessary mitigation or compensation measures can be imposed so as not to cause irreparable damage to the environment, in accordance with Article 17 of the Organic Environmental Law.
The license granted is an intermediate act necessary for the subsequent obtaining of the permits required for the project's development, which are mandatory for its completion. Currently, the binding legal opinion is available in official letter DAJ-MINAE-1591-2025, which confirms the use of 30%. It is clarified that, during the evaluation of the case file, the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado) information layer, prepared by SINAC and available on the SNIT (Sistema Nacional de Información Territorial) as of April 7, 2021, did not show State Natural Heritage areas on the Project Area. Regarding the presence of wetlands and mangroves, official letter DAJ-MINAE-1591-2025 states: "In the same vein, mangrove ecosystems, due to their special environmental protection regime, are excluded from the ICT concession regime and remain under the exclusive tutelage of SINAC-MINAE, in compliance with current environmental regulations." Taking into account the official layers established by SINAC regarding the existence of Wetlands, given that it is information considered official and is available on the SNIT, the geospatial analysis conducted by this Secretariat on April 7, 2021, indicates the following: From the Geospatial analysis, it is determined that the project will not be developed in an area with wetlands.
It is clarified that the properties are not located within any wetland; however, according to the National Wetland Inventory (Inventario Nacional de Humedales) layer (SINAC), there are wetlands near its boundaries, such as: - Wetland: Manglar Panamá 1, estuarine type, mangrove class; located approximately 241 m West of the property with cadastral map 5-1186670-2007. - Wetland: Manglar Panamá 2, estuarine type, mangrove class; located approximately 113 m Northwest of the property with cadastral map 5-1155787-2007. - Wetland: Manglar Panamá 2, estuarine type, mangrove class; located on the Northern boundary of the property with cadastral map 5-1274126-2008. Separated by the width of the public road along the entire northern sector of the property. From the documents provided by the Developer, it is also noted: 2) Official Letter N° 06458-2020-DHR (Defensoría de los Habitantes), which indicates that a wetland does not exist on the site and what exists is soil saturation due to water accumulating on the site. 3) Official Letter PGP-575-2020 from ICT, which points out that there are clogged culverts that have caused the accumulation of rainwater, and therefore works must be done to improve water drainage.
That is to say, there is NO presence of a wetland. It is necessary to point out that within the analysis process, the Developer provided environmental measures for the specific protection of the wetlands and mangroves adjacent to the project area, which are included in the environmental management plan (PGA) and which are the ones that must be considered in environmental follow-up. In response to the request for supplementary information generated by this Secretariat, through Resolution N°1263-2021-SETENA and official letter SETENA-DT-DEA-0193-2022, the developer provided the following: "As environmental mitigation measures, the Esteros Rocha and Panamá will have a protection zone of 15 meters on both banks, while the unnamed seasonal streams (quebradas estacionales Sin Nombre) will have a protection zone of 10 meters on both banks. Additionally, during the construction stage, perimeter ditches and sediment traps will be built for the works to prevent the flow of sediments toward the water bodies.
Both the ditches and the sediment traps will receive periodic maintenance. The recommendation is made to carry out the main earthworks (movimientos de tierra) during the dry season, in order to reduce sediment runoff caused by rains. During the operational phase, permanent ditches will be built to prevent water flow toward the streams and a treatment plant will be available to prevent wastewater from being directed towards the water bodies. Likewise, it must be remembered that the coastal-wetland ecosystem is not within the Project Area (AP); however, the respective mitigation measures will be taken to avoid any impact linked to the sediment drag that the project could cause through the rivers and streams of cadastral map 5-2311315-2021 toward the site. Among the proposed measures are the construction of perimeter ditches with sediment traps in sloped sectors, earthworks (movimientos de tierra) will be avoided during rainy periods, an adequate drainage system will be ensured on the edges of the roads, and installation of ecological pavers.
During the operational phase, a treatment plant will be available to prevent the flow of wastewater towards the wetland. Given that these areas are outside the Project Area and at a considerable distance, should there be a contribution of sediments to the wetlands, it would be a factor related to alterations in the hydrological regime, which could indirectly affect the related ecosystems. In such a case, some wetland plants or some of their species could be or are susceptible to small differences in substrate relief. These differences can be as small as a few centimeters. Sediment contribution is not expected in the high proportions that, in such a case, could affect the site's fauna, from macroinvertebrates to larger vertebrates. To avoid possible impacts on the streams within the Project Area, their protection zone is included in the design as established by legislation; moreover, during the construction phase, ditches and sediment traps will be built to prevent the flow of sediments toward the water bodies.
Periodic maintenance will be performed on both the ditches and sediment traps. Ensure that the design of the wastewater treatment plants prevents the transit of any type of nutrients and sludge within the mangrove even when located outside the Project Area." It is clear that although the specific studies for the project area are carried out by professionals in their field, hired by the project developers for all case files submitted to SETENA, with professional and administrative responsibility, they are reviewed internally and compared with the databases of the Geographic Information Systems and other available information, such that, as demonstrated, the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) carried out complies with the applicable technical and legal regulations. Fourth Allegation: "Furthermore, it emphasizes that SETENA did not adequately consult the municipalities of the jurisdiction or the surrounding communities, failing in the duty of transparency, inter-institutional coordination, and citizen participation that must govern this type of project.
Response to the Fourth Allegation: As previously mentioned, under Decreto Ejecutivo No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, the possibility of participation has never been limited for either citizens or institutions; communication is open from the moment the EsIA information is published in a national circulation medium, as was done for this case in the newspaper La Teja on Tuesday, June 8, 2021, and which is also recorded on folio 146 of the Project's case file. However, no actor expressed before SETENA a willingness to receive more information about the project or to oppose it at the time of the case file analysis. In addition, as part of the EsIA process, the Environmental Impact Declaration of the EsIA must also be submitted with the received stamp of the Municipality of the canton where the activity, work, or project is located. It is reiterated that the participation mechanism applied was the Quantitative Social Perception Study, which was conducted in compliance with current regulations.
Fifth Allegation: "As a precautionary measure, it requests that the application of the environmental approval granted to the project be suspended until the merits of the appeal are definitively resolved. Regarding its substantive claims, it asks this Chamber to grant the amparo and order SETENA to roll back the environmental approval procedure, correct the irregularities pointed out, adjust the process to the provisions of Law No. 6758, and correct Decree No. 44448 so that it does not remain in its current ambiguity. It also demands that a public hearing be convened with the residents of Playa Panamá, nearby communities, environmental organizations, and the general public, as an indispensable requirement for any eventual authorization. Finally, it affirms that, by prioritizing the economic interests of the developing company over the rights of the communities and the country, the respondent authorities have acted contrary to the Political Constitution.
It reiterates that the megaproject, as approved, is tainted by nullity due to multiple violations of fundamental rights, the principle of legality, and environmental regulations, which demands the intervention of this Chamber to restore the validity of the injured rights." Regarding this allegation, it is up to the Chamber to rule on the matter. It is worth noting that on these issues, a Motion to Annul was filed by other actors before this Secretariat, alleging these and other arguments of mere legality, which is under review by the Plenary Commission of this Secretariat and close to being resolved; therefore, being matters of ordinary legality and in accordance with the multiple Constitutional Jurisprudence on the matter, it is requested that this Amparo Appeal be declared Without Merit."
This is due to their competence in promoting inclusive local development and the management of resources within their political, administrative, and financial autonomy, as established in the Código Municipal and Articles 169 and 170 of the Constitución Política de Costa Rica. Legal basis: • Municipal Autonomy: Articles 169 and 170 of the Constitución Política and Article 4 of the Código Municipal grant local governments the autonomy to act in local development. • Municipal Competence: The power to promote participatory and inclusive local development, which takes into account the needs of the population, is fundamental for the management of large-scale projects that directly affect the territory. • Cross-border projects: As Proyecto Nombre169752 is an initiative located on the boundaries of the cantons of Carrillo and Liberia, both municipalities must coordinate and issue their technical opinion to ensure that the development is consistent with local regulations and the interests of their communities.
In summary: The consultation of the municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia is a necessary legal and technical step, as municipal autonomy allows them to influence the development of their territory and assess how large-scale projects align with local development policies and the interests of their citizens. QUESTION: Taking into consideration that for a large-scale project such as Proyecto Turístico Papagayo, the municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia are required to issue a technical opinion on the land-use change (cambio de uso de suelo) and the obtaining of environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) by SETENA, and given that the Municipality of Carrillo and Liberia, nor SETENA, did not provide it in their response to amparo action 25 25228 007 CO, which constitutional articles and laws would they be violating. ANSWER: The Municipalities and SETENA would be violating Articles 169 and 170 of the Constitución Política and Article 4 of the Código Municipal de Costa Rica, specifically their power to promote participatory and inclusive local development.
By not consulting and issuing a technical opinion on Proyecto Turístico Papagayo, a cross-border initiative that affects the cantons of Carrillo and Liberia, the political, administrative, and financial autonomy of both municipalities is ignored, as is their competence in territorial management and the right of their populations to be consulted on projects that directly impact their surroundings. Legal basis and arguments: 1. Municipal Autonomy: Articles 169 and 170 of the Constitución Política and Article 4 of the Código Municipal establish the autonomy of local governments. This means they have the authority to make decisions and execute actions within their territory, which includes the approval of developments and projects. 2. Competence in Local Development: Article 4, subsection h), of the Código Municipal grants municipalities the power to "promote participatory and inclusive local development, which contemplates the diversity of the needs and interests of the population." Ignoring the consultation for a large-scale project, such as Proyecto Papagayo, goes against this principle, as it limits citizen participation and local interest in a project that directly affects the territory. 3.
Cross-border Nature: Proyecto Turístico Nombre169752 is located on the boundaries of the cantons of Carrillo and Liberia. Being cross-border, it is essential that both municipalities coordinate and issue their technical opinion. This ensures that the development is consistent with local regulations and the interests of the communities involved in both cantons, and that the impact on both territories is considered. 4. Relevance of the Technical Opinion: The environmental feasibility and the land-use change of large-scale projects require a technical analysis. The consultation of the municipalities ensures that this analysis includes the perspective of local governments and their development plans, and not just the technical vision of SETENA. Consequences of the Omission: • Violation of Autonomy and Participation: The lack of consultation and technical opinion by the municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia violates their political, administrative, and financial autonomy, and citizen participation in decision-making. • Incoherent Development: The absence of this opinion may lead to a project development that does not align with local development policies, municipal regulations, or the needs of the populations of Carrillo and Liberia. • Potential for Legal Conflicts: This omission may be grounds for an amparo action that considers the violation of constitutional and legal rights of the municipalities and citizens."
Esteemed Magistrates: I, Nombre49424 (sic), OLDER ADULT, Nombre68642 (sic) CED38524, PROVIDE THE FOLLOWING TO THE AMPARO ACTION 25 25228 007 CO: The lack of consultation with the municipalities (Carrillo and Liberia) and the failure to issue a joint cross-border technical opinion for SETENA to approve the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) of the Papagayo Tourism Project violates the principle of legality, due process (debido proceso), the right to citizen participation and local consultation, and potentially affects the public interest by not adequately considering the impacts on a healthy environment and the diffuse interests (intereses difusos) of citizens. This contravenes provisions of the General Public Administration Law (Ley General de la Administración Pública), the Municipal Code (Código Municipal), and the Environmental Code (Código Ambiental), which require local participation and a comprehensive evaluation of the project.
Affected legal provisions and principles:
• Principle of legality and due process: SETENA, by granting viability without the required consultation with the municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia, failed to comply with current regulations and violated the right to administrative due process of these entities, which should have been considered to issue a concerted technical opinion.
• Political Constitution and the right to a healthy environment: Article 50 of the Political Constitution guarantees the right to a healthy and balanced environment. The omission of consultations with the municipalities could have prevented the correct evaluation of the project and the adoption of adequate mitigation measures, putting this right at risk.
• General Public Administration Law: The General Public Administration Law (LGAP) establishes the requirements for administrative procedures, including citizen participation and consultation with other institutions with competence or interest in the matter. SETENA's action, by disregarding said consultations, could be considered a procedural defect (vicio de procedimiento).
• Municipal Code: Municipalities have competencies in territorial matters and land use within their canton. SETENA should have consulted the municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia so they could issue their technical opinion, which is essential for the correct planning and evaluation of the project.
• Environmental Code and the principle of participation: The Environmental Code and its regulations establish the mandatory nature of consultation with local institutions and authorities in environmental assessment processes, especially for high-impact projects. The omission of these consultations contravenes this principle.
• Diffuse Interests of citizens: The lack of mandatory public consultation and the insufficient evaluation of environmental impacts directly affect the diffuse interests of citizens residing in the project's area of influence, harming their quality of life and the natural environment.
• Public Interest: The decision to grant viability without an adequate process of consultation and participation may contravene the public interest, by prioritizing private interests over environmental protection and the well-being of local communities.
SETENA TECHNICAL OPINION (CRITERIO TECNICO, sic) Fourth Argument: "Furthermore, it emphasizes that SETENA did not adequately consult the municipalities of the jurisdiction or the surrounding communities, failing to comply with the duty of transparency, inter-institutional coordination, and citizen participation that should govern this type of project. Response to the Fourth Argument: As previously mentioned, under Decreto Ejecutivo No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, the possibility of participation has never been limited for either the public or institutions; communication is open from the moment the EsIA information is published in a national circulation medium, as was done for this case in the newspaper La Teja on Tuesday, June 8, 2021, and which is also recorded on folio 146 of the Project file. However, no party expressed to SETENA a willingness to receive more information about the project or to oppose it at the time of the file analysis. In addition, as part of the EsIA process, the Environmental Impact Declaration (Declaratoria de Impacto Ambiental) of the EsIA must also be submitted with the received stamp of the Municipality of the canton where the activity, work, or project is located. It is reiterated that the participation mechanism applied was the quantitative social perception study (Estudio de percepción social cuantitativo), which was carried out in compliance with current regulations. (Sic).
ANALYSIS (ANALISIS, sic): The claim holds that SETENA violated legality, due process, citizen participation, and public interest by granting the environmental viability of the Nombre169752 Tourism Project without consulting the municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia, contravening the LGAP, the Municipal Code, and the Environmental Code. SETENA, in response, affirms that it complied with participation regulations through the publication of information in national media and the completion of a social perception study, and that the absence of an Environmental Impact Declaration with a municipal stamp is not an impediment to viability.
Arguments of the Claim: • Violation of legality and due process: SETENA failed to comply with regulations by not consulting the municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia, violating the right to administrative due process of these entities. • Non-observance of the Constitution and the right to a healthy environment: The omission of consultations could have prevented an adequate evaluation of the project, putting at risk the right to a healthy environment guaranteed by Article 50 of the Constitution. • Non-compliance with the General Public Administration Law: The LGAP requires citizen participation and consultation with competent institutions, so bypassing these steps constitutes a procedural defect. • Contravention of the Municipal Code: Municipalities have competencies over territory and land use, and therefore should have issued their technical opinion regarding the project. • Contradiction with the Environmental Code: The Environmental Code establishes the mandatory nature of consulting local authorities in environmental assessments for high-impact projects. • Impact on diffuse interests and the public interest: The lack of consultation and insufficient evaluation affects citizens and the environment, prioritizing private interests.
Response from SETENA: • Participation via publication and study: Communication of the Environmental Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, EsIA) was carried out through publication in national media, and a quantitative social perception study was conducted for citizen participation. • Participation mechanisms: It is affirmed that Decreto Ejecutivo No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC does not limit participation, and there was no expression of will to participate from involved parties. • Environmental Impact Declaration: It is mentioned that, as part of the EsIA process, the Environmental Impact Declaration with the received stamp of the Municipality must be submitted, but it is not detailed whether it was submitted or not."
Impact on Public Interest: • Principle of Publicity and Participation: Consultation with the municipalities is crucial because it guarantees the right to citizen participation in decisions that directly affect the community and the environment. • Diffuse Interests: The consultation allows for the consideration and protection of "diffuse interests," which are those interests that benefit a broad group of people and have no specific holder, but are relevant to the common good, such as air quality, water, or the landscape in their area. • Municipal Coordination: The absence of a cross-border technical opinion and coordination between the municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia is a transgression of efficient environmental management, which must be comprehensive and collaborative, especially in areas where the management of natural resources and development must be harmonious.
Impact on the Right to a Healthy Environment: • Human Right: The right to a healthy environment is internationally recognized and is fundamental for the well-being and development of people. • Violation of Rights: By not issuing a technical opinion, the Municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia fail to fulfill their function of ensuring the health of the ecosystem and, therefore, the health of their inhabitants. • Environmental Deterioration: The lack of coordination between local authorities (Municipality of Carrillo and Liberia) can lead to uncoordinated management of natural resources, which may result in environmental deterioration that harms the population.
IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS: • Precautionary Principle (Principio de Precaución): The lack of consultation and cross-border technical opinion may imply a transgression of the precautionary principle, which requires acting with caution in the face of the possibility of environmental damage, even if there is no complete scientific certainty. That is, the Precautionary Principle has a constitutional basis in Costa Rica, as it is recognized and applied by the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) in the interpretation of the Political Constitution, particularly through the right to a healthy environment enshrined in Article 50, and through international instruments such as the 1992 Rio Declaration and provisions of domestic law.
How the Precautionary Principle is applied: • Constitutional interpretation: The Constitutional Chamber, the highest court in constitutional matters, recognizes and applies this principle in its rulings. For example, it used it to order restrictions on activities until having precise scientific information about their possible environmental damage, according to the Judicial School of Costa Rica (Escuela Judicial de Costa Rica). • Environmental law: This principle is fundamental to guaranteeing the right to a healthy environment, recognized in Article 50 of the Political Constitution of Costa Rica. In the face of scientific doubt about potential harm, measures must be taken to prevent it, or at least, so that whoever is going to cause the harm demonstrates that they can guarantee the necessary mitigation, notes CIJUL en Línea. • International and national regulations: Costa Rica recognizes this principle through the 1992 Rio Declaration and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, which also influence the interpretation of domestic regulations, indicates Officium Legal. Furthermore, the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (1995) establishes the obligation to conduct environmental impact assessments, which is an instrument for the application of the precautionary principle.
What does the Precautionary Principle mean? • It is applied when there is scientific uncertainty about the possible negative effects of an activity. • The action is oriented towards prevention, prioritizing the repair of the damage before it occurs. • In the absence of scientific certainty about potential severe harm, authorities must adopt measures, and even stop or abandon the action in question. • Responsibility of the State: The State has the responsibility to guarantee the right to a healthy environment and ensure that it is not affected, protecting nature and guaranteeing sustainable development. • Invisibilization of Local Impacts: Consultation with the municipalities is a way for the particularities and direct impacts of a project or activity on the territory to be considered, something that is lost if there is no adequate technical dialogue.
Liberia, September 27, 2025 Esteemed Magistrates of the Constitutional Chamber SABANA SUR-SAN JOSE (sic).
Esteemed Magistrates: I, Nombre49424 (sic), OLDER ADULT, Nombre68642 (sic) CED38524, PROVIDE THE FOLLOWING TO THE AMPARO ACTION 25 25228 007 CO: The lack of consultation with the municipalities (Carrillo and Liberia) and the failure to issue a joint cross-border technical opinion for SETENA to approve the environmental viability of the Papagayo Tourism Project violates the principle of legality, due process, the right to citizen participation and local consultation, and potentially affects the public interest by not adequately considering the impacts on a healthy environment and the diffuse interests of citizens. This contravenes provisions of the General Public Administration Law, the Municipal Code, and the Environmental Code, which require local participation and a comprehensive evaluation of the project.
Affected legal provisions and principles: • Principle of legality and due process: SETENA, by granting viability without the required consultation with the municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia, failed to comply with current regulations and violated the right to administrative due process of these entities, which should have been considered to issue a concerted technical opinion. • Political Constitution and the right to a healthy environment: Article 50 of the Political Constitution guarantees the right to a healthy and balanced environment. The omission of consultations with the municipalities could have prevented the correct evaluation of the project and the adoption of adequate mitigation measures, putting this right at risk. • General Public Administration Law: The General Public Administration Law (LGAP) establishes the requirements for administrative procedures, including citizen participation and consultation with other institutions with competence or interest in the matter.
SETENA's action, by disregarding said consultations, could be considered a procedural defect. • Municipal Code: Municipalities have competencies in territorial matters and land use within their canton. SETENA should have consulted the municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia so they could issue their technical opinion, which is essential for the correct planning and evaluation of the project. • Environmental Code and the principle of participation: The Environmental Code and its regulations establish the mandatory nature of consultation with local institutions and authorities in environmental assessment processes, especially for high-impact projects. The omission of these consultations contravenes this principle. • Diffuse Interests of citizens: The lack of mandatory public consultation and the insufficient evaluation of environmental impacts directly affect the diffuse interests of citizens residing in the project's area of influence, harming their quality of life and the natural environment. • Public Interest: The decision to grant viability without an adequate process of consultation and participation may contravene the public interest, by prioritizing private interests over environmental protection and the well-being of local communities.
SETENA TECHNICAL OPINION (CRITERIO TECNICO, sic) Fourth Argument: "Furthermore, it emphasizes that SETENA did not adequately consult the municipalities of the jurisdiction or the surrounding communities, failing to comply with the duty of transparency, inter-institutional coordination, and citizen participation that should govern this type of project. Response to the Fourth Argument: As previously mentioned, under Decreto Ejecutivo No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, the possibility of participation has never been limited for either the public or institutions; communication is open from the moment the EsIA information is published in a national circulation medium, as was done for this case in the newspaper La Teja on Tuesday, June 8, 2021, and which is also recorded on folio 146 of the Project file. However, no party expressed to SETENA a willingness to receive more information about the project or to oppose it at the time of the file analysis. In addition, as part of the EsIA process, the Environmental Impact Declaration of the EsIA must also be submitted with the received stamp of the Municipality of the canton where the activity, work, or project is located. It is reiterated that the participation mechanism applied was the quantitative social perception study, which was carried out in compliance with current regulations. (Sic).
ANALYSIS (ANALISIS, sic): The claim holds that SETENA violated legality, due process, citizen participation, and public interest by granting the environmental viability of the Nombre169752 Tourism Project without consulting the municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia, contravening the LGAP, the Municipal Code, and the Environmental Code. SETENA, in response, affirms that it complied with participation regulations through the publication of information in national media and the completion of a social perception study, and that the absence of an Environmental Impact Declaration with a municipal stamp is not an impediment to viability. Arguments of the Claim: • Violation of legality and due process: SETENA failed to comply with regulations by not consulting the municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia, violating the right to administrative due process of these entities. • Non-observance of the Constitution and the right to a healthy environment: The omission of consultations could have prevented an adequate evaluation of the project, putting at risk the right to a healthy environment guaranteed by Article 50 of the Constitution. • Non-compliance with the General Public Administration Law: The LGAP requires citizen participation and consultation with competent institutions, so bypassing these steps constitutes a procedural defect. • Contravention of the Municipal Code: Municipalities have competencies over territory and land use, and therefore should have issued their technical opinion regarding the project. • Contradiction with the Environmental Code: “…The Environmental Code establishes the mandatory nature of consulting local authorities in environmental assessments for high-impact projects.
That is to say, the specific article that establishes the mandatory nature of consulting local authorities in environmental assessments for high-impact projects is not explicitly found in the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente of Costa Rica (Nº 7554), but its application stems from the obligation of the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) to analyze and resolve such assessments (article 84) and the need to comply with current regulations and competencies of other authorities, as indicated by the Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental. Relevant details of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente of Costa Rica: • Mandatory nature of the assessment: Article 44 establishes that the Ministry of Environment and Energy will require an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for activities that affect ecosystems or threaten life. • Role of SETENA: The Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental is the entity responsible for analyzing, resolving, and approving EIAs, which are an indispensable requirement for initiating activities, works, or projects. • Compliance with other authorities: The Reglamento General de EIA clarifies that compliance with the EIA procedure does not exempt the developer from completing procedures before other Administration authorities, according to their competencies and current regulations.
This means that, although the Ley Orgánica does not detail a direct and mandatory consultation with local authorities in the EIA process, it is an implicit requirement for the project's viability. In summary: The consultation with local authorities is not detailed in a single article within the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente of Costa Rica, but rather arises from SETENA's responsibility to coordinate with other administrative bodies in the process of evaluation and approval of high-impact projects, ensuring compliance with all applicable regulations, including those of local scope… ”. Thus: The Ley Orgánica del Ambiente of Costa Rica, through the responsibility of SETENA (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental) to coordinate with other administrative bodies, implicitly establishes the duty to consult local authorities (Municipality of Carrillo and Liberia) in the evaluation of high-impact projects to guarantee compliance with environmental regulations, reflecting the public interest, the right to a healthy environment, and the protection of the diffuse interest.
Coordination between institutions and local consultation. • Responsibility of SETENA: SETENA's function is to coordinate with other administrative bodies to ensure compliance with all applicable regulations, including those of local scope, in the process of evaluating and approving high-impact projects. • Local participation: This coordination implies the necessary participation and consultation of local authorities, who are closest to the realities of the territory and directly affected by the projects. Public interest and healthy environment • Public interest: Consultation with local authorities is a manifestation of the public interest in environmental decision-making, as it seeks collective well-being and environmental protection. • Right to a healthy environment: Participation in these processes ensures the protection of people's right to live in a healthy environment and to participate in defining environmental policies that affect their lives.
Diffuse interest • Protection of diffuse interests: • By consulting local authorities and considering the project's impact on the community and the environment, diffuse interests are protected, that is, those collective interests that benefit the general population and that otherwise would have no representation. • Impact on diffuse interests and the public interest: The lack of consultation and insufficient evaluation affects citizens and the environment, prioritizing private interests. Response from SETENA: • Participation via publication and study: Communication of the Environmental Impact Study (EsIA) was carried out through publication in national media, and a quantitative social perception study was conducted for citizen participation. • Participation mechanisms: It is affirmed that Decreto Ejecutivo No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC does not limit participation, and there was no expression of will to participate from involved parties. • Environmental Impact Declaration: It is mentioned that, as part of the EsIA process, the Environmental Impact Declaration with the received stamp of the Municipality must be submitted, but it is not detailed whether it was submitted or not.
SUMMARIZED ANALYSIS (ANALISIS (sic) RESUMIDO): The claim against the viability of the Nombre169752 Project argues that SETENA violated legality, due process, and the public interest by not consulting the Municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia, contravening the LGAP, the Municipal Code, and the Environmental Code. SETENA responds that it complied with citizen participation regulations through publications and social studies, and that the lack of an Environmental Impact Declaration with a municipal stamp is not an obstacle. The central question is whether citizen participation via publication is sufficient, or if consultation with local authorities and technical evaluation are implicit and mandatory requirements for the approval of high-impact projects.
Arguments of the Claim • Violation of legality and due process: SETENA violated the right to administrative due process of the municipalities by not consulting them about the project. • Violation of the right to a healthy environment: The omission of consultations could have prevented an adequate evaluation, putting the constitutional right to a healthy environment at risk. • Non-compliance with the LGAP: The General Public Administration Law (LGAP) requires citizen participation and consultation with competent institutions. • Contravention of the Municipal Code: Municipalities have competencies over territory and land use, and therefore their technical opinion should have been issued. • Contradiction with the Environmental Code: It is argued that, although there is no specific article on consultation with local authorities, the obligation arises from SETENA's responsibility to analyze environmental impact assessments (EIA) and the need to coordinate with other competent authorities according to the Reglamento General de EIA.
Response from SETENA • Compliance with citizen participation: SETENA affirms that it complied with participation regulations through the publication of information in national media and the completion of a social perception study. • Participation mechanism: The entity also notes that Decreto Ejecutivo No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC does not limit participation, and that no involved party requested the necessary public hearing for this type of project. • Environmental Impact Declaration: • SETENA clarifies that the submission of the Environmental Impact Declaration with the Municipal stamp is a part of the EIA process, but does not specify whether it was submitted or not.
Key points in conflict • Nature of participation: The claim argues that direct consultation with the Municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia is required, while SETENA defends that publication in the media and the social perception study are valid participation mechanisms. • Legal framework and coordination: The discrepancy lies in whether the consultation with the Municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia is an explicit or implicit requirement, derived from SETENA's coordination with other administrative bodies to ensure compliance with all applicable regulations. • Public interest and environment: It is debated whether the lack of consultation with the Municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia affects the adequate protection of the public interest, the right to a healthy environment, and the protection of the diffuse interests of the population in the area.
SUBSTANTIVE ANALYSIS (ANALISIS (sic) DE FONDO) OF THE PREVIOUS PARAGRAPH: The omission of consultation with the Municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia does affect the protection of the public interest and the right to a healthy environment, since the lack of a cross-border technical opinion and municipal coordination prevents guaranteeing sustainable development, leaving the population exposed to environmental damage and the violation of fundamental rights such as access to a healthy environment and participation in decision-making.
Impact on Public Interest: • Principle of Publicity and Participation: Consultation with the municipalities is crucial because it guarantees the right to citizen participation in decisions that directly affect the community and the environment. • Diffuse Interests: The consultation allows for the consideration and protection of "diffuse interests," which are those interests that benefit a broad group of people and have no specific holder, but are relevant to the common good, such as air quality, water, or the landscape in their area. • Municipal Coordination: The absence of a cross-border technical opinion and coordination between the municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia is a transgression of efficient environmental management, which must be comprehensive and collaborative, especially in areas where the management of natural resources and development must be harmonious.
Impact on the Right to a Healthy Environment: • Human Right: The right to a healthy environment is internationally recognized and is fundamental for the well-being and development of people. • Violation of Rights: By not issuing a technical opinion, the Municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia fail to fulfill their function of ensuring the health of the ecosystem and, therefore, the health of their inhabitants. • Environmental Deterioration: The lack of coordination between local authorities (Municipality of Carrillo and Liberia) can lead to uncoordinated management of natural resources, which may result in environmental deterioration that harms the population.
IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS: • Precautionary Principle: The lack of consultation and cross-border technical opinion may imply a transgression of the precautionary principle, which requires acting with caution in the face of the possibility of environmental damage, even if there is no complete scientific certainty. That is, the Precautionary Principle has a constitutional basis in Costa Rica, as it is recognized and applied by the Constitutional Chamber in the interpretation of the Political Constitution, particularly through the right to a healthy environment enshrined in Article 50, and through international instruments such as the 1992 Rio Declaration and provisions of domestic law. • How the Precautionary Principle is applied: • Constitutional interpretation: The Constitutional Chamber, the highest court in constitutional matters, recognizes and applies this principle in its rulings. For example, it used it to order restrictions on activities until having precise scientific information about their possible environmental damage, according to the Judicial School of Costa Rica. • Environmental law: This principle is fundamental to guaranteeing the right to a healthy environment, recognized in Article 50 of the Political Constitution of Costa Rica.
In the face of scientific doubt about potential harm, measures must be taken to prevent it, or at least, so that whoever is going to cause the harm demonstrates that they can guarantee the necessary mitigation, notes CIJUL en Línea.
• International and domestic regulations: Costa Rica recognizes this principle through the 1992 Rio Declaration and the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, which also influence the interpretation of domestic regulations, notes Officium Legal. Furthermore, the Organic Environmental Law (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente) (1995) establishes the obligation to carry out environmental impact assessments (evaluaciones de impacto ambiental), which is an instrument for applying the precautionary principle. What Does the Precautionary Principle (Principio de Precaución) Mean? • It is applied when there is scientific uncertainty about the possible negative effects of an activity. • Action is oriented toward prevention, prioritizing the remediation of harm before it occurs. • In the absence of scientific certainty about a potential severe harm, authorities must adopt measures, and even halt or abandon the action in question. • State Responsibility: The State has the responsibility to guarantee the right to a healthy environment (ambiente sano) and to ensure that it is not harmed, protecting nature and guaranteeing sustainable development. • Invisibilization of Local Impacts: Consultation with municipalities is a channel for considering the particularities and direct impacts of a project or activity on the territory, something that is lost if there is no adequate technical dialogue."
Additional Implications • Loss of Ecosystems: The loss of mature and secondary forests, as well as wetlands and mangroves, not only affects soil quality and slope stability, but also compromises the integrity of the region's natural landscape. • Jurisprudence of the Sala Constitucional: The jurisprudence of the Sala Constitucional also reaffirms that the principles of environmental protection and the right to a healthy environment are above any special law, including the law that may have been created for the Papagayo project. Analysis: The phrase establishes that, according to the jurisprudence of the Sala Constitucional of Costa Rica, the principles of environmental protection and the right to a healthy environment have a higher hierarchical rank than any ordinary law, even those created for specific projects such as Papagayo. This means that, in the event of a conflict, priority must be given to environmental regulations and fundamental rights, since no law can go against the Constitution or the human right to a healthy environment, recognizing the primacy of these principles and obliging the State to guarantee their compliance.
Detailed Analysis: 6. Constitutional Supremacy: The statement indicates that environmental principles and the right to a healthy environment are not mere concepts, but are enshrined in the Constitution and, therefore, prevail over lower-ranking laws. 7. Primacy of Environmental Law: The phrase highlights the importance of the principles of environmental protection (such as the precautionary, preventive, and restorative principles) and the human right to a healthy environment, recognizing that these must be guaranteed and preserved by the State. 8. Normative Hierarchy: A hierarchy of norms is established where the Constitution and the laws derived from it (such as those establishing fundamental rights) carry more weight than special laws. 9. The Case of the Nombre169752 Project: The phrase uses the Nombre169752 project as an example to illustrate this situation. If a specific law existed for the Nombre169752 project, and that law conflicted with environmental principles or the right to a healthy environment, said law would be inapplicable or unconstitutional because environmental protection is a priority. 10.
Role of the Sala Constitucional: The Sala Constitucional, as the ultimate interpreter of the Constitution, reaffirms this position through its jurisprudence, ensuring that environmental rights and protection principles are not violated by lower-ranking regulations. In summary: The jurisprudence of the Sala Constitucional establishes that environmental protection and the right to a healthy environment are fundamental human rights that must be respected and prevail over any ordinary law, especially those that seek to favor development projects without due consideration of the environment and sustainability. In-Depth Analysis: • Precautionary Principle: The lack of consultation and cross-border technical criteria may contravene this principle, which requires taking preventive measures against potential environmental damage, even with scientific uncertainty. • State Responsibility: The State has the obligation to guarantee the right to a healthy environment, the protection of nature, and sustainable development, and the municipal omission of Carrillo and Liberia is a failure in this duty.
Response of SETENA and the Constitutional Court: • Constitutional Court Ruling: Resolution 2025016284 dismissed the appeal on the grounds that it was a disagreement with ordinary legality and not a constitutional matter. • Context of the Ruling: It was based on the fact that no opposition to the project was received and no public hearing was requested. Furthermore, the hearing is not mandatory for Type A projects, and a local perception study was used as a valid participation mechanism under the regulations. • Implications: SETENA argues that the Constitutional Court is not the venue for resolving matters of ordinary legality. However, this does not nullify the constitutional foundations regarding citizen participation and the precautionary principle that support the need for consultation and coordination.”
Strengthen due process: Avoid legal challenges by ensuring that all competent authorities are consulted. In conclusion, the issuance of a joint technical opinion (criterio técnico mancomunado) by the Municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia is an indispensable step for the Environmental Viability (Vialidad Ambiental) authorization process to be legally valid and capable of being approved by SETENA. ANALYSIS The failure to consult the Municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia violates the principles of Legality, Due Process, and a healthy environment, infringing Articles 33, 168, 169, and 170 of the Political Constitution of Costa Rica, Articles 152 and 153 of the General Public Administration Law (LGAP), and subsection 4 of Article 4 of the Municipal Code, by preventing local participation and compliance with environmental and territorial regulations. Violated Constitutional Articles and Principles • Article 33 (Political Constitution): It is violated by failing to guarantee citizen and communal participation in decision-making on local development, contravening the right to participation that must be present in the process. • Articles 168, 169, and 170 (Political Constitution): By omitting the consultation, the autonomy of the municipalities in managing their territories and local development planning is undermined, preventing them from expressing their vision and needs.
Violated Laws • LGAP (Articles 152 and 153): Not consulting the municipalities implies not giving them the opportunity to participate in the process, contravening the principles of participation and consultation with competent bodies. • Municipal Code (Article 4, subsection 4): The lack of consultation with the municipalities in the Environmental Viability authorization process infringes this article, which requires consultation to ensure that projects comply with environmental and local development regulations. Violated Constitutional and Legal Principles • Principle of Legality: Municipal consultation is an indispensable step for the authorization to be legally valid. Not carrying it out, therefore, goes against this principle, since the administration must act in accordance with the law. • Principle of Due Process: Consultation is a fundamental part of the process to avoid legal challenges and ensure that all competent authorities are taken into account. • Principle of a Healthy Environment: Consultation helps ensure that the project complies with local environmental regulations and that environmental sustainability is guaranteed, which is a right of the population and a responsibility of the State and local governments.”
Drafted by Magistrate Araya García; and,
Considering:
I.Purpose of the appeal. The claimant complains that the respondent authorities granted environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) to the mega-tourism project Nombre169752 being developed in Playa Panamá, Guanacaste. He states, first, that Setena refused to convene the residents of Playa Panamá for a public hearing on the grounds that they did not belong to an indigenous community, which injures the principle of equality. He maintains that the environmental viability was granted without observing the principle of legality, since the mandatory procedural stages were not fulfilled, particularly citizen participation through a public hearing, and instead surveys were administered to people who were unaware of the project’s scope. He emphasizes that Setena did not properly consult the municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia, which breaches its duty of interinstitutional coordination and citizen participation that should govern such projects.
He denounces the infringement of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, since the impacts on the forests, wetlands, and mangroves of the area were not duly evaluated. He questions that the forest report used was prepared by the developing company itself. He cites non-compliance with the requirements of Law No. 6758, which establishes clear density limits (20 rooms per hectare and a maximum of 30% construction); therefore, he criticizes Executive Decree No. 44448 for its ambiguity, since it does not contain a precise mapping of the 1,658 hectares involved and leaves approximately 70% of the natural conservation areas unprotected. He expressly requests: “That the present AMPARO APPEAL be granted, and that SETENA roll back the approval granted to the tourism project Nombre169752 so that the necessary corrections can be made and that it comply with Law 6758 and modified Decree 44448 for being ambiguous.
Decree 44448 is criticized for being ambiguous due to the lack of adequate mapping of the 1,658 hectares of the project, which prevents a correct application of construction regulations and leaves 70% of the natural and heritage conservation areas unprotected. Additionally, that the residents of Playa Panamá and surrounding communities, environmental groups, and the general public be convened to a Public Hearing, as one of the legal stages so that SETENA can grant the Environmental Viability of the Mega Project Papagayo. Once Decree 44448 is corrected.”
a. On April 7, 2021, Setena received the Initial Environmental Assessment Document (Documento de Evaluación Ambiental Inicial) for the Project: Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 submitted by Enjoy Hotels & Resorts S.A., which is processed under case file D1-0170-2021-SETENA. (See the report rendered).
b. The Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 is described as follows: “a residential tourism complex, promoting the development of residences and hotels with access to all basic and recreational services through the commercialization of housing units, residential lots, hotel and condohotel components, mixed residential-commercial use, and offices. The Hotel and Condohotel component will be developed with the capacity to accommodate more than 240 guests and may include rooms equipped with a kitchen, private bathroom, and terrace, as well as the hotel lobby, swimming pools, spa, gym, restaurants, bar, bathrooms and changing rooms, shops, event hall, wellness center, sales offices, administrative offices, workshop, kitchen and laundry, employee lodging, and all the road infrastructure necessary for access and circulation to the facilities, parking lots, sidewalks, trails, and treatment plant. The project will also include housing units with parking for one or two vehicles, and common areas consisting of hallways, roof terraces, green areas and children’s playgrounds, a ranch-style structure with swimming pools, courts and multipurpose rooms, gym, access lobby, as well as the road infrastructure for access and circulation to the facilities, visitor parking, and sidewalks.
As for the Residential Lots, they will be areas for the future development of residences that may have a patio, garages for several vehicles, swimming pool, terraces, and roof terraces. The project will provide vehicular and pedestrian access, as well as basic service infrastructure for future residents, in addition to green areas, children’s playgrounds, and trails. The Clubhouse for the residential lots or housing units will have an administrative area, event hall, restaurant, bathrooms, social area, game room, swimming pool, gym, tennis courts, and multipurpose courts. It also has green areas that offer ranch-style structures with electricity, hiking trails, as well as children’s playgrounds and parking lots. A Country Club will be established, featuring event halls, administrative area, restaurant, bathrooms, social area, game room, swimming pool, gym—both with showers and changing rooms—as well as jacuzzi and saunas.
It also has green areas offering tennis courts, multipurpose courts, 5-a-side football pitches, mini-golf, ranch-style structures with electricity, hiking and biking trails, as well as children’s playgrounds and the road infrastructure for access and circulation to the facilities, visitor parking, and sidewalks. The development of the commercial and office area will be a zone for the construction of commercial premises, as well as offices for subsequent sale or lease. The office spaces will have co-working areas with meeting rooms, cafeterias, libraries, and reading rooms. The commercial area may feature supermarkets, mini-markets, commercial kiosks, a pharmacy and medical clinic, restaurants, an outdoor cinema, a market or fairground, which would be an area intended to promote commerce and entrepreneurship, with the sale of local products and a garden with a green market. The mixed use will be a site for the development of various social and cultural activities by the residents of the site and surrounding areas, such as research centers, a museum, school, daycare, chapel, traffic circle, sports plaza, and meeting centers.
Among the other components and amenities that will be part of the project are: camping areas, natural hiking trails and bike paths, viewpoints and natural observation stops, and meditation decks, open ecological parks with picnic stations, lakes, reserve and conservation areas, a bird forest with fruit-bearing trees, suspension bridges, public parking and parking lots, a main avenue with tree-lined streets in addition to pedestrian sidewalks and bridges over the streams for internal project connectivity. The project will have LED lighting; the buildings will be designed to provide and maximize the use of natural light while preventing solar heat gain. High-efficiency air conditioning systems that improve indoor air quality and offer greater energy efficiency will be used. There will be a stormwater management plan that will be implemented during construction to reduce pollution by controlling soil erosion and the sedimentation of watercourses.
Treatment plants and greywater will be used for irrigation to mitigate the use of potable water for irrigation. All social and common areas are accessible in accordance with the provisions of Ley 7600.” (See the report rendered).
c. Due to the nature of the project, the magnitude of the volume of earth to be removed, the necessary protection of flora and fauna, the extent of the construction area, the public services present in the area and their potential impact, as well as the fact that the social component must be considered—given the size of the project area and the influence areas—a tool providing an intensive and comprehensive diagnosis leading to the fulfillment of sustainable development characteristics was required. (See the report rendered).
d. On May 6, 2021, Setena notified the project developer of resolution No. 0677-2021-SETENA, dated May 5, 2021, in which it ordered, for purposes of continuing with the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) process, that within one year from the notification of that resolution, an EIA Study (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, EsIA) be submitted—under the terms of reference for the EIA Study—since, pursuant to Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, this project is classified with a Potential Environmental Impact (IAP) of Category A, classified as ISIC 5510, and consequently, the most rigorous assessment instrument was demanded. (See the report rendered).
e. On June 8, 2021, SETENA published in a national circulation medium, specifically in the newspaper La Teja, the information regarding the EIA Study for the Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 for whatever purpose it may serve. (See case file 25-012448-0007-CO ad effectum videndi et probandi).
f. On July 14, 2021, Setena conducted a field inspection of the project area accompanied by representatives of the consulting and developing company. On that occasion, the following findings were issued in the Inspection Report DEA-ACT INS-017-2021: “• Topography ranges from flat to gentle near the streams and steep to very steep on the rest of the properties; there are no slopes in the project area (AP). • Slopes in the AP: The slope is toward the streams; stormwater management must be provided based on earthworks (movimientos de tierra). • Surface runoff flows to the streams and then to the mangrove. • There is no evidence of landslides. • Possible surface water bodies at the time of the visit are in a transition season with streams without flow, recorded in the SNIT-SINIGIRH. Quebrada Pto29 Estero Rocha 319951-1171787 and sardina with discharge toward the mangrove. Quebrada Pto.33 Quebrada Estero Panamá 318547-1170615 possible work in the channel, AyA wells. • There is no evidence of flooding in the AP or in the adjacent areas. • Observed cover is riparian vegetation, scrubland-thicket (charral-Tacotal), Forest Cover (Cobertura Forestal). • No characteristics indicative of Wetland. • Fauna observed: birds, mammals, and reptiles. • Social component: rural area, with social infrastructure, public and private asphalt and gravel accesses.
Moderate traffic with road signage. • Immediate adjacent areas to the AP: north sector: Private and public road, South: Forest Reserve, East: agricultural/livestock-forest use, West: Forest. • Works have not begun and numbered trees are observed in the forest inventory. The Photographic Record of the visit is included.” (See the report rendered).
g. During the assessment process, Setena did not receive any appearance or opposition to the project prior to granting the environmental viability, nor any request to hold a public hearing from a third party, in accordance with the established regulations. (See the report rendered).
h. The citizen participation mechanism applied in the environmental impact assessment process was the local perception study (estudio de percepción local) conducted based on the regulations established in Decree 32966-MINAE, “EIA Manual IV, Annex 1, General Guide for Preparing Environmental Impact Assessment Instruments (EIA Guide),” section 9, called “DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT,” subsection 9.7, “Local Perception of the Project and its Possible Impacts (Qualitative Study)”; a mechanism that did not require prior dissemination. (See the report rendered).
i. Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, “EIA Manual IV, Annex 1, General Guide for Preparing Environmental Impact Assessment Instruments (EIA Guide), section 9, called ‘DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT,’” indicates another participation mechanism called “Interactive Participatory Process,” which was not carried out because a high level of social conflict was not identified in the groups or communities, due to the fact that no notes of opposition or appearances concerning the project were received, and the majority of the population consulted in the perception study stated they agreed with the development of the project. (See the report rendered).
j. By means of resolution 1263-2021-SETENA of August 18, 2021, Setena ordered: “THEREFORE, THE PLENARY COMMISSION RESOLVES: In Ordinary Session No. 63 of this Secretariat, held on August 18, 2021, under Article No. 14, it is agreed: FIRST: For the purpose of continuing with the Environmental Impact Assessment procedure, ENJOY HOTELS & RESORTS S.A., with corporate identification number No. CED129995, developer of the project ‘Proyecto Bahía Papagayo,’ is ordered to submit a single addendum (in one original and two copies) containing the requirements stipulated in CONSIDERANDO FOUR of this Resolution, for which a period of 6 months is granted. SECOND: Warn the developer that once the addendum to the EsIA is analyzed, if it does NOT comply with the requirements set by this Secretariat, or if it is NOT submitted within the established period, the case file will be ARCHIVED, in accordance with Article 264 of the General Public Administration Law.
THIRD: All documentation submitted to SETENA must clearly indicate the case file number, the resolution number, and the full name of the project. FOURTH: Against this resolution, the ordinary remedies of revocation before SETENA and appeal before the Minister of Environment and Energy may be filed within a period of three business days, counted from the next business day following notification, in accordance with Articles 342 et seq. of the General Public Administration Law No. 6227, and Article 87 of the Organic Environmental Law No. 7554. FIFTH: All documentation submitted to SETENA must clearly indicate the case file number, the resolution number, and the full name of the project. It must also indicate an email address to receive notifications from this Secretariat. SIXTH: The complete case file, as well as the documents that SETENA has issued during the Assessment process, will be available to the developer at the web address: Dirección20035 — where it must be verified by the developer or by any interested party and public or private body.
For all legal effects in accordance with Law 8454, the digital signature issued by a registered certification authority has the legal equivalence of a handwritten signature, pursuant to Article 4, which states: ‘Article 4 - Legal qualification and evidentiary value. Electronic documents shall be classified as public or private, and shall be recognized as having evidentiary value under the same conditions as physical documents,’ and therefore, pursuant to Article 1, second paragraph, of the aforementioned Law, which literally states: ‘The State and all public entities are expressly authorized to use certificates, digital signatures, and electronic documents, within their respective spheres of competence,’ as ratified by Directive No. 067-MICITT-H-MEIC whereby the Costa Rican State promotes the ‘Massification of the implementation and use of the Digital Signature in the Costa Rican Public Sector.’ SEVENTH: In accordance with Article 8 of Law 8220, an interested party requesting a procedure may not be required to submit certifications, copies of information already held by another institution, by pre-established legal means.” (See the report rendered).
k. On an undetermined date, the developer attached a letter signed by the social sciences professional responsible for preparing the EsIA section called “DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT,” in which she declares that there are no potential impacts on services and commits to project participation and information disclosure. (See the report rendered).
l. By means of resolution No. 0591-2022-SETENA of April 6, 2022, the National Environmental Technical Secretariat ordered: “CONSIDERING FIRST: That Article 19 of the Organic Environmental Law states: ‘The resolutions of the National Environmental Technical Secretariat must be substantiated and reasoned. They shall be binding both on private parties and on public bodies and entities.’ For its part, Article 17 of the Organic Environmental Law states: ‘Human activities that alter or destroy elements of the environment or generate waste, toxic or hazardous materials shall require an environmental impact assessment by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat created in this law. Its prior approval by this body shall be an indispensable requirement to initiate the activities, works, or projects. The laws and regulations shall indicate which activities, works, or projects shall require the environmental impact assessment.’ SECOND: In accordance with Article 282 of the General Public Administration Law (LGAP), and based on the documentation contributed to the administrative case file, Mr.
ANDRES PACHECO ALBONICO, identification document number 01-1066-0062, is deemed to have standing to request the environmental impact assessment of the Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752, administrative case file D1-0170-2021-SETENA. THIRD: Regarding the information submitted to the administrative case file and general considerations. According to Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC and its amendments, which establish the required documentation for D1 projects, the following is noted:
Content Details Environmental Impact Study Submitted. Total investment amount Lot # Plan Amount Lot 1 5-1186670-2007 $ 374,153,131.00 Lot 3 5-1155787-2007 $ 107,132,448.00 Lot 4 5-1274126-2008 $ 274,765,133.00 Lot 5 5-1155786-2007 $ 169,001,459.00 Total US$925,052,171.00 Site design Submitted. Photographic record Submitted. Project description Submitted. Cartographic location Submitted. Environmental Measures Submitted. Authorization or contracts -- Letters (SENARA, MOPT, SINAC, etc.) -- With respect to the technical studies contemplated in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), available in the administrative case file, the following is noted:
Content Observations Geotechnical Study Presents a geotechnical analysis per lot. Based on the information obtained from this study, the terrain is considered to present acceptable conditions from a geotechnical perspective for developing works, provided the recommendations indicated in the corresponding sections of this report are followed. • In general, the stratigraphic profile of the subsoil on all terrains consists of two layers, namely: a) brown sandy silt, with consistency mostly variable between soft and medium; and b) brown and/or gray silty sand with the presence of gravel blocks, with relative density mostly variable between firm and dense. • In general terms, it is recommended to use a conventional shallow foundation system, based on isolated and/or continuous footings. The specific foundation recommendations are indicated in the corresponding sections. • Once more project details are available, INSUMA is available to review the recommendations previously provided and make the respective adjustments if necessary. • The corresponding section presents the thrust parameters to be used for designing the project walls, or for buried elements subjected to thrust (swimming pools, pits, buried tanks, among others). • Based on the characteristics evaluated at the investigated site, for the seismic analysis of the structures, it is recommended to consider the foundation soil as S2, as established by the Seismic Code of Costa Rica 2010. • It is emphasized that the executed borings are point-specific, so variations may be found in other areas of the terrain. For this reason, during the construction process, appropriate inspection must be performed to ensure that the conditions assumed in the design are met in the field.
Hydrogeological Study Variation in Surface Runoff of the Watercourse. Based on this report, considering that the public domain watercourses that border and cross the AP discharge directly into the Pacific Ocean (Bahía Panamá), the increase in surface runoff with the Project's implementation would not affect downstream settlements or infrastructure. Additionally, given the dimensions of the Project, it is this professional’s opinion that the increase in runoff will be marginal, and that the watercourses have the carrying capacity to accept an increase in surface flow as a result of the project's development. Therefore, it is concluded that it is not necessary to evaluate the variation in the basin’s surface runoff, and additionally, it is not necessary to implement mitigation or compensation measures for the marginal increase in the maximum instantaneous flow of the evaluated micro-basins.
Flood Potential in the AP. The potential of the identified public domain watercourses to overflow and affect the works to be implemented is evaluated. Based on field observation and considering the flood elevation obtained from the executed hydraulic model, the following is concluded: Estero Rocha – Lote 1: Risk of overflow is manifested during extreme precipitation events, primarily due to the culvert crossing on National Route No. 159. It is demonstrated that the culvert is not efficient, and the backwater effect affects the protection area and adjacent sectors of the Project. Quebrada Sin Nombre 01 - Lote 3: Risk of overflow is manifested during extreme precipitation events, primarily due to the double culvert crossing on National Route No. 159. It is demonstrated that the culvert is not efficient, and the backwater effect affects the protection area and adjacent sectors of the Project.
In both watercourses, the effect is maintained only upstream of the culvert crossing, up to a distance of no more than 50 meters. The rest of the watercourse exhibits normal flow conditions, with no risk of overflow or excessive velocities that could potentially generate erosion on the banks. This is ratified through the CNE Natural Risk and Hazard Map for the Canton of Carrillo, which shows that the region is NOT classified as flood-prone.
In this regard, it is imperative that the works always be constructed outside the protection area of the described public-domain watercourses, following the stipulations of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575, article 33 (the protection area corresponds to 15 meters with respect to the riverbank).
Anthropic Risk Certification This procedure allowed us to establish that, for the project area in question, and according to the requirements of Executive Decree No. 32712-MINAE, there are no sources of anthropic risk within the Project area that affect it. According to the Map of Potential Natural Hazards for the Canton, by the National Emergency Commission (Comisión Nacional de Emergencias, hereinafter CNE), the AP is NOT located within the floodplain of any watercourse, or in a zone of low risk from other natural hazards.
Unified Basic Geology Summary of results This report presents the results of the Basic Geology Technical Study of the Land carried out for the Bahía Nombre169752 Tourist-Residential Complex Project, which is located on land in Sardinal, Guanacaste, on cadastral maps 5-1186670-2007, 5-1155787-2007, 5-1274126-2008, 5-1155786-2007. The lots that make up the Bahía Nombre169752 project predominantly feature sandy silt and silty sand soils, in addition to residual and alluvial soils detected in the project area; these soils correspond to the weathering of the basaltic rocks of the Nicoya Complex and the pyroclastic flows of the Bagaces Formation, which have a large regional extent. Structurally, several kilometers from the AP, there are several paleotectonic faults (inactive) and a series of Quaternary faults. A detailed geological mapping is available regionally, based on the 1:50,000 geological cartography of the Nicoya Peninsula carried out by Nombre169753 et al (2014).
Regionally, the geomorphology is defined by the lithology and the action of water erosion; basically, the study area consists of alluvial plains in low-slope zones and denudational slopes of medium to high slope, reaching elevations that vary between 20 and 120 m.a.s.l., with slopes between 30° and 45° occurring in this geomorphological unit. Among the notable results of the environmental hydrogeology study for the project, it is highlighted that through the vulnerability to contamination analysis carried out with the G.O.D. method, it was defined that the AP has a medium vulnerability. Likewise, the calculation for the transit of advective biological contaminants (bacteria) was performed for the AP area, based on the average parameters of the hydrogeological model, resulting in 135 days of vertical transit in the unsaturated zone, complying with the standard that establishes a minimum of 70 days for porous media.
In addition, an inventory of the hydrogeological elements in the AP and its area of influence was carried out so that the legally mandated setbacks from these points are respected. The information was obtained from the databases of the Water Directorate (Dirección de Agua) and SENARA. According to the compiled information, the main local natural hazard present in the AP is considered to be the hazard of slope instability, for which reason surface runoff must be controlled during the construction phase and the operational phase of the project to prevent soil erosion that could lead to other factors of greater magnitude, such as terrain instability. Another impact to consider, but of a regional nature, is the seismic hazard, since the identified neotectonic faults have the potential to generate significant seismic events, and the North Pacific region experiences earthquakes of magnitude greater than 6 Mw, as have historically occurred, the most recent being the 2012 Samara earthquake, with the secondary impacts associated with these events.
Taking into account all the conditions that frame this project, it is considered viable, provided that the recommendations set out in this study and in national legislation are followed, so that the immediate environment of the project is not threatened, nor is the project. Considering certain necessary construction aspects, the geological and hydrogeological conditions do not hinder the execution of the project. In general terms, the site's geo-suitability is considered favorable for the development of the proposed project.
Summary of technical conclusions Regionally, the soils are of sandy silt and clayey sand types; these materials form the residual and alluvial soils detected in the project area. The genesis of these soils corresponds to the weathering of the basaltic rocks of the Nicoya Complex and the pyroclastic flows of the Bagaces Formation, which have a large regional extent. Morphologically, the area is characterized by flat reliefs on the plains, and undulating reliefs that form the denudational slopes of the coastal mountain systems. In the lots that make up the project, the deposits are predominantly alluvial and are constituted by materials of sandy silt to silty sand texture, with the presence of weathered rock fragments, brown in color, unconsolidated, forming soils between 4 m and 6 m thick. In the AP area, two hydrogeological units are distinguished: one of low water potential related to the rocks of the Nicoya Complex, and an aquifer in the alluvial sediments.
The mentioned aquifer is of an unconfined type, but with areas where confinement occurs, with high transmissivities related to high extraction flow rates; likewise, the groundwater level is on average at 5 meters but can vary locally and seasonally throughout the water year. In the project area, a series of registered wells and concessions are located, for which the legally mandated setbacks must be respected. Regarding the vulnerability to contamination, it is established that the AP has a medium vulnerability character. The results of the contaminant transit, carried out with the assumptions and evidence supporting the hydrogeological model, yield a vertical transit in the unsaturated zone of 135 days, complying with the 70 days mentioned for porous aquifers regarding contamination by bacteria. The AP can be affected by seismic activity, one of the main hazards present in the immediate area of the AP, due to the proximity of important geological faults and the Central America Trench located in the Pacific Ocean.
In addition to slope instability, due to the presence of undulating terrain with moderate slopes, strict control must be maintained in water management to avoid surface runoff and thereby prevent instability problems. Compliance with current legislation regarding construction standards is recommended, such as the Costa Rica Foundations Code (Código de Cimentaciones de Costa Rica) and the Costa Rica Seismic Code (Código Sísmico de Costa Rica). This is due to the seismic hazard in the area. Therefore, from the environmental geological, environmental hydrogeological, and natural hazards standpoint, the project is viable if the indications established by law and the recommendations of this study are respected.
Rapid Archaeological Report Requires Archaeological Evaluation To recover more information, an Archaeological Evaluation must be mandatorily conducted on Lot 3 and Lot 4. Additionally, as a precautionary measure, archaeological supervision of earthworks (movimientos de tierra) must be carried out on all the lots that make up the project. On Lot 3, the North sector must be intensively evaluated (test pits every 10m), which is where the high densities of materials are concentrated (Location: 10° 35' 17"N and 85°38' 51"W within a 50m radius around inside the AP), in addition to evaluating 40m from the road into the interior of the land. For sectors located outside the high-density area, test pits located at greater distances are recommended. For the rest of the land, selective excavations are recommended in areas where it is considered that data on the distribution of isolated finds can be recovered.
The need to evaluate the highest parts of this lot, located at the back, can be ruled out. For Lot 4, the intensive excavations should be concentrated in the shell midden area (conchero) (Location 10° 34' 52"N and 85°39' 25"W within a 30m radius around) and its immediate surroundings, and on the hill where a cemetery is located (Location: 10° 34' 58"N and 85° 39' 32"W within a 20m radius around). It is also considered viable to leave an archaeological reserve area depending on the layout of the works to be carried out. Furthermore, the sector next to an internal road near the left bank of the stream (quebrada) must be evaluated (Location 10° 34' 53" N and 85° 39' 35" W within a 60m radius around inside the AP).
Rapid Biological Report Develops the study in the ESIA. Within the AP there are four stream (quebrada) watercourses; these watercourses must not be affected by the works, as their protection zone must be maintained. Additionally, part of the property is located within the Diriá Biological Corridor. Although the project is not located within any protected wildlife area, in some of the direct influence zones, there are wetlands that must be kept without alterations; wetlands are ecosystems protected under the Organic Environmental Law (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente) No. 7554. Furthermore, both the direct influence area and the indirect influence area of the project are located within the Maritime Terrestrial Zone (Zona Marítimo Terrestre), so the necessary mitigation measures must be taken. According to the activities planned for this project, there will be no impact on ecosystems of interest.
The studies carried out indicate a series of recommendations that must be followed as indicated, as part of the project's environmental commitments. If the removal of any tree is required, the corresponding permit must be processed at the MINAE office, and if surface water bodies or wells are located within or on the boundaries of the AP, the current legislation regarding protection zones must be applied. For each environmental impact identified in the basic environmental impact identification matrix, the corresponding mitigation measure is presented. Since each study and/or justification has been prepared by relevant professionals, they are considered directly responsible for the technical and scientific information provided therein, which information has the character of a Sworn Declaration and is therefore considered current and true. Otherwise, penal consequences may arise from the fact, as established in Article 9 of Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, amended by Article 2 of Executive Decree No. 32734 of August 9, 2005.
Thus, and consequent with the issued conclusions and recommendations, this Secretariat warns the Environmental Consultant and the Developer of the duty to include them as part of the environmental commitments acquired through this analysis. In accordance with the analysis of the project that the developer and environmental consultant have presented, according to the regulations applicable to the operation of the activity, work, or project, there is an environmental regulation which, according to the classification of the area based on the project's location zone, finds it is located in an area authorized by the Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador) or other environmental land-use planning approved by SETENA, including the environmental variable. Consequently, establishing a Final SIA score of 117 points, the corresponding environmental assessment instrument is an Environmental Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental).
From the Georeferencing analysis carried out by the Geography Unit of this Secretariat—an analysis contained in the administrative file, as established by Executive Decree No. 37803-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, Article 2—the following is known: 1. Other files have been processed on this property: Within cadastral maps 5-1274126-2008 and 5-1186670-2007, the following files have been processed before SETENA: - D1-0518-2019 (5-1274126-2008) - D1-0157-2019 (5-1186670-2007) Therefore, the analyst technician in DEA is recommended to verify details and the current status of said files. 2. SNIT and FONAFIFO cover (cobertura) present within the AP: FONAFIFO 2005 5-1155786-2007: Forest (Forestal) and Non-Forest (No Forestal). 5-1155787-2007: Forest and Non-Forest. 5-1186670-2007: Forest, Non-Forest, Secondary Forest (Bosque Sec.). 5-1274126-2008: Forest, Non-Forest, Forest Plantation (Plant. Forest.). FONAFIFO 2013 5-1155786-2007: Deciduous Forest (Bosque Deciduo), Secondary Forest (Bosque Secundario), Non-Forest. 5-1155787-2007: Deciduous Forest, Mature Forest (Bosque Maduro), Secondary Forest, Non-Forest. 5-1186670-2007: Deciduous Forest, Mature Forest, Secondary Forest, Non-Forest, Pastures (Pastos). 5-1274126-2008: Deciduous Forest, Mature Forest, Secondary Forest, Non-Forest. 3.
Land characteristics (relief): Map 5-1186670-2007 Flat: slopes of 0-2% Steep: slopes +60% Class VII: forest management Map 5-1155787-2007 Flat: slopes of 0-2% Steep: slopes +60% Class II: agricultural with slight limitations Class VII: forest management Map 5-11274126-2008 Flat: slopes of 0-2% Steep: slopes +60% Class II: agricultural with slight limitations Class VII: forest management Map 5-1155786-2007 Flat: slopes of 0-2% Steep: slopes +60% Class VII: forest management. 4. Proximity to geological faults (indicate distance): The nearest faults to the properties are located approximately: - one 3 km to the East - one 2.3 km to the Southeast - one 3.9 km to the South. 5. The project is affected by any spring (naciente) or well, or by its protection radius: According to the database of the Water Directorate (Dirección de Aguas) in its SINIGIRH viewer, the following properties are affected by wells and their respective protection radii: (see attached images) Map 11-86670-2007: within said property, two wells managed by the rural aqueduct are located.
Map 5-1274126-2008: within said property, two wells managed by the rural aqueduct are located. It is important to clarify that on the adjacent properties, the Water Directorate's database has identified other wells; however, neither they nor their respective protection radii affect this property. 6. Are there water bodies within or within a 50-meter radius of the area where the project will be developed: Map 5-1186670-2007: this property is crossed by the Quebrada Grande, the Quebrada Sardina, and another unnamed intermittent stream. Map 5-1155787-2007: this property is crossed by an unnamed intermittent stream. Map 5-1274126-2008: this property is crossed by an unnamed intermittent stream. 7. The project will be developed over an aquifer (which one): Coco-Panamá-Playa Hermosa Aquifer. 8. The project will be developed in a zone with aquifer vulnerability (SENARA): No vulnerability data is available for this sector. 9.
The sector where the project will be developed presents recharge data (SENARA): No recharge data is available for this sector. 10. The project will be developed within a biological corridor: Chorotega Biological Corridor (ACT). 11. The project will be developed in an area with wetlands: It is clarified that the properties are not located within any wetland; however, according to the National Wetlands Inventory (SINAC) layer, there are wetlands near their boundaries, such as: - Wetland: Manglar Panamá 1, estuarine type, mangrove class; located approximately 241 m West of the property with map 5-1186670-2007. - Wetland: Manglar Panamá 2, estuarine type, mangrove class; located approximately 113 m Northwest of the property with map 5-1155787-2007. - Wetland: Manglar Panamá 2, estuarine type, mangrove class; located on the Northern boundary of the property with map 5-1274126-2008. 12. The project will be developed within the Maritime Terrestrial Zone (Zona Marítimo Terrestre): Does not apply because all the properties where the project is intended to be developed are located within the Golfo de Papagayo Tourist Pole (Polo Turístico Golfo de Papagayo), managed by the ICT, governed by Law 6758 and Law 6370, where specific development for this area is regulated. 13.
The canton where the project will be developed has Incorporation of the environmental variable in the POTs, approved by SETENA: The regulatory plan of the coastal sector of the canton of Carrillo does not have the environmental variable endorsed by SETENA. 14. Other data assessed by the geospatial analyst: It is considered important to mention to the analyst technician in DEA that, verifying the polygons of the property outlines, two of them (5-1155786-2007 and 5-1186670-2007) are coincident in the shape of the map outlines with the official digital real estate registry in the SNIT; on the other hand, the other two properties present the following conditions: - For map 5-1155787-2007: the outline shape of the polygon for this map in the official digital real estate registry in the SNIT is not coincident with the outline of the cadastral map provided by the Developer. This could be due (this is not an assertion) to the fact that said real estate registry has not yet been updated by the municipality of Carrillo; however, this situation does not create an impediment to carrying out the geospatial verification of the project.
The foregoing is mentioned so that the analyst technician in DEA, if deemed necessary, makes a formal inquiry to the Developer to clarify the cause and have it recorded in the file. - For map 5-1274126-2008: when searching the registry data within the National Registry (Registro Nacional) website, it indicates that a segregation exists for it, a child map from the year 2020 (2-2180293-2020). This condition also does not impede the geospatial verification of the project, as the site design respects the boundaries of said segregation (unlike the shp file of the polygon for said map). The analyst technician is alerted to the situation so they are aware and proceed as deemed necessary. FIELD INSPECTION On July 14, 2021, a field inspection was carried out by officials from SETENA and Mr. Alejandro Jiménez Fonseca, representing the developing company. The inspection record and the photographic record taken at the time of the visit are contained in the administrative file.
THE DEVELOPER IS WARNED THAT: At all times, they must comply with the conforming land use (uso conforme de suelo) established in the corresponding Canton's Territorial Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador Territorial). The project submitted to the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) process through this file includes only the works described as the project description attached to the D1 Assessment Document, according to the information provided; therefore, any different work must be submitted for the corresponding analysis prior to its commencement. If the type of activity for the project changes, the corresponding Municipality must be informed. If the project requires tree cutting, the permit must be processed beforehand at the local Subregional Office of MINAE/SINAC (Art. 27 of the Forest Law). In addition, it is warned that Protection Areas must be respected (Art. 33 and 34 of the Forest Law), and the project development must include good practices aimed at promoting the optimal balance of natural resources and the sustainable use of the forest according to the management category.
All precautions must be maintained to minimize and reduce any possibility of contaminating soils, streams (quebradas), and sewers with the waste produced by the activity, complying with the Law for Integrated Waste Management (Ley para la Gestión Integral de Residuos), Law No. 8839 and its Regulations, Executive Decree No. 37567-S-MINAET-H called General Regulations to the Law for Integrated Waste Management. FOURTH: Whereas, in this administrative procedure, the D1 Form was submitted with the environmental assessment instrument: Environmental Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental), in accordance with the Manual of Technical Instruments for the Environmental Impact Assessment Process (Manual de EIA, Part II), which were duly analyzed by the Environmental Assessment Department (Departamento de Evaluación Ambiental), it was concluded that they comply with the terms of reference and technical requirements issued by this Secretariat.
By virtue of the foregoing, and in accordance with the control and monitoring powers established in Article 20 of the Organic Environmental Law, which states: "The National Environmental Technical Secretariat shall establish instruments and means to monitor compliance with environmental impact assessment resolutions. In cases of violation of its content, it may order the stoppage of works. The interested party, the author of the study, and those who approve it shall be directly and jointly responsible for any damages caused." Based on the foregoing, it has been analyzed and determined that they comply, so it is appropriate in this case to approve the environmental impact assessment instrument: Environmental Impact Study and the environmental impact matrices, presented in D1 Document, and to grant environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental). FIFTH: In accordance with Article No. 45. - Resolution and Granting of Environmental Viability (or License) of the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (D.E.
No. 31849-2004-MINAE-MAG-MOPT, MEIC, S and its amendments), it states: "The environmental guidelines or directives of commitment that frame the granting of environmental viability (license), and that will be based on the entire EIA process, as well as a series of conditions and instruments for environmental control and monitoring (Instrumentos de Control y Seguimiento Ambiental, ICOS), include the following elements: Development and implementation of the Environmental Control and Monitoring Instruments (ICOS), which comprise 3 aspects: Appointment of an environmental manager and implementation of an Environmental Logbook (Bitácora Ambiental); likewise, an Environmental Guarantee (Garantía Ambiental) deposit in accordance with the provisions of the Organic Environmental Law, the amount of which will be set in this administrative act. These instruments must be submitted to SETENA in accordance with the Plenary Commission Agreement of ordinary session No. 098-2014-SETENA and its Article No. 17, issued through agreement No. ACP-015-2014 of August 26, 2014; which dictates: “Order the developers of activities, works, or projects that the presentation of the ICOS must be before their start, once the Environmental Viability has been granted, and that they cannot begin with these until they have the duly enabled ICOS.
And that, should they begin without these, the sanctions established in current regulations will be applied.” SIXTH: Whereas Article 6 of the Amendment of Article 45 to the General Regulations on EIA Procedures, of Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, indicates regarding the Fundamental Environmental Commitment Clause, the following: “This Environmental Viability (license) is granted on the understanding that the developer of the project, work, or activity will fully and thoroughly comply with all technical, legal, and environmental regulations and standards in force in the country and to be executed before other authorities of the Costa Rican State. Failure to comply with this clause by the developer will not only make them subject to the sanctions implied by non-compliance with said regulation, but also, as the same constitutes the fundamental basis upon which the VLA is sustained, said VLA will automatically be annulled with the technical, administrative, and legal consequences that this entails for the activity, work, or project and for its developer, particularly regarding the scope of the application of Article 99 of the Organic Environmental Law.” SEVENTH: Whereas at the time of issuing this resolution, there are no parties appearing or opposing the development of the described project.
EIGHTH: Whereas in accordance with the provisions of subsection 3 of Article 22 of Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, and after assessing the information contained in the administrative file and the environmental assessment instrument submitted, through technical report DEA-0322-2022-SETENA, the Environmental Assessment Department recommends continuing with the administrative Environmental Impact Assessment process and issuing the administrative resolution granting the Environmental Viability (License) considering the provisions of Article 20 of Law 7554”
THEREFORE
THE PLENARY COMMISSION RESOLVES In Ordinary Session No. 026 of this Secretariat, held on April 6, 2022, in Article No. 14, it is agreed: FIRST: To approve the Environmental Assessment Document D1 Environmental Impact Study submitted for environmental assessment by the project proponent. SECOND: To notify the interested party that, in accordance with Articles 17, 18, and 19 of the Organic Environmental Law, the environmental assessment procedure for the project "Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752", with administrative file D1-0170-2021-SETENA, has been completed, as described below. Project Name: Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 Location: Province: Guanacaste Canton: Carrillo District: Sardinal Coordinates: Latitude Longitude Coordinate Detail 1 171,837.039 320,267.107 Mean coordinates for map 5-1186670-2007 1 171,094.961 319,694.582 Mean coordinates for map 5-1155787-2007 1 170,974.246 319,238.546 Mean coordinates for map 5-1155787-2007 1 170,744.866 318,464.714 Mean coordinates for map 5-1274126-2008 1 170,667.714 317,554.889 Mean coordinates for map 5-1155786-2007 Cadastral Map Number: G-1155786-2007, G-1155787-2007, G-1186670-2007, and G-1274126-2008 Property Number: 2172-Z—000, 2169-Z—000, 2168-Z—000, and 2174-Z--000 Property size according to map (m²): 204165.91; 124827.92; 436563.63; 309064.25 Project area according to design (m²): 1,176,420.79 CIIU Classification and project category: 5510 = A SIA Score: 117 Project Description: The Bahía Nombre169752 project consists of a tourist-residential complex, promoting the development of residences and hotels with access to all basic and recreational services through the commercialization of housing units, residential lots, hotel and condhotel components, mixed residential – commercial use, and offices.
Note: The three remaining designs are located in additional documents. Note: The three individual investment amounts are located in additional documents. The Hotel and Condhotel component will be developed with a capacity to accommodate more than 240 guests and may feature rooms equipped with a kitchen, private bathroom, and terrace, as well as the hotel lobby, swimming pools, spa, gym, restaurants, bar, bathrooms and changing rooms, shops, event hall, wellness center, sales rooms, administrative offices, workshop, kitchen and laundry, employee accommodation, and all the necessary road infrastructure for access and circulation to the facilities, parking lots, sidewalks, trails, and treatment plant. The project will also consist of housing units with parking for one or two cars, and common areas consisting of hallways, rooftops, green areas and children's playgrounds, ranch with swimming pools, courts and multipurpose halls, gym, access lobby, as well as the road infrastructure for access and circulation to the facilities, visitor parking, and sidewalks.
For their part, the Residential Lots will be zones for the future development of residences that may have a patio, carports for several vehicles, swimming pool, terraces, and rooftops. The project will provide vehicular and pedestrian access, as well as the infrastructure of basic services for future residents, in addition to green areas, children's playgrounds, and trails. For its part, the Club House for the residential lots or housing units will have an administrative area, event hall, restaurant, bathrooms, social area, game room, swimming pool, gym, tennis courts, and multipurpose courts. It also features green areas where "ranchos" with electricity, walking trails, children's playgrounds, and car parking are offered. A Country Club will be established, which will have event halls, an administrative area, restaurant, bathrooms, social area, game room, swimming pool, gym (both with showers and changing rooms), as well as jacuzzi and saunas.
It also features green areas which offer tennis courts, multipurpose courts, 5-a-side football pitches, mini-golf, "ranchos" with electricity, walking and cycling trails, children's playgrounds, and the road infrastructure for access and circulation to the facilities, visitor parking, and sidewalks. The development of the commercial area and offices will be a zone for the construction of commercial premises, as well as offices for subsequent sale or rent. The office spaces will have co-working areas with meeting rooms, cafeterias, libraries, and reading rooms. The commercial area may have Supermarkets, mini-markets, commercial kiosks, pharmacy and medical clinic, restaurants, open-air cinema, market or fairground, which would be an area intended to promote commerce and entrepreneurship, with sales of local products and a garden with a green market.
The mixed use will be a site for the development of various social and cultural activities for residents of the site and surrounding areas, such as research centers, museum, school, daycare, chapel, roundabout, sports plaza, and meeting centers. Among the other components and amenities that will be part of the project are: camping areas, natural hiking trails and bicycle trails, viewpoints and natural stops for observation and meditation decks, open ecological parks with picnic stations, lakes, reserve and conservation areas, bird forest with fruit trees, hanging bridges, public parking and parking, main avenue with tree-lined streets as well as pedestrian walkways and bridges over the streams to internally connect the project. The project will have LED lights, buildings will be designed to provide and maximize the use of natural light, but avoid solar heat gain. High-efficiency air conditioning systems will be used that improve indoor air quality and have greater energy efficiency.
There will be a stormwater management plan that will be implemented during construction to reduce pollution by controlling soil erosion and sedimentation of waterways. Treatment plants and greywater will be used for irrigation in order to mitigate the use of potable water for irrigation. All social and common areas have accessibility in accordance with the provisions of Law 7600. Therefore, ENVIRONMENTAL VIABILITY (LICENSE) is granted to the project, with the Environmental Management stage remaining open and on the understanding that the fundamental Environmental Commitment Clause must be fulfilled. THIRD: According to Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, the validity of this viability shall be for a period of FIVE YEARS for the start of works. Should works not begin within the established time, the provisions of current legislation shall be applied. FOURTH: Authorize the subdivision (fraccionamiento) of the environmental obligations compliance guarantee, according to the project phases, as indicated below: Phase Type Description Currency Guarantee Amount I Construction Lot 1 dollars 3,741,531.31 II Construction Lot 4 dollars 2,747,651.33 III Construction Lot 3 dollars 1,071,324.48 IV Construction Lot 5 dollars 1,690,014.59 TOTAL Construction dollars 9,250,521.71 It is warned that the environmental obligations compliance guarantee, corresponding to each phase, must be deposited prior to the start of each one and evidence of the deposit must be submitted to this Secretariat.
FIFTH: Order Mr. ANDRES PACHECO ALBONICO, identification document number CED129994- , in his capacity as legal representative of the company ENJOY HOTELS & RESORTS SOCIEDAD ANONIMA, with legal identification number CED129995, file number D1-0170-2021-SETENA, to deposit the environmental obligations compliance guarantee, corresponding to the first phase of the project, in the amount of USD3,741,531.31 (Three million seven hundred forty-one thousand five hundred thirty-one US dollars and 31 cents) or its equivalent in colones according to the exchange rate on the day the guarantee deposit or its renewal is made, corresponding to 1% of the total declared investment amount of the project. To provide the Compliance Guarantee, there are three options:
III.Regarding the complaint concerning the lack of public hearing. The plaintiff objects to the granting of environmental viability because the residents of Playa Panamá were not convened to a public hearing. In this regard, in the case at hand (sub iudice), it is noted that such grievance was already subject to pronouncement by this Chamber in judgment no. 2025016284 at 9:20 a.m. on May 30, 2025, which ordered:
"I.- PURPOSE OF THE APPEAL. - The appellant states that file No. D1-0170-2021-SETENA is being processed before the National Environmental Technical Secretariat for the project called "Bahía Papagayo", which was classified as category A, meaning it has a high environmental impact according to the provisions of article 9 of Regulation No. 31849-MINAE. He questions that despite the classification assigned to the project and that it would be carried out on public domain property, no public hearing was held prior to the granting of environmental viability. He states that only a random survey was applied to people residing in the area of influence and no other mechanism for open consultation or deliberative processes with the community regarding the development of said project was documented. He requests the Chamber's intervention. (...)
- This Chamber, through judgment No. 2025007718 at 9:20 a.m. on March 14, 2025, heard a similar claim to the one raised here, resolving as relevant:
"V.- Finally, the appellant alleges that the respondent authorities violated the principle of citizen participation by not informing neighbors and possible affected parties about the project in question. Now, on this point, the authorities of the National Environmental Technical Secretariat report that as part of the EsIA, an analysis of the local perception of some community leaders from neighboring communities such as Río Jesús de San Ramón and La Angostura de San Ramón was carried out; the community of Guadalupe de Esparza is located approximately 2 km away in a straight line from the AP of the project, and both La Angostura and Dulce Nombre are more than 3.5 km away; however, they will not be directly affected by the transportation and operation activities of the project, since the routes or roads crossing these villages will not be used by the project. However, it is necessary to indicate that this Court, in judgment No. 6773-2014 at 11:41 a.m. on May 16, 2014 - a criterion that has been reiterated in judgments number 2022-25374 at 9:20 a.m. on October 28, 2022, 2024-33132 at 9:20 a.m. on November 8, 2024, among others - held that the natural venue for monitoring compliance with the principle of citizen participation is the ordinary courts and not the constitutional jurisdiction. In said resolution, the following was considered:
"IV.- UNDER BETTER WEIGHING. DISCUSSION OF LEGALITY. By modifying article 9 of the Political Constitution, the reforming constituent body sought to give positivity to the Principle of Participation and thus bring the administered closer to the state decision-making process, as part of what the doctrine calls 'correction mechanisms' of representative democracy. Thus, the reforming Constituent left the means, scope, and opportunity of citizen participation to infra-constitutional regulations, except in exceptional cases. In that sense, the natural venue to monitor its compliance is the ordinary courts and not the constitutional jurisdiction. For that reason, the questions raised in the specific case are alien and remote from the competence of this Court, namely, the alternative mechanism ordered by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat – as a result of the violence and intimidation situation generated in the hearings of November 9, 2013, and January 25, 2014 – in order to guarantee the comment phase for interested parties and the developer's replies in the environmental assessment procedure for the project of a new Container Terminal in Moín, on behalf of APM Terminals Moín S.A. In the specific case, precisely article 22 of the Organic Law of the Environment does not define whether that participation is by voice, in writing, or in what way the requirement for participation is satisfied, which requires analysis in a process that allows the breadth of evidence and adversarial proceedings that, from our point of view, does not fit into the amparo as a fast, simple, summary, and special process for protecting fundamental human rights.
Therefore, it is the responsibility of legality control, and not of this Constitutional Court, to determine whether the administrative actions and behaviors deployed (active or omitted) by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat comply or not with the infra-constitutional legal system. For the reasons indicated, we consider that the issue raised is far from the specific competences that the Constitutional Chamber is called upon to protect, without this meaning that it does not merit analysis in the ordinary jurisdiction or the merely contentious-administrative legality, in accordance with article 49 of the Constitution. (...)" Based on the foregoing, it is not for this Court to determine, as the appellant intends, whether in the particular case some type of consultation on the project in question should have been carried out, nor is it for this Chamber to verify which mechanism the respondent authorities must use to optimally guarantee citizen participation.
Thus, and in accordance with the cited precedent, it is not for this Constitutional Court to determine whether the administrative actions and behaviors deployed (active or omitted) by SETENA in the specific case comply or not with the infra-constitutional legal system, all of which must be questioned by the appellants in the respective ordinary legality channels."
- The appellant states that file No. D1-0170-2021-SETENA is being processed before the National Environmental Technical Secretariat for the project called "Bahía Papagayo", which was classified as category A, meaning it has a high environmental impact according to the provisions of article 9 of Regulation No. 31849-MINAE. He questions that despite the classification assigned to the project and that it would be carried out on public domain property, no public hearing was held prior to the granting of environmental viability. He states that only a random survey was applied to people residing in the area of influence and no other mechanism for open consultation or deliberative processes with the community regarding the development of said project was documented. He requests the Chamber's intervention.
In this regard, in accordance with the reports considered given under oath with the consequences, including criminal ones, provided in article 44 of the Law governing this Jurisdiction, it is deemed proven that, on April 7, 2021, SETENA received the Initial Environmental Assessment Document for the Project: Proyecto Bahía Papagayo, which is processed under file No. D1-0170-2021-SETENA. Likewise, it is established that, on May 6, 2021, the respondent authority notified the project developer of resolution No. 0677-2021-SETENA, in which it was requested that within a period of one year, counted from the notification of said resolution, an Environmental Impact Assessment Study (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental) be submitted under the terms of reference for the Environmental Impact Assessment Study (EsIA), since, in accordance with Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, this project is classified with a Potential Environmental Impact (IAP) of Category A, classified as CIIU 5510 and consequently, the most rigorous Assessment instrument was required.
Similarly, it is established that, on June 8, 2021, SETENA published in a national circulation medium, specifically in the newspaper La Teja, the information of the Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 for whatever was appropriate. Continuing with the processing of the matter, it is established that on July 14, 2021, SETENA conducted a field inspection of the project area accompanied by representatives of the consulting and developing company; the findings were recorded in Inspection Report DEA-ACT INS-017-2021. Now, regarding the appellant's claim, it is established that, according to SETENA's report, during the assessment process, no appearance or opposition to the project was received prior to the granting of environmental viability, nor was there a request to hold a public hearing by a third party, in accordance with the established regulations. In that sense, it is verified that the citizen participation mechanism applied in the environmental assessment process was the local perception study, which was carried out based on the regulations established in decree 32966-MINAE.
"EIA Manual IV Annex 1 General Guide for the Preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment Instruments (EIA Guide), section 9 called. DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT, subsection 9.7 Local perception about the Project and its possible impacts, (Qualitative study); a mechanism that did not require prior dissemination. Therefore, it is established that, once the Community Perception Study was analyzed, SETENA, through resolution 1263-2021-SETENA, requested the developer to provide a single annex with additional information, specifically on the section of the EsIA called DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT where the following was required: "Point 14: 'Basic services available: On pages 76 and 77 of the submitted EsIA, a series of observations are made regarding the concern of neighboring localities; regarding the supply of drinking water; the text also indicates a series of recommendations on the issue of drinking water and the concern about everything related to this service.
Therefore, the respective measures to be implemented must be included, as a response to the concerns of the residents of the project's area of influence (communities surrounding the project)' Point 20: 'For the Population Perception section, it is indicated that there is an 88% lack of knowledge about the project; thus reflecting the need for a lack of information regarding the project; for this reason, adequate social dissemination procedures must be carried out; from which it is possible to identify and characterize the possible social conflicts that may arise from the execution of the project. Therefore, environmental measures must be provided to mitigate the perception of (lack of knowledge about the project). As established by DE-32966-MINAE. Additionally, the potential impacts that the project, work, or activity may generate on the available basic services must be considered. Establish recommendations, mitigation and/or compensation measures for them, which must be incorporated into the PGA Table.
As established by DE-32966-MINAE'", so that, on an undetermined date, the developer attached a letter signed by the social sciences professional responsible for preparing the section of the EsIA called DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT, in which she declares that there are no potential impacts to the services and makes commitments regarding the participation and dissemination of project information. On the other hand, it is established that, according to SETENA's report, the EIA Manual IV Annex 1 General Guide for the Preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment Instruments (EIA Guide), section 9 called DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT, indicates another participation mechanism called 'Interactive participatory process'; however, this was not carried out, since a high level of social conflict was not identified in the groups or communities of the AID, no notes of opposition or appearance regarding the project were received, and the majority of the population consulted in the perception study stated they were in agreement with the development of the project.
Finally, it is established that, according to the respondent authority's report, citizen participation within an Environmental Impact Assessment Study (EsIA) is carried out through duly regulated local perception instruments, and participation can take place throughout the entire Environmental Assessment process, including the construction and operational stages, which implies that there is currently no limitation regarding citizen participation.
Having clarified the above, it is determined that what the appellant states is a disagreement with the mechanism used by the project developer for the granting of environmental viability and SETENA's decision to approve it. In that sense, it is seen that, according to what is deemed proven, the respondent authority published in a national circulation medium the information of the Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 for whatever was appropriate, and no appearance or opposition to the project was received prior to the granting of environmental viability, nor was there a request to hold a public hearing by a third party, in accordance with the established regulations. In addition to the above, according to what is reported under oath, the public hearing is not mandatory for all type A classified projects, as its realization depends on the requests received for such purposes or on a technical requirement, circumstances that did not occur in the project in question, hence the local perception study was used as the citizen participation mechanism applied in the environmental assessment process, which did not require prior dissemination and which was also regulated as a valid procedure within the regulations for such purposes.
Thus, and in accordance with the cited precedent, it is not for this Court to determine, as the appellant intends, whether in the particular case some type of consultation on the project in question should have been carried out, or to establish which mechanism the respondent authorities must use to optimally guarantee citizen participation, since these are matters of ordinary legality that must be raised before the respondent authority or before the competent judicial venue and not before this constitutional venue. Therefore, the appropriate course is to dismiss the appeal, as is hereby done. (...)
THEREFORE:
The appeal is dismissed." Furthermore, in judgment no. 2025027214 at 9:30 a.m. on August 26, 2025, it was ordered:
"I.- PURPOSE OF THE APPEAL. The appellant intends for this Chamber to intervene so that the respondent municipalities take measures and promote dialogue between environmentalists and interested parties, in relation to the Proyecto Turístico Nombre169752 and the land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), since said project is at a legal crossroads, facing criticism for its environmental and social impact and, at the same time, defending its legality and commitment to sustainable development, so in his judgment there must be dialogue between the authorities and the citizenry, as well as citizen participation, since the lack of dialogue could violate fundamental rights.
Having examined the allegations of the appellant, it is pointed out to him that the purpose of the amparo appeal is to provide timely protection, with restitutive effects, against violations or threats to fundamental rights and freedoms, so its admissibility, in general, is conditioned not only on proving the existence of a disturbance —or threat thereof— to one or more of the rights or guarantees provided for in the Constitution or those of a fundamental nature established in international human rights instruments subscribed and duly incorporated into the legal system, but also on the alleged grievance constituting a direct and gross threat or violation of those rights. For this reason, the Constitutional Chamber has also emphasized that standing in an amparo action is measured by the harm or injury inflicted on the appellant or on the specific person in favor of whom the appeal was filed, not by a mere interest in legality or constitutionality. Consequently, it is not for this Court to directly hear, through the summary amparo process, complaints and denunciations formulated in the abstract against provisions adopted by the Public Power, and it may only admit for study those claims in which there are sufficient indications or elements to presume, prima facie, the existence of such direct and gross threats or violations of a fundamental right.
In the case before us, the appellant comes in abstract and generically to request that the respondent municipalities be ordered to promote dialogue and citizen participation regarding the Proyecto Turístico Papagayo. However, the appellant does not set forth a concrete and individual situation that presupposes a direct threat to his fundamental rights or those of a third party. Therefore, he intends for this Court to control in abstract the constitutionality or legality of what is alleged, without there being a real situation upon which to exercise that control, which, as indicated, is inadmissible in amparo.
Additionally, it is not for this Court to usurp the powers legally assigned to the respondent authorities in order to review and determine, according to technical, legal, and suitability criteria, as well as opportunity and convenience, whether the respondent authorities should or should not promote dialogue or citizen participation regarding the tourism project in question; since this is a task proper to the Administration, whose disputes must be raised before the respondent authority itself or in the corresponding judicial channel, through the challenge mechanisms provided for that purpose, as they are outside the scope of competences of this specialized jurisdiction. Thus, the appellant must -if he so wishes- resort to the corresponding legality channels to raise the claims he deems pertinent, so that they may be resolved as in accordance with the Law. Consequently, the amparo is inadmissible and is hereby declared so.
Therefore:
The appeal is rejected outright." From this standpoint, the Chamber finds no merit whatsoever to vary the aforementioned criteria. Hence, it is not for this Court to determine, as the appellant intends, whether in this particular case some type of consultation on the project in question should have been conducted, or to establish the mechanism that the respondent authorities should use to optimally guarantee citizen participation, since these are matters of ordinary legality that must be raised before the respondent authority or, alternatively, before the competent judicial venue and not before this constitutional venue.
The appellant's allegations regarding the obligation of the municipalities of Carrillo and Liberia to issue an opinion meet the same fate, since it is not for the Chamber to determine, according to the infra-constitutional regulations governing the matter, whether the respondent local corporations should or should not have been asked for any opinion by SETENA.
Ergo, the proper course is to dismiss this part of the appeal.
IV.Regarding the challenge to the environmental feasibility granted. The appellant challenges the granting of the environmental feasibility approval (viabilidad ambiental), arguing that the impacts on the forests, wetlands, and mangroves of the area were not properly assessed, endangering the State's natural heritage. He questions that the forest report used was prepared by the developer company itself, without objectivity or exhaustiveness, and that adequate mitigation measures were not incorporated.
In this regard, the Chamber finds it proven that on April 7, 2021, SETENA received the Initial Environmental Assessment Document (Documento de Evaluación Ambiental Inicial) for the Project: Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752, formulated by Enjoy Hotels & Resorts S.A., processed under file number D1-0170-2021-SETENA. The Bahía Nombre169752 project is described as follows: "a residential-tourist complex, promoting the development of residences and hotels with access to all basic and recreational services through the commercialization of housing units, residential lots, hotel and condhotel components, mixed residential-commercial and office use. The Hotel and Condhotel component will be developed with a capacity to accommodate more than 240 guests and may feature rooms equipped with a kitchen, private bathroom, and terrace, as well as the hotel lobby, swimming pools, spa, gym, restaurants, bar, bathrooms and changing rooms, shops, event hall, wellness center, sales rooms, administrative offices, workshop, kitchen and laundry, employee lodging, and all the road infrastructure necessary for access and circulation to the facilities, parking lots, sidewalks, trails, and treatment plant.
The project will also consist of housing units with parking for one or two cars, and common areas comprising hallways, rooftops, green areas and children's playgrounds, a ranch with swimming pools, courts and multipurpose halls, gym, access lobby, as well as the road infrastructure for access and circulation to the facilities, visitor parking and sidewalks. For their part, the Residential Lots will be areas for the future development of residences that may include a patio, garages for several vehicles, a swimming pool, terraces, and rooftops. The project will provide vehicular and pedestrian accesses, as well as basic services infrastructure for future residents, in addition to green areas, children's playgrounds, and trails. The Clubhouse for the residential lots or housing units will have an administrative area, event hall, restaurant, bathrooms, social area, game room, swimming pool, gym, tennis courts, and multipurpose courts.
It also has green areas offering 'ranches' with electricity, walking trails, as well as children's playgrounds and car parking. A Country Club will be established, featuring event halls, an administrative area, restaurant, bathrooms, social area, game room, swimming pool, gym (both with showers and changing rooms), as well as jacuzzi and saunas. It also has green areas offering tennis courts, multipurpose courts, 5-a-side football pitches, mini-golf, 'ranches' with electricity, walking and cycling trails, as well as children's playgrounds and the road infrastructure for access and circulation to the facilities, visitor parking and sidewalks. The development of the commercial area and offices will be a zone for the construction of commercial premises, as well as offices for subsequent sale or lease. The office spaces will feature co-working areas with meeting rooms, cafeterias, libraries, and reading rooms.
The commercial area may include supermarkets, mini-markets, commercial kiosks, a pharmacy and medical clinic, restaurants, an outdoor cinema, a market or fairground, which would be an area intended to promote commerce and entrepreneurship, with the sale of local products and a garden with a green market. The mixed-use area will be a site for the development of various social and cultural activities by the residents of the site and surrounding areas, such as research centers, a museum, school, daycare, chapel, roundabout, sports plaza, and meeting centers. Among the other components and amenities that will be part of the project are: camping areas, natural walking trails and cycling paths, viewpoints and natural stops for observation and meditation decks, open ecological parks with picnic stations, lakes, reserve and conservation areas, a bird forest with fruit trees, hanging bridges, public parking, a main avenue with tree-lined streets as well as pedestrian sidewalks and bridges over the streams to internally connect the project.
The project will have LED lights; buildings will be designed to provide and maximize the use of natural light, but to avoid solar heat gain. High-efficiency air conditioning systems will be used that improve indoor air quality and have greater energy efficiency. There will be a stormwater management plan that will be implemented during construction to reduce pollution by controlling soil erosion and sedimentation of watercourses. Treatment plants and greywater will be used for irrigation in order to mitigate the use of potable water for irrigation. All social and common areas are accessible in accordance with the provisions of Law 7600." Furthermore, due to the nature of the project, the magnitude of the volume of earthworks (movimientos de tierra) to be removed, the necessary protection of flora and fauna, the extent of the construction area, the public services present in the area and their possible impact, as well as the fact that the social component must be considered, given the size of the project area and the areas of influence, an instrument providing an intensive and comprehensive diagnosis leading to compliance with the characteristics of sustainable development was required.
On May 6, 2021, SETENA notified the project developer of Resolution No. 0677-2021-SETENA, dated May 5, 2021, ordering them, for the purpose of continuing the environmental assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) process, to submit an Environmental Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, EsIA) within one year from the notification of said resolution, under the terms of reference for the Environmental Impact Study (EsIA), since, in accordance with Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, this project is classified with a Potential Environmental Impact (Impacto Ambiental Potencial, IAP) of Category A, classified as ISIC 5510, and consequently, the most rigorous Assessment instrument was required.
Subsequently, on July 14, 2021, SETENA conducted the field visit to the project area in the company of representatives of the consulting company and the developer. On that occasion, the following findings were issued in the Inspection Report DEA-ACT INS-017-2021: "• Topography between flat and gentle near the streams and steep and very steep in the rest of the properties; there are no slopes in the Project Area (AP). • Slopes in the AP: The slope is towards the streams; stormwater management must be provided based on the earthworks (movimientos de tierras). • Surface runoff flows to the streams and then to the mangrove. • There is no evidence of landslides. • Possible surface water bodies at the time of the visit are in the transition season with streams without flow, registered in the SNIT-SINIGIRH. Stream Pto29 Estero Rocha 319951-1171787 and Sardinal with discharge towards the mangrove.
Stream Pto.33 Quebrada Estero Panamá 318547-1170615 possible works in the channel, AyA Wells. • There is no evidence of flooding in the AP or in the adjoining areas. • Observed cover is riparian vegetation, scrub-fallow (charral-Tacotal), Forest Cover (Cobertura Forestal). • There are no wetland indicator characteristics. • Observed fauna: birds, mammals, and reptiles. • Social component is a rural area, with social infrastructure, public and private asphalt and ballast accesses. Moderate traffic with road signage. • Immediate surroundings of the AP north sector: Private and public street, South: Forest Reserve, East: Agricultural-Forest use, West: Forest. • Works have not started, and numbered trees from a forest inventory are observed. The Photographic Record of the visit is included." It is also verified that, through Resolution 1263-2021-SETENA of August 18, 2021, SETENA ordered: "THEREFORE THE PLENARY COMMISSION RESOLVES: In Ordinary Session No. 63 of this Secretariat, held on August 18, 2021, in Article No. 14, it is agreed: FIRST: For the purpose of continuing the Environmental Impact Assessment (Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental) procedure, ENJOY HOTELS & RESORTS S.A., with legal identification number CED129995, developer of the project 'Proyecto Bahía Papagayo', is ordered to submit a single annex, (one original and two copies), containing the requirements stipulated in CONSIDERANDO FOUR of this Resolution, for which a period of 6 months is granted.
SECOND: To warn the developer that once the annex to the EsIA is analyzed, if it does NOT comply with the requirements set by this Secretariat, or if it is NOT submitted within the established period, the FILE will be ARCHIVED, in accordance with Article 264 of the General Law of Public Administration. THIRD: All documentation submitted to SETENA must clearly indicate the file number, the resolution number, and the complete name of the project. FOURTH: Against this resolution, the ordinary remedies of revocation before SETENA, and appeal before the Minister of Environment and Energy, may be filed within three business days from the business day following notification, in accordance with articles 342 and following of the General Law of Public Administration No. 6227, and 87 of the Organic Environmental Law No. 7554. FIFTH: All documentation submitted to SETENA must clearly indicate the file number, the resolution number, and the complete name of the project.
An email address must also be indicated to receive notifications from this Secretariat. SIXTH: The complete file, as well as the documents that SETENA has issued during the Assessment process, will be available to the developer at the web address: https://tramites.setena.go.cr/Expedientes/form_public_expediente_setena?e=EXPEDIENTES/2021/D1-0170-2021. Where it must be verified by the developer or by any interested party and public or private entity. For all legal purposes, in accordance with Law 8454, the digital signature issued by a registered certification authority has the legal equivalence of a handwritten signature, according to article 4 which states: 'Article 4- Legal classification and evidentiary value. Electronic documents shall be classified as public or private, and the same evidentiary value shall be recognized to them as to physical documents', therefore, in accordance with Article 1, second paragraph, of the aforementioned Law, it literally states: 'The State and all public entities are expressly authorized to use certificates, digital signatures, and electronic documents, within their respective areas of competence', thus ratified by Directive No. 067-MICITT-H-MEIC where the Costa Rican State promotes the 'Massification of the implementation and use of the Digital Signature in the Costa Rican Public Sector'.
SEVENTH: In accordance with article 8 of Law 8220, an interested party requesting a procedure may not be asked to submit certifications or copies of information already held by another institution, according to pre-established legal means." Subsequently, on an unspecified date, the developer attached a letter signed by the social sciences professional responsible for carrying out the EsIA section called DESCRIPTION OF THE SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT, in which it is declared that there are no potential impacts on services and commits to the participation and dissemination of project information.
Finally, through Resolution No. 0591-2022-SETENA of April 6, 2022, the National Environmental Technical Secretariat ordered: "CONSIDERANDO ONE: That article 19 of the Organic Environmental Law states: 'The resolutions of the National Environmental Technical Secretariat must be grounded and reasoned. They shall be binding both for individuals and for public entities and bodies.' For its part, article 17 of the Organic Environmental Law states that: 'Human activities that alter or destroy elements of the environment or generate waste, toxic or hazardous materials, shall require an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat created in this law. Its prior approval by this body shall be an indispensable requirement to initiate the activities, works, or projects. The laws and regulations shall indicate which activities, works, or projects will require the environmental impact assessment.' SECOND: In accordance with article 282 of the General Law of Public Administration (LGAP), and based on the documentation provided to the administrative file, Mr.
ANDRES PACHECO ALBONICO, identification document number 01-1066-0062, is deemed to have standing to request the environmental impact assessment of the Project Bahía Nombre169752, administrative file D1-0170-2021-SETENA. THIRD: Regarding the information submitted to the administrative file and general considerations. According to Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC and its amendments, which establish the required documentation for D1 projects, the following is noted:
Content Details Environmental Impact Study It is submitted.
Total investment amount Lot # Plan Amount Lot 1 5-1186670-2007 $ 374,153,131.00 Lot 3 5-1155787-2007 $ 107,132,448.00 Lot 4 5-1274126-2008 $ 274,765,133.00 Lot 5 5-1155786-2007 $ 169,001,459.00 Total US$925,052,171.00 Site design It is submitted.
Photographic record It is submitted.
Project description It is submitted.
Cartographic location It is submitted.
Environmental Measures It is submitted.
Authorization or contracts Official letters (SENARA, MOPT, SINAC, etc.)
With respect to the technical studies contemplated in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), available in the administrative file, the following is noted:
Content Observations Geotechnical Study Presents a geotechnical analysis per lot. Based on the information obtained from this study, it is considered that the terrain presents acceptable conditions from a geotechnical point of view for developing works, as long as the recommendations indicated in the corresponding sections of this report are followed. • In general, the stratigraphic profile of the subsoil on all terrains consists of two layers, namely: a) sandy silt, brown in color, of mostly variable consistency between soft and medium; and b) silty sand, brown and/or gray in color with the presence of gravel blocks, of mostly variable relative compactness between firm and dense. • In general terms, it is recommended to employ a conventional shallow foundation system, based on isolated and/or continuous footings. The specific foundation recommendations are indicated in the corresponding sections. • Once more project details are available, INSUMA is ready to review the previously provided recommendations and make the respective adjustments if necessary. • The corresponding section presents the thrust parameters that must be used for the design of the project walls, or for buried elements subjected to thrust (pools, pits, buried tanks, among others). • Based on the characteristics evaluated at the investigated site, for the seismic analysis of the structures, it is recommended to consider the foundation soil as S2, as established by the Seismic Code of Costa Rica 2010. • It is highlighted that the executed boreholes are of a punctual nature, so variations may be found in other areas of the terrain. For this reason, during the construction process, an appropriate inspection must be carried out to guarantee that the conditions assumed in the design are met in the field.
Hydrogeological Study Variation in Surface Runoff of the Channel. Based on this report, considering that the public domain watercourses that border and cross the AP discharge directly into the Pacific Ocean (Bahía Panamá), the increase in surface runoff with the implementation of the Project would not affect downstream towns or infrastructure. Additionally, due to the dimensions of the Project, it is the criterion of this professional that the increase in runoff will be marginal, and that the channels have the carrying capacity to accept an increase in surface flow as a consequence of the project's development. Therefore, it is concluded that it is not required to evaluate the variation in the surface runoff of the basin, and additionally, it is not necessary to implement mitigation or compensation measures for the marginal increase in the instantaneous maximum flow of the evaluated micro-basins.
Flood Potential in the AP. The potential of the identified public domain watercourses to overflow and affect the works to be implemented is evaluated. Based on field observation and considering the flood elevation obtained from the executed hydraulic model, the following is concluded: Estero Rocha – Lote 1: There is a risk of overflow during extreme precipitation events, primarily due to the culvert crossing National Route No. 159. It is demonstrated that the culvert is not efficient, and the backwater effect affects the protection area and adjacent sectors of the Project. Quebrada Sin Nombre 01- Lote 3: There is a risk of overflow during extreme precipitation events, primarily due to the double culvert crossing National Route No. 159. It is demonstrated that the culvert is not efficient, and the backwater effect affects the protection area and adjacent sectors of the Project. In both watercourses, the effect is maintained only upstream of the culvert crossing, up to a distance of no more than 50 meters.
The rest of the channel exhibits normal flow conditions, without risk of overflow, nor excessive velocities that could potentially generate erosion on the banks. This is ratified through the CNE's Map of Natural Risks and Hazards for the Canton of Carrillo, which shows that the region is NOT classified as flood-prone. In this regard, it is imperative that the works are always built outside the protection area of the described public domain watercourses, following the provisions of Forest Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575, article 33 (the protection area corresponds to 15 meters from the river bank).
Anthropic Risk Certification This procedure established that, for the project area in question, and according to the requirements of Executive Decree No. 32712-MINAE, there are no sources of anthropic risk affecting it within the Project Area. According to the Map of Potential Natural Hazards for the Canton, from the National Emergency Commission (CNE), the AP is NOT located within the floodplain of any watercourse, or in an area of low natural risks of any other type.
Unified Basic Geology Summary of results: This report presents the results of the Technical Study of Basic Terrain Geology conducted for the Tourist-Residential Complex Project, located on lands in Sardinal, Guanacaste, on cadastral maps 5-1186670-2007, 5-1155787-2007, 5-1274126-2008, 5-1155786-2007. In the lots that make up the Bahía Nombre169752 project, sandy silt and silty sand soils predominate, also consisting of residual and alluvial soils detected in the project area; these soils correspond to the weathering of the basaltic rocks of the Nicoya Complex and the pyroclastic flows of the Bagaces Formation, which have a large regional extension. Structurally, several kilometers from the AP, there are several paleotectonic faults (not active) and a series of Quaternary faults. Detailed geological mapping is available regionally, based on the 1:50,000 geological cartography of the Nicoya Peninsula carried out by Nombre169753 et al (2014).
Regionally, the geomorphology is defined by lithology and the action of water erosion; basically, the study area consists of alluvial plains in low-slope areas and denudational slopes of medium to high slope, reaching elevations ranging between 20 and 120 meters above sea level; in this geomorphological unit, slopes range between 30° and 45°. Among the noteworthy results of the environmental hydrogeology study for the project, it is emphasized that through the vulnerability to contamination analysis performed using the G.O.D. method, it was defined that the AP has a medium vulnerability. Likewise, the calculation for the advective transit of biological contaminants (bacteria) was performed for the AP area, based on the average parameters of the hydrogeological model, resulting in 135 days of vertical transit in the unsaturated zone, complying with the standard that establishes a minimum of 70 days for porous media.
Additionally, an inventory of the hydrogeological elements in the AP and its area of influence was conducted so that the legal setbacks from these points are respected. The information was obtained from the databases of the Water Directorate and SENARA. According to the information gathered, the main natural hazard of a local nature affecting the AP is considered to be slope instability hazard; therefore, surface runoff must be controlled during the construction phase and the operational phase of the project to prevent soil erosion that could lead to other more significant factors, such as terrain instability. Another impact to consider, but of a regional nature, is the seismic hazard, since the identified neotectonic faults have the potential to generate significant seismic events, and the North Pacific region experiences earthquakes of magnitude greater than 6 Mw, as has occurred historically, with the 2012 Sámara earthquake being the most recent, along with the secondary effects associated with these events.
Considering all the conditions framing this project, it is deemed viable, provided that the recommendations set forth in this study and national legislation are followed, so that the immediate surroundings of the project are not threatened, nor the project. Considering certain necessary construction aspects, geological and hydrogeological conditions do not disfavor the execution of the project. In general terms, the site's geo-suitability is considered favorable for the development of the proposed project. Summary of technical conclusions: Regionally, the soils are of the sandy silt and clayey sand type; these materials form the residual and alluvial soils detected in the project area. The genesis of these soils corresponds to the weathering of the basaltic rocks of the Nicoya Complex and the pyroclastic flows of the Bagaces Formation, which have a large regional extension. Morphologically, the zone is characterized by flat reliefs in the plains, and undulating ones that form the denudational slopes of the coastal mountain systems.
In the lots that make up the project, the deposits are predominantly alluvial, and are composed of materials with a sandy silt to silty sand texture, with the presence of weathered rock fragments, brown in color, unconsolidated, forming soils between 4 m and 6 m thick. In the AP area, two hydrogeological units are distinguished: one with low water potential related to the rocks of the Nicoya Complex, and an aquifer in the alluvial sediments. The aquifer in question is an unconfined type, but with areas where confinement occurs, with high transmissivities related to high extraction flows; likewise, the groundwater level is on average at 5 meters, but may vary locally and seasonally throughout the water year. A series of registered wells and concessions are located in the project area, for which the legal setbacks must be respected. Regarding vulnerability to contamination, it is established that the AP has a medium vulnerability character.
The results of the contaminant transit performed with the assumptions and evidence supporting the hydrogeological model result in a vertical transit in the unsaturated zone of 135 days, complying with the 70 days mentioned for porous aquifers regarding bacterial contamination. The AP may be affected by seismic activity, one of the main hazards present in the immediate area of the AP, due to the proximity of important geological faults and the Central American Trench located in the Pacific Ocean. In addition to slope instability, due to the presence of undulating terrain with moderate slopes, strict control in water management must be maintained to avoid surface runoff, and thereby prevent instability problems. It is recommended to respect the legislation in force regarding construction quality standards, such as the Costa Rican Foundations Code and the Costa Rican Seismic Code. This is due to the seismic hazard of the zone.
Therefore, from the environmental geological, environmental hydrogeological, and natural hazards point of view, the project is viable if the indications established by law and the recommendations of this study are respected.
Rapid Archaeological Report Requires Archaeological Evaluation: To recover more information, an Archaeological Evaluation must be mandatorily carried out in Lot 3 and Lot 4. Additionally, as a precaution, archaeological supervision of earthworks (movimientos de tierra) must be performed in all the lots that make up the project. In Lot 3, the North sector must be intensively evaluated (test pits every 10m), which was where high densities of materials were concentrated (Location: 10° 35' 17"N and 85°38' 51"W within a 50m radius within the AP), in addition to evaluating from the street 40m towards the interior of the terrain. For sectors located outside the high-density area, test pits at greater distances are recommended. For the rest of the terrain, selective excavations are recommended in areas where it is considered that data on the distribution of isolated findings could be recovered. The need to evaluate the highest parts of this lot located at the back can be ruled out.
For Lot 4, intensive excavations must concentrate on the shell midden area (Location 10° 34' 52"N and 85°39' 25"W within a 30m radius) and its immediate surroundings, and on the hill where a cemetery is located (Location: 10° 34' 58"N and 85° 39' 32"W within a 20m radius). It is also considered viable to leave an archaeological reserve area depending on the layout of the works to be carried out. Furthermore, the sector next to an internal road near the left bank of the stream must be evaluated (Location 10° 34' 53" N and 85° 39' 35" W within a 60m radius within the AP).
Rapid Biological Assessment Study developed in the ESIA. Within the AP there are four stream channels; these channels must not be affected by the works as their protection zone must be maintained. Additionally, part of the property is located within the Diriá Biological Corridor. Although the project is not located within any protected wilderness area, in some of the direct influence zones there are wetlands that must be kept without alterations; wetlands are ecosystems protected under the Organic Environmental Law No. 7554.
Furthermore, both the direct area of influence and the indirect area of influence of the project are located within the Maritime Terrestrial Zone (Zona Marítimo Terrestre), so the necessary mitigation measures must be taken. According to the activities planned for this project, there will be no impact on ecosystems of interest.
The studies carried out indicate a series of recommendations that must be followed as indicated, as part of the project's environmental commitments. If the removal of any tree is required, the corresponding permit must be processed before the MINAE office, and if surface water bodies or wells are located within or on the boundaries of the AP, the current legislation on protection zones must be applied. For each environmental impact identified in the basic environmental impact identification matrix, the corresponding mitigation measure is presented. Given that each study and/or justification has been prepared by relevant professionals, they are considered directly responsible for the technical scientific information provided therein, which information has the character of a Sworn Declaration (Declaración Jurada) and is therefore considered current and truthful. Otherwise, criminal consequences may arise from the fact as established in Article 9 of Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, amended by Article 2 of Executive Decree No. 32734 of August 9, 2005; thus, consistent with the conclusions and recommendations issued, this Secretariat warns the Environmental Consultant and the Developer of the duty to include them as part of the environmental commitments acquired through this analysis.
In accordance with the analysis of the project presented by the developer and environmental consultant, according to the regulations applicable to the operation of the activity, work, or project, there is a regulation on environmental matters, which, according to the classification of the area based on the project's location zone, is located in a zone authorized by a Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador) or other environmental land-use planning approved by SETENA, including the environmental variable. Consequently, establishing a Final SIA score of 117 points, the corresponding environmental assessment instrument is an Environmental Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental). From the analysis of the Georeferencing carried out by the Geography Unit of this Secretariat—an analysis that appears in the administrative file, as established by Executive Decree No. 37803-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, Article 2—the following is known: 1.
Other files have been processed on this property: Within cadastral plans 5-1274126-2008 and 5-1186670-2007, the following files have been processed before SETENA: - D1-0518-2019 (5-1274126-2008) - D1-0157-2019 (5-1186670-2007). Therefore, the DEA analyst technician is recommended to verify details and the current status of said files. 2. SNIT and FONAFIFO cover (cobertura), present within the AP: FONAFIFO 2005 5-1155786-2007: Forest and Non-Forest. 5-1155787-2007: Forest and Non-Forest. 5-1186670-2007: Forest, Non-Forest, Secondary Forest (Bosque Sec.). 5-1274126-2008: Forest, Non-Forest, Forest Plantation (Plant. Forest.). FONAFIFO 2013 5-1155786-2007: Deciduous Forest (Bosque Deciduo), Secondary Forest (Bosque Secundario), Non-Forest. 5-1155787-2007: Deciduous Forest, Mature Forest (Bosque Maduro), Secondary Forest, Non-Forest. 5-1186670-2007: Deciduous Forest, Mature Forest, Secondary Forest, Non-Forest, Pastures. 5-1274126-2008: Deciduous Forest, Mature Forest, Secondary Forest, Non-Forest. 3.
Terrain characteristics (relief): Plan 5-1186670-2007 Flat areas: slopes of 0-2% Steep areas: slopes +60% Class VII: forest management Plan 5-1155787-2007 Flat areas: slopes of 0-2% Steep areas: slopes +60% Class II: agricultural/livestock with slight limitations Class VII: forest management Plan 5-11274126-2008 Flat areas: slopes of 0-2% Steep areas: slopes +60% Class II: agricultural/livestock with slight limitations Class VII: forest management Plan 5-1155786-2007 Flat areas: slopes of 0-2% Steep areas: slopes +60% Class VII: forest management. 4. Proximity to geological faults (indicate distance): The faults closest to the properties are located approximately: - one at 3 km to the East - one at 2.3 km to the Southeast - one at 3.9 km to the South. 5. The project is affected by any spring (naciente) or well, or by its protection radius: According to the database of the Dirección de Aguas in its SINIGIRH viewer, the following properties are affected by wells and their respective protection radii: (see attached images) Plan 11-86670-2007: within this property, two wells administered by a rural aqueduct are located.
Plan 5-1274126-2008: within this property, two wells administered by a rural aqueduct are located. It is important to clarify that on the adjacent properties, the database of the Dirección de Aguas has identified other wells; however, none of them nor their respective protection radii affect this property. 6. There are water bodies within or within a 50-meter radius around the area where the project will be developed: Plan 5-1186670-2007: this property is crossed by Quebrada Grande, Quebrada Sardina, and by another unnamed intermittent stream (quebrada intermitente). Plan 5-1155787-2007: this property is crossed by an unnamed intermittent stream. Plan 5-1274126-2008: this property is crossed by an unnamed intermittent stream. 7. The project will be developed over an aquifer (which one): Coco-Panamá-Playa Hermosa Aquifer. 8. The project will be developed in an area with aquifer vulnerability (SENARA): No vulnerability data is available for this sector. 9.
The sector where the project will be developed presents recharge data (SENARA): No recharge data is available for this sector. 10. The project will be developed within a biological corridor: Chorotega Biological Corridor (ACT). 11. The project will be developed in an area with wetlands: It is clarified that the properties are not located within any wetland; however, according to the National Wetland Inventory layer (SINAC), there are wetlands near its boundaries, such as: - Wetland: Manglar Panamá 1, estuarine type, mangrove class; located approximately 241 m west of the property with plan 5-1186670-2007. - Wetland: Manglar Panamá 2, estuarine type, mangrove class; located approximately 113 m northwest of the property with plan 5-1155787-2007. - Wetland: Manglar Panamá 2, estuarine type, mangrove class; located on the northern boundary of the property with plan 5-1274126-2008. 12. The project will be developed within the Maritime Terrestrial Zone: Not applicable because all properties where the project is intended to be developed are located within the Polo Turístico Golfo de Papagayo, administered by ICT, governed by Law 6758 and Law 6370, where specific development for this zone is regulated. 13.
The canton where the project will be developed has Incorporation of the environmental variable in the POT's, approved by SETENA: The regulatory plan for the coastal sector of the canton of Carrillo does not have the environmental variable endorsed by SETENA. 14. Other data assessed by the geospatial analyst: It is considered important to mention to the DEA analyst technician that, upon verifying the polygons of the property boundaries, two of them (5-1155786-2007 and 5-1186670-2007) do match the boundary shape of the plans with the official digital real estate registry in the SNIT; however, the other two properties present the following conditions: - For plan 5-1155787-2007: the boundary shape of the polygon of said plan in the official digital real estate registry in the SNIT does not match the boundary of the cadastral plan provided by the Developer; this could be due (this is not an affirmation) to the fact that said real estate registry has not yet been updated by the municipality of Carrillo; however, this situation does not create an impediment to performing the geospatial verification of the project; the foregoing is mentioned so that the DEA analyst technician, if deemed necessary, makes a formal inquiry to the Developer to clarify the cause and ensure it is recorded in the file. - For plan 5-1274126-2008: when searching for the registry data within the National Registry website, it is indicated that there is a segregation (segregación) for it, a child plan from the year 2020 (2-2180293-2020).
This condition is also not an impediment to performing the geospatial verification of the project since the site design respects the boundaries of said segregation (but not the shp file of the polygon of said plan), so the analyst technician is alerted to the situation to be aware and proceed as deemed necessary. FIELD INSPECTION On July 14, 2021, a field inspection was carried out by SETENA officials and Mr. Alejandro Jiménez Fonseca, on behalf of the developing company. The inspection report and the photographic record taken at the time of the visit are included in the administrative file. THE DEVELOPER IS WARNED THAT: At all times, you must comply with the provisions of the conforming land use (uso conforme de suelo) established in the Territorial Regulatory Plan of the corresponding Canton. The project submitted to the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) process through this file comprises only the works described as the project description attached to the Evaluation Document D1, according to the information provided; therefore, any different work must submit the corresponding analysis prior to its commencement.
If the type of activity of the project changes, the corresponding Municipality must be informed. If the project requires tree felling, the permit must be processed beforehand at the local Subregional Office of MINAE/SINAC (Art. 27 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal)); furthermore, it is warned that you must respect the Protection Areas (Art. 33 and 34 Forestry Law), and must include in the project's development good practices aimed at favoring the optimal balance of natural resources and the sustainable use of the forest according to its management category. All precautions must be maintained to minimize and reduce any possibility of contaminating soils, streams, and sewers with waste produced by your activity, complying with the Law for Integrated Waste Management, Law No. 8839 and its Regulation, Executive Decree No. 37567-S-MINAET-H called General Regulation to the Law for Integrated Waste Management.
FOURTH: That, in this administrative procedure, the D1 Form was submitted, with the environmental assessment instrument: Environmental Impact Study, in accordance with the Manual of Technical Instruments for the Environmental Impact Assessment Process (Manual de EIA, Part II), which were duly analyzed by the Department of Environmental Assessment, and it was concluded that they comply with the terms of reference and the technical requirements issued by this Secretariat. By virtue of the foregoing, and in accordance with the control and follow-up powers established in Article 20 of the Organic Environmental Law (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente), which states: "The National Environmental Technical Secretariat shall establish instruments and means to monitor compliance with the resolutions of the environmental impact assessment. In cases of violation of its content, it may order the stoppage of works.
The interested party, the author of the study, and those who approve it shall be directly and jointly liable for the damages caused." From the foregoing, it has been analyzed and determined that they comply; therefore, the appropriate action in the present case is to approve the environmental impact assessment instrument: Environmental Impact Study and the environmental impact matrices, presented in Document D1, and to grant the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental). FIFTH: In accordance with Article No. 45°—Resolution and Granting of Environmental Viability (or License) of the Regulation of Environmental Impact Assessment (D.E. No. 31849-2004-MINAE-MAG-MOPT-MEIC-S and its amendments), it provides: "The environmental guidelines or directives of commitment that frame the granting of environmental viability (license), and which shall be based on the entire EIA process, as well as a series of conditions and environmental control and follow-up instruments, which include the following elements: Development and implementation of the Environmental Control and Follow-up Instruments (Instrumentos de Control y Seguimiento Ambiental, ICOS), comprising 3 aspects: Appointment of an environmental manager and implementation of an Environmental Logbook (Bitácora Ambiental); as well as an Environmental Guarantee Deposit (depósito de Garantía Ambiental) in accordance with the provisions of the Organic Environmental Law, the amount of which shall be set in this administrative act.
These instruments must be submitted to SETENA in accordance with the Plenary Commission Agreement of ordinary session No. 098-2014-SETENA and its Article No. 17, issued by means of agreement No. ACP-015-2014 of August 26, 2014; which dictates: “Order developers of activities, works, or projects to submit the ICOS before their start, once the Environmental Viability has been granted, and they may not begin them until they have the duly enabled ICOS. And that, if they begin without them, the sanctions established in current regulations shall be applied.” SIXTH: That Article 6 of the Amendment of Article 45 to the General Regulation on EIA Procedures, of Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, indicates regarding the Fundamental Environmental Commitment Clause, the following: "This Environmental Viability (License) is granted on the understanding that the developer of the project, work, or activity will fully and completely comply with all current technical, legal, and environmental regulations and standards in the country and to be executed before other authorities of the Costa Rican State.
The developer's non-compliance with this clause will not only make them liable to the sanctions implied by non-compliance with said regulation, but also, since it constitutes the fundamental basis on which the VLA is sustained, it will automatically render said VLA null and void with the technical, administrative, and legal consequences that this entails for the activity, work, or project and for its developer, particularly regarding the scope of the application of Article 99 of the Organic Environmental Law." SEVENTH: That at the time of issuing this resolution, there are no persons appearing or opposed to the development of the described project. EIGHTH: That in accordance with the provisions of subsection 3 of Article 22 of Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, and after evaluating the information contained in the administrative file and the environmental assessment instrument submitted, through technical report DEA-0322-2022-SETENA, the Department of Environmental Assessment recommends continuing with the administrative process of Environmental Impact Assessment and issuing the administrative resolution granting the Environmental Viability (License) considering the provisions of Article 20 of Law 7554.” THEREFORE, THE PLENARY COMMISSION RESOLVES In Ordinary Session No. 026 of this Secretariat, held on April 6, 2022, in Article No. 14, agrees: FIRST: To approve the Environmental Assessment Document D1 Environmental Impact Study submitted for environmental evaluation by the project proponent.
SECOND: To notify the interested party that, in accordance with Articles 17, 18, and 19 of the Organic Environmental Law, the environmental assessment procedure for the project "Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752", with administrative file D1-0170-2021-SETENA, has been completed, as described below. Project name: Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 Location: Province: Guanacaste Canton: Carrillo District: Sardinal Coordinates: Latitude Longitude Coordinate Detail 1 171,837.039 320,267.107 Average coordinates of plan 5-1186670-2007 1 171,094.961 319,694.582 Average coordinates of plan 5-1155787-2007 1 170,974.246 319,238.546 Average coordinates of plan 5-1155787-2007 1 170,744.866 318,464.714 Average coordinates of plan 5-1274126-2008 1 170,667.714 317,554.889 Average coordinates of plan 5-1155786-2007 Cadastral plan number: G-1155786-2007, G-1155787-2007, G-1186670-2007, and G-1274126-2008 Property number: 2172-Z—000, 2169-Z—000, 2168-Z—000, and 2174-Z--000 Property measurement according to plan (m²): 204,165.91; 124,827.92; 436,563.63; 309,064.25 Project area according to design (m²): 1,176,420.79 CIIU Classification and project category: 5510 = A SIA Score: 117 Project description: The Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 consists of a residential tourist complex, promoting the development of residences and hotels with access to all basic and recreational services through the marketing of housing units, residential lots, hotel and condhotel components, mixed residential-commercial use, and offices.
Note: The three remaining designs are located in additional documents. Note: The three individual investment amounts are located in additional documents. The Hotel and Condhotel component will be developed with a capacity to accommodate more than 240 guests and may feature rooms equipped with a kitchen, private bathroom, and terrace, as well as the hotel lobby, swimming pools, spa, gym, restaurants, bar, bathrooms and dressing rooms, shops, event hall, wellness center, sales rooms, administrative offices, workshop, kitchen and laundry, employee accommodation, and all the road infrastructure necessary for access and circulation to the facilities, parking lots, sidewalks, trails, and a treatment plant. The project will also consist of housing units with parking for one or two cars, and common areas comprised of hallways, roof terraces, green areas and children's playgrounds, a ranch with swimming pools, courts and multipurpose halls, gym, access lobby, as well as road infrastructure for access and circulation to the facilities, visitor parking, and sidewalks.
For their part, the Residential Lots will be areas for the future development of residences that may feature a patio, garages for several vehicles, a swimming pool, terraces, and roof terraces. The project will provide vehicular and pedestrian access, as well as basic service infrastructure for future residents, in addition to green areas, children's playgrounds, and trails. Meanwhile, the Clubhouse for the residential lots or housing units will have an administrative area, event hall, restaurant, bathrooms, social area, game room, swimming pool, gym, tennis courts, and multipurpose courts. It also has green areas where "ranches" with electricity are offered, walking trails, as well as children's playgrounds and car parking. A Country Club will be established, which will have event halls, an administrative area, a restaurant, bathrooms, a social area, a game room, a swimming pool, a gym—both with showers and dressing rooms—as well as a jacuzzi and saunas.
It also has green areas offering tennis courts, multipurpose courts, 5-a-side soccer fields, mini-golf, "ranches" with electricity, walking and bicycle trails, as well as children's playgrounds and road infrastructure for access and circulation to the facilities, visitor parking, and sidewalks. The development of the commercial area and offices will be an area for the construction of commercial premises, as well as offices for subsequent sale or lease. Office spaces will have co-working areas with meeting rooms, cafeterias, libraries, and reading rooms. The commercial area may have supermarkets, mini-markets, commercial kiosks, a pharmacy and medical clinic, restaurants, an outdoor cinema, a market or fairground, which would be an area intended to promote commerce and entrepreneurship, with the sale of local products and a vegetable garden with a green market. Mixed-use will be a site for the development of various social and cultural activities by residents of the site and surrounding areas, such as research centers, a museum, school, daycare, chapel, roundabout, sports plaza, and meeting centers.
Among the other components and amenities that will be part of the project are: camping areas, natural walking trails and bicycle trails, viewpoints and natural stops for observation and meditation decks, open ecological parks with picnic stations, lakes, reserve and conservation areas, a bird forest with fruit trees, hanging bridges, public parking and parking lots, a main avenue with tree-lined streets, as well as pedestrian sidewalks and bridges over streams to internally connect the project. The project will have LED lights; buildings will be designed to provide and maximize the use of natural light but avoid solar heat gain. High-efficiency air conditioning systems will be used that improve indoor air quality and have greater energy efficiency. There will be a stormwater management plan implemented during construction to reduce pollution by controlling soil erosion and sedimentation of watercourses.
Treatment plants and greywater will be used for irrigation to mitigate the use of potable water for irrigation. All social and common areas have accessibility in accordance with the provisions of Law 7600. Therefore, the ENVIRONMENTAL VIABILITY (LICENSE) is granted to the project, leaving the Environmental Management stage open and on the understanding of complying with the Fundamental Environmental Commitment Clause. THIRD: According to Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, the validity of this viability shall be for a period of FIVE YEARS for the start of works. If works do not start within the established time, the provisions of current legislation shall be applied. FOURTH: To authorize the splitting (fraccionamiento) of the guarantee of compliance with environmental obligations, according to the project phases, as indicated below: Phase Type Description Currency Guarantee Amount I Construction Lot 1 dollars 3,741,531.31 II Construction Lot 4 dollars 2,747,651.33 III Construction Lot 3 dollars 1,071,324.48 IV Construction Lot 5 dollars 1,690,014.59 TOTAL Construction dollars 9,250,521.71 It is warned that the guarantee of compliance with environmental obligations, corresponding to each phase, must be deposited prior to the start of each one, and evidence of the deposit must be presented to this Secretariat.
FIFTH: To order Mr. ANDRES PACHECO ALBONICO, identification document number CED129994- , in his capacity as legal representative of the company ENJOY HOTELS & RESORTS SOCIEDAD ANONIMA, with legal ID number CED129995, file number D1-0170-2021-SETENA, to deposit the guarantee of compliance with environmental obligations, corresponding to the first phase of the project, for an amount of USD 3,741,531.31 (Three million seven hundred forty-one thousand five hundred thirty-one US dollars and 31 cents) or its equivalent in colones according to the exchange rate on the day the guarantee deposit or its renewal is made, corresponding to 1% of the total declared investment amount of the project. To provide the Performance Guarantee, there are three options:
THIRTEENTH: The complete file, as well as the documents that SETENA has issued during the evaluation (Evaluación) process, will be available to the developer at the web address: https://tramites.setena.go.cr/Expedientes/form_public_expediente_setena?e=EXPEDIENTES/2021/D1 -0170-2021 Where it must be verified by this party or by any interested party and public or private entity. For all legal purposes in accordance with Law 8454, the digital signature issued by a registered certification authority has the legal equivalence of a handwritten signature, according to Article 4 which states: "Article 4.- Legal classification and probative value. Electronic documents shall be classified as public or private, and they shall be recognized as having probative value under the same conditions as physical documents," therefore in accordance with Article 1, second paragraph, of the aforementioned Law, which literally states: "The State and all public entities are expressly authorized to use certificates, digital signatures, and electronic documents, within their respective areas of competence," thus ratified by Directive No. 067-MICITT-H-MEIC whereby the Costa Rican State promotes the "Massification of the implementation and use of the Digital Signature in the Costa Rican Public Sector." FOURTEENTH: In accordance with Article 8 of Law 8220, an interested party requesting a procedure may not be asked to submit certifications or copies of information that another institution already possesses, according to pre-established legal means." Having clarified the factual framework, regarding the objections to the granting of environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental), the claimant must be advised that this Chamber has resolved that it is not within its purview to examine whether or not the granting of environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) to a project complies with technical and legal requirements. For that reason, in judgment No. 2019-011203 of 9:30 a.m. on June 21, 2019 —a criterion reiterated in judgment No. 2024-32334 of 9:20 a.m. on November 1, 2024— it concluded the following:
"From reading the filing of the action, the appellant alleged a series of supposed irregularities on the part of the National Environmental Technical Secretariat and the ACOPAC of SINAC, specifically regarding the granting of environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) and a report, respectively. However, the claimant should be advised that amparo proceedings have a summary nature and determining, for this specific case, whether the granting of environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) should have met the same requirements as in 2002 for a similar project, or whether there were a series of irregularities in its issuance, these may be grievances discussed before the Administration itself or, failing that, before the administrative contentious jurisdiction, where they will have the evidentiary opportunity to discuss on the merits all the grievances attempted here. The same fate befalls the alleged irregularities in an ACOPAC report, which the claimant accuses of a change in its position in order to favor the viability in 2017 for the project 'V.I.'. Consequently, the appeal must be dismissed as to these points" (emphasis not in the original).
In this regard, in the specific case, it is evident from the statement of proven facts that, prior to obtaining environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental), Setena reviewed all legally established requirements and verified that the project complied with each of the necessary phases for that purpose. In this sense, in the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) resolution, Setena determined that the project is not located in an aquifer vulnerability zone; furthermore, there are no wetlands located within the zone where the project itself will be developed. Likewise, it is clearly noted that Setena warned the developer that, should tree cutting be required, the permit must first be processed at the local subregional office of Minae-Sinac; additionally, that protection areas must be respected.
By virtue of the foregoing, regarding the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, there is no evidence in the record that would allow accrediting a violation of constitutional significance that can be addressed through the summary amparo proceeding.
V.Regarding the lack of protection of 70% of the natural conservation areas (objections to Decree No. 44448). Finally, from reading the briefs submitted by the claimant, particularly their claims, it is observed that the appellant questions the application of Decree No. 44448 because, due to its ambiguity and the lack of adequate mapping of the 1,658 hectares of the project, it prevents a correct application of construction standards and leaves 70% of the natural and patrimonial conservation areas unprotected.
Regarding this, it is worth noting that the aforementioned decree is challenged in the unconstitutionality action being processed under case file 25-024408-0007-CO, where it is precisely argued, among other things, that "the challenged rules, introduced through Executive Decree No. 44448 MP-TUR of January 17, 2024, allow the transfer of construction rights between concession properties, even if they are not adjacent, which could exceed the density limit established per concession. It adds that the contested modification transforms the low-density model into a potentially high-density one, without guaranteeing the environmental carrying capacity of the receiving areas. Furthermore, it was approved without technical studies or public consultation and departs from the guidelines of the Master Plan, which puts the ecological sustainability of the project at risk. It specifies that, through Executive Decree No. 44448-MP-TUR, the Executive Branch introduced a significant reform to the Regulation to the Law for the Development and Execution of the Golfo de Papagayo Tourist Project, particularly in Article 12, Article 17 ter, and the Sole Annex, titled 'Procedures and Requirements in the Concession Regime of the Golfo Turístico Papagayo Project,' specifically, in point VIII (Requirements for Density and Coverage Compensation in Concessions) and point X (Procedure for Term Adjustment Request).
In these sections, a new figure called 'density compensation or occupancy coefficient' (compensación de densidad o coeficiente de ocupación) is incorporated between concession properties, even if they are not adjacent, provided they are under the ownership of the same individual or legal entity. This regulatory provision allows the concessionaire to transfer the right to build up to 30% of the total concessioned area from one property to another, increasing the density or coverage on one of the lots, on the grounds that such capacity will not be exercised on the other. This practice, moreover, could imply exceeding the maximum density limit of 20 rooms per hectare established for each individual concession. Under the previous regulatory regime, construction restrictions were applied individually to each lot, which allowed for more precise control over localized environmental impacts and, at the same time, preserved the fundamental objective of developing a low-density Tourist Hub on the 1,658 hectares of state-owned property, in accordance with the zoning and guidelines established in the corresponding Master Plan.
It maintains that the enabling of this type of compensation, without a comprehensive assessment of cumulative and synergistic impacts that support ecological sustainability criteria —in accordance with the spirit of the law that gave rise to the Golfo de Papagayo Tourist Hub— could compromise the principle of environmental proportionality per territorial unit. Such a situation entails the risk of generating impacts on the landscape, forest cover (cobertura forestal), wildlife, hydrological balance, and other ecosystem components, which together could negatively affect the environmental richness of the area." As a result of the foregoing, given that what is alleged by the claimant relates to provisions challenged in the unconstitutionality action being processed under case file 25-024408-0007-CO, the appropriate course is to suspend this aspect of the amparo, until such action is resolved, in accordance with the provisions of section 48 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law.
In the sub iudice, with customary respect, I depart from the Majority's criterion and consider that the appropriate course is to suspend the issuance of the judgment in this matter with respect to all the grievances raised, until the unconstitutionality action being processed under case file No. 25-024408-0007-CO is resolved. In that sense, I consider that, prior to ruling on the merits of this action, it is more prudent to await the constitutionality analysis of Executive Decree No. 44448 MP-TUR of January 17, 2024, challenged in the aforementioned case file, in order to then, with more evidentiary elements, proceed to determine in the sub lite whether or not the claims of the appellant are harmful to the fundamental rights in question.
VII.Documentation provided to the case file. The parties are warned that, if they have provided any paper document, or objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be retrieved within a maximum period of 30 business days, counted from the notification of this judgment. It is warned that any material not collected within that period will be destroyed, based on the "Regulation on Electronic Case Files before the Judicial Branch" (approved by the Full Court in Article XXVI of session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, and published in Judicial Bulletin No. 19 of January 26, 2012) and in Article LXXXI of the session of the Superior Council of the Judicial Branch No. 43-12 of May 3, 2012.
Therefore:
Regarding the protected party's objections to Executive Decree No. 44448 MP-TUR of January 17, 2024, the issuance of the judgment in this amparo appeal is suspended, until the unconstitutionality action being processed under case file 25-024408-0007-CO is resolved. In all other respects, the appeal is dismissed. Judge Rueda Leal partially dissents and suspends the issuance of the judgment in this amparo appeal with respect to all the grievances raised, until the unconstitutionality action being processed under case file No. 25-024408-0007-CO is resolved.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Jose Roberto Garita N.
SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del tres de octubre de dos mil veinticinco .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente nro. 25-025228-0007-CO, interpuesto por Nombre49424 , cédula de identidad CED7814, contra el INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE TURISMO (ICT), EL MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA (MINAE), LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE CARRILLO Y LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE LIBERIA.
Resultando:
Fase Huella Constructiva (m²) Área de la Propiedad (m2) Porcentaje (%) I Lote 1 5-1186670- 2007 130572 436564 30% II Lote 4 5-1274126- 2008 68350.04 309064,25 22% (Según diseño de sitio corregido por zona de exclusión arqueológica) 309064,25 22% III Lote 3 5-1155787- 2007 32926.32 (Según diseño de sitio corregido por zona de exclusión arqueológica) 124827,92 26.4% IV Lote 5 5-1155786- 2007 58 978,00 204165,91 29% Es importante recalcar que el proyecto se desarrolla en 4 planos catastrados cuyas coberturas están descritas según el análisis Geoespacial realizado por esta Secretaría. Durante el proceso de análisis del expediente, como parte de la información para mejor resolver, por parte del desarrollador, se presenta:
Redacta el Magistrado Araya García; y,
Considerando:
I.Objeto del recurso. El accionante reclama que las autoridades recurridas le otorgaron la viabilidad ambiental al megaproyecto turístico Nombre169752 que se desarrolla en Playa Panamá, Guanacaste. Expone, en primer término, que la Setena se negó a convocar a los vecinos de Playa Panamá a una audiencia pública bajo el argumento de que no pertenecían a una comunidad indígena, lo que lesiona el principio y de igualdad. Sostiene que la viabilidad ambiental fue otorgada sin observar el principio de legalidad, pues no se cumplieron las etapas procedimentales obligatorias, particularmente la participación ciudadana mediante audiencia pública y, en su lugar, se recurrió a encuestas aplicadas a personas que desconocían los alcances del proyecto. Enfatiza que la Setena no consultó de manera adecuada a las municipalidades de Carrillo y Liberia, lo que incumple con su deber de coordinación interinstitucional y de participación ciudadana que deben regir este tipo de proyectos.
Denuncia la afectación al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, pues no se evaluaron debidamente los impactos sobre los bosques, humedales y manglares del área. Cuestiona que el informe forestal utilizado haya sido elaborado por la propia empresa desarrolladora. Refiere el incumplimiento de los requisitos de la ley nro. 6758, que establece límites claros de densidad (20 habitaciones por hectárea y un máximo del 30% de construcción); por ende, critica el Decreto Ejecutivo nro. 44448 por su ambigüedad, ya que no contiene un mapeo preciso de las 1658 hectáreas involucrada y deja desprotegido cerca del 70% de las áreas de conservación natural. Pide expresamente: “Se declare con lugar el presente RECURSO DE AMPARO y que SETENA retrotraiga el visto bueno otorgado al proyecto turístico Nombre169752 para que se hagan sus correcciones del caso y que cumpla con ley 6758 y decreto modificado 44448 por ser ambiguo.
El Decreto 44448 es criticado por ser ambiguo debido a la falta de un mapeo adecuado de las 1658 hectáreas del proyecto, lo que impide una correcta aplicación de las normas de construcción y deja desprotegido un 70% de las áreas de conservación natural y patrimonial. Además, que se convoque a los vecinos de Playa de Pamamá y comunidades circunvecinas, ambientales y público en general a una Audiencia Pública, como una de la etapa de la parte legal para que SETENA pueda otorgar la Vialidad Ambiental del Mega Proyecto Papagayo. Una corregido el Decreto 44448”.
II.Hechos probados. De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos:
a. El día 7 de abril del 2021, la Setena recibió el Documento de Evaluación Ambiental Inicial del Proyecto: Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 formulado por Enjoy Hotels & Resosrts S.A, el cual se tramita bajo el expediente D1-0170-2021-SETENA. (Ver informe rendido).
b. El proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 se describe de la siguiente manera: “un complejo turístico habitacional, propiciando el desarrollo de residencias y hoteles con acceso a todos los servicios básicos y recreacionales mediante la comercialización de unidades habitacionales, lotes residenciales, componentes hoteleros y de condhotel, uso mixto residencial – comercial y oficinas. El componente Hotelero y de Condhotel se desarrollarán con una capacidad para alojar más de 240 huéspedes que podrá contar con habitaciones equipadas con cocina, baño privado y terraza, así como el lobby del hotel, piscinas, spa, gimnasio, restaurantes, bar, baños y vestidores, tiendas, salón de eventos, centro de bienestar, salas de ventas, oficinas administrativas, taller, cocina y lavandería, alojamiento para empleados, y toda la infraestructura vial necesaria para el acceso y circulación a las instalaciones, parqueos, aceras, senderos y planta de tratamiento.
El proyecto, también constará de unidades habitacionales con parqueo para uno o dos automóviles, y áreas comunes conformadas por pasillos, azoteas, áreas verdes y juegos infantiles, rancho con piscinas, canchas y salones multiusos, gimnasio, lobby de acceso, así como la infraestructura vial para el acceso y circulación a las instalaciones, parqueos de visitas y aceras. Por su parte los Lotes Residenciales serán zonas para el desarrollo futuro de residencias que podrán contar con patio, cocheras para varios vehículos, piscina, terrazas y azoteas. El proyecto proveerá de acceso vehiculares y peatonales, así como la infraestructura de los servicios básicos para los futuros residentes, además de zonas verdes, juegos infantiles y senderos. Por su parte la Casa Club de los lotes residenciales o unidades habitacionales contarán con un área administrativa, salón de eventos, restaurante, baños, área social, sala de juegos, piscina, gimnasio, canchas de tenis y canchas multiuso.
También cuenta con zonas verdes en las cuales se ofrecen “ranchos” con electricidad, senderos para caminatas, además de juegos infantiles y parqueos para automóviles. Se establecerá un Country Club que contará con salones de eventos, área administrativa, restaurante, baños, área social, sala de juegos, piscina, gimnasio ambos con duchas y vestidores, además de jacuzzi y saunas. También cuenta con zonas verdes en las cuales se ofrecen canchas de tenis, canchas multiuso, canchas de futbol 5, minigolf, “ranchos” con electricidad, senderos para caminatas y bicicletas, además de juegos infantiles y la infraestructura vial para el acceso y circulación a las instalaciones, parqueos de visitas y aceras. El desarrollo del área comercial y oficinas será una zona para la construcción de locales comerciales, así como oficinas para su posterior venta o alquiler. Los espacios de oficinas contaran con áreas de co-working con salas de reuniones, cafeterías, bibliotecas y salones de lectura.
El área comercial podrá contar con Supermercados, mini-markets, kioscos comerciales, farmacia y clínica médica, restaurantes, cine al aire libre, mercado o plaza ferial, que sería un área destinada para impulsar el comercio y emprendedurismo, con venta de productos de la zona y huerta con mercado verde. El uso mixto será un sitio para el desarrollo de distintas actividades sociales y culturales por los residentes del sitio y zonas aledañas, como centros de investigación, museo, escuela, guardería, capilla, redondel, plaza de deportes y centros de reunión. Dentro de los otros componentes y amenidades que serán parte del proyecto están: áreas de campamentos, senderos naturales para caminatas y senderos para bicicletas, miradores y paradas naturales para observación y decks de meditación, parques abiertos ecológicos con estaciones de picnic, lagos, áreas de reserva y conservación, bosque de pájaros con árboles frutales, puentes colgantes, parqueos y estacionamiento público, avenida principal con calles arboladas además de aceras peatonales y puentes sobre las quebradas para comunicar internamente el proyecto.
El proyecto tendrá luces LED, se diseñarán las edificaciones para brindar y maximizar el uso de la luz natural, pero evitar la ganancia de calor solar. Se utilizará sistemas de aire acondicionado de alta eficiencia que mejoran la calidad del aire interior, tienen mayor eficiencia energética. Se contará con un plan de gestión de aguas pluviales que se implementará durante la construcción reducirá la contaminación al controlar la erosión del suelo, la sedimentación de los cursos de agua. Las plantas de tratamiento y las aguas grises se utilizarán para el riego con el fin de mitigar el uso de agua potable para el riego. Todas las áreas sociales y comunes tienen accesibilidad de acuerdo con lo estipulado en la Ley 7600”. (Ver informe rendido).
c. Debido a la naturaleza del proyecto, a la magnitud del volumen de tierra que debe ser removido, la necesaria protección de la flora y fauna, la extensión del área de construcción, los servicios públicos presentes en el área y su posible afectación; así como el hecho de que debe ser tomado en cuenta el componente social, por el tamaño del área del proyecto y de las áreas de influencia, se requería de un instrumento que brinde un diagnóstico intensivo e integral que conlleve al cumplimiento de las características de un desarrollo sostenible. (Ver informe rendido).
d. El 6 de mayo de 2021, la Setena le notificó al desarrollador del proyecto la resolución nro. 0677-2021- SETENA, del 5 de mayo del 2021, donde se le ordenó, a efectos de continuar con el proceso de evaluación ambiental, que en el plazo de un año, contados a partir de la notificación de esa resolución, se aportara un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, bajo los términos de referencia para el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (EsIA), toda vez que, de conformidad con el Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, este proyecto se clasifica con un Impacto Ambiental Potencial (IAP) de Categoría A, clasificada como CIIU 5510 y en consecuencia, se exigió el instrumento de Evaluación más riguroso. (Ver informe rendido).
e. El 8 de junio de 2021 la SETENA publicó en un medio de circulación nacional, específicamente en el periódico La Teja, la información del Estudio de Impacto Ambiental del Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 para lo que correspondiera (Ver expediente 25-012448-0007-CO ad effectum videndi et probandi) f. El día 14 de julio de 2021, la Setena realizó la de campo al área del proyecto en compañía de representantes de la empresa consultora y desarrolladora. En tal ocasión se emitieron los siguientes hallazgos en el Acta de Inspección DEA-ACT INS-017- 2021: “• Topografía entre plana y suave cerca de las quebrada y fuerte y muy fuerte en el resto de las propiedades, no hay taludes en el AP. • Taludes en el AP: La pendiente es hacia las quebradas, se debe proveer manejo de aguas pluviales con base al movimiento de tierras. • Escorrentía superficial fluye hasta las quebradas y luego al manglar. • No hay evidencia de deslizamientos. • Posibles cuerpos de agua superficial al momento de la visita se encuentran en época transición con quebradas sin flujo, registradas en el SNIT-SINIGIRH.
Quebrada Pto29 estero Rocha 319951-1171787 y sardina con descarga hacia manglar. Quebrada Pto.33 Quebrada Estero Panamá 318547-1170615 posible obra en cauce, Pozos del AyA. • No hay evidencia de inundaciones en el AP ni en las colindancias. • Cobertura observada es vegetación riparia, charral-Tacotal, Cobertura Forestal. • No hay características indicadoras de Humedal. • Fauna observada aves, mamíferos y reptiles. • Componente social es zona rural, con infraestructura social, accesos de asfalto y lastre públicos y privados. Tránsito moderado con señalización vial. • Colindancias inmediatas al AP sector norte: Privado y calle pública, Sur: Reserva Forestal, Este: uso agropecuario-Forestal, Oeste: Forestal. • No ha iniciado obras y se observan arboles enumerados en inventario forestal. Se incluye el Registro Fotográfico de la visita”. (Ver informe rendido).
g. Durante el proceso de evaluación, la Setena no recibió algún apersonamiento u oposición al proyecto previo al otorgamiento de la viabilidad ambiental y tampoco una solicitud para realizar alguna audiencia pública por parte de un tercero, de acuerdo con la normativa establecida. (Ver informe rendido).
h. El mecanismo de participación ciudadana aplicado en el proceso de evaluación ambiental fue el estudio de percepción local realizado con fundamento en la normativa establecida en el decreto 32966-MINAE. "Manual de EIA IV Anexo 1 Guía general para la elaboración de instrumentos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (Guía de EIA)”, apartado 9 llamado. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL AMBIENTE SOCIOECONÓMICO, apartado 9.7 Percepción local sobre el Proyecto y sus posibles impactos, (Estudio cualitativo)”; mecanismo que no exigía difusión previa. (Ver informe rendido).
i. En el decreto nro. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, "Manual de EIA IV Anexo 1 Guía general para la elaboración de instrumentos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (Guía de EIA), apartado 9 llamado. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL AMBIENTE SOCIOECONÓMICO”, se señala otro mecanismo de participación llamado “Proceso participativo interactivo” que no fue realizado ya que no se identificó un alto nivel de conflicto social en los grupos o comunidades, lo anterior debido a que no se recibieron notas de oposición o apersonamiento al proyecto, y la mayoría de la población consultada en el estudio de percepción dijo estar de acuerdo con el desarrollo del proyecto. (Ver informe rendido).
j. Mediante resolución 1263-2021-SETENA del 18 de agosto de 2021, la Setena dispuso: “POR TANTO LA COMISIÓN PLENARIA RESUELVE En sesión Ordinaria Nº 63 de esta Secretaría, realizada el 18 de agosto de 2021, en el Artículo Nº. 14 acuerda: PRIMERO: A efecto de continuar con el procedimiento de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental se ordena a ENJOY HOTELS & RESORTS S.A.., con cédula jurídica Nº CED129995, desarrolladora del proyecto “Proyecto Bahía Papagayo” la presentación de un único anexo, (en original y dos copias), que contenga los requerimientos estipulados en el CONSIDERANDO CUARTO de esta Resolución y para lo cual se le otorga un plazo de 6 meses. SEGUNDO: Prevenir al desarrollador que una vez analizado el anexo al EsIA, si el mismo NO cumple con los requerimientos fijados por esta Secretaría, o si NO se presenta dentro del plazo establecido, se procederá al ARCHIVO del expediente, lo anterior de conformidad con el Artículo 264 de la Ley General de Administración Pública.
TERCERO: Toda documentación que sea presentada ante la SETENA deberá indicarse claramente el número de expediente, el número de resolución y el nombre completo del proyecto. CUARTO: Contra esta resolución cabe interponer dentro del plazo de tres días hábiles, contados a partir del día hábil siguiente a la notificación, los recursos ordinarios de revocatoria ante la SETENA, y el de apelación ante el Ministro de Ambiente y Energía, de conformidad con los artículos 342 y siguientes de la Ley General de Administración Pública Nº 6227, y 87 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente Nº 7554. QUINTO: Toda documentación que sea presentada ante la SETENA deberá indicar claramente el número de expediente, el número de resolución y el nombre completo del proyecto. También se deberá indicar una dirección de correo electrónico, para recibir notificaciones de parte de esta Secretaría. SEXTO: El expediente completo, así como los documentos que la SETENA ha emitido durante el proceso de Evaluación estarán a disposición del desarrollador en la dirección web: Dirección20035 - Donde debe ser verificado por este o por cualquier interesado e instancia pública o privada.
Para todo efecto legal de acuerdo a la Ley 8454, la firma digital emitida por una autoridad certificadora registrada tiene la equivalencia jurídica de una firma manuscrita, según el artículo 4 que indica: "Artículo 4º- Calificación jurídica y fuerza probatoria. Los documentos electrónicos se calificarán como públicos o privados, y se les reconocerá fuerza probatoria en las mismas condiciones que a los documentos físicos", por lo que de conformidad Artículo 1, párrafo segundo, de la Ley supracitada a la letra indica: "El Estado y todas las entidades públicas quedan expresamente facultados para utilizar los certificados, las firmas digitales y los documentos electrónicos, dentro de sus respectivos ámbitos de competencia", así ratificado mediante la Directriz Nº. 067-MICITT-H-MEIC donde el Estado Costarricense promueve la "Masificación de la implementación y el uso de la Firma Digital en el Sector Público Costarricense".
SÉTIMO: De conformidad con el artículo 8 de la Ley 8220, no podrá solicitarse al interesado que requiera un trámite la presentación de certificaciones, copias de información que ya posea otra institución, según los medios legales preestablecidos”. (Ver informe rendido).
k. En fecha indeterminada, el desarrollador adjuntó un oficio firmado por la profesional en ciencias sociales responsable de la realización del apartado del EsIA llamado DESCRIPCIÓN DEL AMBIENTE SOCIOECONÓMICO, en la cual se declara que no existen potenciales impactos a los servicios y adquiere compromisos en torno la participación y divulgación de información del proyecto. (Ver informe rendido).
l. Mediante resolución nro. 0591-2022-SETENA del 6 de abril de 2022, la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental dispuso: “CONSIDERANDO PRIMERO: Que el artículo 19 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente señala "Las resoluciones de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental deberán ser fundadas y razonadas. Serán obligatorias tanto para los particulares como para los entes y organismos públicos." Por su parte el artículo 17 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente señala que: "Las actividades humanas que alteren o destruyan elementos del ambiente o generen residuos, materiales tóxicos o peligrosos, requerirán una evaluación de impacto ambiental por parte de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental creada en esta ley. Su aprobación previa, de parte de este organismo, será requisito indispensable para iniciar las actividades, obras o proyectos. Las leyes y los reglamentos indicarán cuales actividades, obras o proyectos requerirán la evaluación de impacto ambiental." SEGUNDO: De conformidad con el artículo 282 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública (LGAP), y con base en la documentación aportada al expediente administrativo, se tiene por legitimado al señor ANDRES PACHECO ALBONICO, documento de identificación número 01-1066-0062, para solicitar laevaluación de impacto ambiental del Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752, expediente administrativo D1-0170- 2021-SETENA.
TERCERO: Sobre la información presentada al expediente administrativo y consideraciones generales. De acuerdo al Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC y sus modificaciones, en el cual se establece la documentación requerida para los proyectos D1, se tiene:
Contenido Detalles Estudio de Impacto Ambiental Se presenta.
Monto global de inversión Lote # Plano Monto Lote 1 5-1186670-2007 $ 374 153 131,00 Lote 3 5-1155787-2007 $ 107 132 448,00 Lote 4 5-1274126-2008 $ 274 765 133,00 Lote 5 5-1155786-2007 $ 169 001 459,00 Total US$925 052 171,00 Diseño de sitio Se presenta.
Registro fotográfico Se presenta.
Descripción del proyecto Se presenta.
Ubicación cartográfica Se presenta.
Medidas Ambientales Se presenta.
Autorización o contratos Oficios (SENARA, MOPT, SINAC, etc.)
Con respeto a los estudios técnicos contemplados en la Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), disponibles en el expediente administrativo se tiene:
Contenido Observaciones Estudio de Geotécnico Presenta un análisis geotécnico por lote. Con base en la información obtenida de este estudio, se considera que el terreno presenta condiciones aceptables desde el punto de vista geotécnico para desarrollar obras, siempre y cuando se sigan las recomendaciones indicadas en los apartados correspondientes de este informe. • En general, el perfil estratigráfico del subsuelo en todos los terrenos consiste en dos capas, a saber: a) limo arenoso color café, de consistencia mayormente variable entre blanda y media; y b) arena limosa color café y/o gris con presencia de bloques de cascajo, de compacidad relativa mayormente variable entre firme y densa. • En términos generales, se recomienda emplear un sistema de cimentación convencional superficial, a base de placas aisladas y/o corridas. Las recomendaciones específicas de cimentación se indican en los apartados correspondientes. • Una vez que se cuente con mayores detalles del proyecto, INSUMA está en disposición de revisar las recomendaciones anteriormente brindadas y hacer los respectivos ajustes en caso de ser necesario. • En la sección correspondiente se presentan los parámetros de empuje que deben ser utilizados para el diseño de los muros del proyecto, o bien para elementos enterrados sometidos a empuje (piscinas, fosas, tanques enterrados, entre otros). • Con base en las características evaluadas en el sitio investigado, para el análisis sísmico de las estructuras se recomienda considerar el suelo de cimentación como S2, según lo establecido por el Código Sísmico de Costa Rica 2010. • Se destaca que las perforaciones ejecutadas son de carácter puntual, por lo que pueden encontrarse variaciones en otras zonas del terreno. Por tal motivo, durante el proceso constructivo debe darse una inspección apropiada, para garantizar que las condiciones asumidas en el diseño se cumplen en el campo.
Estudio Hidrogeológico Variación en la Escorrentía Superficial del Cauce. Con base en el presente informe, considerando que los cauces de dominio público que colindan y atraviesan el AP vierten directamente al Océano Pacífico (Bahía Panamá), el incremento en la escorrentía superficial con la implementación del Proyecto, no tendría afectación en poblados o infraestructura aguas abajo. Adicionalmente, por las dimensiones del Proyecto, es criterio de este profesional, que el incremento en la escorrentía será marginal, y que los cauces tienen capacidad de carga para aceptar un aumento del caudal superficial como consecuencia del desarrollo del proyecto. Por lo tanto, se concluye que no se requiere evaluar la variación en la escorrentía superficial de la cuenca, y adicionalmente no es necesario implementar medidas de mitigación o compensación por el incremento marginal en el caudal máximo instantáneo de las microcuencas evaluadas.
Potencialidad de Inundación en el AP. Se evalúa la potencialidad de los cauces de dominio público identificados de generar un desbordamiento que puedan afectar las obras a implementar. Basado en la observación de campo y considerando la cota de inundación obtenida del modelo hidráulico ejecutado, se concluye lo siguiente: Estero Rocha – Lote 1: Se manifiesta riesgo de desbordamiento durante eventos de precipitación extrema, por efecto primordialmente de la alcantarilla de paso sobre Ruta Nacional Nº159. Se demuestra que la alcantarilla no es eficiente, y el efecto remanso afecta el área de protección y sectores colindantes del Proyecto. Quebrada Sin Nombre 01- Lote 3: Se manifiesta riesgo de desbordamiento durante eventos de precipitación extrema, por efecto primordialmente de la alcantarilla doble de paso sobre Ruta Nacional N° 159. Se demuestra que la alcantarilla no es eficiente, y el efecto remanso afecta el área de protección y sectores colindantes del Proyecto.
En ambos cauces, el efecto se mantiene únicamente aguas arriba de la alcantarilla de paso, hasta una distancia no mayor a 50 metros. El resto de cauce ostenta condiciones de flujo normales, sin riesgo de desbordamiento, ni velocidades excesivas que potencialmente generan erosión en los márgenes. Lo anterior se ratifica a través del Mapa de Riesgos y Amenazas Naturales de la CNE para el Cantón de Carrillo, mismo que muestra que la región NO se cataloga como propensa a inundación. Al respecto, es imperativo que las obras se construyan siempre fuera del área de protección de los cauces de dominio público descritos, siguiendo lo estipulado por la Ley Forestal N° 7575, artículo 33 (el área de protección corresponde a 15 metros con respecto a la rivera de los ríos).
Certificación de Riesgo Antrópico Este procedimiento permitió establecer que, para el área del proyecto en cuestión, y según los requerimientos del decreto ejecutivo N° 32712-MINAE, que dentro del área del Proyecto no existen fuentes de riesgo antrópico que lo afecten, De acuerdo con el Mapa de Amenazas Naturales Potenciales para el Cantón, de la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias (en adelante CNE), el AP NO se localiza dentro de la llanura de inundación de ningún cauce, o en una zona de bajo riesgos naturales de otro tipo.
Geología Básica Unificado Resumen de resultados Este informe presenta los resultados del Estudio Técnico de Geología Básica del Terreno realizado para el Proyecto Complejo Turístico- Residencial, que se encuentra en terrenos ubicados en Sardinal, Guanacaste, en los planos catastros 5-1186670- 2007, 5-1155787-2007, 5-1274126-2008, 5-1155786-2007. Los lotes que conforman el proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 predominan los suelos de tipo limo arenosos y arenas limosas, además se conforma de suelos residuales y aluviales detectados en el área del proyecto, estos suelos corresponden con la meteorización de las rocas basálticas del complejo de Nicoya y los flujos piroclásticos de la Formación Bagaces, las cuales presentan gran extensión regional. Estructuralmente a varios kilómetros del AP se presentan varias fallas paleotectónicas (no activas) y una serie de fallas del Cuaternario. Se cuenta regionalmente con un mapeo geológico detallado, esto a partir de la cartografía geológica 1:50 000 de la Península de Nicoya realizada por Nombre169753 et al (2014).
Regionalmente la geomorfología está definida por la litología y por la acción de la erosión del agua, básicamente en el área de estudio está constituida por llanuras aluviales en las zonas de baja pendiente y laderas denudacionales de media a alta pendiente, llegando a elevaciones que varían entre 20 y 120 m.s.n.m, en esta unidad geomorfológica se dan pendientes entre 30° y 45°. Dentro de los resultados destacables del estudio de la hidrogeología ambiental para el proyecto se remarca que mediante el análisis de vulnerabilidad a la contaminación realizado con el método G.O.D, se definió que el AP tiene una vulnerabilidad media. Asimismo, se efectuó el cálculo para el tránsito de contaminantes biológicos advectivo (bacterias) para la zona del AP, a partir de los parámetros promedios del modelo hidrogeológico, dando como resultado 135 días de tránsito vertical en la zona no saturada, cumpliendo con la norma que establece un mínimo de 70 días para medios porosos.
Además, se realizó un inventario de los elementos hidrogeológicos en el AP y su área de influencia para que se respeten los retiros por ley de estos puntos. La información fue obtenida de las bases de datos de la Dirección de Agua y SENARA. Según la información recopilada, se considera que la principal amenaza natural de carácter local que presenta el AP es la amenaza por inestabilidad de laderas, por lo que se deberá controlar la escorrentía superficial durante la fase constructiva y en la fase operacional del proyecto para evitar la erosión de los suelos y que conlleve a otros factores de mayor magnitud, como inestabilidad en el terreno. Otra afectación a considerar, pero de índole regional, es la amenaza sísmica, ya que las fallas neotectónicas identificadas tienen potencial de generar eventos sísmicos importantes y la región Pacífica Norte presenta sismos de magnitud mayor a 6 Mw, como han ocurrido históricamente, siendo el sismo de Samara del 2012 el más reciente, con las afectaciones segundarias asociadas a estos eventos.
Tomando en cuenta todas las condiciones que enmarcan este proyecto se considera que es viable, siempre que se acaten las recomendaciones expuestas en el presente estudio y en la legislación nacional, con el fin de que el entorno inmediato del proyecto no se vea amenazado, ni el proyecto. Considerando ciertos aspectos constructivos necesarios, las condiciones geológicas e hidrogeológicas no desfavorecen la ejecución proyecto. En términos generales, se considera que la geoaptitud del sitio resulta favorable para el desarrollo del proyecto planteado. Resumen de conclusiones técnicas Regionalmente, los suelos son de tipo limo arenosos y arenas arcillosas, estos materiales conforman los suelos residuales y aluviales detectados en el área del proyecto. La génesis de estos suelos corresponde con la meteorización de las rocas basálticas del complejo de Nicoya y los flujos piroclásticos de la Formación Bagaces, las cuales presentan gran extensión regional.
Morfológicamente la zona es caracterizada por relieves planos en las llanuras, y ondulados que conforman las laderas denudacionales de los sistemas montañosos costeros. En los lotes que conforman el proyecto los depósitos son predominantemente aluviales, y están constituidos por materiales de textura limo arenosa a areno limosa, con presencia de fragmentos de roca meteorizada, de color café, inconsolidados, que conforman suelos de entre 4 m y 6 m de espesor. En la zona del AP se distinguen dos unidades hidrogeológicas, una de bajo potencial hídrico relacionada con las rocas del Complejo de Nicoya y un acuífero en los sedimentos aluviales. El acuífero en mención es de tipo libre, pero con áreas donde se presenta un confinamiento, con transmisividades altas relacionadas a caudales de extracción altos, asimismo el nivel del agua subterránea en promedio se encuentra a 5 metros, pero puede variar localmente y estacionalmente a lo largo del año hídrico.
En la zona del proyecto se localizan una serie de pozos y concesiones registradas, a las cuales se les debe respetar los retiros de ley. En cuanto a la vulnerabilidad a la contaminación se establece que el AP tiene un carácter de vulnerabilidad media. Los resultados del tránsito de contaminantes realizado con los supuestos y las evidencias que apoyan el modelo hidrogeológico dan como resultado un tránsito vertical en la zona no saturada de 135 días, cumpliendo los 70 días mencionados para acuíferos porosos ante la contaminación por bacterias. El AP se puede ver afectado por la actividad sísmica, una de las principales amenazas presentes en el área inmediata del AP, debido a la cercanía de fallas geológicas importantes y a la Fosa Centroamérica que se localiza en el Océano Pacífico. Además de la inestabilidad de laderas, debido a la presencia de terrenos ondulados y con pendientes moderadas, por lo que se debe tener un estricto control en el manejo de aguas, con el fin de evitar la escorrentía superficial, y con esto evitar problemas de inestabilidad.
Se recomienda respetar la legislación vigente en materia de calidades de construcción, como lo es el Código de Cimentaciones de Costa Rica y el Código Sísmico de Costa Rica. Esto debido a la amenaza sísmica de la zona. Por lo tanto, desde el punto de vista geológico ambiental, hidrogeológico ambiental y de amenazas naturales el proyecto es viable si se respetan las indicaciones establecidas por ley y las recomendaciones de este estudio.
Reporte Arqueológico Rápido Requiere Evaluación Arqueológica Para recuperar mayor información se debe realizar de manera obligatoria una Evaluación Arqueológica en Lote 3 y Lote 4. Además de forma precautoria debe realizarse una supervisión arqueológica de movimientos de tierra en todos los lotes que conforman el proyecto. En el Lote 3, debe evaluarse intensivamente el sector Norte (pozos cada 10m), que fue donde se concentran las altas densidades de materiales (Ubicación: 10° 35' 17"N y 85°38' 51"W en un radio de 50m a la redonda dentro del AP), además de evaluar desde la calle 40m hacia el interior del terreno. Para sectores ubicados fuera del área de alta densidad se recomiendan pozos ubicados a distancias mayores. Para el resto del terreno se recomiendan excavaciones selectivas en áreas donde se considere se puedan recuperar datos de distribución de hallazgos aislados. Se puede descartar la necesidad de evaluar las partes más altas de este lote ubicadas al fondo.
Para el Lote 4 las excavaciones intensivas deben concentrarse en el área de conchero (Ubicación 10° 34' 52"N y 85°39' 25"W en un radio de 30m a la redonda) y sus cercanías inmediatas y sobre la loma donde se ubica un cementerio (Ubicación: 10° 34' 58"N y 85° 39' 32"W en un radio de 20m a la redonda). También se considera viable dejar un área de reserva arqueológica dependiendo del acomodo de las obras a realizar. Además, se debe evaluar el sector junto a un camino interno en las cercanías de la margen izquierda de la quebrada (Ubicación 10° 34' 53" N y 85° 39' 35" W en un radio de 60m a la redonda dentro del AP).
Biológico rápido Desarrolla el estudio en el ESIA. Dentro del AP se encuentran cuatro cauces de quebradas, estos cauces no deben ser afectados por las obras ya que se les debe de mantener la zona de protección. Además, parte de la propiedad se ubica dentro del Corredor Biológico Diriá. Si bien el proyecto no se ubica dentro de ningún área silvestre protegida, en algunas de las zonas de influencia directa se encuentran humedales que se deben de mantener sin alteraciones, los humedales son ecosistemas protegidos según la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N° 7554. Además, tanto el área de influencia directa como el área de influencia indirecta del proyecto se encuentran dentro de la Zona Marítimo Terrestre, por lo que se deben de tomar las medidas de mitigación necesarias. Según las actividades que se tienen planteadas realizar para este proyecto, no existirá una afectación a ecosistemas de interés.
Los estudios realizados señalan una serie de recomendaciones que deben acatarse según lo indicado, como parte de los compromisos ambientales del proyecto. En caso de requerirse la eliminación de algún árbol, debe de tramitar el permiso correspondiente ante la oficina del MINAE, y en caso que se ubiquen cuerpos de agua superficial o pozos dentro o en los límites del AP, deberá de aplicarse la legislación vigente en materia de zonas de protección. Para cada impacto ambiental identificado en la matriz básica de identificación de impactos ambientales, se presenta la correspondiente medida de mitigación. Siendo que cada estudio y/o justificaciones han sido elaboradas por profesionales atinentes, se les considera responsables directos de la información técnica científica que se aporta en los mismos, cuya información tiene carácter de Declaración Jurada por lo que se considera actual y verdadera.
En caso contrario pueden derivarse consecuencias penales del hecho según lo establece el artículo 9 del Decreto Ejecutivo No.31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC reformado por el artículo 2º del Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 32734 del 09 de agosto de 2005, así las cosas y consecuentes con las conclusiones y recomendaciones emitidas, esta Secretaría previene al Consultor Ambiental y el Desarrollador el deber de incluir las mismas, como parte de los compromisos ambientales adquiridos mediante el presente análisis. De conformidad con el análisis del proyecto que han presentado el desarrollador y consultor ambiental, según las regulaciones aplicables a la operación de la actividad obra o proyecto hay un reglamento en materia ambiental, que de acuerdo a la clasificación del área según la zona de ubicación de proyecto, este se encuentra localizado en una zona autorizada por Plan Regulador u otra planificación ambiental de uso de suelo, aprobados por la SETENA, incluyendo la variable ambiental, por consiguiente, estableciendo una calificación de la SIA Final de 117 puntos, por lo que el instrumento de evaluación ambiental que corresponde es Estudio de Impacto Ambiental.
Del análisis de la Georreferenciación que realizara la Unidad de Geografía de esta Secretaría, -análisis que consta en el expediente administrativo, así establecido según Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 37803-MINAE- S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, artículo 2; se conoce lo siguiente: 1. En esta propiedad se han tramitado otros expedientes: Dentro de los planos de catastro 5-1274126- 2008 y 5-1186670-2007 se han tramitado ante la SETENA los siguientes expedientes: - D1-0518- 2019 (5-1274126-2008) - D1-0157-2019 (5-1186670-2007) Por lo anterior, se le recomienda al técnico analista en DEA, verificar detalles y estado actual de dichos expedientes. 2. Cobertura SNIT y FONAFIFO, presente dentro del AP: FONAFIFO 2005 5-1155786-2007: Forestal y No Forestal. 5-1155787-2007: Forestal y No Forestal. 5-1186670-2007: Forestal, No Forestal, Bosque Sec. 5-1274126-2008: Forestal, No Forestal, Plant. Forest. FONAFIFO 2013 5-1155786- 2007: Bosque Deciduo, Bosque Secundario, No Forestal. 5-1155787-2007: Bosque Deciduo, Bosque Maduro, Bosque Secundario, No Forestal. 5-1186670-2007: Bosque Deciduo, Bosque Maduro, Bosque Secundario, No Forestal, Pastos. 5-1274126-2008: Bosque Deciduo, Bosque Maduro, Bosque Secundario, No Forestal. 3.
Características del terreno (relieve): Plano 5-1186670-2007 Planos: pendientes de 0-2% Escarpados: pendientes +60% Clase VII: manejo de bosque Plano 5-1155787-2007 Planos: pendientes de 0-2% Escarpados: pendientes +60% Clase II: agropecuarios con limitaciones leves Clase VII: manejo de bosque Plano 5-11274126-2008 Planos: pendientes de 0-2% Escarpados: pendientes +60% Clase II: agropecuarios con limitaciones leves Clase VII: manejo de bosque Plano 5-1155786-2007 Planos: pendientes de 0-2% Escarpados: pendientes +60% Clase VII: manejo de bosque. 4. Cercanía a fallas geológicas (indicar distancia): Las fallas más cercanas a las propiedades se localizan aproximadamente: - una a 3 km al Este - una a 2,3 km al Sureste - una a 3,9 km al Sur. 5. El proyecto se encuentra afectado por alguna naciente o pozo, o por su radio de protección: Según la base de datos de la Dirección de Aguas en su visor del SINIGIRH, las siguientes propiedades se encuentran afectadas por pozos y sus respectivos radios de protección: (ver imágenes adjuntas) Plano 11-86670-2007: dentro de dicha propiedad se localizan dos pozos administrados por acueducto rural.
Plano 5-1274126-2008: dentro de dicha propiedad se localizan dos pozos administrados por acueducto rural. Es importante aclarar que en las colindancias a esta propiedad la base de datos de la Dirección de Aguas tiene identificados otros pozos, no obstante, ninguno de ellos ni sus respectivos radios de protección afectan a la misma. 6. Existen cuerpos de agua dentro o en un radio de 50 metros alrededor del área en donde se desarrollará el proyecto: Plano 5-1186670-2007: esta propiedad es atravesada por la Quebrada Grande, la Quebrada Sardina y por otra quebrada intermitente sin nombre. Plano 5-1155787-2007: esta propiedad es atravesada por una quebrada intermitente sin nombre. Plano 5-1274126-2008: esta propiedad es atravesada por una quebrada intermitente sin nombre.7. El proyecto se desarrollará sobre un acuífero (cuál): Acuífero Coco-Panamá-Playa Hermosa. 8. El proyecto se desarrollará en una zona con vulnerabilidad acuífera (SENARA): No se cuenta con datos de vulnerabilidad para este sector. 9.
El sector donde se desarrollará el proyecto presenta datos de recarga (SENARA): No se cuenta con datos de recarga para este sector. 10. El proyecto se desarrollará dentro de un corredor biológico: Corredor Biológico Chorotega (ACT). 11. El proyecto se desarrollará en un área con humedales: Se aclara que las propiedades no se localizan dentro de ningún humedal, no obstante, según la capa del Inventario Nacional de Humedales (SINAC), existen humedales cercanos a sus colindancias, tales como: - Humedal: Manglar Panamá 1, tipo estuarino, clase manglar; ubicado aproximadamente a 241 m al Oeste de la propiedad con plano 5-1186670-2007. - Humedal: Manglar Panamá 2, tipo estuarino, clase manglar; ubicado aproximadamente a 113 m al Noroeste de la propiedad con plano 5-1155787- 2007. - Humedal: Manglar Panamá 2, tipo estuarino, clase manglar; ubicado sobre la colindancia Norte de la propiedad con plano 5-1274126-2008. 12.
El proyecto se desarrollará dentro de la Zona Marítimo Terrestre: No aplica porque todas las propiedades donde se pretende desarrollar el proyecto se localizan dentro del Polo Turístico Golfo de Papagayo, administrado por el ICT, regido por la Ley 6758 y la Ley 6370, donde se regula el desarrollo específico para esta zona. 13. El cantón donde se desarrollará el proyecto cuenta con Incorporación de la variable ambiental en el POT's, aprobada por SETENA: El plan regulador del sector costero del cantón de Carrillo, no cuenta con la variable ambiental avalada por SETENA. 14. Otros datos valorados por el analista geoespacial: Se considera importante mencionarle al técnico analista en DEA, que, verificando los polígonos de los contornos de las propiedades, dos de ellas (5-1155786- 2007 y 5-1186670-2007) si son coincidentes en la forma de los contornos de los planos con el registro inmobiliario digital oficial en el SNIT; en su defecto, las otras dos propiedades presentan las siguientes condiciones: - Para el plano 5-1155787-2007: la forma del contorno del polígono de dicho plano en el registro inmobiliario digital oficial en el SNIT no es coincidente con el contorno del plano de catastro aportado por el Desarrollador, lo anterior pudiese obedecer (esto no es una afirmación) a que dicho registro inmobiliario aún no se encuentra actualizado por parte del municipio de Carrillo; no obstante, esta situación no genera impedimento para realizar la verificación geoespacial del proyecto; lo anterior, se menciona para que el técnico analista en DEA, en caso de considerarlo necesario, realice la consulta formal al Desarrollador para aclarar la causa y que la misma quede constatada dentro del expediente. - Para el plano 5-1274126-2008: al buscar los datos registrales dentro de la página web del Registro Nacional, se indica que para el mismo existe una segregación, un plano hijo del año 2020 (2-2180293- 2020).
Esta condición tampoco es impedimento para realizar la verificación geoespacial del proyecto ya que el diseño de sitio respeta los linderos de dicha segregación (no así el archivo shp del polígono de dicho plano), por lo que se le alerta al técnico analista la situación para que esté al tanto y proceda según considere necesario. INSPECCIÓN DE CAMPO En fecha 14 de julio de 2021, fue realizada la inspección de campo por parte de funcionarios de la SETENA y el señor Alejandro Jiménez Fonseca, por parte de la empresa desarrolladora. Consta en el expediente administrativo el acta de inspección y el registro fotográfico tomado al momento de la visita. SE PREVIENE AL DESARROLLADOR QUE: En todo momento, debe cumplir con lo indicado en el uso conforme de suelo establecido en el Plan Regulador Territorial del Cantón correspondiente. El proyecto sometido al proceso de evaluación de impacto ambiental mediante el presente expediente, comprende únicamente las obras descritas como descripción de proyecto adjunta al Documento de Evaluación D1, según información aportada, por lo que cualquier obra diferente, deberá de previo a su inicio presentar el análisis correspondiente.
De cambiarse el tipo de actividad del proyecto, debe informarse a la Municipalidad correspondiente. Si el proyecto requiere corta de árboles, deberá tramitar previamente el permiso en la Oficina subregional local del MINAE/SINAC (art. 27 de la Ley Forestal), además se previene que debe respetar la Áreas de Protección (art. 33 y 34 Ley Forestal), debiendo incluir en el desarrollo del proyecto buenas prácticas encaminadas a favorecer el equilibrio óptimo de los recursos naturales y el aprovechamiento sostenible del bosque según sea la categoría que manejo. Se debe mantener todas las previsiones para minimizar y reducir cualquier posibilidad de contaminar los suelos, quebradas y alcantarillas con los residuos producidos por su actividad, cumpliendo con la Ley para la Gestión Integral de Residuos, Ley Nº 8839 y su Reglamento, Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 37567- S-MINAET-H denominado Reglamento General a la Ley para la Gestión Integral de Residuos.
CUARTO: Que, en el presente procedimiento administrativo, se presentó el Formulario de D1, con el instrumento de evaluación ambiental: Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, de acuerdo al Manual de Instrumentos Técnicos para el proceso de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (Manual de EIA, parte II), los cuales fueron debidamente analizados por el Departamento de Evaluación Ambiental, se concluyó que cumplen con los términos de referencia y los requerimientos técnicos emitidos por esta Secretaría. En virtud de lo anterior, y de conformidad con las facultades de control y seguimiento establecido en el artículo 20 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, que señala: "La Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental establecerá instrumentos y medios para dar seguimiento al cumplimiento de las resoluciones de la evaluación de impacto ambiental. En los casos de violación de su contenido, podrá ordenar la paralización de las obras.
El interesado, el autor del estudio y quienes lo aprueben serán, directa y solidariamente, responsables por los daños que se causen." De lo anterior, se ha analizado y se ha determinado que los mismos cumplen, por lo que lo procedente en el presente caso es aprobar el instrumento de evaluación de impacto ambiental: Estudio de Impacto Ambiental y las matrices de impacto ambiental, presentados en el Documento D1 y otorgar la viabilidad ambiental. QUINTO: De conformidad con el Artículo No. 45°. - Resolución y otorgamiento de la Viabilidad (o Licencia) Ambiental del reglamento de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (D.E. No. 31849-2004-MINAE- MAG-MOPT,MEIC,S y sus reformas), éste contempla: “Los lineamientos o directrices ambientales de compromiso que enmarcan el otorgamiento de la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental, y que estarán basadas en todo el proceso de EIA, así como una serie de condiciones e instrumentos de control y seguimiento ambiental, que incluyen los siguientes elementos: Desarrollo e implementación de los Instrumentos de Control y Seguimiento Ambiental (ICOS), que comprenden 3 aspectos: Nombramiento de un responsable ambiental e implementación de una Bitácora Ambiental; así mismo un depósito de Garantía Ambiental de conformidad con lo establecido por la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, cuyo monto será fijado en este acto administrativo.
Estos instrumentos, deberán ser presentados a la SETENA de conformidad con el Acuerdo de Comisión Plenaria de la sesión ordinaria No. 098-2014-SETENA y su Artículo No.17, emitido por medio del acuerdo No. ACP-015-2014 del 26 de agosto del 2014; el cual dicta: “Ordenar a los desarrolladores de actividades, obras o proyectos que la presentación de los ICOS debe ser antes del inicio de los mismos, una vez otorgada la Viabilidad Ambiental y que no podrá iniciar con éstos hasta contar con los ICOS debidamente habilitados. Y que, de iniciar sin contar con éstos, se le aplicarán las sanciones establecidas en la normativa vigente”. SEXTO: Que el artículo 6 de la Modificación del Artículo 45 al Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de EIA, del Decreto Ejecutivo No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, indica sobre la Cláusula de Compromiso Ambiental Fundamental, lo siguiente: “La Presente Viabilidad (licencia) Ambiental se otorga en el entendido de que el desarrollador del proyecto, obra o actividad cumplirá de forma íntegra y cabal con todas las regulaciones y normas técnicas, legales y ambientales vigentes en el país y a ejecutarse ante otras autoridades del Estado Costarricense.
El incumplimiento de esta cláusula por parte del desarrollador no solo lo hará acreedor de las sanciones que implica el no cumplimiento de dicha regulación, sino que además, al constituir la misma, parte de la base fundamental sobre el que se sustenta la VLA, hará que de forma automática dicha VLA se anule con las consecuencias técnicas, administrativas y jurídicas que ello tiene para la actividad, obra o proyecto y para su desarrollador, en particular respecto a los alcances que tiene la aplicación del artículo 99 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente. SÉTIMO: Que al momento de emitir la presente resolución no hay apersonados o personas opuestas al desarrollo del proyecto descrito. OCTAVO: Que de acuerdo con lo establecido en inciso 3 del artículo 22 del decreto ejecutivo Nº 31849- MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, y luego de valorar la información contenida en el expediente administrativo y el instrumento de evaluación ambiental presentados, mediante el informe técnico DEA- 0322-2022-SETENA, el Departamento de Evaluación Ambiental recomienda continuar con el proceso administrativo de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental y emitir la resolución administrativa que otorga la Viabilidad (Licencia) Ambiental considerando lo establecido en el artículo 20 de la Ley 7554”
POR TANTO
LA COMISIÓN PLENARIA RESUELVE En sesión Ordinaria Nº 026 de esta Secretaría, realizada el 06 de abril de 2022, en el Artículo Nº. 14 acuerda: PRIMERO: Aprobar el Documento de Evaluación Ambiental D1 Estudio de Impacto Ambiental sometido a evaluación ambiental por el proyectista. SEGUNDO: Comunicar al interesado que, de conformidad con los artículos 17,18 y 19 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, se ha cumplido con el procedimiento de evaluación ambiental del proyecto "Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752", con expediente administrativo D1-0170-2021-SETENA, según se describe a continuación. Nombre del proyecto: Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 Ubicación: Provincia: Guanacaste Cantón: Carrillo Distrito: Sardinal Coordenadas: Latitud Longitud Detalle de las Coordenadas 1 171 837,039 320 267,107 Coordenadas medias del plano 5-1186670-2007 1 171 094,961 319 694,582 Coordenadas medias del plano 5-1155787-2007 1 170 974,246 319 238,546 Coordenadas medias del plano 5-1155787-2007 1 170 744,866 318 464,714 Coordenadas medias del plano 5-1274126-2008 1 170 667,714 317 554,889 Coordenadas medias del plano 5-1155786-2007 Número de plano catastrado: G-1155786-2007, G-1155787-2007, G- 1186670-2007 y G-1274126-2008 Número de finca: 2172-Z—000, 2169-Z—000, 2168-Z—000 y 2174-Z-- 000 Medida finca según plano (m²): 204165,91; 124827,92; 436563,63; 309064,25 Área del proyecto según diseño (m²): 1,176,420.79 Clasificación CIIU y categoría proyecto: 5510 = A Puntaje de SIA: 117Descripción del proyecto: El proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 consiste en un complejo turístico habitacional, propiciando el desarrollo de residencias y hoteles con acceso a todos los servicios básicos y recreacionales mediante la comercialización de unidades habitacionales, lotes residenciales, componentes hoteleros y de condhotel, uso mixto residencial – comercial y oficinas.
Nota: Los tres diseños restantes están ubicados en documentos adicionales Nota: Los tres montos de inversión individuales está ubicados en documentos adicionales. El componente Hotelero y de Condhotel se desarrollarán con una capacidad para alojar más de 240 huéspedes que podrá contar con habitaciones equipadas con cocina, baño privado y terraza, así como el lobby del hotel, piscinas, spa, gimnasio, restaurantes, bar, baños y vestidores, tiendas, salón de eventos, centro de bienestar, salas de ventas, oficinas administrativas, taller, cocina y lavandería, alojamiento para empleados, y toda la infraestructura vial necesaria para el acceso y circulación a las instalaciones, parqueos, aceras, senderos y planta de tratamiento. El proyecto, también constará de unidades habitacionales con parqueo para uno o dos automóviles, y áreas comunes conformadas por pasillos, azoteas, áreas verdes y juegos infantiles, rancho con piscinas, canchas y salones multiusos, gimnasio, lobby de acceso, así como la infraestructura vial para el acceso y circulación a las instalaciones, parqueos de visitas y aceras.
Por su parte los Lotes Residenciales serán zonas para el desarrollo futuro de residencias que podrán contar con patio, cocheras para varios vehículos, piscina, terrazas y azoteas. El proyecto proveerá de acceso vehiculares y peatonales, así como la infraestructura de los servicios básicos para los futuros residentes, además de zonas verdes, juegos infantiles y senderos. Por su parte la Casa Club de los lotes residenciales o unidades habitacionales contarán con un área administrativa, salón de eventos, restaurante, baños, área social, sala de juegos, piscina, gimnasio, canchas de tenis y canchas multiuso. También cuenta con zonas verdes en las cuales se ofrecen “ranchos” con electricidad, senderos para caminatas, además de juegos infantiles y parqueos para automóviles. Se establecerá un Country Club que contará con salones de eventos, área administrativa, restaurante, baños, área social, sala de juegos, piscina, gimnasio ambos con duchas y vestidores, además de jacuzzi y saunas.
También cuenta con zonas verdes en las cuales se ofrecen canchas de tenis, canchas multiuso, canchas de futbol 5, minigolf, “ranchos” con electricidad, senderos para caminatas y bicicletas, además de juegos infantiles y la infraestructura vial para el acceso y circulación a las instalaciones, parqueos de visitas y aceras. El desarrollo del área comercial y oficinas será una zona para la construcción de locales comerciales, así como oficinas para su posterior venta o alquiler. Los espacios de oficinas contaran con áreas de co- working con salas de reuniones, cafeterías, bibliotecas y salones de lectura. El área comercial podrá contar con Supermercados, mini-markets, kioscos comerciales, farmacia y clínica médica, restaurantes, cine al aire libre, mercado o plaza ferial, que sería un área destinada para impulsar el comercio y emprendedurismo, con venta de productos de la zona y huerta con mercado verde.
El uso mixto será un sitio para el desarrollo de distintas actividades sociales y culturales por los residentes del sitio y zonas aledañas, como centros de investigación, museo, escuela, guardería, capilla, redondel, plaza de deportes y centros de reunión. Dentro de los otros componentes y amenidades que serán parte del proyecto están: áreas de campamentos, senderos naturales para caminatas y senderos para bicicletas, miradores y paradas naturales para observación y decks de meditación, parques abiertos ecológicos con estaciones de picnic, lagos, áreas de reserva y conservación, bosque de pájaros con árboles frutales, puentes colgantes, parqueos y estacionamiento público, avenida principal con calles arboladas además de aceras peatonales y puentes sobre las quebradas para comunicar internamente el proyecto. El proyecto tendrá luces LED, se diseñarán las edificaciones para brindar y maximizar el uso de la luz natural, pero evitar la ganancia de calor solar.
Se utilizará sistemas de aire acondicionado de alta eficiencia que mejoran la calidad del aire interior, tienen mayor eficiencia energética. Se contará con un plan de gestión de aguas pluviales que se implementará durante la construcción reducirá la contaminación al controlar la erosión del suelo, la sedimentación de los cursos de agua. Las plantas de tratamiento y las aguas grises se utilizarán para el riego con el fin de mitigar el uso de agua potable para el riego. Todas las áreas sociales y comunes tienen accesibilidad de acuerdo con lo estipulado en la Ley 7600. Por lo que se otorga la VIABILIDAD (LICENCIA) AMBIENTAL al proyecto, quedando abierta la etapa de Gestión Ambiental y en el entendido de cumplir con la Cláusula de Compromiso Ambiental fundamental. TERCERO: De acuerdo al Decreto Nº 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, la vigencia de esta viabilidad será por un período de CINCO AÑOS para el inicio de las obras.
En caso de no iniciarse las obras en el tiempo establecido, se procederá a aplicar lo establecido en la legislación vigente. CUARTO: Autorizar el fraccionamiento de la garantía de cumplimiento de las obligaciones ambientales, según las fases del proyecto, como se indica a continuación: Fase Tipo Descripción Moneda Monto de la garantía I Constructiva Lote 1 dólares 3 741 531,31 II Constructiva Lote 4 dólares 2 747 651,33 III Constructiva Lote 3 dólares 1 071 324,48 IV Constructiva Lote 5 dólares 1 690 014,59 TOTAL Constructiva dólares 9 250 521,71 Se advierte que la garantía de cumplimiento de las obligaciones ambientales, correspondiente a cada fase, debe depositarse de previo al inicio de cada una de ellas y debe presentarse ante esta Secretaría evidencia del depósito. QUINTO: Ordenar al señor ANDRES PACHECO ALBONICO, documento de identificación número CED129994- , en calidad de representante legal de la sociedad ENJOY HOTELS & RESORTS SOCIEDAD ANONIMA, con cédula jurídica CED129995, expediente número D1-0170-2021- SETENA, depositar la garantía de cumplimiento de las obligaciones ambientales, correspondiente a la primera fase del proyecto, por un monto de USD3 741 531,31 (Tres millones setecientos cuarenta y un mil quinientos treinta y un US dólares con 31 centavos) o su equivalente en colones según el tipo de cambio del día en que se efectúe el depósito de la garantía o de su renovación, correspondiente al 1% del monto de inversión total declarado del proyecto. Para rendir la Garantía de Cumplimiento existen tres opciones:
III.Sobre el reclamo atinente a la falta de audiencia pública. El accionante objeta el otorgamiento de la viabilidad ambiental porque no se convocó a los vecinos de Playa Panamá a una audiencia pública. Al respecto, en el sub iudice, se advierte que tal agravio ya fue objeto de pronunciamiento por parte de esta Sala en sentencia nro. 2025016284 de las 9:20 horas del 30 de mayo de 2025, donde se dispuso:
“I.- OBJETO DEL RECURSO. - Manifiesta el recurrente que ante la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental se tramita el expediente No. D1-0170-2021-SETENA proyecto denominado "Bahía Papagayo", el cual, se clasificó como categoría A, sea que tiene un impacto ambiental alto conforme a lo dispuesto en el artículo 9 del Reglamento No. 31849-MINAE. Cuestiona que pese a la clasificación asignada al proyecto y que éste se llevaría a cabo en bienes de dominio público, no se llevó a cabo ninguna audiencia pública, previo al otorgamiento de la viabilidad ambiental. Refiere que, únicamente se aplicó una encuesta aleatoria a personas residentes en el área de influencia y no se documentó ningún otro mecanismo para la consulta abierta, ni procesos deliberativos con la comunidad, respecto del desarrollo del citado proyecto. Solicita la intervención de la Sala. (…)
- Esta Sala mediante sentencia N° 2025007718 de las 09:20 horas del 14 de marzo de 2025, conoció un reclamo similar al aquíexpuesto, resolviendo en lo que interesa:
“V.- Finalmente, el recurrente aduce que las autoridades recurridas violentaron el principio de participación ciudadana, al no comunicar a los vecinos y posibles afectados sobre el proyecto en cuestión. Ahora bien, sobre dicho punto, las autoridades de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental informan que como parte del EsIA se realizó un análisis de la percepción local de algunos líderes comunales de comunidades aledañas como Río Jesús de San Ramón y La Angostura de San Ramón, la comunidad de Guadalupe de Esparza se ubica aproximadamente a 2km de distancia en línea recta al AP del proyecto, y tanto La Angostura como Dulce Nombre a más de 3.5km de distancia; sin embargo, no serán afectados directamente por el transporte y actividades de la operación del proyecto, ya que las rutas o carreteras que atraviesan estos poblados no será utilizadas por el proyecto. Sin embargo, es preciso indicar que este Tribunal, estimó en la sentencia No. 6773-2014 de las 11:41 horas de 16 de mayo de 2014 -criterio que ha sido reiterado en las sentencias número 2022-25374 de las 9:20 horas de 28 de octubre de 2022, 2024-33132 de las 9:20 horas de 8 de noviembre de 2024, entre otras-, que la sede natural para vigilar el cumplimiento del principio de participación ciudadana es la justicia ordinaria y no la jurisdicción constitucional. En la referida resolución, se consideró lo siguiente:
“IV.- BAJO UNA MEJOR PONDERACIÓN. DISCUSIÓN DE LEGALIDAD. Al modificar el artículo 9 de la Constitución Política, el órgano constituyente reformador quiso dar positividad al Principio de Participación y así acercar a los administrados al proceso de toma de decisiones estatales, como parte de lo que la doctrina llama “mecanismos de corrección” de la democracia representativa. Así, el Constituyente reformador dejó los medios, alcance y oportunidad de la participación ciudadana a la normativa infra-constitucional, salvo en casos excepcionales. En ese sentido, la sede natural para vigilar su cumplimiento, es la justicia ordinaria y no la jurisdicción constitucional. Por esa razón, son ajenas y lejanas a la competencia de este Tribunal, las cuestiones que se plantean en el caso concreto, a saber, el mecanismo alternativo ordenado por la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental –a raíz de la violencia y la situación de intimidación generada en las audiencias de 9 de noviembre de 2013 y 25 de enero de 2014– a fin de garantizar la fase de comentarios de los interesados y réplicas del desarrollador en el procedimiento de evaluación ambiental del proyecto de una nueva Terminal de Contenedores en Moín, a nombre de APM Terminals Moín S.A En el caso específico, precisamente el artículo 22 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, no define si esa participación es a viva voz, por escrito o de qué manera se satisface la exigencia de la participación, lo cual requiere ser analizado en un proceso que permita la amplitud de prueba y contradictorio que, desde nuestro punto de vista, no encuadra en el amparo como proceso rápido, sencillo, sumario y especial de protección de derechos humanos fundamentales.
Le corresponde entonces, al control de legalidad y no a este Tribunal Constitucional, determinar si las actuaciones y conductas administrativas desplegadas (activas u omisas), por la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, se ajustan o no, al ordenamiento jurídico infra constitucional. Por las razones indicadas, estimamos que el tema planteado está lejos de las competencias específicas, que la Sala Constitucional está llamada a proteger, sin que ello signifique que no merezca análisis en la jurisdicción ordinaria o de mera legalidad contenciosa administrativa, conforme al artículo 49 constitucional. (…)” A partir de lo expuesto, no le corresponde a este Tribunal determinar, tal y como lo pretende el recurrente, si en el caso particular debió realizarse algún tipo de consulta sobre el proyecto en cuestión, así como tampoco le compete a esta Sala verificar cuál es el mecanismo que deben utilizar las autoridades recurridas, para garantizar de forma óptima la participación ciudadana.
De este modo y, conforme con el precedente de cita, no le corresponde a este Tribunal Constitucional determinar si las actuaciones y conductas administrativas desplegadas (activas u omisas) por la SETENA en el caso concreto se ajustan o no al ordenamiento jurídico infra constitucional, todo lo cual, deberá ser cuestionado por los recurrentes en las vías de legalidad ordinaria respectivas.”
- Manifiesta el recurrente que ante la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental se tramita el expediente No. D1-0170-2021-SETENA proyecto denominado "Bahía Papagayo", el cual, se clasificó como categoría A, sea que tiene un impacto ambiental alto conforme a lo dispuesto en el artículo 9 del Reglamento No. 31849-MINAE. Cuestiona que pese a la clasificación asignada al proyecto y que éste se llevaría a cabo en bienes de dominio público, no se llevó a cabo ninguna audiencia pública, previo al otorgamiento de la viabilidad ambiental. Refiere que, únicamente se aplicó una encuesta aleatoria a personas residentes en el área de influencia y no se documentó ningún otro mecanismo para la consulta abierta, ni procesos deliberativos con la comunidad, respecto del desarrollo del citado proyecto. Solicita la intervención de la Sala.
Al respecto, de conformidad con los informes que se consideran dados bajo fe de juramento con las consecuencias, incluso penales, previstas en el artículo 44 de la Ley que rige esta Jurisdicción, se tiene por demostrado que, el 07 de abril del 2021, SETENA recibió el Documento de Evaluación Ambiental Inicial del Proyecto: Proyecto Bahía Papagayo, el cual, se tramita bajo el expediente No. D1-0170-2021-SETENA. Asimismo, se tiene que, el 06 de mayo de 2021 la autoridad recurrida notificó al desarrollador del proyecto, la resolución N° 0677-2021- SETENA, en el cual se solicitó que en el plazo de un año, contados a partir de la notificación de dicha resolución, se presentara un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental bajo los términos de referencia para el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (EsIA), toda vez que, de conformidad con el Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, este proyecto se clasifica con un Impacto Ambiental Potencial (IAP) de Categoría A, clasificada como CIIU 5510 y en consecuencia, se exigió el instrumento de Evaluación más riguroso.
De igual forma, se tiene que, el 08 de junio de 2021 la SETENA publicó en un medio de circulación nacional, específicamente en el periódico La Teja, la información del Estudio de Impacto Ambiental del Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 para lo que correspondiera. Continuando con la tramitación del asunto, se tiene que el 14 de julio de 2021, SETENA realizó inspección de campo al área del proyecto en compañía de representantes de la empresa consultora y desarrolladora; siendo que, los hallazgos encontrados quedaron consignados en el Acta de Inspección DEA-ACT INS-017- 2021. Ahora bien, respecto al reclamo del recurrente, se tiene que, según informa SETENA, durante el proceso de evaluación no se recibió ningún apersonamiento u oposición al proyecto previo al otorgamiento de la viabilidad ambiental y tampoco una solicitud para realizar alguna audiencia pública por parte de un tercero, de acuerdo con la normativa establecida.
En ese sentido, se comprueba que, el mecanismo de participación ciudadana aplicado en el proceso de evaluación ambiental fue el estudio de percepción local, el cual se realizó con base en la normativa establecida en el decreto 32966-MINAE. "Manual de EIA IV Anexo 1 Guía general para la elaboración de instrumentos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (Guía de EIA), apartado 9 llamado. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL AMBIENTE SOCIOECONÓMICO, apartado 9.7 Percepción local sobre el Proyecto y sus posibles impactos, (Estudio cualitativo); mecanismo que, no exigía difusión previa. Por lo anterior, se tiene que, una vez analizado el Estudio de percepción en la comunidad, la SETENA mediante resolución 1263-2021-SETENA, solicitó al desarrollador un anexo único con información adicional, específicamente sobre el apartado del EsIA llamado DESCRIPCIÓN DEL AMBIENTE SOCIOECONÓMICO donde se requirió lo siguiente: “Punto 14: “Servicios básicos disponibles: En las páginas 76 y 77 del EsIA presentado, se realizan una serie de observaciones en cuanto a la inquietud de las localidades vecinas; en lo que se refiere al abastecimiento del agua potable; en el texto además se indican una serie de recomendaciones al tema del agua potable y a la preocupación de todo lo relacionado con este servicio.
Por tanto, se deberán de incluir las respectivas medidas a implementar, como respuesta a las inquietudes de los vecinos del área de influencia del proyecto (comunidades aledañas al proyecto)” Punto 20: “Para el apartado de la Percepción de la población se indica que existe un desconocimiento del proyecto es del 88%; por lo cual se refleja las necesidades de la falta de información en relación al proyecto; por tal razón deberá de realizarse los procedimientos adecuados de difusión social; a partir de los cuales se logre identificar y caracterizar los posibles conflictos sociales que puedan derivarse de la ejecución del proyecto. Por tanto, se deberán de aportarse las medidas ambientales para mitigar la percepción del (desconocimiento del proyecto). Tal como lo establece el DE-32966-MINAE. Adicionalmente se debe de considerar los potenciales impactos que puede generar el proyecto, obra o actividad sobre los servicios básicos disponibles.
Establecer recomendaciones, medidas de mitigación y/o compensación para los mismos, los cuales deben ser incorporados en el Cuadro PGA. Tal como lo establece el DE-32966- MINAE”, por lo que, en fecha indeterminada, el desarrollador adjuntó un oficio firmado por la profesional en ciencias sociales responsable de la realización del apartado del EsIA llamado DESCRIPCIÓN DEL AMBIENTE SOCIOECONÓMICO, en la cual se declara que no existen potenciales impactos a los servicios y adquiere compromisos en torno la participación y divulgación de información del proyecto. Por otra parte, se tiene que, según informa SETENA, el Manual de EIA IV Anexo 1 Guía general para la elaboración de instrumentos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (Guía de EIA), apartado 9 llamado DESCRIPCIÓN DEL AMBIENTE SOCIOECONÓMICO, señala otro mecanismo de participación llamado “Proceso participativo interactivo”; sin embargo, este no fue realizado, ya que no se identificó un alto nivel de conflicto social en los grupos o comunidades del AID, no se recibieron notas de oposición o apersonamiento al proyecto, y la mayoría de la población consultada en el estudio de percepción dijo estar de acuerdo con el desarrollo del proyecto.
Finalmente, se tiene que, según informa la autoridad recurrida, la participación ciudadana dentro de un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (EsIA) se lleva a cabo por medio de instrumentos de percepción local debidamente regulados y la participación se puede llevar a cabo durante todo el proceso de Evaluación Ambiental, incluyendo la etapa constructiva y operativa, lo cual implica que no existe actualmente una limitación en cuanto a la participación ciudadana.
Teniendo claro lo anterior, se determina que lo expuesto por el recurrente es una inconformidad con el mecanismo utilizado por el desarrollador del proyecto para el otorgamiento de la viabilidad ambiental y la decisión de SETENA de aprobar la misma. En ese sentido, véase que según se tiene por demostrado, la autoridad recurrida publicó en un medio de circulación nacional, la información del Estudio de Impacto Ambiental del Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 para lo que correspondiera, siendo que, no se recibió ningún apersonamiento u oposición al proyecto previo al otorgamiento de la viabilidad ambiental y tampoco una solicitud para realizar alguna audiencia pública por parte de un tercero, de acuerdo con la normativa establecida. Aunado a lo anterior, según se informa bajo juramento, la audiencia pública no es obligatoria para todos los proyectos clasificados tipo A, pues su realización depende de las solicitudes que reciban para tales efectos o bien por requerimiento técnico, supuestos que no acontecieron en el proyecto en cuestión, de ahí que, se utilizara como mecanismo de participación ciudadana aplicado en el proceso de evaluación ambiental, el estudio de percepción local el cual no requería difusión previa y cual, también se encontraba regulado como un procedimiento válido dentro de la normativa para tales efectos.
Así las cosas y conforme con el precedente de cita, no le corresponde a este Tribunal determinar, tal y como lo pretende el recurrente, si en el caso particular debió realizarse algún tipo de consulta sobre el proyecto en cuestión, o bien, establecer cuál es el mecanismo que deben utilizar las autoridades recurridas, para garantizar de forma óptima la participación ciudadana, toda vez que, se trata de supuestos de legalidad ordinaria que deben ser planteados ante la autoridad recurrida o bien, ante la sede judicial competente y no ante esta sede constitucional. Ergo, lo procedente es declarar sin lugar el recurso, como en efecto se hace. (…)
POR TANTO:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso”.
Además, en sentencia nro. 2025027214 de las 9:30 horas del 26 de agosto de 2025 se dispuso:
“ I.- OBJETO DEL RECURSO. El recurrente pretende que esta Sala intervenga para que las municipalidades recurridas tomen medidas y fomenten el diálogo entre ambientalistas e interesados, en relación con el Proyecto Turístico Nombre169752 y el cambio de uso de suelo, toda vez que, dicho proyecto se encuentra en una encrucijada legal, enfrentando críticas por su impacto ambiental y social y, al mismo tiempo, defendiendo su legalidad y compromiso con el desarrollo sostenible, por lo que a su juicio debe haber un diálogo entre las autoridades y la ciudadanía, así como participación ciudadana, pues la falta de diálogo podría lesionar derechos fundamentales.
Vistas las alegaciones de la parte recurrente, se le hace ver que la finalidad del recurso de amparo es brindar tutela oportuna, con efectos restitutivos, contra infracciones o amenazas a los derechos y libertades fundamentales, por lo que su procedencia, en general, está condicionada, no sólo a que se acredite la existencia de una turbación —o amenaza de ésta— a uno o más de los derechos o garantías contemplados en la Carta Política o los de carácter fundamental establecidos en los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos suscritos y debidamente incorporados al ordenamiento jurídico, sino también a que el agravio alegado comporte una amenaza o quebranto directo y grosero de aquellos derechos. Por esta razón, la Sala Constitucional también ha hecho hincapié en que la legitimación en la acción de amparo se mide por el perjuicio o la lesión infringida al recurrente o de la persona concreta en favor de la cual se promovió el recurso, no por el mero interés en la legalidad o la constitucionalidad.
Consecuentemente, no le corresponde a este Tribunal conocer directamente, por la vía sumaria del amparo, quejas y denuncias formuladas en abstracto contra disposiciones adoptadas por el Poder Público, siéndole posible admitir para estudio, solamente, aquellos reclamos en que haya indicios o elementos suficientes para presumir, prima facie, la existencia de tales amenazas o quebrantos directos y groseros de un derecho fundamental.
En el caso que nos ocupa, el recurrente acude en abstracto y de forma genérica, para solicitar que se ordene a las municipalidades recurridas fomentar el diálogo y participación ciudadana respecto del proyecto Turístico Papagayo. Sin embargo, el recurrente no expone una situación concreta e individual que presuponga la amenaza directa de sus derechos fundamentales o de un tercero. De manera que, pretende que este Tribunal controle en abstracto la constitucionalidad o legalidad, de lo alegado, sin que exista de por medio una situación real sobre la cual ejercer ese control, lo cual, como se indicó, resulta improcedente en el amparo.
Adicionalmente, no le compete a este Tribunal usurpar las competencias legalmente asignadas a las autoridades recurridas a fin de revisar y determinar, conforme a los técnicos, jurídicos y de idoneidad, así como de oportunidad y conveniencia, si las autoridades recurridas deben o no fomentar el diálogo o la participación ciudadana respecto del proyecto turístico en cuestión; toda vez que, ello es una labor propia de la Administración, cuyos diferendos deben ser planteados ante la propia autoridad recurrida o en la vía judicial correspondiente, a través de los mecanismos de impugnación dispuestos al efecto, por ser ajenos al ámbito de competencias de esta jurisdicción especializada. Así las cosas, deberá la parte recurrente -si a bien lo tiene- acudir a las vías de legalidad correspondiente a plantear los reclamos que estimen pertinentes, para que se resuelvan como en Derecho corresponda. En consecuencia, el amparo resulta inadmisible y así se declara.
Por tanto:
Se rechaza de plano el recurso”.
Desde está panorama, la Sala no encuentra mérito alguno para variar los criterios antedichos. De ahí que no le corresponde a este Tribunal determinar, tal y como lo pretende el recurrente, si en el caso particular debió realizarse algún tipo de consulta sobre el proyecto en cuestión, o bien, establecer cuál es el mecanismo que deben utilizar las autoridades recurridas, para garantizar de forma óptima la participación ciudadana, toda vez que, se trata de supuestos de legalidad ordinaria que deben ser planteados ante la autoridad recurrida o bien, ante la sede judicial competente y no ante esta sede constitucional.
La misma suerte corren los alegatos del accionante respecto a la obligación de las municipalidades de Carrillo y Liberia de emitir un criterio, pues no compete a la Sala determinar, según la normativa infraconstitucional que rige la materia, si a las corporaciones locales accionadas debían o no solicitársele criterio alguno por parte de Setena.
Ergo, lo procedente es declarar sin lugar este extremo del recurso.
IV.Sobre el cuestionamiento a la viabilidad ambiental otorgada. El accionante cuestiona el otorgamiento de la viabilidad ambiental, pues no se evaluaron debidamente los impactos sobre los bosques, humedales y manglares del área, lo que pone en riesgo el patrimonio natural del Estado. Cuestiona que el informe forestal utilizado haya sido elaborado por la propia empresa desarrolladora, sin objetividad ni exhaustividad, y que no se incorporaran medidas de mitigación adecuadas.
Al respecto, la Sala tiene por demostrado que el 7 de abril del 2021, la Setena recibió el Documento de Evaluación Ambiental Inicial del Proyecto: Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 formulado por Enjoy Hotels & Resosrts S.A, el cual se tramita bajo el expediente D1-0170-2021-SETENA. El proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 se describe de la siguiente manera: “un complejo turístico habitacional, propiciando el desarrollo de residencias y hoteles con acceso a todos los servicios básicos y recreacionales mediante la comercialización de unidades habitacionales, lotes residenciales, componentes hoteleros y de condhotel, uso mixto residencial – comercial y oficinas. El componente Hotelero y de Condhotel se desarrollarán con una capacidad para alojar más de 240 huéspedes que podrá contar con habitaciones equipadas con cocina, baño privado y terraza, así como el lobby del hotel, piscinas, spa, gimnasio, restaurantes, bar, baños y vestidores, tiendas, salón de eventos, centro de bienestar, salas de ventas, oficinas administrativas, taller, cocina y lavandería, alojamiento para empleados, y toda la infraestructura vial necesaria para el acceso y circulación a las instalaciones, parqueos, aceras, senderos y planta de tratamiento.
El proyecto, también constará de unidades habitacionales con parqueo para uno o dos automóviles, y áreas comunes conformadas por pasillos, azoteas, áreas verdes y juegos infantiles, rancho con piscinas, canchas y salones multiusos, gimnasio, lobby de acceso, así como la infraestructura vial para el acceso y circulación a las instalaciones, parqueos de visitas y aceras. Por su parte los Lotes Residenciales serán zonas para el desarrollo futuro de residencias que podrán contar con patio, cocheras para varios vehículos, piscina, terrazas y azoteas. El proyecto proveerá de acceso vehiculares y peatonales, así como la infraestructura de los servicios básicos para los futuros residentes, además de zonas verdes, juegos infantiles y senderos. Por su parte la Casa Club de los lotes residenciales o unidades habitacionales contarán con un área administrativa, salón de eventos, restaurante, baños, área social, sala de juegos, piscina, gimnasio, canchas de tenis y canchas multiuso.
También cuenta con zonas verdes en las cuales se ofrecen “ranchos” con electricidad, senderos para caminatas, además de juegos infantiles y parqueos para automóviles. Se establecerá un Country Club que contará con salones de eventos, área administrativa, restaurante, baños, área social, sala de juegos, piscina, gimnasio ambos con duchas y vestidores, además de jacuzzi y saunas. También cuenta con zonas verdes en las cuales se ofrecen canchas de tenis, canchas multiuso, canchas de futbol 5, minigolf, “ranchos” con electricidad, senderos para caminatas y bicicletas, además de juegos infantiles y la infraestructura vial para el acceso y circulación a las instalaciones, parqueos de visitas y aceras. El desarrollo del área comercial y oficinas será una zona para la construcción de locales comerciales, así como oficinas para su posterior venta o alquiler. Los espacios de oficinas contaran con áreas de co-working con salas de reuniones, cafeterías, bibliotecas y salones de lectura.
El área comercial podrá contar con Supermercados, mini-markets, kioscos comerciales, farmacia y clínica médica, restaurantes, cine al aire libre, mercado o plaza ferial, que sería un área destinada para impulsar el comercio y emprendedurismo, con venta de productos de la zona y huerta con mercado verde. El uso mixto será un sitio para el desarrollo de distintas actividades sociales y culturales por los residentes del sitio y zonas aledañas, como centros de investigación, museo, escuela, guardería, capilla, redondel, plaza de deportes y centros de reunión. Dentro de los otros componentes y amenidades que serán parte del proyecto están: áreas de campamentos, senderos naturales para caminatas y senderos para bicicletas, miradores y paradas naturales para observación y decks de meditación, parques abiertos ecológicos con estaciones de picnic, lagos, áreas de reserva y conservación, bosque de pájaros con árboles frutales, puentes colgantes, parqueos y estacionamiento público, avenida principal con calles arboladas además de aceras peatonales y puentes sobre las quebradas para comunicar internamente el proyecto.
El proyecto tendrá luces LED, se diseñarán las edificaciones para brindar y maximizar el uso de la luz natural, pero evitar la ganancia de calor solar. Se utilizará sistemas de aire acondicionado de alta eficiencia que mejoran la calidad del aire interior, tienen mayor eficiencia energética. Se contará con un plan de gestión de aguas pluviales que se implementará durante la construcción reducirá la contaminación al controlar la erosión del suelo, la sedimentación de los cursos de agua. Las plantas de tratamiento y las aguas grises se utilizarán para el riego con el fin de mitigar el uso de agua potable para el riego. Todas las áreas sociales y comunes tienen accesibilidad de acuerdo con lo estipulado en la Ley 7600”.
Además, debido a la naturaleza del proyecto, a la magnitud del volumen de tierra que debe ser removido, la necesaria protección de la flora y fauna, la extensión del área de construcción, los servicios públicos presentes en el área y su posible afectación; así como el hecho de que debe ser tomado en cuenta el componente social, por el tamaño del área del proyecto y de las áreas de influencia, se requería de un instrumento que brinde un diagnóstico intensivo e integral que conlleve al cumplimiento de las características de un desarrollo sostenible. El 6 de mayo de 2021, la Setena le notificó al desarrollador del proyecto la resolución nro. 0677-2021- SETENA, del 5 de mayo del 2021, donde se le ordenó, a efectos de continuar con el proceso de evaluación ambiental, que en el plazo de un año, contados a partir de la notificación de esa resolución, se aportara un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, bajo los términos de referencia para el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (EsIA), toda vez que, de conformidad con el Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, este proyecto se clasifica con un Impacto Ambiental Potencial (IAP) de Categoría A, clasificada como CIIU 5510 y en consecuencia, se exigió el instrumento de Evaluación más riguroso.
Posteriormente, el 14 de julio de 2021, la Setena realizó la visita de campo al área del proyecto en compañía de representantes de la empresa consultora y desarrolladora. En tal ocasión se emitieron los siguientes hallazgos en el Acta de Inspección DEA-ACT INS-017- 2021: “• Topografía entre plana y suave cerca de las quebrada y fuerte y muy fuerte en el resto de las propiedades, no hay taludes en el AP. • Taludes en el AP: La pendiente es hacia las quebradas, se debe proveer manejo de aguas pluviales con base al movimiento de tierras. • Escorrentía superficial fluye hasta las quebradas y luego al manglar. • No hay evidencia de deslizamientos. • Posibles cuerpos de agua superficial al momento de la visita se encuentran en época transición con quebradas sin flujo, registradas en el SNIT-SINIGIRH. Quebrada Pto29 estero Rocha 319951-1171787 y sardina con descarga hacia manglar. Quebrada Pto.33 Quebrada Estero Panamá 318547-1170615 posible obra en cauce, Pozos del AyA. • No hay evidencia de inundaciones en el AP ni en las colindancias. • Cobertura observada es vegetación riparia, charral-Tacotal, Cobertura Forestal. • No hay características indicadoras de Humedal. • Fauna observada aves, mamíferos y reptiles. • Componente social es zona rural, con infraestructura social, accesos de asfalto y lastre públicos y privados.
Tránsito moderado con señalización vial. • Colindancias inmediatas al AP sector norte: Privado y calle pública, Sur: Reserva Forestal, Este: uso agropecuario-Forestal, Oeste: Forestal. • No ha iniciado obras y se observan arboles enumerados en inventario forestal. Se incluye el Registro Fotográfico de la visita”.
También se constata que, mediante resolución 1263-2021-SETENA del 18 de agosto de 2021, la Setena dispuso: “POR TANTO LA COMISIÓN PLENARIA RESUELVE En sesión Ordinaria Nº 63 de esta Secretaría, realizada el 18 de agosto de 2021, en el Artículo Nº. 14 acuerda: PRIMERO: A efecto de continuar con el procedimiento de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental se ordena a ENJOY HOTELS & RESORTS S.A.., con cédula jurídica Nº CED129995, desarrolladora del proyecto “Proyecto Bahía Papagayo” la presentación de un único anexo, (en original y dos copias), que contenga los requerimientos estipulados en el CONSIDERANDO CUARTO de esta Resolución y para lo cual se le otorga un plazo de 6 meses. SEGUNDO: Prevenir al desarrollador que una vez analizado el anexo al EsIA, si el mismo NO cumple con los requerimientos fijados por esta Secretaría, o si NO se presenta dentro del plazo establecido, se procederá al ARCHIVO del expediente, lo anterior de conformidad con el Artículo 264 de la Ley General de Administración Pública.
TERCERO: Toda documentación que sea presentada ante la SETENA deberá indicarse claramente el número de expediente, el número de resolución y el nombre completo del proyecto. CUARTO: Contra esta resolución cabe interponer dentro del plazo de tres días hábiles, contados a partir del día hábil siguiente a la notificación, los recursos ordinarios de revocatoria ante la SETENA, y el de apelación ante el Ministro de Ambiente y Energía, de conformidad con los artículos 342 y siguientes de la Ley General de Administración Pública Nº 6227, y 87 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente Nº 7554. QUINTO: Toda documentación que sea presentada ante la SETENA deberá indicar claramente el número de expediente, el número de resolución y el nombre completo del proyecto. También se deberá indicar una dirección de correo electrónico, para recibir notificaciones de parte de esta Secretaría. SEXTO: El expediente completo, así como los documentos que la SETENA ha emitido durante el proceso de Evaluación estarán a disposición del desarrollador en la dirección web: https://tramites.setena.go.cr/Expedientes/form_public_expediente_setena?e=EXPEDIENTES/2021/D1 -0170-2021 Donde debe ser verificado por este o por cualquier interesado e instancia pública o privada.
Para todo efecto legal de acuerdo a la Ley 8454, la firma digital emitida por una autoridad certificadora registrada tiene la equivalencia jurídica de una firma manuscrita, según el artículo 4 que indica: "Artículo 4º- Calificación jurídica y fuerza probatoria. Los documentos electrónicos se calificarán como públicos o privados, y se les reconocerá fuerza probatoria en las mismas condiciones que a los documentos físicos", por lo que de conformidad Artículo 1, párrafo segundo, de la Ley supracitada a la letra indica: "El Estado y todas las entidades públicas quedan expresamente facultados para utilizar los certificados, las firmas digitales y los documentos electrónicos, dentro de sus respectivos ámbitos de competencia", así ratificado mediante la Directriz Nº. 067-MICITT-H-MEIC donde el Estado Costarricense promueve la "Masificación de la implementación y el uso de la Firma Digital en el Sector Público Costarricense".
SÉTIMO: De conformidad con el artículo 8 de la Ley 8220, no podrá solicitarse al interesado que requiera un trámite la presentación de certificaciones, copias de información que ya posea otra institución, según los medios legales preestablecidos”. Posteriormente, en fecha indeterminada, el desarrollador adjuntó un oficio firmado por la profesional en ciencias sociales responsable de la realización del apartado del EsIA llamado DESCRIPCIÓN DEL AMBIENTE SOCIOECONÓMICO, en la cual se declara que no existen potenciales impactos a los servicios y adquiere compromisos en torno la participación y divulgación de información del proyecto.
Finalmente, mediante resolución nro. 0591-2022-SETENA del 6 de abril de 2022, la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental dispuso: “CONSIDERANDO PRIMERO: Que el artículo 19 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente señala "Las resoluciones de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental deberán ser fundadas y razonadas. Serán obligatorias tanto para los particulares como para los entes y organismos públicos." Por su parte el artículo 17 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente señala que: "Las actividades humanas que alteren o destruyan elementos del ambiente o generen residuos, materiales tóxicos o peligrosos, requerirán una evaluación de impacto ambiental por parte de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental creada en esta ley. Su aprobación previa, de parte de este organismo, será requisito indispensable para iniciar las actividades, obras o proyectos. Las leyes y los reglamentos indicarán cuales actividades, obras o proyectos requerirán la evaluación de impacto ambiental." SEGUNDO: De conformidad con el artículo 282 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública (LGAP), y con base en la documentación aportada al expediente administrativo, se tiene por legitimado al señor ANDRES PACHECO ALBONICO, documento de identificación número 01-1066-0062, para solicitar la evaluación de impacto ambiental del Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752, expediente administrativo D1-0170- 2021-SETENA.
TERCERO: Sobre la información presentada al expediente administrativo y consideraciones generales. De acuerdo al Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC y sus modificaciones, en el cual se establece la documentación requerida para los proyectos D1, se tiene:
Contenido Detalles Estudio de Impacto Ambiental Se presenta.
Monto global de inversión Lote # Plano Monto Lote 1 5-1186670-2007 $ 374 153 131,00 Lote 3 5-1155787-2007 $ 107 132 448,00 Lote 4 5-1274126-2008 $ 274 765 133,00 Lote 5 5-1155786-2007 $ 169 001 459,00 Total US$925 052 171,00 Diseño de sitio Se presenta.
Registro fotográfico Se presenta.
Descripción del proyecto Se presenta.
Ubicación cartográfica Se presenta.
Medidas Ambientales Se presenta.
Autorización o contratos Oficios (SENARA, MOPT, SINAC, etc.)
Con respeto a los estudios técnicos contemplados en la Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), disponibles en el expediente administrativo se tiene:
Contenido Observaciones Estudio de Geotécnico Presenta un análisis geotécnico por lote. Con base en la información obtenida de este estudio, se considera que el terreno presenta condiciones aceptables desde el punto de vista geotécnico para desarrollar obras, siempre y cuando se sigan las recomendaciones indicadas en los apartados correspondientes de este informe. • En general, el perfil estratigráfico del subsuelo en todos los terrenos consiste en dos capas, a saber: a) limo arenoso color café, de consistencia mayormente variable entre blanda y media; y b) arena limosa color café y/o gris con presencia de bloques de cascajo, de compacidad relativa mayormente variable entre firme y densa. • En términos generales, se recomienda emplear un sistema de cimentación convencional superficial, a base de placas aisladas y/o corridas. Las recomendaciones específicas de cimentación se indican en los apartados correspondientes. • Una vez que se cuente con mayores detalles del proyecto, INSUMA está en disposición de revisar las recomendaciones anteriormente brindadas y hacer los respectivos ajustes en caso de ser necesario. • En la sección correspondiente se presentan los parámetros de empuje que deben ser utilizados para el diseño de los muros del proyecto, o bien para elementos enterrados sometidos a empuje (piscinas, fosas, tanques enterrados, entre otros). • Con base en las características evaluadas en el sitio investigado, para el análisis sísmico de las estructuras se recomienda considerar el suelo de cimentación como S2, según lo establecido por el Código Sísmico de Costa Rica 2010. • Se destaca que las perforaciones ejecutadas son de carácter puntual, por lo que pueden encontrarse variaciones en otras zonas del terreno. Por tal motivo, durante el proceso constructivo debe darse una inspección apropiada, para garantizar que las condiciones asumidas en el diseño se cumplen en el campo.
Estudio Hidrogeológico Variación en la Escorrentía Superficial del Cauce. Con base en el presente informe, considerando que los cauces de dominio público que colindan y atraviesan el AP vierten directamente al Océano Pacífico (Bahía Panamá), el incremento en la escorrentía superficial con la implementación del Proyecto, no tendría afectación en poblados o infraestructura aguas abajo. Adicionalmente, por las dimensiones del Proyecto, es criterio de este profesional, que el incremento en la escorrentía será marginal, y que los cauces tienen capacidad de carga para aceptar un aumento del caudal superficial como consecuencia del desarrollo del proyecto. Por lo tanto, se concluye que no se requiere evaluar la variación en la escorrentía superficial de la cuenca, y adicionalmente no es necesario implementar medidas de mitigación o compensación por el incremento marginal en el caudal máximo instantáneo de las microcuencas evaluadas.
Potencialidad de Inundación en el AP. Se evalúa la potencialidad de los cauces de dominio público identificados de generar un desbordamiento que puedan afectar las obras a implementar. Basado en la observación de campo y considerando la cota de inundación obtenida del modelo hidráulico ejecutado, se concluye lo siguiente: Estero Rocha – Lote 1: Se manifiesta riesgo de desbordamiento durante eventos de precipitación extrema, por efecto primordialmente de la alcantarilla de paso sobre Ruta Nacional Nº159. Se demuestra que la alcantarilla no es eficiente, y el efecto remanso afecta el área de protección y sectores colindantes del Proyecto. Quebrada Sin Nombre 01- Lote 3: Se manifiesta riesgo de desbordamiento durante eventos de precipitación extrema, por efecto primordialmente de la alcantarilla doble de paso sobre Ruta Nacional N° 159. Se demuestra que la alcantarilla no es eficiente, y el efecto remanso afecta el área de protección y sectores colindantes del Proyecto.
En ambos cauces, el efecto se mantiene únicamente aguas arriba de la alcantarilla de paso, hasta una distancia no mayor a 50 metros. El resto de cauce ostenta condiciones de flujo normales, sin riesgo de desbordamiento, ni velocidades excesivas que potencialmente generan erosión en los márgenes. Lo anterior se ratifica a través del Mapa de Riesgos y Amenazas Naturales de la CNE para el Cantón de Carrillo, mismo que muestra que la región NO se cataloga como propensa a inundación. Al respecto, es imperativo que las obras se construyan siempre fuera del área de protección de los cauces de dominio público descritos, siguiendo lo estipulado por la Ley Forestal N° 7575, artículo 33 (el área de protección corresponde a 15 metros con respecto a la rivera de los ríos).
Certificación de Riesgo Antrópico Este procedimiento permitió establecer que, para el área del proyecto en cuestión, y según los requerimientos del decreto ejecutivo N° 32712-MINAE, que dentro del área del Proyecto no existen fuentes de riesgo antrópico que lo afecten, De acuerdo con el Mapa de Amenazas Naturales Potenciales para el Cantón, de la Comisión Nacional de Emergencias (en adelante CNE), el AP NO se localiza dentro de la llanura de inundación de ningún cauce, o en una zona de bajo riesgos naturales de otro tipo.
Geología Básica Unificado Resumen de resultados Este informe presenta los resultados del Estudio Técnico de Geología Básica del Terreno realizado para el Proyecto Complejo Turístico- Residencial, que se encuentra en terrenos ubicados en Sardinal, Guanacaste, en los planos catastros 5-1186670- 2007, 5-1155787-2007, 5-1274126-2008, 5-1155786-2007. Los lotes que conforman el proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 predominan los suelos de tipo limo arenosos y arenas limosas, además se conforma de suelos residuales y aluviales detectados en el área del proyecto, estos suelos corresponden con la meteorización de las rocas basálticas del complejo de Nicoya y los flujos piroclásticos de la Formación Bagaces, las cuales presentan gran extensión regional. Estructuralmente a varios kilómetros del AP se presentan varias fallas paleotectónicas (no activas) y una serie de fallas del Cuaternario. Se cuenta regionalmente con un mapeo geológico detallado, esto a partir de la cartografía geológica 1:50 000 de la Península de Nicoya realizada por Nombre169753 et al (2014).
Regionalmente la geomorfología está definida por la litología y por la acción de la erosión del agua, básicamente en el área de estudio está constituida por llanuras aluviales en las zonas de baja pendiente y laderas denudacionales de media a alta pendiente, llegando a elevaciones que varían entre 20 y 120 m.s.n.m, en esta unidad geomorfológica se dan pendientes entre 30° y 45°. Dentro de los resultados destacables del estudio de la hidrogeología ambiental para el proyecto se remarca que mediante el análisis de vulnerabilidad a la contaminación realizado con el método G.O.D, se definió que el AP tiene una vulnerabilidad media. Asimismo, se efectuó el cálculo para el tránsito de contaminantes biológicos advectivo (bacterias) para la zona del AP, a partir de los parámetros promedios del modelo hidrogeológico, dando como resultado 135 días de tránsito vertical en la zona no saturada, cumpliendo con la norma que establece un mínimo de 70 días para medios porosos.
Además, se realizó un inventario de los elementos hidrogeológicos en el AP y su área de influencia para que se respeten los retiros por ley de estos puntos. La información fue obtenida de las bases de datos de la Dirección de Agua y SENARA. Según la información recopilada, se considera que la principal amenaza natural de carácter local que presenta el AP es la amenaza por inestabilidad de laderas, por lo que se deberá controlar la escorrentía superficial durante la fase constructiva y en la fase operacional del proyecto para evitar la erosión de los suelos y que conlleve a otros factores de mayor magnitud, como inestabilidad en el terreno. Otra afectación a considerar, pero de índole regional, es la amenaza sísmica, ya que las fallas neotectónicas identificadas tienen potencial de generar eventos sísmicos importantes y la región Pacífica Norte presenta sismos de magnitud mayor a 6 Mw, como han ocurrido históricamente, siendo el sismo de Samara del 2012 el más reciente, con las afectaciones segundarias asociadas a estos eventos.
Tomando en cuenta todas las condiciones que enmarcan este proyecto se considera que es viable, siempre que se acaten las recomendaciones expuestas en el presente estudio y en la legislación nacional, con el fin de que el entorno inmediato del proyecto no se vea amenazado, ni el proyecto. Considerando ciertos aspectos constructivos necesarios, las condiciones geológicas e hidrogeológicas no desfavorecen la ejecución proyecto. En términos generales, se considera que la geoaptitud del sitio resulta favorable para el desarrollo del proyecto planteado. Resumen de conclusiones técnicas Regionalmente, los suelos son de tipo limo arenosos y arenas arcillosas, estos materiales conforman los suelos residuales y aluviales detectados en el área del proyecto. La génesis de estos suelos corresponde con la meteorización de las rocas basálticas del complejo de Nicoya y los flujos piroclásticos de la Formación Bagaces, las cuales presentan gran extensión regional.
Morfológicamente la zona es caracterizada por relieves planos en las llanuras, y ondulados que conforman las laderas denudacionales de los sistemas montañosos costeros. En los lotes que conforman el proyecto los depósitos son predominantemente aluviales, y están constituidos por materiales de textura limo arenosa a areno limosa, con presencia de fragmentos de roca meteorizada, de color café, inconsolidados, que conforman suelos de entre 4 m y 6 m de espesor. En la zona del AP se distinguen dos unidades hidrogeológicas, una de bajo potencial hídrico relacionada con las rocas del Complejo de Nicoya y un acuífero en los sedimentos aluviales. El acuífero en mención es de tipo libre, pero con áreas donde se presenta un confinamiento, con transmisividades altas relacionadas a caudales de extracción altos, asimismo el nivel del agua subterránea en promedio se encuentra a 5 metros, pero puede variar localmente y estacionalmente a lo largo del año hídrico.
En la zona del proyecto se localizan una serie de pozos y concesiones registradas, a las cuales se les debe respetar los retiros de ley. En cuanto a la vulnerabilidad a la contaminación se establece que el AP tiene un carácter de vulnerabilidad media. Los resultados del tránsito de contaminantes realizado con los supuestos y las evidencias que apoyan el modelo hidrogeológico, dan como resultado un tránsito vertical en la zona no saturada de 135 días, cumpliendo los 70 días mencionados para acuíferos porosos ante la contaminación por bacterias. El AP se puede ver afectado por la actividad sísmica, una de las principales amenazas presentes en el área inmediata del AP, debido a la cercanía de fallas geológicas importantes y a la Fosa Centroamérica que se localiza en el Océano Pacífico. Además de la inestabilidad de laderas, debido a la presencia de terrenos ondulados y con pendientes moderadas, por lo que se debe tener un estricto control en el manejo de aguas, con el fin de evitar la escorrentía superficial, y con esto evitar problemas de inestabilidad.
Se recomienda respetar la legislación vigente en materia de calidades de construcción, como lo es el Código de Cimentaciones de Costa Rica y el Código Sísmico de Costa Rica. Esto debido a la amenaza sísmica de la zona. Por lo tanto, desde el punto de vista geológico ambiental, hidrogeológico ambiental y de amenazas naturales el proyecto es viable si se respetan las indicaciones establecidas por ley y las recomendaciones de este estudio.
Reporte Arqueológico Rápido Requiere Evaluación Arqueológica Para recuperar mayor información se debe realizar de manera obligatoria una Evaluación Arqueológica en Lote 3 y Lote 4. Además de forma precautoria debe realizarse una supervisión arqueológica de movimientos de tierra en todoslos lotes que conforman el proyecto. En el Lote 3, debe evaluarse intensivamente el sector Norte (pozos cada 10m), que fue donde se concentran las altas densidades de materiales (Ubicación: 10° 35' 17"N y 85°38' 51"W en un radio de 50m a la redonda dentro del AP), además de evaluar desde la calle 40m hacia el interior del terreno. Para sectores ubicados fuera del área de alta densidad se recomiendan pozos ubicados a distancias mayores. Para el resto del terreno se recomiendan excavaciones selectivas en áreas donde se considere se puedan recuperar datos de distribución de hallazgos aislados. Se puede descartar la necesidad de evaluar las partes más altas de este lote ubicadas al fondo.
Para el Lote 4 las excavaciones intensivas deben concentrarse en el área de conchero (Ubicación 10° 34' 52"N y 85°39' 25"W en un radio de 30m a la redonda) y sus cercanías inmediatas y sobre la loma donde se ubica un cementerio (Ubicación: 10° 34' 58"N y 85° 39' 32"W en un radio de 20m a la redonda). También se considera viable dejar un área de reserva arqueológica dependiendo del acomodo de las obras a realizar. Además, se debe evaluar el sector junto a un camino interno en las cercanías de la margen izquierda de la quebrada (Ubicación 10° 34' 53" N y 85° 39' 35" W en un radio de 60m a la redonda dentro del AP).
Biológico rápido Desarrolla el estudio en el ESIA. Dentro del AP se encuentran cuatro cauces de quebradas, estos cauces no deben ser afectados por las obras ya que se les debe de mantener la zona de protección. Además, parte de la propiedad se ubica dentro del Corredor Biológico Diriá. Si bien el proyecto no se ubica dentro de ningún área silvestre protegida, en algunas de las zonas de influencia directa se encuentran humedales que se deben de mantener sin alteraciones, los humedales son ecosistemas protegidos según la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N° 7554. Además, tanto el área de influencia directa como el área de influencia indirecta del proyecto se encuentran dentro de la Zona Marítimo Terrestre, por lo que se deben de tomar las medidas de mitigación necesarias. Según las actividades que se tienen planteadas realizar para este proyecto, no existirá una afectación a ecosistemas de interés.
Los estudios realizados señalan una serie de recomendaciones que deben acatarse según lo indicado, como parte de los compromisos ambientales del proyecto. En caso de requerirse la eliminación de algún árbol, debe de tramitar el permiso correspondiente ante la oficina del MINAE, y en caso que se ubiquen cuerpos de agua superficial o pozos dentro o en los límites del AP, deberá de aplicarse la legislación vigente en materia de zonas de protección. Para cada impacto ambiental identificado en la matriz básica de identificación de impactos ambientales, se presenta la correspondiente medida de mitigación. Siendo que cada estudio y/o justificaciones han sido elaboradas por profesionales atinentes, se les considera responsables directos de la información técnica científica que se aporta en los mismos, cuya información tiene carácter de Declaración Jurada por lo que se considera actual y verdadera.
En caso contrario pueden derivarse consecuencias penales del hecho según lo establece el artículo 9 del Decreto Ejecutivo No.31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC reformado por el artículo 2º del Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 32734 del 09 de agosto de 2005, así las cosas y consecuentes con las conclusiones y recomendaciones emitidas, esta Secretaría previene al Consultor Ambiental y el Desarrollador el deber de incluir las mismas, como parte de los compromisos ambientales adquiridos mediante el presente análisis. De conformidad con el análisis del proyecto que han presentado el desarrollador y consultor ambiental, según las regulaciones aplicables a la operación de la actividad obra o proyecto hay un reglamento en materia ambiental, que de acuerdo a la clasificación del área según la zona de ubicación de proyecto, este se encuentra localizado en una zona autorizada por Plan Regulador u otra planificación ambiental de uso de suelo, aprobados por la SETENA, incluyendo la variable ambiental, por consiguiente, estableciendo una calificación de la SIA Final de 117 puntos, por lo que el instrumento de evaluación ambiental que corresponde es Estudio de Impacto Ambiental.
Del análisis de la Georreferenciación que realizara la Unidad de Geografía de esta Secretaría, -análisis que consta en el expediente administrativo, así establecido según Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 37803-MINAE- S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, artículo 2; se conoce lo siguiente: 1. En esta propiedad se han tramitado otros expedientes: Dentro de los planos de catastro 5-1274126- 2008 y 5-1186670-2007 se han tramitado ante la SETENA los siguientes expedientes: - D1-0518- 2019 (5-1274126-2008) - D1-0157-2019 (5-1186670-2007) Por lo anterior, se le recomienda al técnico analista en DEA, verificar detalles y estado actual de dichos expedientes. 2. Cobertura SNIT y FONAFIFO, presente dentro del AP: FONAFIFO 2005 5-1155786-2007: Forestal y No Forestal. 5-1155787-2007: Forestal y No Forestal. 5-1186670-2007: Forestal, No Forestal, Bosque Sec. 5-1274126-2008: Forestal, No Forestal, Plant. Forest. FONAFIFO 2013 5-1155786- 2007: Bosque Deciduo, Bosque Secundario, No Forestal. 5-1155787-2007: Bosque Deciduo, Bosque Maduro, Bosque Secundario, No Forestal. 5-1186670-2007: Bosque Deciduo, Bosque Maduro, Bosque Secundario, No Forestal, Pastos. 5-1274126-2008: Bosque Deciduo, Bosque Maduro, Bosque Secundario, No Forestal. 3.
Características del terreno (relieve): Plano 5-1186670-2007 Planos: pendientes de 0-2% Escarpados: pendientes +60% Clase VII: manejo de bosque Plano 5-1155787-2007 Planos: pendientes de 0-2% Escarpados: pendientes +60% Clase II: agropecuarios con limitaciones leves Clase VII: manejo de bosque Plano 5-11274126-2008 Planos: pendientes de 0-2% Escarpados: pendientes +60% Clase II: agropecuarios con limitaciones leves Clase VII: manejo de bosque Plano 5-1155786-2007 Planos: pendientes de 0-2% Escarpados: pendientes +60% Clase VII: manejo de bosque. 4. Cercanía a fallas geológicas (indicar distancia): Las fallas más cercanas a las propiedades se localizan aproximadamente: - una a 3 km al Este - una a 2,3 km al Sureste - una a 3,9 km al Sur. 5. El proyecto se encuentra afectado por alguna naciente o pozo, o por su radio de protección: Según la base de datos de la Dirección de Aguas en su visor del SINIGIRH, las siguientes propiedades se encuentran afectadas por pozos y sus respectivos radios de protección: (ver imágenes adjuntas) Plano 11-86670-2007: dentro de dicha propiedad se localizan dos pozos administrados por acueducto rural.
Plano 5-1274126-2008: dentro de dicha propiedad se localizan dos pozos administrados por acueducto rural. Es importante aclarar que en las colindancias a esta propiedad la base de datos de la Dirección de Aguas tiene identificados otros pozos, no obstante, ninguno de ellos ni sus respectivos radios de protección afectan a la misma. 6. Existen cuerpos de agua dentro o en un radio de 50 metros alrededor del área en donde se desarrollará el proyecto: Plano 5-1186670-2007: esta propiedad es atravesada por la Quebrada Grande, la Quebrada Sardina y por otra quebrada intermitente sin nombre. Plano 5-1155787-2007: esta propiedad es atravesada por una quebrada intermitente sin nombre. Plano 5-1274126-2008: esta propiedad es atravesada por una quebrada intermitente sin nombre.7. El proyecto se desarrollará sobre un acuífero (cuál): Acuífero Coco-Panamá-Playa Hermosa. 8. El proyecto se desarrollará en una zona con vulnerabilidad acuífera (SENARA): No se cuenta con datos de vulnerabilidad para este sector. 9.
El sector donde se desarrollará el proyecto presenta datos de recarga (SENARA): No se cuenta con datos de recarga para este sector. 10. El proyecto se desarrollará dentro de un corredor biológico: Corredor Biológico Chorotega (ACT). 11. El proyecto se desarrollará en un área con humedales: Se aclara que las propiedades no se localizan dentro de ningún humedal, no obstante, según la capa del Inventario Nacional de Humedales (SINAC), existen humedales cercanos a sus colindancias, tales como: - Humedal: Manglar Panamá 1, tipo estuarino, clase manglar; ubicado aproximadamente a 241 m al Oeste de la propiedad con plano 5-1186670-2007. - Humedal: Manglar Panamá 2, tipo estuarino, clase manglar; ubicado aproximadamente a 113 m al Noroeste de la propiedad con plano 5-1155787- 2007. - Humedal: Manglar Panamá 2, tipo estuarino, clase manglar; ubicado sobre la colindancia Norte de la propiedad con plano 5-1274126-2008. 12.
El proyecto se desarrollará dentro de la Zona Marítimo Terrestre: No aplica porque todas las propiedades donde se pretende desarrollar el proyecto se localizan dentro del Polo Turístico Golfo de Papagayo, administrado por el ICT, regido por la Ley 6758 y la Ley 6370, donde se regula el desarrollo específico para esta zona. 13. El cantón donde se desarrollará el proyecto cuenta con Incorporación de la variable ambiental en el POT's, aprobada por SETENA: El plan regulador del sector costero del cantón de Carrillo, no cuenta con la variable ambiental avalada por SETENA. 14. Otros datos valorados por el analista geoespacial: Se considera importante mencionarle al técnico analista en DEA, que, verificando los polígonos de los contornos de las propiedades, dos de ellas (5-1155786- 2007 y 5-1186670-2007) si son coincidentes en la forma de los contornos de los planos con el registro inmobiliario digital oficial en el SNIT; en su defecto, las otras dos propiedades presentan las siguientes condiciones: - Para el plano 5-1155787-2007: la forma del contorno del polígono de dicho plano en el registro inmobiliario digital oficial en el SNIT no es coincidente con el contorno del plano de catastro aportado por el Desarrollador, lo anterior pudiese obedecer (esto no es una afirmación) a que dicho registro inmobiliario aún no se encuentra actualizado por parte del municipio de Carrillo; no obstante, esta situación no genera impedimento para realizar la verificación geoespacial del proyecto; lo anterior, se menciona para que el técnico analista en DEA, en caso de considerarlo necesario, realice la consulta formal al Desarrollador para aclarar la causa y que la misma quede constatada dentro del expediente. - Para el plano 5-1274126-2008: al buscar los datos registrales dentro de la página web del Registro Nacional, se indica que para el mismo existe una segregación, un plano hijo del año 2020 (2-2180293- 2020).
Esta condición tampoco es impedimento para realizar la verificación geoespacial del proyecto ya que el diseño de sitio respeta los linderos de dicha segregación (no así el archivo shp del polígono de dicho plano), por lo que se le alerta al técnico analista la situación para que esté al tanto y proceda según considere necesario. INSPECCIÓN DE CAMPO En fecha 14 de julio de 2021, fue realizada la inspección de campo por parte de funcionarios de la SETENA y el señor Alejandro Jiménez Fonseca, por parte de la empresa desarrolladora. Consta en el expediente administrativo el acta de inspección y el registro fotográfico tomado al momento de la visita. SE PREVIENE AL DESARROLLADOR QUE: En todo momento, debe cumplir con lo indicado en el uso conforme de suelo establecido en el Plan Regulador Territorial del Cantón correspondiente. El proyecto sometido al proceso de evaluación de impacto ambiental mediante el presente expediente, comprende únicamente las obras descritas como descripción de proyecto adjunta al Documento de Evaluación D1, según información aportada, por lo que cualquier obra diferente, deberá de previo a su inicio presentar el análisis correspondiente.
De cambiarse el tipo de actividad del proyecto, debe informarse a la Municipalidad correspondiente. Si el proyecto requiere corta de árboles, deberá tramitar previamente el permiso en la Oficina subregional local del MINAE/SINAC (art. 27 de la Ley Forestal), además se previene que debe respetar la Áreas de Protección (art. 33 y 34 Ley Forestal), debiendo incluir en el desarrollo del proyecto buenas prácticas encaminadas a favorecer el equilibrio óptimo de los recursos naturales y el aprovechamiento sostenible del bosque según sea la categoría que manejo. Se debe mantener todas las previsiones para minimizar y reducir cualquier posibilidad de contaminar los suelos, quebradas y alcantarillas con los residuos producidos por su actividad, cumpliendo con la Ley para la Gestión Integral de Residuos, Ley Nº 8839 y su Reglamento, Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 37567- S-MINAET-H denominado Reglamento General a la Ley para la Gestión Integral de Residuos.
CUARTO: Que, en el presente procedimiento administrativo, se presentó el Formulario de D1, con el instrumento de evaluación ambiental: Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, de acuerdo al Manual de Instrumentos Técnicos para el proceso de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (Manual de EIA, parte II), los cuales fueron debidamente analizados por el Departamento de Evaluación Ambiental, se concluyó que cumplen con los términos de referencia y los requerimientos técnicos emitidos por esta Secretaría. En virtud de lo anterior, y de conformidad con las facultades de control y seguimiento establecido en el artículo 20 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, que señala: "La Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental establecerá instrumentos y medios para dar seguimiento al cumplimiento de las resoluciones de la evaluación de impacto ambiental. En los casos de violación de su contenido, podrá ordenar la paralización de las obras.
El interesado, el autor del estudio y quienes lo aprueben serán, directa y solidariamente, responsables por los daños que se causen." De lo anterior, se ha analizado y se ha determinado que los mismos cumplen, por lo que lo procedente en el presente caso es aprobar el instrumento de evaluación de impacto ambiental: Estudio de Impacto Ambiental y las matrices de impacto ambiental, presentados en el Documento D1 y otorgar la viabilidad ambiental. QUINTO: De conformidad con el Artículo No. 45°. - Resolución y otorgamiento de la Viabilidad (o Licencia) Ambiental del reglamento de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (D.E. No. 31849-2004-MINAE- MAG-MOPT,MEIC,S y sus reformas), éste contempla: “Los lineamientos o directrices ambientales de compromiso que enmarcan el otorgamiento de la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental, y que estarán basadas en todo el proceso de EIA, así como una serie de condiciones e instrumentos de control y seguimiento ambiental, que incluyen los siguientes elementos: Desarrollo e implementación de los Instrumentos de Control y Seguimiento Ambiental (ICOS), que comprenden 3 aspectos: Nombramiento de un responsable ambiental e implementación de una Bitácora Ambiental; así mismo un depósito de Garantía Ambiental de conformidad con lo establecido por la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, cuyo monto será fijado en este acto administrativo.
Estos instrumentos, deberán ser presentados a la SETENA de conformidad con el Acuerdo de Comisión Plenaria de la sesión ordinaria No. 098-2014-SETENA y su Artículo No.17, emitido por medio del acuerdo No. ACP-015-2014 del 26 de agosto del 2014; el cual dicta: “Ordenar a los desarrolladores de actividades, obras o proyectos que la presentación de los ICOS debe ser antes del inicio de los mismos, una vez otorgada la Viabilidad Ambiental y que no podrá iniciar con éstos hasta contar con los ICOS debidamente habilitados. Y que, de iniciar sin contar con éstos, se le aplicarán las sanciones establecidas en la normativa vigente”. SEXTO: Que el artículo 6 de la Modificación del Artículo 45 al Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de EIA, del Decreto Ejecutivo No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, indica sobre la Cláusula de Compromiso Ambiental Fundamental, lo siguiente: “La Presente Viabilidad (licencia) Ambiental se otorga en el entendido de que el desarrollador del proyecto, obra o actividad cumplirá de forma íntegra y cabal con todas las regulaciones y normas técnicas, legales y ambientales vigentes en el país y a ejecutarse ante otras autoridades del Estado Costarricense.
El incumplimiento de esta cláusula por parte del desarrollador no solo lo hará acreedor de las sanciones que implica el no cumplimiento de dicha regulación, sino que además, al constituir la misma, parte de la base fundamental sobre el que se sustenta la VLA, hará que de forma automática dicha VLA se anule con las consecuencias técnicas, administrativas y jurídicas que ello tiene para la actividad, obra o proyecto y para su desarrollador, en particular respecto a los alcances que tiene la aplicación del artículo 99 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente. SÉTIMO: Que al momento de emitir la presente resolución no hay apersonados o personas opuestas al desarrollo del proyecto descrito. OCTAVO: Que de acuerdo con lo establecido en inciso 3 del artículo 22 del decreto ejecutivo Nº 31849- MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, y luego de valorar la información contenida en el expediente administrativo y el instrumento de evaluación ambiental presentados, mediante el informe técnico DEA- 0322-2022-SETENA, el Departamento de Evaluación Ambiental recomienda continuar con el proceso administrativo de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental y emitir la resolución administrativa que otorga la Viabilidad (Licencia) Ambiental considerando lo establecido en el artículo 20 de la Ley 7554” POR TANTO LA COMISIÓN PLENARIA RESUELVE En sesión Ordinaria Nº 026 de esta Secretaría, realizada el 06 de abril de 2022, en el Artículo Nº. 14 acuerda: PRIMERO: Aprobar el Documento de Evaluación Ambiental D1 Estudio de Impacto Ambiental sometido a evaluación ambiental por el proyectista.
SEGUNDO: Comunicar al interesado que, de conformidad con los artículos 17,18 y 19 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, se ha cumplido con el procedimiento de evaluación ambiental del proyecto "Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752", con expediente administrativo D1-0170-2021-SETENA, según se describe a continuación. Nombre del proyecto: Proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 Ubicación: Provincia: Guanacaste Cantón: Carrillo Distrito: Sardinal Coordenadas: Latitud Longitud Detalle de las Coordenadas 1 171 837,039 320 267,107 Coordenadas medias del plano 5-1186670-2007 1 171 094,961 319 694,582 Coordenadas medias del plano 5-1155787-2007 1 170 974,246 319 238,546 Coordenadas medias del plano 5-1155787-2007 1 170 744,866 318 464,714 Coordenadas medias del plano 5-1274126-2008 1 170 667,714 317 554,889 Coordenadas medias del plano 5-1155786-2007 Número de plano catastrado: G-1155786-2007, G-1155787-2007, G- 1186670-2007 y G-1274126-2008 Número de finca: 2172-Z—000, 2169-Z—000, 2168-Z—000 y 2174-Z-- 000 Medida finca según plano (m²): 204165,91; 124827,92; 436563,63; 309064,25 Área del proyecto según diseño (m²): 1,176,420.79 Clasificación CIIU y categoría proyecto: 5510 = A Puntaje de SIA: 117Descripción del proyecto: El proyecto Bahía Nombre169752 consiste en un complejo turístico habitacional, propiciando el desarrollo de residencias y hoteles con acceso a todos los servicios básicos y recreacionales mediante la comercialización de unidades habitacionales, lotes residenciales, componentes hoteleros y de condhotel, uso mixto residencial – comercial y oficinas.
Nota: Los tres diseños restantes están ubicados en documentos adicionales Nota: Los tres montos de inversión individuales está ubicados en documentos adicionales. El componente Hotelero y de Condhotel se desarrollarán con una capacidad para alojar más de 240 huéspedes que podrá contar con habitaciones equipadas con cocina, baño privado y terraza, así como el lobby del hotel, piscinas, spa, gimnasio, restaurantes, bar, baños y vestidores, tiendas, salón de eventos, centro de bienestar, salas de ventas, oficinas administrativas, taller, cocina y lavandería, alojamiento para empleados, y toda la infraestructura vial necesaria para el acceso y circulación a las instalaciones, parqueos, aceras, senderos y planta de tratamiento. El proyecto, también constará de unidades habitacionales con parqueo para uno o dos automóviles, y áreas comunes conformadas por pasillos, azoteas, áreas verdes y juegos infantiles, rancho con piscinas, canchas y salones multiusos, gimnasio, lobby de acceso, así como la infraestructura vial para el acceso y circulación a las instalaciones, parqueos de visitas y aceras.
Por su parte los Lotes Residenciales serán zonas para el desarrollo futuro de residencias que podrán contar con patio, cocheras para varios vehículos, piscina, terrazas y azoteas. El proyecto proveerá de acceso vehiculares y peatonales, así como la infraestructura de los servicios básicos para los futuros residentes, además de zonas verdes, juegos infantiles y senderos. Por su parte la Casa Club de los lotes residenciales o unidades habitacionales contarán con un área administrativa, salón de eventos, restaurante, baños, área social, sala de juegos, piscina, gimnasio, canchas de tenis y canchas multiuso. También cuenta con zonas verdes en las cuales se ofrecen “ranchos” con electricidad, senderos para caminatas, además de juegos infantiles y parqueos para automóviles. Se establecerá un Country Club que contará con salones de eventos, área administrativa, restaurante, baños, área social, sala de juegos, piscina, gimnasio ambos con duchas y vestidores, además de jacuzzi y saunas.
También cuenta con zonas verdes en las cuales se ofrecen canchas de tenis, canchas multiuso, canchas de futbol 5, minigolf, “ranchos” con electricidad, senderos para caminatas y bicicletas, además de juegos infantiles y la infraestructura vial para el acceso y circulación a las instalaciones, parqueos de visitas y aceras. El desarrollo del área comercial y oficinas será una zona para la construcción de locales comerciales, así como oficinas para su posterior venta o alquiler. Los espacios de oficinas contaran con áreas de co- working con salas de reuniones, cafeterías, bibliotecas y salones de lectura. El área comercial podrá contar con Supermercados, mini-markets, kioscos comerciales, farmacia y clínica médica, restaurantes, cine al aire libre, mercado o plaza ferial, que sería un área destinada para impulsar el comercio y emprendedurismo, con venta de productos de la zona y huerta con mercado verde.
El uso mixto será un sitio para el desarrollo de distintas actividades sociales y culturales por los residentes del sitio y zonas aledañas, como centros de investigación, museo, escuela, guardería, capilla, redondel, plaza de deportes y centros de reunión. Dentro de los otros componentes y amenidades que serán parte del proyecto están: áreas de campamentos, senderos naturales para caminatas y senderos para bicicletas, miradores y paradas naturales para observación y decks de meditación, parques abiertos ecológicos con estaciones de picnic, lagos, áreas de reserva y conservación, bosque de pájaros con árboles frutales, puentes colgantes, parqueos y estacionamiento público, avenida principal con calles arboladas además de aceras peatonales y puentes sobre las quebradas para comunicar internamente el proyecto. El proyecto tendrá luces LED, se diseñarán las edificaciones para brindar y maximizar el uso de la luz natural, pero evitar la ganancia de calor solar.
Se utilizará sistemas de aire acondicionado de alta eficiencia que mejoran la calidad del aire interior, tienen mayor eficiencia energética. Se contará con un plan de gestión de aguas pluviales que se implementará durante la construcción reducirá la contaminación al controlar la erosión del suelo, la sedimentación de los cursos de agua. Las plantas de tratamiento y las aguas grises se utilizarán para el riego con el fin de mitigar el uso de agua potable para el riego. Todas las áreas sociales y comunes tienen accesibilidad de acuerdo con lo estipulado en la Ley 7600. Por lo que se otorga la VIABILIDAD (LICENCIA) AMBIENTAL al proyecto, quedando abierta la etapa de Gestión Ambiental y en el entendido de cumplir con la Cláusula de Compromiso Ambiental fundamental. TERCERO: De acuerdo al Decreto Nº 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, la vigencia de esta viabilidad será por un período de CINCO AÑOS para el inicio de las obras.
En caso de no iniciarse las obras en el tiempo establecido, se procederá a aplicar lo establecido en la legislación vigente. CUARTO: Autorizar el fraccionamiento de la garantía de cumplimiento de las obligaciones ambientales, según las fases del proyecto, como se indica a continuación: Fase Tipo Descripción Moneda Monto de la garantía I Constructiva Lote 1 dólares 3 741 531,31 II Constructiva Lote 4 dólares 2 747 651,33 III Constructiva Lote 3 dólares 1 071 324,48 IV Constructiva Lote 5 dólares 1 690 014,59 TOTAL Constructiva dólares 9 250 521,71 Se advierte que la garantía de cumplimiento de las obligaciones ambientales, correspondiente a cada fase, debe depositarse de previo al inicio de cada una de ellas y debe presentarse ante esta Secretaría evidencia del depósito. QUINTO: Ordenar al señor ANDRES PACHECO ALBONICO, documento de identificación número CED129994- , en calidad de representante legal de la sociedad ENJOY HOTELS & RESORTS SOCIEDAD ANONIMA, con cédula jurídica CED129995, expediente número D1-0170-2021- SETENA, depositar la garantía de cumplimiento de las obligaciones ambientales, correspondiente a la primera fase del proyecto, por un monto de USD3 741 531,31 (Tres millones setecientos cuarenta y un mil quinientos treinta y un US dólares con 31 centavos) o su equivalente en colones según el tipo de cambio del día en que se efectúe el depósito de la garantía o de su renovación, correspondiente al 1% del monto de inversión total declarado del proyecto. Para rendir la Garantía de Cumplimiento existen tres opciones:
Aclarado el marco fáctico, sobre las inconformidades con el otorgamiento de la viabilidad ambiental, debe indicársele al accionante que esta Sala ha resuelto que no le corresponde examinar si el otorgamiento de la viabilidad ambiental a un proyecto cumple o no con los requisitos técnicos y legales. Por esa razón, en sentencia nro. 2019-011203 de las 9:30 horas del 21 de junio de 2019 -criterio reiterado en la sentencia nro. 2024-32334 de las 9:20 horas de 1° de noviembre de 2024-, concluyó lo siguiente:
“De la lectura del escrito de interposición, la parte recurrente alegó una serie de supuestas irregularidades por parte de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental y la ACOPAC del SINAC, específicamente por el otorgamiento de la viabilidad ambiental y un informe, respectivamente. Ahora bien, conviene señalarle al accionante, que los procesos de amparo tienen una naturaleza sumarísima y determinar, para este caso en concreto, si el otorgamiento de viabilidad ambiental debía cumplir con los mismos requisitos que en el año 2002 a un proyecto similar o bien, si existieron una serie de irregularidades en la expedición de la misma, podrán ser agravios que discuta ante la propia Administración o en su defecto, ante la jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa, donde contará con la posibilidad probatoria para discutir por el fondo todos los agravios que aquí se pretende. La misma suerte corre las supuestas irregularidades en un informe del ACOPAC, que el accionante acusa un cambio en su postura, en aras de favorecer la viabilidad en el año 2017 para el proyecto “V.I.”. En consecuencia, el recurso debe ser desestimado en cuanto a estos extremos” (el énfasis no es pertenece al original).
En este sentido, en el caso concreto, de la relación de hechos probados se desprende que, de previo a la obtención de la viabilidad ambiental, Setena revisó todos los requerimientos legalmente establecidos y verificó que el proyecto cumpliera con cada una de las fases necesarias al efecto. En este sentido, en la resolución de viabilidad ambiental, la Setena determinó que el proyecto no se ubica en una zona de vulnerabilidad acuífera; además, tampoco se ubican humedales dentro de la zona donde se va a desarrollar propiamente el proyecto. Asimismo, se advierte claramente que la Setena le previno al desarrollador que, en caso de requerirse la corta de árboles, primero se debe tramitar el permiso en la Oficina subregional local del Minae-Sinac; además, que deben respetarse las áreas de protección.
En mérito de lo expuesto, respecto al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, no constan elementos en autos que permitan acreditar una lesión de relevancia constitucional residenciable en la vía sumaria del amparo.
V.Sobre la desprotección al 70% de las áreas de conservación natural (disconformidades con el decreto nro. 44448). Finalmente, de la lectura de los memoriales aportados por el accionante, particularmente de sus pretensiones, se observa que el recurrente cuestiona la aplicación del decreto nro. 44448 porque, debido a su ambigüedad y falta de un mapeo adecuado de las 1658 hectáreas del proyecto, se impide una correcta aplicación de las normas de construcción y deja desprotegido un 70% de las áreas de conservación natural y patrimonial.
Acerca de esto, conviene advertir que el referido decreto se encuentra impugnado en la acción de inconstitucionalidad que se tramita en el expediente 25-024408-0007-CO, donde justamente se argumenta, entre otras cosas, que “las normas impugnadas, introducidas mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo N°44448 MP-TUR del 17 de enero del 2024, permiten trasladar derechos de construcción entre fincas concesionadas, incluso si no son colindantes, lo que podría superar el límite de densidad establecido por concesión. Añade que la modificación cuestionada transforma el modelo de baja densidad en uno potencialmente de alta densidad, sin garantizar la capacidad de carga ambiental de las áreas receptoras. Además, se aprobó sin estudios técnicos ni consulta pública y se aparta de las directrices del Plan Maestro, lo que pone en riesgo la sostenibilidad ecológica del proyecto. Especifica que, mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 44448-MP-TUR, el Poder Ejecutivo introdujo una reforma significativa al Reglamento a la Ley para el Desarrollo y Ejecución del Proyecto Turístico Golfo de Papagayo, particularmente en el artículo 12, el artículo 17 ter y el Anexo Único, titulado “Trámites y Requisitos en el Régimen de Concesiones del Proyecto Golfo Turístico Papagayo”, específicamente, en el punto VIII (Requisitos para Compensación de Densidad y Cobertura en las Concesiones) y el punto X (Procedimiento de Solicitud de Ajuste de Plazo).
En dichos apartados se incorpora una nueva figura denominada “compensación de densidad o coeficiente de ocupación” entre fincas concesionadas, incluso si estas no son colindantes, siempre que se encuentren bajo la titularidad de una misma persona física o jurídica. Esta disposición reglamentaria permite al concesionario trasladar el derecho de construir hasta un 30 % del área total concesionada desde una finca hacia otra, incrementando la densidad o cobertura en uno de los terrenos, bajo el argumento de que en el otro no se ejercerá dicha capacidad. Esta práctica, además, podría implicar una superación del límite de densidad máxima de 20 habitaciones por hectárea establecido para cada concesión de forma individual. Bajo el régimen normativo anterior, las restricciones constructivas se aplicaban de manera individual a cada lote, lo que permitía ejercer un control más preciso sobre los impactos ambientales localizados y, al mismo tiempo, preservar el objetivo fundamental de desarrollar un Polo Turístico de baja densidad en las 1.658 hectáreas de propiedad estatal, conforme a la zonificación y directrices establecidas en el Plan Maestro correspondiente.
Sostiene que la habilitación de este tipo de compensaciones, sin una evaluación integral de los impactos acumulativos y sinergéticos que sustenten criterios de sostenibilidad ecológica –conforme al espíritu de la ley que dio origen al Polo Turístico Golfo de Papagayo– podría comprometer el principio de proporcionalidad ambiental por unidad territorial. Tal situación conlleva el riesgo de generar afectaciones al paisaje, la cobertura forestal, la fauna silvestre, el equilibrio hidrológico y otros componentes ecosistémicos, lo que en conjunto podría incidir negativamente sobre la riqueza ambiental del área”.
Producto de lo anterior, dado que lo acusado por el accionante se relaciona con disposiciones cuestionadas en la acción de inconstitucionalidad tramitada en el expediente 25-024408-0007-CO, lo procedente es suspender este extremo del amparo, hasta tanto sea resuelta tal acción, conforme lo dispuesto en el ordinal 48 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
En el sub iudice, con el respeto acostumbrado, me separo del criterio de la Mayoría y estimo que lo procedente es suspender el dictado de la sentencia en este asunto en cuanto a la totalidad de los agravios formulados, hasta tanto no sea resuelta la acción de inconstitucionalidad tramitada en el expediente nro. 25-024408-0007-CO. En tal sentido, considero que, previo a pronunciarse sobre el fondo de esta acción, lo más prudente es esperar al análisis de constitucionalidad del decreto ejecutivo nro. 44448 MP-TUR del 17 de enero de 2024, impugnado en el expediente mencionado, para luego y con más elementos probatorios proceder a determinar en el sub lite si los reclamos de la parte recurrente resultan o no lesivos a los derechos fundamentales en cuestión.
VII.Documentación aportada al expediente. Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel u objetos o pruebas contenidos en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. Se advierte que será destruido todo material que no sea recogido dentro de ese lapso, con base en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial" (aprobado por la Corte Plena en el artículo XXVI de la sesión nro. 27-11 de 22 de agosto de 2011 y publicado en el Boletín Judicial nro. 19 del 26 de enero de 2012) y en el artículo LXXXI de la sesión del Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial nro. 43-12 de 3 de mayo de 2012.
Por tanto:
Respecto a las objeciones del amparado contra el Decreto Ejecutivo nro. 44448 MP-TUR del 17 de enero del 2024, se suspende el dictado de la sentencia de este recurso de amparo, hasta tanto no sea resuelta la acción de inconstitucionalidad tramitada en el expediente 25-024408-0007-CO. En todo lo demás, se declara sin lugar el recurso. El magistrado Rueda Leal salva parcialmente el voto y suspende el dictado de la sentencia de este recurso de amparo en cuanto a la totalidad de los agravios formulados, hasta tanto no sea resuelta la acción de inconstitucionalidad tramitada en el expediente nro. 25-024408-0007-CO.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Jose Roberto Garita N.
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