← Environmental Law Center← Centro de Derecho Ambiental
Res. 00437-2022 Sala Tercera de la Corte · Sala Tercera de la Corte · 22/04/2022
OutcomeResultado
The appeal of the Attorney General's Office is partially granted, revoking the appellate ruling that held environmental liability to be subjective, and remanding for new analysis; the Public Prosecutor's appeal is rejected for lack of standing.Se acoge parcialmente el recurso de la Procuraduría General de la República, revocando la sentencia de apelación en cuanto declaró que la responsabilidad ambiental es subjetiva, y se reenvía para nuevo examen; se rechaza el recurso del Ministerio Público por falta de legitimación.
SummaryResumen
The Third Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice of Costa Rica, upon resolving a cassation appeal, partially annuls the judgment of the Criminal Appeal Court of Cartago that had upheld the criminal and civil acquittal of a defendant for forestry offenses. The Chamber concludes that environmental law is governed by an objective (strict) civil liability regime, based on the 'polluter pays' principle, meaning it is not necessary to prove fault or intent, but only the existence of damage and a causal link. Consequently, it revokes the ruling regarding civil liability and orders a remand for a differently composed appellate court to determine whether the civil defendant, as owner of the properties where environmental damage was proven, must bear objective liability. The Chamber also rejects the Public Prosecutor's appeal concerning restitution, holding that the Attorney General's Office was the only party with standing to appeal civil aspects, having appeared as the State's representative.La Sala Tercera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de Costa Rica, al resolver un recurso de casación, anula parcialmente la sentencia del Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Cartago que había confirmado la absolución penal y civil de un imputado por delitos forestales. La Sala concluye que, en materia ambiental, rige un régimen de responsabilidad civil objetiva, basado en el principio 'quien contamina paga', lo que implica que no es necesario probar la culpa o dolo del agente, sino únicamente la existencia del daño y el nexo causal. En consecuencia, revoca el fallo en cuanto a la responsabilidad civil y ordena un reenvío para que un tribunal de apelación con distinta integración analice si el demandado civil, como titular de las fincas donde se acreditó un daño ambiental, debe responder objetivamente. La Sala también declara sin lugar el recurso del Ministerio Público sobre restitución de las cosas, al considerar que la Procuraduría General de la República era la única legitimada para recurrir sobre aspectos civiles, al haberse apersonado como representante del Estado.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Thus, it is emphasized that from a harmonious analysis of the referenced environmental regulations (national and international), as well as the doctrine and jurisprudence cited, our legislators have opted to implement in environmental matters the 'polluter pays' principle regardless of the existence of a subjective link; which places us before a paradigm shift, since traditionally liability has been based on the theory of fault (Article 1045 of the Civil Code), while strict liability has been seen as indispensable in this branch of law, which presupposes an advantage for the injured party, as the burden of proof is reversed, given that the injured party is exempted from proving the fault or intent of the person causing the damage and the latter will only be exempted from liability if he proves the existence of force majeure, fault of the victim or the act of a third party; unlike cases of subjective liability; which constitutes a benefit for the environment, inasmuch as it seeks to ensure that it can be restored and returned to its original state as quickly as possible. However, even annulling that erroneous interpretation made by the Criminal Trial Court of Cartago, the fact is that the other argument for which the appeal was declared inadmissible remains in force, which refers to the lack of standing of the Public Prosecutor's Office in this type of scenario, and it is that in the specific case, as the Second Instance Court correctly indicated, the entity responsible for defending the civil interests of the victim (the State) is its legal representative, which for the purposes of the case under examination falls upon the Attorney General's Office, which would be the entity with standing, insofar as it has effectively appeared as a party.Así las cosas, se recalca que a partir de un análisis armonioso de la normativa ambiental referida (nacional e internacional) como de la doctrina y jurisprudencia que se ha citado, nuestros legisladores se han decantado por implementar en materia ambiental el principio “el que contamina paga” con independencia de la existencia de un vínculo subjetivo; con lo que nos encontramos frente a un cambio de paradigma, ya que tradicionalmente la responsabilidad ha sido fundada en la teoría de la culpa (art. 1045 del Código Civil), mientras que la responsabilidad objetiva se ha visualizado de aplicación indispensable en esta rama del derecho, lo que presupone una ventaja a favor del lesionado, por cuanto se da una inversión de la carga de la prueba, dado que queda exonerado de probar la culpa o dolo del causante del daño y este último, solo se verá exonerado de responsabilidad, si prueba la existencia de fuerza mayor, culpa de la víctima y el hecho de un tercero; a diferencia de los casos de responsabilidad subjetiva; lo que se constituye en un beneficio para el medio ambiente, en el tanto se busca lograr que en el menor tiempo posible, este pueda ser restaurado y vuelva a su estado originario. Empero, aún anulando esa errónea interpretación que realizó el Tribunal de Sentencia Penal de Cartago, lo cierto es, que queda vigente el otro argumento por el que el recurso fue declarado inadmisible, que hace referencia a la falta de legitimación del Ministerio Público en este tipo de supuestos y, es que en el caso concreto, como bien lo indicó el Tribunal de Segunda Instancia, a quien le corresponde defender los intereses civiles de la víctima (el Estado) es a su representante legal, que para efectos de la causa bajo examen, la misma recae sobre la Procuraduría General de la República, la cual sería la legitimada, en el tanto se haya efectivamente apersonado.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"En el Derecho Ambiental se ha dado un planteamiento distinto a la responsabilidad, de tal suerte que se ha evolucionado de un sistema de responsabilidad por culpa a uno de responsabilidad por riesgo, lo que significa una mayor cobertura, pues dicha responsabilidad surgiría aún cuando no medie culpa del transgresor, si la actividad desempeñada se estima riesgosa y, asume ese riesgo, con una posible consecuencia dañosa para el ambiente."
"In Environmental Law, a different approach to liability has been taken, such that it has evolved from a fault-based liability system to a risk-based one, which means greater coverage, since such liability would arise even if there is no fault on the part of the transgressor, if the activity carried out is considered risky and assumes that risk, with a possible harmful consequence for the environment."
Considerando II
"En el Derecho Ambiental se ha dado un planteamiento distinto a la responsabilidad, de tal suerte que se ha evolucionado de un sistema de responsabilidad por culpa a uno de responsabilidad por riesgo, lo que significa una mayor cobertura, pues dicha responsabilidad surgiría aún cuando no medie culpa del transgresor, si la actividad desempeñada se estima riesgosa y, asume ese riesgo, con una posible consecuencia dañosa para el ambiente."
Considerando II
"Lo anterior significa que no es necesario probar la culpa del sujeto, sino solamente el hecho de que con su acción u omisión causó el daño."
"This means that it is not necessary to prove the fault of the subject, but only the fact that through his action or omission he caused the damage."
Considerando II
"Lo anterior significa que no es necesario probar la culpa del sujeto, sino solamente el hecho de que con su acción u omisión causó el daño."
Considerando II
"La restitución dispuesta en el inciso 1) de la norma transcrita hace referencia a la cosa misma que ha sido el objeto material del delito, sobre la cual la víctima conserva los derechos que tenía antes de que se ejecutara el hecho, por tal razón, mientras que la cosa no haya desaparecido, la obligación de restituirla persiste."
"The restitution provided for in subsection 1) of the transcribed rule refers to the very thing that was the material object of the crime, over which the victim retains the rights they had before the act was committed; for this reason, as long as the thing has not disappeared, the obligation to restore it persists."
Considerando IV
"La restitución dispuesta en el inciso 1) de la norma transcrita hace referencia a la cosa misma que ha sido el objeto material del delito, sobre la cual la víctima conserva los derechos que tenía antes de que se ejecutara el hecho, por tal razón, mientras que la cosa no haya desaparecido, la obligación de restituirla persiste."
Considerando IV
"...a quien le corresponde defender los intereses civiles de la víctima (el Estado) es a su representante legal, que para efectos de la causa bajo examen, la misma recae sobre la Procuraduría General de la República, la cual sería la legitimada, en el tanto se haya efectivamente apersonado."
"...the entity responsible for defending the civil interests of the victim (the State) is its legal representative, which for the purposes of the case under examination falls upon the Attorney General's Office, which would be the entity with standing, insofar as it has effectively appeared as a party."
Considerando IV
"...a quien le corresponde defender los intereses civiles de la víctima (el Estado) es a su representante legal, que para efectos de la causa bajo examen, la misma recae sobre la Procuraduría General de la República, la cual sería la legitimada, en el tanto se haya efectivamente apersonado."
Considerando IV
Full documentDocumento completo
Third Chamber of the Court Date of Resolution: April 22, 2022 at 16:46 Case file: 16-000237-0567-PE Type of matter: Appeal in cassation Judgment with Dissenting Vote Related Judgments Judgment with protected data, in accordance with current regulations Content of Interest:
Type of content: Majority vote Branch of Law: Civil Liability Topic: Strict liability Subtopics:
Requires express legal provision; otherwise, subjective liability applies.
"II.[...] From the referenced regulations, as well as from the principles governing environmental matters, it is derived – in principle – that the liability governing environmental law is of a strict (objetivo) nature, hence the need to study this aspect, of which it is worth emphasizing that in this type of liability, it is unnecessary to prove the fault of the agent (lack of duty of care, which was formerly understood as imprudence, negligence, and lack of skill), rather, it is sufficient for its configuration that by action or omission, harm is caused (causal link). On this matter, it is relevant to set forth what was established by the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, in ruling No. 607-F-02, at 16:15 hours, on August seventh, two thousand two (08/07/2002), in which the following was stated: “(…) Summarizing, the compensation for damages is regulated, in Costa Rican law, by a general rule, that of liability based on fault, but it also admits strict liability (responsabilidad objetiva) in cases where the legislation expressly authorizes it and following the parameters it establishes (…)”.
From the prior jurisprudential excerpt, it can be concluded that strict liability is admissible, provided that the legislation expressly foresees it; otherwise, the applicable rule is subjective liability. It is worth noting that although in this type of liability, the requirement of fault is dispensed with, so that the obligation to indemnify or repair the harm arises, there must exist some factor attributing strict liability between the action or omission and the causation of the harm. We see, then, that there are three conditions for its application: 1. The factor imputing the conduct. 2. The existence of harm, and 3. The causal relationship between the two. The author Federico Torrealba Navas, in his book “Civil Liability” (2011) analyzes the following factors attributing strict liability: a) The created risk; b) The guarantee to the victim; c) The breach of obligations of result; d) The breach of the obligation of safety; e) The breach of the obligation to inform; f) Equality before public burdens; g) Liability for the fact of things; h) The building guarantees: the defects in the thing; i) Abnormal neighborhood disturbances; and j) The exercise of the rights of revocation and unilateral termination." ... See more Citations of Legislation and Doctrine Related Judgments Content of Interest:
Type of content: Majority vote Branch of Law: Civil Liability Topic: Environmental damage Subtopics:
Strict nature of liability and reversal of the burden of proof.
"II.[...] Thus, it is emphasized that from a harmonious analysis of the referenced environmental regulations (national and international) as well as the doctrine and jurisprudence cited, our legislators have opted to implement in environmental matters the principle of “the polluter pays” independently of the existence of a subjective link; consequently, we are facing a paradigm shift, since liability has traditionally been founded on the theory of fault (Art. 1045 of the Civil Code), while strict liability has been seen as indispensable in this branch of law, which presupposes an advantage in favor of the injured party, as there is a reversal of the burden of proof (inversión de la carga de la prueba), given that the injured party is exonerated from proving the fault or intent of the causer of the harm, and the latter will only be exonerated from liability if they prove the existence of force majeure, fault of the victim, and the act of a third party; unlike cases of subjective liability; which constitutes a benefit for the environment, insofar as it seeks to ensure that, in the shortest possible time, it can be restored and returned to its original state.
In the specific case, it is clear that the Criminal Sentencing Appeals Tribunal of Cartago, when hearing and declaring without merit the first ground of the appeal filed at the time by the Procuraduría General de la República, erroneously applied the aforementioned environmental regulations, insofar as they derive from it that it is governed by the principle of subjective liability, in which the fault or intent of the person causing the environmental damage must be proven for the civil action for damages filed against them to succeed, ..." ... See more Content of Interest:
Strategic Themes: Environmental Type of content: Majority vote Branch of Law: Civil Liability Topic: Environmental damage Subtopics:
The PGR is the entity legitimized to claim restitution for damage.
"III.[...] In this case, the prosecuting body is correct in stating that it is not necessary to file a civil action for damages in order to require the restitution of the property to its original state, since such legal possibility is a right of the offended party, as has been admitted by this Chamber in resolution No. 2019-1622, at 14:40 hours, on December thirteenth, two thousand nineteen (12/13/2019), in which it was stated: “(…) Restitution (Restitución) is understood as the action of ‘returning something to the one who had it before, as well as restoring or putting something in the state it had before’ (Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy, twenty-third edition, October 2014). The above definition contains the two meanings that restitution also has in the legal field, as in its broad sense it implies ‘restitutio in integrum’, meaning restoration to the original state, returning things to the conditions they had prior to the commission of the illicit act; while in the strict sense it is understood as returning to its legitimate possessor or owner the thing of which they were illegitimately deprived on the occasion of the crime.
(Abdelnour Granados, Rosa. La responsabilidad Civil Derivada del Hecho Punible, Editorial Juricentro, 1984. P. 261). In our legal system, both the criminal legislation and the current criminal procedural law establish that restitution is the preferred civil consequence of the crime. Specifically, in numeral 103 of the Criminal Code, it is indicated: ‘Every punishable act has as a consequence civil reparation, which shall be determined in a condemnatory sentence; it shall order:
III.Appeal (Recurso de casación) filed by prosecutor José Alejandro Alpízar Arrones. In the first ground filed, based on article 468(b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, he states that when the appeal (recurso de apelación) of sentence filed by the prosecutor’s office was declared inadmissible, based on a lack of passive legal standing, because the status of victim or its representative did not correspond to it, article 103(1) of the Penal Code was erroneously applied. He claims that to support the thesis of inadmissibility, the Court of Appeal equated the civil consequences defined in Article 103(1) of the Penal Code, considering that both require the filing of a civil compensation action in order to be heard by the Court. He considers this to be erroneous because the article states that the crime shall have as a civil consequence the restitution of things (restitución de las cosas), but if this action is no longer possible, it provides that payment of the respective value shall proceed.
He states that the wording alludes to two different scenarios: one, when it is possible to restore the injured right which corresponds to the restitution of things (restitución de las cosas), and the other, when it is no longer possible to restore the right and therefore it provides for the payment of the respective value. He explains that the second scenario corresponds to economic compensation and in order to make such a claim in a criminal proceeding, just as the challenged sentence explains, a civil compensation action must be filed, but the first scenario has no relation to economic compensation, as stated in the dissenting opinion of Judge Fallas Redondo, as well as in the clarifying note of Judge Carranza Cambronero; the restitution of things (restitución de las cosas) does not generate a monetary benefit for the victim, but rather the reestablishment of the enjoyment of the right under the conditions it had before the commission of the illicit act, and therefore, it makes no sense whatsoever to require the filing of a civil compensation action.
He adds that a correct application of the “procedural” (sic) norm should assess which of the scenarios the victim's right falls into and give priority to the restoration of things if it is still possible, because the norm itself indicates that the payment of the respective value operates in the absence of the first consequence. This correct interpretation makes it possible to clarify in which of the scenarios the filing of the civil compensation action is necessary and in which it is not. He considers that, as a direct consequence of the correct application of the norm, it is evident that the Public Prosecutor’s Office is indeed legitimized to request the restitution of things (restitución de las cosas), even though the status of victim does not rest upon it or it does not promote a civil compensation action. He reiterates that the ruling suffers from the defect of erroneous application of a substantive legal norm, by erroneously applying Article 103(1) of the Penal Code, by requiring the Public Prosecutor’s Office to be the legal representative of the victim in order to promote a civil compensation action.
As a grievance, he explains that access to justice was denied to the Public Prosecutor’s Office, the grounds were not heard even though they were formulated in due form and time, they were not resolved when declared inadmissible, imposing requirements that the law itself does not require of it, for the application of the legal institution established in numeral 103(1) of the Penal Code. He requests that the challenged sentence be annulled and that the resolution of the appeal (recurso de apelación) formulated by the Public Prosecutor’s Office be ordered. As a second argument, he refers to the erroneous application of a procedural legal precept, specifically, articles 140 in relation to 289, both of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The appellant argues that in the first recital (considerando), Judge Carranza Cambronero said she did not share the criterion of Judge Fernández Mora, in considering that the restitution of things (restitución de las cosas) does not form part of the institution of the civil compensation action, but she likewise declared the appeal (recurso) filed by the Prosecutor’s Office inadmissible, considering that it does not represent the victim.
The appellant considers that in this way, article 140 of the Code of Criminal Procedure was erroneously applied in accordance with article 289 ibidem, in which the legislator established two duties of the Public Prosecutor’s Office: the first, consists of causing the consequences that any crime may have to cease, and the second, initiating the corresponding investigation. He affirms that the legal system endowed the criminal process with two major purposes: the restitution of the rights of victims and resolving any corresponding criminal liabilities, granting the parties legal institutions to pursue those ends; he cites as examples precautionary personal measures, atypical measures, and the special power of the judge to restore things to their previous state. He adds that the legislator required the Public Prosecutor’s Office to seek the cessation of any consequence that the crime may generate, and prosecutors are indeed legitimized to request the restitution of things (restitución de las cosas); its role is not solely to pursue the trial of the accused, but it must also promote all legal actions necessary so that the rights of the victims are reestablished.
He adds that it does not matter whether the Public Prosecutor’s Office is the representative of the victim because no norm exempts it from the obligation to cause the effects of crimes to cease, which opens the door for it to formulate all necessary requests, thus giving it the legal standing that the Court of Appeal of Sentence denied it. As a grievance, he points out that a validly formulated claim of the Public Prosecutor’s Office was denied, tolerating that a crime continues generating consequences that could become irreversible and prevents the accusatory body from promoting and fulfilling the legal duty imposed by Article 289 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. He requests that the sentence be annulled and the Court of Appeal be ordered to resolve the appeal (recurso de apelación) raised by the Public Prosecutor’s Office. In the third admitted complaint, he claims nonobservance of a substantive legal precept, Article 103(1) of the Penal Code.
The appellant explains that when resolving the second ground of appeal (apelación de sentencia) formulated by the Procuraduría General de la República, in Recital (Considerando) IV, by majority, the Court of Appeal failed to observe the application of the institution of restoration of things by ordering the remittance and responsibility of the Executive Branch to correct the illegal legal situation caused by the crime – he cites two excerpts from the Court's resolution. He then points out that the judges chose not to apply the legal institution defined in Article 103(1) of the Penal Code, which is designed to judicially restore the rights of victims that have been affected by a crime, for which purpose they made an effort to provide arguments concerning the civil compensation action and the workload of the Judicial Branch, and despite having the legal possibility of applying the restitution of things (restitución de las cosas) in favor of the victim, they did not do so and handed that responsibility to the Executive Branch.
Judge Fernández Mora took as accredited that there was a forest on the site and that it was affected, recognizing that the technical evidence provided demonstrates this. Therefore, according to the appellant, the judges were obligated to resolve the current and future consequences of that conduct, as provided for by Article 103(1) of the Penal Code; despite this, they decided to remit the final decision on the future of the affected forest so that MINAE may define it, thereby failing to apply the norm, contravening Article 11 of the Political Constitution which establishes the prohibition of the Supreme Powers from ceding their functions. He points out that the legal system does not contain any norm that permits that cession of jurisdiction, so the Court of Appeal should have applied the cited numeral and resolved the future of the forest that is affected by the accused conduct. As a grievance, he states that the Public Prosecutor’s Office and the victim were denied effective judicial protection, by remitting to another instance, imposing on the victim the obligation to endure their rights continuing to be harmed and the consequences of a crime persisting over time. He requests that the sentence be annulled and the Court be ordered to resolve the appeal (recurso de apelación) of sentence.
IV.Given the connection in the resolution of the reproaches invoked by the representative of the prosecutor’s office, they are resolved jointly and declared without merit.
The core point in the first and second complaints of the Public Prosecutor’s Office is based on the fact that its appeal was declared inadmissible, on the grounds that it was considered not to have standing to challenge the aspect of restitution of things to their original state, for which one of the judges based his decision on the circumstance that it lacked subjective standing to appeal civil aspects of the punishable act, because the civil plaintiff for the State is the Procuraduría General de la República, since it was the one that filed the civil action for damages; while the co-judge who likewise ruled in favor of this inadmissibility did so based on the argument that although the restitution of the thing or object is a right of the victim as such and therefore does not require the filing of a civil action for damages to demand it, the truth is that, in the specific case, such representation was held exclusively by the Procuraduría General de la República.
In this case, the prosecuting body is correct in stating that the filing of a civil action for damages is not required in order to request the restitution of the property to its original state, since such legal possibility is a right of the offended party, as has been admitted by this Chamber in resolution No. 2019-1622, at 14:40 hours, on December thirteenth, two thousand nineteen (12/13/2019), in which it was stated: “(…) Restitution is understood as the action of ‘returning something to the one who had it before, as well as restoring or putting something in the state it had before’ (Diccionario de la Real Academia Española, twenty-third edition, October 2014). The previous definition contains the two meanings that restitution also has in the legal sphere, since in its broad sense it implies ‘restitutio in integrum,’ that is, restoration to the original state, returning things to the conditions they had before the unlawful act was carried out; while in a strict sense it is understood as returning to its legitimate possessor or owner the thing of which they were unlawfully deprived on the occasion of the crime.
(Abdelnour Granados, Rosa. La responsabilidad Civil Derivada del Hecho Punible, Editorial Juricentro, 1984. P. 261). In our legal system, both current criminal legislation and criminal procedure establish that restitution is the preferred civil consequence of the crime. Specifically, numeral 103 of the Penal Code states: ‘Every punishable act has as a consequence the civil reparation, which shall be determined in a condemnatory sentence; this shall order:
Therefore:
By majority, the cassation appeal formulated by licenciado José Alejandro Alpízar Arrones, in his capacity as Assistant Prosecutor, of the Adjutant Agrarian Environmental Fiscalía, is declared without merit; Magistrate Zúñiga Morales dissents. By unanimity, the sole ground admitted to licenciado Manrique Ruíz Leal, in his capacity as Adjutant Procurador of the Procuraduría General de la República, is declared with merit. Consequently, the ruling of the Court of Appeal of Criminal Sentence of Cartago No. 2020-627, at 11:24 hours, on October 23, 2020, is revoked; only in relation to what was resolved regarding the first ground of appeal filed by the Procuraduría General de la República, for which the case file is immediately remitted to said instance, so that said Court, under a different composition, resolves said argument. In all other respects, the resolution remains unaltered. Notify.
Patricia Solano C. Patricia Solano C. Patricia Solano C.
Jesús Alberto Ramírez Q.
Gerardo Rubén Alfaro V.
Sandra Eugenia Zúñiga M.
Rafael Segura B. Alternate Magistrate.
DISSENTING VOTE OF MAGISTRATE ZÚÑIGA MORALES Sole. With due respect, I disagree with the criteria expressed by the majority of this Chamber in declaring without merit the cassation appeal filed by the representation of the Public Prosecutor’s Office. I consider that the appropriate course is to declare with merit the three grounds of said appeal (which are connected) and, consequently, to order a remand to the Court of Appeal of Criminal Sentence so that, with a different composition, it proceeds to hear the appeal formulated by the prosecuting entity. The foregoing, due to the erroneous application of numeral 103 subsection 1) of the Penal Code. The core point of the three grounds of the cassation appeal filed by Prosecutor José Alejandro Alpízar Arrones, has a direct relationship with the declaration of inadmissibility of his appeal (by majority vote), on the grounds that it was considered that he did not have standing to challenge the aspect of restitution of things to their original state.
The appeal judge Fernández Mora based his decision on the circumstance that he lacked subjective standing to appeal civil aspects of the punishable act, because the civil plaintiff for the State is the Procuraduría General de la República, since it was the one that filed the civil action for damages; while co-judge Carranza Cambronero – who equally opted to declare the inadmissibility – did so based on the argument that the restitution of the thing or object is a right of the victim as such, and therefore does not require the filing of a civil action for damages to request it, considering that, in the specific case, such representation was held exclusively by the Procuraduría General de la República, the Fiscalía consequently lacking standing. The first thing that must be pointed out regarding this matter is that restitution implies “putting something” in the state it had previously. I concur with the majority vote of the members of this Chamber in stating: “…the prosecuting body is correct in stating that the filing of a civil action for damages is not required in order to request the restitution of the property to its original state, since such legal possibility is a right of the offended party…”.
On this point, the Third Chamber, on other occasions has indicated: “…the restitution of the object as a civil consequence of the crime is not an indemnification or a form of civil reparation, as the appellate judges erroneously appreciated it, but a necessary consequence derived from the ultimate purpose pursued by the criminal process, which insofar as possible attempts to restore things to their original state, before the commission of the crime. Clearly article 103 of the Penal Code – which specifically regulates the civil consequences of the punishable act – stipulates: ‘Every punishable act has as a consequence the civil reparation, which shall be determined in a condemnatory sentence; this shall order: a) the restitution of things or failing that the payment of the respective value; b) the reparation of all damage; and the indemnification of the losses caused both to the offended party and to third parties; 3) forfeiture.’ This legal precept must be analyzed in light of the general principles governing the criminal process, in accordance with a systematic interpretation.
Thus, it is established in ordinal 7 of the Criminal Procedure Code: ‘The courts shall resolve the conflict arising as a consequence of the act, in accordance with the principles contained in the laws, in an effort to contribute to restoring social harmony between the parties and, especially, the reestablishment of the rights of the victim.’ So that in light of said norm, the requirement that the appellate judges contemplate in relation to the necessary express request for restitution through a civil action is not tenable, since the restitution of the property arises from a general principle established in criminal law, which is the right of every crime victim to be restored, to the extent possible, of that property of which they were dispossessed on the occasion of an unlawful act against them…” ( ) “…However, this does not imply that said restitution always and in every case requires the filing of the civil action for damages, because article 103 of the Penal Code already clarifies that the restitution of the property is a necessary consequence, to restore the rights of the victim.
That is, the norm is not exclusive…” (Third Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, judgment No. 2019-00280, at 15:45 hours, on March eighth, two thousand nineteen (03/08/2019). Composition: Ramírez, Solano, Zúñiga, Alfaro and Desanti). In a similar sense it has been said: “… In our legal system, both current criminal legislation and criminal procedure establish that restitution is the preferred civil consequence of the crime. Specifically, numeral 103 of the Penal Code states: ‘Every punishable act has as a consequence the civil reparation, which shall be determined in a condemnatory sentence; this shall order:
Sandra Eugenia Zúñiga M.
Roleon Int: 0241-3/7-3-21 Observations of SALA DE CASACIÓN PENAL Dissenting vote Mag. Zúñiga Morales Classification prepared by SALA DE CASACIÓN PENAL of the Judicial Branch. Its reproduction and/or distribution for profit is prohibited.
It is a faithful copy of the original – Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 02-18-2026 17:02:03.
Sala Tercera de la Corte Sentencia con Voto Salvado Sentencias Relacionadas Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: Responsabilidad Civil Tema: Responsabilidad civil objetiva Subtemas:
Requiere previsión legal expresa, de lo contrario aplica la subjetiva.
"II.[...] De la normativa referida, así como de los principios que gobiernan la materia ambiental, se deriva – en principio – que la responsabilidad que rige en el derecho ambiental es de índole objetivo, de ahí la necesidad de estudiar este eje, del que vale la pena subrayar que en el mismo, se prescinde de probar la culpa del agente (falta al deber de cuidado, lo que antiguamente, se entendía como imprudencia, negligencia e impericia) sino que, basta para su configuración, que con su acción u omisión cause un daño (nexo de causalidad). Sobre este aspecto, resulta de interés plasmar lo instituido por la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, en el fallo N° 607-F-02, de las 16:15 horas, del siete de agosto del dos mil dos (07/08/2002), en el que indicaron lo siguiente: “(…) Recapitulando, el resarcimiento de los daños está regulado, en el derecho costarricense por una regla general, la de la responsabilidad por culpa, pero admite también la responsabilidad objetiva en los casos en que la legislación expresamente la autorice y siguiendo los parámetros que ella misma dispone(…)”.
Del anterior extracto jurisprudencial, se puede concluir que la responsabilidad objetiva es admisible, siempre y cuando la legislación expresamente lo prevea, de lo contrario la regla a aplicar es la responsabilidad subjetiva. Vale la pena destacar, que si bien en este tipo de responsabilidad, se prescinde de la exigencia de la culpa, a fin de que nazca la obligación de indemnizar o reparar el daño, debe de existir algún factor de atribución de responsabilidad objetiva entre la acción u omisión y la causación del daño. Vemos entonces que existen tres condiciones para su aplicación: 1. El factor de imputación de la conducta. 2. La existencia de un daño y, 3. La relación de causalidad entre ambos. El autor Federico Torrealba Navas, en su libro “Responsabilidad Civil” (2011) analiza los siguientes factores de atribución de la responsabilidad objetiva: a) El riesgo creado; b) La garantía de la víctima; c) El incumplimiento de las obligaciones de resultado; d) El incumplimiento de la obligación de seguridad; e) El incumplimiento de la obligación de información; f) La igualdad ante la carga pública; g) La responsabilidad por el hecho de las cosas; h) Las garantías edilicias: los vicios de la cosa; i) Las perturbaciones anormales de vecindad y; j) El ejercicio de los derechos de revocación y resiliación." ... Ver más Citas de Legislación y Doctrina Sentencias Relacionadas Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: Responsabilidad Civil Tema: Daño ambiental Subtemas:
Naturaleza objetiva de la responsabilidad e inversión en la carga de la prueba.
"II.[...] Así las cosas, se recalca que a partir de un análisis armonioso de la normativa ambiental referida (nacional e internacional) como de la doctrina y jurisprudencia que se ha citado, nuestros legisladores se han decantado por implementar en materia ambiental el principio “el que contamina paga” con independencia de la existencia de un vínculo subjetivo; con lo que nos encontramos frente a un cambio de paradigma, ya que tradicionalmente la responsabilidad ha sido fundada en la teoría de la culpa (art. 1045 del Código Civil), mientras que la responsabilidad objetiva se ha visualizado de aplicación indispensable en esta rama del derecho, lo que presupone una ventaja a favor del lesionado, por cuanto se da una inversión de la carga de la prueba, dado que queda exonerado de probar la culpa o dolo del causante del daño y este último, solo se verá exonerado de responsabilidad, si prueba la existencia de fuerza mayor, culpa de la víctima y el hecho de un tercero; a diferencia de los casos de responsabilidad subjetiva; lo que se constituye en un beneficio para el medio ambiente, en el tanto se busca lograr que en el menor tiempo posible, este pueda ser restaurado y vuelva a su estado originario.
En el caso concreto, es claro que el Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Cartago, al conocer y declarar sin lugar el primer motivo del recurso de apelación incoado en su oportunidad por la Procuraduría General de la República, aplica erróneamente la normativa ambiental supra referida, en el tanto derivan de esta, que la misma se rige por el principio de responsabilidad subjetiva, en la que se debe probar la culpa o el dolo de la persona que causa el daño ambiental a fin que prospere la acción civil resarcitoria entablada en su contra, ..." ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Temas Estrategicos: Ambiental Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: Responsabilidad Civil Tema: Daño ambiental Subtemas:
PGR es el ente legitimado para reclamar restitución del daño.
"III.[...] En este caso, lleva razón el órgano acusador, respecto a que no se requiere de la interposición de una acción civil resarcitoria a fin de requerir la restitución del bien a su estado original, pues tal posibilidad jurídica es un derecho de la parte ofendida, tal y cual ha sido admitido por esta Cámara en la resolución N° 2019-1622, de las 14:40 horas, del trece de diciembre del dos mil diecinueve (13/12/2019), en la que se indicó: “(…) La restitución es entendida como la acción de “volver algo a quien lo tenía antes, así como restablecer o poner algo en el estado que tenía antes” (Diccionario de la Real Academia Española, vigésimo tercera edición, octubre de 2014). La anterior definición contiene las dos acepciones que la restitución tiene también en el plano jurídico, en tanto en su sentido amplio implica la “restitutio in tegrum”, es decir, la restitución al estado original, volver las cosas a las condiciones que tenían de previo a que se efectuara el ilícito; mientras que en sentido estricto se entiende como devolver a su legítimo poseedor o dueño la cosa de la que fue privado ilegítimamente con ocasión del delito.
(Abdelnour Granados, Rosa. La responsabilidad Civil Derivada del Hecho Punible, Editorial Juricentro,1984. P. 261). En nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, tanto la legislación penal, como la procesal penal vigente, establecen que la restitución es la consecuencia civil preferente del delito. Propiamente en el numeral 103 del Código Penal se señala: “Todo hecho punible tiene como consecuencia la reparación civil, que será determinada en sentencia condenatoria; ésta ordenará:
Jesús Alberto Ramírez Q.
Gerardo Rubén Alfaro V.
Sandra Eugenia Zúñiga M.
Rafael Segura B. Magistrado Suplente. VOTO SALVADO DE LA MAGISTRADA ZÚÑIGA MORALES Único . Con el debido respeto, discrepo del criterio expresado por la mayoría de esta Cámara en cuanto declaró sin lugar el recurso de casación interpuesto por la representación del Ministerio Público. Estimo, que lo procedente es que se declaren con lugar los tres motivos de dicho recurso (los cuales son conexos) y, en consecuencia, se ordene un reenvío ante el Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal para que, con una distinta integración, proceda a conocer el recurso de apelación formulado por el ente fiscal. Lo anterior, por haberse aplicado erróneamente el numeral 103 inciso 1) del Código Penal. El punto medular de los tres motivos del recurso de casación interpuestos por el Fiscal José Alejandro Alpízar Arrones, tiene relación directa con la declaratoria de inadmisibilidad de su recurso de apelación (por voto de mayoría), en razón que se consideró que no se encontraba legitimado para impugnar sobre el extremo de la restitución de las cosas a su estado original.
El juez de apelación Fernández Mora sustentó su resolución en la circunstancia que carecía de legitimación subjetiva para recurrir aspectos civiles del hecho punible, en razón que el actor civil del Estado es la Procuraduría General de la República, pues fue quien interpuso la acción civil resarcitoria; mientras que la cojueza Carranza Cambronero -que igualmente optó por declarar la inadmisibilidad-, lo hizo con base en el argumento de que la restitución de la cosa u objeto, es un derecho de la víctima como tal, por lo que no requiere de la interposición de una acción civil resarcitoria para peticionarlo, estimando que, en el caso concreto, tal representación la ostentaba de forma exclusiva la Procuraduría General de la República, careciendo, en consecuencia, la Fiscalía, de legitimación. Lo primero que se debe señalar en cuanto a esta materia, es que la restitución implica “poner algo” en el estado que tenía con anterioridad.
Se coincide con el voto de mayoría de los integrantes de esta Sala en cuanto señala: “…lleva razón el órgano acusador, respecto a que no se requiere de la interposición de una acción civil resarcitoria a fin de requerir la restitución del bien a su estado original, pues tal posibilidad jurídica es un derecho de la parte ofendida…”. Sobre el particular, la Sala Tercera, en otras oportunidades ha indicado: “…la restitución del objeto como consecuencia civil del delito no es una indemnización o una forma de reparación civil, como erróneamente lo apreciaron los jueces de alzada, sino una consecuencia necesaria derivada de la finalidad última que persigue el proceso penal, que en lo posible intenta restablecer las cosas a su estado original, antes de la comisión del delito. Claramente el artículo 103 del Código Penal -que regula de forma específica las consecuencias civiles del hecho punible- estipula: “Todo hecho punible tiene como consecuencia la reparación civil, que será determinada en sentencia condenatoria; ésta ordenará: a) la restitución de las cosas o en su defecto el pago del respectivo valor; b) la reparación de todo daño; y la indemnización de los perjuicios causados tanto al ofendido como a terceros; 3) el comiso”.
Este precepto legal debe ser analizado a la luz de los principios generales que rigen el proceso penal, conforme con una interpretación sistemática. Así, se establece en el ordinal 7 del Código Procesal Penal: “Los tribunales deberán resolver el conflicto surgido a consecuencia del hecho, de conformidad con los principios contenidos en las leyes, en procura de contribuir a restaurar la armonía social entre las partes y, en especial, el restablecimiento de los derechos de la víctima”. De modo que a la luz de dicha normativa, la exigencia que los jueces de alzada contemplan en relación con la necesaria petición expresa de restitución mediante una acción civil no resulta atendible, toda vez que la restitución del bien deviene de un principio general establecido en la ley penal, que es el derecho de toda víctima del delito de ser restituido, en la medida de lo posible, de ese bien que le fue despojado con ocasión de un ilícito en su contra…” ( ) “…No obstante, ello no implica que dicha restitución siempre y en todo caso requiera de la interposición de la acción civil resarcitoria, porque ya el artículo 103 del Código Penal, esclarece que la restitución del bien, es una consecuencia necesaria, para restaurar los derechos de la víctima.
Es decir, la normativa no es excluyente…” (Sala Tercera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, sentencia N° 2019-00280, de las 15:45 horas, del ocho de marzo del dos mil diecinueve (08/03/2019). Integración: Ramírez, Solano, Zúñiga, Alfaro y Desanti) . En similar sentido se ha dicho: “… En nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, tanto la legislación penal, como la procesal penal vigente, establecen que la restitución es la consecuencia civil preferente del delito. Propiamente en el numeral 103 del Código Penal se señala: “Todo hecho punible tiene como consecuencia la reparación civil, que será determinada en sentencia condenatoria; ésta ordenará:
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.