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Res. 31663-2025 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 30/09/2025
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber denied the habeas corpus petition, holding that the search warrant was lawful, the handcuffing was not openly unlawful, and that the criminal investigation had not been ordered for acts inherent to tribal rights.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar el recurso de hábeas corpus tras considerar que la orden de allanamiento fue legítima y el uso de esposas no fue abiertamente ilegítimo, y que la investigación penal no derivaba de actos inherentes a derechos tribales.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber denies the habeas corpus petition filed by the president of the Cahuita Integral Development Association (ADIC) against the Judiciary and the Office of the Comptroller General. The petitioner alleged violations of his personal liberty and ethnic integrity after a raid on his home and on facilities of Cahuita National Park during a criminal investigation for the alleged embezzlement of public funds derived from visitor donations. The Chamber concludes that the investigation originated from a Comptroller’s report that detected irregularities in resource management, that the search warrant was issued in accordance with the law, and that handcuffing during the procedure was not unlawful. It rejects arguments concerning tribal rights and lack of prior consultation on the grounds that the petitioner had not been formally detained, and that the criminal proceedings were based on facts other than acts inherent to tribal rights.La Sala Constitucional rechaza el recurso de hábeas corpus interpuesto por el presidente de la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Cahuita (ADIC) contra el Poder Judicial y la Contraloría General de la República. El recurrente alegó violaciones a su libertad personal e integridad étnica tras un allanamiento en su vivienda y en las instalaciones del Parque Nacional Cahuita durante una investigación penal por presunta malversación de fondos públicos provenientes de donaciones de visitantes. La Sala concluye que la investigación se originó en un informe de la Contraloría que detectó irregularidades en la administración de recursos, que la orden de allanamiento fue emitida conforme a la ley y que el uso de esposas durante la diligencia no fue ilegítimo. Desestima los argumentos sobre derechos tribales y falta de consulta previa basándose en que el recurrente no fue detenido formalmente y en que el proceso penal se funda en hechos distintos a actos inherentes a derechos tribales.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Based on the foregoing, the following may be concluded: 1.) That the petitioner serves as president of the Cahuita Integral Development Association (ADIC), which is a community organization that manages economic resources derived from the Cahuita National Park; 2.) That the Office of the Comptroller General has issued a series of directives relating to the shared governance model of Cahuita National Park; 3.) As indicated by the Comptroller General in report No. DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 of January 12, 2015, “In the case of a private organization, the Comptroller’s Office considers that the Administration’s argument regarding the existence of a political agreement and the importance of citizen participation through a shared management scheme is insufficient to allow the use of SINAC facilities by that organization to solicit donations from Park visitors. Therefore, as long as such use is not authorized by a statutory norm, the principle of legality set forth in articles 11 of the Political Constitution and 11 of the General Public Administration Act is violated, since they condition the conformity of administrative action to the legal order. It should be recalled that shared management is not a legally defined and recognized figure in national legislation”; 4.) That there is no current agreement enabling the association represented by the petitioner to participate within the model, nor regulating the failure to deposit into the National Parks Fund the income from donations received at the Playa Blanca sector; 5.) That, based on the report issued by the Comptroller General on September 28, 2023, the Prosecution ordered the opening of criminal case No. 23-000397-1218-PE for the alleged crime of embezzlement and others – a matter that is under investigation. Thus, it is not true that the investigation was ordered for acts inherent to the petitioner’s tribal rights; 6.) Finally, the handcuffing of persons who are within a property being searched is not an openly unlawful measure in the context of such a procedure. Therefore, the petition must be dismissed, as is hereby ordered.Partiendo de lo anterior es posible concluir lo siguiente:1.) Que el recurrente figura como presidente de la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Cahuita (ADIC) que es organización comunitaria que administra recursos económicos derivados del Parque Nacional de Cahuita; 2.) Que la Contraloría General de la República ha girando una serie de directrices relacionadas con el modelo de gobernanza compartida del Parque Nacional Cahuita; 3.) Tal y como indicó la Contraloría General de la República en el informe n.° DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 del 12 de enero de 2015 “En el caso de una organización privada considera el Órgano Contralor que el argumento de la Administración, en cuanto a la existencia de un acuerdo político y la importancia de la participación ciudadana mediante la figura de manejo compartido, es insuficiente para permitir el uso de instalaciones del SINAC a favor de esa organización para solicitar donativos a los visitantes del Parque. Así, en el tanto ese uso no esté autorizado en virtud de norma de rango de ley, se violenta el principio de legalidad dispuesto en los artículos 11 de la Constitución Política y 11 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, los cuales, condicionan la sujeción del actuar Administrativo al ordenamiento Jurídico. Recuérdese que el manejo compartido no es una figura jurídica definida y reconocida en la legislación nacional”; 4.) Que no existe un convenio vigente que habilite la participación de la Asociación que representa el recurrente dentro del modelo y que regule la falta del depósito en el Fondo de Parques Nacionales de los ingresos por concepto de donaciones recibidas en el sector de Playa Blanca; 5.) Que atendiendo al informe emitido por la Contraloría General de la República de fecha 28 de setiembre de 2023 la Fiscalía ordenó la apertura de la causa penal número 23-000397-1218-PE por el presunto delito de Malversación y otros -proceso que se encuentra en investigación-. De manera que no es cierto que la investigación se haya ordenado por actos inherentes a derechos tribales del recurrente; 6.) Finalmente, la colocación de esposas a las personas detenidas que se encuentren en un inmueble allanado no es una medida abiertamente ilegítima en el contexto de la ejecución de una diligencia de esa naturaleza. Así las cosas lo procedente es declarar sin lugar el recurso como en efecto se dispone.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"el órgano contralor estimó pertinente hacer la situación de conocimiento de esa Autoridad Judicial y someter el asunto a su valoración en el marco de sus competencias"
"the Comptroller’s Office deemed it appropriate to bring this situation to the attention of the Judicial Authority and submit it for its assessment within the scope of its powers"
Apartado III – Sobre el caso concreto
"el órgano contralor estimó pertinente hacer la situación de conocimiento de esa Autoridad Judicial y someter el asunto a su valoración en el marco de sus competencias"
Apartado III – Sobre el caso concreto
"no es cierto que la investigación se haya ordenado por actos inherentes a derechos tribales del recurrente"
"it is not true that the investigation was ordered for acts inherent to the petitioner’s tribal rights"
Apartado III – Sobre el caso concreto
"no es cierto que la investigación se haya ordenado por actos inherentes a derechos tribales del recurrente"
Apartado III – Sobre el caso concreto
"la colocación de esposas a las personas detenidas que se encuentren en un inmueble allanado no es una medida abiertamente ilegítima en el contexto de la ejecución de una diligencia de esa naturaleza"
"the handcuffing of persons who are within a property being searched is not an openly unlawful measure in the context of such a procedure"
Apartado III – Sobre el caso concreto
"la colocación de esposas a las personas detenidas que se encuentren en un inmueble allanado no es una medida abiertamente ilegítima en el contexto de la ejecución de una diligencia de esa naturaleza"
Apartado III – Sobre el caso concreto
Full documentDocumento completo
RESOLUTION Nº 31663 – 2025 Date of Resolution: 09:45 a.m. on September 30, 2025 Case File: 25-027477-0007-CO Type of Matter: Habeas corpus remedy Content of Interest:
Strategic Themes: Environmental, Economic Social Cultural and Environmental Rights, Indigenous Peoples Type of Content: Voto de mayoría Branch of Law: 4. GUARANTEE MATTERS Subject: CRIMINAL Subtopics:
SEARCH AND SEIZURE.
Subject: ENVIRONMENT Subtopics:
PROTECTED AREA.
031663-25. CRIMINAL. ENVIRONMENT. A CRIMINAL PROCEEDING IS CHALLENGED, THROUGH WHICH THE PETITIONER (PART OF A PRIVATE ENTITY) WAS SUBJECTED TO A SEARCH AND WAS KEPT HANDCUFFED, FOR ALLEGED IMPROPER CHARGES IN THE PLAYA BLANCA SECTOR OF THE CAHUITA NATIONAL PARK. THE REMEDY IS DECLARED WITHOUT GROUNDS. VCG10/2025 "(…) III.- ON THE SPECIFIC CASE: From the reports rendered by the respondent authorities, which are given under the solemnity of oath with the legal consequences that this entails, it emerges that, regarding the Contraloría General de la República, through report no. DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 of January 12, 2015, the Environmental Services and Energy Oversight Area of the Operative and Evaluative Oversight Division of the Contraloría General de la República issued the report: "SPECIAL NATURE AUDIT ON THE REASONABLENESS OF THE PROGRESS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FOREIGN LOAN NO. BID 1824/OC/CR: TOURISM PROGRAM IN PROTECTED WILD AREAS" -the report noted the omission of the collection of the entrance fee (tarifa de ingreso) in the Playa Blanca sector of the Cahuita National Park-.
It was accredited that the report issued directives to the authorities of the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the National System of Conservation Areas, to prepare a proposal for a partial modification to the Executive Decree no. 38546-MINAE that incorporates the collection of the entrance fee from visitors in the Playa Blanca Sector of the Cahuita National Park, which are estimated pursuant to articles 35, 38, and 42 of the Biodiversity Law and article 6 of the Law Creating the National Parks Service; and measures be taken to prohibit private subjects from soliciting donations within the limits of said Park, and only activities and occupation of SINAC facilities be permitted for purposes allowed by the legal system, and the collection of entrance fees to the Playa Blanca sector be managed. It was demonstrated that in the 2015-2020 period, the previous Administrations enacted the Shared Governance Model (Modelo de Gobernanza Compartida) in the Cahuita National Park and issued Executive Decree no. 40110-MINAE, published in La Gaceta no. 15 of January 20, 2017, Regulation of the Shared Governance Model in the Cahuita National Park, in which it was established that in the Playa Blanca sector of the Cahuita National Park, the entrance fee would not be charged by SINAC.
It was identified that on September 9, 2025, the petitioner signed a document requesting from the CGR a technical and legal explanation on the application of ILO Conventions 107 and 169 for a shared administration agreement with SINAC in the Cahuita National Park. It was verified that through official communication no. 16528-2025 (DJ-1735) of September 16, 2025, the Legal Division of the Contraloría rejected the query as inadmissible in accordance with the provisions of subsections 1 and 2) of section 8 of the Regulation on the receipt and handling of queries directed to the Contraloría General de la República. It was affirmed that as of the date of rendering the report, the directives issued in report DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015, especially 4.3, 4.5, and 4.7, are considered unfulfilled. It was verified that through document no. DFOE-SOS-RH-00001-2023 of September 28, 2023, the Contraloría General brought to the attention of the Fiscalía Adjunta de Probidad, Transparencia y Anticorrupción, a report that evidences the lack of implementation of control mechanisms in the administration of public funds by a private entity; the risk that the maintenance, operation, and nighttime surveillance of the Cahuita National Park was in the hands of a private party was also alerted to, furthermore, directly executing the public resources generated in the Park: for which the auditing body deemed it pertinent to make the situation known to that Judicial Authority and submit the matter to its evaluation within the framework of its powers.
Finally, it was accredited that through official communications no. 14850-2024 (DFOE-SOS-0570) of September 23, 2024, the Contraloría General informed the Executive Director of SINAC and the Director of the La Amistad Caribe Conservation Area (ACLAC) of some aspects regarding the current situation of the shared governance model of the Cahuita National Park -situations contrary to the observance of the applicable legal framework were identified, specifically related to the lack of a valid agreement that enabled the participation of the ADIC within the model, the lack of deposit into the National Parks Fund of the income from donations received in the Playa Blanca sector, and the lack of controls regarding the sums received for that concept-. Regarding the Juzgado Penal de Hacienda y de la Función Pública and the Fiscalía Adjunta de Probidad, Transparencia y Anticorrupción, it was accredited that criminal case number 23-000397-1218-PE is being processed against the petitioner for the alleged crime of Embezzlement and others, which is being investigated by the Fiscalía Adjunta de Probidad, Transparencia y Anticorrupción on the occasion of a report sent to this office by the Contraloría General de la República dated September 28, 2023.
It was verified that the reference of the file assigned by the Contraloría, number CGR-INV-2023001463, titled with the subject: "Official communication forwarding statement of facts No. DFOE-SOS-RH-00001-2023, on the irregular administration of resources collected in the Playa Blanca sector of the Cahuita National Park," served as a notitia criminis and was complemented by the report issued by the Anti-Corruption Section of the Judicial Investigation Agency, under number 23-SANT-CI-2025, dated March 12, 2025, in which, in addition to the conclusions and results obtained, the investigation procedure of a search, registration, and seizure (allanamiento, registro y secuestro) is requested, through which a series of apparently irregular acts began to be analyzed, attributable to officials of the La Amistad Caribe Conservation Area (ACLAC), of the National System of Conservation Areas, MINAE, and to subjects equated to public officials representing the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Cahuita (ADIC).
It was identified that the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), ACLAC has breached the provisions of the Biodiversity Law, regarding the National Parks Fund, since 2017, has not ensured the financial sustainability of the investments made in the Cahuita National Park, by having lost control over the collection and the entrance fee in Playa Blanca, a sector that represents 80% of the total visitation, allowing the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Cahuita (ADIC), a private entity, to use the park facilities to solicit donations from tourists entering through said sector, both failing in their duties by not applying, since its establishment, the Shared Governance Agreement (Convenio de Gobernanza Compartida) in the Cahuita National Park, agreed upon in 2017 between ADIC and MINAE (ACLAC), an agreement that was established for a term of five years and that should have been renewed in 2022, a renewal that has not been carried out in 2025.
It was proven that the Contraloría General de la República issued directives for the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) and SINAC to modify Executive Decree Number 38546-MINAE, with the objective of establishing a differentiated entrance fee for residents and non-residents in Playa Blanca. Due to the foregoing, MINAE subsequently enacted Executive Decrees Number 35919, on the Recognition of Shared Governance Models, and 40110-MINAE, which regulates the Shared Governance Model in the Cahuita National Park, with this last decree stipulating that SINAC would not charge an entrance fee in Playa Blanca, but rather the State could receive non-reimbursable economic contributions (donations) from visitors, which should be deposited into the National Parks Fund, thus constituting the money received by way of donations for entrance to the Cahuita National Park as public funds. It was affirmed that the Framework Cooperation Agreement between SINAC and ADIC, signed in 2017, for the implementation of the Shared Governance Model, specified that all resources received from donations must be deposited by ADIC into the SINAC accounts, in the National Parks Fund, based on the Biodiversity Law.
It was confirmed that in March 2023, SINAC-ACLAC confirmed the expiration of the cooperation agreement between SINAC and ADIC and the absence of an analysis on the quality of governance in the park, in accordance with the principles established in Executive Decree Number 39519. It was affirmed that the main complaint incorporated into the main file establishes that the presidents of the ADIC, including Enrique Joseph Jackson, as former president, and the petitioner as current president [Name 001], by virtue of their positions, misappropriated and continue to misappropriate public funds whose administration and custody were entrusted to them. It was asserted that on August 29, 2025, a request for a search, registration, and seizure was filed before the Juzgado Penal de Hacienda, such that by resolution at 09:27 hours on September 1, 2025, the Juzgado Penal de Hacienda y la Función Pública of the Second Judicial Circuit ordered a search, registration, and seizure and the opening of the seized evidence.
Finally, it was acknowledged that during the search procedure at his place of residence, the petitioner was kept handcuffed but was not detained. Based on the foregoing, it is possible to conclude the following:
Habeas corpus remedy filed by [Name 001], identity card [Value 001], against the PODER JUDICIAL, and the CONTRALORIA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA.
Whereas:
By engaging in structural racism, the Comptroller General's Office—in its complaint—fails to recognize Cahuita National Park as ancestral territory and fails to recognize the ADIC as an institution with an ancestral function issued and recognized by the State itself, given that, domestically, Executive Decree No. 40110-MINAE (2017), in its Article 5, declares the ADIC a permanent member of the Local Management Council of Cahuita National Park; and in its Article 6 orders the signing of a framework agreement with SINAC and establishes a donation mechanism to be administered by the community and reinvested in the Park. This decree expressly cites ILO Convention 169 as its legal basis, recognizing the right of the ADIC to participate in the administration and use of the park's natural resources. Executive Decree No. 43532-MP-MINAE-MCJ-MEP (2022), for its part, entrusts the ADIC with organizing the Forum of the Afro-Costa Rican Tribal People, granting it a national role as a representative institution of the Afro-descendant tribal people.
By ignoring this normative framework and reducing the ADIC to a mere “private subject,” the Comptroller General's Office disregards the collective and ancestral nature of the representation exercised by the undersigned [Name 001] as president of the ADIC. This constitutes structural racial discrimination, prohibited by Article 33 of the Constitution, the Durban Declaration (2001), and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Afro-descendants (2024), which require eliminating all forms of racism, guaranteeing effective participation, and protecting the territories and resources of Afro-descendant peoples. The discrimination is aggravated because the Comptroller General's Office, by promoting criminal action, criminalizes an activity protected by international law: the ancestral administration of Cahuita National Park, the receipt of non-reimbursable contributions, and their reinvestment in the park itself.
These activities are an expression of customary use of biological resources, protected by Article 10(c) of the CBD, and form part of the intangible cultural heritage recognized by the UNESCO Convention (2003). In sum, by considering the ADIC a private entity without special powers and by ignoring that I exercise an ancestral function of administration and safeguarding of the territory, the Comptroller General of the Republic contravenes the Constitution (Arts. 7, 33, 48, 89), ILO Conventions 107 and 169 (Arts. 6, 7, 13-15, 34), the Vienna Convention (Arts. 26 and 27), the Convention on Biological Diversity (Arts. 8(j) and 10(c)), and Decrees 40110-MINAE and 43532-MP-MINAE-MCJ-MEP. This conduct constitutes structural discrimination and a violation of the principle of conventionality, as it is based on an administrative interpretation that ignores international obligations of supra-legal rank and harms the collective rights of the Afro-descendant community of Cahuita.
The “private” treatment noted by the Comptroller General's Office regarding the ADI's functions resulted in the erasure of differentiated safeguards in the process: prior consultation, a Creole interpreter, and immediate legal defense, affecting substantive equality and non-discrimination. VIOLATION BY THE RESPONDENTS OF THE INTANGIBLE VALUE OF CAHUITA NATIONAL PARK AND ANCESTRAL MEMORY With the raids, the criminal complaint, and the respondents' consideration that the ADIC is a simple subject of private law, the tribal population of Cahuita and its relationship with the park are structurally discriminated against. Cahuita National Park is, above all, a territory of memory because the cemeteries and sacred sites for the Afro-descendant population are located there, as their ancestors are there. It is a territory of living practices, language, and music (calypso) that bind the Afro-descendant community to the place.
In this framework, the ADIC does not operate as any “private association,” as the Comptroller General's Office states, but as an ancestral body for administration, care, coordination, and collective decision-making. Its authority emanates from local history and custom: guarding the cemetery (campo santo), mediating conflicts, organizing common life, transmitting, collaborating, recognizing and protecting the rights of the fishermen, of the elder ancestors, the knowledge of the sea and the mountain (protection of the park), and sustaining the spiritual bond with the territory. International law does not “create” this authority for the ADIC and Afro-descendants; it recognizes it and therefore requires States to consult and cooperate “through their representative institutions” (Art. 6, Convention 169), to respect their values, practices, and institutions (Art. 5), and to guarantee their right to decide priorities and control their own development (Art. 7).
From this ancestral perspective, the spiritual-territorial bond is not rhetorical: Convention 169 orders “respect for the special importance” of that relationship and its collective aspects (Art. 13), recognition of ownership/possession over traditionally occupied lands (Art. 14), and protection of participation in the use, administration, and conservation of resources (Art. 15). Hence, the ADIC's presence in the Park's management is not a temporary concession but the institutional projection of a historical practice of cultural and environmental management. This root is later named by the State itself. The Regulation for the Shared Governance Model of Cahuita National Park (D.E. 40110-MINAE) does not “grant” the ADIC a place; it confirms a path of over twenty years of co-management and provides that “The Cahuita Integral Development Association (ADIC) shall be a permanent organization on [the] Local Council” (Art. 5).
Furthermore, it regulates a donation mechanism to sustain the model, through a SINAC–ADIC Framework Agreement, recognizing the cultural contribution of the community to in situ conservation (Art. 6). All this is inserted into a general policy that “recognizes, promotes, and strengthens” governance models with social participation (D.E. 39519-MINAE). The clearest step, in terms of identity, is D.E. 43532-MP-MINAE-MCJ-MEP (2022): the Executive Branch “reaffirms” that the Afro-Costa Rican population “has recognized itself as a tribal people” and confirms this self-recognition, based on Convention 169; and specifies that the organization of the Forum of the Afro-Costa Rican Tribal People “is in charge of” the ADIC. That is to say: the State fully recognizes and ratifies a pre-existing condition—Afro-descendant tribal people—and, within that condition, positions the ADIC as the organizing/representative body for dialogue and rights monitoring.
From the ancestral perspective, this forum is a contemporary expression of the collective word (a place for consultation and co-decision) rather than a simple bureaucratic organ. This reading also aligns with two international pillars that protect the knowledge and customary uses of tribal peoples and local communities: the Convention on Biological Diversity, which mandates “respect, preserve and maintain” knowledge and practices (Art. 8(j)) and “protect and encourage customary use” of biological resources (Art. 10(c)); and the UNESCO Convention (2003), which places intangible cultural heritage under the active guardianship of the communities themselves. In Cahuita, practices such as the community reception and reinvestment of donations to sustain the Park are, from the local culture, forms of care and redistribution that materialize these mandates. Therefore, when a public action (criminal complaint by the Comptroller General's Office and raids) disregards this ancestral condition and reduces the ADIC to a “private subject,” it not only breaks the thread of community legitimacy; it also ignores the conventional framework that obligates consultation and co-decision with representative institutions, and the domestic regulations that “recognize and formalize” shared governance with the ADIC as a permanent member.
In an ancestral key, such disregard is not technical: it wounds the fabric of memory, affective contiguity, and spirituality that makes Cahuita and its park a collective home. Hence, the standard of intervention must include—in addition to procedural guarantees—concrete cultural safeguards: the presence of community representatives, a Creole interpreter, and protocols for the safeguarding of sacred sites, all consistent with Art. 6 of Convention 169 and the participatory practice reflected in the cited decrees. In summary, the ADIC exercises ancestral authority in the territory-Park, and the State has already recognized and reaffirmed it: (i) as an organic permanent body on the Local Council and co-manager of finances (D.E. 40110-MINAE); (ii) as a paradigm within the governance policy with social participation (D.E. 39519-MINAE); and (iii) as the organizing institution of the Forum of the Afro-Costa Rican Tribal People, after confirming the self-recognition of the Afro people as a tribal people (D.E. 43532).
This normative tripod does not create ancestral authority: it gives it a legal name and protects it in harmony with Convention 169, the CBD, and the 2003 Convention. Any reading that ignores this matrix uproots the Park from its profound meaning and violates the duty of respect, consultation, and effective participation imposed by the conventionality block. CONSTITUTIONAL AND CONVENTIONAL VIOLATIONS • Arbitrary deprivation of liberty (Arts. 48 CP; 25 and 30 LJC). • Structural ethnic and racial discrimination through the invisibilization of identity and ancestral territory (Arts. 33 and 89 CP; Conv. 169 ILO). • Disregard of the right to consultation and participation (Art. 6, Conv. 169). • Criminalization of protected activities of customary administration and use (Arts. 7, 14, and 15, Conv. 169; Arts. 8(j) and 10(c), CBD). • Violation of the principle of conventionality and the constitutionality block (Art. 7 CP; Arts. 26, 27, and 31, Vienna Convention; Art. 34, Conv. 169). • Lack of differentiated procedural guarantees: absence of a Creole interpreter and immediate legal defense (due process with an intercultural approach).
LEGAL BASIS The deprivation of liberty of the undersigned [Name 001] and the raids carried out in Cahuita National Park and at my home lack legal validity because they violate the constitutionality block and the International Human Rights Treaties that protect the Afro-descendant community of Cahuita and its ancestral territory, Cahuita National Park. The Political Constitution establishes in its Article 7 that duly approved international treaties have a rank superior to ordinary law. Thus, ILO Conventions 107 and 169, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, as well as the Durban Declaration and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Afro-descendants, are integrated into the Costa Rican legal system with supra-legal hierarchy. Therefore, no domestic regulation or administrative or judicial action can prevail over these international commitments.
ILO Convention 169—Law No. 7316 of 1992—is the pillar of this protection. Its Article 6 imposes on governments the duty to consult the concerned peoples, through their representative institutions, whenever legislative or administrative measures that may directly affect them are foreseen. This obligation of prior consultation is of immediate and direct application, in accordance with its Article 34, which orders the Convention to be applied even when specific domestic regulations are lacking. In turn, Article 7 guarantees the right of these peoples to decide their own development priorities and to control their own economic, social, and cultural process; while Articles 13 to 15 recognize their right to ownership, possession, and administration of the lands and natural resources existing therein. Consequently, Cahuita National Park, where the Afro-descendant community has historically exercised its social, cultural, and economic life, is a protected ancestral territory, and any state action affecting it must have the consent of its representative institution, the Cahuita Integral Development Association (ADIC).
ILO Convention 107, the antecedent to 169, had already protected the territorial rights of tribal peoples since 1957. Its validity in Costa Rica before the creation of the Park reinforces that the historical displacement of Afro-descendant families from Cahuita, as well as any state action that ignores their condition as a tribal people, constitutes a violation of acquired and internationally recognized rights. The protective block is expanded by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Law No. 7615 of 1996), which in its Article 26 enshrines the principle of pacta sunt servanda, according to which every treaty in force binds the parties and must be performed in good faith, and in its Article 27 prohibits States from invoking provisions of their domestic law as justification for failing to perform a treaty. Its Article 31 requires that treaties be interpreted in accordance with their object and purpose, giving priority to the protection of human rights (pro persona).
In accordance with these norms, no provision of domestic law can legitimize a detention or raid that disregards Convention 169. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), ratified by Costa Rica through Law No. 7416 of 1994, complements this protection. Its Article 8(j) obligates the respect, preservation, and maintenance of the knowledge and practices of indigenous and local communities relevant to the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity; and its Article 10(c) orders the protection and encouragement of the customary use of biological resources in accordance with traditional cultural practices. The community administration and reinvestment of donations in Cahuita National Park precisely constitute a customary use oriented towards conservation and are, therefore, covered by this treaty. Likewise, the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003) recognizes and protects the spaces, practices, expressions, and knowledge that communities transmit from generation to generation.
Cahuita National Park is not only an area of biodiversity but also a place of collective memory, as it contains two cemeteries that are ancestral and hold the remains of ancestral Afro-descendant families, whose remains were left there at the time the community was expelled when the park was created. Police intervention without consideration of this intangible value violates the obligations of respect and protection derived from the Convention. The Durban Declaration (2001) and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Afro-descendants (2024) reinforce the state duty to eradicate all forms of racism and structural discrimination, and to guarantee effective participation and the protection of the territories and natural resources of Afro-descendants. By failing to provide a Creole interpreter or a public defender and by treating the ADIC as a simple “private subject,” the authorities engaged in institutional racial discrimination.
On the domestic level, Executive Decree No. 35919-MINAE (2016) recognizes shared governance models in wild protected areas. Executive Decree No. 40110-MINAE (2017) goes further by establishing a specific regulation for the co-management of Cahuita National Park: its Article 5 declares the ADIC a permanent member of the Local Management Council, and its Article 6 authorizes the signing of a Framework Agreement with SINAC and establishes a donation mechanism for the management of the park. This decree expressly cites ILO Convention 169 as its legal basis. In turn, Executive Decree No. 43532-MP-MINAE-MCJ-MEP (2022) designates the ADIC as the organizer of the Forum of the Afro-Costa Rican Tribal People, reinforcing its character as an ancestral authority and collective representative. These norms confer upon the ADIC an express mandate from the State to administer the Park and manage the resources generated.
Relating this set of norms, it is evident that no authority could treat the donations received and reinvested in the same park as illicit management of funds. On the contrary, this management is the form authorized by the State itself to comply with Convention 169 and to guarantee the community's right to participate in the use, administration, and conservation of natural resources (Art. 15 of Convention 169). In this context, the deprivation of my liberty—carried out without a reading of rights, without the assistance of a public defender, and without an interpreter in my cultural language—violates Article 48 of the Constitution and Articles 25 and 30 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, which protect personal liberty and require that any detention be legal, reasoned, and respectful of minimum guarantees. The classification of the ADIC as a “private subject” in the raid order deliberately ignores the International Human Rights Treaties, especially ILO Convention 169 and Decrees 40110 and 43532, disregarding the ancestral and collective character recognized by the State itself.
This reductionist treatment converts an activity protected by international law into an alleged crime, reproducing institutional racism and the criminalization of collective rights. For the foregoing reasons, the illegal detention of which I was a victim and the raids on Cahuita National Park and my home were illegal, because: • They were carried out without prior consultation with the community, violating Article 6 of Convention 169. • They disregarded the supra-legal hierarchy of treaties, contrary to Article 7 of the Constitution and Articles 26 and 27 of the Vienna Convention. • They criminalized a legitimate activity provided for in Decree 40110-MINAE in relation to ILO Convention 169, consisting of receiving and reinvesting donations in the Park. • They invisibilized the Afro-descendant identity and the ancestral character of the Park, contravening Articles 33 and 89 of the Constitution, as well as the Durban Declaration and the 2024 UN Declaration. • They injured the fundamental right to personal liberty, protected by Article 48 of the Constitution and the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
For all the foregoing, my deprivation of liberty and the raids carried out lack any legal basis and must be declared null and void, also ordering integral reparation and guarantees of non-repetition. PRAYER FOR RELIEF • That the present habeas corpus be declared GRANTED; that the illegitimate detention suffered on September 3, 2025, and the existence of structural discrimination for treating the ADIC as a “private subject,” with criminalization of activities protected by Convention 169, be recognized. • That the permanent protection of my personal liberty and the prohibition of new detentions for the same facts linked to the exercise of community functions in Cahuita National Park be ordered. • That the legal effects of the detention and the raid concerning my person be annulled, and immediate corrective measures be ordered. • That it be declared that the ADIC is not a mere private subject, but an ancestral authority and collective representative of the Afro-descendant community of Cahuita, in accordance with Decrees 40110-MINAE and 43532-MP-MINAE-MCJ-MEP, and that any state action involving it must observe and respect the principle of conventionality and the duty of prior consultation (Art. 6, Conv. 169). • That guarantees of non-repetition be ordered: a) intervention protocols with an intercultural approach (prior consultation, presence of community representatives, Creole interpreter, and legal defense from the outset); b) mandatory training for the Comptroller General's Office, the Judicial Branch, the Public Ministry, and the OIJ on the rights of tribal and Afro-descendant peoples” (see electronic record).
Additionally, it was identified that donation income in the Playa Blanca sector was not deposited into the National Parks Fund (Fondo de Parques Nacionales) and there were no adequate controls over that money. It was also indicated that the Office of the Comptroller General (Contraloría) communicated these situations to the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación) and the La Amistad Caribe Conservation Area (Área de Conservación La Amistad Caribe) through an official communication dated April 24, 2024, urging them to take corrective measures. In response, SINAC and ACLAC reported on August 9 and 13, 2024, respectively, that they had implemented actions to resolve the irregularities and that they had a work plan underway to ensure results. Finally, in the aforementioned official communication, it is highlighted that it is the exclusive responsibility of SINAC and ACLAC to ensure that the measures taken are effective and are duly supported by the legal and technical framework, specifically Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 39519 and n.° 40110. Similarly, it is warned that the Office of the Comptroller General reserves the right to conduct a future audit to verify that the corrective actions have been properly implemented.
10. On September 9, 2025, Mr. [Name 001] signed a document requesting from the CGR a technical and legal explanation regarding the application of ILO Conventions 107 and 169 for a shared management agreement (convenio de administración compartida) with SINAC in the Cahuita National Park, and therefore, through official communication n.° 16528-2025 (DJ-1735) dated September 16 of this year, the Legal Division of the Office of the Comptroller General rejected the inquiry as inadmissible in accordance with subsections 1 and 2 of numeral 8 of the Regulation on the reception and handling of inquiries directed to the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic.
II REGARDING THE FACTS SET FORTH IN THE APPEAL FIRST: It is rejected. Regarding the administration of the economic resources of Cahuita National Park by a private entity, we refer to what was stated and analyzed in report n.° DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 of January 12, 2015, and official communication n.° 14850-2024 (DFOE-SOS-0570) of September 23, 2024.
SECOND: From what is described in this fact, what the CGR is aware of is what was pointed out in report n.° DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 of January 12, 2015, as well as what was mentioned in official communication n.° DFOE-SOS-0360 of July 31, 2023, and official communication n.° 14850-2024 (DFOE-SOS-0570) of September 23, 2024. As for the rest, we have no record of it, nor is it for this oversight body to make that type of assessment and qualification.
THIRD: It is true, with clarifications. Indeed, the Office of the Comptroller General issued report n.° DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 in response to our oversight work in accordance with the assigned constitutional and legal powers. On the other hand, it is rejected that the issued provisions violate the rights of tribal peoples, since the provisions issued are directed at MINAE and SINAC with competence in the matter and do not have the objective of violating any "right." Furthermore, it is pertinent to point out that to date, the provisions issued in report DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015, especially 4.3, 4.5, and 4.7, are considered unfulfilled as can be seen from official communication n.° 017598-2022 (DFOE-SOS-0191/DEFOE-SEM-0638) of May 6, 2022.
FOURTH: We have no record of this, as it does not involve an act emanating from this oversight body.
FIFTH: We have no record of this. What is mentioned in this fact does not correspond to any action or conduct of this Office of the Comptroller General, and therefore, what is described by the appellant is unknown.
SIXTH: We have no record of this, as it does not correspond to any action or conduct of the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic, and therefore, what is described by the appellant is unknown.
III ON THE MERITS In accordance with the provisions of numeral 22 of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional), the actions or proceedings carried out by the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic in the exercise of its constitutional and legal powers in safeguarding the Public Treasury (Hacienda Pública) are described below, which is relevant for the understanding and analysis of the factual scenario described by the appellant and demonstrates the absence of violations by this oversight body regarding the rights and guarantees of the appellant.
1. ON THE ACTIONS CARRIED OUT BY THE CGR.
a. On the results obtained in report n.° DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 related to the entry to Playa Blanca of Cahuita National Park In the audit report titled "SPECIAL NATURE AUDIT REGARDING THE REASONABLENESS OF PROGRESS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EXTERNAL CREDIT NO. BID 1824/OC/CR: TOURISM PROGRAM IN PROTECTED WILD AREAS," the omission of entry fee collection in the Playa Blanca sector of Cahuita National Park is detailed - among other aspects:
The referred report indicates that Cahuita National Park is one of the beneficiaries of the Tourism Program in Protected Wild Areas, and it points out that this park has financial sustainability problems. Similarly, the Office of the Comptroller General found that the National System of Conservation Areas was not charging the entry fee in the Playa Blanca sector, despite this being established by Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 34164-MINAE, published on January 10, 2008. It is also indicated that the sector represents 80% of the park's total visitation and the lack of fee collection is inconsistent with the objectives of the tourism program, which seeks to achieve greater financial sustainability for SINAC through income.
In addition to the omission of fee collection, it was determined that a local private organization was using a booth owned by SINAC in the same sector to request "voluntary donations" from visitors. In this regard, an internal audit by SINAC in 2012 and an inspection by the Office of the Comptroller General in 2014 confirmed that this organization operated within the park's limits, with personnel who even used the logos of SINAC and the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, MINAE). On this point, the CGR referred to the existing regulations on the matter and established: "(...) the Administration's argument, regarding the existence of a political agreement and the importance of citizen participation through the shared management (manejo compartido) figure, is insufficient to allow the use of SINAC facilities in favor of that organization to request donations from Park visitors.
Thus, as long as such use is not authorized by virtue of a law-level norm, the principle of legality established in Articles 11 of the Political Constitution and 11 of the General Law of Public Administration is violated, which condition the subjection of Administrative action to the Legal Order. It should be remembered that shared management is not a legal figure defined and recognized in national legislation." Similarly, the oversight body indicated that community participation is conceived in the current legal norms under figures different from shared management, such as the decentralized scheme of the SINAC structure made up of bodies called Regional Councils of Conservation Areas and Local Councils of Conservation Areas, created in Article 29 of the Biodiversity Law and regulated in Articles 49 to 51 of its Regulation, Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 34433-MINAE. Hence, the cited report defined that the omission of fee collection from visitors in the Playa Blanca sector of Cahuita National Park constituted a detriment to the income that the National Parks Fund (Fondo de Parques Nacionales, FPN) should receive for that concept, as regulated in Article 6 of the Law for the Creation of the National Parks Service, n.° 6084.
In response to these weaknesses, the Office of the Comptroller General issued provisions of mandatory compliance for the audited Administration. By virtue of this, the Minister of Environment and Energy was instructed to prepare a proposal to amend Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 38546-MINAE to incorporate the collection of the entry fee in Playa Blanca. Additionally, the National Council of Conservation Areas was ordered to prohibit any private entity from requesting donations within the park and that SINAC manages the collection of the entry fee in said sector. (see exhibit 1) b. On the non-compliance with provisions 4.3, 4.5, and 4.7 of report n.° DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 In the process of monitoring and verifying compliance with the provisions issued in the cited report (DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015), through official communication n.° 07598 (DFOE-SOS-0191/DFOE-SEM-0638) of May 6, 2022, the provisions directed at the Minister of MINAE for the preparation of a partial reform of Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 38546-MINAE for the purpose of incorporating the collection of the entry fee for visitors in the Playa Blanca sector of Cahuita National Park—with differentiated amounts for residents and non-residents—in accordance with Articles 35, 38, and 42 of the Biodiversity Law and Article 6 of the Law for the Creation of the National Parks Service (provision 4.3); as well as to the National Council of Conservation Areas (CONAC) to provide instructions to the Executive Director of SINAC to manage said collection for the Playa Blanca sector (provision 4.5), and to the Executive Director of SINAC to proceed to execute the aforementioned instruction in accordance with the previous provision (provision 4.7) were deemed unfulfilled.
In the aforementioned follow-up conclusion communication, the efforts made by the public authorities are indicated; however, it points out the absence of amendment to Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 38546-MINAE to incorporate the collection of the entry fee for visitors in the Playa Blanca sector of Cahuita National Park, as well as Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 40110-MINAE, which in its Article 6 expressly states that the fee will not be charged by SINAC in that sector; and therefore, its respective collection has not been managed. Finally, it was established: "(...) it is the criterion of the Office of the Comptroller General that provisions 4.3, 4.5, and 4.7 of report DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 have not been fully addressed by any of the Authorities to which the provisions were directed, and therefore they are unfulfilled, and it is reported that, in accordance with the powers of the Oversight Body, it will proceed to initiate another oversight action on the matter.
Likewise, the obligation of those Administrations, according to their powers, is reiterated to amend Decreto Ejecutivo N.° 38546-MINAE and N.° 40110-MINAE to incorporate the collection of the entry fee for visitors in the Playa Blanca sector of Cahuita National Park; as well as to manage the respective collection in said National Park." (see exhibit 2) c. On the statement of facts regarding the apparent irregular administration of the resources collected in the Playa Blanca sector of Cahuita National Park Through document n.° DFOE-SOS-RH-00001-2023 of September 28, 2023, the Office of the Comptroller General brought to the attention of the Deputy Probity, Transparency and Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office (Fiscalía Adjunta de Probidad, Transparencia y Anticorrupción) a report concluding the lack of implementation of control mechanisms in the administration of public funds by a private entity.
In relation to the above, it was also alerted about the risk that the maintenance, operation, and nighttime surveillance of Cahuita National Park was in the hands of a private party, which was also directly executing the public resources generated in the Park. Due to the foregoing, the oversight body deemed it pertinent to make the situation known to that Judicial Authority and submit the matter for its assessment within the framework of its powers.
d. Communication on the current situation of the shared governance model of Cahuita National Park Finally, as indicated in the initial background summary, it is worth mentioning that through official communication n.° 14850-2024 (DFOE-SOS-0570) of September 23, 2024, the Office of the Comptroller General informed the Executive Director of SINAC and the Director of the La Amistad Caribe Conservation Area (ACLAC) of some aspects of the current situation of the shared governance model of Cahuita National Park. In that sense, situations contrary to the observance of the applicable legal framework were identified, specifically related to the lack of a current agreement enabling ADIC's participation within the model, the lack of deposit into the National Parks Fund of the income from donations received in the Playa Blanca sector, and the lack of controls regarding the amounts received for that concept; situations that were also brought to the attention of the Executive Director of SINAC and the Director of ACLAC through official communication n.° 06844 (DFOE-SOS-0209) of April 24, 2024, for the purpose of them adopting the corresponding actions within a reasonable period.
For their part, the Executive Director of SINAC and the Director of ACLAC, through official communications SINAC-ACLAC-DR-0654-2024 and SINAC-SE-DE-1124-20241 of August 9 and 13, 2024, respectively, informed this Office of the Comptroller General regarding the actions adopted by both bodies in relation to the irregularities in the shared governance model of the PNC, for which a work plan was available that would continue to be monitored to ensure its results. Thus, this oversight body pointed out to those administrative bodies their exclusive responsibility, in accordance with their powers, for adopting the necessary actions to address the identified weaknesses and that said actions are duly supported by the legal and technical framework, under the protection of Decretos Ejecutivos n.° 39519 "Recognition of Governance Models in Protected Wild Areas of Costa Rica" and n.° 40110 "Regulation of the Shared Governance Model of Cahuita National Park." Similarly, emphasis was placed on their obligation to ensure that the actions to correct the irregularities would continue to be fulfilled and to take any additional actions required in the future so that the referred situations would not be repeated.
The foregoing, without prejudice to the subsequent audit that the Office of the Comptroller General may carry out regarding the actions taken by that Administration, as part of the supreme oversight functions of the public treasury. (see exhibit 3). However, to date after this communication, no further oversight action has been carried out.
In summary, as can be observed, at all times the work of the CGR has been carried out in adherence to the constitutional and legal framework, exercising its powers as the supreme oversight body of the Public Treasury and has not exceeded its authority nor incurred in violations of the actionable guarantees and freedoms of the appellant.
2. REGARDING THE ALLEGED VIOLATION OF THE APPELLANT'S FUNDAMENTAL GUARANTEES ACTIONABLE THROUGH HABEAS CORPUS (PERSONAL FREEDOM AND INTEGRITY) The appellant claims that he was deprived of his personal liberty through detention and that his home was raided and searched without regard to his ethnic condition or international conventions, which allegedly caused him "serious irreparable harm" to his personal and family integrity. The actions described, which we have absolutely no record of, insofar as they involve the deprivation of liberty and the search of the appellant's home, are exclusive powers of the bodies responsible for criminal prosecution and the administration of justice. The CGR, in the exercise of its constitutional function as a watchdog body of the Public Treasury, has carried out administrative actions as corresponds to its powers. Thus, the report or statement of facts that has been sent to the Deputy Probity, Transparency and Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office constitutes solely an input for the assessment of possible irregularities, not an order or instruction for the detention or raid of any person.
Therefore, the responsibility to determine if there is merit to carry out such actions, as well as the manner and timing of their execution, rests entirely with the competent judicial authorities, who must act in accordance with their own powers and established legal procedures. Consequently, any harm alleged by the appellant in connection with his alleged detention and the raid of his home cannot be attributed to the CGR, since said actions completely exceed our scope of action and competence." It requests that the appeal be dismissed.
The investigation has been carried out objectively, thoroughly, in accordance with the Law, and with respect for the principle of legality and the individual and procedural guarantees of the parties. Likewise, the appellant is incorrect in stating that his detention was carried out; what happened was that during the search (allanamiento) at his home, in accordance with the security protocols of the Judicial Investigation Agency (Organismo de Investigación Judicial), the accused was kept in handcuffs during the course of the proceeding, which was done within the framework of legality. The Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público) is investigating a serious matter that could bring grave consequences to the public treasury; to discredit our actions in this manner is nothing more than a desperate cry to tarnish our actions, which I repeat were in accordance with the law. In this regard, Articles 180, 181, 182, and 183 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal), with respect to means of proof, provide that the Public Prosecutor's Office and the Courts have the duty to seek the truth themselves through the permitted means of proof, strictly complying with the purposes of criminal prosecution and the objectives of the investigation.
Furthermore, Article 67 of this same normative body establishes that during the investigation of the facts under inquiry, the useful evidentiary elements shall be gathered. From the day the complaint was received or the facts were brought to the attention of the Public Prosecutor's Office, namely September 28, 2023, on the occasion of a report sent to the Office of the Assistant Prosecutor for Probity, Transparency, and Anti-Corruption (Fiscalía Adjunta de Probidad, Transparencia y Anticorrupción) by the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República), the Public Prosecutor's Office has kept the investigation active, and the necessary, useful, and pertinent proceedings have been carried out to obtain evidence and arrive at the real truth of the facts being investigated, which demonstrates the objectivity with which this investigation has been conducted and that all the evidence gathered has been made available to the accused for his due exercise of defense in protection of due process, and the resolution of this matter in order to define the legal situation of the accused as interested parties in the investigation. Thus, I reiterate my initial request to declare the Habeas Corpus petition filed by [Name 001] without merit."
Justice Cruz Castro writes; and,
Considering:
The petitioner claims to be the president of the Integral Development Association of Cahuita (Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Cahuita, ADIC), a community organization that administers economic resources derived from the Cahuita National Park, recognized as ancestral tribal territory under the auspices of ILO Conventions No. 107 and No. 169. He complains that the Comptroller General of the Republic issued provisions directed to the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, MINAE) and the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, SINAC), partially modifying Executive Decree No. 38546-MINAE, to incorporate a collection of an entrance fee in the Playa Blanca sector, ignoring the tribal character of the territory and the rights conferred by the ILO Conventions. This state action violates Article 14 of Convention 169, which requires recognizing the rights of ownership and possession of traditional lands, and Article 6 of Convention 107, which prioritizes the improvement of economic conditions in regions inhabited by tribal populations through development plans that favor their initiatives.
He points out that within the framework of criminal case file No. 23-000397-1218-PE, the Assistant Prosecutor filed a request on September 1, 2025, to order a search, registration, and seizure (allanamiento, registro y secuestro); he also ordered the opening of the evidence seized by the Criminal Court for Treasury and Public Function Matters (Juzgado Penal de Hacienda y Función Pública). He states that the background alleged in the prosecutorial request is based on a supervision under the Cooperation Agreement for the Financing of Tourism Projects in Protected Wild Areas (No. 8967) and loan contract 1824/OC-CR, affirming that SINAC does not guarantee financial sustainability by failing to collect fees in Playa Blanca, and that ADIC carries out "improper collection" (cobro indebido) through contributions. However, the case file completely omits the tribal character of the Cahuita National Park, implicitly recognized in the shared management with the Afro-descendant community for over 20 years, and violates the principle of prior consultation (Article 6 of Convention 169), which obligates the State to consult tribal communities before any measure affecting their territorial or economic rights.
He complains that he was criminally accused for acts inherent to his tribal rights (administration of contributions in ancestral territory), deprived of his personal liberty through detention, and his home searched and registered without consideration of his ethnic status or international conventions.
Of importance for the decision in this matter, the following facts are deemed duly demonstrated, either because they have been so accredited or because the respondent authority has omitted to refer to them:
REGARDING THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE REPUBLIC a) That through report No. DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 of January 12, 2015, the Environmental Services and Energy Audit Area of the Operational and Evaluative Audit Division of the Comptroller General of the Republic issued the report: "SPECIAL CHARACTER AUDIT ON THE REASONABLENESS OF THE PROGRESS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EXTERNAL CREDIT NO. BID 1824/OC/CR: TOURISM PROGRAM IN PROTECTED WILD AREAS" - the report noted the omission of the collection of the entrance fee in the Playa Blanca sector of the Cahuita National Park - (see report of the respondent authority).
REGARDING THE CRIMINAL COURT FOR TREASURY AND PUBLIC FUNCTION MATTERS AND THE OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT PROSECUTOR FOR PROBITY, TRANSPARENCY, AND ANTI-CORRUPTION j) That criminal case No. 23-000397-1218-PE is being processed against the petitioner for the alleged crime of Embezzlement (Malversación) and others, which is being investigated by the Office of the Assistant Prosecutor for Probity, Transparency, and Anti-Corruption on the occasion of a report sent to this office by the Comptroller General of the Republic dated September 28, 2023 (see report of the respondent authority).
From the reports rendered by the respondent authorities, which are given under the solemnity of oath with the legal consequences that this entails, it follows that, regarding the Comptroller General of the Republic, through report No. DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 of January 12, 2015, the Environmental Services and Energy Audit Area of the Operational and Evaluative Audit Division of the Comptroller General of the Republic issued the report: "SPECIAL CHARACTER AUDIT ON THE REASONABLENESS OF THE PROGRESS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF EXTERNAL CREDIT NO. BID 1824/OC/CR: TOURISM PROGRAM IN PROTECTED WILD AREAS" - the report noted the omission of the collection of the entrance fee in the Playa Blanca sector of the Cahuita National Park -. It was accredited that in the report, provisions were issued to the authorities of the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the National System of Conservation Areas to prepare a proposal for partial modification of Executive Decree No. 38546-MINAE that incorporates the collection of the entrance fee for visitors in the Playa Blanca Sector of the Cahuita National Park, to be estimated as derived from Articles 35, 38, and 42 of the Biodiversity Law and Article 6 of the Law Creating the National Parks Service; and that measures be taken to prohibit private individuals from soliciting donations within the limits of said Park, and to only permit activities and occupation of SINAC facilities for purposes permitted by the legal system, and to manage the collection of the entrance fee to the Playa Blanca sector.
It was demonstrated that in the period 2015-2020, previous Administrations promulgated the Shared Governance Model in the Cahuita National Park and issued Executive Decree No. 40110-MINAE, published in La Gaceta No. 15 of January 20, 2017, Regulations for the Shared Governance Model in the Cahuita National Park, which established that in the Playa Blanca sector of the Cahuita National Park, the entrance fee would not be collected by SINAC. It was identified that on September 9, 2025, the petitioner signed a document requesting from the CGR a technical and legal explanation on the application of ILO Conventions 107 and 169 for a shared administration agreement with SINAC in the Cahuita National Park. It was verified that through official communication No. 16528-2025 (DJ-1735) of September 16, 2025, the Legal Division of the Comptroller's Office rejected the inquiry as inadmissible in accordance with the provisions of subsections 1 and 2 of numeral 8 of the Regulation on the receipt and handling of inquiries addressed to the Comptroller General of the Republic.
It was affirmed that as of the date of rendering the report, the provisions issued in report DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015, especially 4.3, 4.5, and 4.7, are considered unfulfilled. It was verified that through document No. DFOE-SOS-RH-00001-2023 of September 28, 2023, the Comptroller General brought to the attention of the Office of the Assistant Prosecutor for Probity, Transparency, and Anti-Corruption a report evidencing the lack of implementation of control mechanisms in the administration of public funds by a private entity; it was also warned of the risk that the maintenance, operation, and nighttime surveillance of the Cahuita National Park were in the hands of a private entity, which was also directly executing the public resources generated in the Park: for which reason the comptroller body deemed it pertinent to bring the situation to the attention of that Judicial Authority and submit the matter for its assessment within the framework of its competencies.
Finally, it was accredited that through official communications No. 14850-2024 (DFOE-SOS-0570) of September 23, 2024, the Comptroller General informed the Executive Director of SINAC and the Director of the La Amistad Caribe Conservation Area (ACLAC) about certain aspects of the current situation of the shared governance model of the Cahuita National Park - situations contrary to the observance of the applicable legal framework were identified, specifically related to the lack of a current agreement enabling ADIC's participation within the model, the lack of deposit into the National Parks Fund of the income from donations received in the Playa Blanca sector, and the lack of controls regarding the sums received for that concept -. Regarding the Criminal Court for Treasury and Public Function Matters and the Office of the Assistant Prosecutor for Probity, Transparency, and Anti-Corruption, it was accredited that criminal case No. 23-000397-1218-PE is being processed against the petitioner for the alleged crime of Embezzlement and others, which is being investigated by the Office of the Assistant Prosecutor for Probity, Transparency, and Anti-Corruption on the occasion of a report sent to this office by the Comptroller General of the Republic dated September 28, 2023.
It was verified that the reference of the file assigned by the Comptroller's Office, number CGR-INV-2023001463, titled with the subject: "Official communication forwarding relation of facts No. DFOE-SOS-RH-00001-2023, on the irregular administration of the resources collected in the Playa Blanca sector of the Cahuita National Park," served as notitia criminis and was complemented by the report issued by the Anti-Corruption Section of the Judicial Investigation Agency, under number 23-SANT-CI-2025, dated March 12, 2025, in which, in addition to the conclusions and results obtained, the investigative proceeding of search, registration, and seizure (allanamiento, registro y secuestro) is requested, through which a series of apparently irregular facts began to be analyzed, attributable to officials of the La Amistad Caribe Conservation Area (ACLAC), of the National System of Conservation Areas, MINAE, and persons equated in representation of the Integral Development Association of Cahuita (ADIC).
It was identified that the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), ACLAC, has failed to comply with the provisions of the Biodiversity Law regarding the National Parks Fund since 2017, has not ensured the financial sustainability of the investments made in the Cahuita National Park, by ceasing to have control over the collection and the entrance fee in Playa Blanca, a sector that represents 80% of total visitation, allowing the Integral Development Association of Cahuita (ADIC), a private entity, to use the park facilities to solicit donations from tourists entering through said sector, both failing in their duties by not applying, since its constitution, the Shared Governance Agreement in the Cahuita National Park, agreed upon since 2017 between ADIC and MINAE (ACLAC), an agreement that was established for a term of five years and should have been renewed in 2022, a renewal that has not been effected in 2025.
It was proven that the Comptroller General of the Republic issued provisions for the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) and SINAC to modify Executive Decree number 38546-MINAE, with the objective of establishing a differentiated entrance fee collection for residents and non-residents, in Playa Blanca. For the foregoing, MINAE subsequently promulgated Executive Decrees number 35919, on the Recognition of Shared Governance Models, and 40110-MINAE, which regulates the Shared Governance Model in the Cahuita National Park, with this latter decree stipulating that SINAC would not collect an entrance fee in Playa Blanca, but rather that the State could receive non-reimbursable economic contributions (donations) from visitors, which should be deposited in the National Parks Fund, thus constituting the monies received as donations for the concept of entrance to the Cahuita National Park as public funds.
It was affirmed that the Framework Cooperation Agreement between SINAC and ADIC, signed in 2017, for the implementation of the Shared Governance Model, specified that all resources received as donations were to be deposited by ADIC into SINAC's accounts, in the National Parks Fund, based on the Biodiversity Law. It was confirmed that in March 2023, SINAC-ACLAC confirmed the expiration of the cooperation agreement between SINAC and ADIC and the absence of an analysis on the quality of governance in the park, in accordance with the principles established in Executive Decree number 39519. It was affirmed that the main complaint incorporated into the main case file establishes that the presidents of ADIC, including Enrique Joseph Jackson as former president and the petitioner as current president [Name 001], by reason of their positions, misappropriated and continue to misappropriate public funds whose administration and custody were entrusted to them.
It was asserted that on August 29, 2025, a request for search, registration, and seizure (allanamiento, registro y secuestro) was filed before the Criminal Court for Treasury Matters, for which reason, by resolution at 09:27 hours on September 1, 2025, the Criminal Court for Treasury and Public Function Matters of the Second Judicial Circuit ordered the search, registration, and seizure, and the opening of the seized evidence. Finally, it was acknowledged that during the search (allanamiento) proceeding at his home, the petitioner was kept in handcuffs but was not detained. Based on the foregoing, it is possible to conclude the following:
The parties are warned that if any document on paper has been provided, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device, or one produced by new technologies, these must be collected from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not collected within this period will be destroyed, in accordance with the provisions of the "Regulation on the Electronic Case File before the Judicial Branch" (Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial), approved by the Full Court in session number 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI, and published in Judicial Bulletin number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Superior Council of the Judicial Branch in session number 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.
Therefore:
The petition is declared without merit. Let it be notified.
Fernando Castillo V. President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
CASE FILE No. 25-027477-0007-CO Telephones: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2220-4607 / 2220-4844. Email address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 mts. Sur de la iglesia del Perpetuo Socorro). Classification prepared by the CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER of the Judicial Branch.
Prohibited its reproduction and/or distribution in onerous form.
It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 22-03-2026 07:49:48.
Indicadores de Relevancia Sentencia relevante Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente Contenido de Interés:
Temas Estrategicos: Ambiental,Der Económicos sociales culturales y ambientales,Pueblos Indígenas Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: PENAL Subtemas:
ALLANAMIENTO.
Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
AREA PROTEGIDA.
031663-25. PENAL. AMBIENTE. SE CUESTIONA PROCESO PENAL, MEDIANTE EL CUAL ALLANARON Y MANTUVIERON ESPOSADO AL RECURRENTE (PARTE DE ENTIDAD PRIVADA), POR SUPUESTOS COBROS INDEBIDOS EN EL SECTOR DE PLAYA BLANCA DEL PARQUE NACIONAL CAHUITA. SE DECLARA SIN LUGAR EL RECURSO. VCG10/2025 “(…) III.- SOBRE EL CASO CONCRETO: De los informes rendidos por las autoridades recurridas los cuales son dados bajo la solemnidad del juramento con las consecuencias legales que ello implica se desprende en cuanto a la Contraloría General de la República que mediante el informe n.° DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 del 12 de enero de 2015, el Área de Fiscalización de Servicios Ambientales y de Energía de la División de Fiscalización Operativa y Evaluativa de la Contraloría General de la República emitió el informe: “AUDITORÍA DE CARÁCTER ESPECIAL CERCA DE LA RAZONABILIDAD DEL AVANCE EN LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN DEL CRÉDITO EXTERNO NRO. BID 1824/OC/CR: PROGRAMA DE TURISMO EN ÁREAS SILVESTRES PROTEGIDAS” -en el informe se senaló la omisión del cobro de la tarifa de ingreso en el sector Playa Blanca del Parque Nacional Cahuita-.
Se acreditó que en el informe se giraron disposiciones a las autoridades del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, para elaborar una propuesta de modificación parcial al Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 38546-MINAE que incorpore el cobro de la tarifa de ingreso a los visitantes en el Sector de Playa Blanca del Parque Nacional Cahuita, que sean estimados conforme deriva de los artículos 35, 38 y 42 de la Ley de Biodiversidad y el 6 de la Ley de Creación del Servicio de Parques Nacionales; y se tomen medidas para prohibir a sujetos privados solicitar donaciones dentro de los límites de dicho Parque, y solo se permitan actividades y ocupar instalaciones del SINAC con fines permitidos por el ordenamiento jurídico, y se gestione el cobro del ingreso al sector de Playa Blanca. Se demostró que en el período 2015-2020, las Administraciones anteriores promulgaron el Modelo de Gobernanza Compartida en el Parque Nacional Cahuita y emitieron el Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 40110-MINAE, publicado en La Gaceta n.° 15 del 20 de enero 2017, Reglamento del Modelo de Gobernanza Compartida en el Parque Nacional Cahuita, en el cual se estableció que en el sector de Playa Blanca del Parque Nacional Cahuita no se cobraría la tarifa de ingreso por parte del SINAC.
Se identificó que en fecha 09 de setiembre de 2025, el recurrente suscribió un documento solicitando a la CGR explicación técnica y legal sobre la aplicación de los Convenios 107 y 169 de la OIT para un convenio de administración compartida con SINAC en el Parque Nacional Cahuita. Se constató que mediante oficio n.° 16528-2025 (DJ-1735) del 16 de setiembre del 2025 la División Jurídica de la Contraloría rechazó por inadmisible la consulta conforme lo establecido en los incisos 1 y
Recurso de hábeas corpus presentado por [Nombre 001], cédula de identidad [Valor 001], contra el PODER JUDICIAL, y la CONTRALORIA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Cruz Castro; y,
Considerando:
El recurrente afirma que es presidente de la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Cahuita (ADIC), organización comunitaria que administra recursos económicos derivados del Parque Nacional de Cahuita, reconocido como territorio tribal ancestral al amparo de los Convenios OIT N° 107 y N° 169. Reclama que la Contraloría General de la República emitió disposiciones dirigidas al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) y al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), modificando parcialmente el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 38546-MINAE, para incorporar un cobro de tarifa de ingreso en el sector Playa Blanca, ignorando el carácter tribal del territorio y los derechos conferidos por los Convenios OIT. Esta acción estatal transgrede el artículo 14 del Convenio 169, que exige reconocer los derechos de propiedad y posesión de las tierras tradicionales, y el artículo 6 del Convenio 107, que prioriza el mejoramiento de condiciones económicas en regiones habitadas por poblaciones tribales mediante planes de desarrollo que favorezcan sus iniciativas.
Señala que en el marco del expediente penal N° 23-000397-1218-PE, el Fiscal Auxiliar, presentó solicitud el 1 de septiembre de 2025 para ordenar allanamiento, registro y secuestro; además ordenó la apertura de la evidencia decomisada por el Juzgado Penal de Hacienda y Función Pública. Expone que los antecedentes alegados en la solicitud fiscal se basan en una supervisión bajo el Convenio de Cooperación para el Financiamiento de Proyectos de Turismo en Áreas Silvestres Protegidas (N° 8967) y el contrato de préstamo 1824/OC-CR, afirmando que el SINAC no garantiza la sostenibilidad financiera al dejar de cobrar tarifas en Playa Blanca, y que la ADIC realiza “cobro indebido” mediante contribuciones. Sin embargo, el expediente omite por completo el carácter tribal del Parque Nacional de Cahuita, reconocido implícitamente en la gestión compartida con la comunidad afrodescendiente desde hace más de 20 años, y viola el principio de consulta previa (artículo 6 del Convenio 169), que obliga al Estado a consultar a las comunidades tribales antes de cualquier medida que afecte sus derechos territoriales o económicos.
Reclama que fue acusado penalmente por actos inherentes a sus derechos tribales (administración de contribuciones en territorio ancestral), privado de su libertad personal mediante detención, y su vivienda allanada y registrada sin consideración a su condición étnica ni a los convenios internacionales.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque la autoridad recurrida haya omitido referirse a ellos:
EN CUANTO A LA CONTRALORÍA GENERAL DE LA REPÚBLICA a) Que mediante el informe n.° DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 del 12 de enero de 2015, el Área de Fiscalización de Servicios Ambientales y de Energía de la División de Fiscalización Operativa y Evaluativa de la Contraloría General de la República emitió el informe: “AUDITORÍA DE CARÁCTER ESPECIAL CERCA DE LA RAZONABILIDAD DEL AVANCE EN LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN DEL CRÉDITO EXTERNO NRO. BID 1824/OC/CR: PROGRAMA DE TURISMO EN ÁREAS SILVESTRES PROTEGIDAS” -en el informe se senaló la omisión del cobro de la tarifa de ingreso en el sector Playa Blanca del Parque Nacional Cahuita- (ver informe de la autoridad recurrida).
EN CUANTO AL JUZGADO PENAL DEL JUZGADO PENAL DE HACIENDA Y DE LA FUNCIÓN PÚBLICA Y LA FISCALÍA ADJUNTA DE PROBIDAD, TRANSPARENCIA Y ANTICORRUPCIÓN j) Que contra el recurrente se tramita la causa penal número 23-000397-1218-PE por el presunto delito de Malversación y otros, el cual está siendo investigado por la Fiscalía Adjunta de Probidad, Transparencia y Anticorrupción con ocasión a un informe remitido a este despacho por parte de la Contraloría General de la República de fecha 28 de setiembre de 2023 (ver informe de la autoridad recurrida).
De los informes rendidos por las autoridades recurridas los cuales son dados bajo la solemnidad del juramento con las consecuencias legales que ello implica se desprende en cuanto a la Contraloría General de la República que mediante el informe n.° DFOE-AE-IF-02-2015 del 12 de enero de 2015, el Área de Fiscalización de Servicios Ambientales y de Energía de la División de Fiscalización Operativa y Evaluativa de la Contraloría General de la República emitió el informe: “AUDITORÍA DE CARÁCTER ESPECIAL CERCA DE LA RAZONABILIDAD DEL AVANCE EN LA IMPLEMENTACIÓN DEL CRÉDITO EXTERNO NRO. BID 1824/OC/CR: PROGRAMA DE TURISMO EN ÁREAS SILVESTRES PROTEGIDAS” -en el informe se senaló la omisión del cobro de la tarifa de ingreso en el sector Playa Blanca del Parque Nacional Cahuita-. Se acreditó que en el informe se giraron disposiciones a las autoridades del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, para elaborar una propuesta de modificación parcial al Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 38546-MINAE que incorpore el cobro de la tarifa de ingreso a los visitantes en el Sector de Playa Blanca del Parque Nacional Cahuita, que sean estimados conforme deriva de los artículos 35, 38 y 42 de la Ley de Biodiversidad y el 6 de la Ley de Creación del Servicio de Parques Nacionales; y se tomen medidas para prohibir a sujetos privados solicitar donaciones dentro de los límites de dicho Parque, y solo se permitan actividades y ocupar instalaciones del SINAC con fines permitidos por el ordenamiento jurídico, y se gestione el cobro del ingreso al sector de Playa Blanca.
Se demostró que en el período 2015-2020, las Administraciones anteriores promulgaron el Modelo de Gobernanza Compartida en el Parque Nacional Cahuita y emitieron el Decreto Ejecutivo n.° 40110-MINAE, publicado en La Gaceta n.° 15 del 20 de enero 2017, Reglamento del Modelo de Gobernanza Compartida en el Parque Nacional Cahuita, en el cual se estableció que en el sector de Playa Blanca del Parque Nacional Cahuita no se cobraría la tarifa de ingreso por parte del SINAC. Se identificó que en fecha 09 de setiembre de 2025, el recurrente suscribió un documento solicitando a la CGR explicación técnica y legal sobre la aplicación de los Convenios 107 y 169 de la OIT para un convenio de administración compartida con SINAC en el Parque Nacional Cahuita. Se constató que mediante oficio n.° 16528-2025 (DJ-1735) del 16 de setiembre del 2025 la División Jurídica de la Contraloría rechazó por inadmisible la consulta conforme lo establecido en los incisos 1 y
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión número 27-11 del 22 de agosto de 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero de2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión número 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo de 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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