- a)The characteristics of each ecosystem b) Natural resources, renewable and non-renewable c) The effect of human activities and natural phenomena on the environment d) The balance that must necessarily exist between human settlements and their environmental conditions.
. Based on these norms, it is evident that Territorial Planning must be a contribution of the entire Costa Rican State, according to its own competencies.
. With particular regard to the management of the National Commission for Risk Prevention and Emergency Response (CNE), it must be highlighted what is indicated in Article 14 of the National Law of Emergencies and Risk Prevention (Ley Nacional de Emergencias y Prevención del Riesgo), specifically subsection c) which indicates the following: "Issue binding resolutions on risk, disaster, and imminent danger situations, based on technical and scientific criteria, aimed at guiding regulation and control actions for their effective prevention and management, that regulate or provide for their effective compliance by State institutions, the private sector, and the general population.
. The officials of the organs and entities competent to execute or implement such binding resolutions may, in no case, disapply them. Natural or legal persons, public or private, who build on or improperly use zones restricted by these binding resolutions, shall be subject to the obligation to demolish or eliminate the work in accordance with Article 36 of this Law.
IT IS AGREED:
AGREEMENT No. 0035-2011 1. The proposal for the Regulation of the territory of vieja Cinchona, presented by Geologist Lidier Esquivel Valverde, Head - Prevention and Mitigation, is accepted, which includes three recommendations, namely:
- a)That private properties have the Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) regime.
- b)Only the development of small-scale agricultural activities is possible, which do not involve the construction of infrastructure leading to a concentration of population, in accordance with the Land-Use Capacity determined by a competent entity.
- c)That MINAET evaluates the formalization of a declaration of a biological corridor, forest reserve area, or the corresponding legal figure, for the indicated zone outside the urban center of the old Cinchona.
(By means of agreement No. 005-01-2013 approved in extraordinary session No. 01-01-2013 of January 9, 2013, it is established to expand the previous point B) because it does not expressly indicate what the expansion consists of, the following is transcribed: "... B. Specific guidance:
- a)Help the natural recovery of the quadrant of the community of Vieja Cinchona, and a buffer zone that basically comprises the micro-watersheds of the Santiaguito, Planta, and Río La Paz streams, severely affected by the earthquake of January 8, 2009. b) Protect the water resources and biodiversity of these sectors.
- c)Empower the residents of Cinchona to take ownership of their experience and become vehicles for dissemination...") In the pertinent part, it is transcribed:
DEPARTMENT OF PREVENTION AND MITIGATION EMERGENCY INFORMATION SYSTEM (SIE) DIRECTORATE OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT (*) I.-General and Specific Guidance A. General guidance a. Adopt regulation measures as a prevention tool against the unbalanced occupation of the territory and of areas that, due to their natural characteristics, should have a regulated use.
b. Promote the management and recovery of micro-watersheds that were severely affected by the Cinchona earthquake, in order to reduce vulnerability to future events.
c. Respect the natural heritage, promote the recovery and the proper future use of the areas degraded after the earthquake of January 8, 2009 (Cinchona earthquake).
d. Guide and regulate the growth of human settlements and general land uses in accordance with the land-use capacity - so that - they do not increase the existing physical and environmental vulnerabilities, especially in areas fragile to mass removal movements (landslides) and associated phenomena.
e. Increase and conserve sites with uses conforming to the current land-use capacities, under concepts of sustainable and enduring development under a focus on environmental protection and human safety.
(By means of agreement No. 005-01-2013 approved in extraordinary session No. 01-01-2013 of January 9, 2013, it is established to expand the previous point I) A) because it does not expressly indicate what the expansion consists of, the following is transcribed: "... I. -General and Specific Guidance A. General guidance a. Adopt regulation measures as a prevention tool against the unbalanced occupation of the territory and of areas that, due to their natural characteristics, should have a regulated use.
b. Promote the management and recovery of micro-watersheds that were severely affected by the Cinchona earthquake, in order to reduce vulnerability (safety of people, public and private infrastructure, and others) to future events.
c. Respect the natural heritage, promote the recovery and the proper future use of the areas degraded after the earthquake of January 8, 2009 (Cinchona earthquake).
d. Guide and regulate the growth of human settlements and general land uses in accordance with the land-use capacity - so that - they do not increase the existing physical and environmental vulnerabilities, especially in areas fragile to mass removal movements (landslides) and associated phenomena.
e. Increase and conserve sites with uses conforming to the current land-use capacities, under concepts of sustainable and enduring development under a focus on environmental protection and human safety...") B. Specific guidance:
- a)Help the natural recovery of the quadrant of the community of Vieja Cinchona, and a buffer zone that basically comprises the micro-watersheds of the Santiaguito, Planta, and Río La Paz streams, severely affected by the earthquake of January 8, 2009.
- b)Protect the water resources and biodiversity of these sectors.
- c)Empower the residents of Cinchona to take ownership of their experience and become vehicles for dissemination.
(By means of agreement No. 005-01-2013 approved in extraordinary session No. 01-01-2013 of January 9, 2013, it is established to expand the previous point B) because it does not expressly indicate what the expansion consists of, the following is transcribed: "... B. Specific guidance:
- a)Help the natural recovery of the quadrant of the community of Vieja Cinchona, and a buffer zone that basically comprises the micro-watersheds of the Santiaguito, Planta, and Río La Paz streams, severely affected by the earthquake of January 8, 2009.
- b)Protect the water resources and biodiversity of these sectors.
- c)Empower the residents of Cinchona to take ownership of their experience and become vehicles for dissemination...") (*) II.-Aspects of Land Use, Economic Factors, and the Physical Environment of the Area to be Restricted.
The quadrant of Vieja Cinchona is clearly located, from an environmental standpoint, within the area of influence of the micro-watersheds of the rivers or streams Santiaguito, Planta, and part of the La Paz River.
This area in its entirety represents approximately 10 Km², and is characterized by being part of an extremely fragile environment from the standpoint of the characteristics of its surroundings (topography, land use, hydrology, geology, natural hazards, the value of its biodiversity, and others).
Below, some characteristics of this sector will be disaggregated, which justify the need to regulate land use, as a mechanism to reduce its current vulnerability, evidence above all as a result of the seismic event that generated a strong impact on the community of Cinchona, located just 3.7 km from the epicenter of this earthquake (January 8, 2009; 6.2 degrees, 6.0 km depth).
(By means of agreement No. 005-01-2013 approved in extraordinary session No. 01-01-2013 of January 9, 2013, it is established to expand the previous point II) because it does not expressly indicate what the expansion consists of, the following is transcribed: "... II. -Aspects of Land Use, Economic Factors, and the Physical Environment of the Area to be Restricted.
From an environmental standpoint, the quadrant of la Vieja Cinchona is located within the area of influence of the micro-watersheds of the rivers or streams Santiaguito, Planta, and part of the La Paz River. In that sense, the area to be restricted is composed of two categories:
Restricted zone: comprises the quadrant of la Vieja Cinchona, which is located at the following Lambert North coordinates of the Poás topographic sheet, scale 1:50000:
| X | Y |
|---|
| 517.913 | 245.305 |
| 517.851 | 245.239 |
| 517.836 | 245.158 |
| 517.816 | 245.043 |
| 517.806 | 245.956 |
| 517.820 | 244.880 |
| 517.870 | 244.817 |
| 517.898 | 244.813 |
| 517.947 | 244.888 |
| 517.978 | 244.960 |
| 517.984 | 245.064 |
| 517.992 | 245.144 |
| 518.002 | 254.234 |
| 518.001 | 245.296 |
The buffer area comprises the micro-watershed of the Santiaguito stream and part of the Planta stream, as well as part of the watershed of the La Paz and Sarapiquí rivers, as described below: it begins at coordinates in Lambert North projection 242300E/514659N (CRTM05 478389E/1127820N), Poás topographic sheet at a scale of 1:50,000 (upper part of the micro-watershed of the Santiaguito stream), continuing along the water divide of the micro-watershed of the Santiaguito stream in a northeast direction, to the confluence of the Santiaguito stream with the La Paz River; from there it continues downstream, along the channel of the La Paz River, reaches its confluence with the Sarapiquí River, and continues north until reaching the confluence with the Ángel River. From this confluence, the boundary is defined by the bed of the Ángel River heading west, upstream, continuing to its confluence with the Brazo del Ángel stream. It continues upstream along the bed of the Brazo del Ángel to the confluence point of this with la Quebrada Planta, continuing along its channel upstream until reaching the point at Lambert North coordinate 517699E/245387N; it continues southwest along a line defined by the water divide between la Quebrada Planta and Brazo del Ángel, until reaching the initial point with Lambert North projection 242300E/514659N (CRTM05 478389E/1127820N).
The restricted zone has a total area of 7 Ha 858 square meters. This zone is characterized by having environmentally fragile zones due to the characteristics of its surroundings (topography, land use, hydrology, geology, natural hazards, the value of its biodiversity, and others). The buffer zone comprises a total area of 319 Ha 9317 square meters, and its vulnerability varies according to the area and its current uses.
Below, some characteristics of this sector will be disaggregated, which justify the need to regulate land use as a mechanism to manage the current vulnerability of the zone, mainly in the event of a seismic event.
" (*) a. Land use. According to PRODUS (2010), in its proposal for a Regulatory Plan for the Canton of Alajuela, and based on different sources -CARTA, 2005, TERRA(1998), CENIGA(1998), MAG(1990), Fundación Neotrópica Costarricense (1994), ICE (2009), MINAET(1998)-, towards the dividing line of the Canton of Alajuela, from 1600 m.a.s.l., there are forests of wide forest cover (cobertura boscosa), up to the sectors of Cariblanco, where pastures and tourist activities near the highway predominate.
This same source points out that, as a consequence of the earthquake of January 8, 2009, there is a significant land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) in the strip on both sides of the highway connecting Cariblanco with Fraijanes, due to the large number of landslides. This results in large traces of bare soil being evident.
This same source mentions the importance of knowing the edaphological characteristics of the soils, to be able to estimate the agricultural, forestry capacity, and other uses that can be promoted, thus seeking more efficient and harmonious development, making the most of the soil's potential without deteriorating it and avoiding processes harmful to the environment and human activities.
In this sense, the region of Cinchona and the micro-watersheds of the Santiaguito, Planta rivers, and part of the La Paz River, have been classified in the following categories (according to Decree No. 23214-MAG-MIRENEN, from La Gaceta No. 107, 1994):
. Category VI, this covers the sector of the community of Vieja Cinchona and the surrounding areas of lesser slope. According to this classification, they are lands "poorly suited for agricultural processes, however they are capable of sustaining forest plantations or permanent crops that do not require mechanization, such as fruit trees." . Category VIII, covers the steep slopes that make up the micro-watersheds surrounding the community of Vieja Cinchona. It corresponds to soils "that do not meet the minimum conditions for agricultural, livestock, or forestry activities. The lands of this class have utility only as preservation zones for flora and fauna, protection of aquifer recharge areas, genetic reserve, and scenic beauty." Based on this categorization, it is also demonstrated that for this type of soil, crops would generate an overuse condition, while urban use is totally inadequate for Type VIII lands.
(By means of agreement No. 005-01-2013 approved in extraordinary session No. 01-01-2013 of January 9, 2013, it is established to expand the previous point a) because it does not expressly indicate what the expansion consists of, the following is transcribed:"... a. Land use.
According to PRODUS (2010), in its proposal for a Regulatory Plan for the Canton of Alajuela, and based on different sources -CARTA, 2005, TERRA(1998), CENIGA(1998), MAG(1990), Fundación Neotrópica Costarricense (1994), ICE (2009), MINAET(1998)-, towards the dividing line of the Canton of Alajuela, from 1600 m.a.s.l., in general, the land use in the Canton of Alajuela up to the sectors of Cariblanco has zones with forest; there are towns, pasture areas, and tourist activities near route 126.
Route 126 passes through the entire buffer zone and borders the restriction zone to the east.
However, there are clearly identified sections of the buffer zone where agricultural, industrial, hydroelectric generation, and residential activities have been developed for many years, which continue to this day. It is the interest of this instrument to maintain and stimulate uses that do not imply a concentration of population or future urban developments.
The land use of said zones is detailed below:
| Land Use | Owner | Description of Activity | Farms |
|---|
| Industrial- commercial | Isla Bonita | Former El Ángel processing plant. Currently warehouses and logistics center of El Ángel, and fish farming. | 172695 |
| Services | Isla Bonita | Water purification plant and waste treatment. | 389911 172695 |
| Pastures and livestock | Isla Bonita | Pasture and cattle zones | 146533 146643 |
| Agricultural | Isla Bonita | Cultivation of guava trees | 172695 421427 |
| Residential - Tourism | Isla Bonita | Low-density residential, tourist, recreational buildings. | 172695 421427 389911 |
| Hydroelectric Generation | ICE | Water intake PH Cariblanco | |
| Fiduciaria AML | 3.8 MW hydroelectric plant. | 469476 | |
To be able to execute and continue these activities, a strong investment has been made by the State to rehabilitate route 126, as well as by the private company that has rebuilt part of the drinking water aqueduct and built an electrical energy distribution system aimed at providing these services to the activities currently being executed in the buffer zone. The company Isla Bonita has rehabilitated two residences that are currently being inhabited by the partners.
As a consequence of the earthquake of January 8, 2009, the land use in the strip on both sides of the highway connecting Cariblanco with Fraijanes changed significantly, due to the large number of landslides. Effects that continue today, as large traces of soil without forest cover are observed. However, the previously mentioned activities did not suffer any alteration except for the El Ángel industrial plant, which, due to the impact on public services, was relocated, and the building is currently used as the main warehouse of the company.
Based on the mentioned sources and using the categories established in Decree No. 23214-MAG-MIRENEN, from La Gaceta No. 107, 1994, the soils of the restricted zone and the buffer zone are generally categorized as follows:
. Restricted zone: covers the quadrant of the community of Vieja Cinchona. It is a small and fairly homogeneous area, so the entirety of the area was classified within Category VI. According to this category:
"3.6 Class VI The lands located within this class are used for forestry production, as well as permanent crops such as fruit trees and coffee, although the latter require intensive management and soil and water conservation practices" This zone has a total area of 7 ha 858 square meters.
. Buffer zone: covers an area of 241 Ha 220 square meters formed by the micro-watersheds surrounding the community of Vieja Cinchona and which will be described later. It is a larger area and the soils have varied topographic, geomorphological, and edaphological characteristics, so three areas with different categories are distinguished:
Category III: areas with slopes less than 15%, allows dwelling houses and buildings for recreational activities and other activities (9 has). The structures for recreational activities shall not operate as permanent dwellings, except for persons performing care, maintenance, and surveillance tasks, likewise the housing density must be within the low-density range.
Category VI: areas with slopes from 15% to 40%, an area where the cultivation of fruit trees and other agricultural crops that do not require intensive practices or mechanization processes is allowed (40 has).
Category VII and VIII: protection zones and areas with slopes greater than 40%. Because the soils "do not meet the minimum conditions for agricultural, livestock, or forestry activities. The lands of this class have utility only as preservation zones for flora and fauna, protection of aquifer recharge areas, genetic reserve, and scenic beauty." These categories could change for specific cases, for which it is necessary to carry out studies according to the methodology described in Decree No. 23214-MAG-MIRENEN...") (*) b. Land tenure. Each of the properties registered with the Municipality of Alajuela both within the quadrant of Viejo Cinchona and in its surroundings has been linked. Among the results found, it stands out that the size of the properties in the perimeter of the Cinchona quadrant is highly variable, ranging from 116 m² to more than 177 thousand m² in area.
In total, the segregated lands correspond to 187 hectares of land, for a total of 82 subdivisions (segregaciones), of which 4 are registered in the name of associations of various types (Iglesia Católica, Asociación Centro Cristiano Cristo Vive, Asociación de Desarrollo and Junta Educación), there are three properties in the hands of 2 private companies (Isla Bonita S. A. and Vieja Cinchona S. A.), 63 subdivisions (segregaciones) are in the name of one or several private individuals and 7 of the subdivisions (segregaciones) do not have an associated cadastral plan.
(*)(By agreement N° 005-01-2013 approved in extraordinary session N° 01-01-2013 of January 9, 2013, it is established to expand point b) above; as it does not expressly indicate what the expansion consists of, it is transcribed below: "... b. Land tenure. Each of the properties registered with the Municipality of Alajuela and the Public Registry of Property has been linked, both within the quadrant of Vieja Cinchona and its surroundings. Among the results found, it stands out that the size of the properties in the perimeter of the Cinchona quadrant is very variable, ranging from 116 m² to more than 177 thousand m² in area.
In total, the segregated lands correspond to 187 hectares of land, for a total of 82 subdivisions (segregaciones), of which 4 are in the name of associations of various types (Iglesia Católica, Asociación Centro Cristiano Cristo Vive, Asociación de Desarrollo and Junta Educación), 63 subdivisions (segregaciones) are in the name of one or several private individuals and 7 of the subdivisions (segregaciones) do not have an associated cadastral plan.
Additionally, there are 7 properties belonging to private companies, one to Vista Cinchona S.A. and 6 to Isla Bonita S.A.
It should be clarified that part of the information has been taken from the official registry of the Municipality of Alajuela, and is therefore subject to updates and changes...") (*) LIST OF SUBDIVISIONS (SEGREGACIONES) IN THE COMMUNITY OF CINCHONA (MUNICIPALITY OF ALAJUELA)
| 0 | No Info/Plan | Non-existent Plan |
|---|
| 0 | No Info/Plan | Non-existent Plan |
| 1987 | | Jacob Duarte Ruiz |
| 0 | Rio | Non-existent Plan |
| 1993 | | María Vargas Sánchez |
| 0 | No Plan | José Antonio Porras Mora y Cecilia Francisca Jiménez Jiménez |
| 1995 | | Asociación Centro Cristiano Cristo Vive |
| 1969 | | Efraín Arroyo Sanchez |
| 1969 | | Saúl Rodríguez Cubero |
| 1969 | | Raúl Murillo Sibaja |
| 1995 | | Non-existent Plan |
| 1996 | | Duglas y Manuel Antonio Morera Rodríguez |
| 1987 | | Cecilia González Hernández |
| 0 | No Plan | Berta Barrantes Murillo |
| 1969 | | Miguel Álvarez Fuentes |
| 1990 | | Francia Morera Rodríguez |
| 1989 | | Francia Morera Rodríguez |
| 1988 | | Vianney Morera Solano |
| 1986 | | Efraín Arroyo Sánchez |
| 1969 | | Alexix Rodríguez Gómez |
| 1988 | | Humberto Rodriguez Campos |
| 1969 | | Leonidas Tenorio Umaña |
| 1969 | | Jorge Prendas Bogantes |
| 1969 | | Carlos Acuña Montero |
| 0 | No Plan | José Francisco López Masís |
| 1969 | | Jorge Luis Alfaro Rodriguez |
| 1994 | | Lorenzo Ramírez Medina y Jorge Luis Alfaro Rodríguez |
| 1969 | | Jorge Luis Alfaro Rodríguez |
| 1988 | | Isaias Villanea Venegas |
| 1987 | | Desarrollo Integral De Cinc Y Itco |
| 0 | No Plan | Non-existent Plan |
| 1987 | | Leticia Méndez Arrieta Y Itco |
| 0 | No Plan | Olman Alfaro Vargas |
| 0 | No Plan | Isla Bonita S.A. |
| 1987 | | Clarisa Rojas Sibaja |
| 1988 | | Leonidas Tenorio Umaña |
| 1986 | | Jorge Mora Robles |
| 1987 | | Jorge Mora Robles |
| 0 | No Plan | Instituto De Desarrollo Agrario |
| 1997 | | Instituto De Desarrollo Agrario |
| 1998 | | Instituto De Desarrollo Agrario |
| 1987 | | Instituto De Desarrollo Agrario |
| 0 | No Plan | Instituto De Desarrollo Agrario |
| 1987 | | Vista Cinchona S.A. |
| 1986 | | José Martín Zamora Valerio |
| 1987 | | Francisco Martín Zamora Valerio |
| 1987 | | Eduardo Brenes Melendez y Itco |
| 1986 | | Ana Isabel Cambronero González y Itco |
| 1987 | | Róger Zamora Calvo y Itco |
| 1987 | | Félix Cascante Loría y Itco |
| 1986 | | José Abelardo Sanabria Sanabria y Itco |
| 1987 | | Vianney Morera Solano |
| 1987 | | Rosalina Zamora Sanchez Y Itco |
| 1982 | | Non-existent Plan |
| 1987 | | Vianney Morera Solano Y Itco |
| 1987 | | Educación de Cinchona y Itco |
| 1987 | | Iglesia de Cinchona y Itco |
| 1987 | | Roberto Rodríguez Morera y Itco |
| 1987 | | Froilan Rodríguez Rodríguez |
| 1987 | | Isla Bonita S. A. |
| 1987 | | Ana Cristina Calvo Murillo |
| 1987 | | Erick Victor Kopidlansky |
| 1987 | | Lesvia Sibaja Sibaja y Itco |
| 1987 | | Non-existent Plan |
| 1987 | | Hugo Alberto Arias Vargas y Itco |
| 1987 | | Rafaela Arias Vargas y Itco |
| 1987 | | Orlando Arias Vargas y Itco |
| 1988 | | Víctor Manuel Arias Vargas |
| 1987 | | Francisco Rodríguez Morera |
| 1987 | | Desarrollo Integral de Cinc y Itco |
| 1991 | | María Cecilia Vásquez Alvarado |
| 1994 | | Francia Morera Rodríguez |
| 1995 | | Emilse María Rojas Sibaja |
| 1995 | | Ricardo Rojas Sibaja |
| 1995 | | Édgar Antonio Rojas Sibaja |
| 1995 | | María de Los Ángeles Zamora Valerio |
| 1995 | | Francia Morera Rodríguez |
| 1992 | | José Antonio Rojas Rojas |
| 1991 | | Lorenzo Ramírez Medina |
| 1995 | | Oliver Muñoz Monestel |
| 1996 | | Carlos Luis Rodríguez Bolaños |
| 1991 | | Carmen Alvarado Meléndez |
(*)(By agreement N° 005-01-2013 approved in extraordinary session N° 01-01-2013 of January 9, 2013, it is established to expand the previous table "List of subdivisions (segregaciones) in the Community of Cinchona (Municipality of Alajuela)"; as it does not expressly indicate what the expansion consists of, it is transcribed below:"...
LIST OF SUBDIVISIONS (SEGREGACIONES) IN THE COMMUNITY OF CINCHONA (OFFICIAL REGISTRY MUNICIPALITY OF ALAJUELA)
| 0 | No Info/Plan | Non-existent Plan |
|---|
| 0 | No Info/Plan | Non-existent Plan |
| 1987 | | Jacob Duarte Ruiz |
| 0 | Rio | Non-existent Plan |
| 1993 | | María Vargas Sánchez |
| 0 | No Plan | José Antonio Porras Mora y Cecilia Francisca Jiménez Jiménez |
| 1995 | | Asociación Centro Cristiano Cristo Vive |
| 1969 | | Efraín Arroyo Sanchez |
| 1969 | | Saúl Rodríguez Cubero |
| 1969 | | Raúl Murillo Sibaja |
| 1995 | | Non-existent Plan |
| 1996 | | Duglas y Manuel Antonio Morera Rodríguez |
| 1987 | | Cecilia González Hernández |
| 0 | No Plan | Berta Barrantes Murillo |
| 1969 | | Miguel Álvarez Fuentes |
| 1990 | | Francia Morera Rodríguez |
| 1989 | | Francia Morera Rodríguez |
| 1988 | | Vianney Morera Solano |
| 1986 | | Efraín Arroyo Sánchez |
| 1969 | | Alexix Rodríguez Gómez |
| 1988 | | Humberto Rodriguez Campos |
| 1969 | | Leonidas Tenorio Umaña |
| 1969 | | Jorge Prendas Bogantes |
| 1969 | | Carlos Acuña Montero |
| 0 | No Plan | José Francisco López Masís |
| 1969 | | Jorge Luis Alfaro Rodriguez |
| 1994 | | Lorenzo Ramírez Medina y Jorge Luis Alfaro Rodríguez |
| 1969 | | Jorge Luis Alfaro Rodríguez |
| 1988 | | Isaias Villanea Venegas |
| 1987 | | Desarrollo Integral De Cinc Y Itco |
| 0 | No Plan | Non-existent Plan |
| 1987 | | Leticia Méndez Arrieta Y Itco |
| 0 | No Plan | Olman Alfaro Vargas |
| 0 | No Plan | Isla Bonita S.A. |
| 1987 | | Clarisa Rojas Sibaja |
| 1988 | | Leonidas Tenorio Umaña |
| 1986 | | Jorge Mora Robles |
| 1987 | | Jorge Mora Robles |
| 0 | No Plan | Instituto De Desarrollo Agrario |
| 1997 | | Instituto De Desarrollo Agrario |
| 1998 | | Instituto De Desarrollo Agrario |
| 1987 | | Instituto De Desarrollo Agrario |
| 0 | No Plan | Instituto De Desarrollo Agrario |
| 1987 | | Vista Cinchona S.A. |
| 1986 | | José Martín Zamora Valerio |
| 1987 | | Francisco Martín Zamora Valerio |
| 1987 | | Eduardo Brenes Melendez y Itco |
| 1986 | | Ana Isabel Cambronero González y Itco |
| 1987 | | Róger Zamora Calvo y Itco |
| 1987 | | Félix Cascante Loría y Itco |
| 1986 | | José Abelardo Sanabria Sanabria y Itco |
| 1987 | | Vianney Morera Solano |
| 1987 | | Rosalina Zamora Sanchez Y Itco |
| 1982 | | Non-existent Plan |
| 1987 | | Vianney Morera Solano Y Itco |
| 1987 | | Educación de Cinchona y Itco |
| 1987 | | Iglesia de Cinchona y Itco |
| 1987 | | Roberto Rodríguez Morera y Itco |
| 1987 | | Froilan Rodríguez Rodríguez |
| 1987 | | Isla Bonita S. A. |
| 1987 | | Ana Cristina Calvo Murillo |
| 1987 | | Erick Victor Kopidlansky |
| 1987 | | Lesvia Sibaja Sibaja y Itco |
| 1987 | | Non-existent Plan |
| 1987 | | Hugo Alberto Arias Vargas y Itco |
| 1987 | | Rafaela Arias Vargas y Itco |
| 1987 | | Orlando Arias Vargas y Itco |
| 1988 | | Víctor Manuel Arias Vargas |
| 1987 | | Francisco Rodríguez Morera |
| 1987 | | Desarrollo Integral de Cinc y Itco |
| 1991 | | María Cecilia Vásquez Alvarado |
| 1994 | | Francia Morera Rodríguez |
| 1995 | | Emilse María Rojas Sibaja |
| 1995 | | Ricardo Rojas Sibaja |
| 1995 | | Édgar Antonio Rojas Sibaja |
| 1995 | | María de Los Ángeles Zamora Valerio |
| 1995 | | Francia Morera Rodríguez |
| 1992 | | José Antonio Rojas Rojas |
| 1991 | | Lorenzo Ramírez Medina |
| 1995 | | Oliver Muñoz Monestel |
| 1996 | | Carlos Luis Rodríguez Bolaños |
| 1991 | | Carmen Alvarado Meléndez |
According to the Municipality of Alajuela, Isla Bonita is the owner of the following properties:
| Folio Real | Plan Number | | --- | --- | | 2 -152147 | A- 583488- 1999 A- 672766- 1987 A- 664375- 1987 A- 664112- 1987 A- 664110- 1987 A- 664109- 1987 | | 2 -245185 | | | 2 -245191 | | | 2 -245199 | | | 2 -245200 | | | 2 -245201") | | (*) AREAS OF EACH OF THE SUBDIVISIONS (SEGREGACIONES).
| ID MUNICIPAL | ÁREAS | Perímetro | Area Mts 2 | FINCA | PLANO |
|---|
| 987 | 116,01000000000 | 45,12742002180 | 116,01 | 146537 | 240941 |
| 1028 | 157,74000000000 | 56,27267157510 | 157,74 | 0 | 0 |
| 1026 | 158,29000000000 | 54,39898740560 | 158,29 | 0 | 0 |
| 1023 | 172,35000000000 | 54,00476580930 | 172,35 | 308832 | 238089 |
| 1029 | 199,76000000000 | 56,39154819590 | 199,76 | 146565 | 907368 |
| 1042 | 204,41000000000 | 63,16807189090 | 204,41 | 146581 | 1965 |
| 1024 | 210,30000000000 | 61,31772685960 | 210,30 | 308831 | 956662 |
| 1044 | 214,01000000000 | 71,73786484950 | 214,01 | 291987 | 225183 |
| 1047 | 247,99000000000 | 82,26812726280 | 247,99 | 300490 | 233225 |
| 1022 | 257,65000000000 | 65,44749862940 | 257,65 | 308830 | 77772 |
| 1050 | 373,06000000000 | 82,69370326740 | 373,06 | 245191 | 664375 |
| 1077 | 376,24000000000 | 82,36577469310 | 376,24 | 245199 | 664112 |
| 984 | 417,32000000000 | 89,09607963820 | 417,32 | 230144 | 689698 |
| 1020 | 529,32000000000 | 108,13696344200 | 529,32 | 245202 | 737766 |
| 1055 | 538,42000000000 | 101,92703564100 | 538,42 | 300465 | 231689 |
| 1057 | 558,27000000000 | 95,72924590750 | 558,27 | 245178 | 657759 |
| 1045 | 608,87000000000 | 159,61238226600 | 608,87 | 146589 | 225184 |
| 1071 | 650,65000000000 | 101,92085195700 | 650,66 | 299987 | 231691 |
| 1027 | 696,47000000000 | 128,33540853000 | 696,47 | 0 | 664113 |
| 1048 | 724,39000000000 | 121,07288704900 | 724,39 | 245190 | 680802 |
| 1080 | 737,16000000000 | 124,57061061000 | 737,16 | 245201 | 664109 |
| 1072 | 747,77000000000 | 110,68428250600 | 747,77 | 299986 | 231692 |
| 985 | 788,04000000000 | 112,90073136200 | 788,04 | 230143 | 657758 |
| 1079 | 800,85000000000 | 113,07860211600 | 800,85 | 245200 | 664110 |
| 1053 | 820,24000000000 | 131,81959790200 | 820,24 | 332890 | 349145 |
| 1074 | 903,21000000000 | 170,76842620500 | 903,21 | 245195 | 672563 |
| 1056 | 909,32000000000 | 123,69126805800 | 909,32 | 245177 | 673933 |
| 1075 | 941,55000000000 | 155,74969482500 | 941,55 | 245196 | 672769 |
| 1063 | 958,23000000000 | 127,65757334800 | 958,23 | 245187 | 672562 |
| 1051 | 962,42000000000 | 133,96522892400 | 962,42 | 245193 | 664374 |
| 988 | 1111,26000000000 | 137,12826768800 | 1111,26 | 146575 | 724411 |
| 1054 | 1130,97000000000 | 150,44619811000 | 1130,97 | 245179 | 664108 |
| 1070 | 1152,10000000000 | 137,25939296000 | 1152,10 | 146639 | 680801 |
| 1078 | 1158,07000000000 | 166,25751496600 | 1158,07 | 245198 | 644111 |
| 1064 | 1207,21000000000 | 139,50158628000 | 1207,21 | 245186 | 672767 |
| 1073 | 1330,52000000000 | 156,88535381900 | 1330,52 | 299985 | 231690 |
| 1065 | 1434,44000000000 | 180,84674073000 | 1434,45 | 245184 | 657760 |
| 1061 | 1468,45000000000 | 157,78467547300 | 1468,45 | 146641 | 680799 |
| 1059 | 1502,30000000000 | 163,27890734900 | 1502,30 | 245182 | 672768 |
| 1060 | 1599,05000000000 | 163,95671978300 | 1599,04 | 245183 | 680798 |
| 1046 | 1638,22000000000 | 161,14127063700 | 1638,22 | 245188 | 664636 |
| 1068 | 1851,92000000000 | 177,36067656900 | 1851,92 | 245180 | 672765 |
| 1076 | 1994,61000000000 | 184,22281022000 | 1994,61 | 245197 | 664107 |
| 1043 | 2098,84000000000 | 187,61265427300 | 2098,84 | 146653 | 0 |
| 1069 | 2142,92000000000 | 193,26882992600 | 2142,92 | 245189 | 680800 |
| 994 | 2145,56000000000 | 231,17776301000 | 2145,56 | 265652 | 953478 |
| 1119 | 2178,59000000000 | 352,73075514800 | 2178,60 | 146543 | 394508 |
| 1066 | 2191,37000000000 | 206,30979615800 | 2191,37 | 154318 | 664637 |
| 1058 | 2196,07000000000 | 198,22215373800 | 2196,07 | 245181 | 648888 |
| 1067 | 2470,74000000000 | 211,45013570400 | 2470,74 | 152147 | 0 |
| 1049 | 2592,01000000000 | 227,86847179700 | 2592,01 | 245192 | 664373 |
| 1041 | 2665,58000000000 | 255,08608163000 | 2665,58 | 176178 | 724410 |
| 1062 | 3119,11000000000 | 327,28086676900 | 3119,12 | 245185 | 672766 |
| 976 | 3699,94000000000 | 305,44383039100 | 3699,93 | 146535 | 0 |
| 980 | 3811,67000000000 | 255,05915959000 | 3811,67 | 146541 | 1951 |
| 1052 | 3874,04000000000 | 302,29481000300 | 3874,04 | 245204 | 680803 |
| 1021 | 5512,02000000000 | 320,51685228700 | 5512,02 | 146639 | 0 |
| 977 | 6890,16000000000 | 384,19079291200 | 6890,16 | 146537 | 1949 |
| 993 | 8946,62000000000 | 495,85158392700 | 8946,62 | 339314 | 953479 |
| 979 | 9425,25000000000 | 436,46997243800 | 9425,25 | 146539 | 1950 |
| 981 | 9778,46000000000 | 478,74721512100 | 9778,46 | 146567 | 778614 |
| 991 | 10324,55000000000 | 484,27661389100 | 10324,55 | 146579 | 1964 |
| 1040 | 12388,83000000000 | 893,48471561100 | 12388,83 | 146589 | 1968 |
| 986 | 14338,61000000000 | 567,99825842300 | 14338,62 | 146573 | 1962 |
| 1025 | 15312,24000000000 | 654,49400945700 | 15312,23 | 245203 | 664372 |
| 983 | 23029,28000000000 | 849,79860926700 | 23029,28 | 146571 | 657756 |
| 990 | 25555,11000000000 | 792,79100390900 | 25555,10 | 245176 | 0 |
| 1039 | 34505,24000000000 | 925,43105893800 | 34505,24 | 146585 | 0 |
| 1085 | 45058,99000000000 | 927,63865440600 | 45058,99 | 146609 | 724290 |
| 992 | 47785,63000000000 | 1360,01982841000 | 47785,63 | 245176 | 427653 |
| 1032 | 68746,88000000000 | 1237,34340502000 | 68746,88 | 146583 | 1966 |
| 989 | 71576,07000000000 | 1396,85025745000 | 71576,07 | 245176 | 513864 |
| 1018 | 82961,71000000000 | 1283,71265492000 | 82961,70 | 146557 | 714496 |
| 1016 | 85523,02000000000 | 1279,20518574000 | 85523,03 | 146561 | 0 |
| 1031 | 86020,30000000000 | 1297,95563390000 | 86020,29 | 146587 | 1967 |
| 1030 | 89206,34000000000 | 1641,85698226000 | 89206,35 | 146565 | 804479 |
| 1019 | 97569,59000000000 | 1684,22460293000 | 97569,59 | 146563 | 1958 |
| 1015 | 126453,54000000000 | 1550,15041739000 | 126453,54 | 146543 | 322975 |
| 1126 | 140266,33000000000 | 14855,93935070000 | 140266,35 | 0 | 0 |
| 995 | 182404,46000000000 | 1990,29202625000 | 182404,46 | 245176 | 707832 |
| 982 | 329459,90000000000 | 3384,27826165000 | 329459,89 | 245176 | 0 |
| 1014 | 177279,56000000000 | 1809,05352581000 | 177279,57 | 146525 | 131076 |
| | | 1876064,53 | | |
| | | 187,61 | | |
| | | 187 HECTARES | | |
(*)( By agreement N° 005-01-2013 approved in extraordinary session N° 01-01-2013 of January 9, 2013, it is established to expand the previous table "Areas of each of the subdivisions (segregaciones)"; as it does not indicate expressly what the expansion consists of, it is transcribed below: "... AREAS OF EACH OF THE SUBDIVISIONS (SEGREGACIONES).
| ID MUNICIPAL | ÁREAS | Perímetro | Area Mts 2 | FINCA | PLANO |
|---|
| 987 | 116,01000000000 | 45,12742002180 | 116,01 | 146537 | 240941 |
| 1028 | 157,74000000000 | 56,27267157510 | 157,74 | 0 | 0 |
| 1026 | 158,29000000000 | 54,39898740560 | 158,29 | 0 | 0 |
| 1023 | 172,35000000000 | 54,00476580930 | 172,35 | 308832 | 238089 |
| 1029 | 199,76000000000 | 56,39154819590 | 199,76 | 146565 | 907368 |
| 1042 | 204,41000000000 | 63,16807189090 | 204,41 | 146581 | 1965 |
| 1024 | 210,30000000000 | 61,31772685960 | 210,30 | 308831 | 956662 |
| 1044 | 214,01000000000 | 71,73786484950 | 214,01 | 291987 | 225183 |
| 1047 | 247,99000000000 | 82,26812726280 | 247,99 | 300490 | 233225 |
| 1022 | 257,65000000000 | 65,44749862940 | 257,65 | 308830 | 77772 |
| 1050 | 373,06000000000 | 82,69370326740 | 373,06 | 245191 | 664375 |
| 1077 | 376,24000000000 | 82,36577469310 | 376,24 | 245199 | 664112 |
| 984 | 417,32000000000 | 89,09607963820 | 417,32 | 230144 | 689698 |
| 1020 | 529,32000000000 | 108,13696344200 | 529,32 | 245202 | 737766 |
| 1055 | 538,42000000000 | 101,92703564100 | 538,42 | 300465 | 231689 |
| 1057 | 558,27000000000 | 95,72924590750 | 558,27 | 245178 | 657759 |
| 1045 | 608,87000000000 | 159,61238226600 | 608,87 | 146589 | 225184 |
| 1071 | 650,65000000000 | 101,92085195700 | 650,66 | 299987 | 231691 |
| 1027 | 696,47000000000 | 128,33540853000 | 696,47 | 0 | 664113 |
| 1048 | 724,39000000000 | 121,07288704900 | 724,39 | 245190 | 680802 |
| 1080 | 737,16000000000 | 124,57061061000 | 737,16 | 245201 | 664109 |
| 1072 | 747,77000000000 | 110,68428250600 | 747,77 | 299986 | 231692 |
| 985 | 788,04000000000 | 112,90073136200 | 788,04 | 230143 | 657758 |
| 1079 | 800,85000000000 | 113,07860211600 | 800,85 | 245200 | 664110 |
| 1053 | 820,24000000000 | 131,81959790200 | 820,24 | 332890 | 349145 |
| 1074 | 903,21000000000 | 170,76842620500 | 903,21 | 245195 | 672563 |
| 1056 | 909,32000000000 | 123,69126805800 | 909,32 | 245177 | 673933 |
| 1075 | 941,55000000000 | 155,74969482500 | 941,55 | 245196 | 672769 |
| 1063 | 958,23000000000 | 127,65757334800 | 958,23 | 245187 | 672562 |
| 1051 | 962,42000000000 | 133,96522892400 | 962,42 | 245193 | 664374 |
| 988 | 1111,26000000000 | 137,12826768800 | 1111,26 | 146575 | 724411 |
| 1054 | 1130,97000000000 | 150,44619811000 | 1130,97 | 245179 | 664108 |
| 1070 | 1152,10000000000 | 137,25939296000 | 1152,10 | 146639 | 680801 |
| 1078 | 1158,07000000000 | 166,25751496600 | 1158,07 | 245198 | 644111 |
| 1064 | 1207,21000000000 | 139,50158628000 | 1207,21 | 245186 | 672767 |
| 1073 | 1330,52000000000 | 156,88535381900 | 1330,52 | 299985 | 231690 |
| 1065 | 1434,44000000000 | 180,84674073000 | 1434,45 | 245184 | 657760 |
| 1061 | 1468,45000000000 | 157,78467547300 | 1468,45 | 146641 | 680799 |
| 1059 | 1502,30000000000 | 163,27890734900 | 1502,30 | 245182 | 672768 |
| 1060 | 1599,05000000000 | 163,95671978300 | 1599,04 | 245183 | 680798 |
| 1046 | 1638,22000000000 | 161,14127063700 | 1638,22 | 245188 | 664636 |
| 1068 | 1851,92000000000 | 177,36067656900 | 1851,92 | 245180 | 672765 |
| 1076 | 1994,61000000000 | 184,22281022000 | 1994,61 | 245197 | 664107 |
| 1043 | 2098,84000000000 | 187,61265427300 | 2098,84 | 146653 | 0 |
| 1069 | 2142,92000000000 | 193,26882992600 | 2142,92 | 245189 | 680800 |
| 994 | 2145,56000000000 | 231,17776301000 | 2145,56 | 265652 | 953478 |
| 1119 | 2178,59000000000 | 352,73075514800 | 2178,60 | 146543 | 394508 |
| 1066 | 2191,37000000000 | 206,30979615800 | 2191,37 | 154318 | 664637 |
| 1058 | 2196,07000000000 | 198,22215373800 | 2196,07 | 245181 | 648888 |
| 1067 | 2470,74000000000 | 211,45013570400 | 2470,74 | 152147 | 0 |
| 1049 | 2592,01000000000 | 227,86847179700 | 2592,01 | 245192 | 664373 |
| 1041 | 2665,58000000000 | 255,08608163000 | 2665,58 | 176178 | 724410 |
| 1062 | 3119,11000000000 | 327,28086676900 | 3119,12 | 245185 | 672766 |
| 976 | 3699,94000000000 | 305,44383039100 | 3699,93 | 146535 | 0 |
| 980 | 3811,67000000000 | 255,05915959000 | 3811,67 | 146541 | 1951 |
| 1052 | 3874,04000000000 | 302,29481000300 | 3874,04 | 245204 | 680803 |
| 1021 | 5512,02000000000 | 320,51685228700 | 5512,02 | 146639 | 0 |
| 977 | 6890,16000000000 | 384,19079291200 | 6890,16 | 146537 | 1949 |
| 993 | 8946,62000000000 | 495,85158392700 | 8946,62 | 339314 | 953479 |
| 979 | 9425,25000000000 | 436,46997243800 | 9425,25 | 146539 | 1950 |
| 981 | 9778,46000000000 | 478,74721512100 | 9778,46 | 146567 | 778614 |
| 991 | 10324,55000000000 | 484,27661389100 | 10324,55 | 146579 | 1964 |
| 1040 | 12388,83000000000 | 893,48471561100 | 12388,83 | 146589 | 1968 |
| 986 | 14338,61000000000 | 567,99825842300 | 14338,62 | 146573 | 1962 |
| 1025 | 15312,24000000000 | 654,49400945700 | 15312,23 | 245203 | 664372 |
| 983 | 23029,28000000000 | 849,79860926700 | 23029,28 | 146571 | 657756 |
| 990 | 25555,11000000000 | 792,79100390900 | 25555,10 | 245176 | 0 |
| 1039 | 34505,24000000000 | 925,43105893800 | 34505,24 | 146585 | 0 |
| 1085 | 45058,99000000000 | 927,63865440600 | 45058,99 | 146609 | 724290 |
| 992 | 47785,63000000000 | 1360,01982841000 | 47785,63 | 245176 | 427653 |
| 1032 | 68746,88000000000 | 1237,34340502000 | 68746,88 | 146583 | 1966 |
| 989 | 71576,07000000000 | 1396,85025745000 | 71576,07 | 245176 | 513864 |
| 1018 | 82961,71000000000 | 1283,71265492000 | 82961,70 | 146557 | 714496 |
| 1016 | 85523,02000000000 | 1279,20518574000 | 85523,03 | 146561 | 0 |
| 1031 | 86020,30000000000 | 1297,95563390000 | 86020,29 | 146587 | 1967 |
| 1030 | 89206,34000000000 | 1641,85698226000 | 89206,35 | 146565 | 804479 |
| 1019 | 97569,59000000000 | 1684,22460293000 | 97569,59 | 146563 | 1958 |
| 1015 | 126453,54000000000 | 1550,15041739000 | 126453,54 | 146543 | 322975 |
| 1126 | 140266,33000000000 | 14855,93935070000 | 140266,35 | 0 | 0 |
| 995 | 182404,46000000000 | 1990,29202625000 | 182404,46 | 245176 | 707832 |
| 982 | 329459,90000000000 | 3384,27826165000 | 329459,89 | 245176 | 0 |
| 1014 | 177279,56000000000 | 1809,05352581000 | 177279,57 | 146525 | 131076 |
| | | 1876064,53 | | |
| | | 187,61 | | |
| | | 187 | | |
| | | HECTARES | | |
In the case of the buffer area (área de amortiguamiento), the vast majority of the area is properties of the company Isla Bonita S.A.
| Property Number | Owner | Plan | | --- | --- | --- | | 172695 | Isla Bonita S.A. | A-877154-2003 | | 389911 | Isla Bonita S.A. | A-131076-1993 | | 421427 | Isla Bonita S.A. | A-593978-1999 | | 469476 | Fiduciaria AML* *Is in Fiduciary Property where El Ángel S.A. is the trustor (fideicomitente). | A-596017-1999 | | 146643 | Isla Bonita S.A. | A-1959-1966 | | 146533 | Isla Bonita S.A. | A-773624-2002 | | 389911 | Isla Bonita S.A. | A-131076-1993 | | TOTAL...) | | | (*) c. Agricultural Production. From this perspective, the population of Vieja Cinchona and its surroundings depends heavily on the activities that take place in the environment of the food processing plant El Ángel S.A, an aspect that denotes a high vulnerability given that drastic changes or effects on this company (such as the damage it suffered as a consequence of the earthquake of January 8, 2009), also have a very direct impact on the population.
According to PRODUS (2010), based on an interview with one of the company's top executives, the company originated in the region in 1976 with the purchase of land in Cinchona; beginning in 1982, the processing plant was inaugurated, and by 2009 the production level reached 87 different products in 387 presentations.
The company is part of a business group that employs more than 1000 people, whose percentage of men and women is very similar. The average educational level of the workers is primary school in most cases.
The company owns 720 hectares in the area, 300 dedicated to forest (with Pago de Servicios Ambientales), 400 hectares are pastures.
The company has 120 dairy cows (Jersey and Holstein), whose production is used 100% for processing in the company.
This agro-industry generates production and commercial linkages with various areas of the country (Papaya from La Fortuna, strawberry from Poasito, milk is purchased from several producers in the region, blackberry, mango, pineapple from various farms in the area.
It is also estimated that 30% of the company's employees will be residents of the new housing project of Cinchona (Nueva Cinchona), so undoubtedly there will always be a link between this community and the company, before and after the earthquake.
(*)(By agreement N° 005-01-2013 approved in extraordinary session N° 01-01-2013 of January 9, 2013, it is established to expand point c) above; as it does not expressly indicate what the expansion consists of, it is transcribed below: "... c. Socioeconomic activities (i) Characterization of the socioeconomic dynamic Due to the environmental and scenic richness and the proximity of this area to the metropolitan area, this territory constituted one of the main sites visited by national and foreign tourists and was even a mandatory passage on the route to the northern zone of the country within a broad tourist circuit. Furthermore, this territory contains environmental protection areas that include the Poás Volcano and other attractions such as forests, the La Paz Waterfall , Laguna de Hule, the Sarapiquí River, among others, which allowed it to define an offer profile clearly oriented towards rural, ecological, mountain, and adventure tourism that allowed generating an important activity to benefit its inhabitants. This community was characterized by its sales of fruits, crafts, handmade goods, typical foods, and by its people characterized by their friendliness, their availability to work, to help visitors, and to share their traditional way of life. The studies even highlight the pride of these families in communicating who they are and what they do, and in sharing the natural wealth available to them and the cultural roots they have inherited. The population that inhabited the old Cinchona was of a rural type, mostly landowners with sufficient living conditions for the development of small family businesses linked to the agricultural and tourism sectors, activities that allowed the generation of decent employment in the area where dairy production, strawberry and ornamental plant crops, and the already prominent tourism that generated the settlement of large hotel companies that employed a significant percentage of the population stood out. Thanks to these socioeconomic characteristics, the area experienced accelerated growth in its economic indicators, which was affected by the earthquake of the year 2009 (January 8) and which even currently generates an important recession in the area. For this reason, it is established that a reconsideration of territorial planning must consider in "Nueva Cinchona" the generation of economic activities that guarantee the permanence of people in the community, rather than forcing people to migrate to other areas of the country or even to rebuild the evacuated area without any technical knowledge due to the scarcity of employment sources. This hamlet known as Nueva Cinchona joins the towns of Cariblanco and Ujarraz, causing greater pressure in the area regarding the availability of activities that generate the economic sustenance of the inhabitants. (ii) Agricultural activities The population of Vieja Cinchona and the current one of Nueva Cinchona and its surroundings depend heavily on the activities that take place in the environment of the food processing plant El Ángel S.A, so the economic activity of this company is of special importance. According to PRODUS (2010), based on an interview with one of the company's top executives, it originated in the region in 1976 with the purchase of land in Cinchona; beginning in 1982, the processing plant was inaugurated, and by 2009 the production level reached 87 different products in 387 presentations. The company is part of a business group that employs more than 1000 people, whose percentage of men and women is very similar. The average educational level of the workers in the rural area is primary school in most cases. The company Isla Bonita S.A. owns 720 ha in the area, 300 ha dedicated to forest (with Payment for Environmental Services-Pago de Servicios Ambientales-PSA-), 400 ha are pastures. Of those hectares, 241 Ha 220 square meters are located in the buffer area (zona de amortiguamiento) and 1 Ha is located in the restricted zone (zona restringida). Of the hectares located in the buffer area (zona de amortiguamiento), 37 Ha 1929 square meters are used for agricultural production, especially for planting guava. The company has 340 dairy cows (Jersey), whose production is used 100% for processing in the El Ángel S.A. plant. It also has a small fish-farming project. This agro-industry generates production and commercial linkages in various areas of the country (Papaya from La Fortuna , Poasito strawberry, milk is bought from various producers in the region, blackberry, mango, pineapple from various farms in the area). It is also estimated that 30% of the employees of El Ángel S.A. are inhabitants of the new housing project of Cinchona (Nueva Cinchona), meaning that undoubtedly there will always be a link between this community and the company, before and after the earthquake. (iii) Other activities In addition to the agricultural activity carried out in the buffer zone (zona de amortiguamiento), there are other important activities. The same company El Ángel S.A. has tourism promotion activities on the farms it owns, where part of the residential areas of this company are also located. Likewise, there exists in the zone a hydroelectric project owned by El Ángel S.A., whose energy is used as an input in the company's industrial plant and the surplus is sold to the ICE. From this project, El Ángel has an electrical energy distribution network located parallel to highway 126 and situated on properties of Isla Bonita S.A., which supplies electrical energy to the agricultural activities, warehouses, residences, and tourism activities located in the buffer zone. Currently, El Ángel S.A. has submitted an eligibility request to the ICE for a new hydroelectric project that would be located in the buffer zone defined in the regulation...") d. Land value. The issue of land value is important from the point of view of applying use restrictions, or promoting some uses over others, considering the comparative advantages of the environment.
It is important to clarify that land values are directly related to aspects such as resource allocation and the relative development of a place. (PRODUS, 2010) To evaluate this item, PRODUS considers several sources of information, such as the Municipality of Alajuela, the Ministry of Finance, and property sale listings for the Canton of Alajuela.
The value of a property is linked to factors such as the physical characteristics of the places (broken terrain, access, water sources, views, and others), government policies (conservation areas, for example), and people's expectations about the development of the area.
Another important aspect of property value is the possibility or impossibility of building in a given area.
In this sense, the sector located in the surroundings of Cinchona Vieja reflects official land values of ¢500 colones per m² in urban sectors and ¢8 per m² in rural sectors.
(*) e. Slopes. The topographic characteristics of the environment surrounding the community of Vieja Cinchona are very important because they enable the application of two regulations in terms of restrictions that are decisive; but first, it is necessary to know the particulars of that area.
According to PRODUS 2010, using as primary sources IGN, JICA, and CENIGA, the sector in question presents reliefs between strongly steep and mountainous, which are characterized by slopes between 50-75% for the former and more than 75% for the latter.
Based on these results, in the study area, two legal norms apply, linked to restrictions regarding land use, which are as follows:
. Reglamento para el Control Nacional de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones (section III.3.2.9 "On lands with slopes greater than 15%, a preliminary soil and terracing study must be submitted to determine the size of the lots and their slopes. On lands with slopes greater than 30%, a land stability study must be submitted.") . Ley Forestal, 7575 (Article 33, subsection b., A strip of fifteen meters in a Rural zone and ten meters in an urban zone, measured horizontally on both sides, along the banks of rivers, streams, or creeks, if the terrain is flat, and fifty horizontal meters if the terrain is broken.) - greater than 40% -.
(*)(By agreement N° 005-01-2013 approved in extraordinary session N° 01-01-2013 of January 9, 2013, it is established to expand the preceding point e). Because it does not expressly indicate what the expansion consists of, it is transcribed below: "... e. Slopes of the terrain. The topographic characteristics of the environment surrounding the community of Vieja Cinchona are very important because they enable the application of two regulations that in terms of restrictions are decisive, but first it is necessary to know the particulars of that area. According to PRODUS 2010 and GEOTEC 2012, using as primary sources IGN, JICA, and CENIGA, the sector in question presents reliefs between strongly steep and mountainous, which are characterized by slopes between 50-75% for the former and more than 75% for the latter. Additionally, in a smaller proportion, there are sections within the buffer zone with slopes between 15% and 40%, and other sectors with slopes less than 15%. Likewise, there are sectors with slopes between 40% and 60%.
It was possible to identify that the economic activities currently developed within the buffer zone are all located in areas with slopes between 0% and 40%:
The areas where low-density residences are found and tourism activities are carried out have a slope of 0%. In the same situation are the areas where the industrial activity of El Ángel was developed, which is currently used as warehouses and as a logistics center.
The planting areas and some where eco-tourism activities and fish farming are carried out have slopes of up to 40%.
In general terms, the soils of the areas where these activities are carried out are classified in category III. Based on these results, in the study area, two legal norms apply, linked to restrictions regarding land use, which are the following: . Reglamento para el Control Nacional de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones (section III.3.2.9 "On lands with slopes greater than 15%, a preliminary soil and terracing study must be submitted to determine the size of the lots and their slopes. On lands with slopes greater than 30%, a stability study of the land must be submitted.") . Ley Forestal, 7575 (Article 33, subsection b., A strip of fifteen meters in a Rural zone and ten meters in an urban zone, measured horizontally on both sides, along the banks of rivers, streams, or creeks, if the terrain is flat , and fifty horizontal meters, if the terrain is broken.) - greater than 40%-...") (*) f. Geomorphology. Knowing the geomorphology of the study area is very important, since from it we can identify the external processes of the atmosphere's own dynamics (rain, winds, climatic conditions) that have interacted with the existing rocks to produce the current landforms.
According to Salazar for PRODUS 2010, the Vieja Cinchona region and surroundings are mainly composed of two geomorphological units: Denudational slopes and Erosion scarps.
In the denudational forms, landslides are found, in sectors with slopes close to 90 degrees in their detachment areas, and less than 30 degrees in the material deposit sectors.
(*)(By agreement N° 005-01-2013 approved in extraordinary session N° 01-01-2013 of January 9, 2013, it is established to expand the preceding point f). Because it does not expressly indicate what the expansion consists of, it is transcribed below: f. Geomorphology. Knowing the geomorphology of the study area is very important, since from it we can identify the external processes of the atmosphere's own dynamics (rain, winds, climatic conditions) that have interacted with the existing rocks to produce the current forms of the land.
According to Salazar for PRODUS 2010, the Vieja Cinchona region and surroundings are mainly composed of two geomorphological units: Denudational slopes and Erosion scarps.
In the case of the Cinchona earthquake, from field observations it is concluded that most of the lower slope areas were those that slid, due to their constitution of pyroclastic deposits, and the higher slope areas remained intact, where only the forest cover (cobertura boscosa) and the surface vegetal layer were mobilized (GEOTEC, 2012).
In the following photographs, very high slope hillsides are shown in the basin of the Santiaguito and La Paz rivers, in which no mass movement occurred, other than the vegetation cover (cobertura vegetal).
Photograph 1 High hillside on the left bank of the Santiaguito river. It can be observed that the landslides occurred in the upper part of the hillside. The lower part, marked by national route 126, still retains vegetation on a very steep slope hillside.
Photograph 2. In yellow the area of Old Cinchona. Note how the hillside of the river La Paz remains stable, without any landslides, and still with patches of vegetation that the earthquake did not remove.
Photograph Right bank of the Sarapiquí river, in front of the regulated area; road to Virgen del Socorro. Two areas of the road affected by the same landslide are indicated.
The only landslides that occurred in areas of steep slopes were those generated near the summit of the Poás volcano and the Congo volcano, which were the landslides directly related to the mudflows in the Sarapiquí, La Paz , and Santiaguito rivers.
Photograph No. 4 Congo Volcano . Image showing the landslides in the summit parts of the volcanic edifice, which were the generators of part of the avalanches.
Therefore, it is possible to conclude that there are duly identified areas in which certain types of buildings and activities can be carried out, under certain guidelines that will be set forth later, because the existing soils and slopes allow it...") (*) g. Land use capacity (various sources Misión CARTA, Proyecto TERRA, CENIGA, MAG, Fundación Neotrópica, PRIAS-CENAT, MINAET, ICE compiled by PRODUS, 2010) With knowledge of the soil characteristics, it is possible to discern their capabilities and weaknesses, combining them with the effect caused by different types of uses. Knowing the current land use and its capacities, it is possible to establish regulations that promote a more sustainable use of resources and prevent irreversible deterioration.
Regarding the current land use, it is mentioned that in this sector there are large extensions of forest, which continue to the vicinity of the town of Cariblanco; within this extension, there are towns, areas of pastureland, and tourism activities.
This description allows us to conclude that the sector is eminently a forest, within which, and in an isolated manner, there exist populations, pasturelands, and very punctually some tourist locations.
According to the country's official classification of the agricultural and forestry aptitude of these soils, and based on what is established in Decreto N⁰ 23214-MAG-MIERENEM, (published in La Gaceta N⁰ 107 of June 6, 1994), for the sector of Vieja Cinchona, the soils are category VI and VII, which are described below:
. Class VI: lands poorly suited for agricultural processes, they are capable of sustaining forest plantations or perennial crops that do not require mechanization on soils such as fruit trees.
. Class VIII: lands that do not meet the minimum conditions for agricultural or forestry production activities. They are only useful as preservation zones for flora and fauna, protection of aquifer recharge areas, genetic reserves, and scenic beauty.
In accordance with these results, in the sector of Viejo Cinchona, in the type VI soil sectors, the use of some crops is not recommended, and in the case of type VII soils, the utilization of various types of uses is not recommended, such as crops of various types, urban uses, sanitary landfills, quarries, ornamentals, fruit trees, and others.
Practically the only recommended use is forest, hydrological, and biological protection.
(*)(By agreement N° 005-01-2013 approved in extraordinary session N° 01-01-2013 of January 9, 2013, it is established to expand the preceding point g). Because it does not expressly indicate what the expansion consists of, it is transcribed below:"... g. Land use capacity (various sources Misión CARTA, Proyecto TERRA, CENIGA, MAG, Fundación Neotrópica, PRIAS-CENAT, MINAET, ICE compiled by PRODUS, 2010, GEOTEC, 2012) With knowledge of the soil characteristics, it is possible to discern their capabilities and weaknesses, combining them with the effect caused by different types of uses. Knowing the current land use and its capacities, it is possible to establish regulations that promote a more sustainable use of resources and prevent irreversible deterioration.
Regarding the current land use, as referenced in section a), the area whose restricted use is to be conditioned is characterized by large extensions of forest, which continue to the vicinity of the town of Cariblanco. However, within this extension there are important areas where agricultural, residential, tourism, commercial-industrial, and electric energy generation and transmission activities are carried out, which predate the Cinchona earthquake and are suitable for them.
According to the country's official classification of the agricultural and forestry aptitude of the soils in the sector of Vieja Cinchona and its buffer zones, they are classified in categories III, VI, VII, and VIII, in accordance with the provisions of Decreto Ejecutivo Núm. 23214-MAG-MIERENEM, published in La Gaceta N ⁰ 107 of June 6, 1994):
According to PRODUS (2010), the land uses by category would be the following:
Decreto Ejecutivo Núm. 32214-MAG-MIREMEN establishes several variables for performing the soil classification, not only the slope. It is therefore possible to change the categorization of a soil on site following the methodology defined in Decreto Ejecutivo Núm. 23214-MAG-MIRENEM...") h. Groundwater. According to research conducted in the sector, the area of Vieja Cinchona and its surroundings is an important groundwater catchment zone. Considering that the precipitation regime in this part of the country can exceed 8000 mm per year, the preservation and care of geographic spaces with these characteristics is of special importance, given that it protects a resource of vital importance, strategic for future generations.
In that sense, it is important to highlight that in Costa Rica, 61% of the water consumed by the population from AyA aqueduct systems corresponds to groundwater, while only 39% corresponds to surface water. The sector that most utilizes this resource is the rural sector, with 95%. (Federico Arellano Hartig, AyA) (*) i. Life zones and wilderness areas. Through knowledge of life zones, it is possible to know the predominant ecosystem in a particular area.
The study area is classified, according to PRODUS 2010, and in accordance with the Life Zones classification of L.R. Holdridge (1978), as a Premontane Rain Forest (Bosque Pluvial Premontano, bp-P), which is characterized by rainfall exceeding 4000 mm annually, an average annual temperature range between 17 and 24 ⁰C, without a defined dry season or one of very short duration (less than 2 months). The forests are evergreen, with abundant epiphytes, high biodiversity, and very dense.
This type of ecosystem turns out to be limiting for agricultural or forestry activities.
Considering these characteristics of the prevailing ecosystem in the sector of Vieja Cinchona and surroundings, one must take into account that the area is located in the middle of two protected wilderness areas, which are of national importance, these are:
Parque Nacional Volcán Poás; located just under 5 Km in a straight line to the southwest. This park comprises an area of 6,506 Ha, and is one of the most spectacular volcanoes in the country, with several types of habitats. It is one of the most important attractions for the tourism sector in the country.
Área de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central (ACCVC); is a mountain range in which 7 volcanic massifs stand out. It has an approximate extension of 594 Ha in the canton of Alajuela. It is important to highlight that geographic factors, coupled with the extremely high annual precipitation of around 5,500 mm, produce a large quantity of springs (nacientes) and aquifers, giving it enormous economic and social importance.
Corredor Biológico San Juan de la Selva; this strip of land contains the area of interest (Vieja Cinchona and surroundings), and represents a natural passage zone between landscapes and ecosystems that facilitates the migration and dispersal of species.
In that same sense, the Dirección Forestal, through the intermediation of the Parque Nacional Volcán Poás, has favored several farm owners with Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA), which cover an important sector of the right bank of the La Paz river and the lower and middle part of the Planta creek.
j. Most relevant hazards.
. Volcanic Hazard:
From the point of view of potential hazard sources for the sector of Vieja Cinchona, the proximity of the Poás volcano stands out, at less than 5 km away; however, thanks to the predominant wind direction in this sector, products such as ash and gases are displaced towards other sectors of the volcanic massif, mainly the south and southwest hillside, while the study area is located on the north hillside. However, one must consider that in some periods of the year, substantial changes in climatic conditions occur, which can expose this sector to the direct effect of these volcanic processes.
According to some volcanic hazard investigations for the country, the possibility of lahars or pyroclastic flows traveling down some of the rivers and creeks that originate south of the Volcán Poás is indicated; this would include, in the case of the study area, mainly the micro-basin of the Santiaguito river, a tributary of the La Paz river.
The most important eruptions of Poás have been recorded in the following years: 1834, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1910, 1953-1955, 1988-1990, 1994.
. Seismic Hazard: (taken from Barquero and others, 2009: RSN/ICE/ESCUELA DE GEOLOGIA-UCR) On January 8, 2009, an earthquake occurred that, due to its destructive characteristics, the country had not experienced for nearly 18 years, since the last one was on April 22, 1991.
This earthquake occurred in a sector where historically at least five other similar earthquakes have occurred in the last 160 years, in all cases associated with local faulting.
In this region of the country, the main seismic source is cortical faulting. The faults identified to date are generally of medium length (20 km), with the exception of the San Miguel, Volcán Viejo -Aguas Zarcas, Zarcero, and Alajuela faults.
Given that these faults cut through volcanic rocks less than 600,000 years old (the majority between 300,000 and 100,000 years), they are considered potentially active.
El Angel-Varablanca Fault; this fault system is of special importance, given that it is considered the source that generated the earthquake of January 8, 2009. It is expressed on the surface as a series of segments with a north to northwest strike, has an extension of approximately 15 km, and has been studied by different authors.
It presents faceted scarps both to the east and west, and locally linear valleys, adapted or displaced rivers, and fault saddles, suggesting a dextral or normal component of movement, which demonstrates its great activity.
HISTORICAL ACTIVITY IN THE REGION WHERE THE COMMUNITY OF VIEJA CINCHONA IS LOCATED
| Date | Ms | Depth |
|---|
| 1851 | 5.5 | 15.5 |
| 1888 | 5.7 | 15 |
| 1911 | 5.8 | 18 |
| 1912 | 5.1 | 18 |
| 1955 | 5.5 | 18 |
| Alvarado et al, 1988 in Barquero et al, 2009 | | |
. Cinchona Earthquake (January 8, 2009) Event Characteristics Local Time: 13:21 Magnitude: 6.2 Mw Location: 1 km south of Cinchona, on the Ángel Varablanca geological fault.
The intensity recorded at the site of Vieja Cinchona was IX on the Mercalli scale, where accelerations greater than 1g were estimated.
This generated extremely serious damage with the destruction of almost 90% of the infrastructure, including houses, school, church, businesses, and industry, and a total of 30 people deceased.
The magnitude of the event forced a national emergency declaration in nine cantons belonging to two provinces: Alajuela (Alajuela, Grecia, Poás, Alfaro Ruíz, and Valverde Vega) and Heredia (Heredia, Barva, Santa Bárbara, and Sarapiquí).
Estimated losses were $492 million dollars, with significant impacts on the agricultural, health, transport, housing, tourism, energy, and other sectors.
According to specialists on the subject, the probability of a strong earthquake occurring in this same sector in the near term is very low, given that the fault has released a large part of its energy; however, it is worth considering that in our seismic history, there are several cases of earthquakes due to superficial faulting, very close in time and space (Barquero and others, RSN/ICE/ESCUELA DE GEOLOGIA), for example:
There are historical examples evidencing earthquakes due to local superficial faulting very close in time and space . 1841/1842 (first destruction of Cartago, 6.5 months apart).
. 1910 (2 earthquakes in Cartago 21 days apart).
. 1911 /1912 Toro Amarillo 10 months apart.
. 1990 Alajuela and Puriscal 7 months apart.
In the case of Cinchona, and for a period of up to 10 years, the probability of 2 to 4 events separated by a few months up to 10 years persists.
. Landslides (Méndez and others, 2009) There is no doubt that the most devastating effect of the 2009 Cinchona earthquake was the number of landslides that directly affected the region's transport infrastructure, communications, housing, crops, and others. They were also directly responsible for the death of 29 of the 30 people who lost their lives.
The landslides occurred within a distance of 8 km from the earthquake's epicenter, in a region located between the Poás and Barva volcanoes, forming an oval area of approximately 180 km².
The most important damages related to landslides were environmental modifications, damage to housing, public services, agriculture, livestock, tourism, road infrastructure, and above all, the loss of human lives.
Route 126, which is located on the left bank of the Sarapiquí river, was affected by about 50 landslides, the majority regolith flows and a smaller number, but of larger general size, rotational landslides.
Rotational type landslide (Cinchona church) and b and c) regolith type (route 126) (Méndez and others, 2009) . Fractures, geological alignments (Sáenz, L, 2010, ICE). A direct effect on the terrain and infrastructure from the earthquake was the generation of fractures and evidence of geological alignments, suggesting zones of weakness that must be taken into account in future developments in the sector.
The predominant direction of these fractures on the terrain is North-South, in accordance with the El Ángel-Varablanca Fault, but there is also fracturing towards N45⁰E and E-W, which corresponds to other fault systems existing in the region.
It is important to highlight the high density of fracturing that was identified both in the quadrant of what is Vieja Cinchona, and in the different micro-basins that surround this sector.
(*)(By agreement N° 005-01-2013 approved in extraordinary session N° 01-01-2013 of January 9, 2013, it is established to expand the preceding point i); however, the amendment says point h), but the content coincides with point i). Because it does not expressly indicate what the expansion consists of, it is transcribed below:"... h. Life zones and wilderness areas. Through knowledge of the life zones, it is possible to know the predominant ecosystem in a particular area.
The study area is classified, according to PRODUS 2010, and in accordance with the Life Zones classification of L.R. Holdridge (1978), as a Premontane Rain Forest (bp-P), which is characterized by rainfall exceeding 4000 mm annually, an average annual temperature range between 17 and 24 ⁰C, without a defined dry season or one of very short duration (less than 2 months). The forests are evergreen, with abundant epiphytes, high biodiversity, and very dense.
This type of ecosystem turns out to be limiting for agricultural or forestry activities.
Considering these characteristics of the prevailing ecosystem in the sector of Vieja Cinchona and surroundings, one must take into account that the area is located in the middle of two protected wilderness areas, which are of national importance, these are:
Parque Nacional Volcán Poás; located just under 5 Km in a straight line to the southwest. This park comprises an area of 6,506 Ha , and is one of the most spectacular volcanoes of the country, with several types of habitats. It is one of the most important attractions for the tourism sector in the country.
Área de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central (ACCVC); is a mountain range in which 7 volcanic massifs stand out. It has an approximate extension of 594 Ha in the canton of Alajuela. It is important to highlight that geographic factors, coupled with the extremely high annual precipitation of around 5,500 mm , produce a large quantity of springs (nacientes) and aquifers, giving it enormous economic and social importance.
Corredor Biológico San Juan de la Selva ; this strip of land contains the area of interest (Vieja Cinchona and surroundings), and represents a natural passage zone between landscapes and ecosystems that facilitates the migration and dispersal of species.
In that same sense, the Dirección Forestal , through the intermediation of the Parque Nacional Volcán Poás, has favored several farm owners with Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA), which cover an important sector of the right bank of the La Paz river and the lower and middle part of the Planta creek.
i. Most relevant hazards.
· Volcanic Hazard:
From the point of view of potential hazard sources for the sector of Vieja Cinchona, the proximity of the Volcán Poás stands out, at less than 5 km away; thanks to the predominant wind direction in this sector, products such as ash and gases are displaced towards other sectors of the volcanic massif, mainly the south and southwest hillside, while the study area is located on the north hillside. However, one must consider that in some periods of the year, substantial changes in climatic conditions occur, which can expose this sector to the direct effect of these volcanic processes.
In the "Mapa de Reconocimiento de los Peligros Volcánicos de la Cordillera Volcánica Central de Costa Rica", by Paniagua & Soto (1988, modified from Paniagua & Soto, 1986), the center of Cinchona and the lands towards the west and southwest are included as a high-risk area with the possibility of pyroclast fall with a diameter of ≤6.4 cm. The rest of the zone, which comprises the greater part of the study area, is outside of volcanic hazard.
No hazard from pyroclastic flows is included in this zone.
The eventual occurrence of mudflows in the canyons of the Sarapiquí rivers is included on the map.
La Paz and El Ángel. In fact, mudflows occurred in these rivers and in others further west, in the basin of the Toro River, as a consequence of the January 2009 earthquake. However, as the rivers are deeply canyoned in this area, these flows are limited to the lower zone of the canyons, and rather the impacts occur when these flows reach the flatter and lower zones, outside the study area.
The most important eruptions of the Poás have been recorded in the following years: 1834, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1910, 1953-1955, 1988-1990, 1994.
· Seismic Hazard: (taken from Barquero and others, 2009: RSN/ICE/ESCUELA DE GEOLOGIA-UCR) On January 8, 2009, an earthquake occurred that, due to its destructive characteristics, the country had not experienced for about 18 years, since the last one was on April 22, 1991.
This earthquake occurred in a broad region where historically at least five other similar earthquakes have occurred over the last 160 years, in all cases associated with local faulting.
In this region of the country, the main seismic source is crustal faulting; the faults identified to date are generally of medium length (20 km), with the exception of the San Miguel, Volcán Viejo-Aguas Zarcas, Zarcero, and Alajuela faults.
Given that these faults cross volcanic rocks with ages of less than 600,000 years (mostly between 300,000 and 100,000 years), they are considered potentially active.
El Angel-Varablanca Fault: this fault system is of special importance, given that it is considered the source where the earthquake of January 8, 2009 was generated. It is expressed on the surface as a series of segments with a north to northwest strike, extending approximately 15 km, and has been studied by different authors.
It presents faceted scarps to both the east and west, and locally linear valleys and adapted or displaced rivers and fault saddles; a dextral or normal component of movement is suggested, which demonstrates its great activity.
HISTORICAL ACTIVITY IN THE REGION WHERE THE COMMUNITY OF VIEJA CINCHONA IS LOCATED
| Date | Mw | Depth |
|---|
| 1851 | 5.5 | 15.5 |
| 1888 | 5.7 | 15 |
| 1911 | 5.8 | 18 |
| 1912 | 5.1 | 18 |
| 1955 | 5.5 | 18 |
| Alvarado et al, 1988 in Barquero et al, 2009 | | |
The "Seismic Hazard Study for the El Ángel Hydroelectric Project", dated June 2010 (Laporte & Soto, 2010), presents a map with the location of the epicenters of these earthquakes.
Main structures in the vicinity of Vieja Cinchona and the study area, and epicenters of the main historical earthquakes produced by these sources (based on Alvarado et al., 1988; Borgia et al., 1990; Montero et al., 1998; Soto, 1999). Modified from Laporte & Soto, 2010.
The previous figure presents the location of the epicenters and the faults, which are aligned according to the earthquake epicenters and the interpretation of these authors (ibid.).
. Cinchona Earthquake (January 8, 2009) Characteristics of the event Local Time: 13:21 Magnitude: 6.2 Mw Location: 1 km south of Cinchona, on the Ángel Varablanca geological fault.
The intensity recorded at the Vieja Cinchona site was IX on the Mercalli scale, where accelerations greater than 1g were estimated.
This generated extremely serious damage with the destruction of almost 90% of the infrastructure, including houses, school, church, businesses, and industry, and a total of 30 deceased persons.
The magnitude of the event forced the declaration of a National Emergency in nine cantons belonging to two provinces: Alajuela (Alajuela, Grecia, Poás, Alfaro Ruíz, and Valverde Vega) and Heredia (Heredia, Barva, Santa Bárbara, and Sarapiquí).
Estimated losses were $492 million dollars, with significant impacts on the agricultural, Health, Transport, Housing, Tourism, Energy, and other sectors.
According to specialists on the subject, the probability of a strong earthquake occurring in this same sector in the near term is very low, given that the fault has released a large part of its energy; however, it is worth considering that in our seismic history, there are several cases of shallow faulting earthquakes, very close in time and space (Barquero and others, RSN/ICE/ESCUELA DE GEOLOGIA), for example:
There are historical examples that show shallow local faulting earthquakes very close in time and space.
. 1841/1842 (1st destruction of Cartago, with 6.5 months apart).
. 1910 (2 earthquakes in Cartago 21 days apart.)
. 1911/1912 Toro Amarillo 10 months apart.
. 1990 Alajuela and Puriscal with a 7-month interval.
In the case of Cinchona, and for a period of up to 10 years, the probability remains for 2 to 4 events separated from each other by a few months up to 10 years.
. Landslides (Méndez and others, 2009) There is no doubt that the most devastating effect of the 2009 Cinchona earthquake was the number of landslides that directly affected the region's transportation infrastructure, communications, housing, crops, and others. In addition, they were directly what caused the death of 29 of the 30 people who lost their lives.
The landslides occurred at a distance of 8 km from the epicenter of the earthquake, in a region located between the Poás and Barva volcanoes, forming an oval area of approximately 180 km².
The most significant damage related to landslides was environmental modifications, damage to housing, public services, agriculture, livestock, tourism, road infrastructure, and above all the loss of human lives.
Route 126, located on the left bank of the Sarapiquí River, was affected by about 50 landslides, the majority being regolithic flows and a smaller number but generally larger in size being rotational.
Rotational-type landslide (Cinchona church) and b and c) regolithic-type (route 126) (Méndez and others, 2009) It is worth considering that the evidence obtained in the field some weeks after the earthquake indicates that while it is true that almost all the dead were as a consequence of landslides, it is also true that damage to housing and infrastructure did not mostly occur as a consequence of these. The images shown attest to this and evidence significant failures in the construction processes and in adherence to the Seismic and Foundations Codes that govern in Costa Rica (GEOTEC 2012).
. Fractures, geological alignments (Sáenz, L, 2010, ICE). A direct effect on the ground and the infrastructure of the earthquake was the generation of fractures and evidence of geological alignments, which suggest zones of weakness, which must be taken into account in future developments in the sector.
The predominant direction of these fractures on the ground is toward North-South, consistent with the El Ángel-Varablanca Fault, but there is also fracturing toward N45⁰E and E-W, which corresponds to other existing regional fault systems.
It is important to highlight the high density of fracturing that was identified both in the quadrant of Vieja Cinchona, and in the different micro-watersheds that surround this sector. As can be seen from this map, the zones of "high fracturing density" are located in Vieja Cinchona and to the south of this site...") (*) k. Hydrographic basins and the challenge of their planning. Francisco Jiménez (1995, CATIE), proposes a series of elements that justify why a basin is an ideal planning unit; for this, he starts from the fact that the basin itself is a system, which means it is a whole, functionally indivisible and interdependent, made up of the dynamic interrelations in time and space of different subsystems, which are:
. Social: demography, organization, participation, quality of life, public services and infrastructure, conflicts, anthropogenic hazards and vulnerability, etc.
. Economic: income, profitability, investments, markets, payment and collection of environmental services, vulnerability, etc.
. Political: policies, governance, decision-making, municipalities, etc.
. Institutional: local and governmental, presence, function, coordination, etc.
. Cultural: customs, traditions, beliefs, values, etc.
. Legal: land tenure, norms, regulations, laws, ordinances, etc.
. Technological: types and levels, competitiveness, etc.
. Productive: land use, productive activities, systems and means, market access, land distribution, etc.
. Physical: soil, climate, geomorphology, quantity, quality and availability of natural resources, natural hazards, vulnerability, etc.
. Biological: human beings, plants, animals, etc. The vision of the basin as a system requires the recognition of the following elements: . Interaction between the upper, middle, and lower parts of the basin, and with the marine-coastal zone, when applicable. . The comprehensive analysis of the causes, effects, and possible solutions to the problems. . The identification and rational use of the basin's potentialities. . The role of water as an integrating resource of the basin.
(*)(By agreement N° 005-01-2013 approved in extraordinary session N° 01-01-2013 of January 9, 2013, it is established to expand the previous point k); as it is not expressly indicated what the expansion consists of, it is transcribed below:"... k. Hydrographic basins and the challenge of their planning. Francisco Jiménez (1995, CATIE), proposes a series of elements that justify why a basin is an ideal planning unit; for this, he starts from the fact that the basin itself is a system, which means it is a whole, functionally indivisible and interdependent, made up of the dynamic interrelations in time and space of different subsystems, which are; . Social: demography, organization, participation, quality of life, public services and infrastructure, conflicts, anthropogenic hazards and vulnerability, etc.
. Economic: income, profitability, investments, markets, payment and collection of environmental services, vulnerability, etc.
. Political: policies, governance, decision-making, municipalities, etc.
. Institutional: local and governmental, presence, function, coordination, etc.
. Cultural: customs, traditions, beliefs, values, etc.
. Legal: land tenure, norms, regulations, laws, ordinances, etc.
. Technological: types and levels, competitiveness, etc.
. Productive: land use, productive activities, systems and means, market access, land distribution, etc.
. Physical: soil, climate, geomorphology, quantity, quality and availability of natural resources, natural hazards, vulnerability, etc.
. Biological: human beings, plants, animals, etc.
The vision of the basin as a system requires the recognition of the following elements:
. Interaction between the upper, middle, and lower parts of the basin, and with the marine-coastal zone, when applicable.
. The comprehensive analysis of the causes, effects, and possible solutions to the problems.
. The identification and rational use of the basin's potentialities.
. The role of water as an integrating resource of the basin...").
(*) III.-Land-Use Restriction for Preventive Purposes.
Based on the elements set out in Chapter II of this document, it is proposed to regulate land use in the sectors comprising the Vieja Cinchona quadrant and the surrounding micro-watersheds, which would function as buffer areas (áreas de amortiguamiento), where a natural bridge would be created connecting the Volcán Poás National Park and the Área de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central (ACCVC), within the San Juan de la Selva Biological Corridor, along the micro-watersheds of the Santiaguito and Quebrada Planta rivers.
In this way, residential use and other productive land uses that are not compatible with an area vulnerable from the point of view of hazards (earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic activity), but of enormous environmental importance, being a zone of great natural wealth, both from the point of view of biodiversity and of water resource protection (surface and underground), would be discouraged.
(*)(By agreement N° 005-01-2013 approved in extraordinary session N° 01-01-2013 of January 9, 2013, it is established to expand the previous point III); as it is not expressly indicated what the expansion consists of, it is transcribed below:"... III.-Land-Use Restriction for Preventive Purposes.
Based on the elements set out in Chapter II, it is proposed to establish land-use restrictions for the Vieja Cinchona quadrant and its buffer area (área de amortiguamiento), taking into consideration the environmental characteristics of the area, current legislation, and the current land use and socioeconomic reality. The foregoing in order to reduce human and economic losses in the event of earthquakes, to respect the ecological characteristics of an area with high biodiversity and environmental fragility, and likewise, to respect the economic activities that have been carried out for years in the zone, which are compatible with the ultimate objective of the application of this tool, which is not to promote the development of activities that promote population concentrations.
In this way, it is sought that areas suitable for forestry uses and forest be maintained as such, also supporting the conservation efforts carried out in the Volcán Poás National Park and the Área de Conservación Cordillera Volcánica Central (ACCVC), within the San Juan de la Selva Biological Corridor, along the micro-watersheds of the Santiaguito and Quebrada Planta rivers. Furthermore, residential use and other productive land uses are discouraged in vulnerable areas from the point of view of hazards (earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic activity), but the implementation of economic activities that generate employment for the zone's inhabitants is incentivized, in certain zones that by their natural characteristics allow them to be developed safely, and that does not mean the repopulation of Vieja Cinchona or the creation of new population centers...")