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Res. 02046-2022 Sala Primera de la Corte · Sala Primera de la Corte · 29/09/2022
OutcomeResultado
The First Chamber grants the cassation appeal, quashes the lower court's judgment, and remands the case due to unclear and contradictory reasoning.La Sala Primera declara con lugar el recurso de casación, anula la sentencia del Tribunal Contencioso y ordena el reenvío por falta de motivación clara y contradictoria.
SummaryResumen
The First Chamber reviews a cassation appeal against a judgment that upheld the INDER's lesividad claim, annulling a land title from the Puriscal-Parrita project and all subsequent transactions. The lower court based nullity on three grounds: the applicant's failure to meet requirements, omission of a land-use conformity study, and the Constitutional Chamber's declaration of unconstitutionality of the Regulation for Land Titling in National Reserves. The First Chamber grants the appeal due to procedural flaws in the judgment's reasoning: the ruling is extremely confusing and contradictory, stating that the land's nature was irrelevant while then relying on that same nature to decide defenses, and failing to clarify whether nullity stemmed from unmet requirements or the regulation's unconstitutionality. This violates the rights to defense and due process. The judgment is quashed and the case remanded for a new decision.La Sala Primera conoce recurso de casación contra sentencia que declaró con lugar una demanda de lesividad del INDER, anulando la titulación de una parcela del proyecto Puriscal-Parrita y sus actos posteriores. El tribunal de instancia basó la nulidad en tres pilares: incumplimiento de requisitos por el solicitante, omisión del estudio de uso conforme del suelo, y declaratoria de inconstitucionalidad del Reglamento para la Titulación de Tierras en Reservas Nacionales. La Sala Primera acoge el recurso por vicios procesales de falta de motivación: el fallo es extremadamente confuso y contradictorio, al sostener que no era relevante la naturaleza del terreno para luego basar decisiones en esa misma naturaleza, y al no aclarar si la nulidad deriva de los requisitos incumplidos o de la inconstitucionalidad del reglamento, lo que vulnera los derechos de defensa y debido proceso. Se casa la sentencia y se ordena el reenvío para nueva resolución.
Key excerptExtracto clave
In summary, as the appellant argues, this Chamber finds it contradictory when, on one hand, the contested judgment states that determining the nature of the property in dispute was not relevant, while that very nature is what grounds the rejection of a substantive defense. And although the Court points to three pillars for declaring the administrative act null, in this Chamber's view there is also no clarity as to whether the ground for nullity is the failure to fulfill the requirements of the Regulation for Land Titling in Forest Reserves [...] or rather the invalidity of Article 11 of Session 012-05 of April 4, 2005, because the Regulation for Land Titling in National Reserves was declared unconstitutional [...] Consequently, this deciding Body holds that the reasoning of the contested decision is extremely confusing, contradictory and prevents clarity about the arguments that led the Court to uphold the lesividad claim on its merits, to such a degree that it renders the guarantee of a reasoned judgment nugatory, a guarantee derived –as stated– from the related rights to defense, due process and effective judicial protection.En síntesis, tal y como lo expone el recurrente, esta Cámara estima contradictorio, cuando por una parte el fallo cuestionado indica, no era relevante determinar la naturaleza del bien en litis, cuando ello es lo que fundamenta el rechazo de una excepción de fondo. Y aunque el Tribunal señala tres pilares para declarar la nulidad del acto Administrativo cuestionado, a juicio de esta Sala, tampoco hay claridad en cuanto a si el motivo de nulidad del acto es el incumplimiento de los requisitos del Reglamento para la Titulación de Tierras en Reservas Forestales [...] o bien, la insubsistencia del artículo 11, de la sesión 012-05 del 4 de abril de 2005, por haberse declarado inconstitucional el Reglamento para la Titulación de Tierras en Reservas Nacionales [...] En consecuencia, sostiene este Órgano decisor, el desarrollo de la resolución cuestionada resulta en extremo confuso, contradictorio e impide tener claridad en cuanto a los razonamientos que llevaron al Tribunal a acoger por el fondo el proceso de lesividad, en grado tal que hace nugatoria la garantía a la fundamentación del fallo, derivada –como se ha dicho– de los correlacionados derechos de defensa, debido proceso y tutela judicial efectiva.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"En consecuencia, para este Órgano colegiado, ello resulta en extremo confuso para las partes, lesionándose el debido proceso y derecho de defensa, pues no existe claridad en cuanto al fundamento de la decisión, enervándose la posibilidad que tiene el vencido para conocer claramente los motivos que tuvo el Tribunal para acoger la lesividad planteada, y en su caso, tener la posibilidad de alegar lo que estimara pertinente."
"Consequently, for this collegiate Body, the result is extremely confusing for the parties, harming due process and the right to defense, as there is no clarity regarding the grounds for the decision, nullifying the losing party's ability to clearly know the reasons the Court had for upholding the lesividad claim, and where appropriate, to argue what it deemed pertinent."
Considerando VII
"En consecuencia, para este Órgano colegiado, ello resulta en extremo confuso para las partes, lesionándose el debido proceso y derecho de defensa, pues no existe claridad en cuanto al fundamento de la decisión, enervándose la posibilidad que tiene el vencido para conocer claramente los motivos que tuvo el Tribunal para acoger la lesividad planteada, y en su caso, tener la posibilidad de alegar lo que estimara pertinente."
Considerando VII
"En mérito de lo razonado y expuesto, lo procedente será acoger el recurso, y casar la sentencia combatida por motivos procesales. En consecuencia, se anulará el fallo cuestionado y se ordenará el reenvío del asunto para que el Tribunal de origen dicte una resolución ajustada a derecho."
"Based on the reasoning and considerations set forth, it is appropriate to grant the appeal and quash the contested judgment on procedural grounds. Consequently, the questioned ruling is annulled and the case is remanded for the court of origin to issue a decision in accordance with the law."
Considerando IX
"En mérito de lo razonado y expuesto, lo procedente será acoger el recurso, y casar la sentencia combatida por motivos procesales. En consecuencia, se anulará el fallo cuestionado y se ordenará el reenvío del asunto para que el Tribunal de origen dicte una resolución ajustada a derecho."
Considerando IX
Full documentDocumento completo
I.The Rural Development Institute (Instituto de Desarrollo Rural—hereinafter INDER) filed a lesivity proceeding against [Name 022] and [Name 021] on November 24, 2015, based on the following facts. It stated that, within the framework of the “Puriscal-Parrita Titling Program” (Programa de Titulación Puriscal-Parrita), Mr. [Name 022] submitted, on November 3, 2004, an application for titling of parcel [Value 027] described in cadastral map No. [Value 026], located in the District of Chires, Puriscal, measuring 1,326,417.31 m2, corresponding to property of the San José Registry No. [Value 012]. It added that, according to certification No. SINAC-DS-OFAU-C-4076-2004, dated October 29, 2004, issued prior to the titling of the property and provided by the interested party himself, the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación) of MINAE—hereinafter SINAC—indicated that the property in question is located “OUTSIDE ANY PROTECTED WILDLAND AREA REGARDLESS OF ITS MANAGEMENT CATEGORY ADMINISTERED BY THE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY.
HOWEVER, IT PARTIALLY CONSTITUTES NATURAL HERITAGE OF THE STATE (Patrimonio Natural del Estado) PURSUANT TO ARTICLES 13, 14, AND 15 OF THE FORESTRY LAW (Ley Forestal) 7575 OF APRIL 16, 1996.” Furthermore, it added, the defendant did not present the conforming land-use study (estudio de uso conforme de suelo) issued by the National Institute for Innovation and Transfer in Agricultural Technology (Instituto Nacional de Innovación y Transferencia en Tecnología Agropecuaria—hereinafter INTA), or by a duly accredited private professional, nor any report from the National Geographic Institute (Instituto Geográfico Nacional). Nevertheless, it pointed out that, despite the fact that in the titling process for parcel No. [Value 027], Mr. [Name 022] did not meet the requirements demanded by the applicable regulations, in Board of Directors Agreement article 11, of session 012-05 of April 4, 2005, parcel no. [Value 027] was titled, giving rise to property of the San José Registry, real folio no. [Value 012], corresponding to cadastral map [Value 026].
It continued that, in Report No. DFOE-PGAA-20-2008 of August 27, 2008, called “Results of land titling studies in national reserves on lands belonging to the Natural Heritage of the State,” the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República) indicated to INDER that the study allowed it to determine that, within the framework of the different titling projects and in contravention of the provisions of articles 13, 14, 15, and 33 of the Forestry Law No. 7575 of February 5, 1996, the IDA titled properties with partial or total forest cover (cobertura boscosa) or that possessed land-use and topographic characteristics that gave them the category of lands of forestry aptitude and protection areas, and therefore, could not leave the Administration of the State, nor be capable of being titled in favor of the applicants for being part of the Natural Heritage, and because all and each of the requirements necessary to proceed in accordance with the block of legality in force at that time were not met or provided for the treatment titling to be appropriate; it ordered IDA the following: “a.
To carry out the administrative procedures and actions that are legally appropriate before the corresponding bodies, so that a recovery process is initiated for the lands titled by IDA that belong to the Natural Heritage of the State and that correspond to the 15 cases detailed in this document. b. To order that a complete analysis be carried out on the titling procedures performed by IDA that were not part of the sample analyzed by this Office of the Comptroller General in this study, in order to determine those cases of titling on lands owned by the Natural Heritage of the State and, if appropriate, to carry out the procedures to recover the lands.” It stated that, by reason of the foregoing, by agreement taken by the Board of Directors of INDER in article 51, Ordinary Session 036-2015 of October 5, 2015, the administrative act in question was declared harmful (lesivo) to the public interests, for having been granted to the detriment of the Natural Heritage of the State.
It said that this property was transferred by Mr. [Name 022] to the company [Name 021], by deed No. 292 granted before Attorney [Name 014] and was later merged by deed No. 12-19 of Notary [Name 015], with three other properties, giving rise to property No. [Value 014]. By way of illustration, it added, the existence of large extensions of national territory occupied by peasants but lacking title of ownership, led the Institute of Agrarian Development—IDA—formerly the Institute of Lands and Colonization—ITCO—today the Rural Development Institute—INDER—to promote a series of Titling Programs in National Reserves, based on the provisions of the “Law for the Titling of Lands Located in National Reserves” No. 7599 of August 9, 1996; the “Lands and Colonization Law” No. 2825 of October 14, 1961, articles 11 and 12; and the “Law for the Creation of the Institute of Agrarian Development” No. 6735, article 32, subsection a).
It commented that, within those Titling Programs, by Executive Decree No. 3667-G of March 18, 1974, published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 72 of April 17, 1974, the “Puriscal-Parrita Titling Program” was created, and the property under Real Folio Registration Number [Value 016], with an area of 267,239 hectares, was registered in the National Registry in the name of IDA. It indicated that, although the “Regulation for the Titling of Lands in National Reserves” allowed titling parcels located in national reserves, article 10.b) of said Regulation required the applicant to present a certification issued by MINAE certifying that the land to be titled—according to the cadastral map—was not affected by or immersed within conservation areas or did not constitute Natural Heritage of the State, which was an essential and insurmountable requirement for the validity of the proceeding before IDA, in compliance with the provisions of article 32 of the “Organic Law of the Environment” and 13 of the “Forestry Law.” As legal grounds, it cited articles 133, 158, 166, 167, all of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública—hereinafter LGAP); canon 129 of the Political Constitution; precepts 13, 14, 15, 33, and 34, all of the Forestry Law.
It considered it relevant to explain how the ground of nullity of the act—titling of lands that form part of the Natural Heritage of the State—affects the public interest. It mentioned, the titling under analysis prevents the enjoyment of the fundamental and third-generation right that every person has to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, in the terms of article 50 of the Political Constitution. It commented, that norm is of public order, which emerges with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, and with the Lisbon Declaration of 1988 issued within the framework of the “International Conference on Guarantees of the Human Right to the Environment.” The claims, as ratified at the Preliminary Hearing, are defined as follows: “1. That the present complaint be admitted. 2. That because they are harmful to the public interests, the agreement taken by the Board of Directors of the Institute of Agrarian Development, in article 11, of session 012-05, dated April 4, 2005, be annulled, solely as it refers to the titling of property of the San José Registry, real folio No. [Value 012] in favor of [Name 022], of the indicated particulars, corresponding to cadastral map [Value 026] 3.
By connection, that the public deed issued by the Institute of Agrarian Development be annulled, solely as it refers to the titling of property of the San José Registry, real folio No. [Value 012] in favor of [Name 022] of the indicated particulars, corresponding to cadastral map [Value 026]. 4. By connection, that the registry entry of inscription of the property registered under the Real Folio System of the Puntarenas Registry, real folio No. [Value 012] issued by the National Registry be annulled. 5. By connection, that any inscription deriving from the inscription of the property registered in the National Registry, Puntarenas Province, Real Folio registration number [Value 012] be annulled. 6. That the defendant be ordered to pay both costs of this proceeding.” The State appeared as active coadjuvant. The co-defendant company [Name 021] filed a negative answer to the complaint and raised the defenses of lack of: right, standing in its dual aspect, and statute of limitations.
Mr. [Name 022] also opposed the complaint and filed the exception of lack of right. SINAC was admitted as an interested third party with its own claims—subsection a) of numeral 15 of the Contentious Administrative Procedural Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo), hereinafter CPCA—. The Contentious Administrative Court (Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo), Fourth Section, of the Second Judicial Circuit of San José, in judgment no. 034-2020-IV of 10 hours 10 minutes on April 14, 2020, composed of Judges José Iván Salas Leitón, Felipe Córdoba Ramírez, and Elías Baltodano Gómez, rejected the evidence for better decision, as well as the exceptions of statute of limitations, lack of active and passive standing, and lack of right. Consequently, it granted the complaint and annulled:
II.For a better understanding of what will be said later, it is convenient to recount what was analyzed by the Court. The defendant company requested as evidence for better decision, an expert opinion to determine the nature and characteristics of the land use of the parcel in dispute. This evidence was rejected by the Court because it said, the point to be clarified did not lie in the nature or characteristics of the land use, but rather in whether Mr. [Name 022] had or had not fulfilled the application requirements. Then, the Court added, the defense of statute of limitations raised by the defendant company had to be rejected because, by not fulfilling all the requirements for titling, titling of Natural Heritage of the State as a public domain asset (bien de dominio público) was permitted; and as it concerns this type of assets, the protection became imprescriptible. Further explaining, the A quo said, in lesivity proceedings, the object of which is the annulment of formal administrative acts, the statute of limitations defense is not assertable. Then, to declare the complaint without merit, the challenged ruling was based on three pillars:
III.In the cassation appeal, the special judicial attorney for the company [Name 021] raises procedural and substantive grounds. Given the manner in which the allegation of lack of reasoning—the third within the appeal section on procedural grounds—will be resolved, this Chamber deems it is not necessary to refer to the other violations invoked.
Appeal on procedural grounds.
IV.In the third challenge on grounds of this nature, it claims lack of reasoning of the challenged ruling. It points out, the Court incurs in serious contradictions regarding the relevance that determining the nature and characteristics of the land in dispute has for the case. This is because, first it says it is not relevant; and then, denies the execution of evidence for better decision, saying that determining the nature of the property lacks pertinence, but later, it rejects the defense of statute of limitations, and on the merits grants the complaint, holding that the nature of the asset could not be titled as it was outside the stream of commerce. It adds, among the facts deemed proven, it was not established that the parcel is a public domain asset (bien demanial), that is, a property of forest nature and consequently, part of the Natural Heritage of the State; nor was it established, that the property was not part of that Heritage; however, the defense of statute of limitations is rejected and the lesivity complaint is granted, accusing the presence of a public domain asset, without any part of the contested judgment having established that the property had such nature.
All of this, in its opinion, makes the contradictions of the challenged decision evident. It even adds, the Court summarized the grounds of INDER’s complaint, highlighting that for the titling process, the beneficiary failed to comply with the relevant requirements of the block of legality, considering in recital VI “that this Chamber is of the opinion that effectively the non-compliance with both requirements generated a defect of absolute, evident and manifest nullity, which had the consequence of affecting the validity and efficacy of the administrative act thus issued, that is, the agreement of the IDA Board of Directors contained in article 11 agreed upon in session No. 12-05 held on April 4, 2005, for the following reason: 1) Natural Heritage of the State, a public domain asset (bien de domino público), was titled.” The appellant says, the questioned judgment continues: “Thus, for the Court, the allegation of the representation of the company [Name 021] is not acceptable, that INDER should have identified and substantiated the zones of the parcels that formed part of the Natural Heritage of the State, under what regulations and for what reasons it is considered so; and by not doing so, it is acting in violation of the constitutional principles of legality, prohibition of administrative arbitrariness, due process, right of defense, and right to the inviolability of private property.
And it is not acceptable because the reason that causes the nullity of article No. 11 of session No. 12-05 of April 4, 2005, technically is not whether or not part of the Natural Heritage of the State was titled, but rather because of the omission incurred by Mr. [Name 022] in not providing the requirements demanded by the applicable legal order, that is, the Regulation for the Titling of Lands in Forest Reserves.” —the highlighting and underlining are from the appeal—. It comments, the contested resolution attempts to hold that the nullity is due to Mr. [Name 022]’s non-compliance with requirements —it continues with the contradiction—, but furthermore, the Court affirmed that the Regulation for the Titling of Lands in National Reserves was declared unconstitutional by vote no. 2063-2007 issued by the Constitutional Chamber, and that constituted an additional reason to decree the absolute nullity of the administrative act under analysis.
The cassation appellant argues, the challenged judgment pointed out, the foregoing is a discussion that should be considered overcome, because “with what was resolved by the Constitutional Chamber in vote 2063-2007, of 14:40 hours on February 14, 2007, in which the declaration of unconstitutionality of said Regulation was ordered with declaratory and retroactive effects to its date of issuance, so that all acts issued based on that normative instrument become absolutely null as a matter of law, in accordance with the scope of article 88 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, because the agreement lacks normative foundation (Principle of legality), among them, of course, article 11, taken in session 012-05 of April 4, 2005.” It notes, the judgment continues with strong and significant contradictions in its reasoning, because it holds that the absolute nullity decreed lies in non-compliance with the Regulation for the Titling of Lands in National Reserves, but almost immediately says that all acts issued based on that normative instrument —including article 11, taken in session 012-05 of April 4, 2005— become absolutely null, by virtue of the declaration of unconstitutionality by vote 2063-2007.
So it asks, is the nullity declared in the judgment due to the alleged public domain nature of the asset, or due to non-compliance with requirements of the Regulation for the Titling of Lands in National Reserves, or due to the derivation from vote 2063-2007 of the Constitutional Chamber? Therefore, it considers, the contested resolution is contradictory, because the Court indicates that the cited Regulation had no validity; and on the other hand, endowing it with validity, accuses Mr. [Name 022] of having failed to comply with it. It further says, the requirement not met by Mr. [Name 022], regarding the non-presentation of a land-use study, does not derive from the Regulation for the Titling of Lands in National Reserves, but rather from article 58 of the Regulation to the Law on Use, Management and Conservation of Soils, Executive Decree no. 29375-MAG-MINAE-S-HACIENDAMOPT, which remains in force.
It states, this is one more contradiction of the challenged ruling. For the foregoing, it considers, the reasoning of the judgment does not exist, as it is extremely confusing and contradictory. In its judgment, the challenged decision contains the defect regulated in canon 137.1, subsection d) of the CPCA, so that precepts 57 and 82, both of the cited code and numeral 61.2.3 of the Civil Procedural Code, Law 9342, were violated.
V.In order to resolve the charge, it is appropriate to bear in mind precept 57 of the Contentious Administrative Procedural Code (hereinafter CPCA), which enshrines the obligation to properly provide reasoning (motivar) for judicial decisions. The guarantee of the citizens to the reasoning of the judgment is enshrined in that norm, unavoidable in a State of Law, as a direct expression of the concept of justice in a democracy; that is, subject to the Constitution and to the law (Constitutional canon 154), based on objective and clear judgments, which in turn provide transparency to the decision, conviction to the parties, and sufficient criteria to the disagreeing party (see, in that sense, resolution no. 1292-F-S1-2012 of 9 hours 55 minutes of October 11, 2012, of this Chamber). Therefore, the dual purpose that this formal element serves has been highlighted: a) as a tool aimed at strengthening the prohibition of arbitrariness, to the extent that it enables a control of the impartiality of the person administering justice; and b) for the exercise of the right of defense, since it allows the parties to challenge those arguments contained in the judgment that they consider unfounded or erroneous.
In this way, pursuant to the provisions of cited article 57 of the CPCA, in harmony with numeral 119 of that same Code, reasoning implies that, in their judgment, the judges must set forth “the analysis they carried out of the factual and legal issues that were the subject of the debate, and based on this, what the reason is why they adopted one solution to the detriment of another” (First Chamber, resolution no. 1256-F-S1-2011 of 14 hours 40 minutes of September 26, 2011). From that perspective, one of the grounds for challenging a judgment before this Chamber is the defect of lack of reasoning, contemplated in canon 137, subsection 1), sub-subsection d), ibidem. This arises not only when the factual and legal reasons used by the Court to adopt its decision are omitted from the judgment, but also when their development is extremely confused, contradictory, or prevents clarity regarding such reasoning, to such a degree that it renders the guarantee to the reasoning of the judgment nugatory, derived —as has been said— from the correlated rights of defense, due process, and effective judicial protection.
It is worth noting, of course, that through this route it is not possible to question the legal foundations of the judgment, nor the application of the law or the erroneous assessment of the evidence carried out by the Court, for which the CPCA establishes its own grounds (article 138). Nor is it a matter of determining whether the judge ruled on each and every one of the allegations put forward by the parties; but rather that the judgment contains an analysis of the incidents and substantive issues raised in the proceeding, according to the facts and the law applicable to the specific case, which served as support for the decision taken. (On this point, see resolutions no. 126-F-S1-2009 of 15 hours 40 minutes of February 5, 2009; 1331-F-S1-2010 of 14 hours of October 28, 2010; and 648-F-S1-2012 of 16 hours 10 minutes of May 23, 2012, of this Chamber).
VI.In the specific case under study, the appellant alleges as a first contradiction, the relevance that determining the nature and characteristics of the land in dispute has for the case. In recital I of the challenged ruling, where the expert evidence—Forestry Engineer—requested by the appellant company to determine technical aspects, such as the nature and characteristics of the land use of the parcel in litigation was rejected, the contested ruling textually stated: “In the specific case, the Court considers that the point to be clarified does not lie in the nature or the characteristics of the land use of parcel No. 930350 of the Puriscal-Parrita Titling Project and which gave rise to property of the San José Registry, No.
566948-000; but rather whether Mr. [Name 022] did or did not comply with the requirements that, at the time of filing the titling application, namely on November 3, 2004, the applicable regulations demanded of him, such that for evidentiary purposes, the evidence offered as evidence for better provision is irrelevant, which is why it is disallowed.” And then, in Considerando V, it rejected the statute of limitations defense, holding: “With respect to the exception, it suffices to note that public domain assets enjoy special protection and, under the law, such protection renders them imprescriptible, meaning the State does not lose said right merely by the passage of time.” This Chamber observes, the challenged judgment states on the one hand that determining the nature of the property under analysis is not relevant to the specific case. However, it rejected the statute of limitations defense precisely because it held that the asset in dispute forms part of the State’s Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado).
Therefore, this jurisdictional body finds the contested ruling to be confusing and contradictory, because it completely lacks logic to maintain on the one hand that determining the nature of the land is of no importance, when it is precisely because of the nature of the land that the statute of limitations defense was rejected. And so, from a legal logic standpoint, this Chamber holds that if a circumstance is the basis for the decision, it is clearly important. Consequently, this Chamber holds that the challenged judgment is confusing and contradictory regarding this point.
VII.Furthermore, another error found in the ruling contested by the appellant, and which this Chamber shares, refers to the lack of clarity regarding the ground for nullity of the challenged act. This Chamber observes that, on the one hand, the challenged ruling states that the nullity of the act occurs due to the lack of requirements in the titling application for the parcel submitted by Mr. [Name 022]. Thus, in Considerando I, it states: “In the specific case, the Tribunal finds that the point to be elucidated does not lie in the nature or characteristics of the land use (uso de suelo) of parcel No. 930350 of the Puriscal-Parrita Titling Project, which originated property of the Partido de San José, No. 566948-000; but rather whether Mr. [Name 022] did or did not comply with the requirements that, at the time of filing the titling application, namely on November 3, 2004, the applicable regulations demanded of him, such that for evidentiary purposes, the evidence offered as evidence for better provision is irrelevant, which is why it is disallowed.” – the highlighting is not from the original –.
This view is reiterated in Considerando VI, when the Tribunal indicates that the cause of nullity of Article 11 of Session No. 12-05 of April 4, 2005, is the omission in complying with the requirements demanded by the Regulation for the Titling of Lands in Forest Reserves (Reglamento para la Titulación de Tierras en Reservas Forestales), as follows: “… the cause of nullity of Article No. 11 of Session No. 12-05 of April 4, 2005, is technically not whether or not part of the State’s Natural Heritage was titled, but rather the omission incurred by Mr. [Name 022] in failing to provide the requirements demanded by the applicable legal framework, that is, the Regulation for the Titling of Lands in National Reserves (Reglamento para la Titulación de Tierras en Reservas Nacionales).” – the highlighting is from the original –. However, this Chamber observes that the challenged decision, after indicating that the cause of nullity is the applicant’s failure to present requirements, concludes that all discussion regarding the foregoing was superseded by the constitutional ruling, which declared the aforementioned Regulation unconstitutional, and therefore, all acts issued based on that norm become null.
Thus, the contested judgment stated: “But moreover, that situation was superseded by what was resolved by the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) in ruling 2063-2007, at 2:40 p.m. on February 14, 2007, which ordered the declaration of unconstitutionality of the indicated Regulation with declaratory and retroactive effects to its date of issuance, meaning that all acts issued based on that normative instrument become absolutely null and void as a matter of law, in accordance with the scope of Article 88 of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional), because the agreement lacks a normative basis (Principle of Legality), including of course Article 11, adopted in session 012-05 of April 4, 2005.” Consequently, for this Collegiate Body, this is extremely confusing for the parties, violating due process and the right of defense, since there is no clarity as to the basis of the decision, undermining the possibility for the losing party to clearly know the reasons the Tribunal had to uphold the filed lesividad action, and, where appropriate, to have the possibility to argue what it deemed pertinent.
VIII.In summary, as the appellant sets forth, this Chamber finds it contradictory when, on the one hand, the challenged judgment indicates it was not relevant to determine the nature of the asset in dispute, when that is what underpins the rejection of a substantive defense. And although the Tribunal points to three pillars for declaring the nullity of the challenged Administrative act, in this Chamber’s opinion, there is also no clarity as to whether the ground for nullity of the act is the failure to comply with the requirements of the Regulation for the Titling of Lands in Forest Reserves —which, according to the Constitutional Chamber’s ruling, had been removed from the legal framework applicable to the case under examination, having been declared unconstitutional from its effective date—; or rather, the unviability of Article 11 of session 012-05 of April 4, 2005, due to the Regulation for the Titling of Lands in National Reserves having been declared unconstitutional through Constitutional Chamber ruling No. 2063 at 2:40 p.m. on February 14, 2007; because it was on the basis of that Regulation that Mr. [Name 022] titled the parcel in dispute.
Consequently, this decision-making Body holds that the development of the challenged ruling is extremely confusing and contradictory and prevents clarity as to the reasoning that led the Tribunal to uphold the lesividad process on the merits, to such a degree that it renders nugatory the guarantee of proper reasoning of the judgment, derived —as has been stated— from the interrelated rights of defense, due process, and effective judicial protection.
IX.By virtue of what has been reasoned and set forth, it is appropriate to uphold the appeal and vacate the contested judgment on procedural grounds. Consequently, the challenged judgment will be annulled and the matter remanded so that the Tribunal of origin may issue a decision in accordance with law (canon 150.1 CPCA). As it is unnecessary, the remaining grounds of the appeal are not addressed.
POR TANTO
The appeal is granted. The appealed judgment is vacated. The matter is remanded to the Tribunal of origin to issue a judgment in accordance with law. ipreinfalk
Sala Primera de la Corte Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente *150105711027CA* Res. 002046-F-S1-2022 SALA PRIMERA DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta y cinco minutos del veintinueve de setiembre de dos mil veintidós. Proceso de lesividad establecido por el INSTITUTO DE DESARROLLO RURAL, cédula jurídica 4-000042143-11, representado por los apoderados especiales judiciales [Nombre 002] carné [...] y [Nombre 003] carné [...], contra [Nombre 022], quien es [...], representado por el Licenciado [Nombre 004] y la Sociedad Anónima [Nombre 021]. cédula jurídica [Valor 029] , cuyos apoderados generalísimos lo son los señores [Nombre 006] pasaporte No. [...] y [Nombre 007] pasaporte No. [...], representada por la Licenciada [Nombre 008]. Interviene como tercero interesado el SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN, representado por la Licenciada [Nombre 009] y la Licenciada [Nombre 010] ; y como coadyuvante activo EL ESTADO cuya representación recayó en la Licenciada [Nombre 011].
La empresa co-demandada [Nombre 021]. interpone recurso de casación. Redacta el magistrado López Casal; y, CONSIDERANDO I.- El Instituto de Desarrollo Rural -en adelante INDER-, presentó proceso de lesividad contra [Nombre 022] y [Nombre 021]., el 24 de noviembre de 2015, con fundamento en los siguientes hechos. Dijo, en el marco del " Programa de Titulación Puriscal-Parrita", el señor [Nombre 022], presentó el 3 de noviembre de 2004, solicitud de titulación de la parcela [Valor 027] descrita en el plano catastrado No. [Valor 026], ubicada en el Distrito Chires, Puriscal, con una medida de 1,326,417.31 mts2, correspondiente a la finca del Partido de San José No. [Valor 012]. Agregó, conforme a la certificación No. SINAC-DS-OFAU-C-4076-2004, del 29 de octubre de 2004, emitida con anterioridad a la titulación del inmueble y aportada por el propio interesado; el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación del MINAE -en lo subsecuente SINAC-, indicó que el inmueble en cuestión, se ubica " FUERA DE CUALQUIER ÁREA SILVESTRE PROTEGIDA SEA CUAL SEA SU CATEGORÍA DE MANEJO ADMINISTRADA POR EL MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA.
SIN EMBARGO CONSTITUYE PARCIALMENTE PATRIMONIO NATURAL DEL ESTADO SEGÚN ARTÍCULOS 13, 14 Y 15 DE LA LEY FORESTAL 7575 DEL 16 DE ABRIL DE 1996. " Además, agregó, el demandado no presentó el estudio de uso conforme de suelo emitido por el Instituto Nacional de Innovación y Transferencia en Tecnología Agropecuaria -en adelante INTA-, o bien de algún profesional privado debidamente acreditado, tampoco informe alguno del Instituto Geográfico Nacional. No obstante, señaló, pese a que en el proceso de titulación de la parcela No. [Valor 027] , el señor [Nombre 022] no cumplió los requisitos que le exigía la normativa aplicable, en Acuerdo de Junta Directiva artículo 11, de la sesión 012-05 del 4 de abril de 2005, la parcela no. [Valor 027] fue titulada, dando lugar a la finca del Partido de San José folio real no. [Valor 012] , correspondiente al plano catastrado [Valor 026]. Prosiguió, en el Informe No. DFOE-PGAA-20-2008 del 27 de agosto del 2008, denominado "Resultado de estudios de titulación de tierras en reservas nacionales en terrenos pertenecientes al Patrimonio Natural del Estado", la Contraloría General de la República le indicó al INDER, que el estudio permitió determinar que en el marco del contenido de los diferentes proyectos de titulación y en contravención a lo señalado en los artículos 13, 14, 15 y 33 de la Ley Forestal No. 7575 del 5 de febrero de 1996, el IDA tituló propiedades con cobertura parcial o totalmente boscosa o que poseían características de uso suelo y topográficas que les otorgaban la categoría de terrenos de aptitud forestal y de áreas de protección, y por lo tanto, no podían salir de la Administración del Estado, ni ser susceptibles de titular a favor de los solicitantes por ser parte del Patrimonio Natural, y por no concurrir, ni haberse aportado todos y cada uno los requisitos necesarios para proceder de conformidad con el bloque de legalidad vigente en aquel momento, para que fuera procedente la titulación de tratamiento, le ordenó al IDA lo siguiente: "a.
Realizar los procedimientos administrativos y las acciones que en derecho procedan ante las instancias correspondientes, a efecto de que se inicie un proceso de recuperación de las tierras tituladas por el IDA que pertenecen al Patrimonio Natural del Estado y que corresponden a los 15 casos que se detallan en este documento. b. Ordenar que se realice un análisis completo a las titulaciones efectuadas por el IDA, que no formaron parte de la muestra analizada por esta Contraloría General en este estudio, con el fin de determinar aquellos casos de titulaciones en terrenos propiedad del Patrimonio Natural del Estado y, de proceder, se realicen los procedimientos para recuperar las tierras." Manifestó, en razón de lo anterior, por acuerdo tomado por la Junta Directiva del INDER en artículo 51 Sesión Ordinaria 036-2015 del 05 de octubre de 2015, se declaró lesivo a los intereses públicos el acto administrativo de mérito, por haber sido otorgado en detrimento del Patrimonio Natural del Estado.
Dijo, esa finca fue traspasada por el señor [Nombre 022] a la sociedad [Nombre 021] , por escritura No. 292 otorgada ante el Licenciado [Nombre 014] y fue posteriormente reunida por escritura No. 12-19 del Notario [Nombre 015], con otras tres fincas, dando nacimiento a la finca No. [Valor 014]. A manera de ilustración, añadió, la existencia de grandes extensiones del territorio nacional ocupados por campesinos pero carentes del título de propiedad, hizo que el Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario -IDA-, antes Instituto de Tierras y Colonización -ITCO-, hoy Instituto de Desarrollo Rural -INDER-, impulsara una serie de Programas de Titulación en Reservas Nacionales, con fundamento en lo dispuesto en la "Ley de Titulación de Tierras ubicadas en Reservas Nacionales" No. 7599 del 9 de agosto de 1996; la "Ley de Tierras y Colonización" No. 2825 del 14 de octubre de 1961, artículos 11 y 12 y la "Ley de Creación del Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario" No 6735 artículo 32 inciso a).
Comentó, dentro de esos Programas de Titulación, por Decreto Ejecutivo No. 3667-G del 18 de marzo de 1974, publicado en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta No. 72 del 17 de abril de 1974, se creó el "Programa de Titulación Puriscal-Parrita ", y se inscribió en el Registro Nacional a nombre del IDA la finca a Folio Real Matrícula número [Valor 016] , con un área de 267,239 hectáreas. Indicó, si bien el "Reglamento para la Titulación de Tierras en Reservas Nacionales", permitió titular parcelas ubicadas en reservas nacionales; el artículo 10.b) de dicho Reglamento exigía del solicitante, presentar una certificación extendida por el MINAE donde certificara que el terreno a titular --según el plano catastrado--, no estaba afecto o inmerso dentro de áreas de conservación o constituyera Patrimonio Natural del Estado, lo cual era un requisito esencial e infranqueable para la validez del trámite ante el IDA, en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en el artículo 32 de la "Ley Orgánica del Ambiente " y 13 de la "Ley Forestal ".
Como fundamento de derecho, citó los artículos 133, 158, 166, 167 todos de la Ley General de la Administración Pública -en adelante LGAP-; canon 129 de la Constitución Política; preceptos 13, 14, 15, 33 y 34 todos de la Ley Forestal. Consideró relevante, explicar cómo la causal de nulidad del acto, -titulación de terrenos que forman parte del Patrimonio Natural del Estado-, afecta el interés público. Mencionó, la titulación en análisis, impide el disfrute del derecho fundamental y de tercera generación, que tiene toda persona a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, en los términos del artículo 50 de la Constitución Política. Comentó, esa norma es de orden público; la cual, surge con la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos en 1948, y por la Declaración de Lisboa de 1988 emitida dentro del marco de la " Conferencia Internacional sobre garantías del Derecho Humano al Ambiente".
Las pretensiones, según fueron ratificadas en la Audiencia Preliminar, se definen de la siguiente manera: "1. Que se tenga por interpuesta la presente demanda. 2. Que en razón de ser lesivos a los intereses públicos se anule el acuerdo tomado por la Junta Directiva del Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, en el artículo 11, de la sesión 012-05, de fecha 04 de abril del 2005, únicamente en lo que se refiere a la titulación de la finca Partido de San José, folio real No. [Valor 012] a favor de [Nombre 022], de calidades indicadas, correspondiente al plano catastrado [Valor 026] 3. Por conexidad, que se anule la escritura pública emitida por el Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, únicamente en lo que se refiere a la titulación de la finca Partido de San José, folio real No. [Valor 012] a favor de [Nombre 022] de calidades indicadas, correspondiente al plano catastrado [Valor 026]. 4. Por conexidad, que se anule el asiento registral de inscripción de la finca inscrita bajo sistema de Folio Real Partido de Puntarenas, folio real No. [Valor 012] emitido por el Registro Nacional. 5.
Por conexidad, se anule cualquier inscripción que depare de la inscripción del inmueble inscritos en el Registro Nacional, Provincia de Puntarenas Folio Real matrícula número [Valor 012]. 6. Que se condene al demandado al pago de ambas costas de este juicio." El Estado se apersonó como coadyuvante activo. La empresa co-accionada [Nombre 021]., contestó de forma negativa la demanda, y opuso las defensas de falta de: derecho, legitimación en su doble vertiente y prescripción. El señor [Nombre 022] , también se opuso a la demanda y presentó la excepción de falta de derecho. Al SINAC se le tuvo apersonado como tercero interesado con pretensiones propias -numeral 15 inciso a) del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, en adelante CPCA-. El Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, Sección Cuarta, del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José, en sentencia no. 034-2020-IV de las 10 horas 10 minutos del 14 de abril de 2020, integrado por los Jueces José Iván Salas Leitón, Felipe Córdoba Ramírez y Elías Baltodano Gómez, rechazó la prueba para mejor resolver, así como las excepciones de prescripción, falta de legitimación activa y pasiva y falta de derecho. Consecuentemente, declaró con lugar la demanda, y anuló:
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