l. INTRODUCTION Costa Rica, throughout its history, has centered its development on agricultural, livestock, and forestry activities, which for the year 1990 generated nearly twenty percent of the gross national product.
The need to generate foreign currency, coupled with an increase in the demand for food to sustain the population of the next century and a decrease in the availability of agricultural lands, necessitates the use of agricultural, livestock, and forestry systems that achieve maximum benefit without causing deterioration of natural resources.
The planning process aimed at developing sustainable systems requires an adequate inventory of soil and climate resources, which can be combined comprehensively to establish a land use capacity system. This system must classify lands into groups that reflect the most intensive and sustainable use to which an area of land can be subjected.
Various methodologies exist for determining land use capacity, some of which have been applied in our context.
At that time, two methodologies were in use, one developed by the Tropical Science Center (Centro Científico Tropical, CCT) 1985), which was made official by executive decree number 17754-MIEM-MAG of October 5, 1987, and another developed by the National Soil and Water Conservation Service (Servicio Nacional de Conservación de Suelos y Aguas, SENACSA, 1989), based on manual 21 O the Soil Conservation Service of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA, 1965).
Establishing the true land use capacity is of vital importance, as it makes possible the planning of sustainable development for the different productive activities, for which it is necessary to apply a methodology adapted to the country's own conditions, which must be complete, of mandatory observance and use, thereby unifying criteria and eliminating differences in interpretation.
Due to the need to unify criteria and define a single methodology, the Executive Secretariat for Agricultural Sector Planning (Secretaría Ejecutiva de Planificación Sectorial Agropecuaria, SEPSA) and the Forestry Directorate General (Dirección General Forestal, DGF) organized and convened a discussion forum, which was held on the 16th day of July 1990.
2. STRUCTURE OF THE SYSTEM The structure of the land use capacity classification system comprises three levels: classes, subclasses, and management units.
The system also includes within its technological level, the management and soil conservation practices specified for each capacity class, as indicated in Annex 1 and 2 and their definition in Annex 3.
2.1 Land use capacity classes A class is defined as groups of lands that present similar conditions in the relative degree of limitations and risk of deterioration for their use in a sustainable manner.
2.2 Land use capacity subclasses Subclasses are groups of lands within a class that have limitations of the same kind.
2.3 Management units They constitute a subdivision of the land use capacity subclasses, which indicate the specific factor or factors that limit their use in agricultural, livestock, and forestry activities. These lands are sufficiently homogeneous as to require similar management and conservation systems.
The level used in the studies will depend on the detail used in the survey according to Annex 4.
| | Erosion | | | | Soils | | | | Drainage | | | Climate | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Texture s2 | Texture s2 | | | | | | | | | | | Class | Slope (%) | Erosion Suffered | Effective Depth | Soil 0.30cm | Subsoil <30cm | Stoniness | Fertility | Toxicity s5 Salinity s6 | Drainage | Flood Risk | Life Zone | Dry Period | Fog | Wind | | | e1 | e2 | s1 | | | s3 | s4 | | d1 | d2 | c1 | c2 | c3 | c4 | | I | <3 | None | >120 | Medium | Mod coarse to mod fine | Stone-free | High | Mild Tox Mild Sal | Good | None | bh-P bh-T bh-MP | Moderate | Absent | Absent | | II | <8 | None or slight | >90 | Mod fine to mod coarse | Fine to mod coarse | Stone-free to slightly stony | Medium high | Mild Tox Mild Sal | Mod. excess. to Mod. slow | None to slight | All except pluvial and bmh | Any | Absent or moderate | Absent or moderate | | III | <3 | None or slight | >90 | Fine to very fine | Fine to very fine | Stone-free to slightly stony | High | Mild Tox Mild Sal | Mod. Slow to slow | None to Moderate | bs-T bh-T bh-P | Severe | Absent | Absent or moderate | | | <15 | None or moderate | >60 | Fine to mod coarse | Fine to Mod coarse | Stone-free to slightly stony | Medium high | Mod Tox Mild Sal | Mod. excess. to Mod. slow | None to Moderate | All except pluvial | Any | Absent or moderate | Absent or moderate | | IV | <30 | None or moderate | >60 | Very fine to mod coarse | Very fine to mod coarse | Stone-free to moderately stony | Medium high | Mod Tox Mild Sal | Mod. slow. to Mod. Excess | None to Moderate | All except Páramo, bmh-M and bp-M | Any | Absent or moderate | Absent or moderate | | V | <15 | None or moderate | >30 | Any | Any | Stone-free to stony | Any | Severe Tox Mod Sal | Very slow to excess. | None to Severe | All except Páramo | Any | Absent or strong | Absent or strong | | | <30 | None or moderate | >30 | Mod coarse to fine | Any | Stone-free to strongly stony | Any | Severe Tox Mod Sal | Very slow to excess. | None to severe | All except pluvial and bmh-T | Any | Absent or strong | Absent or strong | | VI | <50 | None or severe | >60 | Any | Any except coarse | Stone-free to strongly stony | Any | Severe Tox Mod Sal | Mod. excess. to Mod. slow | None to Moderate | All except Páramo | Any | Absent or moderate | Absent or moderate | | VII | <75 | None or severe | >30 | Any | Any | Stone-free to strongly stony | Any | Any | Any | Any | All except Páramo | Any | Any | Any | | VIII | Any | Any | Any | Any | Any | Any | Any | Any | Any | Any | Any | Any | Any | Any | For the purposes of this methodology, crops have been classified as indicated in Annex 5.
3. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF LAND USE CAPACITY CLASSES The system consists of eight classes represented by Roman numerals, in which there is a progressive increase of limitations for the development of agricultural, livestock, forestry activities.
Classes I, II, III permit the development of any activity including the production of annual crops. The selection of activities will depend on socioeconomic criteria.
In classes IV, V, VI their use is restricted to the development of semi-permanent and permanent crops. In class IV, annual crops can only be developed occasionally.
Class VII has such severe limitations that they only permit the management of primary or secondary natural forest. On denuded lands, the reestablishment of natural vegetation must be sought.
Class VIII is composed of terrains that do not permit any productive agricultural, livestock, or forestry activity, therefore being suitable only for the protection of resources.
Below is a detailed description of the different classes, whose parameters for operational purposes of the system are found in Table l.
3.1 Class I This class includes lands with few or no limitations for the development of agricultural, livestock, or forestry activities ecologically adapted to the zone.
The lands of this class are found on flat or nearly flat surfaces, with no erosion suffered, with very deep soils, of medium texture in the soil and moderately coarse to moderately fine in the subsoil, stone-free, without toxicity and salinity problems, good drainage, without flood risk, in life zones of humid condition, moderate dry period, and without adverse effects from fog and wind.
3.2 Class II The lands of this class present slight limitations that alone or combined reduce the possibility of choice of activities or increase production costs due to the need to use soil management and conservation practices.
The limitations that may present are: slightly undulating relief, slight erosion suffered, deep soils, moderately fine or moderately coarse textures in the soil and fine or moderately coarse in the subsoil, slightly stony, medium fertility, slight toxicity and salinity, moderately excessive or moderately slow drainage, slight flood risk, dry or very wet life zones, with strong or absent dry period, and moderate fog and wind condition.
3.3 Class III The lands of this class present moderate limitations alone or combined, that restrict the choice of crops or increase production costs.
To develop annual crops, intensive soil and water management and conservation practices are required.
Among the limiting factors present in this class are: moderately undulating relief, slight erosion suffered, moderately deep soils, fine or moderately coarse textures in the soil and subsoil, moderately stony, medium fertility, moderate toxicity, slight salinity, moderately excessive or moderately slow drainage, moderate flood risk, dry or very wet life zones, with strong or absent dry period, moderate fog and wind condition.
3.4 Class IV The lands of this class present strong limitations, alone or combined, that restrict their use to semi-permanent and permanent vegetation.
Annual crops can only be developed occasionally and with very intensive soil and water management and conservation practices, except in pluvial climates, where this type of crop is not recommendable.
The limitations that can present alone or combined are: undulating relief, moderate erosion suffered, moderately deep soils, very fine or moderately coarse textures in the soil and subsoil, stony, medium fertility, moderate toxicity, slight salinity, moderately slow or moderately excessive drainage, moderate flood risk, dry, very wet, and pluvial life zones, with strong or absent dry period, moderate fog and wind condition.
3.5 Class V The lands of this class present severe limitations for the development of annual crops, semi-permanent, permanent, or forest, therefore their use is restricted to grazing or natural forest management.
The limitations that may occur, alone or combined when the slope is less than 15% are: moderately undulating relief, moderate erosion suffered, shallow soils, soil and subsoil textures can be from fine to coarse, strongly stony, very low fertility, severe toxicity, moderate salinity, very slow or excessive drainage, severe flood risk, dry and pluvial life zones, with strong or absent dry period, strong fog and wind condition.
The following limitations may also occur when the slope ranges between 15 and 30%: undulating relief, moderate erosion suffered, shallow soils, moderately coarse or fine textures in the soil and from very fine to coarse in the subsoil, strongly stony, very low fertility, severe toxicity, moderate salinity, very slow or excessive drainage, severe flood risk, dry and very wet life zones except tropical very wet forest, with strong or absent dry period, strong fog and wind condition.
3.6 Class VI The lands located within this class are used for forestry production, as well as permanent crops such as fruit trees and coffee, although the latter require intensive soil and water management and conservation practices. However, some forest species such as Teak (Tectona grandis) and Melina (Gmelina arborea) in pure plantations are not suitable for the slopes of this class, because they accelerate soil erosion processes, therefore this type of use is only recommended on moderately undulating to undulating reliefs.
The limitations that can present, alone or combined, are: strongly undulating relief, severe erosion suffered, moderately deep soils, soil textures from very fine to coarse, in the subsoil from very fine to moderately coarse, strongly stony, very low fertility, severe toxicity, moderate salinity, moderately excessive or moderately slow drainage, moderate flood risk, dry and pluvial life zones except páramo, strong or absent dry period, moderate fog and wind condition.
3.7 Class VII The lands of this class have severe limitations, therefore only forest management is permitted in the case of forest cover (cobertura boscosa); in those cases where the current use is different from forest, forest restoration will be sought through natural regeneration.
The limitations that can present alone or combined are: escarped relief, severe erosion suffered, shallow soils, soil and subsoil textures from very fine to coarse, strongly stony, very low fertility, severe toxicity and salinity, excessive or null drainage, very severe flood risk, dry and pluvial life zones except páramo, strong or absent dry period, strong fog and wind condition.
3.8 Class VIII These lands do not meet the minimum conditions for any agricultural, livestock, or forestry production activity. The lands of this class have utility only as zones for the preservation of flora and fauna, protection of aquifer recharge areas, genetic reserve, and scenic beauty. Any category of limiting parameters is included for this class.
3.9 In the different land use classes, civil infrastructure works permitted by the legal framework may be carried out, in accordance with the requirements foreseen for each case.
(Thus added by Article 1 of Executive Decree No. 33957 of September 5, 2007) 4. DESCRIPTION OF THE LAND USE CAPACITY SUBCLASSES In this system, limitations due to erosion, soil, drainage, and climate are recognized as factors for defining subclasses. To determine the subclasses, the conditions of the terrain must be compared against those permitted in class I.
4.1 Erosion (e) It is the current or potential loss of soil caused by surface runoff and the action of wind. The current or suffered erosion occurs due to poor land management practices and potential erosion according to the degree of slope inclination.
4.2 Soil (s) It refers to the limitations that occur, caused by one or several of the following factors: effective depth, texture, stoniness, fertility, toxicity, and salinity.
4.3 Drainage (d) It groups the limitations caused by excess or deficiency of moisture in the soil or by flood risk.
4.4 Climate (c) These are limitations due to the different climatic characteristics that negatively affect plant growth. To characterize the limitations by climate, the system uses life zones (Holdridge, 1982), the dry period, wind, and fog.
5. MANAGEMENT UNITS Management units constitute a subdivision of the land use capacity subclasses, which indicate the specific factor or factors that limit their use in agricultural, livestock, and forestry activities. These lands are sufficiently homogeneous as to require similar management and conservation systems, which allow obtaining similar responses from the crops developed in these areas.
The management unit is a very specific classification level, which must be correlated with the degree of cartographic generalization of the study.
Symbolically, the management units are represented by a Roman numeral indicating the capacity class, one or more lowercase letters indicating the capacity subclasses, and one or more Arabic numerals as subscripts to the subclasses that correspond to the management unit. The parameters that define the management unit and which total 14 are described in point 6.
To define the specific limiting factors, they must be compared with the conditions established for class I, to highlight the factor or factors of greatest limitation responsible for defining the management units, the respective subscript will be indicated underlined. In any case, the different limitations will follow the sequence: e, s, d, c.
For classes III to VII, the factor of greatest limitation that differentiates one class from the previous class must be indicated with an underlined subscript. This helps define which is the restrictive factor for land use.
Example (NOTE FROM SINALEVI: See example, in Gaceta No. 107 of June 6, 1994) 6. PARAMETERS FOR THE EV ALUATION OF LAND USE CAPACITY 6.1. Erosion (e) 6.1.1 Slope (e1) The slope of a terrain is expressed as the degree of declivity, that is, a relationship between the vertical and horizontal distances of two points in percentage terms.
For studies at the detail level or higher, the slope must have greater consideration in the microrelief, so the frequency of its measurement must be greater, since it affects tillage operations and water movement on the soil.
6.1.1.1 Slope categories as a function of relief
| 1. Flat or nearly flat: | 0 to 3% |
|---|---|
| 2. Slightly undulating: | 3 to 8% |
| 3. Moderately undulating: | 8 to 15% |
| 4. Undulating: | 15 to 30% |
| 5. Strongly undulating: | 30 to 60% |
| 6. Escarped: | 60 to 75% |
| 7. Strongly escarped: | More than 75% |
6.1.2 Erosion suffered (e2) Refers to the visible damage caused to soils by accelerated erosion. To measure the degree of erosion, field observation is used, looking at pedestals, bare roots, the existence of rills, terracettes, furrows, gullies, landslides, mass removal, and the accumulation of sediments at the foot of slopes and drainage paths.
6.1.2.1 Erosion categories 1. None Without erosion symptoms.
2. Slight or light (Slight sheet and/or rill erosion) Soils present few rills of a few centimeters in depth after rains, the presence of low pedestals (less than 3 cm) can be an index of slight erosion, as can light trampling marks in pastures. It is considered that less than 25% of the original A horizon has been lost.
3. Moderate (Moderate sheet and/or rill erosion) Erosion symptoms are observed through the generalized presence of shallow rills and furrows in maturing crop fields, and shallow trails between grass clumps, in pastures, or tall pedestals (3 to 5 cm). It is considered that up to 50% of the original A horizon has been lost.
4. Severe (Strong sheet and/or rill erosion, or incipient gullies) The presence of abundant furrows is observed even after plowing, of deep rills and furrows in fields with maturing crops, and the presence of deep trails without vegetation and small landslides on hillsides, with clumps on pedestals (5 to 10 cm) of land in pastures. The soil has been eroded up to 100% of the original A horizon.
5. Very severe (Deep and/or dense gullies) Soils are practically destroyed or are strongly truncated, with exposure of the B horizon. In some soils, a microrelief with deep gullies in dendritic patterns is produced, and in others, there is extreme truncation of the surface horizons, with or without the presence of gullies. In this category, landslides and/or massive depositions of soils that have moved from their place of origin are included.
6.2 Soil 6.2.1 Effective depth (s1) Effective depth is defined as the thickness of the soil and subsoil layers into which roots can penetrate without difficulty, in search of water, nutrients, and support.
Its lower limit is defined by compact layers or horizons that impede root development, such as very dense and compact clays, cemented, compacted horizons (hardpans), continuous rocky or stony strata, water table associated with gleyzation, horizons with toxic concentrations of some element (Cu, Mn, Na).
6.2.1.1 Effective depth categories 1. Very deep: More than 120 cm.
2. Deep: 90 to 120 cm.
3. Moderately deep: 60 to 90 cm.
4. Shallow: 30 to 60 cm.
5. Superficial: Less than 30 cm.
6.2.2 Soil texture (s2) The textures considered will be those dominant in the soil and subsoil, where the textural class will be defined by the strongest limitation of the soil or subsoil.
Texture refers to the relative proportion of particle sizes of the fine fraction of the soil, namely: clay, silt, and sand. (Annex 6) 6.2.2.1 Texture categories 1. Coarse: sandy, coarse and medium loamy sand.
2. Moderately coarse: fine loamy sand, medium and coarse sandy loam.
3. Medium: fine sandy loam, loam, silty loam, silt.
4. Moderately fine: clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay loam.
5. Fine: clayey (less than 60% clay), sandy clay, and silty clay.
6. Very fine: clayey (more than 60% clay).
6.2.3 Stoniness and/or rockiness (s3) It is the content of stones and rocks that interfere with tillage operations, root growth, and water movement.
For the purposes of this manual, stoniness is defined as the gravel content whose size varies from 0.2 to 20 mm, stones are more than 2 cm in diameter, and rockiness is the relative proportion of exposure of fixed rock, either by outcrop in very thin soils or by conglomerates.
6.2.3.1 Stoniness or rockiness categories 1. Stone-free There are no stones or rocks or they are so few that they do not interfere with soil preparation. Stones and/or rocks cover less than 1 m2/Ha, that is, less than 0.01% of the area. In this category, up to 5% of the soil volume with gravel is accepted.
2. Slightly stony The content of stones and/or rocks interferes with the preparation of land but without impeding this task.
The area covered by stones and/or rocks varies between 1 and 10 m2/Ha, that is, 0.01-0.1% of the area. From 5 to 10% of the soil volume with gravel is accepted.
3. Moderately stony The content of stones and/or rocks is sufficient to hinder land preparation, so this task must be carried out carefully. The area occupied by stones and/or rocks varies from 10 to 300 m2/Ha, that is, 0.1-3% of the area. From 10 to 15% of the soil volume with gravel is accepted.
4. Stony The content of stones and/or rocks only allows the use of lightweight machinery or hand tools to prepare the land. The area occupied by stones and/or rocks varies from 300 to 800 m /Ha, that is, 3-8% of the area. From 10 to 15% of the soil volume with gravel is accepted.
5. Very stony The content of stones and/or rocks is sufficient to impede any use of agricultural machinery in land preparation, so only manual implements can be used.
The area occupied by stones and/or rocks varies from 800 to 2,000 m2/Ha, that is, from 8 to 20%. From 25 to 50% of the soil volume with gravel is accepted.
6. Strongly stony The surface is found covered with stones and/or rocks, which occupy between 20 and 50% of the surface. Only manual implements may be used occasionally. From 50 to 75% of the soil volume with gravel is accepted.
7. Extremely stony The surface is found practically covered with stones and/or rocks, with more than 50% of it covered by these. More than 75% of the soil volume with gravel is accepted.
6.2.4 Fertility (s4) For classification purposes, the fertility criterion must be used in those terrains with slopes less than 30%.
In surveys at the reconnaissance level or lower, available information from studies previously conducted can be used.
To evaluate soil fertility, the determination of must be used:
- Sum of extractable bases.
- Percentage of acidity saturation, which will be determined by means of the following formula:
acidity x 100; where acidity is extracted with:
sum of bases + acidity KCI 1N.
6.2.4.1 Fertility categories High: Sum of bases greater than 10 meq/100 ml and acidity saturation less than 10% Medium: Sum of bases greater than 5 meq/100 ml and acidity saturation less than 50%.
Low: Sum of bases less than 5 meq/100 ml and acidity saturation greater than 50%.
Very low: Sum of bases less than 5 meq/100 ml and acidity saturation greater than 50%.
6.2.5 Copper toxicity (s5) It is the concentration of copper in the soil at a toxic level.
Because information on the concentration of copper and its effects is scarce, the scale proposed below is preliminary.
6.2.5.1 Copper toxicity categories Slight: 0 - 25 ppm.
Moderate: 25 - 75 ppm.
Severe: 75 - 150 ppm.
Very severe: more than 150 ppm.
6.2.6 Salinity (s6) It is the total concentration of soluble salts in the soil, which is determined by means of the electrical conductivity of the soil saturation extract. (Richards, 1970).
6.2.6.1 Salinity categories Slight: 0 - 4 Mmhos/cm.
Moderate: 4 - 16 Mmhos/cm.
Severe: more than 16 Mmhos/cm.
6.3 Drainage (d) 6.3.1 Drainage (d1) It is the rate at which water moves, whether by surface runoff or by its movement through the profile towards subterranean spaces.
6.3.1.1 Drainage categories 1. Excessive Water is removed from the soil rapidly, either because it has very light textures or steep and exposed slopes (without appreciable vegetation cover).
2. Moderately excessive Water is removed from the soil in a moderately rapid manner.
Many of these soils have moderately light textures and/or undulating relief. " 3.Good Water is removed from the soil easily but not rapidly. Well-drained soils commonly have medium textures; however, clayey soils with good structure can be included within this class.
The water table (nivel freático) is found at depths greater than 120 cm, and if mottles (moteos) appear, these are at more than 90 cm.
4. Moderately slow In this class, water is removed from the soil with some slowness, so that the profile remains saturated (excessive moisture) for short but appreciable periods.
Moderately slow drainage soils generally have a layer of slow permeability in the profile, or a relatively high water table (60-90 cm deep), and with mottles after 30 cm; gleyed horizons may occasionally appear in the subsoil.
5. Slow Water is removed from the soil slowly enough to keep it saturated for very appreciable periods of time (3 to 6 months per year).
Slow drainage soils usually have a high water table between 30 and 60 cm deep, and with mottles at less than 30 cm, and it is normal for gleyed layers to appear in the subsoil.
6. Very slow Water is removed so slowly that the soil remains saturated for long periods of time (6 to 9 months per year). The water table is generally near the soil surface (less than 30 cm) during a considerable part of the year and always with mottles usually from the surface.
7. Null Water is removed from the soil so slowly that the water table remains on or above the surface most of the time (more than 9 months per year). These soils have high hydromorphism or gleyzation throughout the entire profile.
6.3.2 Risk of waterlogging or flooding (d2) It refers to the probability and frequency of occurrence of a water current overflowing outside its normal channel, causing a hazard to the surrounding areas.
Waterlogging can be caused by the stagnation of water in depressions and plains, especially on soils with drainage problems.
6.3.2.1 Categories of waterlogging or flooding 1. Null The soils present no risk of suffering floods.
2. Slight They occur occasionally and generally in exceptionally rainy years; however, their duration is not more than one week.
3. Moderate Floods generally occur every year, but their duration is less than two weeks.
4. Severe Floods occur several times a year and last for short periods (less than two weeks).
5. Very severe Floods occur several times a year and for periods greater than two weeks.
6.4 Climate (e) 6.4.1 Life zones (el) The life zone (zona de vida) is a set of specific ranges of the main climatic factors, constituted by biotemperature, precipitation, and humidity, which characterize a particular environmental condition for a given geographical area. (Holdridge, 1967) According to the ecological map of Costa Rica (Tosi, 1969), the country has twelve different life zones. Figure 1 shows the life zones with their parameters and relationship.
(NOTE FROM SINALEVI: See Figure 1 "Diagram for the classification of zones", in Gaceta No. 107 of June 6, 1994) 6.4.1.1 Classes of life zones:
| Name | Acronym |
|---|---|
| Tropical Dry Forest | bs-T |
| Tropical Humid Forest | bh-T |
| Tropical Very Humid Forest | bmh-T |
| Premontane Humid Forest | bh-P |
| Premontane Very Humid Forest | bmh-P |
| Premontane Rain Forest | bp-P |
| Lower Montane Humid Forest | bh-MB |
| Lower Montane Very Humid Forest | bmh-MB |
| Lower Montane Rain Forest | bp-MB |
| Montane Very Humid Forest | bmh-M |
| Montane Rain Forest | bp-M |
| Subalpine Rain Paramo | pp-SA |
6.4.2 Dry period (C2) Dry period is understood as the number of consecutive dry months. Dry months are considered those where precipitation is less than half of the potential evapotranspiration.
Potential evapotranspiration can be determined by multiplying the mean monthly biotemperature by a monthly constant as follows: * (*) Personal communication, Eng. Rafael Bolaños, 1991. CCT 28-day month = 4.52 30-day month = 4.84 31-day month = 5.00 6.4.2.1 Categories of dry period 1. Absent < 1 Month 2. Moderate 1 - 3 Months 3. Strong > 3 Months 6.4.3 Fog (c3) The presence of fog leaves, in the areas of influence, specifically on tree vegetation, characteristics that are easily interpretable regarding its frequency and density.
6.4.3.1 Categories of fog 1. Absent This includes sites where fog does not represent any obstacle to the normal development of agricultural activities.
The category comprises areas that have no fog influence, as well as those in which fog exists infrequently and for short periods, since it occurs mainly on some days in winter and normally during the night or early hours of the day. Two representative places of this latter condition are the cities of Cartago and Zarcero.
It is recognized in the field by the absence or low frequency of moss on trees, which may appear even partially covering some branches of most trees in the area.
2. Moderate This category corresponds to places affected by fog almost daily during winter and in a more isolated manner during summer. Such sites are generally found in cloud pass sectors, so many of the fogs are dense, caused by the direct contact of clouds with the ground. These phenomena can occur at any time of day but are more common during the afternoon and night hours.
In the field, such conditions are determined by the abundance of moss, which covers a large part of the branches and trunks of almost all trees. This moss can be hanging (5 to 15 cm long) or in a shorter form but forming layers.
When it involves young trees (5 to 10 years), the effect of fog is less noticeable; in these cases, depending on their age, they will generally have a smaller amount of moss.
Examples of fog level 2 can be seen on the highway between Cartago and Vara Blanca, north of Heredia, or in some sectors between El Empalme and Cerro de la Muerte.
3. Strong (Cloud Forest) This corresponds to areas where fog is so frequent that it occurs almost every day and is produced by the almost daily contact between clouds and the terrain. Its behavior is highly variable in terms of the frequency and duration of the cloud masses, but it can occur for several hours continuously or in intermittent periods.
These are sites easily recognizable by the abundance of moss, which covers all or almost all of the tree, forming in most cases a true "carpet" over the branches or trunk of mature or old trees.
It is very common to see mosses on tree leaves, and isolated trees almost always die or are small or deformed, since it is normal for fog level 3 to be associated with winds that blow constantly.
Therefore, it is common to observe that trees protected from the wind (leeward) have the effects of fog level 2, while a few tens of meters away, on the hilltops, the trees are loaded with moss (fog level 3).
It is common to observe under such conditions that fence posts and even road cuts are covered with mosses; even the natural forests in such sectors are of low height and of little economic importance, and in many cases, their management is not profitable.
Some representative sites of such conditions are the Paso de la Palma, the region north of Balsa de San Ramón, and southwest of Monteverde.
6.4.4 Wind (C4) Wind exerts a direct mechanical effect on plants, causes drying of the environment, and provokes erosion.
6.4.4.1 Categories of wind 1. Absent Corresponds to wind category 1, which does not cause problems in agricultural, livestock, or forestry activities. It includes constant or frequent winds, with average speeds less than 15 km/hour.
Under wind level 1 conditions, trees grow vertically and expand their branches in all directions.
2. Moderate Comprises constant or very frequent wind, with speeds between 15 and 30 km/hour, which causes moderate problems for agriculture, which can be solved with the installation of windbreaks as protection measures. It also includes higher speeds, but with less constancy.
Corresponds to wind category 2, which is recognized in the field by the general tendency of trees to have their crowns slightly inclined towards the side the wind blows.
3. Strong Corresponds to wind category 3, which reaches speeds greater than 30 km/hour and has a frequency of more than 50% of the time. This has very detrimental effects on land-use activities, limiting the land's use capacity to grazing or low-yield forestry production.
It is recognized in the field because the trees lack branches on the side the wind blows from, and generally have their trunk inclined due to the force of the wind and the weight of their crown.
7. USE OF THE SYSTEM To carry out the classification of a land unit, it is necessary, first, to have field data, which must be taken after having performed an adequate pre-mapping or separation of physiographic units, preferably through photo interpretation.
Specific parameters for the evaluation of land-use capacity, such as copper toxicity and salinity, should only be evaluated in those zones where they are recognized as local-level limitations, as is the case for the South Pacific and the coastlines, respectively.
After completing all the data referring to the system parameters, one proceeds to determine the class, or subclass, or management unit (unidad de manejo) as appropriate.
To do this, one begins comparing the respective parameter data for each land unit with the values allowed in the key. One starts from top to bottom, that is, from Class I towards VIII; the resulting class will be the one in which all field values coincide with those indicated in said key.
At the moment a value of a factor to be classified does not correspond with what is required by the key, one must move to the next line of values in order to make them coincide.
PRACTICAL EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF THE SYSTEM:
From the agrological evaluation of a plot in Santa Rosa de Pocosol (San Carlos), the extension agent obtained the following data:
Dominant slope 14% Erosion suffered (erosión sufrida) slight or light Effective depth greater than 120 cm Texture in the soil clay loam Texture in the subsoil clayey (less than 60% clay) No stoniness Medium fertility No toxicity and salinity problems Moderately slow drainage Null flood risk Life zone Tropical Humid Forest Moderate dry period No problems from fog or wind.
To determine the land-use capacity class, one proceeds to compare the data with those in table 1 of this methodology, for which the following field table is used.
From this comparison, it is obtained that the lands of this plot are Class III, that the subclass is III esd, and that the management unit is III e 12 S24 dI.
8. MODIFIABLE PARAMETERS OF LAND-USE CAPACITY When specific management and/or soil conservation practices are developed on a land with certain limitations, which correct said limitations, the land must be reclassified according to the limitations that remain on said land.
Thus, for example, slope, erosion suffered, stoniness, and fertility can be partially or totally corrected with specific management and soil conservation practices; the effect of wind can be reduced with agronomic practices; the limitation of dry months can be corrected with the implementation of irrigation systems; and drainage can also be modified with drainage works, as long as the soil texture and permeability allow it.
MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION PRACTICES FOR SOILS AND WATER ACCORDING TO CLASS
| CLASS: PRACTICES |
|---|
| I Not very intensive |
| II Not very intensive |
| III Intensive |
| IV Very intensive |
| V Not very intensive |
| VI Intensive |
| VII Not very intensive |
| VIII None |
| ANNEX 2 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION PRACTICES ACCORDING TO CLASS |
| Description | CLASSES | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Code | of the practices | Unit | I | II | III | IV | V | VI | VII |
| 0101 | Topographic Survey | Has | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| 0102 | Soil Studies | Has | x | x | x | x | x | x | X |
| 0103 | Agro-conservation Farm Planning | Has | x | x | x | x | x | x | X |
| 0201 | Diversion Ditch (Canal de Guardia) | Mts | x | x | x | x | x | ||
| 0202 | Hillside Ditches | Mts | x | x | x | ||||
| 0203 | Orchard Terraces | Mts | x | x | X | ||||
| 0204 | Diversion Terraces | Mts | x | x | x | ||||
| 0205 | Stone Walls | Mts | x | x | x | x | |||
| 0206 | Grassed Waterway | Mts | x | x | x | x | |||
| 0207 | Access Road and Drainage | Mts | x | x | x | x | x | ||
| 0208 | Windbreak Curtains | Mts | x | x | x | x | x | ||
| 0209 | Contour Furrows in Pastures | Mts | x | ||||||
| 0210 | Fence Establishment | Mts | x | x | x | x | x | X | |
| 0301 | Diversion Channel | Mts | x | x | x | ||||
| 0302 | Water Pond | Cubic Mts | x | x | x | x | x | X | |
| 0303 | Water Dam | Cubic Mts | x | x | x | x | x | X | |
| 0304 | Contour Dikes (border strips) | Mts | x | x | |||||
| 0305 | Infiltration Channel | Mts | x | x | x | x | x | ||
| 0306 | Bench Terrace | Mts | x | x | x | ||||
| 0307 | Individual Terrace | Unit | x | x | |||||
| 0401 | No-Tillage | Has | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
| 0402 | Minimum Tillage | Has | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
| 0403 | Deep Tillage | Has | x | x | x | ||||
| 0404 | Deep Plowing/Ripping | Has | x | x | x | ||||
| 0405 | Superficial Tillage (reduced) | Has | x | x | x | x | |||
| 0406 | Contour Tillage | Has | x | x | x | ||||
| 0407 | Contour Planting | Has | x | x | x | x | |||
| 0408 | Live Barriers | Mts | x | x | x | x | |||
| 0409 | Dead Barriers | Mts | x | x | x | x | |||
| 0410 | Crop Rotation | Has | x | x | x | x | |||
| 0411 | Intercropping | Has | x | x | x | x | x | ||
| 0412 | Strip Cropping | Has | x | x | x | x | |||
| 0413 | Rotational Grazing Paddocks | Has | x | ||||||
| 0414 | Dead Cover (Mulching) | Mts | x | x | x | x | |||
| 0415 | Cover Crop | Has | x | x | x | x | |||
| 0416 | Improved Fallow | Has | x | x | x | ||||
| 0417 | Agroforestry Systems | Has | x | x | x | x | |||
| 0418 | Animal Organic Amendments | Has | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
| 0419 | Compost | Cubic Mts. | x | x | x | x | x | ||
| 0420 | Green Manure | Has | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
| 0421 | Fertilization and Mineral Amendments | Kg/Ha | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
| 0501 | Gully Control | Has | x | X | |||||
| 0502 | Landslide Control | Has | x | X | |||||
| 0503 | Flood Control | Has | x | x | x | x | |||
| 0603 | Lateral Drainage Outlet | Mts | x | x | x | x | x | ||
| 0605 | Spring Catchment | Unit | x | x | x | x | x | X | |
| 0606 | Irrigation System | Mts | x | x | x | x | x | ||
| 0607 | Water Trough Placement | Unit | x |
DEFINITION OF SOIL CONSERVATION PRACTICES 3.1 TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY It consists of determining the natural and artificial features of a terrain (planimetric) and its relief (altimetric) in order to be able to represent it on a map. (Torres and Villalta, 1968).
3.2 SOIL STUDIES It consists of determining the physical and chemical properties of the soil, with the objective of classifying them and defining the mapping units. (Elbersen, 1971).
3.3 CONSERVATION PLANNING OF THE FARM It consists of clearly and objectively determining the limitations, technical needs, and productive potential of each land unit on the farm.
3.4 AGRO-CONSERVATION PRACTICES These are cultural and agronomic practices that generally involve the use of living or dead biological material for erosion control.
Among them, the following can be indicated:
3.4.1 CONTOUR PRACTICES It consists of performing all labor and cultural operations following the contour line. They are effective up to 7% slope if used alone, and in combination, they are effective up to 20%.
3.4.2 Multiple Cropping (Associated or Intercropped) It refers to several crops growing simultaneously on the same plot. The spatial arrangement of the crops can be in rows or strips. In time, the crops can be contemporaneous or alternating.
They are effective up to a 12% slope, and in combination, they can be used on a steeper slope.
3.4.3 Dead Soil Covers It is the use of dead vegetative materials to cover the soil. They are efficient up to a 20% slope.
3.4.4 Cover Crops They are annual or perennial plants with dense root and foliar systems, which are intercropped with the main crop to achieve complete soil coverage and prevent weed development. Recommended up to a 15% slope.
3.4.5 Strip Cropping It consists of arranging crops in rotation in a systemic arrangement in strips perpendicular to the slope in a straight line or contour. Alternating dense crops with clean crops helps to distribute runoff and reduce its speed.
3.4.6 Minimum Tillage It is the least amount of tillage required to create the appropriate soil conditions for seed germination and plant development. This concept adapts to a wide range of soils, crops, and up to a 50% slope.
3.4.7 Contour Tillage It consists of working the soil following the contour lines, guided by established conservation works.
3.4.8 Contour Planting It consists of planting in rows following the contour lines or guided by established conservation works.
3.4.9 Live Barriers It consists of planting perennial plants with dense growth planted perpendicular to the slope; they are used on terrains with up to 15% slope.
3.4.10 Windbreak Curtains They are rows of trees or shrubs arranged perpendicular to the main wind direction.
3.4.11 Rotational Grazing Paddocks It is an intensive system based on pasture exploitation, where the prairies are divided into equal production units to establish a grazing and rest system.
3.4.12 Agroforestry Systems They are land management techniques that involve the combination of forest trees with crops or with livestock, or with a combination of both.
3.4.13 Water Trough Placement It consists of procuring the adequate distribution of water troughs in each paddock, to oblige the cattle to traverse the pasture in order to obtain more uniform grazing and avoid soil compaction.
3.5 SOIL MANAGEMENT MEASURES They are the practices used to maintain and improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil and thus increase its productive capacity.
3.5.1 Deep Tillage It consists of working the soil at greater depths than traditional tillage and is performed with a disk plow or moldboard plow; it is a type of primary tillage used on terrains up to 15% slope.
3.5.2 Deep Plowing/Ripping It is also called vertical tillage, which replaces primary tillage and is performed with a chisel plow and subsoiler implement at greater depths than conventional tillage. It is used on terrains up to 15% slope.
3.5.3 Reduced or Superficial Tillage It consists of superficially working the soil to destroy large clods and slightly turn the earth; it is secondary tillage.
3.5.4 No-Tillage 3.5.5 Compost It is the incorporation into the soil of material decomposed under aerobic conditions.
3.5.6 Animal Organic Amendments It consists of the incorporation of animal manure into the soil.
3.5.7 Green Manures They are fast-growing plants that produce abundant foliage and whose purpose is incorporation to improve the soil.
3.5.8 Dead Barriers These barriers are composed of dead plant material, such as tree trunks, branches, and crop residues that are windrowed on the terrain.
3.5.9 Fallow It is the more or less long period of time during which the land is left to rest, thereby restoring soil fertility through the accumulation of organic matter and the improvement of structure.
3.5.10 Use of Fertilizers and Mineral Amendments It is the application of nutrients to the soil through fertilizers, or the use of lime as an amendment.
3.5.11 Crop Rotation It is the establishment of a defined sequence of crops, which is repeated cycle after cycle on the same plot.
3.5.12 Access Roads and Drainages 3.5.13 Fence Establishment 3.6 MECHANICAL SOIL CONSERVATION PRACTICES They are specific structures built to protect the soil from erosion.
3.6.1 Water Erosion Control 3.6.1.1 Diversion Ditch (Canal de guardia) It is a trapezoidal channel that intercepts large amounts of runoff coming from the upper part.
3.6.1.2 Grassed Waterway It is the use of natural depressions as a natural water way to receive and divert runoff water from diversion structures.
3.6.1.3 Drainage Terraces They are suitable in humid zones with prolonged rainy periods; their function is to eliminate excess water that causes soil erosion.
3.6.1.4 Hillside Ditches They are water erosion control structures for steep lands; they can be built on slopes of 10 to 50% and with a minimum soil depth of 50 cm.
3.6.1.5 Diversion Terraces It consists of modifying the slope of the terrain, consisting of a triangular cut section with capacity to evacuate excess runoff water and a fill section shaped like a raised bed used for planting annual crops. Used for erosion control on terrains with slopes less than 15%.
3.6.1.6 Diversion Channel It consists of a channel built across the slope to intercept surface runoff and carry the water to a safe place.
3.6.1.7 Orchard Terraces or Steps They are narrow bench terraces built on slopes of 30 to 50%, where the soil is suitable for fruit production between the terraces.
3.6.1.8 Stone Barriers They are structures to divert excess runoff towards a natural drainage outlet or grassed waterway, especially for volcanic soils with surface stones.
3.6.2 Water Conservation 3.6.2.1 Infiltration Channel Used in dry zones to conserve a larger amount of rainwater. The channel is level and has variable depth.
3.6.2.2 Bench Terraces It consists of a terrace with a 1:1 slope and a width that allows it to be cultivated.
3.6.2.3 Individual Terraces It consists of a small square bench where a tree is planted and is used on terrains that have a 50% slope.
3.6.2.4 Contour Furrows in Prairie They are furrows used to reduce surface runoff in prairies.
3.6.2.5 Contour Border Strips Used for the control, distribution, and depth of water. The width of the border strip varies between 10 and 20 meters on a 1% slope and is reduced to between 5 and 10 meters on a 2% slope, according to the selected water depth.
3.6.2.6 Spring Catchment 3.6.2.7 Irrigation Systems 3.6.2.8 Soil Conservation Dams It is the conservation of runoff by means of a dam in a depression or creek.
3.6.2.9 Water Ponds 3.6.2.10 Water Dams 3.6.3 Degraded Land Recovery 3.6.3.1 Gully Control It must be fenced and vegetation established to control the gully.
3.6.3.2 Landslide Control The surface of the depressions or cracks must be smoothed to establish cover.
3.6.3.3 Flood Control Flood control can be carried out by means of gabion walls, diversion dikes, channelization, sedimentation walls, drainage culverts.
3.6.3.4 Lateral Drainage Outlet
TYPES AND LEVELS OF LAND-USE CAPABILITY SURVEYS (NOTE FROM SINALEVI: See Annex 4 in Gaceta No. 107 of June 6, 1994)
CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS For the land-use capability system, crops are defined as follows:
5.1 Annual Crops They are those plants that demand, during their vegetative cycle (one year or less), the periodic preparation of the land through tilling or mechanization, which causes a great alteration of the soil.
5.2 Semi-Permanent Crops They are those crops that have a vegetative cycle greater than one year and require only one soil preparation every two or more years; they also manage to develop sufficient foliage, exerting a certain protective function against soil erosion.
Some examples of semi-permanent crops are: sugarcane, cutting grasses, and ornamental plants.
5.3 Permanent Crops It is the vegetation characterized by being shrubby and/or tree-like in stature and with a vegetative cycle greater than five years. This group includes forest plantations.
5.4 Forest It is the vegetation characterized by the dominant presence of uneven-aged trees and other woody vegetation, of varied stature, whose individual vegetative cycle is greater than 10 years. The forest includes primary and secondary forests and the advanced stages of thickets (tacotales).
5.5 Pastures They are crops of dense growth and creeping stature.
TEXTURAL CLASSES TEXTURE TRIANGLE SHOWING THE LIMITS OF SAND, SILT, AND CLAY CONTENT IN THE DIFFERENT TEXTURAL CLASSES (TAKEN FROM THE USDA).