← Environmental Law Center← Centro de Derecho Ambiental
Res. 00005-2026 Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal II Circuito Judicial de San José · Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal II Circuito Judicial de San José · 05/01/2026
OutcomeResultado
The court partially granted the PGR's appeal, voided the portion of the ruling archiving the civil damages claim due to the absence of the Procurador General's express approval, and remanded for resolution of the civil claim; the criminal dismissal was left intact.El tribunal declaró con lugar parcialmente el recurso de la PGR, anuló la parte del fallo que ordenó el archivo de la acción civil resarcitoria por falta del aval expreso del Procurador General, y devolvió el expediente para resolución de la pretensión civil; el sobreseimiento penal se mantuvo incólume.
SummaryResumen
The appellate court partially upheld an appeal by the Procuraduría General de la República (PGR) against a definitive dismissal issued in a negligent bodily injury case. The challenged ruling had homologated a conciliation agreement and ordered the civil damages claim archived without the Procurador General's express authorization, as required by Article 20 of the PGR's Organic Law. The court clarified that the PGR is not a victim in this proceeding — that status belongs to the directly harmed individual who did consent to the criminal settlement — but is rather a civil party because the State owns the damaged vehicle. Since the PGR's hierarchical approval was never obtained, the civil settlement was never perfected. The court declared ineffective only the portion of the ruling archiving the civil claim, left the criminal dismissal intact, and remanded for proper resolution of the civil claim under Article 40 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.El Tribunal de Apelación acogió parcialmente el recurso de la Procuraduría General de la República (PGR) contra un sobreseimiento definitivo dictado en un caso de lesiones culposas. La sentencia recurrida había homologado un acuerdo conciliatorio y ordenado el archivo de la acción civil resarcitoria sin contar con la autorización expresa del Procurador General, requerida por el artículo 20 de la Ley Orgánica de la PGR. El tribunal aclaró que la PGR no es víctima en este proceso —esa condición recae en la persona directamente ofendida, quien sí consintió la conciliación penal— sino actor civil, por ser el Estado propietario del vehículo dañado. Sin embargo, el acuerdo civil no se perfeccionó porque faltaba el aval jerárquico de la Procuraduría. El tribunal declaró ineficaz únicamente la parte del fallo que ordenó el archivo de la acción civil, mantuvo incólume el sobreseimiento en lo penal, y devolvió el expediente para que se resuelva la pretensión civil conforme al artículo 40 del Código Procesal Penal.
Key excerptExtracto clave
1) In the present case there is an identified victim, [Name 003], being the person directly harmed by the offense of negligent bodily injury charged against the defendant [Name 001], in accordance with subparagraph (a) of Article 70 of the Code of Criminal Procedure; therefore, regarding the criminal action, this person is the sole identified victim with standing to decide on the conciliation as to its criminal aspects, as established by Article 36 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which provides that conciliation shall proceed between the victim and the defendant. 2) Contrary to the appellant's submission, the Procuraduría General de la República is not a victim in the present criminal proceeding, but rather a civil party under Article 37 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, because the State is the owner of the motorcycle with plate P8-7013 that suffered material damages quantified in the civil action as a result of the investigated incident; its intervention in the proceeding is therefore solely by reason of its civil interest pursuant to Article 116 of the aforementioned Code. In the present case it must be stressed that the Procurador General's approval was always pending; therefore, out of respect for procedural forms and the principle of party participation in a conciliation agreement of this nature, the express consent of the State's highest-ranking legal representative was required — a representative whose competencies are expressly conferred by law — all of which renders the ruling partially ineffective insofar as it ordered the civil damages claim archived.1) En el presente caso hay una víctima identificada, el señor [Nombre 003], por ser la persona directamente ofendida por el delito de lesiones culposas acusadas contra el imputado [Nombre 001], de conformidad con el inciso a) del artículo 70 del Código Procesal Penal, por lo que en cuanto a la acción penal, es la única víctima identificada y facultada para decidir sobre la conciliación en cuanto a los aspectos penales, según lo establece el artículo 36 del Código Procesal Penal, que establece que la conciliación procederá entre la víctima y el imputado. 2) Contrario a lo indicado por el recurrente, la Procuraduría General de la República no es víctima dentro del presente proceso penal, sino actor civil de conformidad con el artículo 37 del Código Procesal Penal, por ser el Estado el dueño de la motocicleta con placa de circulación P8-7013 que sufrió daños materiales cuantificados en la acción civil a raíz del hecho investigado, por lo que su intervención en el proceso es únicamente en razón de su interés civil de conformidad con lo dispuesto por el artículo 116 del Código supra citado. En el presente caso se debe insistir en que el aval del Procurador General siempre estuvo pendiente por lo que en respeto a las formas procesales y al principio de intervención de las partes en un acuerdo conciliatorio de esta naturaleza, se requería de la anuencia del representante legal del Estado superior en grado, cuyas competencias están expresamente conferidas, todo lo cual torna parcialmente ineficaz el fallo en cuanto ordenó el archivo de la acción civil resarcitoria.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Contrario a lo indicado por el recurrente, la Procuraduría General de la República no es víctima dentro del presente proceso penal, sino actor civil de conformidad con el artículo 37 del Código Procesal Penal, por ser el Estado el dueño de la motocicleta con placa de circulación P8-7013 que sufrió daños materiales cuantificados en la acción civil a raíz del hecho investigado."
"Contrary to the appellant's submission, the Procuraduría General de la República is not a victim in the present criminal proceeding, but rather a civil party under Article 37 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, because the State is the owner of the motorcycle with plate P8-7013 that suffered material damages quantified in the civil action as a result of the investigated incident."
Considerando — Sobre el fondo
"Contrario a lo indicado por el recurrente, la Procuraduría General de la República no es víctima dentro del presente proceso penal, sino actor civil de conformidad con el artículo 37 del Código Procesal Penal, por ser el Estado el dueño de la motocicleta con placa de circulación P8-7013 que sufrió daños materiales cuantificados en la acción civil a raíz del hecho investigado."
Considerando — Sobre el fondo
"el aval del Procurador General siempre estuvo pendiente por lo que en respeto a las formas procesales y al principio de intervención de las partes en un acuerdo conciliatorio de esta naturaleza, se requería de la anuencia del representante legal del Estado superior en grado, cuyas competencias están expresamente conferidas, todo lo cual torna parcialmente ineficaz el fallo en cuanto ordenó el archivo de la acción civil resarcitoria."
"The Procurador General's approval was always pending; therefore, out of respect for procedural forms and the principle of party participation in a conciliation agreement of this nature, the express consent of the State's highest-ranking legal representative was required — a representative whose competencies are expressly conferred by law — all of which renders the ruling partially ineffective insofar as it ordered the civil damages claim archived."
Considerando — Sobre el fondo
"el aval del Procurador General siempre estuvo pendiente por lo que en respeto a las formas procesales y al principio de intervención de las partes en un acuerdo conciliatorio de esta naturaleza, se requería de la anuencia del representante legal del Estado superior en grado, cuyas competencias están expresamente conferidas, todo lo cual torna parcialmente ineficaz el fallo en cuanto ordenó el archivo de la acción civil resarcitoria."
Considerando — Sobre el fondo
"No hay duda de que el acuerdo en lo penal no limita la intervención de la Procuraduría mucho menos en la etapa de juicio en la que se encontraba el proceso, y por ello carece de validez la resolución en cuanto ordena el archivo de la acción civil resarcitoria."
"There is no doubt that the criminal settlement does not limit the PGR's intervention — much less at the trial stage where the proceeding stood — and for this reason the ruling is invalid insofar as it orders the civil damages claim archived."
Considerando — Sobre el fondo
"No hay duda de que el acuerdo en lo penal no limita la intervención de la Procuraduría mucho menos en la etapa de juicio en la que se encontraba el proceso, y por ello carece de validez la resolución en cuanto ordena el archivo de la acción civil resarcitoria."
Considerando — Sobre el fondo
"Se declara con lugar el recurso de apelación incoado por la Procuraduría General de la República, se decreta la ineficacia parcial de la sentencia únicamente en cuanto ordena el archivo de la acción civil resarcitoria, se ordena devolver el expediente a su oficina de origen para una nueva sustanciación respecto de estos extremos."
"The appeal filed by the Procuraduría General de la República is granted; the ruling is declared partially ineffective solely insofar as it orders the civil damages claim archived; the case file is ordered returned to the court of origin for new proceedings on these matters."
Por tanto
"Se declara con lugar el recurso de apelación incoado por la Procuraduría General de la República, se decreta la ineficacia parcial de la sentencia únicamente en cuanto ordena el archivo de la acción civil resarcitoria, se ordena devolver el expediente a su oficina de origen para una nueva sustanciación respecto de estos extremos."
Por tanto
Full documentDocumento completo
JUDICIARY JUVENILE CRIMINAL SENTENCING APPEALS TRIBUNAL Resolution: 2026-0005 Case File: 20-000277-1275-PE (1) JUVENILE CRIMINAL SENTENCING APPEALS TRIBUNAL. Second Judicial Circuit of San José. (Acting in the capacity of the T.A.S.P. of the Second Judicial Circuit of San José.) Goicoechea, at sixteen hours and five minutes on the fifth of January of two thousand twenty-six.
APPEAL filed in the present case brought against [Nombre 001], [...]; for the offense of NEGLIGENT BODILY INJURY (lesiones culposas) to the detriment of [Nombre 003]. Participating in the decision on the appeal are judges Flory Chaves Zártate, Flor Sidey Slazar Fallas, and judge Gustavo A. Jiménez Madrigal. Appearing before this court are attorney Randall Aguirre Mena representing the Procuraduría General de la República, attorney Ana Carolina Campos Camacho representing the Ministerio Público, and attorney Juan José Acuña Leandro, private defense counsel for the accused.
WHEREAS:
I.By means of judgment number 802-2025 of ten hours on the eighteenth of September of two thousand twenty-five, the Criminal Court of the First Judicial Circuit of San José ruled: "POR TANTO: In accordance with the foregoing, articles 7, 30 subsection k, 36, 41, 265 through 270, and 340 of the Código Procesal Penal, and article 128 of the Código Penal, DEFINITIVE DISMISSAL DUE TO EXTINCTION OF CRIMINAL ACTION (sobreseimiento definitivo por extinción de la acción penal) is hereby ordered in favor of [Nombre 001] for the offense of NEGLIGENT BODILY INJURY alleged to have been committed to the detriment of [Nombre 003]. The civil damages action (acción civil resarcitoria) is ordered archived. Cessation of the precautionary measures (medidas cautelares) of a real or personal nature imposed in connection with the present proceeding is ordered; consequently, the encumbrance (gravamen) on the vehicles bearing license plates [Valor 001] and [Valor 002] is ordered lifted.
The present summary proceeding (sumaria) is resolved with no special award of costs; the expenses of the proceeding shall be borne by the State. Once this ruling becomes final, notice shall be sent to the Judicial Criminal Records Registry so that the application of the Alternative Measure (Medida Alterna) is registered in the name of the accused. Notify. Krycia Zamora Pérez. Trial Judge. Criminal Court of the First Judicial Circuit of San José." (SIC)
II.That against the foregoing ruling, attorney Randall Aguirre Mena, representing the Procuraduría General de la República, filed an appeal.
III.That following the respective deliberation, in accordance with the provisions of article 465 of the Código Procesal Penal, the Tribunal considered the issues raised in the appeal.
The opinion is drafted by Appeals Judge Chaves Zárate; and,
CONSIDERING:
Appeal filed by attorney Randall Aguirre Mena, a state counsel duly appearing in the record, representing the interests of the Costa Rican State, who appears to file an Appeal of Judgment against judgment 802-2025 of ten hours on the eighteenth of September of two thousand twenty-five.
I.On the jurisdiction of this Tribunal. Pursuant to the agreement adopted by the Superior Council at session number 33-2022 of April 21, 2022, article XLIV, and by Corte Plena at session number 35-2024 of August 12, 2024, the jurisdiction of this Appeals Tribunal was expanded to encompass applications for extension of pretrial detention and sentencing appeals falling within the jurisdiction of the Sentencing Appeals Tribunal of the Second Judicial Circuit of San José, effective September 10, 2024. For the foregoing reason, this Tribunal has jurisdiction to hear and resolve the appeal filed.
II.The sole ground of appeal is titled Non-Observance of Articles 7, 25, and 71(b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código Procesal Penal) and Article 20 of the Organic Law of the Procuraduría General de la República, and consequently Absence of Legal Grounds. The appellant states that the Trial Court, in the judgment under appeal, ordered a final dismissal (sobreseimiento definitivo) based on the prior judicial approval (homologación) of an alternative measure (medida alterna); however, it is apparent that no consideration was given to the fact that authorization for the alternative measure in criminal proceedings — where the Procuraduría General de la República appears as a procedural party — had not been obtained, leaving entirely aside a series of legal provisions, including Article 25 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which provides that conciliation (conciliación) must be agreed to the victim's full satisfaction.
The appellant points out that this provision establishes, as a condition of admissibility of the alternative measure, that the victim must express satisfaction with the proposed plan, and that this requirement cannot be interpreted as allowing an implicit grant of approval in the absence of the victim's express opinion — which must be explicit as to acceptance of the plan proposed by the accused (imputado) — a power that the prosecutors attending trial do not hold. On this point, the appellant notes that case law consistently holds that the victim's express consent is required before an alternative measure may be judicially approved. In support of this argument, the appellant cites voto 822-2015 of the Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Cartago, which stated: 'As the appellant correctly notes, pursuant to Article 25 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, [the victim] had to be informed of any agreement or reparation plan (plan reparador) prior to any judicial approval, since the victim's agreement in such an accord is a sine qua non requirement, which was violated by the lower jurisdictional authority, rendering its proceedings defective for containing flaws that alter due process for the parties — in this case the victim, who never obtained redress for the harm she reported.
Victims' rights in our current criminal procedural system are unquestionable and cannot be bypassed in the manner done in this case, all the more so because an agreement or pact was reached without the participation of the victim-State, which is directly interested in verifying whether the agreements were related or not to the crime under investigation and to reparation of the environmental damage apparently caused by both accused. All of this was disregarded in this case by the Trial Court and by the Ministerio Público, which could never arrogate to itself the competence of the Procuraduría to reach agreements that fall directly within the purview of the Victim — in this case the State, duly represented by the Criminal Prosecutor.' Regarding the admissibility of a conciliation agreement in criminal proceedings, the appellant also notes that in judgment 2893-2013, the Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de San José stated: 'The cited provision establishes that conciliation takes place between the victim and the accused, which brings us to the issue of interest and the subject of challenge.
The 1996 Code of Criminal Procedure introduces an innovative concept of victim and recognizes that status for both natural persons and legal entities of an associative nature when collective and diffuse interests are affected and when the purpose of those organizations is directly linked or related to those interests. In the case under examination (sub examine), the trial judge confuses the role of victim and also assigns it to the Administration of Justice, which is an error, since the Administration of Justice or the Public Authority only represents the legally protected interest (bien jurídico tutelado) in the offense of "breach of a protective measure." This panel holds the view that conciliation is indeed possible in this type of offense, with the victim being the directly affected party who drives or petitions the jurisdictional authority to issue the measure… And only in cases where the victim cannot be individualized does the Ministerio Público (and/or in some cases, the Procuraduría General de la República) assume that representation.
The Sala Tercera stated: "…it must be made clear that in a procedural solution such as conciliation, what is paramount is the agreement of the parties involved, which, as is well known, consist of the offending party and the aggrieved party; the latter represented by the victims (natural or legal persons) or, if they cannot be individualized, by the Ministerio Público" (Voto N0389-2002, of 8:45 a.m. on 3 May 2002)' (Tribunal de Casación, número 2011-1574, of 3:00 p.m. on 18 November 2011). On this point, Article 7 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides as follows: 'For such purposes, they shall always take into account the victim's opinion in the manner and under the conditions regulated by this Code.' Likewise, Article 71(b) establishes the victim's right to be heard in all proceedings that the Code authorizes the victim to conduct. Finally, the appellant notes that it is important to bear in mind that the victim's consent to agree to an alternative measure must be express; in the case of the Procuraduría General as representative of the State, the Organic Law provides in Article 20 that this power is held by the Procurador General de la República, the Deputy Procurador General, or whomever they may delegate, and the legislature addresses this specifically and concretely in that same Article 20.
The appellant highlights that in the present proceedings, the record of the hearing (supported by the audio recording) shows that the appellant clearly stated that the express authorization of the Procurador General was required, especially since on one prior occasion that senior official had already rejected the alternative measure because INS's opinion had not been obtained in this case, as recorded in the document transmitted on 16 January 2025, which stated: "According to the institutional hierarchy, in order to accept the alternative measure in this case, it is indispensable to provide information regarding INS's authorization for the application of the State vehicle insurance policy (póliza), or alternatively, documentation regarding INS's subrogation of collection rights, the foregoing because the total amount of reparation reached the sum of 1,724.116,00 (one million seven hundred twenty-four thousand one hundred sixteen colones).
Therefore, if the defendant (encartado) remains interested in agreeing to an alternative measure, the relevant documentation will be processed." Furthermore, the record of the hearing held before the Trial Court reflects that a statement was made to the effect that the approval of the Procuraduría General's hierarchy was required, as follows: "Lic. Randall: States that what should be done is notify INS and grant it 8 days to report whether it agrees or whether it has no interest at all, given that the proceeding is being conducted in the Criminal jurisdiction and not in Traffic court, and then, with that, to again process the authorization before the Procurador General as to whether he agrees with the alternative measure. Lic. Randall: What the hierarchy says is that INS must give its approval (aval) of the alternative measure. Court: States that what will be communicated to INS is that the accused is willing to make the payments (already mentioned).
Lic. Randall: That is correct, and once INS transmits the document, the authorization before the Procurador General will be processed in order to report whether the approval of the alternative measure has been obtained." The appellant adds that, as can be seen, it was clear at the hearing before the Trial Court that the express authorization of the alternative measure by the Procurador General — or by whomever the latter might delegate that authorization (currently delegated to the coordinator of the criminal law division) — was required, something that was not obtained in this case because INS did not respond to the request made by this office, which is why an extension was requested from the Court; however, the Court proceeded to issue a judgment of final dismissal on the ground that the accused had fulfilled all aspects of the agreement, but overlooked the fact that a requirement provided by law — namely, the express written authorization of the Procurador General de la República (or of the Criminal Division Coordinator by delegation) — had not been met, thereby committing non-observance of a procedural rule and a failure to provide legal grounds, since the dismissal judgment rests upon non-observance of a legal requirement for its validity, as established by Article 20 of the Organic Law of the Procuraduría General de la República.
What should have happened in this case, after one month had elapsed without obtaining the approval of the Procuraduría General's hierarchy, was to extend the deadline for INS to give its pronouncement, as had been requested, so that the corresponding approval could then be issued and a resolution made in accordance with the decision of the Procurador General or the Criminal Division Coordinator.
It is important to emphasize that the Court should not only have weighed the oral statements made by this office at the hearing, but should also have taken into account the fact that the alternative measure had already been rejected once by the Procuraduría's hierarchy for failure to obtain INS's opinion on the agreement — since an insurance policy is involved — yet the Court proceeded to issue the final dismissal without having obtained the express authorization from whoever, under the law, holds the competence to approve or reject an alternative measure when the Procuraduría General appears as a party to the proceedings. The grievance is manifest, since the legality and validity requirements for judicially approving an alternative measure and issuing a judgment of final dismissal in criminal proceedings — one that declares a conciliation fulfilled — have been disregarded without the institutional hierarchy, as representative of the victim, having been able to indicate whether the terms proposed are in the interest of the Costa Rican State; and with the dismissal judgment, the criminal proceedings are brought to an end in outright non-observance of procedural rules.
The appellant requests that the present appeal be granted, as there exists non-observance of procedural rules and a failure to provide grounds for the judgment under appeal, and consequently that the judgment under appeal and the judicial approval of the conciliation agreement preceding it be declared ineffective, and that the record be returned to the court of origin for resolution by a different panel in accordance with the law.
III.Defense Response. The defense attorney argues that his client fully and timely complied with everything agreed upon in the conciliation, with which all parties were satisfied, and that, as the relevant Criminal Court indicates, his client made the agreed financial payments and fulfilled everything agreed upon in full and on time. Therefore, any misunderstanding that may have arisen with the Procuraduría's representative is solely the representative's responsibility and cannot be transferred to the detriment of his client.
On the merits. The claim is granted, with the consequences set out below.
In order to resolve the appeal (recurso), it is essential to clarify certain aspects that directly bear on the resolution:
The judgment provided: III. ON THE CIVIL DAMAGES ACTION (ACCIÓN CIVIL RESARCITORIA). By virtue of the principle of accessoriness governing the relationship between the civil action and the criminal case, pursuant to Article 41 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and given that the present proceedings have been resolved by virtue of the extinction of the criminal action through fulfillment of the agreement that included the civil plaintiff's claims, the filing of the suit brought by the State against [Nombre 001] is hereby ordered archived. And in the operative part, it orders the archiving of the civil damages action and the cessation of precautionary measures (medidas cautelares) of a real or personal nature imposed in connection with the present proceedings; it orders the lifting of the encumbrance (gravamen) on the vehicles with license plates [Valor 001] and [Valor 002]. The present summary proceeding (sumaria) is resolved without a special award of costs; the costs of the proceedings shall be borne by the State.
As can be seen, the ruling proceeds on the basis that a conciliation agreement existed with regard to the civil action, and states: "Thus, having brought to the parties' attention the documentation submitted by the defense of the accused and civil defendant regarding fulfillment of the agreements, and in the absence of any statement from either the Public Prosecutor's Office or the civil plaintiff party, it is possible to determine that the present proceedings have seen full compliance with each and every one of the conditions agreed upon, to the complete satisfaction of all parties. This presiding judge further notes that it is verified at folio 248 that, through the civil plaintiff, the Instituto Nacional de Seguros was notified of the judicially approved (homologado) agreement for a period of eight days, which period expired on July 17, 2025 without any statement being made; and as observed at folios 268 and 269, it was not until August 8th—when not only had the conciliation period already expired but the conditions agreed upon by the accused and civil defendant had already been fulfilled—that an extension of the period was requested, because the civil plaintiff party was still awaiting a statement from said insurance entity, which is also not constituted as a party to the criminal proceedings.
In light of the foregoing, given that compliance with the conditions agreed upon in the conciliation agreement, in accordance with the provisions of Articles 30(k) and 36 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, constitutes grounds for the extinction of the criminal action, proceedings are conducted as stipulated by Article 340 of the same body of law…" (cf. folio 273 vuelto) The ruling proceeds from the notion that the mere expiration of the time period is sufficient grounds for considering the conditions accepted, when the hearing itself makes clear that no such agreement had been reached, and the Procurator (Procurador) was by no means expressing his conformity with the resolution; rather, he expressly stated that it did not depend on him but on the approval of his hierarchical superior. The matter under discussion goes beyond a mere formality, for as the criminal Procurator rightly argues, the Tribunal should have verified that the conciliation had not been perfected on that point, given the absence of an indispensable element that moreover required a proceeding before the Instituto Nacional de Seguros, and that consequently full satisfaction with regard to the specific damage had not been established. Its judicial approval (homologación) should not have been granted, much less should the archiving of the civil damages action have been ordered.
The appellant cites Article 20 of the Ley Orgánica, which expressly determines the hierarchical intervention and establishes: "The Procurators have, with respect to the proceedings in which they appear before judicial authorities, the powers corresponding to judicial agents (mandatarios judiciales) under ordinary legislation, subject to the following restrictions: they are absolutely prohibited from acquiescing to judgment (allanarse), settling (transar), conciliating, or withdrawing claims or demands, or from submitting proceedings to arbitration, without the prior written authorization of the Procurador General, the Deputy Procurador General, or the official to whom they delegate. Whatever is done in contravention of the foregoing paragraph shall have no value or effect, whether in or out of proceedings, and the nullity of the procedures to which the violation reasonably gives rise must be declared, even ex officio, by the courts of justice.
The offending official—apart from any other liability that may be incurred—shall be disciplined with a formal warning on the first occasion; with suspension of up to fifteen working days on the second occasion; and with justified dismissal when the infractions exceed two." (cf. folio 294 of the appeal) This was disregarded by the trial court (Tribunal de mérito), which ultimately ordered the archiving of the civil damages action without the conciliation agreement having been reached in legal terms. It should be added that the required approval corresponds to a supervisory duty of the Procurador General aimed at protecting the interests of the State, and that, given the multiplicity of judicial interventions, the only way in which that supervisory role can be exercised is through verification of actions as the hierarchical superior. Such intervention could not be bypassed by the Tribunal a quo.
Furthermore, the hearing record does in fact contain what the appellant stated, indicating that it was necessary to "…notify the INS and allow eight days for them to report whether they agree or whether they have no interest whatsoever, given that the proceedings are being conducted in the criminal jurisdiction and not in the traffic jurisdiction, and then to re-submit the authorization request to the Procurador General if he agrees with the alternative measure. There is no objection to the terms; the only thing missing is the document that the Procurador General requested from the INS, and for the Director of the Criminal Division to give us the approval and to inform the court of the approval. Tribunal: Asks Lic. Randall whether that communication to the INS is a mere formality. Lic. Randall: What the Hierarchy says is that the INS must give its approval of the alternative measure. Tribunal: States that what will be communicated to the INS is that the defendant is willing to make the payments (already mentioned).
Lic. Randall: That is correct, and once the INS sends the document, the authorization will be processed before the Procurador General to report whether the approval of the alternative measure has been obtained. (cf. folio 248) The hierarchical structure underpinning the Procuraduría's actions aims, among other things, to ensure uniform decisions and coherence in the defense of the State's interests, and it is clear that the omission of the corresponding procedure constitutes a violation of due process and of the guarantee of the full exercise of and duties pertaining to the Public Function (Función Pública) performed by criminal Procurators; this is not a mere formality. There is no doubt that the agreement on the criminal aspects does not limit the Procuraduría's intervention, much less at the trial stage at which the proceedings stood; consequently, the ruling ordering the archiving of the civil damages action lacks validity.
Nor can it be maintained that an agreement was reached and that judicial approval was therefore granted, knowing full well that the express acceptance of the hierarchical superior was not on record—something also evidenced by the hearing record, where it is stated: "The INS will be notified within eight days that conciliation is intended, and once the period expires, the outcome of the INS's response will be communicated to them" (cf. folio 249), which leads to the conclusion that the ruling disregarded the limitations made evident in the hearing itself. While the civil action is accessory to the criminal proceedings, the fact remains that Article 40, as mentioned above, provides that the Tribunal hearing the matter must rule on the merits of a validly exercised civil damages action even when an acquittal or definitive dismissal has been issued at the trial stage, which is precisely what occurs in the present case.
It cannot even be argued that such an agreement was reached tacitly, since the party now appeals, demonstrating its disagreement; furthermore, it had requested a time period to obtain the INS's response and, as also emphasized, its consent must be express and to its complete satisfaction; otherwise, the proper course was to continue with the trial to resolve the pending civil claims.
Regarding conciliation agreements that also involve civil parties and the various possibilities arising from them, the Sala Tercera in voto 01238-2020 at 11:31 a.m. on September 25, 2020, stated: "it is necessary to consider that, pursuant to Article 41 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, the civil damages action is a civil suit processed within the criminal proceedings, for the purpose of being able to claim in this forum the damages arising from the punishable act.
Furthermore, Article 109 of the Criminal Code (Código Penal) establishes a cross-reference (remisión) to civil procedural rules that must be applied in a subsidiary manner, mutatis mutandis, by providing that: "Civil reparations (reparación civil) obligations are extinguished by the means and in the manner set forth in the Civil Code (Código Civil), and the rules for determining damages and losses, as well as the determination of subsidiary or joint civil reparations, shall be established in the Code of Civil Procedure (Código de Procedimientos Civiles)." Under this rationale, the effects of the conciliation agreement (acuerdo conciliatorio) with respect to civil matters are clearly apparent from Article 51.3 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Código Procesal Civil), which provides: "The conciliation agreement must be examined by the court to determine whether it is lawful and does not violate rules of public order or affect non-waivable or inalienable rights.
Once duly ratified (homologado), it shall terminate the proceedings if it encompasses all claims. If it is partial, the proceedings shall continue with respect to whatever has not been resolved, unless the parties expressly agree otherwise. Said agreement shall produce the effects of res judicata (cosa juzgada) on the merits, except where the law provides otherwise by reason of the nature of the dispute. When it does not encompass all aspects of the claim, it shall partially produce the effects of res judicata" (underlining not in the original). Regarding the effects of conciliation on civil matters, domestic legal scholarship has indicated: "The conciliation reached by the parties, duly ratified by the judge, produces three effects: that of res judicata (art. 51.3 of the Code of Civil Procedure); it grants the conciliation agreement the character of an enforceable instrument (título ejecutorio) and, furthermore, it implies the extraordinary termination of the proceedings" (SANABRIA ROJAS, Rafael.
Reparación civil en el proceso penal. Editorial Jurídico Continental, San José, C.R., primera edición, 2019, pág. 716, underlining not in the original). From this perspective, since the ratification of the civil agreement is granted the effects of res judicata and the character of an enforceable instrument, payment must be pursued through enforcement proceedings (vía ejecutiva), and therefore non-compliance cannot give rise to a revocation (revocatoria) of the conciliation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, it is possible that, in the exercise of party autonomy (autonomía de la voluntad), the victim may include as a condition of the criminal agreement the requirement to receive compensation or a monetary payment in her favor or in favor of a third party, even though such matters are strictly civil in nature; therefore, in each specific case, it is necessary to carefully examine the conditions of the agreement in order to determine which conditions belong to the criminal agreement and which belong to the civil agreement, since, as discussed above, non-compliance produces different legal consequences. […] In the present case, it must be emphasized that the endorsement (aval) of the Procurador General was always pending; therefore, in respect of procedural formalities and the principle of party participation in a conciliation agreement of this nature, the consent of the superior State legal representative — whose powers are expressly conferred — was required, all of which renders the judgment partially ineffective insofar as it ordered the dismissal of the civil damages action (acción civil resarcitoria).
Consequently, the appeal lodged by the Procuraduría General de la República is granted, the partial ineffectiveness of the judgment is declared, and the case file is ordered returned to the court of origin for a ruling in accordance with the law. The court shall hear the parties' claims and rule in accordance with Article 40 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Código procesal penal), final paragraph, in which the amount deposited by the accused into the State's account must be taken into account as part of the civil claim. In all other respects, the judgment remains intact.
POR TANTO
The appeal (recurso de apelación) filed by the Procuraduría General de la República is hereby granted. The partial invalidity (ineficacia parcial) of the judgment is decreed solely with respect to the portion ordering the closure of the civil damages claim (acción civil resarcitoria). The case file is ordered returned to the court of origin for new proceedings (sustanciación) on these matters. The Tribunal shall hear the parties' claims and resolve the matter as the law requires, in accordance with Article 40 of the Código Procesal Penal, final paragraph, under which the amount deposited by the defendant (imputado) into the State's account shall be considered as part of the civil claim. In all other respects, the judgment (fallo) remains undisturbed. Let the parties be notified.
Flory Chaves Zárate Flor Sidey Salazar Fallas Gustavo A. Jiménez Madrigal Judges of the Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal Juvenil (Acting as the T.A.S.P. of the Second Judicial Circuit of San José) Case File: 20-000277-1275-PE (1) Defendant: [Nombre 001] Victim: [Nombre 003] Offense: Negligent Bodily Injury (Lesiones Culposas) Csolanog 1
PODER JUDICIAL TRIBUNAL DE APELACIÓN DE SENTENCIA PENAL JUVENIL Resolución: 2026-0005 TRIBUNAL DE APELACIÓN DE SENTENCIA PENAL JUVENIL. Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José. (En funciones del T.A.S.P. del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José) Goicoechea a las dieciséis horas cinco minutos del cinco de enero de dos mil veintiséis.
RECURSO DE APELACIÓN interpuesto en la presente causa seguida contra [Nombre 001], [...]; por el delito de LESIONES CULPOSAS en perjuicio de [Nombre 003]. Intervienen en la decisión del recurso las juezas Flory Chaves Zártate, Flor Sidey Slazar Fallas y el juez Gustavo A. Jiménez Madrigal. Se apersonaron en esta sede el licenciado Randall Aguirre Mena en representación de la Procuraduria General de la República, licenciada Ana Carolina Campos Camacho representante del Ministerio Público y el licenciado Juan José Acuña Leandro defensor particular del imputado.
RESULTANDO:
I.Que mediante sentencia número 802-2025 de las diez horas del dieciocho de setiembre del dos mil veinticinco, el Tribunal Penal del Primer Circuito Judicial de San José, resolvió: "POR TANTO: De conformidad con lo expuesto, artículos 7, 30 inciso k, 36, 41, 265 a 270, 340 del Código Procesal Penal y artículo 128 del Código Penal, se ordena SOBRESEIMIENTO DEFINITIVO OR EXTINCIÓN DE LA ACCIÓN PENAL a favor de [Nombre 001] por el delito de LESIONES CULPOSAS que en perjuicio de [Nombre 003] se le ha venido atribuyendo. Se ordena el archivo de la acción civil resarcitoria. Se ordena el el cese de medidas cautelares de orden real o persona impuestas con ocasión al presente proceso; en consecuencia se ordena levantar el gravamen que pesa sobre los vehículo placas [Valor 001] y [Valor 002]. Se resuelve la presente sumaria sin especial condenatoria en costas, son los gastos del proceso a cargo del Estado. Una vez firme esta resolución remítase comunicación al Registro Judicial de Delincuencia a fin de que se inscriba la aplicación de la Medida Alterna a nombre del acusado. Notifíquese. Krycia Zamora Pérez. Jueza de Juicio. Tribunal Penal del I Circuito Judicial de San José." (SIC)
II.Que contra el anterior pronunciamiento interpuso recurso de apelación el licenciado Randall Aguirre Mena en representación de la Procuraduria General de la República.
III.Que verificada la deliberación respectiva de conformidad con lo dispuesto por el artículo 465 del Código de Procesal Penal, el Tribunal se planteó las cuestiones formuladas en el recurso de apelación.
Redacta la Jueza de Apelación Chaves Zárate; y,
CONSIDERANDO:
Recurso de apelación formulado por el licenciado Randall Aguirre Mena, procurador debidamente apersonado en autos, en representación de los intereses del Estado costarricense, me apersono a interponer recurso de Apelación de Sentencia contra la sentencia 802-2025 de las diez horas del dieciocho de setiembre dos mil veinticinco.
I.Sobre la competencia de este Tribunal. Conforme lo acordado por el Consejo Superior en la sesión número 33-2022 del 21 de abril de 2022 artículo XLIV, así como por Corte Plena en la sesión número 35-2024 del 12 de agosto de 2024, se amplió la competencia de este Tribunal de Apelación para el conocimiento de las gestiones de prórroga de prisión preventiva y recursos de apelación de sentencia que sean competencia del Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José a partir del 10 de setiembre de 2024. Por la razón indicada se cuenta con la competencia para entrar en el conocimiento y resolución del recurso planteado.
II.Único motivo lo titula Inobservancia de los artículos 7, 25, 71 inciso B del Código procesal penal y 20 de la Ley Orgánica de la Procuraduría General de la República, consecuentemente ausencia de fundamentación jurídica. Indica que el Tribunal de Juicio en la sentencia que se recurre ha dispuesto dictar el sobreseimiento definitivo aludiendo a la homologación previa de una medida alterna, no obstante se denota que no se tomó en consideración que no se contaba con la autorización de la medida alterna en el proceso penal cuando figure como parte procesal la Procuraduría General de la República, dejando completamente de lado una serie de disposiciones legales tales como el artículo 25 del Código Procesal Penal que indica que la conciliación se acuerda a entera satisfacción de la víctima. Hace ver que en dicho numeral se dispone como un requisito de admisibilidad de la medida alterna que la víctima deba manifestar su satisfacción con el plan propuesto sin que se pueda interpretar que cabe también una venia explícita ante la ausencia de criterio de la víctima el cual debe ser expresa en cuanto a aceptar el plan que ha propuesto el imputado, competencia que no ostentan los procuradores que asisten al juicio.
Sobre este tema indica que la jurisprudencia es reiterada en cuanto a que se requiere la anuencia expresa de la víctima para poder homologar una medida alterna. En abono de su tesis cita el voto 822-2015 del Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Cartago que indicó: 'Como bien señala el recurrente, de acuerdo al artículo 25 del Código Procesal Penal, tenía que ser informada de cualquier acuerdo o plan reparador previo a cualquier homologación, pues la conformidad de la víctima en un acuerdo de estos, es un requisito sine qua non, lo cual fue violentado por la autoridad jurisdiccional recurrida, convirtiendo sus actuaciones en defectuosas por contener vicios que alteran el debido proceso para las partes, en este caso la víctima, la cual nunca encontró reparación al daño por ella denunciado. Los derechos de las víctimas en nuestro sistema procesal penal actual, son incuestionables y no pueden ser soslayados de la forma en que se hizo en este caso, máxime que se hizo un acuerdo o pacto, sin la participación de la víctima- Estado, directamente interesada en verificar si los acuerdos tenían relación o no, con el delito investigado y el resarcimiento al daño ambiental aparentemente causado por ambos endilgados.
Todo esto en esta causa se ignoró de parte del Tribunal de Juicio y del Ministerio Público, el cual nunca podría arrogarse la competencia de la Procuraduría para proceder a llegar a acuerdos que le competen directamente a la Víctima, en este caso el Estado debidamente apersonado por el Procurador Penal". En cuanto a la procedencia de un acuerdo conciliatorio en el proceso penal, indica que también en sentencia 2893-2013, el Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de San José, señaló: "Se establece en el precepto de cita, que la conciliación procede entre la víctima y el imputado, lo que nos sitúa en el tema de interés y objeto de impugnación. El Código Procesal Penal de 1996, presenta un concepto innovador de víctima y reconoce esa condición tanto a personas físicas como jurídicas de carácter asociativo, cuando se afectan intereses colectivos y difusos, y el giro de dichas organizaciones se vincule o relacione de forma directa con esos intereses.
En el sub examine, el juzgador confunde el rol de víctima y se lo asigna también a la Administración de Justicia, lo que es un error, pues la Administración de Justicia o la Autoridad Pública vienen a representar solo el bien jurídico tutelado en el delito de "incumplimiento de medida de protección". Es criterio de esta integración que sí es posible la conciliación en este tipo de delitos, teniendo como víctima a la parte directamente afectada y que impulsa o solicita a la autoridad jurisdiccional al dictado de la medida... Y solo en casos donde la víctima no pueda ser individualizada, el Ministerio Público (y/o en algunos casos, la Procuraduría General de la República) asume esa representación. Señaló la Sala Tercera: "...debe dejarse en claro que en una solución procesal como es la conciliación, lo principal es el acuerdo de las partes involucradas, las cuales, como es sabido, consisten en la parte ofensora y la perjudicada; esta última representada por las víctimas (personas físicas o jurídicas) o, si no pueden ser individualizadas, por el Ministerio Público" (Voto N0389-2002, de las 8:45 horas del 3 de mayo de 2002)" (Tribunal de Casación, número 2011-1574, de las 15:00 horas del 18 de noviembre de 2011).
Sobre este particular el artículo 7 del Código Procesal Penal establece lo siguiente: 'Para tales fines siempre tomarán en cuenta el criterio de la Víctima en la forma y las condiciones que regulan este código." Por su parte, el numeral 71 inciso b dispone el derecho de la víctima de ser oída en todas las gestiones que el Código autoriza a realizar a la víctima. Por último, indica que es importante tener presente que la anuencia de la víctima para pactar una medida alterna debe ser expresa, en el caso de la Procuraduría General como representante del Estado, la Ley Orgánica dispone en el numeral 20 que esa facultad la ostenta el Procurador General de la República, el Procurador General Adjunto o a quien estos deleguen, siendo que además el legislador de manera concreta lo señala en su artículo 20. Destaca que en el presente proceso se puede observar del acta de la audiencia (que respalda el audio de la misma) que el aquí recurrente fue claro en señalar que se requería contar con la anuencia del Procurador General, sobre todo que ya en una ocasión dicho Jerarca había rechazado la medida alterna por no contar con el criterio del INS en la presente causa, tal y como consta en el documento que fue remitido en fecha 16 de enero de 2025 donde se indicó: "Según indica la Jerarquía institucional, para admitir la medida alterna en la presente causa, es indispensable aportar la información sobre la autorización del INS para la aplicación de la póliza del vehículo Estado, o bien la documentación respecto a la subrogación de los derechos de cobro por parte de INS lo anterior en razón de que la totalidad de la reparación alcanzó la suma de 1,724.116,00 (un millón setecientos veinticuatro mil ciento dieciséis colones).
Por lo que, en caso de continuar interesado el encartado en pactar una medida alterna, se procederá a diligenciar la documentación que nos ocupa”. Por su parte, en el acta de la audiencia realizada ante el Tribunal de Juicio consta que se hizo la manifestación que se requería contar con el aval de la Jerarquía de la Procuraduría General, se indica: "Lic. Randall: Informa que sería comunicarle al INS y darle el plazo de 8 días para que informen si están de acuerdo o del todo si no tienen interés, en virtud de que el proceso está ventilándose en la vía Penal y no en la vía de Tránsito y ya con eso volver a tramitar la autorización ante el Procurador General si está de acuerdo con la medida alterna. Lic. Randall: Lo que dice la Jerarquía es que el INS tiene que dar el aval de la medida alterna, Tribunal: Indica que lo que se comunicara al INS es que le imputado está en la anuencia de realizar los pagos (ya mencionados).
Lic. Randall: Así es, y una vez que el INS remita el documento se tramitara la autorización ante el Procurador General para informar si ya se tiene el aval de la medida alterna". Agrega que como se observa, fue claro en la audiencia ante el Tribunal de Juicio que se requería contar con la autorización expresa de la medida alterna por parte del Procurador General o a quien éste delegara dicha autorización (que actualmente se encuentra delegada en la coordinación del área penal) lo que no se contó en la presente causa debido a que el INS no contestó la solicitud que se había realizado por parte de esta representación, de ahí que se hizo la solicitud de prórroga al Tribunal, sin embargo el Tribunal procedió a dictar una sentencia de sobreseimiento definitivo amparado en que el imputado cumplió todos los aspectos del acuerdo, pero dejando de lado que no se contó con un requisito previsto en la Ley como lo es la autorización expresa y por escrito del Procurador General de la República (o de la coordinación del Área Penal por delegación), incurriendo con ello en una inobservancia de una norma procesal y en una falta de fundamentación jurídica ya que la sentencia de sobreseimiento se ampara en la inobservancia de un requisito legal para su eficacia tal y como lo establece el numeral 20 de la Ley Orgánica de la Procuraduría General de la República.
Lo que correspondía en este caso luego de transcurrido el mes sin contar con el aval de la Jerarquía de la Procuraduría General era ampliar el plazo para que se pronunciara el INS tal y como fue peticionado, para que luego se emitiera el aval correspondiente y así resolver conforme a lo dispuesto por parte del Procurador General o la Coordinación del Área Penal. Es importante recalcar que particularmente debió el Tribunal no solo ponderar las manifestaciones que realizó esta representación en la audiencia de manera oral, sino que tomar en cuenta que la medida alterna ya se había rechazado una vez por la jerarquía de la Procuraduría por no contar con el pronunciamiento del INS sobre el acuerdo ya que se ve involucrado una póliza, sin embargo el Tribunal resuelve dictar el sobreseimiento definitivo sin haber contado con la autorización expresa de quien conforme a la Ley ostenta la competencia para poder avalar o no una medida alterna cuando se tiene a la Procuraduría General como parte procesal.
El agravio es ostensible, ya que se han inobservado la legalidad y la eficacia para poder homologar una medida altera y dictar una sentencia de sobreseimiento definitivo en el proceso penal que da por cumplido una conciliación sin que la Jerarquía institucional como representante de la víctima haya podido señalar si los términos planteados son de conveniencia para satisfacer los intereses del Estado costarricense, siendo que con la sentencia de sobreseimiento se pone fin al proceso penal en plena inobservancia de normas procesales. Solicita se declare con lugar el presente recurso de apelación tal y como se ha señalado, existe una inobservancia de normas procesales y una falta de fundamentación del fallo recurrido y en consecuencia se declare ineficaz la sentencia recurrida y la homologación del acuerdo conciliatorio que la antecede, ordenando la devolución de los autos al tribunal del origen para que con distinta integración proceda a resolver lo que en Derecho corresponda.
III.Respuesta de la defensa. Aduce el abogado defensor que su representado cumplió a cabalidad en tiempo y forma con lo pactado en la conciliación con la que todas las partes quedaron satisfechas y que tal como lo indica el Tribunal Penal correspondiente, su representado hizo los pagos económicos y cumplió con todo lo pactado en tiempo y forma. Por lo tanto, cualquier malentendido que pueda haberse dado con el representante de la Procuraduría, es de su única responsabilidad, y no puede extrapolarse en perjuicio de su cliente.
Sobre el fondo. Con lugar el reclamo con las consecuencias que se dirán.
A efectos de resolver el recurso, es indispensable precisar algunos aspectos que inciden directamente en lo que se resuelve:
POR TANTO
Se declara con lugar el recurso de apelación incoado por la Procuraduría General de la República, se decreta la ineficacia parcial de la sentencia únicamente en cuanto ordena el archivo de la acción civil resarcitoria, se ordena devolver el expediente a su oficina de origen para una nueva sustanciación respecto de estos extremos. Deberá el Tribunal conocer la pretensión de las partes y resolver lo que en Derecho corresponda de conformidad con el artículo 40 del Código Procesal Penal, último párrafo, en el cual, se deberá considerar el monto depositado por el imputado a la cuenta del Estado como parte de la pretensión civil. En lo demás el fallo se mantiene incólume. Notifíquese.
Flory Chaves Zárate Flor Sidey Salazar Fallas Gustavo A. Jiménez Madrigal Juezas y Juez del Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal Juvenil (En funciones del T.A.S.P. del Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José) Imputado : [Nombre 001] Ofendido : [Nombre 003] Delito : Lesiones Culposas Csolanog 1
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.