← Environmental Law Center← Centro de Derecho Ambiental
16/01/2003
OutcomeResultado
The Public Prosecutor's appeals are dismissed, and the dismissal of the defendant due to the statute of limitations is upheld.Se declaran sin lugar los motivos del recurso del Ministerio Público y se confirma el sobreseimiento del imputado por prescripción de la acción penal.
SummaryResumen
The Criminal Cassation Court upholds the dismissal of charges against a defendant due to the statute of limitations in a case for violation of the Wildlife Conservation Law. The majority of the court holds that, following the Constitutional Chamber's case law, the conversion of a fine into imprisonment provided for in Article 132 of the Wildlife Law is unconstitutional; therefore, the offense only carries a monetary penalty. Applying the statute of limitations criteria in force before the reform of Article 33 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the court determines that the one-year statute of limitations (half of the original two years due to the interruption by the complaint) had already expired when the indictment was notified to the defendant, so the criminal action was extinguished. The Public Prosecutor's appeals are dismissed.El Tribunal de Casación Penal confirma el sobreseimiento de un imputado por prescripción de la acción penal en una causa por infracción a la Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre. La mayoría del tribunal sostiene que, siguiendo la línea jurisprudencial de la Sala Constitucional, la conversión de multa en prisión prevista en el artículo 132 de dicha ley es inconstitucional, por lo que el delito solo contempla sanción pecuniaria. Aplicando los criterios sobre prescripción vigentes antes de la reforma del artículo 33 del Código Procesal Penal, se determina que el plazo de prescripción de un año (mitad de los dos años originales por la interrupción con la denuncia) ya había transcurrido cuando se notificó la acusación al imputado, por lo que la acción penal se encontraba extinguida. Se declaran sin lugar los recursos del Ministerio Público.
Key excerptExtracto clave
In accordance with the above, and despite the appellant's objections, it is the opinion of the majority of this Court that the decision of the trial judge is correct, since—indeed—Article 96 of the Wildlife Conservation Law, by resorting to the conversion of a pecuniary penalty into imprisonment, incorporates a legislative practice which, pursuant to the jurisprudential guidelines outlined since Constitutional Chamber ruling No. 1054-94 of 3:24 p.m. on February 22, 1994, is contrary to the guiding principles enshrined in our Political Constitution, from which it must be understood that said criminal provision only provides for a fine and not imprisonment. Based on this premise, it is clear to the majority of this cassation court, with note from co-judge [Name1], that the lower court's decision, insofar as it held that the statute of limitations on the criminal action had run, thereby decreeing its extinction, did not incur in any of the interpretive errors alleged.De acuerdo con lo anterior, y no obstante las objeciones del recurrente, es criterio de la mayoría de este Tribunal que la decisión del juez de mérito resulta acertada, pues -en efecto- el artículo 96 de la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, al recurrir a la conversión de la pena pecuniaria en pena privativa de libertad, incorpora una práctica legislativa que, conforme a los lineamientos jurisprudenciales esbozados desde el voto de la Sala Constitucional N° 1054-94, de 15:24 hrs. del 22 de febrero de 1994, resulta contraria a los principios rectores que recoge nuestra Constitución Política, de donde ha de entenderse que dicho tipo penal sólo prevé una pena de multa y no la privativa de libertad. Partiendo de dicho supuesto, tendríamos que de conformidad con las actuaciones que se han cumplido en este proceso, resulta claro para la mayoría de este tribunal de casación, con nota del cojuez [Nombre1], que la resolución de instancia, en cuanto tuvo por operado el término de la prescripción de la acción penal, decretando en virtud de ello su extinción, no incurrió en ninguno de los yerros interpretativos que se denuncian.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"...en las últimas líneas del Voto No. 6133-98 de la Sala Constitucional, se dice que se está ante una previsión penal alternativa... no obstante, ... este mismo alto Tribunal Constitucional, ha trazado una línea jurisprudencial diversa, que es, en nuestro criterio, la que debe prevalecer."
"...in the last lines of Constitutional Chamber Ruling No. 6133-98, it is stated that this is an alternative criminal provision... however, ... this same high Constitutional Court has drawn a different jurisprudential line, which, in our opinion, must prevail."
Considerando III
"...en las últimas líneas del Voto No. 6133-98 de la Sala Constitucional, se dice que se está ante una previsión penal alternativa... no obstante, ... este mismo alto Tribunal Constitucional, ha trazado una línea jurisprudencial diversa, que es, en nuestro criterio, la que debe prevalecer."
Considerando III
"Bien hizo entonces la Jueza de sentencia en estimar que, con los antecedentes jurisprudenciales del caso, toda conversión de multa en prisión está prohibida y, en aquellos casos donde el tipo penal la prevé, debe entenderse que queda subsistente sólo la sanción patrimonial de multa..."
"The trial judge was therefore correct in considering that, given the case's jurisprudential background, any conversion of a fine into imprisonment is prohibited and, in those cases where the criminal provision provides for it, it must be understood that only the monetary fine remains..."
Considerando III (cita del voto 0029-00)
"Bien hizo entonces la Jueza de sentencia en estimar que, con los antecedentes jurisprudenciales del caso, toda conversión de multa en prisión está prohibida y, en aquellos casos donde el tipo penal la prevé, debe entenderse que queda subsistente sólo la sanción patrimonial de multa..."
Considerando III (cita del voto 0029-00)
"...es inconstitucional que la pena sustitutiva, de diferente naturaleza a la pena sustituida, sea de mayor gravedad que ésta, atendiendo a razones ajenas a la culpabilidad o antijuridicidad del hecho, como lo son las condiciones patrimoniales del condenado."
"...it is unconstitutional for a substitute penalty, of a different nature from the replaced penalty, to be more severe than the latter, based on reasons unrelated to the culpability or unlawfulness of the act, such as the convicted person's financial circumstances."
Voto 1054-94 Sala Constitucional, citado en Considerando III
"...es inconstitucional que la pena sustitutiva, de diferente naturaleza a la pena sustituida, sea de mayor gravedad que ésta, atendiendo a razones ajenas a la culpabilidad o antijuridicidad del hecho, como lo son las condiciones patrimoniales del condenado."
Voto 1054-94 Sala Constitucional, citado en Considerando III
Full documentDocumento completo
For the reasons that will be stated, with note from co-judge [Nombre1], both grounds are dismissed. [Nombre2] Bearing in mind that the present challenge focuses on the nature of the penalty provided for by the criminal offenses incorporated in the Wildlife Law, it is necessary to indicate the position that the jurisprudence of this Court of Cassation has maintained in that regard: [Nombre2] On a second point, this time alleging a substantive defect, Attorney [Nombre2] considers that the judgment of the Court of Alajuela based in San Ramón incurred an erroneous interpretation and application of the Wildlife Conservation Law (article 132, Law No. 7317 of October 30, 1992), as well as of sections 30(c) and 311(d) of the Code of Criminal Procedure and of Constitutional Chamber Ruling No. 6133 of seventeen hours eleven minutes on August twenty-sixth, nineteen ninety-eight. In support of his opinion, the appellant states that the judgment in question takes into account, for the purpose of dismissal (sobreseer), that the accused arranged for the cancellation of the maximum amount of the fine provided for in the aforementioned article 132 of the L.C.V.S., which is why, based on provision 30(c) of the procedural Code, the Judge deems the criminal action extinguished and ordered the corresponding dismissal (sobreseimiento).
The challenger adds that, according to the lower court (A quo), furthermore, the said article 132 provides for the penalty of a fine and only subsidiarily, that is, in the event that it is not made effective, would the conversion to a custodial sentence be applicable, it being the case in any event that, upon declaring the possibility of converting a fine into imprisonment unconstitutional, according to the Constitutional Chamber's ruling regarding article 56 of the Penal Code, what subsists is only the penalty of a fine, so the rule contained in section 30(c) of the C.P.P. is applicable. This reasoning, in the opinion of the Criminal Prosecutor, is absolutely erroneous as well as being blatantly disrespectful of the binding and obligatory nature of the Constitutional Court's resolutions, since this high jurisdictional authority has ruled in a sense completely opposite to that of the trial judge.
The interested party adds that when ruling precisely on an action of unconstitutionality regarding articles 130 and 132 of the Wildlife Conservation Law, the Constitutional Chamber has stated that: "...regarding the applicable penalty, it must be interpreted that it is a fine or imprisonment, that is, the judge may apply one or the other, as the fine should not be imposed together with the custodial sentence, but alone, since the fine seeks, among other purposes, precisely to avoid the imposition of a custodial sentence..." (Ruling No. 6133-98 of 17:21 hours on August 26, 1998). The challenger insists that the trial judge's error consists in interpreting that the prison sentence provided for in article 132 L.C.V.S. only applies when there is no effective payment of the fine, an assumption in which it becomes the principal penalty, whereas the Constitutional Chamber has established that this rule refers to a penalty of a fine or imprisonment, it being understood that this "or" is disjunctive and not suppletory.
For the stated reasons, the appellant requests the annulment of the judgment and its referral to the court of origin so that the applicable regulations may be duly examined and defined. The claim is not admissible. The fundamental core of the reasoning made by the trial Judge is, indeed, the following: "...even though the rule of article 132 of the wildlife conservation law (sic) also contains the custodial sentence when the fine is not paid, the truth is that it operates upon the non-payment of the former, converting it into a basic and principal penalty, and given that conversion for non-payment had been annulled by the Constitutional Chamber when it analyzed section 56 of the Penal Code, it will proceed to accept the accused’s request..." Such an approach is, in the opinion of this Court, correct, notwithstanding the jurisprudential citation made by the appellant. Above all, it must be borne in mind that, in what is relevant, article 132 of the Wildlife Conservation Law textually reads: "Those who do not comply with the provisions of this article shall be fined amounts ranging from fifty thousand colones (50,000) to one hundred thousand colones (100,000), convertible to a prison term of one to two years [Nombre2] (emphasis added).
Although it is true that in the final lines of Ruling No. 6133-98 of the Constitutional Chamber, it is stated that we are dealing with an alternative criminal provision, that the judge in the case of article 132 of the L.C.V.S. may either impose a fine or opt for deprivation of liberty, the reality is that this same high Constitutional Tribunal has drawn a different jurisprudential line, which is, in our opinion, the one that must prevail. Such is the case of Ruling No. 1054-94 of fifteen hours twenty-four minutes on February twenty-second, nineteen ninety-four, where, upon declaring unconstitutional the phrase of article 56 of the Penal Code "...it shall be converted at a rate of one day of imprisonment per day-fine..." the consequence was drawn that, in the case of contraventions, it was contrary to the Constitution - articles 38 and 39 of the Magna Carta - to convert a fine (a debt in favor of the State) into a prison sentence, since it essentially meant applying imprisonment for debts, affecting particularly vulnerable social sectors due to their economic limitations.
In this decision of the Constitutional Chamber, generic statements are already made regarding the unconstitutionality of converting a fine into imprisonment that point to the necessity of prohibiting the said conversion not only in the case of contraventions. Such is the case of statements made in that resolution that indicate, for example, that: "No matter from what point of view we analyze the figure of converting a fine into imprisonment, the result is always the same: the convicted person's insolvency costs them their personal liberty...", or when it is stated that: "it is unconstitutional for the substitute penalty, of a different nature to the substituted penalty, to be more severe than the latter, based on reasons unrelated to the culpability or unlawfulness of the act, such as the convicted person's financial circumstances." Likewise, this line of jurisprudential thought is maintained in Ruling No. 1781-97 where a judicial consultation of constitutionality is resolved and where it is specifically stated that the phrase "[Nombre2] convertible to a prison term..." is contrary to the Constitution, referring to the fine provided for in articles 105 to 119 of the Wildlife Conservation Law, No. 7317 of October thirtieth, nineteen ninety-two.
This same wording, despite the interpretation made in Ruling 6133 cited by the appellant, is the one expressly used in section 132 of the same Law, under discussion here. Therefore, for this Court of Cassation, what has been insistently and extensively stated in those constitutional resolutions that have addressed the specific issue of the impossibility of converting a fine into imprisonment holds preponderant value, and, on the contrary, an isolated reference in a ruling that, although later, does not specifically address the point of conversion does not have that preponderance. The trial Judge therefore did well in considering that, with the jurisprudential background of the case, all conversion of a fine into imprisonment is prohibited and, in those cases where the criminal offense provides for it, it must be understood that only the financial penalty of a fine subsists and, therefore, section 30(c), as well as section 311(d) of the Code of Criminal Procedure in force, is applicable. …”, Criminal Court of Cassation, ruling No. 0029-00, of January 14, 2000.
In accordance with the foregoing, and notwithstanding the appellant's objections, it is the opinion of the majority of this Court that the decision of the trial judge is correct, since - in effect - article 96 of the Wildlife Conservation Law, by resorting to the conversion of the pecuniary penalty into a custodial sentence, incorporates a legislative practice that, in accordance with the jurisprudential guidelines outlined since Constitutional Chamber ruling No. 1054-94, of 15:24 hrs. on February 22, 1994, is contrary to the guiding principles enshrined in our Political Constitution, from which it must be understood that this criminal offense only provides for a fine and not a custodial sentence. Based on that premise, we would have that in accordance with the actions that have been carried out in this process, it is clear to the majority of this Court of Cassation, with note from co-judge [Nombre1], that the lower court's resolution, inasmuch as it considered the statute of limitations period for the criminal action to have elapsed, decreeing its extinction by virtue thereof, did not incur any of the interpretive errors denounced.
Before ruling on the merits of the matter, it is necessary to note that in ruling No. 1058-01, at 09:50 hours on December 21, 2001, this Court of Cassation - on the occasion of the legislative reform introduced to article 33 of the Code of Criminal Procedure through Law No. 8146 of October 30, 2001, published in La Gaceta No. 227 of Monday, November 26, 2001 - reworked the interpretation regarding the scope of said provision that had been maintained in ruling No. 372-01, of May 18, 2001. In that pronouncement the following was clarified: (i). As was maintained in the aforementioned ruling No. 372-01, issued based on the original wording of article 33 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Law No. 7594), without the mentioned reform, several guidelines regarding the statute of limitations of the criminal action had to be followed, namely:
"II.- Por las razones que se dirán, con nota del cojuez [Nombre1] , se declaran sin lugar ambos motivos[Nombre2] Tomando en cuenta que la presente impugnación se centra en la naturaleza de la sanción prevista por los tipos penales que incorpora la Ley de Vida Silvestre, es necesario señalar cuál ha sido la posición que al respecto ha mantenido la jurisprudencia de este Tribunal de Casación: [Nombre2] En un segundo punto, esta vez acusando un vicio de fondo, el Licenciado [Nombre2] estima que la sentencia del Tribunal de Alajuela con sede en San Ramón, ha incurrido en errónea interpretación y aplicación de la Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre (artículo 132, Ley No. 7317 de 30 de octubre de 1992), así como de los numerales 30 inciso c) y 311 inciso d) del Código Procesal Penal y del Voto de la Sala Constitucional No. 6133 de diecisiete horas once minutos del veintiséis de agosto de mil novecientos noventa y ocho.
En respaldo de su criterio, el recurrente dice que la sentencia en cuestión toma en cuenta para sobreseer, que el acusado gestionó la cancelación del monto máximo de la multa prevista en el citado artículo 132 de la L.C.V.S., razón por la cual, con fundamento en la disposición 30 inciso c) del Código de rito, la Jueza tiene por extinguida la acción penal y dictó el correspondiente sobreseimiento. Agrega el impugnante que, según el A quo, además, el artículo 132 dicho prevé la pena de multa y sólo subsidiariamente, es decir, para el caso en que ésta no se haga efectiva, correspondería la conversión a pena privativa de libertad, siendo en todo caso que, al declararse inconstitucional la posibilidad de convertir multa en prisión, según pronunciamiento de la Sala Constitucional respecto al artículo 56 del Código Penal, lo que subsiste es únicamente la pena de multa, por lo que la norma contenida en el 30 inciso
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.