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Res. 31663-2025 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 30/09/2025
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber denied habeas relief because the investigation concerned possible irregularities in the management of public funds and the use of handcuffs during the search did not establish an injury or threat to the petitioner’s fundamental rights.La Sala rechazó el hábeas corpus porque la investigación respondía a posibles irregularidades en la administración de fondos públicos y el esposamiento durante el allanamiento no demostró una lesión o amenaza a los derechos fundamentales del recurrente.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber denied the habeas corpus petition filed by the president of the Cahuita Integral Development Association against the Judiciary and the Office of the Comptroller General. The petitioner argued that the search of his home, his handcuffing, and the criminal investigation into the administration of donations collected at Cahuita National Park disregarded the Afro-descendant community’s territorial, cultural, and economic rights, as well as protections under ILO Convention 169. The Chamber found that the criminal case for suspected misappropriation and other offenses arose from reports concerning possible irregularities in the management of public funds, including the absence of a current cooperation agreement and the failure to deposit donations into the National Parks Fund, rather than from conduct inherent to the petitioner’s tribal rights. It also held that using handcuffs during the execution of a search warrant was not, by itself, manifestly unlawful. Because no injury or threat to liberty or other fundamental rights was established, the Chamber denied the petition in full.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar el hábeas corpus presentado por el presidente de la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Cahuita contra el Poder Judicial y la Contraloría General de la República. El recurrente alegó que el allanamiento de su vivienda, su esposamiento y la investigación penal por la administración de donaciones del Parque Nacional Cahuita desconocieron los derechos territoriales, culturales y económicos de la comunidad afrodescendiente, así como las garantías del Convenio 169 de la OIT. La Sala determinó que la causa penal por presunta malversación y otros delitos se originó en informes sobre posibles irregularidades en el manejo de fondos públicos, incluida la falta de un convenio vigente y del depósito de donaciones en el Fondo de Parques Nacionales, y no en el ejercicio de derechos tribales. También consideró que colocar esposas durante la ejecución de un allanamiento no era, por sí solo, abiertamente ilegítimo. Al no comprobar una lesión o amenaza a la libertad o a otros derechos fundamentales, rechazó íntegramente el recurso.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Accordingly, it is not true that the investigation was ordered because of acts inherent to the petitioner’s tribal rights. 6.) Finally, placing handcuffs on detained persons located within premises being searched is not a manifestly unlawful measure in the context of executing a proceeding of that nature. Therefore, the petition must be denied, as is hereby ordered. In view of the foregoing considerations and based on the evidence contained in the case file, the Chamber has not established the existence of any injury or threat to the petitioner’s fundamental rights caused by the respondent authorities; consequently, the petition must be denied in all respects, as is hereby ordered. Therefore: The petition is denied. Let notice be given.De manera que no es cierto que la investigación se haya ordenado por actos inherentes a derechos tribales del recurrente; 6.) Finalmente, la colocación de esposas a las personas detenidas que se encuentren en un inmueble allanado no es una medida abiertamente ilegítima en el contexto de la ejecución de una diligencia de esa naturaleza. Así las cosas lo procedente es declarar sin lugar el recurso como en efecto se dispone. En mérito de las anteriores consideraciones y con sustento en los elementos probatorios que constan en el expediente, la Sala no ha logrado demostrar la existencia de alguna lesión o amenaza a los derechos fundamentales del recurrente ocasionada por las autoridades accionadas y, por ende, el recurso debe ser declarado sin lugar en todos sus extremos, como en efecto se ordena. Por tanto: Se declara sin lugar el recurso. Notifíquese.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Que no existe un convenio vigente que habilite la participación de la Asociación que representa el recurrente dentro del modelo y que regule la falta del depósito en el Fondo de Parques Nacionales de los ingresos por concepto de donaciones recibidas en el sector de Playa Blanca;"
"There is no current agreement authorizing the participation of the association represented by the petitioner within the model or regulating the failure to deposit revenues from donations received in the Playa Blanca sector into the National Parks Fund."
Considerando III
"Que no existe un convenio vigente que habilite la participación de la Asociación que representa el recurrente dentro del modelo y que regule la falta del depósito en el Fondo de Parques Nacionales de los ingresos por concepto de donaciones recibidas en el sector de Playa Blanca;"
Considerando III
"Se afirmó que el Convenio Marco de Cooperación entre el SINAC y la ADIC, firmado en el año 2017, para la implementación del Modelo de Gobernanza Compartida, especificó que todos los recursos recibidos por concepto de donaciones debían ser depositados por la ADIC en las cuentas del SINAC, en el Fondo de Parques Nacionales, con base en la Ley de la Biodiversidad."
"The Chamber stated that the Framework Cooperation Agreement between SINAC and ADIC, signed in 2017 to implement the Shared Governance Model, specified that ADIC was required to deposit all resources received as donations into SINAC’s National Parks Fund accounts pursuant to the Biodiversity Law."
Considerando III
"Se afirmó que el Convenio Marco de Cooperación entre el SINAC y la ADIC, firmado en el año 2017, para la implementación del Modelo de Gobernanza Compartida, especificó que todos los recursos recibidos por concepto de donaciones debían ser depositados por la ADIC en las cuentas del SINAC, en el Fondo de Parques Nacionales, con base en la Ley de la Biodiversidad."
Considerando III
"Recuérdese que el manejo compartido no es una figura jurídica definida y reconocida en la legislación nacional"
"It should be recalled that shared management is not a legal mechanism defined and recognized in national legislation."
Considerando III, cita del informe n.° DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015
"Recuérdese que el manejo compartido no es una figura jurídica definida y reconocida en la legislación nacional"
Considerando III, cita del informe n.° DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015
Full documentDocumento completo
Case: 25-027477-0007-CO Decision No. 2025031663 SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at nine forty-five on treinta de setiembre de dos mil veinticinco.
Petition for habeas corpus filed by Nombre01, identity card CED01, against the PODER JUDICIAL and the CONTRALORIA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA.
Findings:
These activities are an expression of the customary use (uso consuetudinario) of biological resources, protected under Article 10(c) of the CBD, and form part of the intangible cultural heritage (patrimonio cultural inmaterial) recognized by the UNESCO Convention (2003). In short, by treating the ADIC as a private entity without special powers and disregarding the fact that I perform an ancestral function of administering and safeguarding the territory, the Contraloría General de la República contravenes the Constitution (arts. 7, 33, 48, 89), ILO Conventions 107 and 169 (arts. 6, 7, 13-15, 34), the Vienna Convention (arts. 26 y 27), the Convention on Biological Diversity (arts. 8(j) y 10(c)), and Decrees 40110-MINAE and 43532-MP-MINAE-MCJ-MEP. This conduct constitutes structural discrimination and a violation of the principle of conventionality (principio de convencionalidad), because it is based on an administrative interpretation that disregards international obligations of supra-statutory rank and infringes the collective rights of Cahuita’s Afro-descendant community.
The “private” treatment that the Contraloría assigned to the ADI’s functions resulted in the elimination of differentiated safeguards from the proceedings: prior consultation (consulta previa), a Creole interpreter, and immediate legal representation, thereby impairing substantive equality and non-discrimination. VIOLATION BY THE RESPONDENTS OF THE INTANGIBLE VALUE OF PARQUE NACIONAL CAHUITA AND ANCESTRAL MEMORY Through the searches (allanamientos), the criminal complaint, and the respondents’ view that the ADIC is merely a private-law entity, Cahuita’s tribal population and its relationship with the park are subjected to structural discrimination. Parque Nacional Cahuita is, above all, a territory of memory because it contains the cemeteries and sacred sites of the Afro-descendant population, since their ancestors are there. It is a territory of living practices, language, and music (calypso) that bind the Afro-descendant community to that place.
Within this fabric, the ADIC does not operate as just any “private association,” as the Contraloría asserts, but as an ancestral body for administration, care, coordination, and collective decision-making. Its authority arises from local history and custom: safeguarding the burial ground, mediating conflicts, organizing communal life, transmitting knowledge, collaborating, recognizing and protecting the rights of fishers and elders, preserving knowledge of the sea and forest (protection of the park), and maintaining the spiritual bond with the territory. International law does not “create” that authority for the ADIC and Afro-descendants; it recognizes it and therefore requires States to consult and cooperate “through their representative institutions” (art. 6 Convention 169), respect their values, practices, and institutions (art. 5), and guarantee their right to determine priorities and exercise control over their own development (art. 7).
From this ancestral perspective, the spiritual and territorial bond is not rhetoric: Convention 169 requires States to “respect the special importance” of that relationship and its collective aspects (art. 13), recognize ownership/possession of traditionally occupied lands (art. 14), and protect participation in the use, management, and conservation of resources (art. 15). It follows that the ADIC’s involvement in managing the Park is not a temporary concession, but the institutional expression of a historical practice of cultural and environmental management. The State itself subsequently gave a name to those roots. The Reglamento del Modelo de Gobernanza Compartida del P.N. Cahuita (D.E. 40110-MINAE) does not “grant” the ADIC a place; it acknowledges a history of more than twenty years of co-management and provides that “La Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Cahuita (ADIC) shall be a permanent organization on the Consejo Local” (art. 5).
It also regulates a donation mechanism to sustain the model through a Convenio Marco SINAC–ADIC, recognizing the community’s cultural contribution to in situ conservation (art. 6). All of this forms part of a general policy that “recognizes, promotes, and strengthens” governance models involving social participation (D.E. 39519-MINAE). The clearest identity-based step is D.E. 43532-MP-MINAE-MCJ-MEP (2022): the Poder Ejecutivo “reaffirms” that the Afro-Costa Rican population “has recognized itself as a tribal people” and records that self-identification, based on Convention 169; it also expressly states that the organization of the Foro del Pueblo Tribal Afrocostarricense “is entrusted” to the ADIC. In other words, the State fully recognizes and ratifies a preexisting status—an Afro-descendant tribal people—and, within that status, identifies the ADIC as an organizing/representative body for dialogue and the monitoring of rights.
From an ancestral perspective, that forum is a contemporary expression of the collective voice—a place for consultation and joint decision-making—rather than merely a bureaucratic body. This interpretation is also consistent with two international pillars protecting the knowledge and customary practices of tribal peoples and local communities: the Convention on Biological Diversity, which requires States to “respect, preserve, and maintain” knowledge and practices (art. 8(j)) and to “protect and encourage customary use” of biological resources (art. 10(c)); and the UNESCO Convention (2003), which places intangible cultural heritage under the active stewardship of the communities themselves. In Cahuita, practices such as the community’s receipt and reinvestment of donations to sustain the Park are, within the local culture, forms of care and redistribution that give effect to those mandates.
Therefore, when official action—the Contraloría’s criminal complaint and the searches—disregards this ancestral status and reduces the ADIC to a “private entity,” it not only breaks the chain of community legitimacy but also disregards the conventional framework requiring consultation and joint decision-making with representative institutions, as well as the domestic rules that “recognize and formalize” shared governance with the ADIC as a permanent member. From an ancestral perspective, such disregard is not a technical matter: it wounds the fabric of memory, emotional continuity, and spirituality that makes Cahuita and its park a collective home. Accordingly, the standard governing any intervention must include—in addition to procedural guarantees—specific cultural safeguards: the presence of community representatives, a Creole interpreter, and protocols for safeguarding sacred sites, all consistent with art. 6 of Convention 169 and with the participatory practice reflected in the cited decrees.
In summary, the ADIC exercises ancestral authority within the territory of the Park, and the State has already recognized and reaffirmed it: (i) through permanent institutional membership in the Consejo Local and joint financial management (D.E. 40110-MINAE); (ii) as a model within the policy of governance with social participation (D.E. 39519-MINAE); and (iii) as the institution responsible for organizing the Foro del Pueblo Tribal Afrocostarricense, after recording the Afro-descendant people’s self-identification as a tribal people (D.E. 43532). This three-part regulatory framework does not create ancestral authority: it gives that authority a legal name and protects it in harmony with Convention 169, the CBD, and the 2003 Convention. Any interpretation that disregards this framework severs the Park from its deeper meaning and violates the duties of respect, consultation, and effective participation imposed by the conventionality corpus (bloque de convencionalidad).
CONSTITUTIONAL AND CONVENTIONAL VIOLATIONS • Arbitrary deprivation of liberty (arts. 48 CP; 25 y 30 LJC). • Structural ethnic and racial discrimination through the erasure of identity and ancestral territory (arts. 33 y 89 CP; Conv. 169 ILO). • Disregard for the right to consultation and participation (art. 6 Conv. 169). • Criminalization of protected administrative and customary-use activities (arts. 7, 14 y 15 Conv. 169; arts. 8(j) y 10(c) CBD). • Violation of the principle of conventionality and the constitutional corpus (bloque de constitucionalidad) (art. 7 CP; arts. 26, 27 y 31 Vienna Convention; art. 34 Conv. 169). • Lack of differentiated procedural guarantees: absence of a Creole interpreter and immediate legal representation (due process with an intercultural approach). LEGAL GROUNDS The deprivation of liberty of the undersigned, Nombre01, and the searches conducted in Parque Nacional Cahuita and at my home lack legal validity because they violate the constitutional corpus and the international human rights treaties protecting Cahuita’s Afro-descendant community and its ancestral territory, Parque Nacional Cahuita.
The Constitución Política establishes in artículo 7 that duly approved international treaties rank above ordinary legislation. Accordingly, ILO Conventions 107 and 169, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, the Durban Declaration, and the UN Declaration on the Rights of People of African Descent form part of the Costa Rican legal system with supra-statutory rank. Consequently, no domestic rule or administrative or judicial action may prevail over these international commitments. ILO Convention 169—Ley N.° 7316 de 1992—is the cornerstone of this protection. Its artículo 6 imposes on governments the duty to consult the peoples concerned, through their representative institutions, whenever consideration is being given to legislative or administrative measures that may directly affect them.
This prior-consultation obligation applies immediately and directly under artículo 34, which requires the Convention to be applied even in the absence of specific domestic rules. In turn, artículo 7 guarantees these peoples’ right to determine their own development priorities and exercise control over their own economic, social, and cultural development, while artículos 13 a 15 recognize their right to own, possess, and administer their lands and the natural resources found therein. Consequently, Parque Nacional Cahuita, where the Afro-descendant community has historically conducted its social, cultural, and economic life, is a protected ancestral territory, and any State action affecting it must have the consent of its representative institution, the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Cahuita (ADIC). ILO Convention 107, the predecessor to Convention 169, had already protected the territorial rights of tribal peoples since 1957.
Its applicability in Costa Rica before the Park was created further establishes that the historical displacement of Afro-descendant families from Cahuita, as well as any State action that disregards their status as a tribal people, constitutes a violation of acquired and internationally recognized rights. The framework of protection is broadened by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Ley N.° 7615 de 1996), whose artículo 26 enshrines the pacta sunt servanda principle, under which every treaty in force is binding upon the parties and must be performed in good faith, and whose artículo 27 prohibits States from invoking provisions of their domestic law as justification for failing to perform a treaty. Its artículo 31 requires treaties to be interpreted in accordance with their object and purpose, giving priority to the protection of human rights (pro persona). Under these rules, no provision of domestic law may legitimize a detention or search that disregards Convention 169.
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), ratified by Costa Rica through Ley N.° 7416 de 1994, supplements this protection. Its artículo 8(j) requires respect for, preservation of, and maintenance of the knowledge and practices of Indigenous and local communities that contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity; and its artículo 10(c) requires the protection and encouragement of the customary use of biological resources in accordance with traditional cultural practices.
Community administration and the reinvestment of donations in Parque Nacional Cahuita constitute precisely a customary use (uso consuetudinario) aimed at conservation and are therefore protected by this treaty. Likewise, the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003) recognizes and protects the spaces, practices, expressions, and knowledge that communities transmit from generation to generation. Parque Nacional Cahuita is not only an area of biodiversity but also a place of collective memory, since it contains two ancestral cemeteries holding the remains of ancestral Afro-descendant families, whose remains were left there when the community was expelled upon the creation of the park. Police intervention undertaken without regard for this intangible value violates the obligations of respect and protection arising from the Convention. The Durban Declaration (2001) and the UN Declaration on the Rights of People of African Descent (2024) reinforce the State’s duty to eradicate all forms of racism and structural discrimination and to guarantee effective participation and the protection of the territories and natural resources of people of African descent.
By failing to provide a Creole interpreter or public defender and by treating ADIC as merely a “private entity,” the authorities engaged in institutional racial discrimination. At the domestic level, Decreto Ejecutivo N.° 35919-MINAE (2016) recognizes shared-governance models in protected wild areas (áreas silvestres protegidas). Decreto Ejecutivo N.° 40110-MINAE (2017) goes further by establishing specific regulations for the co-management (comanejo) of Parque Nacional Cahuita: Article 5 declares ADIC a permanent member of the Consejo Local de Manejo, and Article 6 authorizes the execution of a Framework Agreement (Convenio Marco) with SINAC and establishes a donation mechanism for the management of the park. This decree expressly cites ILO Convention 169 as its legal basis. In turn, Decreto Ejecutivo N.° 43532-MP-MINAE-MCJ-MEP (2022) designates ADIC as the organizer of the Foro del Pueblo Tribal Afrocostarricense, reinforcing its status as an ancestral authority and collective representative.
These provisions confer upon ADIC an express mandate from the State to administer the Park and manage the resources generated. When this body of law is considered as a whole, it is evident that no authority could treat donations received and reinvested in the same park as the unlawful management of funds. On the contrary, such management is the means authorized by the State itself to comply with Convention 169 and to guarantee the community’s right to participate in the use, administration, and conservation of natural resources (Article 15 of Convention 169). In this context, the deprivation of my liberty—carried out without my rights being read to me, without the assistance of a public defender, and without an interpreter in my cultural language—violates Article 48 of the Constitution and Articles 25 and 30 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, which protect personal liberty and require that every detention be lawful, reasoned, and respectful of minimum safeguards.
The characterization of ADIC as a “private entity” in the search warrant (orden de allanamiento) deliberately disregards International Human Rights Treaties, particularly ILO Convention 169 and Decrees 40110 and 43532, ignoring the ancestral and collective status recognized by the State itself. This reductive treatment transforms an activity protected by international law into an alleged crime, perpetuating institutional racism and the criminalization of collective rights. For the foregoing reasons, the unlawful detention of which I was a victim and the searches of Parque Nacional Cahuita and my home were unlawful because: • They were carried out without prior consultation (consulta previa) with the community, in violation of Article 6 of Convention 169. • They disregarded the supra-statutory hierarchy of treaties, contrary to Article 7 of the Constitution and Articles 26 and 27 of the Vienna Convention. • They criminalized a legitimate activity provided for in Decreto 40110-MINAE in connection with ILO Convention 169, consisting of receiving and reinvesting donations in the Park. • They rendered invisible the Afro-descendant identity and ancestral character of the Park, in contravention of Articles 33 and 89 of the Constitution, as well as the Durban Declaration and the UN Declaration of 2024. • They infringed the fundamental right to personal liberty protected by Article 48 of the Constitution and the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
In light of all the foregoing, my deprivation of liberty and the searches conducted lack any legal basis and must be declared null and void, with comprehensive reparation and guarantees of non-repetition also being ordered. RELIEF REQUESTED • That this habeas corpus petition be GRANTED; that the unlawful detention I suffered on 3 de setiembre de 2025 and the existence of structural discrimination in treating ADIC as a “private entity,” including the criminalization of activities protected by Convention 169, be recognized. • That the permanent protection of my personal liberty and a prohibition against further detentions based on the same facts connected with the performance of community functions in Parque Nacional Cahuita be ordered. • That the legal effects of the detention and search, insofar as they concern me, be annulled and that immediate corrective measures be implemented. • That ADIC be declared not merely a private entity but an ancestral authority and collective representative of the Afro-descendant community of Cahuita, pursuant to Decretos 40110-MINAE and 43532-MP-MINAE-MCJ-MEP, and that every State action involving it comply with and respect the principle of conformity with international conventions (principio de convencionalidad) and the duty of prior consultation (Article 6, Convention 169). • That guarantees of non-repetition be ordered: a) intervention protocols incorporating an intercultural approach (prior consultation, presence of community representatives, a Creole interpreter, and legal representation from the outset); b) mandatory training for Contraloría, Poder Judicial, Ministerio Público, and OIJ on the rights of tribal and Afro-descendant peoples” (see electronic record).
SECOND: With respect to what is described in this fact, the CGR is aware only of what is stated in report No. DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 dated 12 de enero de 2015, as well as what is mentioned in official letter No. DFOE-SOS-0360 dated 31 de julio de 2023 and official letter No. 14850-2024 (DFOE-SOS-0570) dated 23 de setiembre de 2024. As for the remainder, we have no knowledge thereof, nor is it incumbent upon this oversight body to make such assessments and determinations. THIRD: It is true, subject to clarification. The Contraloría did, in fact, issue report No. DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 in the performance of our oversight duties pursuant to the constitutional and statutory powers assigned to us. On the other hand, we reject the assertion that the provisions issued infringe the rights of tribal peoples, because the provisions in question are directed to MINAE and SINAC, which have jurisdiction over the subject matter, and are not intended to infringe any “right.” Furthermore, it should be noted that, as of this date, the provisions issued in report DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015, particularly provisions 4.3, 4.5, and 4.7, are deemed not to have been complied with, as evidenced by official letter No. 017598-2022 (DFOE-SOS-0191/DEFOE-SEM-0638) dated 6 de mayo de 2022.
FOURTH: We have no knowledge thereof, as it does not concern an act issued by this oversight body. FIFTH: We have no knowledge thereof. What is mentioned in this fact does not relate to any action or conduct of this Contraloría General; consequently, this body is unaware of what the petitioner describes. SIXTH: We have no knowledge thereof. It does not relate to any action or conduct of the Contraloría General de la República; consequently, this body is unaware of what the petitioner describes.
III ON THE MERITS Pursuant to section 22 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, the actions and measures undertaken by the Contraloría General de la República in exercising its constitutional and statutory powers and responsibilities to safeguard the Public Treasury (Hacienda Pública) are described below. This information is relevant to understanding and analyzing the factual circumstances described by the petitioner and demonstrates that this oversight body committed no violations of the petitioner’s rights and guarantees.
1. ACTIONS UNDERTAKEN BY THE CGR.
a. Results obtained in report No. DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 concerning entry into the Playa Blanca sector of Parque Nacional Cahuita The oversight report entitled “SPECIAL AUDIT OF THE REASONABLENESS OF THE PROGRESS MADE IN IMPLEMENTING EXTERNAL LOAN NO. BID 1824/OC/CR: TOURISM PROGRAM IN PROTECTED WILDLIFE AREAS” details—among other matters—the failure to collect the admission fee in the Playa Blanca sector of Parque Nacional Cahuita:
The report states that Parque Nacional Cahuita is one of the beneficiaries of the Tourism Program in Protected Wildlife Areas and that the park faces financial sustainability problems. Likewise, the Contraloría General found that the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación was not collecting the admission fee in the Playa Blanca sector, even though that fee had been established by Decreto Ejecutivo No. 34164-MINAE, published on 10 de enero de 2008. It also states that this sector accounts for 80% of all park visits and that the failure to collect the fee is inconsistent with the objectives of the tourism program, which seeks to achieve greater financial sustainability for SINAC through revenue.
In addition to the failure to collect the fee, it was determined that a local private organization was using a booth owned by SINAC in the same sector to solicit “voluntary donations” from visitors. In this regard, a SINAC internal audit in 2012 and an inspection by the Contraloría in 2014 confirmed that this organization was operating within the park boundaries, with personnel who even used the logos of SINAC and Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE).
Regarding this matter, the CGR referred to the existing regulations and established the following: “(...) the Administration’s argument concerning the existence of a political agreement and the importance of public participation through the shared-management arrangement (manejo compartido) is insufficient to permit the use of SINAC facilities for the benefit of that organization so that it may solicit donations from park visitors. Thus, insofar as such use is not authorized by a statutory provision, it violates the principle of legality (principio de legalidad) established in sections 11 of the Constitución Política and 11 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, which require administrative action to conform to the legal system. It should be recalled that shared management is not a legal arrangement defined and recognized under national legislation.” Likewise, the oversight body stated that community participation is provided for under current legal rules through arrangements other than shared management, such as the decentralized structure of SINAC, consisting of bodies known as Consejos Regionales de las Áreas de Conservación and Consejos Locales de las Área de Conservación, created under section 29 of the Ley de Biodiversidad and regulated by sections 49 through 51 of its Regulations, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 34433-MINAE.
Accordingly, the cited report determined that the failure to collect admission fees from visitors in the Playa Blanca sector of Parque Nacional Cahuita constituted a loss of revenue that the Fondo de Parques Nacionales (FPN) should receive for that purpose, as regulated by section 6 of the Ley de Creación del Servicio de Parques Nacionales, No. 6084.
In response to these deficiencies, the Contraloría issued mandatory provisions for the audited Administration. Accordingly, the Ministro de Ambiente y Energía was directed to prepare a proposed amendment to Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38546-MINAE to incorporate the collection of the admission fee at Playa Blanca. Additionally, the Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación was ordered to prohibit any private party from soliciting donations within the park and to ensure that SINAC arranges for collection of the admission fee in that sector. (see evidence 1) b. Noncompliance with provisions 4.3, 4.5, and 4.7 of report No. DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 During the process of monitoring and verifying compliance with the provisions issued in the cited report (DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015), official letter No. 07598 (DFOE-SOS-0191/DFOE-SEM-0638) dated 06 de mayo de 2022 deemed unfulfilled the provisions directed to the Ministro del MINAE requiring the preparation of a partial amendment to Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38546-MINAE to incorporate the collection of an admission fee from visitors in the Playa Blanca sector of Parque Nacional Cahuita—with different amounts for residents and nonresidents—in accordance with sections 35, 38, and 42 of the Ley de Biodiversidad and section 6 of the Ley de Creación del Servicio de Parques Nacionales (provision 4.3); as well as the provision directed to the Consejo Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (CONAC) requiring it to instruct the Director Ejecutivo del SINAC to arrange for the collection of that fee in the Playa Blanca sector (provision 4.5), and the provision directed to the Director Ejecutivo del SINAC requiring him to implement the aforementioned instruction in accordance with the preceding provision (provision 4.7).
The aforementioned official letter concluding the monitoring process describes the efforts made by the public authorities; however, it notes that Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38546-MINAE had not been amended to incorporate the collection of the admission fee from visitors in the Playa Blanca sector of Parque Nacional Cahuita, nor had Decreto Ejecutivo No. 40110-MINAE, section 6 of which expressly states that SINAC shall not collect the fee in that sector; consequently, the corresponding fee has not been collected.
Finally, it established: “(...) it is the opinion of the Contraloría General that provisions 4.3, 4.5, and 4.7 of report DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 have not been fully implemented by any of the Authorities to which they were directed; they therefore remain unfulfilled, and notice is hereby given that, pursuant to the powers of the Oversight Body, another oversight action concerning this matter will be initiated. Likewise, those Administrations are again reminded of their obligation, within the scope of their respective powers, to amend Decreto Ejecutivo No. 38546-MINAE and No. 40110-MINAE to incorporate the collection of the admission fee from visitors in the Playa Blanca sector of Parque Nacional Cahuita, as well as to arrange for the corresponding collection in that National Park.” (see evidence 2) c. Statement of facts (relación de hechos) concerning the apparent irregular administration of the funds collected in the Playa Blanca sector of Parque Nacional Cahuita Through document No. DFOE-SOS-RH-00001-2023 dated 28 de setiembre de 2023, the Contraloría General brought to the attention of the Fiscalía Adjunta de Probidad, Transparencia y Anticorrupción a report concluding that a private entity had failed to implement control mechanisms for the administration of public funds.
In connection with the foregoing, the report also warned of the risk posed by placing the maintenance, operation, and nighttime security of Parque Nacional Cahuita in the hands of a private party that was also directly administering the public funds generated at the park.
In view of the foregoing, the oversight body deemed it appropriate to bring the situation to the attention of that Judicial Authority and submit the matter for its assessment within the scope of its powers.
d. Communication concerning the current status of the shared-governance model (modelo de gobernanza compartida) of Parque Nacional Cahuita Finally, as stated in the initial account of the background, it should be noted that, through official letter No. 14850-2024 (DFOE-SOS-0570) dated 23 de septiembre de 2024, the Contraloría General informed the Director Ejecutivo del SINAC and the Directora del Área de Conservación La Amistad Caribe (ACLAC) of certain aspects concerning the current status of the shared-governance model of Parque Nacional Cahuita.
In this regard, situations inconsistent with compliance with the applicable legal framework were identified, specifically concerning the absence of a current agreement authorizing ADIC’s participation in the model, the failure to deposit in the Fondo de Parques Nacionales the revenue derived from donations received in the Playa Blanca sector, and the absence of controls over the amounts received under that heading. These situations were also brought to the attention of the Director Ejecutivo del SINAC and the Directora de la ACLAC through official letter No. 06844 (DFOE-SOS-0209) dated 24 de abril de 2024, so that they could take the appropriate actions within a reasonable period.
For their part, the Director Ejecutivo del SINAC and the Directora de la ACLAC, through official letters SINAC-ACLAC-DR-0654-2024 and SINAC-SE-DE-1124-20241 dated 9 y 13 de agosto de 2024, respectively, informed this Contraloría General of the actions taken by both bodies in relation to the irregularities in the PNC shared-governance model, for which a work plan was in place and would continue to be monitored to ensure its results.
Accordingly, this oversight body advised those administrative bodies that, pursuant to their powers, they bore exclusive responsibility for adopting the measures necessary to remedy the identified deficiencies and for ensuring that those measures were duly supported by the applicable legal and technical framework, under Decretos Ejecutivos No. 39519, “Recognition of Governance Models in Costa Rica’s Protected Wildlife Areas,” and No. 40110, “Regulations Governing the Shared-Governance Model of Parque Nacional Cahuita.” Likewise, emphasis was placed on its obligation to ensure continued compliance with the measures intended to correct the irregularities and to take any additional measures that might be required in the future to prevent the situations described from recurring. The foregoing is without prejudice to any subsequent oversight (fiscalización posterior) that the Office of the Comptroller General may conduct regarding the actions taken by that Administration, as part of its supreme oversight functions over the Public Treasury (hacienda pública).
(see evidence 3). However, as of this date, no further oversight action has been taken following that communication. In summary, as can be seen, the CGR’s work has at all times been carried out in accordance with the body of constitutional and statutory law (bloque de constitucionalidad y legalidad), exercising its authority as the supreme oversight body of the Public Treasury, and it has neither exceeded its authority nor violated any of the petitioner’s protected guarantees and freedoms. 2. REGARDING THE ALLEGED VIOLATION OF THE PETITIONER’S FUNDAMENTAL GUARANTEES PROTECTED THROUGH A WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS (RECURSO DE HÁBEAS CORPUS) (PERSONAL LIBERTY AND INTEGRITY) The petitioner alleges that he was deprived of his personal liberty through detention and that his home was raided and searched (allanada y registrada) without regard for his ethnic status or international conventions, allegedly causing “serious and irreparable harm” to his personal and family integrity.
The actions described, of which we have absolutely no knowledge, insofar as they involve deprivation of liberty and the search of the petitioner’s home, fall within the exclusive authority of the bodies responsible for criminal prosecution (persecución penal) and the administration of justice. In exercising its constitutional function as the oversight body of the Public Treasury, the CGR has taken administrative actions, as is appropriate within the scope of its authority. Thus, the report or statement of facts (relación de hechos) submitted to the Office of the Deputy Prosecutor for Integrity, Transparency and Anti-Corruption constitutes solely an input for assessing possible irregularities, not an order or instruction to detain any person or raid any premises. Accordingly, responsibility for determining whether there are grounds to carry out such actions, as well as the manner and timing of their execution, rests entirely with the competent judicial authorities, which must act in accordance with their own powers and the established legal procedures.
Therefore, any harm alleged by the petitioner in connection with his purported detention and the raid on his home cannot be attributed to the CGR, since such actions fall entirely outside our sphere of action and authority.” It requests that the petition be denied.
The investigation has been conducted objectively, thoroughly, in accordance with the law, and with respect for the principle of legality and the parties’ individual and procedural guarantees. Likewise, the petitioner is incorrect in claiming that he was detained; what occurred was that, during the search of his residence, in accordance with the security protocols of the Organismo de Investigación Judicial, the accused was kept handcuffed while the proceeding was carried out, which was done within the bounds of the law. The Ministerio Público is investigating a serious matter that could have grave consequences for the public treasury; discrediting our actions in this manner is nothing more than a desperate attempt to tarnish them, and I reiterate that those actions complied with the law. In this regard, Articles 180, 181, 182, and 183 of the Código Procesal Penal, concerning evidence (medios de prueba), provide that the Ministerio Público and the courts have a duty to ascertain the truth on their own initiative through the permitted evidence, strictly fulfilling the purposes of criminal prosecution and the objectives of the investigation.
Moreover, Article 67 of that same body of law provides that useful items of evidence shall be gathered during the investigation of the facts under inquiry. Since the day the complaint was received or the Ministerio Público was informed of the facts—namely, September 28, 2023, through a report submitted to the Fiscalía Adjunta de Probidad, Transparencia y Anticorrupción by the Contraloría General de la República—the Ministerio Público has actively pursued the investigation, and the necessary, useful, and relevant investigative steps have been taken to obtain evidence and ascertain the substantive truth (verdad real) concerning the facts under investigation. This demonstrates the objectivity with which this investigation has been conducted and that the accused has been provided with all the evidence gathered so that he may properly exercise his defense, in protection of due process (debido proceso), and so that this matter may be resolved and the legal status of the defendants, as interested parties in the investigation, may be determined. Accordingly, I reiterate my initial request that the petition for habeas corpus (recurso de Hábeas Corpus) filed by Nombre01 be denied.”
Justice Cruz Castro writes the opinion; and,
Whereas:
The appellant (recurrente) states that he is president of the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Cahuita (ADIC), a community organization that administers financial resources derived from Parque Nacional Cahuita, which is recognized as ancestral tribal territory under ILO Conventions N° 107 and N° 169. He alleges that the Contraloría General de la República issued directives to the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) and the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), partially amending Decreto Ejecutivo N° 38546-MINAE to introduce an admission fee in the Playa Blanca sector, while disregarding the territory’s tribal status and the rights conferred by the ILO Conventions. This State action violates Article 14 of Convention 169, which requires recognition of ownership and possession rights over traditional lands, and Article 6 of Convention 107, which gives priority to improving economic conditions in regions inhabited by tribal populations through development plans that support their initiatives.
He states that, in criminal case file (expediente penal) N° 23-000397-1218-PE, the Assistant Prosecutor filed an application on 1 de septiembre de 2025 seeking an order for search, inspection, and seizure (allanamiento, registro y secuestro); he also ordered the opening of the evidence seized by the Juzgado Penal de Hacienda y Función Pública. He explains that the background alleged in the prosecutorial application is based on oversight conducted under the Convenio de Cooperación para el Financiamiento de Proyectos de Turismo en Áreas Silvestres Protegidas (N° 8967) and loan agreement 1824/OC-CR, asserting that SINAC does not ensure financial sustainability because it has ceased charging admission fees at Playa Blanca and that ADIC engages in “improper collection” (cobro indebido) through contributions. However, the case file entirely omits the tribal status of Parque Nacional Cahuita, implicitly recognized through more than 20 years of shared management with the Afro-descendant community, and violates the principle of prior consultation (principio de consulta previa) under Article 6 of Convention 169, which requires the State to consult tribal communities before adopting any measure affecting their territorial or economic rights.
He alleges that he was criminally charged for acts inherent in his tribal rights—administering contributions within ancestral territory—deprived of his personal liberty through detention, and that his home was searched and inspected without regard to his ethnic status or the international conventions.
The following facts are deemed duly established and relevant to the resolution of this matter, either because they have been proven or because the respondent authority (autoridad recurrida) failed to address them:
REGARDING THE CONTRALORÍA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA a) Through report n.° DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 dated 12 de enero de 2015, the Área de Fiscalización de Servicios Ambientales y de Energía of the División de Fiscalización Operativa y Evaluativa of the Contraloría General de la República issued the report entitled: “SPECIAL AUDIT CONCERNING THE REASONABLENESS OF PROGRESS IN IMPLEMENTING EXTERNAL LOAN NO. IDB 1824/OC/CR: TOURISM PROGRAM IN PROTECTED WILDLIFE AREAS”—the report noted the failure to charge an admission fee in the Playa Blanca sector of Parque Nacional Cahuita—(see report of the respondent authority).
REGARDING THE JUZGADO PENAL DEL JUZGADO PENAL DE HACIENDA Y DE LA FUNCIÓN PÚBLICA AND THE FISCALÍA ADJUNTA DE PROBIDAD, TRANSPARENCIA Y ANTICORRUPCIÓN j) Criminal case number 23-000397-1218-PE is being prosecuted against the appellant for the alleged offense of Misappropriation of Public Funds (Malversación) and other offenses; it is being investigated by the Fiscalía Adjunta de Probidad, Transparencia y Anticorrupción based on a report referred to that office by the Contraloría General de la República dated 28 de setiembre de 2023 (see report of the respondent authority).
From the reports submitted by the respondent authorities, which were given under oath with the legal consequences that this entails, it follows, with respect to the Contraloría General de la República, that through report n.° DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 of 12 de enero de 2015, the Área de Fiscalización de Servicios Ambientales y de Energía of the División de Fiscalización Operativa y Evaluativa of the Contraloría General de la República issued the report: “SPECIAL AUDIT REGARDING THE REASONABLENESS OF THE PROGRESS MADE IN IMPLEMENTING EXTERNAL LOAN NO. BID 1824/OC/CR: TOURISM PROGRAM IN PROTECTED WILDLIFE AREAS” —the report noted the failure to collect the admission fee in the Playa Blanca sector of Parque Nacional Cahuita—. It was established that the report issued directives to the authorities of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía and the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación to prepare a proposal for a partial amendment to Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 38546-MINAE incorporating the collection of an admission fee from visitors to the Playa Blanca Sector of Parque Nacional Cahuita, calculated in accordance with Articles 35, 38, and 42 of the Ley de Biodiversidad and Article 6 of the Ley de Creación del Servicio de Parques Nacionales; to take measures prohibiting private parties from soliciting donations within the boundaries of that Park; to permit activities and occupancy of SINAC facilities only for purposes allowed by the legal system; and to arrange for the collection of admission fees for the Playa Blanca sector.
It was demonstrated that during the period 2015-2020, prior Administrations enacted the Shared Governance Model (Modelo de Gobernanza Compartida) in Parque Nacional Cahuita and issued Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 40110-MINAE, published in La Gaceta n.° 15 of 20 de enero 2017, Reglamento del Modelo de Gobernanza Compartida en el Parque Nacional Cahuita, which established that SINAC would not collect an admission fee in the Playa Blanca sector of Parque Nacional Cahuita. It was determined that on 09 de setiembre de 2025, the appellant signed a document requesting that the CGR provide a technical and legal explanation regarding the application of ILO Conventions 107 and 169 to a shared-administration agreement (convenio de administración compartida) with SINAC in Parque Nacional Cahuita. It was verified that, through official letter (oficio) n.° 16528-2025 (DJ-1735) of 16 de setiembre del 2025, the División Jurídica of the Contraloría rejected the inquiry as inadmissible pursuant to subsections 1 and 2) of section 8 of the Reglamento sobre la recepción y atención de consultas dirigidas a la Contraloría General de la República.
It was stated that, as of the date the report was submitted, the directives issued in report DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015, particularly 4.3, 4.5, and 4.7, were deemed not to have been complied with. It was verified that, through document n.° DFOE-SOS-RH-00001-2023 of 28 de setiembre de 2023, the Contraloría General notified the Fiscalía Adjunta de Probidad, Transparencia y Anticorrupción of a report evidencing the failure of a private entity to implement control mechanisms in the administration of public funds; the report also warned of the risk posed by placing the maintenance, operation, and nighttime surveillance of Parque Nacional Cahuita in private hands, while that private party also directly managed the public funds generated in the Park. Consequently, the oversight body deemed it appropriate to bring the situation to the attention of that Judicial Authority and submit the matter for its assessment within the scope of its powers.
Finally, it was established that, through official letters n.° 14850-2024 (DFOE-SOS-0570) of 23 de septiembre de 2024, the Contraloría General informed the Director Ejecutivo del SINAC and the Directora del Área de Conservación La Amistad Caribe (ACLAC) of certain matters concerning the current status of the shared governance model at Parque Nacional Cahuita —situations contrary to compliance with the applicable legal framework were identified, specifically relating to the absence of a current agreement authorizing ADIC’s participation in the model, the failure to deposit in the Fondo de Parques Nacionales the revenue from donations received in the Playa Blanca sector, and the lack of controls over the amounts received under that heading—. With respect to the Juzgado Penal de Hacienda y de la Función Pública and the Fiscalía Adjunta de Probidad, Transparencia y Anticorrupción, it was established that criminal case number 23-000397-1218-PE is being prosecuted against the appellant for the alleged offense of misappropriation of public funds (Malversación) and other offenses, and is being investigated by the Fiscalía Adjunta de Probidad, Transparencia y Anticorrupción as a result of a report submitted to that office by the Contraloría General de la República dated 28 de setiembre de 2023.
It was verified that the file reference assigned by the Contraloría, number CGR-INV-2023001463, bearing the subject: “Official letter forwarding the statement of facts (relación de hechos) N° DFOE-SOS-RH-00001-2023 concerning the irregular administration of the resources collected in the Playa Blanca sector of Parque Nacional Cahuita,” served as the report of a suspected crime (notitia criminis) and was supplemented by the report issued by the Sección de Anticorrupción of the Organismo de Investigación Judicial under number 23-SANT-CI-2025, dated 12 de marzo de 2025, which, in addition to setting forth its conclusions and findings, requested the investigative measures of search, inspection, and seizure (allanamiento, registro y secuestro). Through those measures, an analysis began of a series of apparently irregular acts attributable to officials of Área de Conservación La Amistad Caribe (ACLAC), Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, MINAE, and equivalent private actors representing Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Cahuita (ADIC).
It was determined that Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), ACLAC has failed to comply with the Ley de la Biodiversidad with respect to the Fondo de Parques Nacionales since 2017; it has not ensured the financial sustainability of the investments made in Parque Nacional Cahuita because it relinquished control over the collection and amount of the admission fee in Playa Blanca, a sector accounting for 80% of total visitation, and allowed Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Cahuita (ADIC), a private entity, to use Park facilities to solicit donations from tourists entering through that sector. Both entities failed to perform their duties by not applying, since its inception, the Convenio de Gobernanza Compartida en el Parque Nacional Cahuita, agreed upon in 2017 between ADIC and MINAE (ACLAC), which was established for a five-year term and should have been renewed in 2022, but had not been renewed as of 2025.
It was proven that the Contraloría General de la República issued directives requiring Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) and SINAC to amend Decreto Ejecutivo número 38546-MINAE in order to establish different admission fees for residents and nonresidents at Playa Blanca. Accordingly, MINAE subsequently enacted Decretos Ejecutivos número 35919, concerning the Reconocimiento de los Modelos de Gobernanza Compartida, and 40110- MINAE, which regulates the Modelo de Gobernanza Compartida en el Parque Nacional Cahuita. The latter decree stipulated that SINAC would not collect an admission fee at Playa Blanca, but that the State could receive nonrefundable financial contributions (donations) from visitors, which were to be deposited in the Fondo de Parques Nacionales; the monies received as donations for admission to Parque Nacional Cahuita thereby constituted public funds. It was stated that the Convenio Marco de Cooperación entre el SINAC y la ADIC, signed in 2017 to implement the Modelo de Gobernanza Compartida, specified that all resources received as donations were to be deposited by ADIC into SINAC accounts in the Fondo de Parques Nacionales, pursuant to the Ley de la Biodiversidad.
It was confirmed that in marzo de 2023, SINAC-ACLAC confirmed the expiration of the cooperation agreement between SINAC and ADIC and the absence of an assessment of the quality of governance in the Park in accordance with the principles established in Decreto Ejecutivo número 39519. It was stated that the principal complaint included in the main case file alleges that the presidents of ADIC, including Enrique Joseph Jackson as former president and the appellant, Nombre01, as current president, by virtue of their positions, removed and continue to remove public monies whose administration and custody had been entrusted to them. It was asserted that on 29 de agosto de 2025, a request for search, inspection, and seizure was filed with the Juzgado Penal de Hacienda, and therefore, by a ruling issued at 09:27 hours on 01 de setiembre de 2025, the Juzgado Penal de Hacienda y la Función Pública del Segundo Circuito Judicial ordered the search, inspection, and seizure and the opening of the seized evidence. Finally, it was acknowledged that during the search of his residence, the appellant remained handcuffed but was not arrested. Based on the foregoing, the following conclusions may be drawn:
In light of the foregoing considerations and based on the evidence contained in the case file (expediente), the Chamber has been unable to establish the existence of any violation or threat to the appellant’s fundamental rights caused by the respondent authorities; therefore, the petition must be denied in its entirety, as is hereby ordered.
The parties are advised that, if they have submitted any document in paper form, as well as objects or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computing, magnetic, optical, or telematic device, or produced using new technologies, these must be collected from the court clerk’s office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not collected within this period shall be destroyed, pursuant to the “Regulations on Electronic Case Files before the Poder Judicial” (“Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial”), approved by the Corte Plena at session number 27-11 of 22 de agosto de 2011, article XXVI, and published in Boletín Judicial number 19 of 26 de enero de2012, as well as the resolution approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial at session number 43-12 held on 3 de mayo de 2012, article LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The appeal (recurso) is denied. Let notice be served.
Fernando Castillo V.
Chief Justice Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Telephone numbers: Telf01/ ALA-4TA (Telf02). Fax: Telf03 / Telf04. Website: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Dirección01, Dirección02, 100 mts. south of the iglesia del Perpetuo Socorro).
SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas cuarenta y cinco minutos del treinta de setiembre de dos mil veinticinco .
Recurso de hábeas corpus presentado por Nombre01, cédula de identidad CED01, contra el PODER JUDICIAL, y la CONTRALORIA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Cruz Castro; y,
Considerando:
El recurrente afirma que es presidente de la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Cahuita (ADIC), organización comunitaria que administra recursos económicos derivados del Parque Nacional de Cahuita, reconocido como territorio tribal ancestral al amparo de los Convenios OIT N° 107 y N° 169. Reclama que la Contraloría General de la República emitió disposiciones dirigidas al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) y al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), modificando parcialmente el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 38546-MINAE, para incorporar un cobro de tarifa de ingreso en el sector Playa Blanca, ignorando el carácter tribal del territorio y los derechos conferidos por los Convenios OIT. Esta acción estatal transgrede el artículo 14 del Convenio 169, que exige reconocer los derechos de propiedad y posesión de las tierras tradicionales, y el artículo 6 del Convenio 107, que prioriza el mejoramiento de condiciones económicas en regiones habitadas por poblaciones tribales mediante planes de desarrollo que favorezcan sus iniciativas.
Señala que en el marco del expediente penal N° 23-000397-1218-PE, el Fiscal Auxiliar, presentó solicitud el 1 de septiembre de 2025 para ordenar allanamiento, registro y secuestro; además ordenó la apertura de la evidencia decomisada por el Juzgado Penal de Hacienda y Función Pública. Expone que los antecedentes alegados en la solicitud fiscal se basan en una supervisión bajo el Convenio de Cooperación para el Financiamiento de Proyectos de Turismo en Áreas Silvestres Protegidas (N° 8967) y el contrato de préstamo 1824/OC-CR, afirmando que el SINAC no garantiza la sostenibilidad financiera al dejar de cobrar tarifas en Playa Blanca, y que la ADIC realiza “cobro indebido” mediante contribuciones. Sin embargo, el expediente omite por completo el carácter tribal del Parque Nacional de Cahuita, reconocido implícitamente en la gestión compartida con la comunidad afrodescendiente desde hace más de 20 años, y viola el principio de consulta previa (artículo 6 del Convenio 169), que obliga al Estado a consultar a las comunidades tribales antes de cualquier medida que afecte sus derechos territoriales o económicos.
Reclama que fue acusado penalmente por actos inherentes a sus derechos tribales (administración de contribuciones en territorio ancestral), privado de su libertad personal mediante detención, y su vivienda allanada y registrada sin consideración a su condición étnica ni a los convenios internacionales.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque la autoridad recurrida haya omitido referirse a ellos:
EN CUANTO A LA CONTRALORÍA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA a) Que mediante el informe n.° DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 del 12 de enero de 2015, el Área de Fiscalización de Servicios Ambientales y de Energía de la División de Fiscalización Operativa y Evaluativa de la Contraloría General de la República emitió el informe: “AUDITORÍA DE CARÁCTER ESPECIAL CERCA DE LA RAZONABILIDAD DEL AVANCE EN LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN DEL CRÉDITO EXTERNO NRO. BID 1824/OC/CR: PROGRAMA DE TURISMO EN ÁREAS SILVESTRES PROTEGIDAS” -en el informe se senaló la omisión del cobro de la tarifa de ingreso en el sector Playa Blanca del Parque Nacional Cahuita- (ver informe de la autoridad recurrida).
EN CUANTO AL JUZGADO PENAL DEL JUZGADO PENAL DE HACIENDA Y DE LA FUNCIÓN PÚBLICA Y LA FISCALÍA ADJUNTA DE PROBIDAD, TRANSPARENCIA Y ANTICORRUPCIÓN j) Que contra el recurrente se tramita la causa penal número 23-000397-1218-PE por el presunto delito de Malversación y otros, el cual está siendo investigado por la Fiscalía Adjunta de Probidad, Transparencia y Anticorrupción con ocasión a un informe remitido a este despacho por parte de la Contraloría General de la República de fecha 28 de setiembre de 2023 (ver informe de la autoridad recurrida).
De los informes rendidos por las autoridades recurridas los cuales son dados bajo la solemnidad del juramento con las consecuencias legales que ello implica se desprende en cuanto a la Contraloría General de la República que mediante el informe n.° DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 del 12 de enero de 2015, el Área de Fiscalización de Servicios Ambientales y de Energía de la División de Fiscalización Operativa y Evaluativa de la Contraloría General de la República emitió el informe: “AUDITORÍA DE CARÁCTER ESPECIAL CERCA DE LA RAZONABILIDAD DEL AVANCE EN LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN DEL CRÉDITO EXTERNO NRO. BID 1824/OC/CR: PROGRAMA DE TURISMO EN ÁREAS SILVESTRES PROTEGIDAS” -en el informe se senaló la omisión del cobro de la tarifa de ingreso en el sector Playa Blanca del Parque Nacional Cahuita-. Se acreditó que en el informe se giraron disposiciones a las autoridades del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, para elaborar una propuesta de modificación parcial al Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 38546-MINAE que incorpore el cobro de la tarifa de ingreso a los visitantes en el Sector de Playa Blanca del Parque Nacional Cahuita, que sean estimados conforme deriva de los artículos 35, 38 y 42 de la Ley de Biodiversidad y el 6 de la Ley de Creación del Servicio de Parques Nacionales; y se tomen medidas para prohibir a sujetos privados solicitar donaciones dentro de los límites de dicho Parque, y solo se permitan actividades y ocupar instalaciones del SINAC con fines permitidos por el ordenamiento jurídico, y se gestione el cobro del ingreso al sector de Playa Blanca.
Se demostró que en el período 2015-2020, las Administraciones anteriores promulgaron el Modelo de Gobernanza Compartida en el Parque Nacional Cahuita y emitieron el Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 40110-MINAE, publicado en La Gaceta n.° 15 del 20 de enero 2017, Reglamento del Modelo de Gobernanza Compartida en el Parque Nacional Cahuita, en el cual se estableció que en el sector de Playa Blanca del Parque Nacional Cahuita no se cobraría la tarifa de ingreso por parte del SINAC. Se identificó que en fecha 09 de setiembre de 2025, el recurrente suscribió un documento solicitando a la CGR explicación técnica y legal sobre la aplicación de los Convenios 107 y 169 de la OIT para un convenio de administración compartida con SINAC en el Parque Nacional Cahuita. Se constató que mediante oficio n.° 16528-2025 (DJ-1735) del 16 de setiembre del 2025 la División Jurídica de la Contraloría rechazó por inadmisible la consulta conforme lo establecido en los incisos 1 y
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión número 27-11 del 22 de agosto de 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero de2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión número 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo de 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.