For purposes of clarity and interpretation of this law, the following concepts are defined:
Extraordinary activity: Activity that the National Commission for Risk Prevention and Emergency Response (Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias) must carry out in the face of a state of emergency; for this, exceptional, expeditious, and simplified procedures are used within the regime of administration and disposition of funds and goods.
Risk: Probability of losses, damages, or economic, social, or environmental consequences occurring at a particular site and during a defined period. It is obtained by relating the hazard (amenaza) with the vulnerability of the exposed elements.
State of emergency: Declaration by the Executive Branch, via executive decree, based on a state of necessity and urgency, caused by circumstances of war, internal commotion, and public calamity. This declaration allows for the management, by way of exception, of the actions and the allocation of the necessary resources to address the emergency, in accordance with Article 180 of the Political Constitution.
Hazard (amenaza): Latent danger represented by the possible occurrence of a hazardous phenomenon, of natural, technological, or human-induced origin, capable of producing adverse effects on people, property, public services, and the environment.
Disaster: Situation or process that is triggered as a result of a phenomenon of natural, technological, or human-induced origin that, upon encountering propitious conditions of vulnerability in a population, causes intense alterations in the normal conditions of the community's functioning, such as loss of life and health of the population, destruction or loss of collective property, and severe damage to the environment.
Emergency: State of crisis provoked by the disaster and based on the magnitude of the damages and losses. It is a state of necessity and urgency that forces immediate actions to be taken in order to save lives and property, avoid suffering, and attend to the needs of those affected. It can be managed in three progressive phases: response, rehabilitation, and reconstruction; it extends over time until the situation is definitively controlled.
Risk management (gestión del riesgo): Process by which the conditions of vulnerability of the population, human settlements, infrastructure, as well as lifelines, productive activities of goods and services, and the environment are reversed. It is a sustainable and preventive model, to which effective criteria for disaster prevention and mitigation are incorporated within territorial, sectoral, and socioeconomic planning, as well as into the preparedness, attention, and recovery from emergencies.
Mitigation: Application of measures to reduce the negative impact caused by an event of natural, human, or technological origin.
Multi-hazard (multiamenaza): Combination of two or more hazard (amenaza) factors, manifested in isolation, simultaneously, or by chain reaction, to produce a triggering event for a disaster.
Imminent danger: Irrefutable probability, by evidence verified through a field inspection or by technical and scientific observations and studies, that an emergency will occur within a predictable timeframe, if corrective control or mitigation measures are not taken.
Preparedness: Set of activities and measures taken in advance to ensure an anticipated and effective response to the negative impact of an event. It includes, among other measures: the issuance of alerts and the temporary relocation of people and property from a threatened locality.
Prevention: Any action aimed at preventing negative events from becoming disasters. It seeks the control of the elements comprising the risk, so that, on one hand, the actions are oriented toward the management of hazard (amenaza) factors and, on the other, toward the factors that determine the condition of vulnerability.
Reconstruction: Final measures that seek the recovery of the affected area, the infrastructure, and the systems of production of goods and services, among others. In general, they are actions that contribute to stabilizing the social, economic, and environmental conditions of the areas affected by an emergency.
Rehabilitation: Actions aimed at reestablishing lifelines (water, communication routes, telecommunications, electricity, among others), as well as basic sanitation, health protection, food assistance, temporary relocation of people, and any other that contributes to the recovery of self-sufficiency and stability of the population and the area affected by an emergency.
Response: Immediate actions upon the occurrence of an emergency; they seek to control a situation, to safeguard works and lives, avoid further damage, and stabilize the area of the region directly impacted by the emergency.
Event (suceso): Specific form of manifestation of a hazard (amenaza) or multi-hazard (multiamenaza), which, linked to the vulnerability of a population, its infrastructure, its productive activities, and the environment, can generate an emergency or disaster situation, in a defined space and time.
Executing Unit: public institution appointed by agreement of the Board of Directors (Junta Directiva) of the CNE, for the execution of one or more investment plans of the reconstruction phase of a declared emergency, whose designation depends on it having the necessary competence and structure. For the purposes of this law, the Costa Rican Red Cross may be considered as an Executing Unit.
(Thus added the previous definition by Article 21 of the Law of the Costa Rican Red Cross, No. 10632 of January 28, 2025) Vulnerability: Intrinsic condition of being impacted by an event (suceso) due to a set of physical, social, economic, and environmental conditions and processes. It is determined by the degree of exposure and fragility of the elements susceptible to being affected - the population, their assets, the activities of goods and services, the environment - and the limitation of their capacity to recover.
Risk Management (Gestión del Riesgo) Policy