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Res. 19041-2021 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 25/08/2021
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber dismisses on the merits the unconstitutionality action against provisions authorizing controlled agricultural burning, upholding their constitutionality on the grounds that the current regulation is preferable to deregulation, which could worsen environmental harm.La Sala Constitucional rechaza por el fondo la acción de inconstitucionalidad contra las normas que autorizan quemas agrícolas controladas, manteniendo su constitucionalidad al considerar que la regulación actual es preferible a una desregulación que podría agravar el daño ambiental.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber dismisses on the merits an unconstitutionality action filed by the Costa Rican Federation for Environmental Conservation against Article 24 of the Soil Use, Management and Conservation Law (Law 7779), Article 5 of the Dividing Fences and Burning Law (Law 121), and various regulatory provisions authorizing controlled agricultural burning. The plaintiffs argued that such burning produces greenhouse gases, harms biodiversity and health, and violates constitutional rights and international instruments. Following its 2014 and 2015 precedents, the Chamber holds that eliminating the legal regulation would be counterproductive and lead to uncontrolled burning. It also finds that conflicts between the regulation and other environmental laws are matters of ordinary legality, not constitutionality. The ruling includes a separate note by Justice Castillo Víquez on the principle of legal efficacy, and two dissenting votes that would have declared the provisions unconstitutional for failing to require an environmental impact assessment and for violating precautionary principles.La Sala Constitucional rechaza por el fondo una acción de inconstitucionalidad presentada por la Federación Costarricense para la Conservación del Ambiente contra el artículo 24 de la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos (Ley 7779), el artículo 5 de la Ley de Cercas Divisorias y Quemas (Ley 121), y varias normas reglamentarias que autorizan quemas agrícolas controladas. Los accionantes argumentaron que dichas quemas generan gases de efecto invernadero, dañan la biodiversidad y la salud, y violan derechos constitucionales e instrumentos internacionales. La Sala, siguiendo precedentes de 2014 y 2015, sostiene que eliminar la regulación legal sería contraproducente y provocaría quemas descontroladas. Además, considera que los conflictos entre el reglamento y otras leyes ambientales son cuestiones de legalidad ordinaria, no de constitucionalidad. La decisión cuenta con una nota separada del magistrado Castillo Víquez sobre el principio de eficacia de la ley, y dos votos salvados que declaran inconstitucionales las normas por omitir la evaluación de impacto ambiental y violar principios precautorios.
Key excerptExtracto clave
In judgment No. 2015-012499 of 11:02 a.m. on August 12, 2015, this Chamber addressed the constitutionality of Article 24 of the Soil Use, Management and Conservation Law, Article 5 of the Dividing Fences and Burning Law, and the Regulations for Controlled Agricultural Burning, based on the following reasoning: “(…) The requested elimination could constitute a breach of the gradual commitment to reduce COPs together with controls on agricultural burning. In our view, annulling the legal provision is the exact opposite of progress; it is a contradiction, considering that even under current regulations, unlicensed agricultural burning can occur — how much more if no regulation exists at all, resulting in a genuine regulatory setback. Thus, the proposed remedy causes more harm than the alleged disadvantages of the norm’s continued application. Consequently, the plaintiffs’ claim creates the aggravating factor that the absence of regulation would allow another freedom, since what is not prohibited is permitted, subject only to civil and criminal rules when property or environmental damage occurs, which could be applied in limited circumstances. Eliminating a norm does not always change a specific social behavior; what matters is removing it from the legal system when that removal itself is a mechanism for social change to protect the environment, and not a denial of reality that leads to its deterioration. Therefore, the convenience of maintaining law's primary function — regulating through administrative authorizations and controlling lawful agricultural burning activities while also punishing unlawful ones — is reaffirmed.”En la sentencia n° 2015-012499 de las 11:02 horas del 12 de agosto de 2015, esta Sala se refirió a la constitucionalidad del artículo 24 de la Ley de Uso Manejo y Conservación de Suelos, el artículo 5 de la Ley de Cercas Divisorias y Quemas y el Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas; con base en el siguiente orden de consideraciones: “(…) Véase que la eliminación que se pide podría constituirse en una infracción al compromiso de gradualidad que persigue la disminución de los gases COPs junto a los controles de las quemas agrícolas. La anulación de la norma legal implica, en nuestro criterio, todo lo contrario al progreso de las condiciones actuales, revela un contrasentido, si vemos que aun frente a las regulaciones actuales se pueden presentar quemas agrícolas sin licencias, cuando más si no existe del todo, lo que implicaría una verdadera desmejora regulatoria. De este modo, el remedio planteado perjudica más que las desventajas que se dice tienen la continua aplicación de la norma. En consecuencia, la pretensión de los accionantes crea el agravante, que la ausencia de la regulación, haría prevalecer otra libertad, pues lo que no está prohibido está permitido, salvo la aplicación de las reglas civiles y penales cuando se generen daños a la propiedad y al ambiente que podrían ser aplicadas en limitadas condiciones. No siempre el eliminar una norma tiene el efecto de cambiar una determinada conducta social; lo importante es el hecho de anularla del ordenamiento jurídico cuando en si mismo, es un mecanismo de cambio social para proteger el ambiente y no la negación de una realidad provocando su deterioro, razón por la cual se reafirma la conveniencia de mantener la función principal del Derecho, de regular mediante autorizaciones administrativas y controlar las actividades de quemas agrícolas lícitas, como también sancionar las ilícitas.”
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"La anulación de la norma legal implica, en nuestro criterio, todo lo contrario al progreso de las condiciones actuales, revela un contrasentido, si vemos que aun frente a las regulaciones actuales se pueden presentar quemas agrícolas sin licencias, cuando más si no existe del todo, lo que implicaría una verdadera desmejora regulatoria."
"Annulment of the legal provision, in our view, is the opposite of progress; it is a contradiction, considering that even with current regulations unlicensed agricultural burning can occur, how much more if no regulation exists at all, resulting in a genuine regulatory setback."
Considerando IV
"La anulación de la norma legal implica, en nuestro criterio, todo lo contrario al progreso de las condiciones actuales, revela un contrasentido, si vemos que aun frente a las regulaciones actuales se pueden presentar quemas agrícolas sin licencias, cuando más si no existe del todo, lo que implicaría una verdadera desmejora regulatoria."
Considerando IV
"No siempre el eliminar una norma tiene el efecto de cambiar una determinada conducta social; lo importante es el hecho de anularla del ordenamiento jurídico cuando en si mismo, es un mecanismo de cambio social para proteger el ambiente y no la negación de una realidad provocando su deterioro."
"Eliminating a norm does not always change a specific social behavior; what matters is removing it from the legal system when that removal itself is a mechanism for social change to protect the environment, and not a denial of reality that leads to its deterioration."
Considerando IV
"No siempre el eliminar una norma tiene el efecto de cambiar una determinada conducta social; lo importante es el hecho de anularla del ordenamiento jurídico cuando en si mismo, es un mecanismo de cambio social para proteger el ambiente y no la negación de una realidad provocando su deterioro."
Considerando IV
"En reiteradas ocasiones esta Sala ha sostenido que, determinar si una norma reglamentaria violenta o excede lo dispuesto en una ley es un tema de legalidad cuya discusión no corresponde a esta jurisdicción."
"This Chamber has repeatedly held that determining whether a regulatory provision violates or exceeds what a statute provides is a matter of legality whose discussion does not fall within this jurisdiction."
Considerando VI
"En reiteradas ocasiones esta Sala ha sostenido que, determinar si una norma reglamentaria violenta o excede lo dispuesto en una ley es un tema de legalidad cuya discusión no corresponde a esta jurisdicción."
Considerando VI
"La eliminación de la consulta al SINAC en todos los casos, violenta: -el principio de la tutela del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado a cargo del Estado, derivado del artículo 50 constitucional y relacionado con el derecho a la salud."
"The elimination of the mandatory consultation with SINAC in all cases violates: -the principle of the State’s duty to safeguard the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, derived from Article 50 of the Constitution and related to the right to health."
Voto Salvado Cruz Castro
"La eliminación de la consulta al SINAC en todos los casos, violenta: -el principio de la tutela del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado a cargo del Estado, derivado del artículo 50 constitucional y relacionado con el derecho a la salud."
Voto Salvado Cruz Castro
Full documentDocumento completo
Constitutional Chamber Case File: 21-012696-0007-CO Type of Matter: Unconstitutionality Action Constitutional Review: Rejection on the Merits Judgment with Dissenting Vote Judgment with Separate Note Relevance Indicators Relevant Judgment Content of Interest:
Type of Content: Majority Vote Branch of Law: 3. CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW MATTERS Topic: ENVIRONMENT Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
Topic: UNCONSTITUTIONALITY ACTION Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
019041-21. ENVIRONMENT. AGRICULTURAL BURNING. Unconstitutionality action against rule 24 of the Law on the Use, Management and Conservation of Soils, Law No. 7779 of April 30, 1998, article 5 of the Law on Dividing Fences and Burning No. 121 of October 26, 1909, and the Regulation for Controlled Agricultural Burning. Regulation for Controlled Agricultural Burning. Executive Decree 35368-MAG-MINAET of May 6, 2009. Articles 85 and 88 of the Regulation to the Law on the Use, Management and Conservation of Soils, Executive Decree 29375 MAG-MINAE-S-HACIENDA-MOPT of August 8, 2000. This action is rejected on the merits. Magistrate Castillo Víquez drafts a separate note, solely regarding the alleged violation of the regulatory norms of Decree No. 35368-MAG-S-MINAET with the provisions of the Organic Environmental Law, the General Health Law, and the Biodiversity Law. Magistrate Cruz Castro dissents and declares unconstitutional article 24 of Law No. 7779 "Law on the Use, Management and Conservation of Soils" and article 12 of Decree 35368 MAG-S-MINAET called "Regulation for Controlled Agricultural Burning." Magistrate Rueda Leal dissents and orders the action against the challenged regulations to be processed. CO11/21 ... See more Related Judgments Content of Interest:
Type of Content: Separate Note Branch of Law: 3. CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW MATTERS Topic: CONSTITUTIONAL JURISDICTION Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
IX.Separate note by Magistrate Castillo Víquez. I agree with my colleagues on the arguments they put forward to flatly reject the action, since there is no obvious and manifest contradiction between the Law and the challenged Regulation. The Court's position, to the effect that when a regulatory norm violates or exceeds what is provided in a law, it is a matter of legality, the discussion of which does not fall within this jurisdiction, is, in general terms, legally correct. There is no doubt that it is the ordinary Judge who is competent to determine the scope of the interpretation and application of the Law and, consequently, it is he who is called upon to establish whether a regulatory norm violates the legal norm. However, there is an important nuance in this matter, and that is that, from my point of view, when there is manifest evidence, obvious at first glance, that the regulatory norm exceeds, suppresses--or contradicts the text of the Law--there is no doubt that, in a gross manner, the principle of force, authority, or efficacy of the Law is violated; a principle that has constitutional coverage and must be protected by this Court.
As is well known, the principle of force, authority, or efficacy of law refers us to the potency (active force), the resistance (passive force), and the regime for challenging the Law. Based on the first aspect of the concept, the Law, once it enters into force, repeals or modifies any norm of equal or lower rank. Based on the second, the Law cannot be repealed or modified by a norm of lower rank. Finally, based on the third, the Law can only be challenged on grounds of unconstitutionality and, therefore, can only be annulled through a resolution of the Constitutional Chamber. The constitutional basis for this principle is found in numeral 129 of the Fundamental Charter, which states that the Law can only be repealed, abrogated, or modified by another subsequent norm of equal rank. On the other hand, the principle of force, authority, or efficacy of law is an essential presupposition of the social and democratic Rule of Law, as it stems from a core idea: the parliamentary normative act is superior in rank to the normative act issued by the other Powers of the State, especially the Executive Power, which means that all Powers of the State, when exercising normative authority (article 6, subsection d, of the General Law of Public Administration), must conform to what the legislator has provided.
When this does not occur, the normative rank of the Law is disregarded, which, in the normative hierarchical scale, occupies third place in importance after the Political Constitution and International Treaties (articles 10 and 7) and, consequently, a key principle of the social and democratic Rule of Law is violated. Ergo, when a regulatory norm clearly and manifestly exceeds, suppresses, or contradicts a Law of the Republic, numeral 129 of the Fundamental Charter and the principle of force, authority, or efficacy of the Law are violated, and the Constitutional Court does have jurisdiction in this matter, without prejudice to the jurisdiction also held by members of the ordinary jurisdiction when we are not in the aforementioned scenario. CO11/21
... See more Content of Interest:
Type of Content: Separate Note Branch of Law: 3. CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW MATTERS Topic: ENVIRONMENT Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
X.Dissenting Vote of Magistrate Cruz C. In the same sense as I indicated in votes numbers 2014-004239 and 2015-012499, I consider that this action must be admitted and, furthermore, declared with merit, in view of the reasons already expressed in those votes:
There are sufficient reasons to declare unconstitutional article 24 of the Law on the Use, Management and Conservation of Soils (Law No. 7779 of April 30, 1998). As expressed by the Procuraduría in its report filed under case file 13-009349-0007-CO, the regulation currently governing the activity of controlled agricultural burning does not require an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) for that activity. This is an alarming situation, since FAO data indicate that agricultural burning, even when controlled, produces negative effects on the environment and health, constitutional assets contemplated in numerals 21 and 50 of the Constitution, the protection of which is an unavoidable power of this Constitutional Court. The Procuraduría also indicated on that occasion that SETENA has listed the negative effects of this burning on sugar cane crops, impact on soils, aquifers, wild flora and fauna, air, and atmosphere.
The advisory body also stated that, according to data from the Environmental Quality Management Directorate (Dirección de Gestión de Calidad Ambiental) of MINAE, numerous impacts on the environment and health triggered by this agricultural practice have been verified, such as favoring the proliferation of pests, weeds, and the generation of acid rain. In the cited judgment, I shared the criterion of the Procuraduría, and I reiterate it on this occasion, in the sense that environmental policies in the country must increasingly be directed toward making the necessary efforts to gradually eliminate the practice of agricultural burning and, in parallel, to implement existing technologies in this field to achieve the desired effects. In that case file, the Procuraduría provided relevant scientific data for the resolution of the sub lite, among which it is highlighted that according to the National Implementation Plan of the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants, it is estimated that open-air biomass burning processes contribute 55% of dioxin and furan releases.
Furthermore, according to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, carbon dioxide and methane are gases identified as greenhouse gases. For this reason, Costa Rica has made various specific commitments to reduce greenhouse gases, both in the cited Framework Convention and in the Kyoto Protocol, and the Executive Power's commitment to carbon neutrality by 2021. In fact, as is public knowledge, Costa Rica committed at the UN Conference on Climate Change in Bali to achieve the status of "carbon neutral," so this declaration of commitments generates important legal consequences within the framework of the United Nations, an aspect that cannot be overlooked in this matter. For these reasons and in view of the negative impacts on the environment and people's health, the activity of agricultural burning must be subject to an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental), especially since, in addition to articles 50 and 21 of the Political Constitution, guiding principles in environmental matters are also violated: the principle of rational use of resources, from which it is possible to guarantee the inhabitants an ecological balance between the country's development and the right to the environment (see judgments 6322-2003, 3705-1993, 4423-1993, 5974-1998, and 6716-2002) and, of course, the preventive and precautionary principles that govern the matter.
The jurisprudence of this Court has also highlighted the importance of environmental impact studies in safeguarding the right to the environment and, ultimately, the Right of the Constitution. The Chamber has indicated that this environmental assessment mechanism ensures that certain activities with significant environmental impact have an analytical scientific procedure in which their potential consequences are examined. As the Procuraduría explains, this technical procedure facilitates the identification and prediction of the positive or negative effects that an activity may cause on the environment. Furthermore, this environmental assessment procedure allows for citizen participation by neighboring individuals who would eventually be affected by this agricultural practice, ensuring they have access to the necessary information to address their doubts and concerns. Taking into consideration the foregoing, we consider that article 24 of Law No. 7779 is unconstitutional for omitting the requirement of a prior environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) before authorizing the corresponding permits for controlled agricultural burning.
Later, I dissented from judgment No. 2014-004239 of 4:00 p.m. on March 26, 2014, which analyzed Decree 35368, and I considered article 12 unconstitutional. On this occasion, I reiterate the arguments given in that judgment. Article 12 of the Regulation for Controlled Agricultural Burning (Executive Decree No. 35368-MAG-S-MINAET of May 6, 2009), is unconstitutional for two aspects: the elimination of the consultation with SINAC so that it renders its technical criterion in all cases, and the application of positive silence in environmental matters. 1) On the elimination of SINAC's technical criterion. It is observed that this new regulation, as the Procuraduría indicates in its report, eliminated the consultation with SINAC so that it would render its binding technical criterion regarding the repercussions on biota and the various ecosystems—excluding the possibility that it might request the environmental impact assessment (evaluación del impacto ambiental) of the proposed burning.
Decree No. 35368, now challenged, repeals articles 86 and 87 of the Regulation to the Law on the Use, Management and Conservation of Soils (in its article 25) and instead provides (in its article 12) for a consultation with SINAC, only in the case of land "whose lots to be burned are located adjacent to forest reserves (reservas forestales), protected zones (zonas protectoras), national parks (parques nacionales), biological reserves (reservas biológicas), wildlife refuges (refugios de vida silvestre), wetlands (humedales), and national monuments (monumentos nacionales)," while article 15 of that same regulatory body prohibits burning "in areas protected by Law, such as ... protected zones (zonas protectoras), national parks (parques nacionales), wildlife refuges (refugios de vida silvestre), or areas adjacent to them." The elimination of the consultation with SINAC in all cases violates:
-the principle of the protection of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment by the State, derived from article 50 of the Constitution and related to the right to health.
-the principle of the objectification of environmental protection or principle of linkage to science and technology, according to which "it translates into the need to accredit decision-making in this matter with technical studies, both in relation to acts and provisions of a general nature —both legal and regulatory—, from which the requirement of "linkage to science and technology" is derived, thereby conditioning the discretion of the Administration in this matter" (Resolution No. 17126-2006). Principle recognized by this Chamber on previous occasions when it was established that: "the environmental principle 'of linkage to science and technology' that governs environmental matters, insofar as administrative decisions that may have an impact on the environment require technical support to back them, and in such condition, they limit and condition the discretion of the Administration in its actions" (Vote No. 14293-2005, reiterated by 11562-2006).
-the precautionary principle in environmental matters, since dispensing without technical support with the consultation with SINAC in all cases, and even reducing it to inapplicable scenarios by virtue of the prohibition in article 15, subsection e) of that same regulatory body, breaches this principle, which has already been reiterated by the jurisprudence of this Chamber when it stated: "...in the protection of our natural resources, a preventive attitude must exist, that is, if degradation and deterioration must be minimized, it is necessary that precaution and prevention be the dominant principles ... We must not lose sight of the fact that we are in an area of law in which the most important norms are those that can prevent any type of damage to the environment, because there is no norm that repairs, a posteriori, the damage already done; the need for prevention is more urgent when it concerns developing countries" (Votes numbers 5893-1995, 2988-1999, 5048-2001, and 2515-2002).
-it violates the third paragraph of article 3 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Law No. 7414 of June 13, 1994), in the part that indicates that the State Parties must "take precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize the causes of climate change and mitigate its adverse effects." This is because dispensing with the technical criterion of MINAE regarding burns that may cover thousands of hectares, with significant generation of greenhouse gases, violates article 7 of the Political Constitution. 2) On the lack of justification and positive silence in environmental matters. Article 12 of the challenged Decree lacks the required technical justification in its recitals (considerandos), which, because it has implications for the right to a healthy environment, such omission of justification acquires constitutional relevance (votes numbers 459-1991, 4702-1993, and 2074-2001). In addition to the above, article 12 of the challenged Regulation provides a 10-calendar-day period for SINAC to issue its technical criterion, with the effects of positive silence in the event it does not rule within that period. The foregoing contravenes the principle of inadmissibility of positive silence in environmental matters, recognized by constitutional jurisprudence:
"...this Chamber has been consistent in recognizing that the principle of positive silence does not operate by operation of law in the case of actions where the protection of the environment is at stake." (Vote No. 5745-1999).
"This Chamber has already established in a consistent jurisprudential line that regarding the protection of essential interests for the Nation, such as the environment ... positive silence does not operate due to the Administration's omission in fulfilling its duties, without prejudice to the liability it may incur for the damages its delay causes to the administered parties. (See in this sense judgments numbers 6332-94, of eighteen hours twelve minutes on October twenty-six, nineteen ninety-four, and 1895-00, of fifteen hours forty-six minutes on February twenty-nine, two thousand)." (Vote No. 5245-2002).
"The challengers allege that, according to constitutional jurisprudence, in matters of natural resources, the legal fiction of positive silence does not operate. The claimants are right in their argument, since, as a material limit for the application of positive silence, environmental matters have been excluded—via this Chamber's jurisprudence—by virtue of the transcendent value and hierarchy possessed by the fundamental right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, recognized in article 50 of the Political Constitution. The jurisprudence on this topic is abundant…
Based on the aforementioned jurisprudential criteria and even in accordance with article 4 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal) (a norm that prohibits the application of positive silence in matters of natural resources), the aforementioned phrase is unconstitutional, since it considers positive silence operative in the delimitation of the State's Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado) after the passage of thirty calendar days without SINAC (that is, any of the areas that comprise it) having ruled on the classification made by private individuals. However, it must be understood that if the responsible SINAC official does not rule on the validity of the documents issued by private professionals within a reasonable time, they could be exposed to the sanctions provided for in the laws" (Resolution No. 2009-13072. In the same sense, vote No. 2009-13073). CO11/21 ... See more Content of Interest:
Type of Content: Separate Note Branch of Law: 3. CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW MATTERS Topic: ENVIRONMENT Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
In judgment No. 2014016583 of 4:00 p.m. on October 8, 2014, related to article 24 of the Law on the Use, Management and Conservation of Soils (Law No. 7779 of April 30, 1998), I dissented in the following sense:
"DISSENTING VOTE OF MAGISTRATES ARMIJO SANCHO AND RUEDA LEAL, DRAFTED BY THE LATTER.
Contrary to the majority criterion, we believe that there are indeed sufficient reasons to uphold the unconstitutionality action filed. As the Procuraduría states, the regulation currently governing the activity of controlled agricultural burning does not require an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) for that activity. This is an alarming situation, since FAO data indicate that agricultural burning, even when controlled, produces negative effects on the environment and health, constitutional assets contemplated in numerals 21 and 50 of the Constitution, the protection of which is an unavoidable power of this Constitutional Court. The Procuraduría also reports that SETENA has listed the negative effects of these burns on sugar cane crops, impact on soils, aquifers, wild flora and fauna, air, and atmosphere. The advisory body also states that according to data from the Environmental Quality Management Directorate (Dirección de Gestión de Calidad Ambiental) of MINAE, numerous impacts on the environment and health triggered by this agricultural practice have been verified, such as favoring the proliferation of pests, weeds, and the generation of acid rain.
We share the criterion of the Procuraduría, in the sense that environmental policies in the country must increasingly be directed toward making the necessary efforts to gradually eliminate the practice of agricultural burning and, in parallel, to implement existing technologies in this field to achieve the desired effects. The Procuraduría continues to provide relevant scientific data for the resolution of the sub lite, among which it is highlighted that according to the National Implementation Plan of the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants, it is estimated that open-air biomass burning processes contribute 55% of dioxin and furan releases. Furthermore, according to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, carbon dioxide and methane are gases identified as greenhouse gases. For this reason, Costa Rica has made various specific commitments to reduce greenhouse gases, both in the cited Framework Convention and in the Kyoto Protocol, and the Executive Power's commitment to carbon neutrality by 2021.
In fact, as is public knowledge, Costa Rica committed at the UN Conference on Climate Change in Bali to achieve the status of "carbon neutral," so this declaration of commitments generates important legal consequences within the framework of the United Nations, an aspect that cannot be overlooked in this matter. For these reasons and in view of the negative impacts on the environment and people's health, the activity of agricultural burning must be subject to an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental), especially since, in addition to articles 50 and 21 of the Political Constitution, guiding principles in environmental matters are also violated: the principle of rational use of resources, from which it is possible to guarantee the inhabitants an ecological balance between the country's development and the right to the environment (see judgments 6322-2003, 3705-1993, 4423-1993, 5974-1998, and 6716-2002) and, of course, the preventive and precautionary principles that govern the matter.
The jurisprudence of this Court has also highlighted the importance of environmental impact studies in safeguarding the right to the environment and, ultimately, the Right of the Constitution. The Chamber has indicated that this environmental assessment mechanism ensures that certain activities with significant environmental impact have an analytical scientific procedure in which their potential consequences are examined. As the Procuraduría explains, this technical procedure facilitates the identification and prediction of the positive or negative effects that an activity may cause on the environment. Furthermore, this environmental assessment procedure allows for citizen participation by neighboring individuals who would eventually be affected by this agricultural practice, ensuring they have access to the necessary information to address their doubts and concerns. Taking into consideration the foregoing, we consider that article 24 of Law No. 7779 is unconstitutional for omitting the requirement of a prior environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) before authorizing the corresponding permits for controlled agricultural burning." Based on the foregoing considerations, I believe that this action must be processed, which is why I dissent.
CO11/21 ... See more *210126960007CO* Case File: 21-012696-0007-CO CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours twenty minutes on August twenty-fifth, two thousand twenty-one.
Unconstitutionality action filed by ÁLVARO SAGOT RODRÍGUEZ, attorney, identity card No. 203650227; CARLOS WONG BONILLA, bachelor of law, identity card No. 113650832; and DANY ALBERTO VILLALOBOS VILLALOBOS, identity card No. 206430273, in his capacity as representative of the COSTA RICAN FEDERATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION (FEDERACIÓN COSTARRICENSE PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN DEL AMBIENTE), legal entity ID No. 3-002-116993; against article 24 of the Law on the Use, Management and Conservation of Soils (Law No. 7779 of April 30, 1998), article 5 of the Law on Dividing Fences and Burning (Law No. 121 of October 26, 1909), the Regulation for Controlled Agricultural Burning (Executive Decree No. 35368-MAG-S-MINAET of May 6, 2009), and articles 85 and 88 of the Regulation to the Law on the Use, Management and Conservation of Soils (Executive Decree No. 29375-MAG-MINAE-S-HACIENDA-MOPT of August 8, 2000).
WHEREAS:
They explain that the legislators who drafted the Ley de Cercas Divisorias y Quemas in the last century or those who crafted the Ley de Uso Manejo y Conservación de Suelos never appreciated the significance of the climate crisis, or the destruction of biodiversity, in relation to the health and life of people. However, this cannot be permitted in the twenty-first century and, for this reason, they request that the unconstitutionality of those norms be upheld. People who have not yet been born, also known as future generations, are already recognized individuals within our legal system and are an integral part of the subjects for whom environmental human rights must watch over. This is in the definition of environmental damage, in Article 2, subsection e) of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (LOA). Given the foregoing, they ask that the rights of future generations be considered when resolving this case as new subjects who deserve total respect, even if they do not exist presently in the here and now.
Regarding the recognition of future generations, they add principle 3 of the Rio Declaration of 1992. They allege that keeping the challenged norms in force threatens many factors, assets, and subjects, and therefore these agricultural burning (quemas agrícolas) practices must end, since, as norm 2, subsection e), of the LOA indicates, it is prohibited to maintain practices that endanger communities, as this threatens society and the economy itself. They consider that the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) must analyze that the LOA itself contemplates, in Articles 59 and 62, the definition of pollution and that of atmospheric pollution, and the state duty to stop conduct that fosters damage to the atmosphere. Therefore, it is wrong to continue allowing the validity and existence of agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas) and the regulations that operationalize and provide enforceability to this type of practice, which are unsustainable and violate the human right to live in a healthy environment, at a time of global climate crisis.
They insist that, in any case, the Executive Branch does not have agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas) contemplated within its regulations and procedures at SETENA and this is yet another example of the negligent attitude with which it acts. Even if they were to regulate it now, no one can deny that burning pollutes the air, destroys the productive potential of the soil, eliminates biodiversity, and allows atmospheric pollution, reasons for which it is clear that agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas) must be prohibited throughout Costa Rica, since, in fact, protocols, conventions, and international agreements have been signed where the country commits to reducing the release of GHGs and ODSs into the atmosphere. For its part, the Paris Agreement, ratified through Ley n° 9405, since November 4, 2016, obliges, by its spirit, to change the viewpoint and see agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas) for what they really are, namely: events that generate GHGs and ODSs that contribute to the climate crisis that affects us globally and leads us to the Anthropocene.
The climate problem cannot be seen as something that must only be faced by the State, but rather there is a joint obligation of the different States to act and, for this reason, there is an obligation to apply the essence of that agreement in this case, declaring the challenged norms as non-conventional. The Paris Agreement is binding regarding minimums such as the following: "Article 4. 1. In order to achieve the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2, Parties aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that peaking will take longer for developing country Parties, and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with best available science, so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century, on the basis of equity, and in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty. 2.
Each Party shall prepare, communicate and maintain successive nationally determined contributions that it intends to achieve. Parties shall pursue domestic mitigation measures, with the aim of achieving the objectives of such contributions. 3. Each Party’s successive nationally determined contribution will represent a progression beyond the Party’s then current nationally determined contribution and reflect its highest possible ambition, reflecting its common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances... 7.2. 2. Parties recognize that adaptation is a global challenge faced by all with local, subnational, national, regional and international dimensions, and that it is a key component of and makes a contribution to the long-term global response to climate change to protect people, livelihoods and ecosystems, taking into account the urgent and immediate needs of those developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.” They allege that it is understood from these articles that Costa Rica is obliged to take actions that reduce the effects of the climate crisis, and for this, what is stated in the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and the Ley General de Salud must be applied.
They consider it essential that, in order to connect with international requirements, the non-conventionality be declared of the norms that permit agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas), which have only had a strictly "cost-reducing" vision, rather than a comprehensive environmental vision. The Advisory Opinion of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights referred to states on the subject: "158. Similarly, the International Court of Justice has indicated that the duty of due diligence implies carrying out an environmental impact assessment (estudio de impacto ambiental) when there is a risk that a proposed activity may have a significant adverse impact in a transboundary context and, particularly, when it involves shared resources... " And of course, the climate is a shared resource and burnings (quemas) entail significant environmental effects. They affirm that with each authorized burn (quema), more than the precautionary principle, the preventive principle is violated, since there is no uncertainty whatsoever about the environmental damages and impacts on public health caused by each fire event.
That is, there is no uncertainty, as it is abundantly clear that there are always damages. Now, returning to the analysis of the Paris Agreement in light of the present action, they state that as seen in Article 5, it is an obligation of the parties to change the polluting dynamic and prohibit agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas), since some of these even generate irreversible damages within protected wild areas (áreas silvestres protegidas), just as it is known to happen in Guanacaste and other regions. The aforementioned international norm states: "Article 5. 1. Parties should take action to conserve and enhance, as appropriate, sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases as referred to in Article 4, paragraph 1(d), of the Convention, including forests." Therefore, if biodiversity and even forests, or regenerating forests, are destroyed by burnings (quemas), the State must proceed to harmonize this international conservationist fight with what is stated in the ratified regulations, that is, it is manifest that with the authorizations for supposedly controlled burnings (quemas), not only constitutional conflicts are being generated, but we are faced with non-conventional norms and, for this reason, they request that this action be granted.
They add that the foregoing is supported by the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. And indeed, although this instrument's validity was extended until 2020, in reality it entails a roadmap to which we remain definitively committed. This protocol contemplates the following: "Article 2. 1. In order to promote sustainable development, each Party included in Annex I, in achieving its quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3: (a) Shall implement and/or further elaborate policies and measures in accordance with its national circumstances, such as: (i) Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors of the national economy; (ii) Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, taking into account its commitments under relevant international agreements on the environment; promotion of sustainable forest management practices, afforestation and reforestation; (iii) Promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture in light of climate change considerations..." They allege that agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas) could never be considered correct sustainable agricultural practices and, for this reason, both the two challenged articles of legal rank and the regulatory norms that endorse these incendiary processes must be considered contrary to what has been ratified internationally.
The challenged regulation focuses on maintaining agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas) as practices that "normalize" the destruction of the environment, making practices prevail that, although they have a customary background, entail future damages of a diverse range, which is totally inconceivable. They indicate that to date, the effects of open-air burnings (quemas) and especially on the atmosphere have never been seriously assessed, when it is more than evident that we are experiencing a moment of climate crisis where all States must contribute to avoiding it. They consider that henceforth this Chamber should consider that we are even faced with a new legal interest (bien jurídico) to protect called: CLIMATE. That it is an interest (bien) of a complex legal nature that includes factors such as air, atmosphere, global warming, etc. Climate is a dynamic macro legal interest (bien jurídico), which must be observed on a global scale, but which has local and regional particularities and effects, depending on the analysis.
This new interest (bien) "climate" is closely linked to the protection of environmental human rights, such as access to water in sufficient quantity and quality, to the air that all living beings need, to the rights of ecosystems, and to the economic and social factors of this and future generations. They argue that if the Chamber takes, for example, the Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas or the Reglamento a la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos, in its Article 85, it will not see anything referring to avoiding GHGs or that indicates something regarding climate change and how to reduce it, but rather everything is focused on seeking an authorization for agricultural purposes, where it never passes through the filter of the precautionary or the preventive, or the principle of objectification, since prior studies are never carried out within science and technique to quantify and weigh the white smoke, air pollution, loss of biodiversity, effects on people, and pollution of the atmosphere.
Nor is anything done within the preventive scope to avoid damages to biodiversity. The persistent approaches to date are clearly contrary to what is stated in the LOA, or the Ley General de la Salud, as well as the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, and the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. They add that regarding sugarcane burnings (quemas de caña de azúcar), the Chamber recognized the following: "It is public knowledge that the burnings (quemas) carried out on the occasion of sugarcane cultivation produce soot, ash, and hazes capable of affecting human health since they can cause irritations in the respiratory tract and eye conditions like conjunctivitis. Furthermore, fires in agricultural activity are one of the sources of carbon dioxide that nowadays accumulates in the Earth's atmosphere and, it is affirmed, could be responsible for the sadly famous 'greenhouse effect' that affects the whole world" (Resolutions 4947-2002 and 11144- 2004).
They state that the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Ley No. 8538 of August 23, 2006, applies to this case, which expressly states in Annex C, Part III: "Source categories: Dibenzoparadioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, pentachlorobenzene (*), hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyls may also be unintentionally formed and released from the following source categories, in particular: (a) Open burning of waste...; (e) Combustion installations burning wood or other biomass fuels;" For its part, Article 1 states: "Article 1.- Objective. Mindful of the precautionary approach as set forth in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the objective of this Convention is to protect human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants." In the case at hand, regarding agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas), biomass and wood from the lands are incinerated, generating prohibited gases, but none of this is evaluated; as an example, Article 13 of the Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas, which does not establish any mechanism to assess the accumulated effect on the environment of each event, much less mandate obtaining a prior environmental license, that is, there are no verifications within science and technique that make each permit pass through the filter of the precautionary or objectification principles, generating a violation in turn of the principle of proportionality and reasonableness, and of the principle of progressivity.
They argue that Costa Rica's norms and policies confront the acquired international obligations, since there is not even an evaluation of the effectiveness of compliance with the international instrument, as required by Article 16 of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. And if reports are indeed provided, it is clear that these have never considered the effects of agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas), since if they had, it would be clear that little or nothing has been done, given that the incineration procedures do not even go through SETENA. In the field of the Sustainable Development Goals, to which the State is committed, principle 13 establishes: "Take urgent action to combat the climate crisis and its impacts." They observe that the words used are "climate crisis" and this is because the concept of climate change has already been surpassed. They allege that, from all the foregoing, it follows that the practice of agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas) could never be considered a path that can lead to the realization of that Goal 13.
They argue that, if this Chamber studies the soft law, from the Rio+20 Declaration to the papal encyclical Laudato si', significant references will be found indicating that actions must be taken against the climate crisis, where the only viable roadmap is to eliminate practices like those they request here be declared unconstitutional. They state that they find a direct confrontation between what the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer states and norms 24 of the Ley de Uso Manejo y Conservación de Suelos and the Ley de Cercas Divisorias y Quemas. For example, Article 2, subsections 1 and 2, and related provisions of the indicated instrument, establishes as duties of Costa Rica to take appropriate measures to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting, or likely to result, from human activities which modify, or are likely to modify, the ozone layer.
Indeed, subsection 2 is more specific, stating in its part b), that the State shall adopt appropriate legislative or administrative measures and shall cooperate in coordinating appropriate policies to control, limit, reduce or prevent human activities that damage the ozone layer. Therefore, it is clear that, if there are laws that authorize burnings (quemas) and, in addition, regulations that establish procedures to carry out these incendiary events, we are faced with non-conventionalities, given that the burnings (quemas) authorized by Costa Rica are incompatible with the preservation of the ozone layer. This is because a burn (quema) is a typical adverse event for the ozone layer, insofar as GHGs are generated and also some of these gases contain chlorinated, brominated, or fluorinated chemical substances that deplete the ozone layer, known by their acronym ODSs. For all the foregoing, pursuant to Article 1, subsection 2), of that convention, it is non-compliant.
They affirm that Costa Rica has ratified the UN Convention to Combat Desertification through Ley n° 7699, which highlights the national obligation to act to prevent desertification worldwide. They allege that the problem of burnings (quemas) affects soil degradation and other assets, but in turn affects other nations by emitting GHGs. This Convention on desertification states in norm 8 that there will be a link between what is provided herein and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity, therefore, in accordance with that troika of instruments, there is an obligation to act against climate change and by permitting agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas), little or nothing is being done. They make special mention of Annex III of the Convention to Combat Desertification, which refers to the measures to be taken by the States of Latin America and the Caribbean, in Article 2, points b) and c), indicate the urgency of acting to avoid unsustainable problems, within which carrying out burnings (quemas) in the agricultural sector could fit, just as authorized by the norms challenged in this action.
They argue that, pursuant to numeral 3 of the Convention, subsection c), which gathers the principles of the instrument, the obligation of all parties to implement a spirit of solidarity to avoid desertification is stated, and Costa Rica, at this moment, is not collaborating with the reduction of the desertification phenomenon, by maintaining burnings (quemas) as part of productive processes because it evidently neglects the resources of soil, air, biodiversity, water, and the climate. On the other hand, they state that Costa Rica ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity through Ley n° 7416 and from that normative body they highlight that a series of provisions are established in Article 6 to ensure biological diversity, as developed in subsections 1 and 2. If the effects of agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas) on biodiversity are analyzed, it will not be seen that effective protection of human life and wildlife has been integrated into the plans and programs in our State, because with each burn (quema), mammals, land turtles, birds, etc., are killed, besides harming the soil resource, air, water, the sea, etc. As proof of the foregoing, they state that neither the Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas nor the Reglamento a la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos, in its Article 85, contain mitigation measures in favor of the life that dies burned day by day.
For this reason, it is clear that Costa Rica, in addition to contributing GHGs, participates in the annihilation of biological diversity. They request that it be valued that the Ley de la Biodiversidad (LB) even states in numeral 8, which is linked to constitutional numeral 50 by connection, that private property must fulfill an environmental function and, therefore, by permitting agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas), this function is not fulfilled on the lands where this procedure is used in the harvest season or when burning pastures (which are forests in regeneration) is authorized. Along the same lines as above, they consider that the challenged norms confront numeral 49 of the LB, since they have neglected biodiversity by permitting burnings (quemas), simply to favor cost reduction, whether for the elimination of weeds, or to harvest sugarcane. They contrast the nonexistence of technical standards for granting permits for burnings (quemas) with paragraph 50 of the LB, which obliges that all human activities (which would include agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas)), must adjust to what science and technique dictate to be in accordance with respect for vital cycles.
However, none of this occurs here, therefore burnings (quemas) are totally unconstitutional, since provision 50 of this law is linked by connection to constitutional norm 50 and is applicable to this case. They indicate that in Costa Rica, conducts are maintained that allow agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas) that in reality contradict the determination of climate justice, consequently harming this and future generations, as well as biodiversity. They also cite the environmental principles contained in the World Charter for Nature that was adopted in 1982. In summary, they allege the following: Regarding numerals 24 of the Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos and Article 5 of the Ley de Cercas Divisorias y Quemas, they state that: 1. The norms enshrine an open and express authorization, on the part of the legislators, to consider agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas) as authorized and culturally normalized procedures in Costa Rica, but without measuring or considering that through these two articles, the free emission of GHGs and ODSs is being legally permitted. 2.
These incendiary practices ultimately have also allowed the burning of biodiversity and have allowed the release of air pollution such as white smoke, substances that directly affect neighbors and ecosystems (both terrestrial and marine). And since there is no chimney in each burn (quema), it is impossible to measure the emitted gases, so there is no possibility of any environmental assessment (valoración ambiental). 3. With these two challenged articles, the soil resource has been harmed, by eliminating the components necessary for natural fertility to exist, and in turn, effects have been generated that cause it to erode and degrade year after year, in plain sight and with the patience of the authorities, who have only thought of facilities for producers to reduce costs, but nothing more, forgetting future generations. 4. With agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas), it has been forgotten that in Costa Rica there is an obligation to respect the principles of sustainable development and solidarity between States.
It is also forgotten that all property or real estate has an ecological function to respect. The norms collaborate in avoiding the effectiveness of environmental human rights, by not mentioning the need for environmental assessments (valoraciones ambientales) to exist according to the standards required by any State in times of a climate crisis, and therefore they conflict with Articles 21, 50, and 89 of the Constitution and the duly ratified conventions. Although they insist that in practice it seems impossible to them to be able to carry out an environmental assessment (valoración ambiental) procedure. These two articles state for their part: “Article 24: To practice burnings (quemas) on lands of agricultural suitability, the instructions of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock must be followed…” and Article 5 of the Ley de Cercas Divisorias y Quemas states: “It is prohibited to conduct burnings (quemazones) in fields.
However, they may be conducted, with prior permission from the local political authority, who will grant it only when it involves clearing (desmontes) to enable lands for agricultural purposes…”. With those textually cited lines, they find conflicts with Article 21 of the Constitution, insofar as for the legislators, it was enough, to pollute, to request a permit from the respective administrative authority, without thinking about the life and health of the people, due to the degradation and subsequent harmful effects on the environment. It was not even glimpsed that the quality of life could be endangered by the smoke and gases that would emanate from each agricultural burn (quema agrícola). It is perfectly clear that it was never considered that the climate could suffer a setback with GHGs or ODSs, and even less was it thought that ultimately people might have to face the loss of productivity on their lands, consequently affecting the food security of the future.
With these authorizations, whose basis is supported by the norms indicated here as unconstitutional, the loss of life due to global warming was never thought of, and even less was it dimensioned that future generations could see their right to have a balanced climate that guaranteed them a full life made impossible. Nor was it considered that with agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas) a climate crisis would be reached, where future generations would lose coastal and natural landscapes. 7. The administrative authorities that grant these permits have never thought about the effects they would come to produce on the water cycle, where we are increasingly approaching the Anthropocene as a geological period and the violation of environmental human rights. 8. Nor has it been considered that with the norms that authorize burnings (quemas), a step forward is taken to be ecocides. 9. Also, with these two articles, constitutional numeral 50 is violated, since with each burn (quema), biodiversity is destroyed and incinerated, the chemical composition of soils is damaged, and serious and even irreversible erosive processes are generated.
It was never observed that the seas and marine ecosystems in Costa Rica and the rest of the world would be affected by GHGs and ODSs, and that the climate, as a common good of humanity, would be transformed and negatively altered, to the point of accelerating desertification. 10. The reality is that, by authorizing agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas) as a cultivation practice, this is against an ecologically balanced environment and these are practices contrary to the obligation to defend and preserve that right. 11. Article 89 of the Constitution is also transgressed by burnings (quemas), given that the regenerating forests that exist in pastures are eliminated time and again, not allowing for pleasant landscapes and sites with ecosystems, where different species can participate in a natural forest succession. 12. On the other hand, it has never been thought that each burn (quema) generates dead and charred landscapes, laden with smoke and other particles, which are visual pollution, since, upon observing dozens of burned hectares; for example, in sugarcane fields, they bring desolation and sadness to observers, affecting their right to well-being and adequate integral development.
Furthermore, with these two norms, several ratified international conventions and several constitutional principles are transgressed. Regarding the Reglamento para quemas agrícolas controladas: 1. This regulation, which depends on norm 24 of the Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos, is unconstitutional, since it follows the provision of authorizing agricultural burnings (quemas agrícolas) regardless of their effects on the air, biodiversity, ecosystems, the climate, the atmosphere, and present and future generations. The foregoing equally violates constitutional norms 21, 50, and 89. 2. It is clear that when the representatives of the Executive Branch established the word “controlled” in the regulation, the precautionary principle, the preventive principle, or the objectification principle were never considered, and for this reason, there is an unconstitutionality of all the regulation, given that no authorization issued to date provides for going previously to SETENA, nor anything of the sort, which leaves a gap of constitutional rank, since each authorization is contrary to the duty of care that rests on the State regarding the environment emanating from paragraph 50 of the Magna Carta. 3.
In the regulation, in very bad faith, the Executive Branch establishes in the initial recitals, as support, the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Articles 25, 49, 59, 60, 62, and 63; but in the articles of that text itself, it does not speak about environmental assessments (valoraciones ambientales) or about the protection of the air resource, or about non-pollution of the atmosphere, and this deficiency generates unconstitutionality due to contradiction. That is, due to inconsistency, which is one of the constitutional rules of reasonableness. 4. In the foregoing, there is a violation of Articles 21 and 50 of the Constitution, given that the government issued a norm, indicating support tending to protect aspects related to climate change, but in the body of the regulation, they did not establish legal dikes and with this, there is negligence or an omission of the duty to protect biodiversity and that common good which is the safe climate. 5.
They emphasize that, although in that regulation norm 295 of the Ley General de Salud is mentioned in the initial recital, which prohibits society from generating pollutants into the atmosphere, it seems all this is forgotten and then in the articles, not even mitigation measures are established to avoid that type of pollution. The reason for being is simple to understand, because the truth is there is no way whatsoever to establish a mitigation measure for atmospheric pollution known to date. 6. When it comes to an agricultural burn (quema agrícola) without a prior environmental assessment (valoración ambiental previa), it is manifest that we are faced with an unconstitutionality of all the regulatory norm due to violation of the principle of reasonableness, proportionality, and coherence. 7.
The officials forgot that the public environmental interest had to permeate the entire legal system, as indicated in numeral 11, subsection 3, of the LB, and they also forgot the duty to integrate that body of regulations with the rest of the norms in force, as obligated by numeral 11, subsection 4, also of the LB, which are linked to Articles 21 and 50 of the Constitution. 8. When this regulation establishes in its numeral 1 the objective of "regulating the procedure for granting permits for controlled agricultural burns, the scope thereof, as well as establishing the prevention measures that must be observed when carrying out this practice," it falls into a falsehood, since there are no mitigation or prevention measures to avoid incinerating the biodiversity that is in the fields to be burned, nor are regulations established to mitigate the impact on the atmosphere, or to avoid the climate crisis, so fundamental aspects are not controlled and, therefore, it is unconstitutional.
What this regulation has the least of is a control mechanism for controlling climate change or for protecting the ozone layer as required by the ratified conventions. 9. The regulation, in its Article 12, only requests the participation of the National System of Conservation Areas to prevent burns in protected wilderness areas, but not to assess the effects on wildlife in general, much less to weigh the effects of the gases emanating from combustion into the atmosphere, transgressing the state duty of care and constitutional numeral 50, not to mention several ratified conventions. 10. Numeral 13 of this regulation establishes some formal requirements to avoid problems on neighboring properties, but nothing is said about GHGs or ODS, nor about the loss of biodiversity, or about the harmful effects on human life and future generations, thus leaving a void that is unconstitutional as well as unconventional, given that, in addition, there are norms provided in conventions that obligate the State to have a duty of care with biodiversity, the atmosphere, and the climate.
Also in that norm 13, a violation of Article 21 of the Constitution is noted, since the life and quality of life of future generations is disregarded. 11. Regarding the impacts in areas where schools predominate, there are serious dissonances with that ordinal 13, since it is evident that the burns harm the health and well-being of girls and boys. Ad effectum videndi, they provide attached documents in the annexes, where it is seen that there are systematic damages and impacts to persons, among which affected minors are included. For all these reasons, if neither in this Article 13 nor in the rest of the regulation are measures established to prevent GHGs or ODS and the loss of biodiversity, it must be declared unconstitutional and, consequently, the entire norm must disappear from the legal system. They point out that there are conventional norms that require Costa Rica to establish regulations to prevent contamination and the loss of biodiversity, but none of this occurs with this regulation, thus failing to comply with international obligations such as the Paris Agreement, the Convention against Desertification, the Convention on Biological Diversity, etc. 12.
Article 22 of this regulation indicates that burns can be suspended if there is a risk to health or the environment, but it is clear that the mere act of conducting a burn, more than a potential risk, brings systematic and irreversible damages to the ecosystems, to the quality of life, and to the health of present and future generations; hence, that norm is mostly decorative and a contradiction to what is established from the constitutional point of view, simultaneously confronting the provisions of the Paris Agreement in its Article 5.1. The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer is also violated, in Article 2, subsections 1, 2, and subsequent and concordant articles of the instrument, since administrative measures should be focused on preventing burns. That precautionary measure of suspension is almost sarcastic due to the negative implications that occur with each burn, where there are undoubtedly always damages to environmental human rights and biodiversity. 13.
More than violating the precautionary principle, the preventive principle is violated, since it is more than clear that with each fire event, biodiversity is lost uncontrollably and is never audited. 14. With the provisions of Articles 1 and 13 of that regulation, norms of legal rank are contravened, such as numeral 295 of the General Health Law and ordinal 49 and subsequent and concordant articles of the Organic Environmental Law, which by connection are linked to constitutional norms 21 and 50. 15. For all the foregoing, this regulation is unconstitutional from beginning to end. Regarding Articles 85 and 88 of the Regulation to the Law on Use, Management, and Conservation of Soils: 1. Finally, norms 85 and 88 of the Regulation to the Law on Use, Management, and Conservation of Soils are unconstitutional, since, as in the previous commentary on the other regulation, it is manifest that neither Article 85 nor 88 indicate measures to prevent GHGs or ODS, nor to prevent the loss of biodiversity.
Neither do these address anything approaching the thought that the decrease of the ozone layer will be avoided or that the climate is valued; on the contrary, they follow the line of viewing agricultural burns solely from the non-sustainable agricultural perspective. 2. Article 85 is clearly unconstitutional by transgressing the duty to defend, preserve, and guarantee the right to live in a healthy environment. 3. Numeral 88 leads to seeing a prohibition on conducting burns on forest lands, protective zones, national parks, wildlife refuges, or sites adjacent to these; according to the logic of this action, if the authorization for burns provided in norm 24 of the Law on Use, Management, and Conservation of Soils and the Law on Fences and Burns is eliminated, this ordinal would lose its reason for being, since all burns would be outside the law without exceptions due to their location, and to that extent, the declaration is requested.
The claims of the acting party are: that the challenged norms be declared unconstitutional, given that agricultural burns contribute to the generation of greenhouse gases (GEI) and ozone-depleting substances (SAO), causing serious environmental damage to the soil resource, the sea, biodiversity, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, the climate, the atmosphere, and to the present and future generations in their life and quality of life. That it be stated that a safe climate is recognized as a common good of humanity, as emanating from constitutional norms 21 and 50 in connection with numeral 26 of the American Convention on Human Rights. That it be stated that, by allowing the possibility of agricultural burns, duly ratified international instruments are contravened, and this is contrary to environmental human rights, as a new category or typology of human rights. That it is totally irrational to have authorized agricultural burns in Costa Rica for decades without having required that each event be screened through SETENA where reasonableness and proportionality, the precautionary principle, and the principle of objectification were weighed, and this has contributed to the global climate crisis with irreversible effects on health, quality of life, and the respect due to biodiversity and the landscape, whether rural or natural.
That given the climatic effects generated by agricultural burns from Costa Rica, our State has ceased to make contributions in the pursuit of preventing international harm where this and future generations will be affected, bringing us ever closer to the Anthropocene and to being ecocides. Finally, they request that it be declared that, by maintaining the challenged norms in force, our legal system is contradictory and not at all effective against the international obligations assumed.
Drafted by Magistrate Castillo Víquez; and,
WHEREAS:
The acting party files this action against Article 24 of the Law on Use, Management, and Conservation of Soils (Ley n° 7779 of April 30, 1998), Article 5 of the Law on Dividing Fences and Burns (Ley n° 121 of October 26, 1909), the Regulation for Controlled Agricultural Burns (Executive Decree n° 35368-MAG-S-MINAET of May 6, 2009), as well as Articles 85 and 88 of the Regulation to the Law on Use, Management, and Conservation of Soils (Executive Decree n° 29375-MAG-MINAE-S-HACIENDA-MOPT of August 8, 2000).
The petitioners allege that the challenged regulations violate numerals 7, 21, 50, and 89 of the Political Constitution, because they authorize burns on agricultural lands, which are uncontrolled because the effects of greenhouse gases are not assessed. They consider that during the burns, it is not guaranteed that biodiversity, terrestrial and marine ecosystems, or public health are protected, an issue that constitutes an unconstitutionality and unconventionality, by action and omission. They affirm that, even if environmental impact studies were conducted, they would not be useful for quantifying the emanations. They believe that the Paris Agreement, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, and the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, among other international instruments, are transgressed, as well as the precautionary, preventive, objectification, solidarity, and intra- and inter-generational protection principles.
The standing of the acting party comes from Article 75, second paragraph, of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, since they appear in defense of diffuse interests to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Moreover, the action meets the admissibility requirements set forth in Articles 73 to 75 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, and its subject matter is among those indicated in numeral 10 of the Political Constitution and 73 of the cited Law.
IV.REGARDING THE ALLEGED UNCONSTITUTIONALITY OF ARTICLE 24 OF LEY N° 7779, ARTICLE 5 OF LEY N° 121, AND EXECUTIVE DECREE N° 35368 MAG-S-MINAET. In judgment n° 2015-012499 of 11:02 a.m. on August 12, 2015, this Chamber addressed the constitutionality of Article 24 of the Law on Use, Management, and Conservation of Soils, Article 5 of the Law on Dividing Fences and Burns, and the Regulation for Controlled Agricultural Burns; based on the following order of considerations:
"(…) I.- Regarding the admissibility of the action. In the present matter, the petitioner's standing derives from the second paragraph of Article 75 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law insofar as they appear in defense of diffuse interests, such as those related to environmental protection. Moreover, the action meets the admissibility requirements set forth in Articles 73 to 75 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, and its subject matter is among those indicated in numeral 10 of the Political Constitution and 73 of the cited Law.
"Article 24.- To conduct burns on lands of agricultural aptitude, the instructions of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock must be followed according to the permit issued for such purposes, according to the Regulation for controlled agricultural burns in force, as well as the provisions for such effect of the Organic Environmental Law and the Penal Code." Law on Dividing Fences and Burns "Article 5.- It is prohibited to conduct burnings (quemazones) in the fields. However, they may be conducted, with prior permission from the local political authority, who will grant it only when it involves clearing land (desmontes) to enable lands for agricultural purposes and provided that the provisions of Articles 1, 3, and 4 of the law of June 20, 1854, are observed, and additionally, the following:
Nor shall fire be authorized for fields located within two hundred meters of the radius of springs (manantiales) that originate on flat lands.
In any case, whoever conducts burnings (quemazones) must pay the damages and losses caused by the fire. The owner, possessor, or lessee of the land that at the time of the fire was prepared for that purpose is presumed the author of the burning. Every person has the right to report the infraction of the provisions of this article, and the authority, hearing the owner of the property, may provisionally suspend the authorization granted.
Whoever infringes the provisions of this article shall suffer a fine of fifty to one hundred colones, even if there was no intent (dolo), and if there was, the provisions of the Penal Code shall apply."
III.Regarding Article 24 of Ley N° 7779 "Law on Use, Management, and Conservation of Soils". Recently, in judgment 2014-016583 of four o'clock in the afternoon on October eighth, two thousand fourteen, the Chamber dismissed the challenge made in relation to this norm. In this regard, it considered that:
"See that the elimination requested could constitute an infraction of the commitment of gradualness pursued by the reduction of POP gases along with controls on agricultural burns. Annulling the legal norm implies, in our view, the exact opposite of the progress of current conditions; it reveals a contradiction, if we consider that even in the face of current regulations, agricultural burns can occur without licenses, even more so if there is none at all, which would imply a true regulatory worsening. In this way, the proposed remedy is more harmful than the disadvantages that the continued application of the norm is said to have. Consequently, the petitioners' claim creates the aggravating factor that the absence of regulation would allow another freedom to prevail, for what is not prohibited is permitted, subject to the application of civil and criminal rules when damages to property and the environment are generated, which could be applied under limited conditions.
Eliminating a norm does not always have the effect of changing a particular social conduct; the important thing is the fact of annulling it from the legal system when, in itself, it is a mechanism of social change to protect the environment and not the denial of a reality causing its deterioration, which is why the convenience of maintaining the primary function of Law—to regulate through administrative authorizations and control lawful agricultural burning activities, as well as sanction unlawful ones—is reaffirmed." It is necessary to reiterate what was stated in the partially transcribed judgment, in the sense that burning activity is not a prohibited activity. This being the case, annulling the norm that subjects the activity to a specific regulation would provoke the contradiction of allowing the activity to be carried out without any type of control. The same argument must be applied to Article 5 of Ley N° 121.
III.Regarding Executive Decree 35368 MAG-S-MINAET.- The petitioner argues that the Decree is unconstitutional as it injures the principle of legality and the principle of legal reserve, exceeding the regulatory powers granted to the Executive Branch in Article 140, subsection e) of the Political Constitution. Under that premise, the 27 articles that comprise it are unconstitutional. Despite having been warned to substantiate the alleged unconstitutionality of the Regulation, the petitioner limited himself to noting that since Article 24 of the Law on Use, Management, and Conservation of Soils was unconstitutional, the same fate should befall Executive Decree N° 35368 MAG-S-MINAET. Such an argument is insufficient for the purpose of analyzing the Regulation in question, which is why the action must be rejected outright regarding this aspect.
IV.Conclusion.- By virtue of the foregoing, the action must be dismissed. Magistrates Armijo Sancho and Cruz Castro issue a dissenting vote regarding the rejection of the action and declare Article 24 of the Law on Land Use and Article 12 of Decree N° 35368 MAG-S-MINAET unconstitutional. Magistrate Hernández López issues a note regarding Article 12 of Decree N° 35368 MAG-S-MINAET (…)".
In this specific case, this Chamber does not observe that there are grounds for judgment that would allow it to depart from the aforementioned criterion; therefore, it is appropriate to reject this action on the merits regarding the aforementioned legal and regulatory norms.
V.Furthermore, regarding the petitioners' claim that the Regulation for Controlled Agricultural Burns does not provide for the authorization of SETENA or environmental impact studies, this argument was raised in a similar sense in the action of unconstitutionality resolved by judgment n° 2014-004239 at 4:00 p.m. on March 26, 2014, in which the following was ordered:
"(…) III.- Subject matter of the action. The petitioner questions the constitutionality of the Regulation for Controlled Agricultural Burns (Executive Decree N° 35368-MAG-S-MINAET of May 6, 2009), considering it contrary to Articles 21 and 50 of the Political Constitution and the principle of Supremacy of International Agreements in environmental matters; however, he does not establish a clear argumentation of how the regulation breaches them. The main objection raised by Mr. Montero Céspedes is that Executive Decree Nº 35368 does not provide for the mandatory nature of an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) that demonstrates the negative impacts produced by burning standing sugarcane on the environment and health. This—in his opinion—to the detriment of the provisions of Articles 1 of the Law on Use, Management, and Conservation of Soils; 53, subsection b), 59, and 62 of the Organic Environmental Law; 1, 2, and 297 of the General Health Law, Nº 5395 of October 23, 1973.
Additionally, he speaks out against the ten-business-day period for the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) to issue a technical opinion, according to the provisions of Article 12 of the challenged Decree, as he considers it insufficient; however, he does not establish what the technical reasons are for the public authority to require a period longer than that established in the norm. On the other hand, he opposes the restriction that the Ministry of Health and the municipalities have to suspend a burn that fails to comply with the conditions and requirements specified in the permit if, jointly, the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock does not intervene, under the terms of Article 19 of the challenged Decree. Furthermore, he questions the erroneous foundation of the Decree in the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), in Article 1 and 24 of the Law on Use, Management, and Conservation of Soils, and in Article 21 of the General Law of Public Roads, since—according to his criterion—burns do not contribute to the justification of the expressed regulations, as the latter starts from prohibitive principles and not purely regulatory ones.
Finally, he questions the lack of technical studies to establish whether the boilers for burning biomass fossil fuels exceed or not the emission levels for boilers, under the terms provided in the Boiler Regulation.
IV.Regarding the lack of concreteness of the arguments of unconstitutionality. The Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, in its Article 3, provides that "The Political Constitution shall be deemed infringed when this results from the confrontation of the text of the challenged norm or act, its effects, or its interpretation or application by public authorities, with constitutional norms and principles." Now, for this Tribunal to deem the infraction established and declare the unconstitutionality of the challenged norm or act, with the consequent annulment and expulsion from the legal system, whoever promotes an action of unconstitutionality has the burden of demonstrating how that provision infringes the constitutional norm or principle and, additionally, must indicate why the claim should be granted. This is referred to by this Chamber as the burden of argumentation, meaning that "a norm that is facially contrary to the Constitution shifts the burden of argumentation to those who maintain that there really is no conflict between that norm and the Political Constitution; the opposite happens if action is taken against a norm that upon initial examination does not appear contrary to the Constitution, in which hypothesis it is the petitioner who must advance arguments that convince about the unconstitutionality" (see judgment number 0184-95 at 4:30 p.m. on January 10, 1995).
In a subsequent judgment, this Chamber stated, regarding the lack of concreteness of the arguments of unconstitutionality in matters of unconstitutionality actions, the following:
"The action of unconstitutionality is filed with the argument that the challenged Executive Decree is harmful, injures, and infringes the fundamental rights to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, the right to health, and the international commitments entered into with the Kyoto Protocol. Despite the opportunity granted to the petitioners, it is confirmed what the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic indicates, that there is no concrete analysis of the provisions of the challenged Executive Decree that are considered unconstitutional, but rather it is limited to establishing discrepancies in a generic and abstract manner against the entirety of the Regulation, and even more so against all activity carried out by the Sugar Mills and Estates, as they maintain that they cause inconveniences in the quality of life and health of the surrounding inhabitants, without specifying what constitutional arguments should be taken into account against each of the provisions or groups of norms of the challenged Regulation. […] The first paragraph of Article 78 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law establishes the obligation to authenticate the writings filing actions of unconstitutionality, since it is deemed necessary that there exist arguments put forth by a legal professional, which this Tribunal does not rule out responding to a serious study of the technical and scientific merits of a specific matter, given the diversity and universality of the norms of the legal system.
Unlike guarantee processes, i.e., habeas corpus and amparo remedies, which can be filed directly by any interested party before the constitutional jurisdiction in defense of their fundamental rights, generally against acts or omissions that injure them in their private sphere (although not always, as in environmental cases), in proceedings for the defense of the Political Constitution (such as the action of unconstitutionality), the legislator entrusted the authenticating attorney with a labor whose demand is even greater, if you will, more elaborate and exhaustive, which they must embody in the filing brief by reason of their professional office, to demonstrate to the Tribunal the injury to the constitutional norm by a lower-ranking norm, undermining the principle of constitutional supremacy contained in Article 10 of the Political Constitution. Precisely the material and formal elaboration of the Law, as well as other secondary provisions, entails an extremely costly process for the State, in which organized civil society participated in many ways for or against, and whose formation, approval, and promulgation procedures should not be analyzed lightly.
In this sense, this Chamber must recognize that there is limited space for this Tribunal to remedy the manifest failings of legal professionals who authenticate the writings in this constitutional jurisdiction, without exposing the impartiality and analysis owed to each action of unconstitutionality." (Judgment number 005285-2012 of 3:03 p.m. on April 25, 2012).
In this case, this Tribunal considers that, despite the opportunity granted to the petitioner, there is no concrete analysis of the provisions of the challenged Executive Decree that are considered unconstitutional, but rather it limits itself to establishing discrepancies generically and in the abstract against the Regulation and the activity carried out by the sugar producers, the estates, and the farms of the country—especially those located in Cañas, Carrillo, and Liberia, all in the province of Guanacaste—since he maintains that they cause problems in the quality of life, health of the inhabitants, and environmental damages. He considers that due to the activity they carry out, an environmental impact study (estudio de impacto ambiental) should be required of them, since the only thing the challenged decree proposes—in its numeral 12—is the possibility of issuing a technical opinion by the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), and he estimates that the period of ten business days established for such purposes is insufficient; however, he does not establish what the technical reasons are for the public authority to require a period longer than that established in the norm.
On the other hand, he opposes the restriction that the Ministry of Health and the municipalities have to suspend a burn that fails to comply with the conditions and requirements specified in the permit if, jointly, the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock does not intervene, under the terms of Article 19 of the challenged Decree. Furthermore, he speaks out against the fact that there are no technical studies to establish whether the boilers for burning biomass fossil fuels exceed or not the emission levels for boilers, under the terms provided in the Boiler Regulation. Notwithstanding the foregoing considerations, he makes them without there being concreteness in the constitutional arguments that should be taken into account against each of the provisions or groups of norms of the challenged Regulation. Likewise, the active coadjuvants Gad Amit Kaufman and Carolina Rugeles Quijano also do not provide additional elements that allow establishing the legal reasons grounding their position regarding the unconstitutionality of the cited decree, since they limit themselves to citing national and international doctrine, the laws, the Treaties and International Agreements signed by Costa Rica, and the judgments issued by this Tribunal that they consider the Regulation in question contradicts, without establishing an exhaustive analysis to demonstrate the injury to the constitutional norm by the lower-ranking Decree in question.
For this reason, as with the partially transcribed precedents, this Chamber considers that it is not possible for it to remedy the manifest failing of the legal professional who authenticated the present action, without exposing the impartiality and analysis that this action of unconstitutionality must have, and, therefore, the present action of unconstitutionality must be dismissed. (…)".
VI.REGARDING THE ALLEGED INCONGRUITY BETWEEN THE REGULATION FOR CONTROLLED AGRICULTURAL BURNS AND THE ORGANIC ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, THE GENERAL HEALTH LAW, AND THE BIODIVERSITY LAW. The acting party alleges that there is an incongruity between the challenged regulatory norm and other legal provisions on environmental matters. In this regard, on repeated occasions this Chamber has indicated that conflicts between infra-constitutional norms are a matter of ordinary legality, outside the scope of competence of this Constitutional Tribunal. In this sense, in the same judgment n° 2014-004239 at 4:00 p.m. on March 26, 2014, the following was considered:
"(…) V.- Regarding the alleged violation of the regulatory norms of Decree 35368-MAG-S-MINAET with the provisions of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), the Law on Use, Management, and Conservation of Soils, and the General Law of Public Roads.
The claimant questions the erroneous basis of the Decree in the Forest Law (Ley Forestal), in Articles 1 and 24 of the Law on the Use, Management and Conservation of Soils (Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos), and in Article 21 of the General Law on Public Roads (Ley General de Caminos Públicos), since—in their opinion—burning does not contribute to justifying the stated regulations because the latter is based on prohibitive principles and not purely regulatory ones. In this regard, it is pertinent to establish, firstly, that neither the claimant nor the active coadjuvants conduct an exhaustive analysis regarding this aspect that would allow for the elucidation of a conflict between the norm in question and the norm of higher rank, and furthermore, more importantly, what is raised is the contradiction between Executive Decree 35368-MAG-S-MINAET and the cited laws, which, this Chamber has repeatedly stated, is a matter of legality that, according to the provisions of Article 49 of the Political Constitution, corresponds to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction and not the constitutional one. Regarding this issue, for example, the rulings of this Court No. 2012-004792, of 14:30 hours on April 18, 2012, and 2011-008712, of 15:56 hours on June 29, 2011, in which the following was ordered:
“On repeated occasions (such as, for example, in ruling number 2000-01149 of 15:39 hours on February 2, 2000) this Chamber has held that determining whether a regulatory norm violates or exceeds what is provided in a law is a matter of legality whose discussion does not correspond to this jurisdiction. Article 49 of the Fundamental Charter assigns control over the legality of the State's administrative function to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, not the constitutional one. If this Chamber were to attempt to oversee, through the action of unconstitutionality, the various possible hypotheses of infringement of the principle of legality that may occur in administrative offices, it would in practice supplant—against the grain of the constitutional text—the courts of said matter.” Thus, if the claimant considers that the challenged provisions are illegal, they may resort, if they so choose, to the aforementioned contentious-administrative jurisdiction to assert their rights. (...)”.
Based on the cited considerations, likewise, in the case under study, the claimant's aforementioned grievance is unfounded, since it constitutes an aspect of ordinary legality that must be discussed in the competent jurisdictional venue.
29375-MAG-MINAE-S-HACIENDA-MOPT. On the other hand, the claimants challenge the unconstitutionality of Articles 85 and 88 of the Regulations to the Law on the Use, Management and Conservation of Soils (Reglamento a la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos), which provide the following:
“Article 85.- The MAG, in coordination with the MINAE and the MS, shall issue the fundamental principles through which the practice of burning in agricultural activities may be authorized.” “Article 88.- No one may carry out burning on forest lands (terrenos forestales), protective zones (zonas protectoras), national parks (parques nacionales), wildlife refuges (refugios de vida silvestre), nor areas adjacent to them, as provided in Article 35 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal).” Regarding these regulatory norms, the claimants state that, in their opinion, they are unconstitutional for the same reasons as the Regulations for Controlled Agricultural Burning (Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas), that is, they do not contain measures to prevent greenhouse gases or ozone-depleting substances, nor the loss of biodiversity. At its core, the claimants' disagreement is not with the content of those provisions, but with what the regulation does not regulate.
Despite this, they do not provide grounds for why this constitutes an aspect of constitutional relevance. Moreover, their argument is repetitive in that, if Article 24 of the Law on the Use, Management and Conservation of Soils and Article 5 of the Law on Boundary Fences and Burning (Ley de Cercas Divisorias y Quemas) did not authorize controlled agricultural burns, these regulatory norms would lose their rationale. Which, as indicated in the ruling transcribed in Considerando IV, constitutes a contradiction, since eliminating the norms that regulate agricultural burns could, on the contrary, cause that activity to be carried out in an uncontrolled manner, with the consequent harm to the environment and the rights of third parties. In conclusion, likewise, this action must be dismissed with regard to the aforementioned regulatory norms.
Based on the preceding considerations, this action must be rejected on the merits, as is hereby ordered. Magistrate Castillo Víquez drafts a separate note, solely regarding the alleged violation of the regulatory norms of Decree No. 35368-MAG-S-MINAET with what is provided in the Organic Law on the Environment (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente), the General Health Law (Ley General de Salud), and the Biodiversity Law (Ley de Biodiversidad). Magistrate Cruz Castro dissents and declares Article 24 of Law No. 7779 "Ley de Uso Manejo y Conservación de Suelos" and Article 12 of Decree 35368 MAG-S-MINAET called "Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas" unconstitutional. Magistrate Rueda Leal dissents and orders that the action be processed against the challenged norms.
IX.Separate note of Magistrate Castillo Víquez. I concur with my colleagues in the arguments they put forth to reject the action outright, since there is no evident and manifest contradiction between the Law and the Regulation being challenged. The Court's position, that when a regulatory norm violates or exceeds what is provided in a law it is a matter of legality whose discussion does not correspond to this jurisdiction, is, in general terms, legally correct. There is no doubt that it is for the ordinary Judge to determine the scope of the interpretation and application of the Law and, consequently, it is they who are called upon to establish whether a regulatory norm violates the legal norm or not. However, there is an important nuance in this matter, which is that, from my point of view, when there is manifest evidence, obvious to the eye, that the regulatory norm exceeds, suppresses, or contradicts the text of the Law, there is no doubt that, in a gross manner, the principle of the force, authority, or efficacy of the Law is violated; a principle that has constitutional coverage and must be protected by this Court.
As is well known, the principle of the force, authority, or efficacy of law refers us to the power (active force), the resistance (passive force), and the regime for challenging the Law. Based on the first aspect of the concept, the Law, once it enters into force, repeals or modifies any norm of equal or inferior rank. Based on the second, the Law cannot be repealed or modified by a norm of inferior rank. Finally, based on the third, the Law can only be challenged for reasons of unconstitutionality and, therefore, can only be annulled through a ruling of the Constitutional Chamber. The constitutional basis for this principle is found in numeral 129 of the Fundamental Charter, which states that the Law can only be repealed, abrogated, or modified by another subsequent norm of equal rank. On the other hand, the principle of the force, authority, or efficacy of law is an essential prerequisite of the social and democratic Rule of Law, since it stems from a core idea: the parliamentary normative act is superior in rank to the normative act issued by the other Branches of the State, especially the Executive Branch, which means that all Branches of the State, when exercising normative authority (Article 6, subsection d) of the General Law on Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública)), must conform to what was provided by the legislator.
When this does not occur, the normative rank of the Law—which, in the normative hierarchical scale, occupies the third place in importance after the Political Constitution and International Treaties (Articles 10 and 7)—is disregarded and, consequently, a key principle of the social and democratic Rule of Law is violated. Ergo, when a regulatory norm manifestly and evidently exceeds, suppresses, or contradicts a Law of the Republic, numeral 129 of the Fundamental Charter and the principle of the force, authority, or efficacy of the Law are violated, and the Constitutional Court does have jurisdiction over this matter, without prejudice to the jurisdiction that also assists the members of the ordinary jurisdiction when we are not in the aforementioned scenario.
X.Dissenting Vote of Magistrate Cruz C. In the same sense as I indicated in votes numbers 2014-004239 and 2015-012499, I consider that this action must be admitted and also granted, in view of the reasons already expressed in those votes:
There are sufficient reasons to declare Article 24 of the Law on the Use, Management and Conservation of Soils (Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos) (Law No. 7779 of April 30, 1998) unconstitutional. As expressed by the Office of the Attorney General (Procuraduría) in the report rendered in file 13-009349-0007-CO, the regulation that currently governs the activity of controlled agricultural burning does not require the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) for that activity. This is an alarming situation, as FAO data indicate that agricultural burns, even controlled ones, produce negative effects on the environment and health, constitutional rights contemplated in numerals 21 and 50 of the Constitution, whose protection is an unavoidable competence of this Constitutional Court. The Office of the Attorney General also indicated on that occasion that the SETENA has listed the negative effects of these burns on sugarcane crops, affecting soils, aquifers, wild flora and fauna, air, and the atmosphere.
The advisory body also set forth that according to data from the Directorate of Environmental Quality Management (Dirección de Gestión de Calidad Ambiental) of the MINAE, numerous impacts on the environment and health have been verified, triggered by this agricultural practice, such as the favoring of the proliferation of pests, weeds, and the generation of acid rain. In the referred ruling, I shared the criterion of the Office of the Attorney General, and I reiterate it on this occasion, in the sense that environmental policies in the country must increasingly be directed towards making the necessary efforts to gradually eliminate the practice of agricultural burning and, in parallel, to implement existing technologies in this field to achieve the desired effects. In that file, the Office of the Attorney General provided relevant scientific data for resolving the sub lite, among which it is highlighted that, according to the National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants, open-air biomass burning processes are estimated to contribute 55% of dioxin and furan releases.
Furthermore, according to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, carbon dioxide and methane are gases identified as greenhouse gases. For this reason, Costa Rica has undertaken various specific commitments in the reduction of greenhouse gases, both in the cited Framework Convention, as well as in the Kyoto Protocol and the Executive Branch's commitment to carbon neutrality by 2021. In fact, as is public knowledge, Costa Rica committed at the UN Conference on Climate Change in Bali to achieve "carbon neutral" status, which means this declaration of commitments generates important legal consequences within the United Nations framework, an aspect that cannot be overlooked in this matter. For these reasons and in view of the negative impacts on the environment and people's health, the agricultural burning activity must be subject to an environmental impact assessment, especially since, in addition to Articles 50 and 21 of the Political Constitution, guiding principles in environmental matters are also violated, such as that of the rational use of resources, from which it is possible to guarantee the inhabitants an ecological balance between the country's development and the right to the environment (see rulings 6322-2003, 3705-1993, 4423-1993, 5974-1998, and 6716-2002) and, of course, the preventive and precautionary principles that govern the matter.
The jurisprudence of this Court has also highlighted the importance of environmental impact studies in safeguarding the right to the environment and, definitively, the Right of the Constitution. The Chamber has indicated that this environmental assessment mechanism seeks to ensure that certain activities with significant environmental impacts have a scientific analytical procedure in which their eventual consequences are examined. As explained by the Office of the Attorney General, this technical procedure facilitates the identification and prediction of the positive or negative effects that an activity may cause on the environment. Additionally, through this environmental assessment procedure, citizen participation is permitted for neighboring persons who would eventually be affected by this agricultural practice, ensuring they have access to the necessary information to address their doubts and concerns.
Taking into consideration the foregoing, we consider that Article 24 of Law No. 7779 is unconstitutional for omitting the requirement of an environmental impact assessment prior to the authorization of the corresponding permits for controlled agricultural burns.
Subsequently, I dissented in ruling No. 2014-004239 of 16:00 hours on March 26, 2014, which analyzed Decree 35368, and considered Article 12 unconstitutional. On this occasion, I reiterate the arguments given in that ruling. Article 12 of the Regulations for Controlled Agricultural Burning (Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas) (Executive Decree No. 35368-MAG-S-MINAET of May 6, 2009), is unconstitutional for two aspects: the elimination of the consultation with SINAC for it to render its technical opinion in all cases, and the application of positive silence in environmental matters. 1) On the elimination of SINAC's technical opinion. It is observed that this new regulation, as the Office of the Attorney General indicates in its report, eliminated the consultation with SINAC for it to render its binding technical opinion regarding the repercussions on biota and diverse ecosystems—excluding the possibility that it might request the environmental impact assessment of the proposed burn—.
Decree No. 35368, now challenged, repeals Articles 86 and 87 of the Regulations to the Law on the Use, Management and Conservation of Soils (Reglamento a la Ley de uso, manejo y conservación de suelos) (in its Article 25) and, in their place, provides (in its Article 12) for a consultation with SINAC, only in the case of lands "whose lots to be burned are located adjacent to forest reserves, protective zones (zonas protectoras), national parks (parques nacionales), biological reserves, wildlife refuges (refugios de vida silvestre), wetlands (humedales), and national monuments (monumentos nacionales)", while Article 15 of that same regulatory body prohibits carrying out burns "in areas protected by Law, such as ... protective zones, national parks, wildlife refuges or areas adjacent to them." The elimination of the consultation with SINAC in all cases violates:
-the principle of the protection of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment by the State, derived from Article 50 of the Constitution and related to the right to health.
-the principle of the objectification of environmental protection or principle of being bound by science and technique, according to which "it translates into the need to substantiate decision-making in this matter with technical studies, both regarding acts and provisions of a general nature—both legal and regulatory—from which the requirement of 'being bound by science and technique' is derived, thereby conditioning the Administration's discretion in this matter (Resolution No. 17126-2006). Principle recognized by this Chamber on previous occasions when it was established that: environmental principle 'of being bound by science and technique' that governs environmental matters, insofar as administrative decisions that may have an impact on the environment require technical support that backs them, and in such condition, limit and condition the Administration's discretion in its actions" (Vote No. 14293-2005 reiterated by 11562-2006).
-the precautionary principle in environmental matters, since dispensing without technical support with the consultation with SINAC in all cases, and even reducing it to inapplicable scenarios by virtue of the prohibition in Article 15, subsection e) of that same regulatory body, violates this principle that has already been reiterated by the jurisprudence of this Chamber where it is stated: “...in the protection of our natural resources, a preventive attitude must exist, that is, if degradation and deterioration must be minimized, it is necessary that precaution and prevention be the dominant principles ... One must not lose sight of the fact that we are in a field of law, in which the most important norms are those that can prevent any type of damage to the environment, because there is no norm that can repair, a posteriori, the damage already done; a need for prevention that is more urgent when it concerns developing countries” (Votes numbers 5893-1995, 2988-1999, 5048-2001, and 2515-2002).
-violates the third paragraph of Article 3 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Law No. 7414 of June 13, 1994), in the part that indicates that the States Parties must “take precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize the causes of climate change and mitigate its adverse effects.” This is because it dispenses with the technical opinion of the MINAE regarding burns that may cover thousands of hectares, with significant generation of greenhouse gases. This also violates Article 7 of the Political Constitution. 2) On the lack of justification and positive silence in environmental matters. Article 12 of the challenged Decree lacks the required technical justification in its whereas clauses (considerandos), which, having implications for the right to a healthy environment, means this omission of justification acquires constitutional relevance (votes numbers 459-1991, 4702-1993, and 2074-2001). In addition to the above, Article 12 of the challenged Regulation provides for a period of 10 calendar days for SINAC to issue its technical opinion, with the effects of a positive silence in the event that it does not rule during that period. The foregoing contradicts the principle of the inadmissibility of positive silence in environmental matters, recognized by constitutional jurisprudence:
“...this Chamber has been unanimous in recognizing that the principle of positive silence does not operate by full right in the case of actions where the protection of the environment is at stake.” (Vote No. 5745-1999).
“This Chamber has already established in a consistent jurisprudential line that regarding the protection of essential interests for the Nation, such as the environment... positive silence does not operate due to the Administration's omission in fulfilling its duties, without prejudice to the liability it may incur for the damages its delay may cause to the administered parties. (See in this sense rulings numbers 6332-94, of eighteen twelve hours on October twenty-six, nineteen ninety-four, and 1895-00, of fifteen forty-six hours on February twenty-nine, two thousand).” (Vote No. 5245-2002).
“The challengers allege that, according to constitutional jurisprudence, in matters of natural resources the legal fiction of positive silence does not operate. The claimants are correct in their argument, since, as a material limit for the application of positive silence, environmental matters have been excluded—via jurisprudence of this Chamber—by virtue of the transcendent value and hierarchy held by the fundamental right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, recognized in Article 50 of the Political Constitution. The jurisprudence on this topic is abundant…
Based on the exposed jurisprudential criterion and, even, according to Article 4 of the Forest Law (a norm that prohibits the application of positive silence in matters of natural resources), the aforementioned phrase is unconstitutional, as it considers positive silence to have taken effect in the delimitation of the Natural Heritage of the State with the passage of thirty calendar days without SINAC (that is, any of the areas that comprise it) having ruled on the classification carried out by private parties. Now then, it must be understood that if the responsible SINAC official does not rule on the validity of the documents issued by private professionals within a reasonable time, they could be exposed to the sanctions provided in the laws” (Resolution No. 2009-13072. In the same sense, vote No. 2009-13073).
In ruling No. 2014016583 of 16:00 hours on October 8, 2014, related to Article 24 of the Law on the Use, Management and Conservation of Soils (Law No. 7779 of April 30, 1998), I dissented in this sense:
“DISSENTING VOTE OF MAGISTRATES ARMIJO SANCHO AND RUEDA LEAL, WITH THE DRAFTING BY THE LATTER.
Contrary to the majority opinion, we believe there are indeed sufficient reasons to uphold the action of unconstitutionality filed. As expressed by the Office of the Attorney General, the regulation that currently governs the activity of controlled agricultural burning does not require the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) for that activity. This is an alarming situation, as FAO data indicate that agricultural burns, even controlled ones, produce negative effects on the environment and health, constitutional rights contemplated in numerals 21 and 50 of the Constitution, whose protection is an unavoidable competence of this Constitutional Court. The Office of the Attorney General also reports that the SETENA has listed the negative effects of these burns on sugarcane crops, affecting soils, aquifers, wild flora and fauna, air, and the atmosphere. The advisory body also sets forth that according to data from the Directorate of Environmental Quality Management of the MINAE, numerous impacts on the environment and health have been verified, triggered by this agricultural practice, such as the favoring of the proliferation of pests, weeds, and the generation of acid rain.
We share the criterion of the Office of the Attorney General, in the sense that environmental policies in the country must increasingly be directed towards making the necessary efforts to gradually eliminate the practice of agricultural burning and, in parallel, to implement existing technologies in this field to achieve the desired effects. The Office of the Attorney General continues to provide relevant scientific data for resolving the sub lite, among which it is highlighted that, according to the National Implementation Plan for the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants, open-air biomass burning processes are estimated to contribute 55% of dioxin and furan releases. Furthermore, according to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, carbon dioxide and methane are gases identified as greenhouse gases. For this reason, Costa Rica has undertaken various specific commitments in the reduction of greenhouse gases, both in the cited Framework Convention, as well as in the Kyoto Protocol and the Executive Branch's commitment to carbon neutrality by 2021.
In fact, as is public knowledge, Costa Rica committed at the UN Conference on Climate Change in Bali to achieve "carbon neutral" status, which means this declaration of commitments generates important legal consequences within the United Nations framework, an aspect that cannot be overlooked in this matter. For these reasons and in view of the negative impacts on the environment and people's health, the agricultural burning activity must be subject to an environmental impact assessment, especially since, in addition to Articles 50 and 21 of the Political Constitution, guiding principles in environmental matters are also violated, such as that of the rational use of resources, from which it is possible to guarantee the inhabitants an ecological balance between the country's development and the right to the environment (see rulings 6322-2003, 3705-1993, 4423-1993, 5974-1998, and 6716-2002) and, of course, the preventive and precautionary principles that govern the matter.
The jurisprudence of this Court has also highlighted the importance of environmental impact studies in safeguarding the right to the environment and, definitively, the Right of the Constitution. The Chamber has indicated that this environmental assessment mechanism seeks to ensure that certain activities with significant environmental impacts have a scientific analytical procedure in which their eventual consequences are examined. As explained by the Office of the Attorney General, this technical procedure facilitates the identification and prediction of the positive or negative effects that an activity may cause on the environment. Additionally, through this environmental assessment procedure, citizen participation is permitted for neighboring persons who would eventually be affected by this agricultural practice, ensuring they have access to the necessary information to address their doubts and concerns.
Taking into consideration the foregoing, we consider that Article 24 of Law No. 7779 is unconstitutional for omitting the requirement of an environmental impact assessment prior to the authorization of the corresponding permits for controlled agricultural burns.” From the aforementioned considerations, I believe this action must be processed, which is why I dissent.
The parties are warned that if they have provided any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this ruling. Otherwise, any material not withdrawn within this period will be destroyed, according to the provisions of the "Regulation on the Electronic File before the Judicial Branch" (Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial), approved by the Full Court in Session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI and published in the Judicial Bulletin (Boletín Judicial) number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Superior Council of the Judicial Branch, in Session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.
THEREFORE:
This action is rejected on the merits. Magistrate Castillo Víquez drafts a separate note, solely regarding the alleged violation of the regulatory norms of Decree No. 35368-MAG-S-MINAET with what is provided in the Organic Law on the Environment (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente), the General Health Law (Ley General de Salud), and the Biodiversity Law (Ley de Biodiversidad). Magistrate Cruz Castro dissents and declares Article 24 of Law No. 7779 "Ley de Uso Manejo y Conservación de Suelos" and Article 12 of Decree 35368 MAG-S-MINAET called "Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas" unconstitutional. Magistrate Rueda Leal dissents and orders that the action be processed against the challenged norms.
Fernando Castillo V.
President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Nancy Hernández L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
*JR8EXHKMCUQ61* FILE No. 21-012696-0007-CO Telephones: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2295-3712 / 2549-1633. Email: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Sabana Sur, Calle Morenos, 100 mts. South of the Perpetuo Socorro church). Reception of matters from vulnerable groups: Supreme Court of Justice Building, San José, Catedral District, González Lahmann neighborhood, streets 19 and 21, avenues 8 and 6 Classification prepared by the CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER of the Judicial Branch.
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Control constitucional: Rechazo de fondo Sentencia con Voto Salvado Sentencia con nota separada Indicadores de Relevancia Sentencia relevante Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 3. ASUNTOS DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
Tema: ACCIÓN DE INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
019041-21. AMBIENTE. QUEMAS AGRÍCOLAS. Acción de inconstitucionalidad contra la norma 24 de la Ley de Conservación de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos. Ley No. 7779 de 30 de abril de 1998, artículo 5 de la Ley de Cercas Divisorias y Quemas No. 121 de 26 octubre de 1909, Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas. Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas. Decreto Ejecutivo 35368-MAG-MINAET de 06 de mayo de 2009. Artículos 85 y 88 Reglamento a la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos, decreto Ejecutivo 29375 MAG-MINAE-S-HACIENDA-MOPT de 08 de agosto de 2000. Se rechaza por el fondo esta acción. El magistrado Castillo Víquez redacta nota separada, únicamente en cuanto a la alegada violación de las normas reglamentarias del Decreto Nº 35368-MAG-S-MINAET con lo dispuesto en la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley General de Salud y la Ley de Biodiversidad. El magistrado Cruz Castro salva el voto y declara inconstitucional el artículo 24 de la Ley N° 7779 "Ley de Uso Manejo y Conservación de Suelos" y el artículo 12 del Decreto 35368 MAG-S-MINAET denominado "Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas". El magistrado Rueda Leal salva el voto y dispone cursar la acción contra la normativa impugnada. CO11/21 ... Ver más Sentencias Relacionadas Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Nota separada Rama del Derecho: 3. ASUNTOS DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD Tema: JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
IX.Nota separada del Magistrado Castillo Víquez. Coincido con mis colegas en los argumentos que esgrimen para rechazar de plano la acción, toda vez que no hay una contradicción evidente y manifiesta entre la Ley y el Reglamento que se impugna. La postura del Tribunal, en el sentido de cuando una norma reglamentaria violenta o excede lo dispuesto en una ley es un tema de legalidad, cuya discusión no corresponde a esta jurisdicción, en términos generales, acierta jurídicamente. No cabe duda que es al Juez ordinario a quien compete determinar los alcances de la interpretación y aplicación de la Ley y, por consiguiente, es él el llamado a establecer si una norma reglamentaria vulnera o no la norma legal. Sin embargo, hay un matiz importante en este asunto, y es que, desde mi punto de vista, cuando hay una evidencia manifiesta, que salta a la vista, que la norma reglamentaria excede, suprime- o contradice el texto de la Ley- no cabe duda que, de forma grosera, se vulnera el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de la Ley; principio que tiene cobertura constitucional y que debe ser tutelado por este Tribunal.
Como es bien sabido, el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de ley nos remite a la potencia (fuerza activa), a la resistencia (fuerza pasiva) y al régimen de impugnación de la Ley. Con base en el primer aspecto del concepto, la Ley, una vez que entra en vigencia, deroga o modifica toda norma de igual o inferior rango. Con fundamento en el segundo, la Ley no puede ser derogada ni modificada por una norma de inferior rango. Por último, con base en el tercero, la Ley sólo puede ser impugnada por razones de inconstitucionalidad y, por ende, sólo a través de una resolución de la Sala Constitucional se puede anular. El basamento constitucional de este principio lo encontramos en el numeral 129 de la Carta Fundamental, que señala que la Ley sólo puede ser derogada, abrogada o modificada por otra norma posterior de igual rango. Por otra parte, el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de ley es un presupuesto esencial del Estado social y democrático de Derecho, toda vez que parte de una idea nuclear: el acto normativo parlamentario es superior en rango al acto normativo que emiten los otros Poderes del Estado, en especial del Poder Ejecutivo, lo que supone que todos los Poderes del Estado, cuando ejercen la potestad normativa (artículo 6 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública inciso d), deben de ajustarse a lo dispuso por el legislador.
Cuando ello no ocurre, se desconoce el rango normativo de la Ley que, en la escala jerárquica normativa, ocupa el tercer lugar en importancia después de la Constitución Política y los Tratados Internacionales (artículos 10 y 7) y, por consiguiente, se vulnera un principio clave del Estado social y democrático de Derecho. Ergo, cuando de manera evidente y manifiesta una norma reglamentaria rebasa, suprime o contradice una Ley de la República, se vulnera el numeral 129 de la Carta Fundamental y el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de la Ley, y el Tribunal Constitucional sí tiene competencia en este asunto, sin demérito de la competencia que también le asiste a los integrantes de la jurisdicción ordinaria cuando no estamos en el supuesto comentado. CO11/21
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Tipo de contenido: Nota separada Rama del Derecho: 3. ASUNTOS DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
X.Voto Salvado Magistrado Cruz C. En el mismo sentido en que lo indiqué en los votos números 2014-004239 y 2015-012499, considero que esta acción debe admitirse y además, declararse con lugar, con vista en las razones ya expresadas en dichos votos:
Existen razones suficientes para declarar inconstitucional el artículo 24 de la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos (Ley n° 7779 de 30 de abril de 1998). Tal y como lo expresó la Procuraduría en el informe rendido en el expediente 13-009349-0007-CO, el reglamento que actualmente rige la actividad de quemas agrícolas controladas no exige la evaluación de impacto ambiental en esa actividad. Esto es una situación alarmante, pues datos de la FAO señalan que las quemas agrícolas, aun las controladas, producen efectos negativos al ambiente y la salud, bienes constitucionales contemplados en los numerales 21 y 50 constitucionales, cuya protección deviene competencia ineludible de este Tribunal Constitucional. La Procuraduría también indicó en aquella oportunidad, que la SETENA ha enlistado los efectos negativos de estas quemas en los cultivos de caña de azúcar, afectación de suelos, mantos acuíferos, flora y fauna silvestre, aire y atmósfera.
El órgano asesor expuso asimismo, que según datos de la Dirección de Gestión de Calidad Ambiental del MINAE, se han verificado numerosas afectaciones al ambiente y la salud desencadenadas por esta práctica agrícola, tales como el favorecimiento a la proliferación de plagas, malezas y generación de lluvia ácida. En la sentencia referida compartí el criterio de la Procuraduría, y lo reitero en esta ocasión, en el sentido de que las políticas ambientales en el país deben ir dirigiéndose cada vez más a realizar los esfuerzos necesarios para que se vaya eliminando de manera paulatina la práctica de quemas agrícolas y, de manera paralela, ir implementando las tecnologías existentes en este campo para alcanzar los efectos deseados. En aquel expediente, la Procuraduría aportó datos científicos relevantes para la resolución del sub lite, entre los cuales se destaca que según el Plan Nacional de Implementación del Convenio de Estocolmo sobre contaminantes orgánicos, se estima que los procesos de quema de biomasa a cielo abierto aportan el 55% de liberaciones de dioxinas y furanos.
Además, según el Protocolo de Kyoto de la Convención marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, el dióxido de carbono y el metano son gases identificados como de efecto invernadero. Por esta razón, Costa Rica ha adquirido diversos compromisos específicos en la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero, tanto en el Convenio marco citado, como en el Protocolo de Kyoto y el compromiso del Poder Ejecutivo en la neutralidad de carbono para el 2021. Incluso, como es de conocimiento público, Costa Rica se comprometió en la Conferencia de la ONU sobre Cambio Climático en Bali, a alcanzar la condición de “carbono neutral”, por lo que esta declaración de compromisos genera importantes consecuencias jurídicas dentro del marco de las Naciones Unidas, aspecto que no puede ser pasado por alto en este asunto. Por estas razones y en vista de los impactos negativos sobre el ambiente y la salud de las personas, la actividad de quema agrícola debe estar sometida a una evaluación de impacto ambiental, máxime que además de los artículos 50 y 21 de la Constitución Política, también se vulneran principios rectores en materia ambiental el de uso racional de los recursos, a partir del cual se permite garantizar a los habitantes un equilibrio ecológico entre el desarrollo del país y el derecho al ambiente (ver sentencias 6322-2003, 3705-1993, 4423-1993, 5974-1998 y 6716-2002) y, por supuesto, los principios preventivo y precautorio que rigen la materia.
La jurisprudencia de este Tribunal también ha destacado la importancia de los estudios de impacto ambiental en el resguardo del derecho al ambiente y, en definitiva, del Derecho de la Constitución. La Sala ha indicado que este mecanismo de evaluación ambiental procura que determinadas actividades significativamente impactantes en términos ambientales cuenten con un procedimiento científico analítico en el que se examinen sus eventuales consecuencias. Tal como lo explica la Procuraduría, este procedimiento técnico facilita la identificación y predicción de los efectos positivos o negativos que una actividad puede provocar sobre el ambiente. Además, a través de este procedimiento de evaluación ambiental se permite la participación ciudadana de las personas vecinas que eventualmente se verían afectadas con esta práctica agrícola, procurándoles que tengan acceso a la información necesaria para evacuar sus dudas e inquietudes.
Tomando en consideración lo expuesto, consideramos que el artículo 24 de la Ley Nº 7779 es inconstitucional por omitir la exigencia de una evaluación de impacto ambiental previo a la autorización de los permisos correspondientes para quemas agrícolas controladas.
Luego, salvé el voto en la sentencia N° 2014-004239 de las 16:00 horas del 26 de marzo de 2014 que analizó el Decreto 35368 y consideré inconstitucional el artículo 12. En esta oportunidad, reitero los argumentos dados en aquella sentencia. El artículo 12 del el Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas (Decreto Ejecutivo n° 35368-MAG-S-MINAET del 6 de mayo de 2009), es inconstitucional por dos aspectos: la eliminación de la consulta al SINAC para que rinda su criterio técnico en todos los casos, y la aplicación del silencio positivo en materia ambiental. 1) Sobre la eliminación del criterio técnico del SINAC. Se observa que este nuevo reglamento, tal como lo indica la Procuraduría en su informe, eliminó la consulta al SINAC para que rindiera su criterio técnico vinculante en relación con las repercusiones a la biota y los diversos ecosistemas -excluyendo la posibilidad de que solicitara la evaluación del impacto ambiental de la quema propuesta - .
El Decreto No. 35368 ahora impugnado, deroga los artículos 86 y 87 del Reglamento a la Ley de uso, manejo y conservación de suelos (en su artículo 25) y en su lugar prevé (en su artículo 12) una consulta al SINAC, únicamente en el caso de terrenos “cuyos lotes por quemar se encuentren ubicados contiguo a reservas forestales, zonas protectoras, parques nacionales, reservas biológicas, refugios de vida silvestre, humedales y monumentos nacionales”, mientras que el artículo 15 de ese mismo cuerpo normativo prohíbe realizar quemas “en áreas protegidas por Ley, tales como ... zonas protectoras, parques nacionales, refugios de vida silvestre o aledaños a ellas”. La eliminación de la consulta al SINAC en todos los casos, violenta:
-el principio de la tutela del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado a cargo del Estado, derivado del artículo 50 constitucional y relacionado con el derecho a la salud.
-el principio de la objetivación de la tutela ambiental o principio de la vinculación a la ciencia y a la técnica, según el cual "se traduce en la necesidad de acreditar con estudios técnicos la toma de decisiones en esta materia, tanto en relación con actos como de las disposiciones de carácter general -tanto legales como reglamentarías- , de donde se deriva la exigencia de la "vinculación a la ciencia y a la técnica", con lo cual, se condiciona la discrecionalidad de la Administración en esta materia(Resolución No. 17126-2006). Principio reconocido por esta Sala en anteriores oportunidades cuando se estableció que: principio ambiental "de la vinculación a la ciencia y a la técnica" que rige la materia ambiental, en tanto las decisiones administrativas que pueden tener incidencia en el ambiente requieren de un sustento técnico que las respalde, y en tal condición, limitan y condicionan la discrecionalidad de la Administración en su actuación" (Voto No. 14293-2005 reiterado por el 11562-2006).
-el principio precautorio en materia ambiental, pues prescindir sin sustento técnico de la consulta al SINAC en todos los casos, e incluso reducirla a supuestos inaplicables en virtud de la prohibición del artículo 15, inciso e) de ese mismo cuerpo normativo, quebranta este principio que ya ha sido reiterado por la jurisprudencia de esta Sala cuando se indica: “...en la protección de nuestros recursos naturales, debe existir una actitud preventiva, es decir, si la degradación y el deterioro deben ser minimizados, es necesario que la precaución y la prevención sean los principios dominantes ... No se debe perder de vista el hecho de que estamos en un terreno del derecho, en el que las normas más importantes son las que puedan prevenir todo tipo de daño al medio ambiente, porque no hay norma alguna que repare, a posteriori, el daño ya hecho; necesidad de prevención que resulta más urgente cuando de países en vías de desarrollo se trata ” (Votos números 5893-1995, 2988-1999, 5048-2001 y 2515-2002).
-viola el párrafo tercero del artículo 3 del Convenio Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (Lev No. 7414 del 13 de junio de 1994), en la parte que indica que, los Estados partes deben “tomar medidas de precaución para prever, prevenir o reducir al mínimo las causas del cambio climático y mitigar sus efectos adversos Ello por cuanto, prescindir del criterio técnico del MINAE respecto de quemas que pueden abarcar miles de hectáreas, con generación significativa de gases de efecto invernadero. Lo cual viola además, el artículo 7o de la Constitución Política. 2) Sobre la falta de fundamentación y el silencio positivo en materia ambiental. El artículo 12 del Decreto impugnado carece de la requerida fundamentación técnica en sus considerandos, lo cual, por tener implicaciones en el derecho a un ambiente sano, tal omisión de fundamentación adquiere relevancia constitucional (votos números 459-1991,4702-1993 y 2074-2001). Además de lo anterior, el artículo 12 del Reglamento impugnado prevé un plazo de 10 días naturales para que el SINAC emita su criterio técnico, con los efectos de un silencio positivo en caso de que no se pronuncie durante ese plazo. Lo anterior, contraponiéndose al principio de improcedencia del silencio positivo en materia ambiental, reconocido por la jurisprudencia constitucional:
“...esta Sala ha sido conteste en reconocer que el principio de silencio positivo no opera de pleno derecho en tratándose de actuaciones donde esté en juego la protección del medio ambiente”. (Voto No. 5745-1999).
“Esta Sala ya ha establecido en una consistente línea jurisprudencial que en cuanto a la protección de intereses esenciales para la Nación, tales como el medio ambiente... no opera el silencio positivo por la omisión de la Administración en el cumplimiento de sus deberes, sin perjuicio de la responsabilidad a la que se pueda hacer acreedor por los daños que su atraso ocasione a los administrados. (Ver en ese sentido las sentencias números 6332-94, de las dieciocho horas con doce minutos del veintiséis de octubre de mil novecientos noventa y cuatro, y 1895-00, de las quince horas con cuarenta y seis minutos del veintinueve de febrero de dos mil)". (Voto No. 5245-2002).
“Los impugnantes alegan que, según la jurisprudencia constitucional, en materia de recursos naturales no opera la ficción jurídica del silencio positivo. Llevan razón los accionantes en su argumento, ya que, como límite material para la aplicación del silencio positivo, se ha excluido -vía jurisprudencia de esta Sala- lo medioambiental en virtud del trascendente valor y jerarquía que posee el derecho fundamental a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, reconocido en el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política. La jurisprudencia sobre este tema es abundante…
Partiendo del criterio jurisprudencial expuesto e incluso, a tenor del artículo 4o de la Ley Forestal (norma que prohíbe la aplicación del silencio positivo en materia de recursos naturales), la frase supra señalada es inconstitucional, pues tiene por operado el silencio positivo en la delimitación del Patrimonio Natural del Estado con el transcurso de treinta días naturales sin que el SINAC (es decir, cualquier de las áreas que lo conforman) se haya pronunciado sobre la clasificación realizada por los particulares. Ahora bien, debe entenderse que si el funcionario responsable del SINAC no se pronuncia sobre la validez de los documentos emitidos por los profesionales privados dentro de un plazo razonable, podría exponerse a las sanciones dispuestas en las leyes” (Resolución No. 2009-13072. En igual sentido, el voto No. 2009-13073). CO11/21 ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Nota separada Rama del Derecho: 3. ASUNTOS DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
En la sentencia n.º 2014016583 de las 16:00 horas del 8 de octubre de 2014, relacionado con el artículo 24 de la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos (Ley n.º 7779 de 30 de abril de 1998), salve el voto en este sentido:
“VOTO SALVADO DE LOS MAGISTRADOS ARMIJO SANCHO Y RUEDA LEAL CON REDACCIÓN DEL SEGUNDO.
Contrario al criterio de mayoría, estimamos que sí existen razones suficientes para acoger la acción de inconstitucionalidad planteada. Tal como lo expresa la Procuraduría, el reglamento que actualmente rige la actividad de quemas agrícolas controladas no exige la evaluación de impacto ambiental en esa actividad. Esto es una situación alarmante, pues datos de la FAO señalan que las quemas agrícolas, aun las controladas, producen efectos negativos al ambiente y la salud, bienes constitucionales contemplados en los numerales 21 y 50 constitucionales, cuya protección deviene competencia ineludible de este Tribunal Constitucional. La Procuraduría igualmente informa que la SETENA ha enlistado los efectos negativos de estas quemas en los cultivos de caña de azúcar, afectación de suelos, mantos acuíferos, flora y fauna silvestre, aire y atmósfera. El órgano asesor expone también que según datos de la Dirección de Gestión de Calidad Ambiental del MINAE, se han verificado numerosas afectaciones al ambiente y la salud desencadenadas por esta práctica agrícola, tales como el favorecimiento a la proliferación de plagas, malezas y generación de lluvia ácida.
Compartimos el criterio de la Procuraduría, en el sentido de que las políticas ambientales en el país deben ir dirigiéndose cada vez más a realizar los esfuerzos necesarios para que se vaya eliminando de manera paulatina la práctica de quemas agrícolas y, de manera paralela, ir implementando las tecnologías existentes en este campo para alcanzar los efectos deseados. La Procuraduría continúa aportando datos científicos relevantes para la resolución del sub lite, entre los cuales se destaca que según el Plan Nacional de Implementación del Convenio de Estocolmo sobre contaminantes orgánicos, se estima que los procesos de quema de biomasa a cielo abierto aportan el 55% de liberaciones de dioxinas y furanos. Además, según el Protocolo de Kyoto de la Convención marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, el dióxido de carbono y el metano son gases identificados como de efecto invernadero.
Por esta razón, Costa Rica ha adquirido diversos compromisos específicos en la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero, tanto en el Convenio marco citado, como en el Protocolo de Kyoto y el compromiso del Poder Ejecutivo en la neutralidad de carbono para el 2021. Incluso, como es de conocimiento público, Costa Rica se comprometió en la Conferencia de la ONU sobre Cambio Climático en Bali, a alcanzar la condición de “carbono neutral”, por lo que esta declaración de compromisos genera importantes consecuencias jurídicas dentro del marco de las Naciones Unidas, aspecto que no puede ser pasado por alto en este asunto. Por estas razones y en vista de los impactos negativos sobre el ambiente y la salud de las personas, la actividad de quema agrícola debe estar sometida a una evaluación de impacto ambiental, máxime que además de los artículos 50 y 21 de la Constitución Política, también se vulneran principios rectores en materia ambiental el de uso racional de los recursos, a partir del cual se permite garantizar a los habitantes un equilibrio ecológico entre el desarrollo del país y el derecho al ambiente (ver sentencias 6322-2003, 3705-1993, 4423-1993, 5974-1998 y 6716-2002) y, por supuesto, los principios preventivo y precautorio que rigen la materia.
La jurisprudencia de este Tribunal también ha destacado la importancia de los estudios de impacto ambiental en el resguardo del derecho al ambiente y, en definitiva, del Derecho de la Constitución. La Sala ha indicado que este mecanismo de evaluación ambiental procura que determinadas actividades significativamente impactantes en términos ambientales cuenten con un procedimiento científico analítico en el que se examinen sus eventuales consecuencias. Tal como lo explica la Procuraduría, este procedimiento técnico facilita la identificación y predicción de los efectos positivos o negativos que una actividad puede provocar sobre el ambiente. Además, a través de este procedimiento de evaluación ambiental se permite la participación ciudadana de las personas vecinas que eventualmente se verían afectadas con esta práctica agrícola, procurándoles que tengan acceso a la información necesaria para evacuar sus dudas e inquietudes.
Tomando en consideración lo expuesto, consideramos que el artículo 24 de la Ley Nº 7779 es inconstitucional por omitir la exigencia de una evaluación de impacto ambiental previo a la autorización de los permisos correspondientes para quemas agrícolas controladas.” A partir de las consideraciones antedichas estimo que esta acción debe ser cursada, motivo por el cual salvo el voto. CO11/21 ... Ver más *210126960007CO* SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del veinticinco de agosto de dos mil veintiuno .
Acción de inconstitucionalidad promovida por ÁLVARO SAGOT RODRÍGUEZ, abogado, cédula de identidad n° 203650227; CARLOS WONG BONILLA, bachiller en derecho, cédula n° 113650832; y DANY ALBERTO VILLALOBOS VILLALOBOS, cédula de identidad n° 206430273, en su condición de representante de la FEDERACIÓN COSTARRICENSE PARA LA CONSERVACIÓN DEL AMBIENTE, cédula de persona jurídica n° 3-002-116993; contra el artículo 24 de la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos (Ley n° 7779 de 30 de abril de 1998), artículo 5 de la Ley de Cercas Divisorias y Quemas (Ley n° 121 del 26 de octubre de 1909), el Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas (Decreto Ejecutivo n° 35368-MAG-S-MINAET del 6 de mayo de 2009), y los artículos 85 y 88 del Reglamento a la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos (Decreto Ejecutivo n° 29375-MAG-MINAE-S-HACIENDA-MOPT del 8 de agosto de 2000).
RESULTANDO:
Redacta el Magistrado Castillo Víquez; y,
CONSIDERANDO:
La parte accionante interpone esta acción contra el artículo 24 de la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos (Ley n° 7779 de 30 de abril de 1998), artículo 5 de la Ley de Cercas Divisorias y Quemas (Ley n° 121 del 26 de octubre de 1909), el Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas (Decreto Ejecutivo n° 35368-MAG-S-MINAET del 6 de mayo de 2009), así como los artículos 85 y 88 del Reglamento a la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos (Decreto Ejecutivo n° 29375-MAG-MINAE-S-HACIENDA-MOPT del 8 de agosto de 2000).
Los accionantes alegan que la normativa impugnada viola los numerales 7, 21, 50 y 89 de la Constitución Política, porque autorizan quemas de terrenos agrícolas, las cuales son descontroladas porque no se valoran los efectos de los gases de efecto invernadero. Consideran que durante las quemas no se garantiza que la biodiversidad ni los ecosistemas terrestres y marinos y la salud pública se protejan, asunto que constituye una inconstitucionalidad e inconvencionalidad, por acción y omisión. Afirman que, aunque se hicieran estudios de impacto ambiental, no serían útiles para cuantificar las emanaciones. Estiman que se transgreden el Acuerdo de París, el Convenio de Estocolmo sobre contaminantes orgánicos persistentes y la Convención de Viena para la protección de la capa de ozono, entre otros instrumentos internacionales, así como los principios precautorio, preventivo, de objetivación, de solidaridad y el de protección intra y extra generacional.
La legitimación de la parte accionante proviene del artículo 75, párrafo segundo, de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, toda vez que acude en defensa de intereses difusos a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Además, la acción cumple los requisitos de admisibilidad dispuesto por los artículos 73 a 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, y su objeto es de los indicados en los numerales 10 de la Constitución Política y 73 de la Ley citada.
IV.SOBRE LA ALEGADA INCONSTITUCIONALIDAD DEL ARTÍCULO 24 DE LA LEY N° 7779, EL ARTÍCULO 5 DE LA LEY N° 121 Y EL DECRETO EJECUTIVO N° 35368 MAG-S-MINAET. En la sentencia n° 2015-012499 de las 11:02 horas del 12 de agosto de 2015, esta Sala se refirió a la constitucionalidad del artículo 24 de la Ley de Uso Manejo y Conservación de Suelos, el artículo 5 de la Ley de Cercas Divisorias y Quemas y el Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas; con base en el siguiente orden de consideraciones:
“(…) I.- Sobre la admisibilidad de la acción. En el presente asunto, la legitimación del accionante deriva del párrafo segundo del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional en tanto el acude en la defensa de intereses difusos, como son aquellos relacionados con la protección al medio ambiente. Además, la acción cumple los requisitos de admisibilidad dispuesto por los artículos 73 a 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, y su objeto es de los indicados en los numerales 10 de la Constitución Política y 73 de la Ley citada.
“Artículo 24.- Para practicar quemas en terrenos de aptitud agrícola, deberán seguirse las indicaciones del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería conforme al permiso extendido para los efectos, según el Reglamento de quemas agrícolas controladas vigente, así como disponen para el efecto la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y el Código Penal.” Ley de Cercas Divisorias y Quemas “Artículo 5.- Queda prohibido hacer quemazones en los campos. Sin embargo, podrán hacerse, previo permiso de la autoridad política local, que lo concederá sólo cuando se trate de desmontes para habilitar terrenos con fines agrícolas y siempre que se observen las disposiciones de los Artículos 1, 3 y 4 de la ley de 20 de junio de 1854, y además, las siguientes:
Tampoco se autorizará el fuego de los campos situados a menos de doscientos metros del radio de los manantiales que nazcan en terrenos planos.
En todo caso, el que hiciere quemazones debe pagar los daños y perjuicios que a causa del fuego se ocasionen. Se presume autor de la quemazón el propietario poseedor o arrendatario del terreno que en la época del fuego estaba preparado para ese objeto. Toda persona tiene derecho de denunciar la infracción de las disposiciones de este artículo, y la autoridad, oyendo al dueño del fundo, puede suspender provisoriamente la autorización concedida.
El que infringiere lo dispuesto en este artículo, sufrirá la pena de cincuenta cien colones de multa, aunque no mediare dolo, que si lo hubiere, se estará a lo que dispone el Código Penal.”
III.Sobre el artículo 24 de la Ley N° 7779 "Ley de Uso Manejo y Conservación de Suelos". Recientemente, en la sentencia 2014-016583 de las dieciséis horas del ocho de octubre del dos mil catorce, la Sala declaró sin lugar la impugnación hecha en relación con esta norma. Al efecto consideró que:
“Véase que la eliminación que se pide podría constituirse en una infracción al compromiso de gradualidad que persigue la disminución de los gases COPs junto a los controles de las quemas agrícolas. La anulación de la norma legal implica, en nuestro criterio, todo lo contrario al progreso de las condiciones actuales, revela un contrasentido, si vemos que aun frente a las regulaciones actuales se pueden presentar quemas agrícolas sin licencias, cuando más si no existe del todo, lo que implicaría una verdadera desmejora regulatoria. De este modo, el remedio planteado perjudica más que las desventajas que se dice tienen la continua aplicación de la norma. En consecuencia, la pretensión de los accionantes crea el agravante, que la ausencia de la regulación, haría prevalecer otra libertad, pues lo que no está prohibido está permitido, salvo la aplicación de las reglas civiles y penales cuando se generen daños a la propiedad y al ambiente que podrían ser aplicadas en limitadas condiciones.
No siempre el eliminar una norma tiene el efecto de cambiar una determinada conducta social; lo importante es el hecho de anularla del ordenamiento jurídico cuando en si mismo, es un mecanismo de cambio social para proteger el ambiente y no la negación de una realidad provocando su deterioro, razón por la cual se reafirma la conveniencia de mantener la función principal del Derecho, de regular mediante autorizaciones administrativas y controlar las actividades de quemas agrícolas lícitas, como también sancionar las ilícitas.” Es preciso reiterar lo expuesto en la sentencia parcialmente transcrita, en el sentido de que la actividad de quemas, no es una actividad prohibida. Así las cosas, anular la norma que somete la actividad a una determinada regulación, provocaría el contrasentido de permitir que la actividad se realice sin ningún tipo de control. El mismo argumento debe aplicarse al artículo 5 de la Ley N° 121.
III.En cuanto al Decreto 35368 MAG-S-MINAET.- El accionante aduce que el Decreto es inconstitucional pues lesiona el principio de legalidad y el de reserva de ley, excediendo las potestades reglamentarias concedidas al Poder Ejecutivo en el artículo 140 inciso e) de la Constitución Política. Bajo esa premisa, los 27 artículos que lo conforman, son inconstitucionales. Pese a haber sido prevenido para que fundamentara la presunta inconstitucionalidad del Reglamento, el accionante se limitó a señalar que siendo inconstitucional el artículo 24 de la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos, la misma suerte debía correr el Decreto N° 35368 MAG-S-MINAET. Tal argumento es insuficiente a efecto de analizar el Reglamento en cuestión, razón por la cual la acción debe ser rechazada de plano en relación con este aspecto.
IV.Conclusión.- En virtud de lo expuesto, la acción debe ser desestimada. Los Magistrados Armijo Sancho y Cruz Castro salvan en voto en relación con el rechazo de la acción y declaran inconstitucional el artículo 24 de la Ley de Uso de Suelos. y el artículo 12 del Decreto N° 35368 MAG-S-MINAET. La Magistrada Hernández López pone nota en relación con el artículo 12 del Decreto N° 35368 MAG-S-MINAET (…)”.
En este caso concreto, no observa esta Sala que existan elementos de juicio que permitan apartarse del criterio precitado, por lo que procede rechazar por el fondo esta acción en cuanto a las normas legales y reglamentarias mencionadas.
V.A mayor abundamiento, respecto a lo alegado por los accionantes, en cuanto a que el Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas no prevé la autorización de SETENA ni estudios de impacto ambiental, en similar sentido este alegato fue planteado en la acción de inconstitucionalidad resuelta por sentencia n° 2014-004239 de las 16:00 horas del 26 de marzo de 2014, en la cual se dispuso lo siguiente:
“(…) III.- Objeto de la acción. El gestionante cuestiona la constitucionalidad del Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas (Decreto Ejecutivo N° 35368-MAG-S-MINAET del 06 de mayo de 2009), por considerarlo contrario a los artículos 21 y 50, de la Constitución Política y al principio de Supremacía de los Convenios Internacionales en materia ambiental; sin embargo, no establece una argumentación clara de cómo los quebranta el reglamento. La principal objeción que plantea el señor Montero Céspedes, es que el Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 35368, no dispone la obligatoriedad de una evaluación de impacto ambiental que evidencie los impactos negativos que producen las quemas de caña de azúcar en pie, en el ambiente y en la salud. Ello -según su opinión-, en detrimento de lo dispuesto en los artículos 1, de la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos; 53, inciso b), 59 y 62, de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente; 1, 2 y 297, de la Ley General de Salud, Nº 5395 del 23 de octubre de 1973.
Adicionalmente, se pronuncia en contra del plazo de diez días naturales para que el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) emita un criterio técnico, según lo dispuesto en el artículo 12, del Decreto cuestionado, pues considera que resulta insuficiente; sin embargo, no establece cuáles son las razones técnicas para que la autoridad pública requiera de un plazo mayor al establecido en la norma. Por otra parte, se opone a la restricción que tienen el Ministerio de Salud y las municipalidades para suspender una quema que incumpla las condiciones y requisitos especificados en el permiso si, en forma conjunta, no interviene el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería en los términos del artículo 19 del Decreto cuestionado. Además, cuestiona la errónea fundamentación del Decreto en la Ley Forestal, en el artículo 1 y 24, de la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos y en el artículo 21, de la Ley General de Caminos Públicos, pues -según su criterio-, las quemas no contribuyen a la justificación de la normativa expresada pues, ésta última, parte de principios prohibitivos y no netamente regulatorios.
Finalmente, cuestiona la carencia de estudios técnicos para establecer si las calderas de quemas de combustibles fósiles biomásicos exceden o no los niveles de emisión de calderas, en los términos dispuestos en Reglamento de Calderas.
IV.Sobre la falta de concreción de los argumentos de inconstitucionalidad. La Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en su artículo 3, dispone que “Se tendrá por infringida la Constitución Política cuando ello resulte de la confrontación del texto de la norma o acto cuestionado, de sus efectos, o de su interpretación o aplicación por las autoridades públicas, con las normas y principios constitucionales”. Ahora bien, para que este Tribunal tenga por configurada la infracción y declarar la inconstitucionalidad de la norma o acto impugnado, con la consecuente anulación y expulsión del ordenamiento jurídico, quien promueva una acción de inconstitucionalidad tiene la carga de demostrar cómo esa disposición infringe la norma o principio constitucional y, además, debe indicar por qué debe estimarse la demanda. Ello es denominado por esta Sala como la carga de la argumentación, es decir, que “una norma que facialmente sea contraria a la Constitución, vuelca la carga de la argumentación a quienes sostengan que en realidad no hay conflicto entre esa norma y la Constitución Política; lo contrario sucede si se acciona contra una norma que en primer examen no parece contraria a la Constitución, en cuya hipótesis es el accionante el que debe avanzar con los argumentos que convenzan acerca de la inconstitucionalidad ” (véase sentencia número 0184-95 de las 16:30 horas del 10 de enero de 1995).
En una sentencia posterior, esta Sala expuso, en cuanto a la falta de concreción de los argumentos de inconstitucionalidad en materia de acciones de inconstitucionalidad, lo siguiente:
“La acción de inconstitucionalidad se interpone con el argumento de que el Decreto Ejecutivo impugnado es nocivo, lesiona e infringe los derechos fundamentales a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, el derecho a la salud y a los compromisos internacionales suscritos con el Protocolo de Kyoto. Pese a la oportunidad otorgada a los accionantes, se confirma lo que indica la Procuraduría General de la República, de que no existe un análisis concreto de las disposiciones del Decreto Ejecutivo impugnado que se consideran inconstitucionales, sino que el mismo se limita a establecer discrepancias de forma genérica y en abstracto contra la totalidad del Reglamento, más aún contra toda actividad que desempeñan los ingenios Azucareros y Haciendas, pues sostienen que causan inconvenientes en la calidad de vida y en la salud de los habitantes circunvecinos, sin concretar qué argumentos de constitucionalidad se deben tomar en cuenta en contra de cada una de las disposiciones o grupos del normas del Reglamento impugnado. […] El párrafo primero del artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional establece la obligación de autenticar los escritos de interposición de acciones de inconstitucionalidad, toda vez que se estima necesario que existan argumentos esgrimidos por un profesional en Derecho, que no descarta este Tribunal responda a un serio estudio del fondo técnico y científico de una determinada materia, dada la diversidad y universalidad de las normas del ordenamiento jurídico.
A diferencia de los procesos de garantías, es decir, los recursos de hábeas corpus y de amparo, que los puede interponer directamente cualquier interesado ante la jurisdicción constitucional en defensa de sus derechos fundamentales, generalmente contra actos u omisiones que le lesionan en su esfera particular (aunque no siempre como en los casos ambientales), en los procesos de defensa de la Constitución Política (como la acción de inconstitucionalidad), el legislador confió al abogado autenticante una labor cuya exigencia es aún mayor, si se quiere más elaborada y exhaustiva que debe plasmar en el libelo de interposición en razón de su oficio profesional, para demostrar al Tribunal la lesión a la norma constitucional por parte de una norma de menor rango, socavando el principio de supremacía constitucional contenida en el artículo 10 de la Constitución Política. Precisamente la elaboración material y formal de la Ley, así como de las demás disposiciones secundarias, suponen un proceso sumamente costoso para el Estado, en la que de muchas maneras para su elaboración ha participado la sociedad civil organizada a favor o en contra, y cuyos procedimientos de formación, aprobación y promulgación no debe analizarse a la ligera.
En este sentido, debe reconocer esta Sala que existe un reducido espacio para este Tribunal para socorrer las ausencias manifiestas de los profesionales en derecho que autentican los escritos en esta jurisdicción constitucional, sin exponer la imparcialidad y análisis que se debe a cada una de las acciones de inconstitucionalidad.” (Sentencia número 005285-2012 de 15.03 horas de 25 de abril de 2012).
En este caso, considera este Tribunal, que pese a la oportunidad otorgada al accionante, no existe un análisis concreto de las disposiciones del Decreto Ejecutivo impugnado que se consideran inconstitucionales, sino que se limita a establecer las discrepancias de forma genérica y en abstracto contra el Reglamento y la actividad que desempeñan los productores azucareros, las haciendas y las fincas del país -en especial las ubicadas en Cañas, Carrillo y Liberia, todas de las provincia de Guanacaste-, pues sostiene que causan problemas en la calidad de vida, salud de los habitantes y daños ambientales. Considera que debido a la actividad que realizan debería exigírseles un estudio de impacto ambiental, pues lo único que plantea el decreto impugnado -en su numeral 12- es la posibilidad de emitir un criterio técnico por parte de Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) y estima que el plazo de diez días naturales establecidos para tales efectos resulta insuficiente; sin embargo, no establece cuáles son las razones técnicas para que la autoridad pública requiera de un plazo mayor al establecido en la norma.
Por otra parte, se opone a la restricción que tienen el Ministerio de Salud y las municipalidades para suspender una quema que incumpla las condiciones y requisitos especificados en el permiso si, en forma conjunta, no interviene el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería en los términos del artículo 19, del Decreto cuestionado. Por otra parte, se manifiesta en contra de que no existan estudios técnicos para establecer si las calderas de quemas de combustibles fósiles biomásicos exceden o no los niveles de emisión de calderas, en los términos dispuestos en Reglamento de Calderas. No obstante las consideraciones anteriores, las realiza sin que exista concreción en los argumentos de constitucionalidad que se deben tomar en cuenta en contra de cada una de las disposiciones o grupos de normas del Reglamento impugnado. Asimismo, los coadyuvantes activos Gad Amit Kaufman y Carolina Rugeles Quijano, tampoco aportan elementos adicionales que permitan establecer las razones jurídicas que fundamentan su posición respecto a la inconstitucionalidad del decreto de cita, pues se limitan a citar doctrina nacional e internacional, las leyes, los Tratados y Convenios Internacionales suscritos por Costa Rica y las sentencias dictadas por este Tribunal que consideran que el Reglamento en cuestión contradice, sin establecer un análisis exhaustivo para demostrar la lesión de la norma constitucional por parte del Decreto en cuestión de menor rango.
Razón por la cual, al igual que los antecedentes parcialmente trascritos, considera esta Sala que no le es posible socorrer la ausencia manifiesta del profesional en derecho que autenticó la presente acción, sin exponer la imparcialidad y análisis que debe tener esta acción de inconstitucionalidad y, por ende, debe declararse sin lugar la presente acción de inconstitucionalidad. (…)”.
VI.SOBRE LA SUPUESTA INCONGRUENCIA ENTRE EL REGLAMENTO PARA QUEMAS AGRÍCOLAS CONTROLADAS Y LA LEY ORGÁNICA DEL AMBIENTE, LA LEY GENERAL DE SALUD Y LA LEY DE BIODIVERSIDAD. La parte accionante alega que existe incongruencia entre la norma reglamentaria impugnada y otras disposiciones legales en materia ambiental. Al respecto, en reiteradas ocasiones esta Sala ha señalado que los conflictos entre normas infra constitucionales es materia de legalidad ordinaria, fuera del ámbito de competencia de este Tribunal Constitucional. En este sentido, en la misma sentencia n° 2014-004239 de las 16:00 horas del 26 de marzo de 2014 se consideró lo siguiente:
“(…) V.- Sobre la alegada violación de las normas reglamentarias del Decreto 35368-MAG-S-MINAET con lo dispuesto en la Ley Forestal, la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos y la Ley General de Caminos Públicos. El accionante cuestiona la errónea fundamentación del Decreto en la Ley Forestal, en el artículo 1 y 24, de la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos y en el artículo 21, de la Ley General de Caminos Públicos, pues -según su criterio-, las quemas no contribuyen a la justificación de la normativa expresada pues, ésta última, parte de principios prohibitivos y no netamente regulatorios. Al respecto, conviene establecer, en primer lugar, que tampoco en cuanto a este aspecto ni el accionante ni los coadyuvantes activos realizan un análisis exhaustivo que permita dilucidar un conflicto de la norma en cuestión con la de mayor rango y, además, más importante aún, lo que se plantea es la contradicción existente entre el Decreto Ejecutivo 35368-MAG-S-MINAET con las leyes citadas, lo cual, la Sala reiteradamente ha dicho que es un asunto de legalidad que, de acuerdo a lo dispuesto en el artículo 49 de la Constitución Política, le corresponde a la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa y no a la constitucional.
Respecto a este tema, por ejemplo, las sentencias de este Tribunal Nº 2012-004792, de las 14:30 horas del 18 de abril de 2012 y 2011-008712, de las 15:56 horas del 29 de junio de 2011, en las que se dispuso lo siguiente:
“En reiteradas ocasiones (como, por ejemplo, en la sentencia número 2000-01149 de las 15:39 horas del 2 de febrero del 2000) esta Sala ha sostenido que, determinar si una norma reglamentaria violenta o excede lo dispuesto en una ley es un tema de legalidad cuya discusión no corresponde a esta jurisdicción. El artículo 49 de la Carta Fundamental asigna el control de la legalidad de la función administrativa del Estado a la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa, no a la constitucional. Si esta Sala pretendiera fiscalizar por medio de la acción de inconstitucionalidad las distintas posibles hipótesis de infracción al principio de legalidad que pueden darse en los despachos administrativos, en la práctica suplantaría -a contrapelo del texto constitucional- a los tribunales de esa materia.” Así, si el accionante considera que las disposiciones cuestionadas son ilegales, puede acudir, si a bien lo tiene, ante la mencionada jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa a hacer valer sus derechos. (…)”.
Con base en las consideraciones citadas, igualmente, en el caso en estudio, resulta improcedente el referido reclamo del accionante, toda vez que constituye un aspecto de legalidad ordinaria que debe ser discutido en la vía jurisdiccional competente.
De otra parte, los accionantes reclaman la inconstitucionalidad de los artículos 85 y 88 del Reglamento a la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos, los cuales disponen lo siguiente:
“Artículo 85.- El MAG, en coordinación con el MINAE y el MS, emitirá los principios fundamentales mediante los cuales podría autorizarse la práctica de quemas en actividades agrarias.” “Artículo 88.- Nadie podrá realizar quemas en terrenos forestales, zonas protectoras, parques nacionales, refugios de vida silvestre ni aledaños a ellas, conforme lo dispone el artículo 35 de la Ley Forestal”.
Sobre estas normas reglamentarias los accionantes manifiestan que, en su criterio, son inconstitucionales por los mismos motivos que el Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas, sea que no contienen medidas para evitar los gases de efecto invernadero o las sustancias agotadoras de ozono, ni la pérdida de biodiversidad. En el fondo, la disconformidad de los accionantes no es con el contenido de esas disposiciones, sino con lo que el reglamento no regula. Pese a esto, no fundamentan por qué esto constituye un aspecto de relevancia constitucional. Además, su alegato es reiterativo en cuanto a que, si el artículo 24 de la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos y el artículo 5 de la Ley de Cercas Divisorias y Quemas no autorizaran las quemas agrícolas controladas, estas normas reglamentarias perderían razón de ser. Lo cual, conforme se indicó en la sentencia transcrita en el considerando IV, constituye un contrasentido, pues eliminar las normas que regulan las quemas agrícolas, por el contrario, podría provocar que se realice esa actividad en forma descontrolada, con el consecuente perjuicio al ambiente y los derechos de terceras personas. En conclusión, igualmente, procede desestimar esta acción en cuanto a las normas reglamentarias precitadas.
Con base en las consideraciones anteriores, procede rechazar por el fondo esta acción, como en efecto se dispone. El magistrado Castillo Víquez redacta nota separada, únicamente en cuanto a la alegada violación de las normas reglamentarias del Decreto Nº 35368-MAG-S-MINAET con lo dispuesto en la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley General de Salud y la Ley de Biodiversidad. El magistrado Cruz Castro salva el voto y declara inconstitucional el artículo 24 de la Ley N° 7779 "Ley de Uso Manejo y Conservación de Suelos" y el artículo 12 del Decreto 35368 MAG-S-MINAET denominado "Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas". El magistrado Rueda Leal salva el voto y dispone cursar la acción contra la normativa impugnada.
IX.Nota separada del Magistrado Castillo Víquez. Coincido con mis colegas en los argumentos que esgrimen para rechazar de plano la acción, toda vez que no hay una contradicción evidente y manifiesta entre la Ley y el Reglamento que se impugna. La postura del Tribunal, en el sentido de cuando una norma reglamentaria violenta o excede lo dispuesto en una ley es un tema de legalidad, cuya discusión no corresponde a esta jurisdicción, en términos generales, acierta jurídicamente. No cabe duda que es al Juez ordinario a quien compete determinar los alcances de la interpretación y aplicación de la Ley y, por consiguiente, es él el llamado a establecer si una norma reglamentaria vulnera o no la norma legal. Sin embargo, hay un matiz importante en este asunto, y es que, desde mi punto de vista, cuando hay una evidencia manifiesta, que salta a la vista, que la norma reglamentaria excede, suprime- o contradice el texto de la Ley- no cabe duda que, de forma grosera, se vulnera el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de la Ley; principio que tiene cobertura constitucional y que debe ser tutelado por este Tribunal.
Como es bien sabido, el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de ley nos remite a la potencia (fuerza activa), a la resistencia (fuerza pasiva) y al régimen de impugnación de la Ley. Con base en el primer aspecto del concepto, la Ley, una vez que entra en vigencia, deroga o modifica toda norma de igual o inferior rango. Con fundamento en el segundo, la Ley no puede ser derogada ni modificada por una norma de inferior rango. Por último, con base en el tercero, la Ley sólo puede ser impugnada por razones de inconstitucionalidad y, por ende, sólo a través de una resolución de la Sala Constitucional se puede anular. El basamento constitucional de este principio lo encontramos en el numeral 129 de la Carta Fundamental, que señala que la Ley sólo puede ser derogada, abrogada o modificada por otra norma posterior de igual rango. Por otra parte, el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de ley es un presupuesto esencial del Estado social y democrático de Derecho, toda vez que parte de una idea nuclear: el acto normativo parlamentario es superior en rango al acto normativo que emiten los otros Poderes del Estado, en especial del Poder Ejecutivo, lo que supone que todos los Poderes del Estado, cuando ejercen la potestad normativa (artículo 6 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública inciso d), deben de ajustarse a lo dispuso por el legislador.
Cuando ello no ocurre, se desconoce el rango normativo de la Ley que, en la escala jerárquica normativa, ocupa el tercer lugar en importancia después de la Constitución Política y los Tratados Internacionales (artículos 10 y 7) y, por consiguiente, se vulnera un principio clave del Estado social y democrático de Derecho. Ergo, cuando de manera evidente y manifiesta una norma reglamentaria rebasa, suprime o contradice una Ley de la República, se vulnera el numeral 129 de la Carta Fundamental y el principio de fuerza, autoridad o eficacia de la Ley, y el Tribunal Constitucional sí tiene competencia en este asunto, sin demérito de la competencia que también le asiste a los integrantes de la jurisdicción ordinaria cuando no estamos en el supuesto comentado.
X.Voto Salvado Magistrado Cruz C. En el mismo sentido en que lo indiqué en los votos números 2014-004239 y 2015-012499, considero que esta acción debe admitirse y además, declararse con lugar, con vista en las razones ya expresadas en dichos votos:
Existen razones suficientes para declarar inconstitucional el artículo 24 de la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos (Ley n° 7779 de 30 de abril de 1998). Tal y como lo expresó la Procuraduría en el informe rendido en el expediente 13-009349-0007-CO, el reglamento que actualmente rige la actividad de quemas agrícolas controladas no exige la evaluación de impacto ambiental en esa actividad. Esto es una situación alarmante, pues datos de la FAO señalan que las quemas agrícolas, aun las controladas, producen efectos negativos al ambiente y la salud, bienes constitucionales contemplados en los numerales 21 y 50 constitucionales, cuya protección deviene competencia ineludible de este Tribunal Constitucional. La Procuraduría también indicó en aquella oportunidad, que la SETENA ha enlistado los efectos negativos de estas quemas en los cultivos de caña de azúcar, afectación de suelos, mantos acuíferos, flora y fauna silvestre, aire y atmósfera.
El órgano asesor expuso asimismo, que según datos de la Dirección de Gestión de Calidad Ambiental del MINAE, se han verificado numerosas afectaciones al ambiente y la salud desencadenadas por esta práctica agrícola, tales como el favorecimiento a la proliferación de plagas, malezas y generación de lluvia ácida. En la sentencia referida compartí el criterio de la Procuraduría, y lo reitero en esta ocasión, en el sentido de que las políticas ambientales en el país deben ir dirigiéndose cada vez más a realizar los esfuerzos necesarios para que se vaya eliminando de manera paulatina la práctica de quemas agrícolas y, de manera paralela, ir implementando las tecnologías existentes en este campo para alcanzar los efectos deseados. En aquel expediente, la Procuraduría aportó datos científicos relevantes para la resolución del sub lite, entre los cuales se destaca que según el Plan Nacional de Implementación del Convenio de Estocolmo sobre contaminantes orgánicos, se estima que los procesos de quema de biomasa a cielo abierto aportan el 55% de liberaciones de dioxinas y furanos.
Además, según el Protocolo de Kyoto de la Convención marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, el dióxido de carbono y el metano son gases identificados como de efecto invernadero. Por esta razón, Costa Rica ha adquirido diversos compromisos específicos en la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero, tanto en el Convenio marco citado, como en el Protocolo de Kyoto y el compromiso del Poder Ejecutivo en la neutralidad de carbono para el 2021. Incluso, como es de conocimiento público, Costa Rica se comprometió en la Conferencia de la ONU sobre Cambio Climático en Bali, a alcanzar la condición de “carbono neutral”, por lo que esta declaración de compromisos genera importantes consecuencias jurídicas dentro del marco de las Naciones Unidas, aspecto que no puede ser pasado por alto en este asunto. Por estas razones y en vista de los impactos negativos sobre el ambiente y la salud de las personas, la actividad de quema agrícola debe estar sometida a una evaluación de impacto ambiental, máxime que además de los artículos 50 y 21 de la Constitución Política, también se vulneran principios rectores en materia ambiental el de uso racional de los recursos, a partir del cual se permite garantizar a los habitantes un equilibrio ecológico entre el desarrollo del país y el derecho al ambiente (ver sentencias 6322-2003, 3705-1993, 4423-1993, 5974-1998 y 6716-2002) y, por supuesto, los principios preventivo y precautorio que rigen la materia.
La jurisprudencia de este Tribunal también ha destacado la importancia de los estudios de impacto ambiental en el resguardo del derecho al ambiente y, en definitiva, del Derecho de la Constitución. La Sala ha indicado que este mecanismo de evaluación ambiental procura que determinadas actividades significativamente impactantes en términos ambientales cuenten con un procedimiento científico analítico en el que se examinen sus eventuales consecuencias. Tal como lo explica la Procuraduría, este procedimiento técnico facilita la identificación y predicción de los efectos positivos o negativos que una actividad puede provocar sobre el ambiente. Además, a través de este procedimiento de evaluación ambiental se permite la participación ciudadana de las personas vecinas que eventualmente se verían afectadas con esta práctica agrícola, procurándoles que tengan acceso a la información necesaria para evacuar sus dudas e inquietudes.
Tomando en consideración lo expuesto, consideramos que el artículo 24 de la Ley Nº 7779 es inconstitucional por omitir la exigencia de una evaluación de impacto ambiental previo a la autorización de los permisos correspondientes para quemas agrícolas controladas.
Luego, salvé el voto en la sentencia N° 2014-004239 de las 16:00 horas del 26 de marzo de 2014 que analizó el Decreto 35368 y consideré inconstitucional el artículo 12. En esta oportunidad, reitero los argumentos dados en aquella sentencia. El artículo 12 del el Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas (Decreto Ejecutivo n° 35368-MAG-S-MINAET del 6 de mayo de 2009), es inconstitucional por dos aspectos: la eliminación de la consulta al SINAC para que rinda su criterio técnico en todos los casos, y la aplicación del silencio positivo en materia ambiental. 1) Sobre la eliminación del criterio técnico del SINAC. Se observa que este nuevo reglamento, tal como lo indica la Procuraduría en su informe, eliminó la consulta al SINAC para que rindiera su criterio técnico vinculante en relación con las repercusiones a la biota y los diversos ecosistemas -excluyendo la posibilidad de que solicitara la evaluación del impacto ambiental de la quema propuesta - .
El Decreto No. 35368 ahora impugnado, deroga los artículos 86 y 87 del Reglamento a la Ley de uso, manejo y conservación de suelos (en su artículo 25) y en su lugar prevé (en su artículo 12) una consulta al SINAC, únicamente en el caso de terrenos “cuyos lotes por quemar se encuentren ubicados contiguo a reservas forestales, zonas protectoras, parques nacionales, reservas biológicas, refugios de vida silvestre, humedales y monumentos nacionales”, mientras que el artículo 15 de ese mismo cuerpo normativo prohíbe realizar quemas “en áreas protegidas por Ley, tales como ... zonas protectoras, parques nacionales, refugios de vida silvestre o aledaños a ellas”. La eliminación de la consulta al SINAC en todos los casos, violenta:
-el principio de la tutela del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado a cargo del Estado, derivado del artículo 50 constitucional y relacionado con el derecho a la salud.
-el principio de la objetivación de la tutela ambiental o principio de la vinculación a la ciencia y a la técnica, según el cual "se traduce en la necesidad de acreditar con estudios técnicos la toma de decisiones en esta materia, tanto en relación con actos como de las disposiciones de carácter general -tanto legales como reglamentarías- , de donde se deriva la exigencia de la "vinculación a la ciencia y a la técnica", con lo cual, se condiciona la discrecionalidad de la Administración en esta materia(Resolución No. 17126-2006). Principio reconocido por esta Sala en anteriores oportunidades cuando se estableció que: principio ambiental "de la vinculación a la ciencia y a la técnica" que rige la materia ambiental, en tanto las decisiones administrativas que pueden tener incidencia en el ambiente requieren de un sustento técnico que las respalde, y en tal condición, limitan y condicionan la discrecionalidad de la Administración en su actuación" (Voto No. 14293-2005 reiterado por el 11562-2006).
-el principio precautorio en materia ambiental, pues prescindir sin sustento técnico de la consulta al SINAC en todos los casos, e incluso reducirla a supuestos inaplicables en virtud de la prohibición del artículo 15, inciso e) de ese mismo cuerpo normativo, quebranta este principio que ya ha sido reiterado por la jurisprudencia de esta Sala cuando se indica: “...en la protección de nuestros recursos naturales, debe existir una actitud preventiva, es decir, si la degradación y el deterioro deben ser minimizados, es necesario que la precaución y la prevención sean los principios dominantes ... No se debe perder de vista el hecho de que estamos en un terreno del derecho, en el que las normas más importantes son las que puedan prevenir todo tipo de daño al medio ambiente, porque no hay norma alguna que repare, a posteriori, el daño ya hecho; necesidad de prevención que resulta más urgente cuando de países en vías de desarrollo se trata ” (Votos números 5893-1995, 2988-1999, 5048-2001 y 2515-2002).
-viola el párrafo tercero del artículo 3 del Convenio Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (Lev No. 7414 del 13 de junio de 1994), en la parte que indica que, los Estados partes deben “tomar medidas de precaución para prever, prevenir o reducir al mínimo las causas del cambio climático y mitigar sus efectos adversos Ello por cuanto, prescindir del criterio técnico del MINAE respecto de quemas que pueden abarcar miles de hectáreas, con generación significativa de gases de efecto invernadero. Lo cual viola además, el artículo 7o de la Constitución Política. 2) Sobre la falta de fundamentación y el silencio positivo en materia ambiental. El artículo 12 del Decreto impugnado carece de la requerida fundamentación técnica en sus considerandos, lo cual, por tener implicaciones en el derecho a un ambiente sano, tal omisión de fundamentación adquiere relevancia constitucional (votos números 459-1991,4702-1993 y 2074-2001). Además de lo anterior, el artículo 12 del Reglamento impugnado prevé un plazo de 10 días naturales para que el SINAC emita su criterio técnico, con los efectos de un silencio positivo en caso de que no se pronuncie durante ese plazo. Lo anterior, contraponiéndose al principio de improcedencia del silencio positivo en materia ambiental, reconocido por la jurisprudencia constitucional:
“...esta Sala ha sido conteste en reconocer que el principio de silencio positivo no opera de pleno derecho en tratándose de actuaciones donde esté en juego la protección del medio ambiente”. (Voto No. 5745-1999).
“Esta Sala ya ha establecido en una consistente línea jurisprudencial que en cuanto a la protección de intereses esenciales para la Nación, tales como el medio ambiente... no opera el silencio positivo por la omisión de la Administración en el cumplimiento de sus deberes, sin perjuicio de la responsabilidad a la que se pueda hacer acreedor por los daños que su atraso ocasione a los administrados. (Ver en ese sentido las sentencias números 6332-94, de las dieciocho horas con doce minutos del veintiséis de octubre de mil novecientos noventa y cuatro, y 1895-00, de las quince horas con cuarenta y seis minutos del veintinueve de febrero de dos mil)". (Voto No. 5245-2002).
“Los impugnantes alegan que, según la jurisprudencia constitucional, en materia de recursos naturales no opera la ficción jurídica del silencio positivo. Llevan razón los accionantes en su argumento, ya que, como límite material para la aplicación del silencio positivo, se ha excluido -vía jurisprudencia de esta Sala- lo medioambiental en virtud del trascendente valor y jerarquía que posee el derecho fundamental a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, reconocido en el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política. La jurisprudencia sobre este tema es abundante…
Partiendo del criterio jurisprudencial expuesto e incluso, a tenor del artículo 4o de la Ley Forestal (norma que prohíbe la aplicación del silencio positivo en materia de recursos naturales), la frase supra señalada es inconstitucional, pues tiene por operado el silencio positivo en la delimitación del Patrimonio Natural del Estado con el transcurso de treinta días naturales sin que el SINAC (es decir, cualquier de las áreas que lo conforman) se haya pronunciado sobre la clasificación realizada por los particulares. Ahora bien, debe entenderse que si el funcionario responsable del SINAC no se pronuncia sobre la validez de los documentos emitidos por los profesionales privados dentro de un plazo razonable, podría exponerse a las sanciones dispuestas en las leyes” (Resolución No. 2009-13072. En igual sentido, el voto No. 2009-13073).
En la sentencia n.º 2014016583 de las 16:00 horas del 8 de octubre de 2014, relacionado con el artículo 24 de la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos (Ley n.º 7779 de 30 de abril de 1998), salve el voto en este sentido:
“VOTO SALVADO DE LOS MAGISTRADOS ARMIJO SANCHO Y RUEDA LEAL CON REDACCIÓN DEL SEGUNDO.
Contrario al criterio de mayoría, estimamos que sí existen razones suficientes para acoger la acción de inconstitucionalidad planteada. Tal como lo expresa la Procuraduría, el reglamento que actualmente rige la actividad de quemas agrícolas controladas no exige la evaluación de impacto ambiental en esa actividad. Esto es una situación alarmante, pues datos de la FAO señalan que las quemas agrícolas, aun las controladas, producen efectos negativos al ambiente y la salud, bienes constitucionales contemplados en los numerales 21 y 50 constitucionales, cuya protección deviene competencia ineludible de este Tribunal Constitucional. La Procuraduría igualmente informa que la SETENA ha enlistado los efectos negativos de estas quemas en los cultivos de caña de azúcar, afectación de suelos, mantos acuíferos, flora y fauna silvestre, aire y atmósfera. El órgano asesor expone también que según datos de la Dirección de Gestión de Calidad Ambiental del MINAE, se han verificado numerosas afectaciones al ambiente y la salud desencadenadas por esta práctica agrícola, tales como el favorecimiento a la proliferación de plagas, malezas y generación de lluvia ácida.
Compartimos el criterio de la Procuraduría, en el sentido de que las políticas ambientales en el país deben ir dirigiéndose cada vez más a realizar los esfuerzos necesarios para que se vaya eliminando de manera paulatina la práctica de quemas agrícolas y, de manera paralela, ir implementando las tecnologías existentes en este campo para alcanzar los efectos deseados. La Procuraduría continúa aportando datos científicos relevantes para la resolución del sub lite, entre los cuales se destaca que según el Plan Nacional de Implementación del Convenio de Estocolmo sobre contaminantes orgánicos, se estima que los procesos de quema de biomasa a cielo abierto aportan el 55% de liberaciones de dioxinas y furanos. Además, según el Protocolo de Kyoto de la Convención marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, el dióxido de carbono y el metano son gases identificados como de efecto invernadero.
Por esta razón, Costa Rica ha adquirido diversos compromisos específicos en la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero, tanto en el Convenio marco citado, como en el Protocolo de Kyoto y el compromiso del Poder Ejecutivo en la neutralidad de carbono para el 2021. Incluso, como es de conocimiento público, Costa Rica se comprometió en la Conferencia de la ONU sobre Cambio Climático en Bali, a alcanzar la condición de “carbono neutral”, por lo que esta declaración de compromisos genera importantes consecuencias jurídicas dentro del marco de las Naciones Unidas, aspecto que no puede ser pasado por alto en este asunto. Por estas razones y en vista de los impactos negativos sobre el ambiente y la salud de las personas, la actividad de quema agrícola debe estar sometida a una evaluación de impacto ambiental, máxime que además de los artículos 50 y 21 de la Constitución Política, también se vulneran principios rectores en materia ambiental el de uso racional de los recursos, a partir del cual se permite garantizar a los habitantes un equilibrio ecológico entre el desarrollo del país y el derecho al ambiente (ver sentencias 6322-2003, 3705-1993, 4423-1993, 5974-1998 y 6716-2002) y, por supuesto, los principios preventivo y precautorio que rigen la materia.
La jurisprudencia de este Tribunal también ha destacado la importancia de los estudios de impacto ambiental en el resguardo del derecho al ambiente y, en definitiva, del Derecho de la Constitución. La Sala ha indicado que este mecanismo de evaluación ambiental procura que determinadas actividades significativamente impactantes en términos ambientales cuenten con un procedimiento científico analítico en el que se examinen sus eventuales consecuencias. Tal como lo explica la Procuraduría, este procedimiento técnico facilita la identificación y predicción de los efectos positivos o negativos que una actividad puede provocar sobre el ambiente. Además, a través de este procedimiento de evaluación ambiental se permite la participación ciudadana de las personas vecinas que eventualmente se verían afectadas con esta práctica agrícola, procurándoles que tengan acceso a la información necesaria para evacuar sus dudas e inquietudes.
Tomando en consideración lo expuesto, consideramos que el artículo 24 de la Ley Nº 7779 es inconstitucional por omitir la exigencia de una evaluación de impacto ambiental previo a la autorización de los permisos correspondientes para quemas agrícolas controladas.” A partir de las consideraciones antedichas estimo que esta acción debe ser cursada, motivo por el cual salvo el voto.
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
Se rechaza por el fondo esta acción. El magistrado Castillo Víquez redacta nota separada, únicamente en cuanto a la alegada violación de las normas reglamentarias del Decreto Nº 35368-MAG-S-MINAET con lo dispuesto en la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley General de Salud y la Ley de Biodiversidad. El magistrado Cruz Castro salva el voto y declara inconstitucional el artículo 24 de la Ley N° 7779 "Ley de Uso Manejo y Conservación de Suelos" y el artículo 12 del Decreto 35368 MAG-S-MINAET denominado "Reglamento para Quemas Agrícolas Controladas". El magistrado Rueda Leal salva el voto y dispone cursar la acción contra la normativa impugnada.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Nancy Hernández L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
*JR8EXHKMCUQ61* Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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