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Res. 00437-2022 Sala Tercera de la Corte · Sala Tercera de la Corte · 22/04/2022
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber granted the Attorney General’s ground concerning strict environmental liability and ordered the appellate court to reconsider the civil claim, while leaving the criminal acquittal undisturbed and denying the Public Prosecutor’s appeal by majority.La Sala acogió el motivo de la Procuraduría sobre responsabilidad ambiental objetiva y ordenó al tribunal de apelación reexaminar la pretensión civil, manteniendo incólume la absolutoria penal y rechazando por mayoría el recurso del Ministerio Público.
SummaryResumen
The Third Chamber held that civil liability for environmental damage is governed by a strict-liability standard when the applicable statutory requirements are met. Unlike ordinary fault-based liability, the injured party need not prove intent or negligence: establishing the damage and a causal connection to the attributed act or omission is sufficient. The defendant bears the burden of proving a valid ground for exoneration. The Chamber therefore granted the Attorney General’s appeal and partially reversed the appellate judgment, which had treated liability under environmental and soil-conservation legislation as fault-based. The Chamber did not itself hold the civil defendant liable or disturb his criminal acquittal; instead, it directed the appellate court to examine the civil claim comprehensively under the strict-liability framework. By majority, it also denied the Public Prosecutor’s appeal concerning restoration, although a dissenting justice concluded that prosecutors had standing to seek restoration of the affected land and favored remanding that issue to a differently constituted appellate panel.La Sala Tercera resolvió que la responsabilidad civil por daño ambiental se rige por un criterio objetivo cuando concurren los presupuestos legales correspondientes. A diferencia del régimen ordinario fundado en la culpa, la persona afectada no debe demostrar dolo o negligencia: basta acreditar el daño y el nexo causal con la acción u omisión atribuida. La carga de demostrar una causa de exoneración recae sobre el demandado. Por ello, acogió el recurso de la Procuraduría y revocó parcialmente la sentencia de apelación, que había interpretado como subjetiva la responsabilidad contemplada en la legislación ambiental y de conservación de suelos. La Sala no declaró directamente responsable al demandado civil ni alteró su absolutoria penal; ordenó al tribunal de apelación examinar integralmente la pretensión civil conforme al régimen objetivo. Por mayoría rechazó, además, el recurso del Ministerio Público relacionado con la restitución, extremo respecto del cual hubo voto salvado favorable al reenvío.
Key excerptExtracto clave
The cited provisions, together with the principles governing environmental matters, indicate—in principle—that liability under environmental law is strict in nature. Under this standard, it is unnecessary to prove the agent’s fault (a breach of the duty of care, formerly understood as recklessness, negligence, or lack of skill); instead, liability requires that the agent, through an act or omission, cause damage, thereby establishing a causal connection. For these reasons, the sole ground of cassation admitted on behalf of the State is granted to this extent. Consequently, Judgment No. 2020-627 of the Cartago Criminal Judgment Appeals Court, issued at 11:24 a.m. on October 23, 2020, is reversed solely as to its disposition of the Attorney General’s first ground of appeal, with two clarifications: (1) the defendant’s criminal acquittal remains undisturbed because neither the Attorney General nor the Public Prosecutor challenged it; and (2) this Cassation Chamber has not prejudged whether the civil defendant has a duty to answer for the alleged environmental damage. It has held only that strict liability applies in environmental matters when the requirements for its application are satisfied.De la normativa referida, así como de los principios que gobiernan la materia ambiental, se deriva – en principio – que la responsabilidad que rige en el derecho ambiental es de índole objetivo, de ahí la necesidad de estudiar este eje, del que vale la pena subrayar que en el mismo, se prescinde de probar la culpa del agente (falta al deber de cuidado, lo que antiguamente, se entendía como imprudencia, negligencia e impericia) sino que, basta para su configuración, que con su acción u omisión cause un daño (nexo de causalidad). Por lo anterior, es que se declara con lugar en este extremo, el único motivo del recurso de casación admitido al representante del Estado. En consecuencia, se revoca el fallo del Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Cartago N° 2020-627, de las 11:24 horas, del veintitrés de octubre del dos mil veinte (23/10/2020), únicamente en relación a lo resuelto respecto al primer motivo de apelación interpuesto por la Procuraduría General de la Republica, dejando claro dos aspectos 1) La absolutoria penal del imputado [Nombre 001], se mantiene incólume en razón que esta no fue impugnada ni por el representante de la Procuraduría, ni por el Ministerio Público. 2) Esta Sala de Casación no ha prejuzgado que exista el deber de responder por parte del demandado civil [Nombre 001], por el daño ambiental que supuestamente se causó, sino que lo que se estableció es que en materia ambiental se impone la responsabilidad objetiva, de cumplirse con los presupuestos de su aplicación.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"La responsabilidad de indemnizar en la vía judicial que corresponda y, de reparar los daños causados al ambiente y a terceros afectados, por parte de quien contamine o deteriore el recurso del suelo, independientemente de la existencia de culpa o dolo o del grado de participación; con lo que se prescinde del elemento subjetivo de la responsabilidad."
"A person who pollutes or degrades soil resources must provide compensation through the appropriate judicial proceeding and repair the damage caused to the environment and affected third parties, regardless of fault, intent, or degree of participation; the subjective element of liability is therefore dispensed with."
Considerando II
"La responsabilidad de indemnizar en la vía judicial que corresponda y, de reparar los daños causados al ambiente y a terceros afectados, por parte de quien contamine o deteriore el recurso del suelo, independientemente de la existencia de culpa o dolo o del grado de participación; con lo que se prescinde del elemento subjetivo de la responsabilidad."
Considerando II
"El que contamina paga, lo que significa que el generador de efectos degradantes del ambiente, actuales o futuros, es responsable de los costos de las acciones preventivas y correctivas de recomposición."
"The polluter pays, meaning that whoever generates present or future environmentally degrading effects is responsible for the costs of preventive and corrective restoration measures."
Considerando II
"El que contamina paga, lo que significa que el generador de efectos degradantes del ambiente, actuales o futuros, es responsable de los costos de las acciones preventivas y correctivas de recomposición."
Considerando II
"El equilibrio del entorno, impone que quien contamina limpia, quien destruye repone y quien afecta derechos ambientales asume su transgresión, sin limitaciones."
"Environmental balance requires that whoever pollutes must clean up, whoever destroys must restore, and whoever infringes environmental rights must fully assume the consequences of that infringement."
Considerando II
"El equilibrio del entorno, impone que quien contamina limpia, quien destruye repone y quien afecta derechos ambientales asume su transgresión, sin limitaciones."
Considerando II
"Esta Sala de Casación no ha prejuzgado que exista el deber de responder por parte del demandado civil [Nombre 001], por el daño ambiental que supuestamente se causó, sino que lo que se estableció es que en materia ambiental se impone la responsabilidad objetiva, de cumplirse con los presupuestos de su aplicación."
"This Cassation Chamber has not prejudged whether the civil defendant has a duty to answer for the alleged environmental damage; it has held only that strict liability applies in environmental matters when the requirements for its application are satisfied."
Considerando II
"Esta Sala de Casación no ha prejuzgado que exista el deber de responder por parte del demandado civil [Nombre 001], por el daño ambiental que supuestamente se causó, sino que lo que se estableció es que en materia ambiental se impone la responsabilidad objetiva, de cumplirse con los presupuestos de su aplicación."
Considerando II
Full documentDocumento completo
Document Review Res: 2022-00437 CRIMINAL CASSATION CHAMBER. San José, at sixteen hours forty-six minutes on the twenty-second day of April, two thousand twenty-two.
Appeal on points of law (recurso de casación) filed in these proceedings against [Nombre 001], Costa Rican, identity card [Nombre 001], born on the eighth day of April, nineteen fifty (08/04/1950), son of [Nombre 002] and [Nombre 003], for the offenses of land-use change (cambio de uso de suelo), encroachment upon a protected area (invasión en área de protección), and opening a trail in a forest (apertura de trocha en bosque), committed to the detriment of natural resources. Participating in the decision on the appeal are Justices Patricia Solano Castro, Jesús Alberto Ramírez Quirós, Gerardo Rubén Alfaro Vargas, Sandra Eugenia Zúñiga Morales, and Rafael Segura Bonilla, the latter sitting as an alternate. Also appearing at this stage is attorney Allan Coto Gómez, as defense counsel for the accused. Attorney José Alejandro Alpízar Arrones appeared as the representative of the Ministerio Público, and attorney Manrique Ruíz Leal appeared as the representative of the Procuraduría General de la República.
Background:
Justice Rafael Segura Bonilla reporting; and,
Whereas:
I.By ruling N° 2021-514, issued at 16:06 hours on the thirteenth day of May, two thousand twenty-one (13/05/2021) (see folios 79 through 88 of the principal case file), this Chamber ordered the admission for a decision on the merits of the first ground of the appeal on points of law filed by attorney Manrique Ruíz Leal, in his capacity as Deputy Counsel of the Procuraduría General de la República (cf. folios 43 through 47 of the physical record), as well as the first three grounds of the appeal on points of law filed by attorney José Alejandro Alpízar Arrones, in his capacity as assistant prosecutor of the Fiscalía Adjunta Agrario Ambiental (cf. folios 51 through 56 of the physical record). Those appeals challenge decision N° 2020-627, issued at 11:24 hours on the twenty-third day of October, two thousand twenty (23/10/2020), by the Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Cartago, which, by majority vote, declared the challenge filed by the Ministerio Público inadmissible and denied the one filed by the Procuraduría General de la República, thereby affirming judgment N° 366-2020, issued at 17:00 hours on the eighth day of July, two thousand twenty (08/07/2020), by the Tribunal Penal de Cartago, which acquitted defendant [Nombre 001] of all criminal and civil liability for the offenses of land-use change, encroachment upon a protected area, and opening a trail in a forest, to the detriment of Natural Resources; it also denied both parties’ request for an order restoring matters to the condition in which they existed before the criminal act (see folios 23 through 35 of the physical case file).
II.Appeal in cassation (recurso de casación) filed by Deputy Attorney General Manrique Ruíz Leal. In the sole ground for challenge admitted, he argues that the following substantive provisions were violated: Articles 45, 46, and 50 of the Political Constitution; Articles 2, 98, and 101 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente; Articles 1, 41, 42, and 52 of the Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos; Articles 1, 27, 33, 34, 19, and 20 of the Ley Forestal; and Articles 10, 337, 338, 339, 342, 343, and 344 of the Civil Code. The appellant reasons that, by majority decision, the Criminal Judgment Appeals Court dismissed the first ground of his appeal, holding that Articles 98 and 101 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and Article 52 of the Ley de Usos de Suelos establish a fault-based liability regime (régimen de responsabilidad subjetiva), which arises only when negligent or intentional conduct is shown or proven, rather than merely upon proof of environmental damage (daño ambiental).
The complainant considers the majority opinion’s interpretation of the legislation to be incorrect, because it does establish a strict-liability regime (régimen de responsabilidad objetiva), as inferred from the body of legislation enacted following the amendment of Articles 46 and 50 of the Political Constitution, which guarantee heightened and vigorous protection of the environment, the guiding principle of which directs and redefines other legal institutions. This was the origin of the legislative supplement to the environmental-liability system (sistema de responsabilidad ambiental) established in Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N° 75542, Article 2 subsections d) and e) of which provide that whoever pollutes or damages the environment shall be liable and that such damage affects multiple legally protected interests (pluriofensivo) because of the negative social, economic, ethical, and cultural effects it produces for present and future generations.
He also states that this liability system is defined by Article 98 of that law as a basis for attribution of liability (criterio de imputación): damage to or pollution of the environment may be caused by an act or omission, while Article 101 thereof provides for the civil liability (responsabilidad civil) of the owners of businesses or activities in which damage is caused by an act or omission. He explains that this form of liability is also regulated by Article 1 of Ley de Uso de Suelo, number 7779, which was enacted for the purpose of conserving soils through the sustainable use of natural resources. The appellant considers that the legislature imposed upon every individual or legal entity the obligation and right to oversee and ensure compliance with the law and its regulations, pursuant to Article 42 thereof, establishing that whoever degrades or pollutes soil resources, irrespective of the existence of negligence or intent or the degree of participation, is liable to pay compensation through the appropriate judicial proceeding and to remedy the damage caused to the environment and third parties, in accordance with Article 52 of the Ley de Uso de Suelo.
He contends that the Appellate Court committed a serious error of interpretation when analyzing the aforementioned legislation, because it reached a conclusion entirely contrary to its provisions, which establish a standard of strict liability for the owners of businesses or activities in which environmental damage occurs. He states that it is precisely from this legislative framework that the civil liability of defendant [Nombre 001] arises, because, as the holder of properties suited to forest and water-resource uses, he permitted, by act or omission, those natural resources to be harmed as a result of the coffee-growing activity conducted there. He adds that, even though it was not possible to prove the defendant’s criminal liability, it was established that he holds the usufruct (usufructo) of property 406671-001 and is the de facto owner of property 297041-000, and that severe environmental damage occurred on both properties: in a forested sector of the first property and within the protection area (área de protección) of a spring (naciente) on the second.
He argues that defendant [Nombre 001], as the holder of both properties, is strictly liable for the environmental damage caused, irrespective of whether he intentionally participated in causing it, based on a systematic analysis of the environmental-liability regime established in the Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos, the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, and the Ley de Biodiversidad, Article 8 of which contains the principle of the social function of property (principio de función social de la propiedad). Regarding the strict nature of the liability, the appellant cites excerpts from the case law of the First Chamber and the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice. He then states that, in this specific case, coffee production in the manner and during the period described in the civil action (acción civil) was established with certainty, that such production caused environmental damage, and that the owner and defendant, Fallas Vargas, assumed that risk and must therefore be held liable under the cited legislation.
He argues that the interests of the party he represents were seriously harmed by the denial of its right to compensation, even though the environmental damage described in the State’s complaint was proven. He requests that the ground for cassation be granted and that each form of relief sought be awarded, specifically compensation for environmental damage, payment of costs, and restoration. He explains that remediation (reparación) must occur through the natural regeneration recommended by officials of the State Forestry Administration, in order to remove the coffee plants and allow native species to grow naturally on both properties, an obligation to be assumed by the civil defendant, with the warning that failure to comply may constitute the offense of disobedience to authority. This ground for challenge is granted to the extent set forth below. Before stating the reasons why this ground is granted, it is useful for this case to review the constitutional and statutory environmental provisions that the appellant claims were misapplied by the Appellate Court, as well as the environmental principles derived from existing international law that are relevant to the examination of this case; and then to analyze, from both doctrinal and case-law perspectives, the subjects of strict civil liability and environmental liability, with particular emphasis on the rules established by our Constitutional Chamber.
Accordingly, the analysis will begin with the provisions enshrined in our Political Constitution regarding protection of the environment. In this regard, Article 45 establishes the inviolability of private property as an intrinsic principle; however, that same article makes clear that this is not an absolute right, but rather one that may be subject to restrictions in the social interest, as occurs with restrictions imposed to protect the environment. Article 46 of the Constitution provides—to the extent relevant here—that every consumer and user has the right to protection of their health, environment, safety, and economic interests; to receive adequate and truthful information; to freedom of choice; and to equitable treatment, as well as that the State has a duty to regulate this subject by law. Article 50 of our Magna Carta provides that the greatest welfare of all inhabitants of the country shall be pursued and that every person has the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment; consequently, we all have standing (legitimación) to report acts that infringe that right and to seek remediation of the damage caused, while the State shall guarantee, defend, and preserve that right.
It is now appropriate to review the content of Articles 2, 98, and 101 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente. Article 2 establishes the principles underlying the law, among which subsections d) and e) are particularly noteworthy because they provide that whoever pollutes the environment or causes damage shall be liable and that environmental damage is an offense of a social nature because it affects the foundations of society’s very existence. The rule established in Article 98 of the same body of law is relevant because it clarifies that environmental damage and pollution may be caused by acts or omissions of either individuals or legal entities. Lastly, Article 101 provides for the joint and several civil liability (responsabilidad civil y solidaria) of those responsible, whether individuals or legal entities, for losses and damages caused in violation of this law or of the laws governing protection of the environment and biological diversity, as well as the joint and several liability of the owners of businesses or activities in which the damage is caused, whether by act or omission.
The analysis now turns to Articles 1, 41, 42, and 52 of the Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos, from which three important points arise: a) The fundamental purpose of this law is to protect, conserve, and improve soils through integrated and sustainable management alongside other natural resources; b) Every individual or legal entity, whether public or private, has the obligation to promote, contribute to, and carry out all practices and activities necessary for soil management, conservation, and restoration, as well as to monitor and oversee compliance with soil legislation; and c) Whoever pollutes or degrades soil resources has an obligation to pay compensation through the appropriate judicial proceeding and to remedy damage caused to the environment and affected third parties, irrespective of the existence of negligence or intent or the degree of participation, thereby dispensing with the subjective element of liability.
A combined and comprehensive reading of Articles 1, 27, 33, 34, 19, and 20 of the Ley Forestal yields the following principles: i) The State’s essential and priority function is defined as ensuring the conservation, protection, and administration of natural forests and the production, harvesting, industrialization, and development of the country’s forest resources intended for that purpose, in accordance with the principle of appropriate and sustainable use of renewable natural resources; the cutting or harvesting of forests in national parks, biological reserves, mangroves, protected zones, wildlife refuges, and State-owned forest reserves is prohibited. ii) Up to a maximum of three trees per hectare may be cut annually on agricultural land without forest cover (cobertura boscosa), after authorization has been obtained from the Regional Environmental Council. If more than ten trees are to be cut on a property, authorization from the State Forestry Administration shall be required. iii) Specific forest-protection areas are established, together with a prohibition on cutting down trees in those areas; and iv) Land-use change (cambio de uso de los suelos) is prohibited on forest-covered land, except as expressly provided by law. Articles 337, 338, 339, 342, 343, and 344 of the Civil Code refer to usufruct, its implications, and its limitations.
Regarding the principles derived from the various international conventions and treaties, there are at least ninety-five environmental maxims (see the “95 legal environmental principles for ecologically sustainable development” approved at the XIX Edition of the Ibero-American Judicial Summit -2018, recognized by Corte Plena at session N° 28-2020, of veinticinco de mayo del dos mil veinte (25/05/2020), Article XIX), of which only those relevant to the issue in dispute and serving as interpretive parameters will be cited, namely:
A position that has been maintained over time, as shown in the following excerpt from a judgment: “(…) environmental-damage liability (responsabilidad por daño ambiental) has been treated differently, taking into account the particular characteristics of the subject matter involved. To ensure, to some extent, compensation (resarcimiento) for damage caused to the environment, the State has enacted a series of rules governing environmental liability (responsabilidad ambiental), while still bearing in mind the necessary balance between environmental protection and the development of private activities. Environmental Law (Derecho Ambiental) has adopted a different approach to liability, evolving from a fault-based liability system (responsabilidad por culpa) to one based on strict liability for risk (responsabilidad por riesgo), which provides broader coverage because such liability would arise even in the absence of fault on the part of the violator if the activity performed is deemed hazardous and that person assumes the risk, with potentially harmful consequences for the environment.
This is a new concept of liability in which the objective standard prevails over the subjective standard, since whether the person acted with or without fault is irrelevant to its arising; it is enough that the damage was actually caused for the resulting liability to arise immediately. In many instances, it is impossible to determine either the person at fault or the legal provision violated, because in most cases the damage results from an omission, but it is nonetheless harmful and must necessarily be compensated. It is in that context that Article 101 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and the provision now being challenged, Article 126 of the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, must be understood. The latter establishes a liability regime (régimen de responsabilidad) for legal entities (personas jurídicas) that have participated in the commission of the unlawful acts covered by that Law, stating that they shall be jointly and severally liable (solidariamente responsables) for the damage and losses caused to wildlife and the environment, with the resulting obligation to repair them fully, and also providing for the joint and several liability (responsabilidad solidaria) of the natural persons (personas físicas) or legal entities belonging to the same economic interest group (grupo de interés económico) as the offending legal entity.
The claimant’s principal argument is that the provision violates the presumption of innocence (principio de inocencia); however, that principle is not infringed because the challenged provision does not concern criminal liability (responsabilidad penal). It expressly so states by providing that joint and several liability for damage and losses caused to wildlife and the environment in general rests with legal entities that participated in the commission of unlawful acts covered by the Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre, ‘regardless of any personal, civil, or criminal liability that may attach to the partners, officers, or representatives,’ and therefore the claimant’s arguments on this point are likewise unfounded. Extending this type of liability to natural persons or legal entities belonging to the same economic interest group likewise does not infringe the presumption of innocence, because it similarly concerns the possibility that companies related to the offending legal entity may be held liable for the environmental damage caused (…)” (Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, decision N° 9966-2010, at 15:38 hours, del nueve de junio del dos mil diez (09/06/2010), with Calzada, Mora, Armijo, Cruz, Jinesta, Castillo, and Pacheco sitting).
Accordingly, it must be emphasized that, based on a harmonious analysis of the aforementioned environmental rules—both national and international—as well as the legal scholarship (doctrina) and case law (jurisprudencia) cited, our legislators have chosen to implement the “polluter pays” principle (principio “el que contamina paga”) in environmental matters irrespective of the existence of a subjective nexus. We are therefore facing a paradigm shift, since liability has traditionally been based on the theory of fault (teoría de la culpa) (Article 1045 of the Código Civil), whereas strict liability (responsabilidad objetiva) has been regarded as indispensable in this branch of law. This entails an advantage for the injured party because it reverses the burden of proof (inversión de la carga de la prueba), relieving that party of the need to prove fault or intent (dolo) on the part of the person who caused the damage; the latter will be exempt from liability only by proving force majeure (fuerza mayor), fault of the victim (culpa de la víctima), or the act of a third party (hecho de un tercero).
This differs from cases of fault-based liability (responsabilidad subjetiva) and benefits the environment by seeking to ensure that it can be restored to its original condition as quickly as possible. In the specific case, it is clear that the Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Cartago, in hearing and rejecting the first ground of the appeal filed at the appropriate time by the Procuraduría General de la República, erroneously applied the aforementioned environmental rules by concluding from them that environmental liability is governed by the principle of fault-based liability, under which the fault or intent of the person who causes the environmental damage must be proven for the compensatory civil action (acción civil resarcitoria) brought against that person to succeed. This is apparent from the following relevant portion of its reasoning: “(…) The appellant confuses the existence of rules establishing the obligation to repair environmental damage with the prerequisites (presupuestos) for those rules to apply to a case such as this one.
Article 52 of the Ley de uso, manejo y conservación de suelos number 7779 del 30 de abril de 1998, invoked by the appellant, provides that whoever pollutes or degrades the soil resource is liable to compensate for and repair the damage caused to the environment, which entails standards of subjective attribution (criterios de imputación subjetiva) that must be proven. That provision expressly states: ‘ARTICLE 52.- Whoever pollutes or degrades the soil resource, regardless of the existence of fault or intent or the degree of participation, shall be liable, in the appropriate judicial proceeding, to pay compensation and repair the damage caused to the environment and affected third parties.’ The wording of that article, from its very outset, establishes the existence of those standards of fault-based liability by identifying ‘whoever pollutes’ as the liable party, rather than the owner of the property or the person responsible for the agricultural or commercial activity conducted there, which would indeed constitute a form of strict liability established by law.
Furthermore, the express reference to the concepts of intent, fault, and degree of participation reinforces the idea that the environmental damage must be attributed to a specific person. When that provision states that liability is established ‘regardless of the existence of fault or intent,’ the legislature means that the obligation to repair exists both when the conduct is negligent and when it is intentional, and not, as the appellant erroneously interprets it, that civil liability (responsabilidad civil) may be imposed on the owners of enterprises or activities that cause such damage in every case of environmental damage. Not even Articles 98 and 101 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, invoked by the appellant, support such a conclusion, since Article 98 expressly states that conduct harmful to the environment ‘…is attributable to the natural persons or legal entities that engage in it,’ which again entails the establishment of fault-based liability, since the obligated party is the person who engages in the harmful activity, not the owner or anyone who conducts a particular agricultural or commercial activity merely by virtue of conducting it; rather, it is necessary to prove who caused that environmental damage.
Likewise, Article 101 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente again establishes a standard of fault-based liability for the joint and several civil liability referenced therein to apply, because it provides that ‘…those responsible for violations of this law or of laws governing the protection of the environment and biological diversity, whether natural persons or legal entities, shall be civilly liable for the damage and losses caused.’ In light of the foregoing, it is evident that it is untrue that environmental legislation has established a form of strict civil liability (responsabilidad civil objetiva) for damage caused to the environment; rather, the legislature has expressly established standards of subjective attribution for such liability to apply (…)” (cf. folios 28 and 29 of the physical case file). However, if we examine the actual content of the provisions cited in the appellate decision (voto de alzada), it is clear that they expressly dispense with the need to prove those volitional elements (elementos volitivos), because they are based on a strict-liability regime in environmental matters, as endorsed by constitutional case law.
For the foregoing reasons, the sole ground of the appeal on points of law (recurso de casación) admitted on behalf of the State is upheld in this respect. Consequently, the judgment of the Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Cartago N° 2020-627, at 11:24 hours, del veintitrés de octubre del dos mil veinte (23/10/2020), is reversed solely with respect to its ruling on the first ground of appeal filed by the Procuraduría General de la Republica, with the following two points made clear: 1) The criminal acquittal (absolutoria penal) of the accused [Nombre 001] remains undisturbed because it was challenged neither by the representative of the Procuraduría nor by the Ministerio Público. 2) This Sala de Casación has not prejudged whether the civil defendant (demandado civil), [Nombre 001], has a duty to answer for the environmental damage allegedly caused; rather, it has established that strict liability applies in environmental matters when the prerequisites for its application are satisfied.
In this regard, it is clarified that the ad quem must conduct a comprehensive examination of the case file and the first-instance judgment in order to decide this issue, as provided by Article 459 in conjunction with Article 465 of the Código Procesal Penal, since that is the jurisdiction conferred upon it by the legislature. Accordingly, this Cámara de Casación declines the appellant’s request that this court determine the civil defendant’s strict environmental liability (responsabilidad ambiental objetiva) under the allegations made in the compensatory civil action and impose the corresponding compensatory award (sanción indemnizatoria), because doing so would encroach upon the statutory jurisdiction granted to other courts and would also deprive the unsuccessful party of the opportunity to challenge the decision, thereby violating that party’s right of access to a second instance (segunda instancia). Accordingly, the case file is remanded to the court of origin so that, sitting with a different panel, it may decide the issue identified herein.
III.Appeal in cassation filed by prosecutor José Alejandro Alpízar Arrones. In the first ground raised, pursuant to section 468(b) of the Código Procesal Penal, he states that, by declaring inadmissible the appeal against the judgment filed by the Fiscalía on the basis of a lack of passive standing (legitimación pasiva), because it was neither the victim nor the victim’s representative, section 103(1) of the Código Penal was erroneously applied. He argues that, to support its finding of inadmissibility, the Tribunal de Apelación treated the civil consequences defined in Article 103(1) of the Código Penal as equivalent, holding that both require the filing of a civil action for damages (acción civil resarcitoria) before they may be considered by the Court. He contends that this is incorrect because the Article provides that restitution of property (restitución de las cosas) shall be a civil consequence of the offense, but that, if such restitution is no longer possible, payment of the corresponding value shall be ordered.
He states that the wording refers to two distinct scenarios: one in which it is possible to restore the infringed right, which entails restitution of property, and another in which restoring the right is no longer possible, in which case payment of the corresponding value is ordered. He explains that the second scenario entails monetary compensation and, in order to seek such relief in criminal proceedings, as the challenged judgment explains, a civil action for damages must be filed; however, the first scenario is unrelated to monetary compensation. As stated in the dissenting opinion of Judge Fallas Redondo and in the clarifying note of Judge Carranza Cambronero, restitution of property does not provide a monetary benefit to the victim, but instead restores the victim’s enjoyment of the right under the conditions existing before the offense was committed; consequently, requiring the filing of a civil action for damages makes no sense.
He adds that a correct application of the “procedural” provision (sic) should determine which of the scenarios applies to the victim’s right and give priority to restoration of property if it remains possible, because the provision itself establishes that payment of the corresponding value applies only when the first consequence is unavailable. That correct interpretation clarifies in which scenario filing a civil action for damages is necessary and in which it is not. He contends that, as a direct consequence of the correct application of the provision, it is evident that the Ministerio Público does have standing to request restitution of property, even though it is not itself the victim and does not bring a civil action for damages. He reiterates that the ruling is vitiated by the erroneous application of a substantive legal provision, because it incorrectly applied Article 103(1) of the Código Penal by requiring the Ministerio Público to be the victim’s legal representative in order to bring a civil action for damages.
As the prejudice suffered, he explains that the Ministerio Público was denied access to justice; its grounds were not considered even though the appeal was filed in the proper form and within the prescribed time; and those grounds were not adjudicated because the appeal was declared inadmissible based on requirements that the law itself does not impose for application of the legal doctrine established in section 103(1) of the Código Penal. He requests that the challenged judgment be vacated and that the appeal filed by the Ministerio Público be adjudicated. As his second argument, he alleges the erroneous application of a procedural legal provision, specifically Articles 140 and 289 of the Código Procesal Penal, read together. The appellant argues that, in the first recital (considerando), Judge Carranza Cambronero stated that she did not agree with Judge Fernández Mora’s position, because she considered that restitution of property does not form part of the legal doctrine governing civil actions for damages, yet she nevertheless declared the appeal filed by the Fiscalía inadmissible on the ground that it did not represent the victim.
The appellant contends that this constituted an erroneous application of section 140 of the Código Procesal Penal in accordance with section 289 thereof, in which the legislature imposed two duties on the Ministerio Público: first, to bring to an end any consequences arising from an offense and, second, to initiate the corresponding investigation. He asserts that the legal system assigned two overarching purposes to criminal proceedings: restoring victims’ rights and determining any applicable criminal liability, while granting the parties legal mechanisms for pursuing those purposes. As examples, he cites personal precautionary measures (medidas cautelares personales), atypical precautionary measures (medidas cautelares atípicas), and the judge’s special authority to restore matters to their prior state. He adds that the legislature required the Ministerio Público to seek the cessation of any consequence that an offense may produce and that prosecutors do have standing to request restitution of property.
Their role is not limited to seeking the defendant’s prosecution; they must also pursue all legal actions necessary to restore victims’ rights. He further states that it is irrelevant whether the Ministerio Público represents the victim because no provision exempts it from the duty to bring the effects of offenses to an end. This authorizes it to submit all necessary requests and thus confers the standing that the Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia denied it. As the prejudice suffered, he states that the Ministerio Público was denied relief that it had validly requested, thereby allowing an offense to continue producing potentially irreversible consequences and preventing the prosecuting authority from pursuing and fulfilling the legal duty imposed by Article 289 of the Código Procesal Penal. He requests that the judgment be vacated and that the Tribunal de Apelación be ordered to adjudicate the appeal filed by the Ministerio Público.
In the third admitted claim, he alleges the failure to apply a substantive legal provision, Article 103(1) of the Código Penal. The appellant explains that, when adjudicating the second ground of the appeal against the judgment filed by the Procuraduría General de la República, in recital IV, the majority of the Tribunal de Apelación failed to apply the legal mechanism for restoration of property, instead referring the matter to the Poder Ejecutivo and assigning it responsibility for correcting the unlawful legal situation caused by the offense—he cites two excerpts from the Tribunal’s decision. He then states that the judges chose not to apply the legal mechanism defined in Article 103(1) of the Código Penal, which is designed to judicially restore the rights of victims affected by an offense. To justify that choice, they endeavored to provide arguments concerning civil actions for damages and the Poder Judicial’s workload; although they had the legal authority to order restitution of property in favor of the victim, they did not do so and instead transferred that responsibility to the Poder Ejecutivo.
Judge Fernández Mora found it established that a forest had existed at the site and had been adversely affected, acknowledging that the technical evidence submitted demonstrated as much. The appellant therefore contends that the judges were required to rule on the present and future consequences of that conduct, as provided in Article 103(1) of the Código Penal. Nevertheless, they decided to refer the final decision regarding the future of the affected forest to MINAE, thereby failing to apply the provision and contravening Article 11 of the Constitución Política, which prohibits the Supremos Poderes from relinquishing their functions. He states that the legal system contains no provision permitting such a transfer of powers; therefore, the Tribunal de Apelación was required to apply the cited section and determine the future of the forest affected by the alleged conduct. As the prejudice suffered, he states that the Ministerio Público and the victim were denied effective judicial protection (tutela judicial efectiva) because the matter was referred to another authority, thereby requiring the victim to endure the continued infringement of its rights and the ongoing consequences of an offense. He requests that the judgment be vacated and that the Tribunal be ordered to adjudicate the appeal against the judgment.
IV.Because the objections raised by the prosecutorial representative are connected in terms of their resolution, they are decided jointly and denied. The central issue in the first and second complaints by the Public Prosecutor’s Office is that its appeal was declared inadmissible because it was deemed to lack standing to challenge the matter of restoring things to their original condition. One of the judges based his ruling on the fact that it lacked subjective standing (legitimación subjetiva) to appeal civil aspects of the criminal offense, because the civil claimant (actor civil) for the State is the Procuraduría General de la República, as that institution filed the civil action for damages (acción civil resarcitoria); the other judge, who likewise ruled in favor of inadmissibility, did so on the ground that, although restitution of the thing or object is a right of the victim as such and therefore does not require the filing of a civil action for damages in order to demand it, in this particular case such representation was held exclusively by the Procuraduría General de la República.
In this case, the prosecuting authority is correct that filing a civil action for damages is not required in order to seek restoration of the property to its original condition, since that legal remedy is a right of the injured party, as this Chamber recognized in decision N° 2019-1622, issued at 14:40 hours on the thirteenth of December two thousand nineteen (13/12/2019), which stated: “(…) Restitution (restitución) is understood as the act of ‘returning something to the person who previously had it, as well as restoring or placing something in the condition it had before’ (Dictionary of the Real Academia Española, twenty-third edition, October 2014). The foregoing definition contains the two meanings that restitution also has in the legal sphere: in its broad sense, it entails ‘restitutio in tegrum,’ that is, restoration to the original condition, returning things to the conditions they were in before the unlawful act occurred; whereas, in its strict sense, it is understood as returning to its lawful possessor or owner the thing of which that person was unlawfully deprived as a result of the offense.
(Abdelnour Granados, Rosa. La responsabilidad Civil Derivada del Hecho Punible, Editorial Juricentro,1984. P. 261). Under our legal system, both current criminal legislation and criminal procedural legislation establish that restitution is the preferred civil consequence of an offense. Specifically, numeral 103 of the Criminal Code states: ‘Every criminal offense shall entail civil reparation (reparación civil), which shall be determined in the judgment of conviction; the judgment shall order:
Por Tanto:
By majority vote, the appeal in cassation (recurso de casación) filed by attorney José Alejandro Alpízar Arrones, in his capacity as Assistant Prosecutor of the Fiscalía Adjunta Agrario Ambiental, is denied; Justice Zúñiga Morales dissents. Unanimously, the sole ground admitted for attorney Manrique Ruíz Leal, in his capacity as Deputy Attorney of the Procuraduría General de la República, is granted. Consequently, judgment N° 2020-627 of the Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Cartago, issued at 11:24 hours on October 23, 2020, is reversed solely with respect to the ruling on the first ground of appeal filed by the Procuraduría General de la República; the case file is therefore immediately remanded to that court so that, with a differently constituted panel, it may rule on that claim. In all other respects, the decision remains undisturbed. Let notice be served.
Patricia Solano C.
Jesús Alberto Ramírez Q.
Gerardo Rubén Alfaro V.
Sandra Eugenia Zúñiga M.
Rafael Segura B.
Alternate Justice.
DISSENTING OPINION OF JUSTICE ZÚÑIGA MORALES Sole Ground. With due respect, I disagree with the position expressed by the majority of this Chamber insofar as it denied the appeal in cassation filed by the representative of the Ministerio Público. I believe that the proper course is to grant all three grounds of that appeal—which are interconnected—and, consequently, to order a remand to the Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal so that, with a differently constituted panel, it may hear the appeal filed by the prosecution service. This is because paragraph 1) of Article 103 of the Código Penal was applied erroneously. The central issue in the three grounds of the appeal in cassation filed by Prosecutor José Alejandro Alpízar Arrones is directly related to the ruling that his appeal was inadmissible, adopted by majority vote, on the ground that he lacked standing (legitimación) to challenge the matter of restoring things to their original condition.
Appellate Judge Fernández Mora based his decision on the circumstance that the prosecutor lacked subjective standing (legitimación subjetiva) to appeal civil aspects of the criminal offense (hecho punible), because the State’s civil claimant (actor civil) is the Procuraduría General de la República, which filed the civil action for damages (acción civil resarcitoria). Associate Judge Carranza Cambronero—who likewise chose to declare the appeal inadmissible—did so on the ground that restitution of the thing or object is a right belonging to the victim as such and therefore does not require the filing of a civil action for damages in order to request it. She considered that, in this specific case, the Procuraduría General de la República held such representation exclusively and that, consequently, the Fiscalía lacked standing. The first point to be made regarding this matter is that restitution (restitución) entails “returning something” to the condition in which it previously existed.
I agree with the majority opinion of the members of this Chamber insofar as it states: “…the prosecuting authority is correct that filing a civil action for damages is not required in order to seek restoration of the property to its original condition, since that legal possibility is a right of the injured party…”. On this matter, the Sala Tercera has stated on other occasions: “…restitution of the object as a civil consequence of the offense is not compensation or a form of civil reparation, as the appellate judges erroneously concluded, but rather a necessary consequence arising from the ultimate purpose pursued by criminal proceedings, which seek, insofar as possible, to restore things to their original condition before the commission of the offense. Article 103 of the Código Penal—which specifically governs the civil consequences of a criminal offense—clearly provides: “Every criminal offense shall entail civil reparation, which shall be determined in the conviction; the conviction shall order: a) restitution of the things or, failing that, payment of their respective value; b) reparation of all damage; and compensation for losses caused both to the injured party and to third parties; 3) forfeiture.” This legal provision must be examined in light of the general principles governing criminal proceedings, using a systematic interpretation.
Thus, Article 7 of the Código Procesal Penal provides: “The courts shall resolve the conflict arising as a consequence of the act, in accordance with the principles contained in the laws, seeking to contribute to the restoration of social harmony between the parties and, especially, to the restoration of the victim’s rights.” Accordingly, in light of those provisions, the requirement contemplated by the appellate judges that restitution must necessarily be expressly requested through a civil action is untenable, because restitution of the property derives from a general principle established in criminal law: the right of every victim of an offense to have restored to them, insofar as possible, the property of which they were dispossessed as a result of an unlawful act committed against them…” ( ) “…Nevertheless, this does not mean that such restitution always and in every case requires the filing of a civil action for damages, because Article 103 of the Código Penal already makes clear that restitution of the property is a necessary consequence for restoring the victim’s rights.
In other words, the provision is not exclusionary…” (Sala Tercera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, judgment N° 2019-00280, issued at 15:45 hours on March 8, 2019 (08/03/2019). Panel: Ramírez, Solano, Zúñiga, Alfaro and Desanti). Similarly, it has been stated: “…Under our legal system, both the criminal legislation and the criminal procedural legislation currently in force establish restitution as the preferred civil consequence of an offense. Article 103 of the Código Penal specifically states: “Every criminal offense shall entail civil reparation, which shall be determined in the conviction; the conviction shall order:
Sandra Eugenia Zúñiga M.
Roleon Int: 0241-3/7-3-21
Revisión del Documento Res: 2022-00437 SALA DE CASACIÓN PENAL. San José, a las dieciséis horas cuarenta y seis minutos del veintidós de abril de dos mil veintidós.
Recurso de Casación interpuesto en la presente causa seguida contra [Nombre 001], costarricense, cédula de identidad [Nombre 001], nacido el ocho de abril de mil novecientos cincuenta (08/04/1950), hijo de [Nombre 002] y [Nombre 003]; por los delitos de cambio de uso de suelo, invasión en área de protección y apertura de trocha en bosque, cometidos en perjuicio de los recursos naturales. Intervienen en la decisión del recurso los Magistrados y las Magistradas Patricia Solano Castro, Jesús Alberto Ramírez Quirós, Gerardo Rubén Alfaro Vargas, Sandra Eugenia Zúñiga Morales y Rafael Segura Bonilla, este último como suplente. Además, en esta instancia, el licenciado Allan Coto Gómez, como defensor del encartado. Se apersonó el representante del Ministerio Público, licenciado José Alejandro Alpízar Arrones y como representante de la Procuraduría General de la República, el licenciado Manrique Ruíz Leal.
Resultando:
Informa el Magistrado Rafael Segura Bonilla; y,
Considerando:
I.Mediante resolución N° 2021-514, de las 16:06 horas, del trece de mayo del dos mil veintiuno (13/05/2021) (ver folios 79 al 88, del expediente principal), esta Sala ordenó admitir para su conocimiento de fondo, el primer motivo del recurso de casación formulado por el licenciado Manrique Ruíz Leal, en su condición de Procurador Adjunto de la Procuraduría General de la República (cfr. folios 43 al 47, del legajo físico), así como los tres primeros motivos del recurso de casación presentado por el licenciado José Alejandro Alpízar Arrones, en calidad de fiscal auxiliar, de la Fiscalía Adjunta Agrario Ambiental (cfr. folios 51 al 56, del legajo físico); los cuales se dirigen contra el fallo N° 2020-627, de las 11:24 horas, del veintitrés de octubre del dos mil veinte (23/10/2020), dictado por el Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Cartago, que por mayoría declaró inadmisible la impugnación incoada por el Ministerio Público y, sin lugar, el interpuesto por la Procuraduría General de la República, confirmando con ello, la sentencia N° 366-2020, de las 17:00 horas, del ocho de julio del dos mil veinte (08/07/2020), emitida por el Tribunal Penal de Cartago, la cual absolvió penal y civilmente al imputado [Nombre 001], por los delitos de cambio de uso de suelo, invasión en área de protección y apertura de trocha en bosque, en perjuicio de los Recursos Naturales; además de rechazar la solicitud de ambas partes procesales, de ordenar la restitución de las cosas al estado que se mantenían, previo al hecho punible (ver folios 23 al 35, del expediente físico).
II.Recurso de casación formulado por el Procurador Adjunto Manrique Ruíz Leal. En el único reproche admitido, argumenta la infracción de las normas sustantivas: 45, 46 y 50 de la Constitución Política; 2, 98 y 101 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente; 1, 41, 42 y 52 de la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos; 1, 27, 33, 34, 19 y 20 de la Ley Forestal y; 10, 337, 338, 339, 342, 343 y 344 del Código Civil. Razona el recurrente, que por mayoría, el Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal, dispuso rechazar el primer motivo de su recurso de apelación, estableciendo que de los numerales 98 y 101 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y 52 de la Ley de Usos de Suelos, se deriva un régimen de responsabilidad subjetiva, que únicamente se produce cuando existe o se logra demostrar una conducta culposa o dolosa, y no por la simple acreditación del daño ambiental. Estima el quejoso, que la interpretación que hizo el voto de mayoría de la normativa no es correcta, ya que sí se deriva un régimen de responsabilidad objetiva que se deduce del espectro normativo que se promulga, luego de la reforma de los artículos 46 y 50 de la Constitución Política, en los que se garantiza una defensa reforzada y dramática del ambiente, cuya trazabilidad orienta y redefine los demás institutos de orden jurídico, siendo este el origen del complemento legislativo al sistema de responsabilidad ambiental, dispuesto en la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N° 75542, que establece en el artículo 2 inciso d) y e) que quién contamine o dañe el ambiente será responsable y que ese daño es pluriofensivo por los efectos negativos de orden social, económico, ético, cultural que produce a las generaciones presente y futuras.
Manifiesta también, que ese sistema de responsabilidad es definido por dicha ley en el artículo 98, como un criterio de imputación, el daño o contaminación al ambiente se produce por acción u omisión y el numeral 101 ibídem señala que existe responsabilidad civil de los dueños de las empresas o actividades en donde se causen daños por acción u omisión. Explica que esa forma de responsabilidad, también está regulada en el artículo 1 de Ley de Uso de Suelo, número 7779, que fue creada con la finalidad de conservar los suelos, mediante un uso sostenible de los recursos naturales. Considera el impugnante, que el legislador dispuso como obligación y derecho de todas las personas, sea física o jurídica, vigilar y cumplir con la ley y su reglamento, de acuerdo a lo dispuesto en el artículo 42 ibidem, estableciendo que quién deteriore o contamine el recurso suelo, independientemente de que existe culpa o dolo o del grado de participación, es responsable de indemnizar en la vía judicial que corresponda, reparar los daños causados al ambiente y a terceros, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 52 de la Ley de Uso de Suelo.
Reclama, que el Tribunal de Alzada incurrió en un yerro interpretativo mayúsculo, al analizar la normativa anteriormente citada, pues dedujo totalmente lo contrario a lo dispuesto en la misma, porque esta define un parámetro de responsabilidad objetiva, para los titulares de la empresas o dueños de las actividades en donde se produce un daño ambiental. Expone que precisamente de dicho marco normativo, deriva la responsabilidad civil del demandado [Nombre 001], quien como titular de los fundos con vocación boscosa e hídrica, avaló por acción u omisión, que dichos recursos naturales resultaran afectados a raíz de la actividad cafetalera que ahí se desarrolló. Añade que, aún y cuando, no fue posible demostrar la responsabilidad penal del imputado, se acreditó que tiene el usufructo de la finca 406671-001 y que es titular de hecho del inmueble 297041-000, y se probó que en ambas propiedades se produjo un severo daño ambiental, en un sector de bosque en la primera finca y en un área de protección de una naciente, en la segunda.
Alega que la titularidad del demandado [Nombre 001] de ambos fundos, con independencia de que haya o no tenido una participación dolosa en la comisión de los daños ambientales, del estudio sistemático del régimen de responsabilidad ambiental definido en la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos, en la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y la Ley de Biodiversidad que contiene en el artículo 8 el principio de función social de la propiedad, es responsable objetivamente por los daños ambientales que fueron provocados. Sobre el carácter objetivo de la responsabilidad cita el recurrente extractos de jurisprudencia de la Sala Primera y Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia. De seguido señala, que en el caso en concreto se acreditó con certeza la producción de café en la forma y tiempo descrito en la acción civil, la cual produjo un daño ambiental, siendo que el titular y demandado Fallas Vargas asumió ese riesgo, por lo que debe hacerse responsable, de acuerdo a la legislación citada.
Argumenta que se lesionó gravemente los intereses de su representada a quien se le cortó el derecho a ser indemnizada, pese a que el daño ambiental descrito en la demanda del Estado quedó acreditado. Solicita se declare con lugar el motivo de casación, se acoja el reclamo en cada uno de sus extremos, concretamente la indemnización por daño ambiental, el pago de costas y la restitución. Explica que la reparación debe darse por medio de la regeneración natural que fue sugerida por los personeros de la Administración Forestal del Estado, para generar el desarraigo del café, permitiéndose el crecimiento natural de especies nativas en ambos inmuebles, obligación que debe asumir el demandado civil, bajo el apercibimiento de incurrir en el delito de desobediencia a la autoridad. Este reproche se declara con lugar en el extremo que se dirá. De previo a dar las razones por las que este motivo se acoge, resulta de interés al caso hacer una reseña de la regulación constitucional y legal ambiental, que indica el recurrente fue erróneamente aplicada por el Tribunal de Alzada, así como de los principios ambientales derivados de la normativa internacional existente, que sean relevantes al estudio de esta causa; para posteriormente, analizar los tópicos de responsabilidad civil objetiva y, de responsabilidad ambiental, a nivel doctrinario como jurisprudencial, dando especial énfasis a lo instituido por nuestra Sala Constitucional.
Así las cosas, se empezará con la normativa consagrada en nuestra Constitución Política en relación a la protección del medio ambiente. En este sentido, se tiene que el artículo 45 instituye como principio intrínseco la inviolabilidad de la propiedad privada, empero, el mismo ordinal deja de manifiesto que no nos encontramos ante un derecho de carácter absoluto, sino que se le puede imponer limitaciones en función de un interés social, como sucede, con las limitantes en función de la protección del ambiente. La disposición 46 constitucional señala – en lo que es de interés – el derecho de todo consumidor y usuario, a la protección de su salud, ambiente, seguridad e intereses económicos; a recibir información adecuada y veraz; a la libertad de elección, y a un trato equitativo, así como al deber Estatal de regular esta materia vía ley. El numeral 50 de nuestra Carta Magna, establece que se procurará el mayor bienestar de todos los habitantes del país, así como, que toda persona tiene derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, de ahí que todos tengamos legitimación para denunciar los actos que infrinjan tal derecho y para reclamar la reparación del daño causado, mientras que el Estado garantizará, defenderá y preservará este.
Corresponde ahora, reseñar el contenido de los artículos 2, 98 y 101 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente. En relación al ordinal 2, este instaura los principios que inspiran la ley, de los que resaltan el inciso d) y e) en el tanto se consagra que quien contamine el ambiente o cause un daño, será responsable y, que el daño ambiental es un delito de carácter social, en razón que afecta las bases de la existencia misma de la sociedad. Resulta de relevancia lo instituido en la disposición 98 del mismo cuerpo normativo, por cuanto clarifica que el daño y contaminación ambiental se pueden gestar tanto por acción u omisión, de personas físicas como jurídicas. Por último, el enumerado 101, contempla la responsabilidad civil y solidaria de los responsables (sean personas físicas o jurídicas) por los daños y perjuicios causados en infracción de esta ley o de las que regulan la protección del ambiente y la diversidad biológica; así como la responsabilidad solidaria de los titulares de las empresas o las actividades donde se causen los daños, ya sea por acción o por omisión.
Se procede al análisis del articulado 1, 41, 42 y 52 de la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos, de los que se derivan tres aspectos de importancia: a) La finalidad fundamental de esta ley, es proteger, conservar y mejorar los suelos en gestión integrada y sostenible con los demás recursos naturales; b) La obligación de toda persona física o jurídica, pública o privada, de fomentar, contribuir y ejecutar todas las prácticas y actividades necesarias para el manejo, la conservación y la recuperación de suelos; como también, vigilar y controlar el cumplimiento de la legislación en materia de suelos y; c) La responsabilidad de indemnizar en la vía judicial que corresponda y, de reparar los daños causados al ambiente y a terceros afectados, por parte de quien contamine o deteriore el recurso del suelo, independientemente de la existencia de culpa o dolo o del grado de participación; con lo que se prescinde del elemento subjetivo de la responsabilidad.
De una lectura conjunta e integral, de los ordinales 1, 27, 33, 34, 19 y 20 de la Ley Forestal, se pueden extraer los siguientes postulados: i) Se define como la función esencial y prioritaria del Estado, velar por la conservación, protección y administración de los bosques naturales y por la producción, el aprovechamiento, la industrialización y el fomento de los recursos forestales del país destinados a ese fin, de acuerdo con el principio de uso adecuado y sostenible de los recursos naturales renovables; prohibiéndose la corta o el aprovechamiento de los bosques en parques nacionales, reservas biológicas, manglares, zonas protectoras, refugios de vida silvestre y reservas forestales propiedad del Estado. ii) Es permitido cortar, anualmente, hasta un máximo de tres árboles por hectárea en terrenos de uso agropecuario y sin bosque, después de obtener la autorización del Consejo Regional Ambiental.
Si la corta sobrepasare los diez árboles por inmueble, se requerirá la autorización de la Administración Forestal del Estado. iii) Se establecen las áreas específicas de protección forestal y la prohibición de talar árboles en dichas zonas y, iv) La prohibición de cambiar el uso de los suelos, en los terrenos cubiertos de bosque (salvo excepciones expresamente establecidas en la ley). Los numerales 337, 338, 339, 342, 343 y 344 del Código Civil, hacen alusión al usufructo, sus implicaciones y limitaciones. En cuanto a los principios que se derivan de las diferentes convenciones y tratados internacionales, se tiene la existencia de al menos noventa cinco máximas ambientales (ver los “95 principios jurídicos medioambientales para un desarrollo ecológicamente sustentable” aprobados en la XIX Edición de la Cumbre Judicial Iberoamericana -2018, reconocidos por Corte Plena, en la sesión N° 28-2020, del veinticinco de mayo del dos mil veinte (25/05/2020), artículo XIX), de los que se citaran solamente los que resulten pertinentes al óbice del asunto y que sirvan de parámetro de interpretación, los cuales son:
III.Recurso de casación interpuesto por el fiscal José Alejandro Alpízar Arrones. En el primer motivo interpuesto, con sustento en el ordinal 468 inciso b) del Código Procesal Penal, refiere que al declararse inadmisible el recurso de apelación de sentencia incoado por la fiscalía, con base a una falta de legitimación pasiva, por no corresponderle la calidad de víctima o su representación; se aplicó erróneamente el numeral 103 inciso
IV.Por existir conexidad en la solución de los reproches invocados por el representante fiscal, se resuelven de manera conjunta y se declaran sin lugar. El punto medular en la primera y segunda queja del Ministerio Público, se fundamenta en que se le declaró la inadmisibilidad de su recurso de apelación, en razón que se consideró que no se encontraba legitimado para impugnar sobre el extremo de la restitución de las cosas a su estado original, para lo que uno de los jueces sustentó su resolución en la circunstancia que carecía de legitimación subjetiva para recurrir aspectos civiles del hecho punible, en razón que el actor civil del Estado es la Procuraduría General de la República, pues fue quien interpuso la acción civil resarcitoria; mientras que la cojueza que igualmente falló a favor de esta inadmisibilidad, lo hizo con base en el argumento de que si bien la restitución de la cosa u objeto, es un derecho de la víctima como tal y por ende, no requiere de la interposición de una acción civil resarcitoria para exigirla, lo cierto es, que en el caso concreto, tal representación la ostentaba de forma exclusiva la Procuraduría General de la República.
En este caso, lleva razón el órgano acusador, respecto a que no se requiere de la interposición de una acción civil resarcitoria a fin de requerir la restitución del bien a su estado original, pues tal posibilidad jurídica es un derecho de la parte ofendida, tal y cual ha sido admitido por esta Cámara en la resolución N° 2019-1622, de las 14:40 horas, del trece de diciembre del dos mil diecinueve (13/12/2019), en la que se indicó: “(…) La restitución es entendida como la acción de “volver algo a quien lo tenía antes, así como restablecer o poner algo en el estado que tenía antes” (Diccionario de la Real Academia Española, vigésimo tercera edición, octubre de 2014). La anterior definición contiene las dos acepciones que la restitución tiene también en el plano jurídico, en tanto en su sentido amplio implica la “restitutio in tegrum”, es decir, la restitución al estado original, volver las cosas a las condiciones que tenían de previo a que se efectuara el ilícito; mientras que en sentido estricto se entiende como devolver a su legítimo poseedor o dueño la cosa de la que fue privado ilegítimamente con ocasión del delito.
(Abdelnour Granados, Rosa. La responsabilidad Civil Derivada del Hecho Punible, Editorial Juricentro,1984. P. 261). En nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, tanto la legislación penal, como la procesal penal vigente, establecen que la restitución es la consecuencia civil preferente del delito. Propiamente en el numeral 103 del Código Penal se señala: “Todo hecho punible tiene como consecuencia la reparación civil, que será determinada en sentencia condenatoria; ésta ordenará:
Por Tanto:
Por mayoría, se declara sin lugar el recurso de casación formulado por el licenciado José Alejandro Alpízar Arrones, en su calidad de Fiscal Auxiliar, de la Fiscalía Adjunta Agrario Ambiental; la Magistrada Zúñiga Morales salva el voto. Por unanimidad, se declara con lugar el único motivo admitido al licenciado Manrique Ruíz Leal, en su condición de Procurador Adjunto de la Procuraduría General de la República. En consecuencia, se revoca el fallo del Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Cartago N° 2020-627, de las 11:24 horas, del 23 de octubre de 2020; únicamente en relación a lo resuelto respecto al primer motivo de apelación interpuesto por la Procuraduría General de la Republica, por lo que se remite de inmediato el expediente a dicha instancia, a fin de que ese Tribunal, bajo una integración diferente, resuelva dicho alegato. En lo demás, la resolución se mantiene incólume. Notifíquese.
Patricia Solano C.
Jesús Alberto Ramírez Q.
Gerardo Rubén Alfaro V.
Sandra Eugenia Zúñiga M.
Rafael Segura B.
Magistrado Suplente.
VOTO SALVADO DE LA MAGISTRADA ZÚÑIGA MORALES Único. Con el debido respeto, discrepo del criterio expresado por la mayoría de esta Cámara en cuanto declaró sin lugar el recurso de casación interpuesto por la representación del Ministerio Público. Estimo, que lo procedente es que se declaren con lugar los tres motivos de dicho recurso (los cuales son conexos) y, en consecuencia, se ordene un reenvío ante el Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal para que, con una distinta integración, proceda a conocer el recurso de apelación formulado por el ente fiscal. Lo anterior, por haberse aplicado erróneamente el numeral 103 inciso 1) del Código Penal. El punto medular de los tres motivos del recurso de casación interpuestos por el Fiscal José Alejandro Alpízar Arrones, tiene relación directa con la declaratoria de inadmisibilidad de su recurso de apelación (por voto de mayoría), en razón que se consideró que no se encontraba legitimado para impugnar sobre el extremo de la restitución de las cosas a su estado original.
El juez de apelación Fernández Mora sustentó su resolución en la circunstancia que carecía de legitimación subjetiva para recurrir aspectos civiles del hecho punible, en razón que el actor civil del Estado es la Procuraduría General de la República, pues fue quien interpuso la acción civil resarcitoria; mientras que la cojueza Carranza Cambronero -que igualmente optó por declarar la inadmisibilidad-, lo hizo con base en el argumento de que la restitución de la cosa u objeto, es un derecho de la víctima como tal, por lo que no requiere de la interposición de una acción civil resarcitoria para peticionarlo, estimando que, en el caso concreto, tal representación la ostentaba de forma exclusiva la Procuraduría General de la República, careciendo, en consecuencia, la Fiscalía, de legitimación. Lo primero que se debe señalar en cuanto a esta materia, es que la restitución implica “poner algo” en el estado que tenía con anterioridad.
Se coincide con el voto de mayoría de los integrantes de esta Sala en cuanto señala: “…lleva razón el órgano acusador, respecto a que no se requiere de la interposición de una acción civil resarcitoria a fin de requerir la restitución del bien a su estado original, pues tal posibilidad jurídica es un derecho de la parte ofendida…”. Sobre el particular, la Sala Tercera, en otras oportunidades ha indicado: “…la restitución del objeto como consecuencia civil del delito no es una indemnización o una forma de reparación civil, como erróneamente lo apreciaron los jueces de alzada, sino una consecuencia necesaria derivada de la finalidad última que persigue el proceso penal, que en lo posible intenta restablecer las cosas a su estado original, antes de la comisión del delito. Claramente el artículo 103 del Código Penal -que regula de forma específica las consecuencias civiles del hecho punible- estipula: “Todo hecho punible tiene como consecuencia la reparación civil, que será determinada en sentencia condenatoria; ésta ordenará: a) la restitución de las cosas o en su defecto el pago del respectivo valor; b) la reparación de todo daño; y la indemnización de los perjuicios causados tanto al ofendido como a terceros; 3) el comiso”.
Este precepto legal debe ser analizado a la luz de los principios generales que rigen el proceso penal, conforme con una interpretación sistemática. Así, se establece en el ordinal 7 del Código Procesal Penal: “Los tribunales deberán resolver el conflicto surgido a consecuencia del hecho, de conformidad con los principios contenidos en las leyes, en procura de contribuir a restaurar la armonía social entre las partes y, en especial, el restablecimiento de los derechos de la víctima”. De modo que a la luz de dicha normativa, la exigencia que los jueces de alzada contemplan en relación con la necesaria petición expresa de restitución mediante una acción civil no resulta atendible, toda vez que la restitución del bien deviene de un principio general establecido en la ley penal, que es el derecho de toda víctima del delito de ser restituido, en la medida de lo posible, de ese bien que le fue despojado con ocasión de un ilícito en su contra…” ( ) “…No obstante, ello no implica que dicha restitución siempre y en todo caso requiera de la interposición de la acción civil resarcitoria, porque ya el artículo 103 del Código Penal, esclarece que la restitución del bien, es una consecuencia necesaria, para restaurar los derechos de la víctima.
Es decir, la normativa no es excluyente…” (Sala Tercera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, sentencia N° 2019-00280, de las 15:45 horas, del ocho de marzo del dos mil diecinueve (08/03/2019). Integración: Ramírez, Solano, Zúñiga, Alfaro y Desanti). En similar sentido se ha dicho: “…En nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, tanto la legislación penal, como la procesal penal vigente, establecen que la restitución es la consecuencia civil preferente del delito. Propiamente en el numeral 103 del Código Penal se señala: “Todo hecho punible tiene como consecuencia la reparación civil, que será determinada en sentencia condenatoria; ésta ordenará:
Sandra Eugenia Zúñiga M.
Roleon Int: 0241-3/7-3-21
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