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Res. 20774-2023 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 25/08/2023
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber denied the amparo and held that the claim concerning failure to meet the deadlines for deciding the administrative applications belonged before the contentious-administrative courts.La Sala rechazó el amparo y determinó que el reclamo por incumplimiento de los plazos para resolver las gestiones administrativas debía ventilarse ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber denied an amparo filed on behalf of a foundation against SINAC, a conservation area, and MINAE concerning the expiration of a permit to use State Natural Heritage land, the seizure and relocation of wild animals, and the failure to resolve new administrative applications. The judgment holds that determining whether the Administration complied with the time limits established by the General Public Administration Law or sector-specific legislation for issuing a final decision is, as a general rule, a matter of ordinary legality. Such a dispute must be brought before the contentious-administrative courts, whose procedural framework permits evidence gathering, review of administrative conduct, and effective judicial protection. Justice Cruz Castro partially dissented, reasoning that administrative delay may directly violate the constitutional right to prompt and effective justice and may therefore be reviewed through amparo. Justices Castillo Víquez and Rueda Leal added separate observations concerning jurisdiction and the standing of legal entities.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar el amparo promovido a favor de una fundación contra el SINAC, un área de conservación y el MINAE, relacionado con la caducidad de un permiso de uso del Patrimonio Natural del Estado, el decomiso y traslado de animales silvestres y la falta de resolución de nuevas gestiones administrativas. La sentencia considera que verificar si la Administración cumplió los plazos de la Ley General de la Administración Pública o de la normativa sectorial para dictar el acto final constituye, por regla general, una cuestión de legalidad ordinaria. Esa controversia debe plantearse ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa, cuyo diseño procesal permite recabar prueba, examinar actuaciones administrativas y brindar tutela efectiva. El magistrado Cruz Castro discrepó parcialmente: estimó que la mora administrativa puede lesionar directamente el derecho constitucional a una justicia pronta y cumplida y, por ello, ser examinada mediante amparo. Los magistrados Castillo Víquez y Rueda Leal agregaron notas sobre competencia y legitimación de personas jurídicas.
Key excerptExtracto clave
VI.—VERIFICATION OF THE STATUTORY TIME LIMITS FOR RESOLVING ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS: A CLEAR MATTER OF ORDINARY LEGALITY. Determining whether the public administration complies with the time limits established by the General Public Administration Law (Articles 261 and 325) or by sector-specific laws governing special administrative proceedings, whether for issuing a final decision in proceedings initiated ex officio or at a party’s request or for deciding the available administrative appeals, is clearly a matter of ordinary legality. It may therefore be discussed and resolved before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, applying principles that inform constitutional jurisdiction, such as representative standing, the possibility of self-representation—that is, appearing without legal counsel—and cost-free access for the claimant. Consequently, outright rejection is warranted, and the applicant is advised that the matter may be brought before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction if desired. OPERATIVE PROVISIONS: The appeal is denied. Justice Castillo Víquez adds a separate note. Justice Rueda Leal records a separate note. Justice Cruz Castro partially dissents regarding the right to prompt and effective administrative justice.VI.- VERIFICACIÓN DE LOS PLAZOS PAUTADOS POR LEY PARA RESOLVER LOS PROCEDIMIENTOS ADMINISTRATIVOS: CUESTIÓN EVIDENTE DE LEGALIDAD ORDINARIA. Es evidente que determinar si la administración pública cumple o no los plazos pautados por la Ley General de la Administración Pública (artículos 261 y 325) o las leyes sectoriales para los procedimientos administrativos especiales, para resolver por acto final un procedimiento administrativo –incoado de oficio o a instancia de parte- o conocer de los recursos administrativos procedentes, es una evidente cuestión de legalidad ordinaria que, en adelante, puede ser discutida y resuelta ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa con la aplicación de los principios que nutren la jurisdicción constitucional, tales como los de la legitimación vicaria, la posibilidad de la defensa material –esto es de comparecer sin patrocinio letrado- y de gratuidad para la parte recurrente. Consecuentemente, se impone el rechazo de plano e indicarle el gestionante que si a bien lo tiene puede acudir a la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. POR TANTO: Se declara sin lugar el recurso. El Magistrado Castillo Víquez pone nota. El magistrado Rueda Leal consigna nota. El magistrado Cruz Castro salva parcialmente el voto en relación con el derecho a una justicia administrativa pronta y cumplida.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"En suma, la nueva jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa es un cauce idóneo, por sus nuevas características de simplicidad, celeridad y prontitud para el amparo y protección efectiva de las situaciones jurídicas sustanciales de los administrados en las que se requiera recabar prueba o definir algunas cuestiones de legalidad ordinaria."
"In sum, the new contentious-administrative jurisdiction is a suitable avenue, given its new features of simplicity, speed, and promptness, for the effective protection of individuals’ substantive legal situations when evidence must be gathered or issues of ordinary legality determined."
Considerando V
"En suma, la nueva jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa es un cauce idóneo, por sus nuevas características de simplicidad, celeridad y prontitud para el amparo y protección efectiva de las situaciones jurídicas sustanciales de los administrados en las que se requiera recabar prueba o definir algunas cuestiones de legalidad ordinaria."
Considerando V
"En la especie, del escrito de interposición y la prueba aportada se colige que existe una relación esencial entre la persona natural recurrente y la persona jurídica a quien representa. Ergo, corresponde entrar a conocer por el fondo la transgresión acusada."
"In this case, the initial filing and the evidence submitted show an essential relationship between the individual claimant and the legal entity she represents. Therefore, the alleged violation should be examined on its merits."
Nota del magistrado Rueda Leal
"En la especie, del escrito de interposición y la prueba aportada se colige que existe una relación esencial entre la persona natural recurrente y la persona jurídica a quien representa. Ergo, corresponde entrar a conocer por el fondo la transgresión acusada."
Nota del magistrado Rueda Leal
"Por el contrario, estimo que uno de los derechos que esta jurisdicción se encuentra llamada a tutelar es el de la justicia pronta y cumplida, expresamente consagrado en el artículo 41, constitucional."
"On the contrary, I consider that one of the rights this jurisdiction is called upon to protect is the right to prompt and effective justice, expressly enshrined in Article 41 of the Constitution."
Voto salvado parcial del magistrado Cruz Castro
"Por el contrario, estimo que uno de los derechos que esta jurisdicción se encuentra llamada a tutelar es el de la justicia pronta y cumplida, expresamente consagrado en el artículo 41, constitucional."
Voto salvado parcial del magistrado Cruz Castro
Full documentDocumento completo
Document Review Decision No. 2023020774 CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine thirty a.m. on August twenty-fifth, two thousand twenty-three.
Petition for constitutional relief (recurso de amparo) processed under case file No. 23-007105-0007-CO, filed by [Nombre 001], residence identification card [CED168 ], on behalf of [Nombre317 002], legal entity identification number [CED161 ], against the SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN (SINAC), the ÁREA DE CONSERVACIÓN Nombre14042, and the MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA
Findings:
It states that the female spider monkey, which had lived free-ranging at the site for 19 years, was the only member of that species that strangers could easily approach and capture, precisely because she had formed a bond with her caretaker at a very early age (less than one week old); she is the only one of all the primates at the site that tends to trust humans (a very common occurrence among primates worldwide when they are raised by people from such an early age) (Nombre14051, 2021; Nombre3052 y Nombre14052, 2023). It asserts that, upon reviewing the constituent elements of the principle of proportionality (principio de proporcionalidad)—suitability (idoneidad), necessity (necesidad), and proportionality in the strict sense (proporcionalidad en sentido estricto)—it is appropriate to ask: Was it suitable to remove animals that were in captivity because the protected party (amparada) did not have a valid permit?
Was it necessary to transfer the animals that were living freely, with the resulting risk of death, to a zoo that did not meet the requirements for their survival, including those animals that were indeed in captivity but were likewise being forced to leave their own habitat? Would it not have been more prudent to issue a warning that the permit needed to be renewed? It considers that the measure violates the principle of proportionality in its third element, because it is not proportionate, as that provision renders meaningless the constitutional right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
The appellant submitted an application for a zoo permit as part of the regularization processes for Wildlife Management Sites (Sitios de Manejo de Vida Silvestre). Through official letters DM-0599-2020 and DM-0641-2020, this Ministry appointed a commission of experts to respond to functional directive FGR-451-2020 issued by the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic, which required an administrative, legal, and technical analysis of the Wildlife Management Site known as Rescue Center [Nombre 002]. The documentary and field-based technical analysis was issued through memorandum COMISION-FGR-451-03-2021 dated 19 de marzo de 2021 and was conducted by three members of the commission, namely Bach. José Joaquín Vargas Mora, Natural Resources Manager and head of the Wildlife Program for the Tortuguero Conservation Area; MSc. Jorge Gonzales Villalobos, Master in Wildlife Management; and MSc. Carol Sánchez Núñez, Master in Wildlife Management, who participated in the inspection process.
During the field visit to the management site, the officials of Área de Conservación de Osa who assisted were Ilsia Olivares Hernández, as the technician responsible for inspections of the management site, and Ing. Olger Méndez Fallas, as Director of Natural Resources. As may be seen, this was a high-level commission composed of professionals with proven expertise and credibility. The commission’s field visit to verify the management conditions at the site took place on 24 de setiembre del 2020, and the resulting report concluded that: the Rescue Center operated with SINAC authorization for only one and a half years; after the Rescue Center permit expired, the site had neither a supervising professional (regente) nor a veterinary adviser to ensure the proper management of the wildlife species housed there; the wildlife management site operated as a rescue center but allowed volunteers and visitors to have direct contact with the animals; because the management site was unable to renew its permit as a rescue center, it decided to apply for a Sanctuary-Type Zoo permit, but it was established that the infrastructure and animal-management conditions were unsuitable for authorizing that permit; it was evident that the site anticipated receiving visitors even though it lacked facilities such as a dock, well-maintained trails, and barriers around the enclosures, and had no environmental conditioning and environmental enrichment programs (programas de ambientación y enriquecimiento ambiental) for the animals housed there; and there was evidence of animal-management practices that violated the legislation in force, such as the habituation as pets (mascotización) of individuals of Monkey Nombre14050 and the feeding of free-ranging wildlife.
All these irregularities are the responsibility of the permit holder, since ignorance of the regulations governing wildlife management centers cannot be claimed. It is evident that several individuals of the spider monkey species (two spider monkeys, one of which is carrying an infant) had undergone habituation as pets, which is defined under the Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre as follows: Habituation as pets: the process by which a wild animal is removed from its natural environment to be kept as a pet in permanent contact with human beings, causing changes in its diet and environment, encouraging the loss of instinctive behaviors inherent to its nature, impairing its social behavior and health, and adversely affecting its quality of life. The term pet, in turn, is defined in Article 4 of the Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación a la Vida Silvestre: Pet: a wildlife specimen, as provided in Articles 1, 2, and 5 of the LCVS, that has been subjected by human beings to a process of habituation as a pet and domestication.
The animal is kept, temporarily or permanently, outside the natural habitat of its species, or is encouraged to leave that habitat temporarily. It remains in permanent or recurring contact with human beings, depends partially or entirely on that relationship for its survival, displays an inclination to remain close to people and exhibits affectionate behaviors, and is treated as an object of affection, companionship, assistance, or recreation. As a consequence of these actions, the animal may exhibit or eventually develop changes in its diet, behavior, and natural needs, as well as a temporary or permanent loss of behaviors characteristic of its species. These behaviors could have been corrected if the site had, at the relevant time, retained qualified professionals as required by the regulations in force (a wildlife biologist serving as supervising professional and a veterinarian). On 26 de octubre de 2022, the report based on the inspection conducted by COMISION-FGR-451-021- 2020 was received from Executive Director Rafael Gutierrez Rojas.
In the exercise of his functional authority, he ordered the following in the sixth instruction of that directive: “Within a maximum period of three months, close the management sites that are operating without a permit and without meeting requirements such as having a supervising professional, and proceed to relocate the animals to authorized sites, for which purpose the Management Site Closure Plan established in the management plan shall be applied, and the resources and funds mentioned may be used, together with coordination with other institutions that support these actions.” Regarding operation without a permit and failure to meet requirements such as having a supervising professional, on 21 de octubre del año 2022, Ilsia Olivares Hernández, an official of the Technical Directorate of Área de Conservación Osa, submitted an inquiry to the Executive Secretariat through official letter SINAC-ACOSA-D-PVS-063-2022 concerning the registration of Ms.
Nombre14043, identity card CED7174, in SINAC’s register of supervising professionals. A certification, SINAC-SE-CUSBSE-022-2022, was received from Mr. Nombre14053, certifying that biologist Nombre14043, identity card CED7174, had been removed from SINAC’s register of wildlife supervising professionals since abril del 2021, through administrative decision R-CUSBSE-SE-REGENTES-EXCLUIR-066-2021 issued at trece horas y cinco minutos del ocho de abril del dos mil veintiuno, and therefore is not currently authorized to perform the duties of a wildlife supervising professional. Article 2 of the Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre N° 7317 and its amendments and additions, Ley N° 8689 and N° 9106, published in La Gaceta N° 78, Alcance Digital N°75, on 24 de abril del 2013, provides that: “Wildlife (vida silvestre): the collection of organisms that live under natural conditions, temporarily or permanently, within the national territory, including the continental and insular territories, territorial sea, inland waters, exclusive economic zone, and jurisdictional waters, and that do not require human care for their survival.
Exotic organisms declared to be wildlife by their country of origin, cultivated organisms or organisms bred and born in captivity from wild specimens, and their parts, products, and derivatives are considered wildlife and are regulated by law; Zoo (zoológico): a management site that keeps wildlife in captivity, whether for commercial or noncommercial purposes, under the direction of a team of professionals who guarantee appropriate living conditions in a manner that is attractive and educational for the public. Its principal objectives are the conservation, education, research, and exhibition of wildlife in a scientific manner.” Therefore, through decision N°SINAC-ACOSA-D-R-095-2022 issued at 14 horas 30 minutos on 13 de diciembre de 2022, the operating permit for a wildlife management site under the category of a nonprofit sanctuary-type zoo, requested by Ms. [Nombre317 003], was denied.
The operation was supported by personnel from Servicio de Guardacostas, the Executive Secretariat of SINAC, and Centro de Rescate de Vida Silvestre Tropical (CRVST) at Nombre317 of Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza. To safeguard the animals’ well-being, the operation also involved veterinarian Laura Brenes Chávez, a SINAC veterinarian; veterinarian Isabel Hagnauer Barrantes, the supervising veterinarian for Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza (ZOAVE); and Ms. Angie Sánchez Núñez, Master in Wildlife Management and Conservation, from the Executive Secretariat of SINAC. The operation was carried out promptly while safeguarding the well-being of both the participants and the wild animals, and a total of 26 individuals belonging to various wildlife species were captured. Once the animals had been seized (decomisados), seizure record N°245-2022 was prepared and signed, and a copy of the signed and stamped document was delivered to Ms. [Nombre317 001].
As a result, the formal documents transferring the animals into the custody of Centro de Rescate de Vida Silvestre Tropical (CRVST) at Nombre317 of Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza were prepared. That center was approved through administrative decision N°SINAC-ACC-OA-re-1389-2022 and is one of the management sites currently in full compliance; it has veterinarian Dr. Isabel Hagnauer and supervising biologist Martha Venegas Vargas. As stated in report ZA-CRESCATE-035-2023: “They hold international certification from the Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries (GFAS, its acronym in English, http://www.sanctuaryfederation.org/gfas/). This accreditation ensures that the organization complies with validated protocols for a genuine rescue center and provides humane, ethical, and responsible care to animals, meeting operational, administrative, veterinary, and animal-welfare standards subject to cross-review.
This accreditation also provides a clear and reliable means for the public and government and private entities to recognize RWRC-Zoave as a sound and sustainable organization deserving national and global support.”
Regarding the appellant’s statements about the video on the beach when she was arriving by boat with other people, which shows the interaction between the primates and Ms. [Nombre317 003], as well as her statements concerning the filing of a complaint by the Nombre14042 Conservation Area before the courts, the appellant is incorrect because, as explained in the preceding point, there is evidence of imprinting activities (actividades de improntación). Regardless of who recorded the video in question, it is evident that several individuals of the spider monkey species (two spider monkeys, one of which is carrying an infant) have undergone a pet-keeping process (mascotización), which is defined under the Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre as follows: Pet-keeping process: the process by which a wild animal is removed from its natural environment to be kept as a pet, in permanent contact with human beings, causing changes in its diet and environment, encouraging the loss of instinctive behaviors inherent to its nature, impairing its social behavior and health, and harming its quality of life.
The term pet (mascota), in turn, is defined in Article 4 of the Reglamento a la Ley de Conservación a la Vida Silvestre: Pet: a wildlife specimen, as established in Articles 1, 2, and 5 of the LCVS, that has undergone a pet-keeping and domestication process by human beings. The animal is kept, temporarily or permanently, outside the natural habitat of its species, or is encouraged to leave that habitat temporarily. It remains in permanent or recurring contact with human beings, depends partially or entirely on that relationship for its survival, displays closeness toward people through affectionate behaviors, and is treated as an object of affection, companionship, assistance, or recreation. As a consequence of these actions, the animal may exhibit, or eventually develop, changes in its diet, behavior, and natural needs, as well as a temporary or permanent loss of behaviors characteristic of its species.
These behaviors could have been corrected if the site had, at the appropriate time, employed qualified professionals as required by the regulations in force (a wildlife supervising biologist (biólogo regente en vida silvestre) and a veterinarian). Regarding the complaint, the appellant is indeed correct, because proceedings are currently pending before the Juzgado Contravencional de Golfito under case 22-000246-1097-FC, pursuant to the Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre, concerning harm arising from a violation of the Ley de Vida Silvestre. SEVENTH. The appellant states that Mr. Rafael Gutiérrez, director of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, issued the following general instruction: “Within a maximum period of three months, close management sites (sitios de manejo) that are operating without permits and without required elements such as a supervising professional (regente).” The appellant is correct because, on 26 de octubre del año 2022, the report based on the inspection conducted by COMISION-FGR-451-021-2020 was received from Mr.
Rafael Gutiérrez Rojas. In the exercise of his functional authority, he ordered, in the sixth instruction issued by that directorate: “Within a maximum period of three months, close management sites that are operating without permits and without required elements such as a supervising professional, and relocate the animals to authorized sites, for which purpose the management-site closure plan (Plan de cierre del sitio de manejo) established in the management plan (plan de manejo) shall be applied; the aforementioned resources and funds may be used, together with coordination with other institutions that support these actions.” Regarding operation without a permit and without requirements such as a supervising professional: On 21 de octubre del año 2022, official Ilsia Olivares Hernández of the Dirección Técnica del Área de Conservación Osa, through official letter SINAC-ACOSA-D-PVS-063-2022, submitted an inquiry to the executive secretariat concerning the registration of Ms.
Nombre14043, identity card CED7174, in SINAC’s register of supervising professionals (libro de regencias). On 27 de octubre del año 2022, certification SINAC-SE-CUSBSE-022-2022 was received from Mr. Nombre14053, certifying that biologist Nombre14043, identity card CED7174, was removed from SINAC’s register of wildlife supervising professionals in abril del 2021, through administrative decision R-CUSBSE-SE-REGENTES-EXCLUIR-066-2021 issued at trece horas y cinco minutos del ocho de abril del dos mil veintiuno; therefore, she is not currently authorized to perform duties as a wildlife supervising professional. EIGHTH. Regarding the appellant’s statements that the operation carried out on 19 de diciembre del 2022 was conducted with the utmost irresponsibility and lacked any technical basis, as well as her statements concerning the seizure (decomiso), in which no individual animals were entered in the seizure record (acta de decomiso), the appellant is incorrect.
This seizure was carried out because the appellant failed to comply with the Ley de Conservación a la Vida Silvestre and its Reglamento; moreover, she was not granted a permit for use within the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado), and there was an order issued by COMISION-FGR-451-2020, as well as official letter SINAC-DE-634-2020, setting forth mandatory instructions for compliance with wildlife regulations and the organization of the institutional process. For that reason, denial decision N°SINAC-ACOSA-D-R-095-2022 was issued. This operation was carried out with the support of personnel from Servicio de Guardacostas, the Secretaría Ejecutiva de SINAC, and the Centro de Rescate de Vida Silvestre Tropical (CRVST) at Nombre317 of Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza. To safeguard the animals’ well-being, the operation included veterinarian Laura Brenes Chávez, a SINAC veterinarian; veterinarian Isabel Hagnauer Barrantes, the supervising veterinarian of Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza (ZOAVE); and Ms.
Angie Sánchez Núñez, who holds a master’s degree in Wildlife Management and Conservation, from the Secretaría Ejecutiva del SINAC. Upon arrival at the site, official Danny Pizarro Ruiz of ACOSA’s Programa de Control y Protección complied with the legal formalities and introduced himself to Ms. [Nombre317 003], explaining the reason for our presence. Thereafter, given that Ms. [Nombre317 003] did not wish to accompany us during the operation and instead sent the following persons who work with her as her representatives—Luis Nieto Vasquez, identity card CED7175; Jeffrey Perez Fernandez, identity card CED7176; and Olivier Chavarria Arauz, identity card CED7177—we proceeded with the operation. The operation was conducted promptly while safeguarding the well-being of both the participants and the wild animals, and a total of 26 individuals of various wildlife species were captured. Once the animals had been seized, the seizure record was prepared and signed, and a copy of the signed and stamped document was delivered to Ms. [Nombre317 001]; Record N°245-2022 is attached.
We transported the animals to the ACOSA Dirección Regional office in Golfito and proceeded to prepare the formal documents transferring them into the custody of the Centro de Rescate de Vida Silvestre Tropical (CRVST) at Nombre317 of Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza, approved through administrative decision N°SINAC-ACC-OAre-1389-2022. This is one of the management sites that is fully compliant and has a veterinarian, Dr. Isabel Hagnauer, and a supervising biologist, Martha Venegas Vargas. As stated in report ZACRESCATE-035-2023, “they hold international certification from the Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries (GFAS, for its acronym in English, http://www.sanctuaryfederation.org/gfas/). This accreditation ensures that the organization complies with validated protocols for a genuine rescue center and provides humane, ethical, and responsible care to animals, meeting operational, administrative, veterinary, and animal-welfare standards subject to peer review.
This accreditation also provides a clear and reliable means for the public and for government and private entities to recognize RWRC-Zoave as a sound and sustainable organization deserving national and worldwide support.” NINTH. Regarding the appellant’s statements concerning the opinion issued by the purported primatologist Ph.D. Pamela Ashmore, Ms. Ashmore’s accreditation for Costa Rica has not been demonstrated through duly apostilled documents. TENTH. The appellant states that the primates were captured while roaming freely (en vía libre). As the appellant indicates, these primates—1 spider monkey and 2 squirrel monkeys—were indeed captured and seized because they displayed imprinting behaviors, as stated in report ZA-CRESCATE-035-2023: “Regarding the animals’ current condition (Table 2), none of these individuals can be released. Behavioral observations determined that they show an interest in constant interaction with people (Photos 5 and 6); this was also observed on the day of capture, because they did not attempt to move away from people and even approached them in search of food.”
Justice Garita Navarro authors the opinion; and,
Whereas:
I.Subject matter of the appeal. - She states that in noviembre de 2022 she was notified of the revocation (revocatoria) of the operating permit for a wildlife management facility (sitio de manejo de vida silvestre) under the zoo category in the name of Fundación [Nombre317 002]; however, she believes that it was actually an expiration (caducidad) of the permit rather than a revocation. She reports that, on 19 de diciembre de 2022, officials from Nombre14042 arrived at the facility and seized all the animals that were in cages, without holding any type of meeting to reach an agreement for the protection of the animals. She asserts that the seized animals also included three rescued wild animals that were living freely. She claims that all the seized animals were taken to ZOOAVE. She states that the seizure (decomiso) carried out by officials from the Área de Conservación de Osa violates the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. She notes that, on 09 de enero de 2023, she submitted a new application for the PNE; however, it remains pending resolution. She requests an order that the animals that were living freely be returned to their natural habitat.
For purposes of deciding this matter, the following facts are deemed duly established, either because they have been proven or because the respondent authority (recurrida) failed to address them as required in the initial order:
For example, the cages shown are constructed on a concrete-block and cement base that requires excavation and prevents the cages from being portable. Furthermore, the infrastructure does not provide accommodations to meet the needs of persons with disabilities (Ley N°7600), nor does it have the necessary equipment and an emergency response plan; moreover, the periodic reports on implementation of the plan, required every seis meses to ensure proper oversight of the use permit, have not been submitted to Nombre14042. The environmental feasibility approval granted by the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental through Resolution N°2978-2018- SETENA was issued on the basis of a registered survey plan that does not correspond to the case file and covers an area of 17ha 6387 m2. The use permit granted pursuant to Resolution N°SINAC-ACOSA-D-PU-045-2017 covered an area of 5.05 hectáreas, according to the sketch submitted as part of the requirements for its approval.
These discrepancies jeopardize the assurance that the integrity of the assigned area will be maintained and that effective control and protection measures and mechanisms will be established, responsibilities and obligations borne by both the permit holder (permisionario) and SINAC under the regulations in force.”; this decision was served on the protected party through the contact method designated for that purpose. (see reports and evidence submitted).
- The petitioner states that in noviembre de 2022 she was notified of the revocation of the operating permit for a wildlife management facility under the zoo category in the name of Fundación [Nombre317 002]; however, she believes that it was actually an expiration of the permit rather than a revocation. She reports that, on 19 de diciembre de 2022, officials from Nombre14042 arrived at the facility and seized all the animals that were in cages, without holding any type of meeting to reach an agreement for the protection of the animals. She asserts that the seized animals also included three rescued wild animals that were living freely. She claims that all the seized animals were taken to ZOOAVE. She states that the seizure carried out by officials from the Área de Conservación de Osa violates the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. She requests an order that the animals that were living freely be returned to their natural habitat.
From the reports submitted by the representatives of the respondent authority—which are deemed to have been given under oath, with the consequences, including criminal penalties, provided for in Article 44 of the Law governing this Jurisdiction—and from the body of evidence, it is deemed established that on 14 de noviembre de 2017, the Área de Conservación Nombre14042 issued Resolution N°SINAC-ACOSA-D-PU-045-2017, in which it decided to grant the protected party a preliminary-phase use permit (permiso de uso en fase previa) to conduct training activities in an area of 5.05 hectares located in Caña Blanca de Golfito, Puntarenas. Only 13 mobile, detachable cages were authorized for placement within the forest area; they were required to be suitably adapted to house 23 wildlife specimens. This was so that she could continue the environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) proceedings before SETENA.
She was likewise informed that, pursuant to Decreto número 35868-MINAET, entitled Reglamentación del artículo 18 de la Ley Forestal N°7575 y modificación de los artículos 2 y 11 del Reglamento de la Ley Forestal N°7575, Decreto Ejecutivo N°25721-MINAE, that permit could not be assigned, transferred, or donated; it would be granted on a revocable basis (condición precaria) and therefore conferred no right of possession or ownership over the land; and it could be revoked whenever the State so determined for reasons of advisability, expediency, or public interest, in accordance with Article 154 of Ley General de administración Pública N°6227. It is likewise established that, on 23 de noviembre de 2022, the Área de Conservación de Nombre14042 of SINAC, through Resolution SINAC-ACOSA-D-R-086-2022, ordered as follows: “Revoke the preliminary-phase use permit granted through Resolution N°SINAC-ACOSA-D-PU-045-2017 to Fundación [Nombre317 002], legal entity identification number [Valor CED198], represented by Ms. [Nombre317 003], passport number [Valor 004], in her capacity as president, to conduct training activities in an area of 5.05 hectares located at Dirección3038 , .
Grant a reasonable period of 3 months for the vacation of the property and demolition of the existing infrastructure on the parcel for which the use permit in Patrimonio Natural del Estado was granted, pursuant to administrative file D-TEC-ASP-071. This permit was revoked because of noncompliance with the technical specifications; the revocation is not based on the type of materials used, but rather on the characteristics of the structures that were built. For example, the cages shown were constructed on a base of concrete blocks and cement that required excavation and prevented the cages from being mobile. Furthermore, the infrastructure lacks facilities to accommodate persons with disabilities (Ley N°7600), nor does it have the necessary equipment and an emergency response plan; moreover, the periodic reports concerning implementation of the plan, required every six months to enable proper oversight of the use permit, have not been submitted to Nombre14042.
The Environmental Feasibility approval issued by Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental in Resolution N°2978-2018- SETENA was based on a registered survey plan (plano registrado) that does not correspond to the file and covers an area of 17ha 6387 m2. The use permit granted pursuant to Resolution N°SINAC-ACOSA-D-PU-045-2017 covered an area of 5.05 hectares, according to the sketch submitted as part of the requirements for its approval. These discrepancies jeopardize the requirement of ensuring the integrity of the assigned area by establishing effective means and mechanisms for its control and protection, a responsibility and obligation borne by both the permit holder and SINAC under the regulations in force.” This decision was served on the protected party through the contact method designated for that purpose. Consequently, on 28 de noviembre de 2022, the protected party filed a motion for reconsideration with a subsidiary appeal (recurso de revocatoria con apelación en subsidio) against Resolution SINAC-ACOSA-D-R-086-2022.
It is also established that, through Resolution N°SINAC-ACOSA-D-R-095-2022 at 14 horas 30 minutos on 13 de diciembre de 2022, the protected party was denied an operating permit (permiso de funcionamiento) for a wildlife management facility (sitio de manejo de vida silvestre) classified as a nonprofit sanctuary-type zoo. It is further established that, on 16 de diciembre de 2022, through Resolution SINAC-ACOSA-DR-R-102-2022, the motion for reconsideration filed against Resolution SINAC-ACOSA-D-R-086-2022 was denied, and it was ordered that the appeal be referred to the Consejo Nacional de Área de Conservación. It is likewise established that, on 19 de diciembre de 2022, the respondent authorities, with the assistance of personnel from Servicio de Guardacostas and Centro de Rescate de Vida Silvestre Tropical (CRVST) a Nombre317 de Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza, proceeded to seize the animals.
To safeguard the animals’ well-being during this operation, the participants included veterinarian Laura Brenes Chávez, a SINAC veterinarian; veterinarian Isabel Hagnauer Barrantes, the supervising veterinarian (regente veterinaria) of Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza (ZOAVE); and Ms. Angie Sánchez Núñez, who holds a Master’s degree in Wildlife Management and Conservation and is with Secretaría Ejecutiva del SINAC. Finally, it is established that, once the animals had been seized, a seizure record (acta de decomiso) was prepared and signed, and a copy of the signed and stamped document was delivered to the petitioner. The animals were placed in the custody of Centro de Rescate de Vida Silvestre Tropical (CRVST) a Nombre317 de Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza, which was approved through Administrative Resolution N°SINAC-ACC-OA-re-1389-2022 and is one of the wildlife management facilities currently in compliance with its obligations.
In the case at bar (sub lite), the matters raised by the petitioner are, in fact, objections to the actions taken and resolutions issued by the respondent authorities, namely, the revocation of the use permit in Patrimonio Natural del Estado that had been granted to her in 2017, the denial of the operating permit for a wildlife management facility classified as a nonprofit sanctuary-type zoo, and the seizure of the animals under her care. In this regard, although it is alleged that those actions violate Article 50 of the Constitution, the evidence entered into the record establishes that, contrary to the claimant’s assertion, the decisions were prompted by the claimant’s own failure to comply with the operating permits previously granted to her and that, because of those deficiencies, the animal species and their natural environment were adversely affected. Having clarified the foregoing, the claimant must be advised that it is not for this Chamber to review whether or not the relief sought complies with the legal provisions in force, as that task belongs to the ordinary administrative or judicial proceedings, because this Chamber is not a body charged with reviewing the legality of administrative actions or resolutions.
The claims asserted by the claimant—whether the revocation of the use permit in Patrimonio Natural del Estado granted to her in 2017 was warranted, the denial of the operating permit for a wildlife management facility classified as a nonprofit sanctuary-type zoo, and the seizure of the animals under her care, including where they were taken and whether they should be returned—are matters of ordinary legality (legalidad ordinaria) and must be discussed and resolved through the proceedings specifically provided by law for such cases, since they do not entail a manifest or patent violation of, or probable risk to, the environment as a protected legal interest (bien jurídico tutelado). In cases involving such a violation or risk, this Chamber, pursuant to the precautionary and preventive principles (principios precautorio y preventivo), undertakes an analysis of possible violations of the right protected under Article 50 of the Constitution.
The petitioner must therefore raise her objection or corresponding claim before the respondent authority or in the competent judicial proceedings, where she may fully litigate the merits of the matter and assert her claims. Consequently, the petition must be denied with respect to this issue, as it hereby is.
As her second claim, the claimant states that, on 09 de enero de 2023, she submitted a new application concerning Patrimonio Natural del Estado; however, it remains pending resolution. In this regard, the claimant’s application, which has not yet been resolved—as shown by the evidence submitted—cannot be classified as a straightforward request for information (petición pura y simple de información), since a reading of the application shows that the protected party seeks to have the respondent authority grant her a use permit in Patrimonio Natural del Estado. In other words, to respond to her application, the respondent authority must conduct an analysis and make a series of assessments to determine whether her request should be granted. In this regard, this Chamber considers the petitioner’s request to constitute an administrative application (gestión administrativa), and therefore makes the following observations.
NEW ADMINISTRATIVE JUSTICE AS A SWIFT AND EFFECTIVE MECHANISM FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE SUBSTANTIVE LEGAL SITUATIONS OF PERSONS SUBJECT TO THE ADMINISTRATION. Since its establishment, the Constitutional Chamber has applied broad admissibility criteria in view of the absence of expeditious and swift procedural avenues for protecting substantive legal situations (situaciones jurídicas sustanciales) grounded in the subconstitutional legal system or standard of legality, which are indirectly connected to fundamental rights and Constitutional Law (Derecho de la Constitución). In this regard, it must not be overlooked that the Constitution, by virtue of its supremacy, supralegal status, and direct and immediate effect, provides an indirect foundation for every conceivable substantive legal situation of individuals. Nevertheless, upon further consideration and following the enactment of the Code of Administrative Litigation Procedure (Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo) (Law No. 8508 of 24 de abril de 2006) and its entry into force as of 1° de enero de 2008, it has become clear that litigants now have access to a comprehensive and universal administrative-litigation jurisdiction (jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa) that is exceedingly expeditious and swift because of the various procedural mechanisms incorporated into the legal system by that legislation, such as shorter time limits for performing the various procedural acts; broad standing (legitimación); interim relief (medidas cautelares); the open-ended list (numerus apertus) of claims that may be asserted; oral proceedings—and their subprinciples of concentration, immediacy, and expedition—; a single instance, with an appeal available in expressly specified situations; in-proceeding conciliation (conciliación intra-procesal); consolidated proceedings (proceso unificado); preferential proceedings or “legality amparo” (“amparo de legalidad”); proceedings involving pure questions of law (procesos de puro derecho); new enforcement measures (coercive fines, substitute or commissioner-administered enforcement, attachment of property within the fiscal domain and certain public-domain property); the broad powers of the body of enforcement judges; the extension and adaptation of the effects of case law to third parties; and the flexibility of the cassation appeal (recurso de casación).
All these innovative procedural institutions are expressly intended and designed to achieve procedural economy, expedition, promptness, and the effective or complete protection of the substantive legal situations of persons subject to the administration, while safeguarding basic fundamental rights such as due process, the right of defense, and adversarial proceedings. In short, because of its new characteristics of simplicity, expedition, and promptness, the new administrative-litigation jurisdiction is an appropriate avenue for the amparo and effective protection of the substantive legal situations of persons subject to the administration in cases requiring the gathering of evidence or the determination of certain issues of ordinary legality.
AN EVIDENT ISSUE OF ORDINARY LEGALITY. It is evident that determining whether the public administration complies with the time limits established by the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública) (Articles 261 and 325) or by sector-specific laws governing special administrative proceedings (procedimientos administrativos especiales), either to conclude an administrative proceeding—initiated ex officio or at the request of a party—by means of a final administrative act (acto final), or to hear the applicable administrative appeals (recursos administrativos), is plainly an issue of ordinary legality that may henceforth be discussed and resolved before the administrative-litigation jurisdiction through the application of the principles underlying constitutional jurisdiction, such as vicarious standing (legitimación vicaria), the possibility of self-representation (defensa material)—that is, appearing without legal counsel—and proceedings free of charge for the appellant. Consequently, the petition must be summarily dismissed, and the applicant must be advised that, should the applicant deem it appropriate, recourse may be had to the administrative-litigation jurisdiction.
VII.Note by Justice Castillo Víquez concerning prompt and effective administrative justice. I have supported this Court’s position that, when a litigant alleges a violation of the right to prompt and effective justice in administrative proceedings, the legal dispute must be heard by the Administrative Litigation Courts and not by this Chamber. That said, with the recent enactment of Ley n.° 9097, Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición, it has been established that this right may be judicially protected through the amparo proceeding (recurso de amparo) established by Article 32 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, in conjunction with Article 27 of the Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica, in those cases where petitioners consider that the Administration’s material actions, administrative acts, or response are affecting their fundamental rights. In my view, the recently enacted legislation does not mean that this Court must alter its line of precedent, since, under section 7 of its Law, it alone is responsible for defining its own jurisdiction.
Therefore, except for those legal-constitutional disputes that this Chamber itself has recognized as exceptional circumstances and that may indeed be heard in this jurisdiction through the constitutional guarantee proceeding of amparo, in all other cases, and for the reasons given by this Court (judgment N° 2008-02545 of 8:55 hours on 22 de febrero de 2008), jurisdiction lies with the Judges of the administrative-litigation jurisdiction. All of this is consistent with Article 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights, Constitutional Law (values, principles, and rules), and the corresponding statutory provisions, based on a logical, systemic, and purposive interpretation of the legal system.
I must note that, since judgment nro. 2019-2355 of 9:30 on 12 de febrero de 2019, I stated the following position in my dissenting opinion regarding amparo proceedings when they have been filed on behalf of a legal entity:
“…in Advisory Opinion 22-16 of 26 de febrero de 2016, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights stated that, although some States recognize the right of petition for legal entities subject to special conditions, such as labor unions, political parties, or representatives of Indigenous peoples, Afro-descendant communities, or specific groups, the fact remains that “Article 1.2 of the American Convention enshrines rights only in favor of natural persons; therefore, legal entities are not holders of the rights enshrined in that treaty.” Furthermore, in the same advisory opinion, the Inter-American Court determined that, in certain particular contexts, natural persons may exercise their rights through legal entities (for example, through a media outlet, as occurred in the case of Nombre295 et al. v. Venezuela); however, for this to be protectable before the inter-American system, “the exercise of the right through a legal entity must involve an essential and direct relationship between the natural person requiring protection from the inter-American system and the legal entity through which the violation occurred, since a mere connection between the two persons is insufficient to conclude that the rights of natural persons, rather than those of legal entities, are in fact being protected.
Indeed, it must be demonstrated beyond the natural person’s mere participation in the legal entity’s own activities that such participation is substantially related to the rights alleged to have been violated.” (emphasis added)(OC. 22/16)”.
In the present case, it may be inferred from the filing and the evidence submitted that an essential relationship exists between the appellant as a natural person and the legal entity represented by that person. Therefore, the alleged violation must be examined on the merits.
IX.Partial dissenting opinion of Justice Cruz Castro. Although I have previously supported the Court’s majority position, upon further consideration of the fundamental rights being asserted, I find that administrative delay constitutes a violation of a fundamental procedural guarantee, and I therefore change the position I had previously expressed by recognizing a possible infringement of the right to prompt and effective administrative justice, thus departing from the Court majority’s view that—except in a few cases—claims of this kind must be resolved in the administrative-litigation jurisdiction. To the contrary, I find that one of the rights this jurisdiction is called upon to protect is the right to prompt and effective justice, expressly enshrined in constitutional Article 41. This follows from the scope of jurisdiction assigned to this Court for the protection of fundamental rights, pursuant to Articles 10 and 48 of the Constitución Política.
Although I understand the importance of the reforms to the administrative-litigation jurisdiction following the entry into force of Ley 8508 of veinticuatro de abril de dos mil seis, the fact remains that this circumstance does not justify referring to that forum matters concerning issues within this Chamber’s jurisdiction, which over the years has proven to be a swift and effective means of protecting the fundamental rights of the country’s inhabitants. Consequently, I partially dissent with respect to the right to prompt and effective administrative justice.
The parties are hereby advised that, if they submitted any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, or telematic device, or produced using new technologies, these must be collected from the court office within a maximum period of 30 business days from notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not collected within that period will be destroyed, pursuant to the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", approved by the Full Court at session N° 27-11 of 22 de agosto del 2011, Article XXVI, and published in Boletín Judicial number 19 of 26 de enero del 2012, as well as pursuant to the resolution approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial at session N° 43-12 held on 3 de mayo del 2012, Article LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
The appeal is denied. Justice Castillo Víquez files a note. Justice Rueda Leal records a note. Justice Cruz Castro partially dissents with respect to the right to prompt and effective administrative justice.
Nombre290 V.
Chief Justice Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Jorge Araya G.
Nombre319 V.
Nombre8889 G.
Jose Roberto Garita N.
CASE FILE N° 23-007105-0007-CO Telephone numbers: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2295-3712 / 2549-1633. Website: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Dirección40 , Dirección41 , 100 meters south of the Perpetuo Socorro church). Intake of matters concerning vulnerable groups: Dirección42 , San José, Dirección43 , Dirección44 , streets 19 and 21, Dirección45
Revisión del Documento SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta minutos del veinticinco de agosto de dos mil veintitres .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente No. 23-007105-0007-CO, interpuesto por [Nombre 001], cédula de residencia [CED168 ], a favor de [Nombre317 002], cédula jurídica [CED161 ], contra el SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN (SINAC), el ÁREA DE CONSERVACIÓN Nombre14042 y el MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Garita Navarro; y,
Considerando:
I.Objeto del recurso. - Manifiesta que en noviembre de 2022 le notificaron la revocatoria del permiso para funcionamiento de un sitio de manejo de vida silvestre bajo la categoría zoológico a Nombre317 de la Fundación [Nombre317 002], sin embargo, considera en realidad se trató de una caducidad del permiso y no de una revocatoria. Refiere que, el 19 de diciembre de 2022 funcionarios de Nombre14042 llegaron al sitio y decomisaron todos los animales que estaban en jaulas, sin ningún tipo de reunión para llegar a un acuerdo para la protección de los animales. Afirma que, dentro de los animales decomisados, también se llevaron a tres animales silvestres que eran rescatados, pero vivían en libertad. Aduce que, todos los animales decomisados fueron llevados al ZOOAVE. Indica que el decomiso que llevaron a cabo los funcionarios del Área de Conservación de Osa, atenta contra el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Señala que, el 09 de enero de 2023 presentó una solicitud nueva para el PNE; sin embargo, la misma está pendiente de resolución. Solicita se ordene devolver los animales que se encontraban en libertad a su hábitat natural.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque la recurrida haya omitido referirse a ellos según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
Además, la infraestructura no cuenta con facilidades para cubrir las necesidades de personas discapacitadas (Ley N°7600); ni tampoco cuenta con los equipos necesarios y un plan para actuar en caso de emergencia; tampoco se han presentado en Nombre14042 los informes periódicos cada seis meses sobre la ejecución del plan para la adecuada fiscalización del permiso de uso. La Viabilidad Ambiental otorgada por la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental en la Resolución N°2978-2018- SETENA, se emitió respaldada a un plano registrado que no corresponde al expediente, con un área de 17ha 6387 m2. El permiso de uso otorgado según Resolución N°SINAC-ACOSA-D-PU-045-2017 fue sobre un área de 5.05 hectáreas, según croquis presentado como parte de los requisitos para su aprobación. Estas discrepancias ponen en riesgo la condición de garantizar la integridad del área asignada, para establecer los medios y mecanismos efectivos de control y protección, cuya responsabilidad y obligación le corresponde tanto al permisionario como al SINAC, de acuerdo con la normativa vigente.”; decisión que, le fue notificada a la amparada al medio señalado para tales efectos. (ver informes y prueba aportada).
- Manifiesta la recurrente que en noviembre de 2022 le notificaron la revocatoria del permiso para funcionamiento de un sitio de manejo de vida silvestre bajo la categoría zoológico a Nombre317 de la Fundación [Nombre317 002], sin embargo, considera en realidad se trató de una caducidad del permiso y no de una revocatoria. Refiere que, el 19 de diciembre de 2022 funcionarios de Nombre14042 llegaron al sitio y decomisaron todos los animales que estaban en jaulas, sin ningún tipo de reunión para llegar a un acuerdo para la protección de los animales. Afirma que, dentro de los animales decomisados, también se llevaron a tres animales silvestres que eran rescatados, pero vivían en libertad. Aduce que, todos los animales decomisados fueron llevados al ZOOAVE. Indica que el decomiso que llevaron a cabo los funcionarios del Área de Conservación de Osa, atenta contra el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Solicita se ordene devolver los animales que se encontraban en libertad a su hábitat natural.
De los informes rendidos por los representantes de la autoridad recurrida -que se tiene dado bajo fe de juramento con las consecuencias, incluso penales, previstas en el artículo 44 de la Ley que rige esta Jurisdicción- y del elenco probatorio, se tiene por acreditado14 de noviembre de 2017, el Área de Conservación Nombre14042 emitió la Resolución N°SINAC-ACOSA-D-PU-045-2017, en donde resolvió otorgar a la amparada, permiso de uso en fase previa para desarrollar actividades de capacitación en un área de 5.05 hectáreas, ubicadas en Caña Blanca de Golfito, Puntarenas. Únicamente se autorizaron 13 jaulas móviles y desarmables para ser ubicadas dentro del área de bosque y que debían estar debidamente ambientadas, para hospedar 23 individuos de vida silvestre. A fin de que continue con el trámite de viabilidad ambiental ante SETENA. De igual forma, se le indicó que según lo estipulado en el Decreto número 35868-MINAET, denominado Reglamentación del artículo 18 de la Ley Forestal N°7575 y modificación de los artículos 2 y 11 del Reglamento de la Ley Forestal N°7575, Decreto Ejecutivo N°25721-MINAE, dicho permiso no podrá ser cedido, traspasado o donado, será otorgado en condición precaria por ende no implica derecho alguno de posesión o propiedad sobre el terreno, y podrá ser revocado cuando el Estado así lo determine por razones de convivencia, de oportunidad o de interés público, de conformidad con el artículo 154 de la Ley General de administración Pública N°6227.
De igual forma, se tiene que, el 23 de noviembre de 2022 el Área de Conservación de Nombre14042 del SINAC mediante resolución SINAC-ACOSA-D-R-086-2022, dispuso lo siguiente: “Revocar el permiso de uso en fase previa otorgado mediante Resolución N°SINAC-ACOSA-D-PU-045-2017, a Fundación [Nombre317 002], cédula jurídica [Valor CED198], representada por la señora [Nombre317 003], pasaporte número [Valor 004], en su calidad de presidenta, para desarrollar actividades de capacitación en un área de 5.05 hectáreas, ubicadas en Dirección3038 , . Dar un plazo prudencial de 3 meses para el desalojo y demolición de la infraestructura existente en el predio sobre el cual se otorgó el permiso de uso en Patrimonio Natural del Estado, según expediente administrativo D-TEC-ASP-071. Este permiso fue revocado por el incumplimiento de las especificaciones técnicas, no se fundamenta en el tipo de materiales a utilizar sino en las características de las construcciones realizadas, por ejemplo, las jaulas que se muestran están construidas con una base de block y cemento que requieren excavación y evitan que la jaula sea móvil.
Además, la infraestructura no cuenta con facilidades para cubrir las necesidades de personas discapacitadas (Ley N°7600); ni tampoco cuenta con los equipos necesarios y un plan para actuar en caso de emergencia; tampoco se han presentado en Nombre14042 los informes periódicos cada seis meses sobre la ejecución del plan para la adecuada fiscalización del permiso de uso. La Viabilidad Ambiental otorgada por la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental en la Resolución N°2978-2018- SETENA, se emitió respaldada a un plano registrado que no corresponde al expediente, con un área de 17ha 6387 m2. El permiso de uso otorgado según Resolución N°SINAC-ACOSA-D-PU-045-2017 fue sobre un área de 5.05 hectáreas, según croquis presentado como parte de los requisitos para su aprobación. Estas discrepancias ponen en riesgo la condición de garantizar la integridad del área asignada, para establecer los medios y mecanismos efectivos de control y protección, cuya responsabilidad y obligación le corresponde tanto al permisionario como al SINAC, de acuerdo con la normativa vigente.”; decisión que, le fue notificada a la amparada al medio señalado para tales efectos.
Por lo anterior, el 28 de noviembre de 2022 la amparada interpuso recurso de revocatoria con apelación en subsidio en contra de la resolución SINAC-ACOSA-D-R-086-2022. Igualmente, se tiene que, mediante resolución N°SINAC-ACOSA-D-R-095-2022 de las 14 horas 30 minutos del 13 de diciembre de 2022, se le denegó a la amparada el permiso de funcionamiento de un sitio de manejo de vida silvestre bajo la categoría de Zoológico sin fines de lucro tipo santuario. Por otra parte, se acredita que, el 16 de diciembre de 2022 mediante resolución SINAC-ACOSA-DR-R-102-2022 se declaró sin lugar el recurso de revocatoria interpuesto contra la resolución SINAC-ACOSA-D-R-086-2022 y se dispuso elevar el recurso de apelación ante el Consejo Nacional de Área de Conservación. Asimismo, se tiene que, el 19 de diciembre de 2022 las autoridades recurridas con el apoyo de personal de Servicio de Guardacostas, y personal del Centro de Rescate de Vida Silvestre Tropical (CRVST) a Nombre317 de Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza, procedieron a decomisar los animales; siendo que, para salvaguardar la integridad de los animales en este operativo participaron la médico veterinaria Laura Brenes Chávez, veterinaria de SINAC y el médico veterinaria Isabel Hagnauer Barrantes, regente veterinaria de Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza (ZOAVE); además de la señora Angie Sánchez Núñez, Master en Manejo y conservación de Vida Silvestre, de la Secretaría Ejecutiva del SINAC.
Finalmente, se tiene que, una vez realizado el decomiso de los animales, se procedió a confeccionar el acta de decomiso, se procedió a firmar y se entregó copia del documento firmado y sellado a la recurrente; siendo que, los animales fueron entregados en custodia al Centro de Rescate de Vida Silvestre Tropical (CRVST) a Nombre317 de Fundación Restauración de la Naturaleza, aprobado mediante resolución administrativa N°SINAC-ACC-OA-re-1389-2022, el cual es uno de los sitios de manejo que se encuentra al día.
En el sub lite, lo planteado por la recurrente son en realidad inconformidades con las actuaciones y resoluciones realizadas por las autoridades recurridas, a decir, la revocatoria del permiso de uso en Patrimonio Natural del Estado que le había otorgado en el año 2017, la denegatoria del permiso de funcionamiento de un sitio de manejo de vida silvestre bajo la categoría de Zoológico sin fines de lucro tipo santuario y el decomiso de los animales que tenía a su cargo. En ese sentido, si bien se alega que tales actuaciones lesionan el artículo 50 constitucional; lo cierto es que, de la prueba aportada a los autos, se comprueba que, contrario a lo afirmado por la accionante, las decisiones adoptadas obedecieron al incumplimiento de la misma accionante en los permisos de funcionamiento que se le habían concedido en su oportunidad y que por tales falencias, se afectaban las especies animales y su entorno natural.
Teniendo claro lo anterior, se impone advertir a la accionante, que no le compete a esta Sala revisar si lo pretendido se ajusta o no a la normativa legal vigente, labor propia de la vía común -administrativa o jurisdiccional-, ya que esta Sala no es un contralor de la legalidad de las actuaciones o resoluciones de la Administración. Las pretensiones mismas que la accionante expone –procedencia o no de la revocatoria del permiso de uso en Patrimonio Natural del Estado que le había otorgado en el año 2017, la denegatoria del permiso de funcionamiento de un sitio de manejo de vida silvestre bajo la categoría de Zoológico sin fines de lucro tipo santuario y el decomiso de los animales que tenía a su cargo (lugar al que fueron llevados y si procede su devolución)- son propias de la legalidad ordinaria y debe discutirse y resolverse en las vías que la ley ha previsto específicamente para estos casos, por cuanto no suponen una infracción notoria, palmaria o riesgo probable al ambiente, como bien jurídico tutelado, casos en los cuales, al socaire de los principios precautorio y preventivo, esta Sala ingresa a analizar posibles lesiones al derecho tutelado en el canon 50 constitucional.
Por ello, deberá la parte recurrente plantear su inconformidad o el reclamo que corresponda ante la autoridad recurrida, o en la vía jurisdiccional competente, vías en las cuales podrá, en forma amplia, discutir el fondo del asunto y hacer valer sus pretensiones. En consecuencia, el recurso en cuanto a este extremo debe desestimarse, como en efecto se hace.
Como segundo reclamo, señala la accionante que, el 09 de enero de 2023 presentó una solicitud nueva para el Patrimonio Natural del Estado; sin embargo, la misma está pendiente de resolución. Sobre el particular, se tiene que la solicitud de la parte accionante que todavía no han sido resuelta -según lo observado de la prueba aportada- no puede encuadrarse en los supuestos de peticiones puras y simples de información, pues de la lectura de la gestión se desprende que la pretensión de la amparada es que la Autoridad recurrida, le otorgue un permiso de uso en Patrimonio Natural del Estado. Es decir, para poder dar respuesta a su solicitud, la autoridad accionada está obligada a analizar y efectuar una serie de valoraciones para determinar la procedencia o no de su inquietud. En ese sentido, considera esta Sala que la petición del recurrente es propia de una gestión administrativa, razón por la cual se realizan las siguientes consideraciones.
NUEVA JUSTICIA ADMINISTRATIVA MECANISMO CÉLERE Y CUMPLIDO PARA LA PROTECCIÓN DE SITUACIONES JURÍDICAS SUSTANCIALES DE LOS ADMINISTRADOS. La Sala Constitucional, desde su fundación, ha utilizado criterios amplios de admisibilidad en vista de la ausencia de cauces procesales expeditos y céleres para la protección de las situaciones jurídicas sustanciales que tienen asidero en el ordenamiento jurídico infra-constitucional o parámetro de legalidad, que guardan conexión indirecta con los derechos fundamentales y el Derecho de la Constitución. Sobre el particular, no debe perderse de perspectiva que la Constitución por su supremacía, súper-legalidad y eficacia directa e inmediata da fundamento indirecto a cualquier situación jurídica sustancial imaginable de las personas. No obstante, bajo una mejor ponderación y ante la promulgación del Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo (Ley No. 8508 de 24 de abril de 2006) y su entrada en vigencia a partir del 1° de enero de 2008, ha quedado patente que ahora los justiciables cuentan con una jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa plenaria y universal, sumamente expedita y célere por los diversos mecanismos procesales que incorpora al ordenamiento jurídico esa legislación, tales como el acortamiento de los plazos para realizar los diversos actos procesales, la amplitud de la legitimación, las medidas cautelares, el numerus apertus de las pretensiones deducibles, la oralidad –y sus subprincipios concentración, inmediación y celeridad-, la única instancia con recurso de apelación en situaciones expresamente tasadas, la conciliación intra-procesal, el proceso unificado, el proceso de trámite preferente o “amparo de legalidad”, los procesos de puro derecho, las nuevas medidas de ejecución (multas coercitivas, ejecución sustitutiva o comisarial, embargo de bienes del dominio fiscal y algunos del dominio público), los amplios poderes del cuerpo de jueces de ejecución, la extensión y adaptación de los efectos de la jurisprudencia a terceros y la flexibilidad del recurso de casación.
Todos esos institutos procesales novedosos tienen por fin y propósito manifiesto alcanzar la economía procesal, la celeridad, la prontitud y la protección efectiva o cumplida de las situaciones jurídicas sustanciales de los administrados, todo con garantía de derechos fundamentales básicos como el debido proceso, la defensa y el contradictorio. En suma, la nueva jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa es un cauce idóneo, por sus nuevas características de simplicidad, celeridad y prontitud para el amparo y protección efectiva de las situaciones jurídicas sustanciales de los administrados en las que se requiera recabar prueba o definir algunas cuestiones de legalidad ordinaria.
CUESTIÓN EVIDENTE DE LEGALIDAD ORDINARIA. Es evidente que determinar si la administración pública cumple o no los plazos pautados por la Ley General de la Administración Pública (artículos 261 y 325) o las leyes sectoriales para los procedimientos administrativos especiales, para resolver por acto final un procedimiento administrativo –incoado de oficio o a instancia de parte- o conocer de los recursos administrativos procedentes, es una evidente cuestión de legalidad ordinaria que, en adelante, puede ser discutida y resuelta ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa con la aplicación de los principios que nutren la jurisdicción constitucional, tales como los de la legitimación vicaria, la posibilidad de la defensa material –esto es de comparecer sin patrocinio letrado- y de gratuidad para la parte recurrente. Consecuentemente, se impone el rechazo de plano e indicarle el gestionante que si a bien lo tiene puede acudir a la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa.
VII.Nota del Magistrado Castillo Víquez, en cuanto a la justicia administrativa pronta y cumplida. He apoyado la tesis de este Tribunal, de que cuando el justiciable alega una vulneración al derecho a una justicia pronta y cumplida en sede administrativa, quienes deben conocer la controversia jurídica son los Tribunales de lo Contencioso-Administrativo y no esta Sala. Ahora bien, con la reciente promulgación de la Ley n.° 9097, Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición, se ha establecido que ese derecho es susceptible de tutela judicial por medio del recurso de amparo establecido por el artículo 32 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en relación con el artículo 27 de la Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica, en aquellos casos en que el peticionario considere que las actuaciones materiales de la Administración, sus actos administrativos o su respuesta le estén afectando sus derechos fundamentales.
A mi modo de ver, la normativa recién promulgada no implica que este Tribunal deba modificar su línea jurisprudencial, quien, con base en el numeral 7 de su Ley, le corresponde definir exclusivamente su propia competencia. Por ende, salvo aquellas controversias jurídico-constitucionales que han sido reconocidas por esta misma Sala como supuestos de excepción, que sí proceden ser conocidas en esta jurisdicción a través del proceso constitucional de garantía del amparo, en los demás casos, y por las razones que ha dado este Tribunal (sentencia N° 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008), los competentes son los Jueces de la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo, todo lo cual es conforme al numeral 25, de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, el Derecho de la Constitución (valores, principios y normas) y las normas legales correspondientes con base en una interpretación lógica, sistémica y teleológica del ordenamiento jurídico.
Debo advertir que desde la sentencia nro. 2019-2355 de las 9:30 de 12 de febrero de 2019, en mi voto salvado indiqué la siguiente postura en relación con los recursos de amparo cuando estos han sido planteados a favor de una persona jurídica:
“…en la Opinión Consultiva 22-16 del 26 de febrero de 2016, la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos indicó que si bien algunos Estados reconocen el derecho de petición a personas jurídicas con condiciones especiales, como lo son los sindicatos, partidos políticos o representantes de pueblos indígenas, comunidades afrodescendientes o grupos específicos, lo cierto es que “El artículo 1.2 de la Convención Americana sólo consagra derechos a favor de personas físicas, por lo que las personas jurídicas no son titulares de los derechos consagrados en dicho tratado”. Por otro lado, en la misma opinión consultiva, la Corte Interamericana dispuso que, en ciertos contextos particulares, las personas físicas pueden llegar a ejercer sus derechos a través de personas jurídicas (verbigracia, a través de un medio de comunicación, como acaeció en el caso Nombre295 y otros contra Venezuela); empero, a efectos de que ello sea tutelable ante el sistema interamericano, “el ejercicio del derecho a través de una persona jurídica debe involucrar una relación esencial y directa entre la persona natural que requiere protección por parte del sistema interamericano y la persona jurídica a través de la cual se produjo la violación, por cuanto no es suficiente con un simple vínculo entre ambas personas para concluir que efectivamente se están protegiendo los derechos de personas físicas y no de las personas jurídicas.
En efecto, se debe probar más allá de la simple participación de la persona natural en las actividades propias de la persona jurídica, de forma que dicha participación se relacione de manera sustancial con los derechos alegados como vulnerados.” (énfasis agregado)(OC. 22/16)”.
En la especie, del escrito de interposición y la prueba aportada se colige que existe una relación esencial entre la persona natural recurrente y la persona jurídica a quien representa. Ergo, corresponde entrar a conocer por el fondo la transgresión acusada.
IX.Voto salvado parcial del Magistrado Cruz Castro. Si bien en el pasado he sostenido el criterio de mayoría del Tribunal, bajo una mejor ponderación de los derechos fundamentales que se reclaman, estimo que la mora administrativa constituye una lesión a una garantía procesal fundamental, razón por la que cambio el criterio que había expuesto, admitiendo la posible infracción al derecho a una justicia administrativa pronta y cumplida, separándome de la visión de la mayoría del Tribunal, en el sentido que –salvo contadas excepciones- este tipo de reproches deben resolverse en la jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa. Por el contrario, estimo que uno de los derechos que esta jurisdicción se encuentra llamada a tutelar es el de la justicia pronta y cumplida, expresamente consagrado en el artículo 41, constitucional. Ello conforme al ámbito de competencia asignado a este Tribunal en materia de protección a derechos fundamentales, en atención a lo dispuesto en los artículos 10 y 48 de la Constitución Política.
Si bien, entiendo la importancia de las reformas de la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa a partir de la vigencia de la Ley 8508 del veinticuatro de abril de dos mil seis, lo cierto es que dicha situación no justifica la remisión a dicha instancia de los asuntos que versan sobre materia que es competencia de esta Sala, la cual ha demostrado a lo largo de los años que es un medio célere y efectivo para la tutela de los derechos fundamentales de los habitantes del país. En consecuencia, salvo parcialmente el voto en relación con el derecho a una justicia administrativa pronta y cumplida.
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, éstos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso. El Magistrado Castillo Víquez pone nota. El magistrado Rueda Leal consigna nota. El magistrado Cruz Castro salva parcialmente el voto en relación con el derecho a una justicia administrativa pronta y cumplida.
Nombre290 V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Jorge Araya G.
Nombre319 V.
Nombre8889 G.
Jose Roberto Garita N.
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