← Environmental Law Center← Centro de Derecho Ambiental
Res. 01603-2017 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 03/02/2017
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber denied the amparo appeal, finding no state inaction, as AyA demonstrated it had adopted planning, communication, and mitigation measures in accordance with the environmental viability granted by SETENA.La Sala Constitucional declaró sin lugar el recurso de amparo al no verificar inercia estatal, pues el AyA demostró haber adoptado medidas de planificación, comunicación y mitigación acordes con la viabilidad ambiental otorgada por SETENA.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber resolved an amparo action filed by residents and merchants of the Vásquez de Coronado canton against the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA) and the Municipality, due to the impacts caused by the sanitary sewer installation works. The petitioners alleged that the works caused disorder, road closures, dangerous potholes, dust, and damage to road infrastructure, requesting that streets be repaired as the works progressed and that entry to the urban center be prohibited until surrounding areas were finished. The Chamber concluded that no state inaction was proven, as AyA demonstrated that it had environmental viability from SETENA, an Environmental Management Plan that includes road closures and traffic management, dust mitigation measures, complaint handling, and coordination with MOPT for nighttime work on main roads. It highlighted that the technical guidelines of the construction process justify not paving trenches immediately. The Chamber reiterated that the State's objective obligation to protect life does not grant a subjective right to demand specific measures via amparo, except in cases of proven inaction, which did not occur here. The appeal was denied.La Sala Constitucional resolvió un recurso de amparo interpuesto por vecinos y comerciantes del cantón de Vásquez de Coronado contra el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA) y la Municipalidad, por las afectaciones causadas por las obras de instalación del alcantarillado sanitario. Los recurrentes alegaron que las obras provocaban desorden, cierre de vías, huecos peligrosos, polvo y daños a la infraestructura vial, solicitando que se repararan las calles conforme avanzaran los trabajos y que se prohibiera el ingreso al casco central hasta terminar las zonas aledañas. La Sala concluyó que no se verificó inercia estatal, pues el AyA acreditó contar con viabilidad ambiental de SETENA, un Plan de Gestión Ambiental que incluye cierre de vías y manejo de tránsito, medidas de mitigación de polvo, atención de quejas y coordinación con el MOPT para trabajos nocturnos en vías principales. Destacó que las pautas técnicas del proceso constructivo justifican la no pavimentación inmediata de zanjas. La Sala reiteró que la obligación objetiva del Estado de tutelar la vida no otorga un derecho subjetivo a exigir medidas específicas por amparo, salvo inercia comprobada, lo que aquí no ocurrió. El recurso se declaró sin lugar.
Key excerptExtracto clave
IV.- On the State's objective obligation to protect human life. This Constitutional Court has recognized the State's objective obligation to protect human life and has ruled on administrative omissions that threaten road safety and the physical integrity of people. (...) It follows from the foregoing that the intervention of the constitutional jurisdiction is only viable in the face of proven inaction by the State, through its competent bodies to address the demands made by the inhabitants of the country in the exercise of their rights (...). V.- On the specific case. (...) Certainly, works of such magnitude as analyzed in this case cause inconveniences to free transit, as they involve the intervention and closure of multiple streets for the installation of the infrastructure necessary for sanitary sewerage. However, in this case, it is noted how AyA has taken pertinent measures to mitigate the impact. (...) Consequently, it is appropriate to deny the appeal. VI.- (...) it is not the responsibility of this Constitutional Court to control the execution of the works to install the sanitary sewerage in Coronado. Hence, it is not within the purview of this Chamber to determine the order in which the works must be carried out, nor to establish the appropriateness of suspending work in a certain sector of the community.IV.- Sobre la obligación objetiva del Estado de tutelar la vida humana. Este Tribunal Constitucional ha reconocido la obligación objetiva del Estado de tutelar la vida humana y se ha pronunciado sobre las omisiones administrativas que atentan contra la seguridad vial y la integridad física de las personas. (...) De lo anterior, se desprende que la injerencia de la jurisdicción constitucional solamente es viable ante la inercia comprobada del Estado, a través de sus órganos competentes en atender las demandas que en ejercicio de sus derechos realicen los habitantes del país (...). V.- Sobre el caso concreto. (...) Ciertamente, obras de tal magnitud como la analizada en la especie, causan inconvenientes al libre tránsito, por cuanto implican la intervención y cierre de múltiples calles para la colocación de la infraestructura necesaria para el alcantarillado sanitario. Sin embargo, en el sub lite, se denota cómo el AyA ha tomado medidas pertinentes a fin de paliar el impacto. (...) En mérito de ello, lo procedente es declarar sin lugar el recurso. VI.- (...) no le compete a este Tribunal Constitucional controlar la ejecución de las obras para colocar el alcantarillado sanitario en Coronado. De ahí que no es de resorte de esta Sala determinar el orden en que deben ser realizados los trabajos, ni establecer la procedencia de suspender labores en determinado sector de la comunidad.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"la injerencia de la jurisdicción constitucional solamente es viable ante la inercia comprobada del Estado, a través de sus órganos competentes en atender las demandas que en ejercicio de sus derechos realicen los habitantes del país"
"the intervention of the constitutional jurisdiction is only viable in the face of proven inaction by the State, through its competent bodies to address the demands made by the inhabitants of the country in the exercise of their rights"
Considerando IV
"la injerencia de la jurisdicción constitucional solamente es viable ante la inercia comprobada del Estado, a través de sus órganos competentes en atender las demandas que en ejercicio de sus derechos realicen los habitantes del país"
Considerando IV
"no le compete a este Tribunal Constitucional controlar la ejecución de las obras para colocar el alcantarillado sanitario en Coronado. De ahí que no es de resorte de esta Sala determinar el orden en que deben ser realizados los trabajos, ni establecer la procedencia de suspender labores en determinado sector de la comunidad."
"it is not the responsibility of this Constitutional Court to control the execution of the works to install the sanitary sewerage in Coronado. Hence, it is not within the purview of this Chamber to determine the order in which the works must be carried out, nor to establish the appropriateness of suspending work in a certain sector of the community."
Considerando VI
"no le compete a este Tribunal Constitucional controlar la ejecución de las obras para colocar el alcantarillado sanitario en Coronado. De ahí que no es de resorte de esta Sala determinar el orden en que deben ser realizados los trabajos, ni establecer la procedencia de suspender labores en determinado sector de la comunidad."
Considerando VI
Full documentDocumento completo
CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine twenty-five minutes on the third of February two thousand seventeen.
Recurso de amparo filed by CARLOS EDUARDO GONZÁLEZ HERRERA, identity card No. 0104780726, against the INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (AyA) AND THE MUNICIPALIDAD DE VÁSQUEZ DE CORONADO.
Whereas:
It states that, additionally, they have the declaration of national convenience and public interest (declaratoria de conveniencia nacional e interés público). It indicates that the works also have the construction permits and approved plans from the National Buildings Directorate of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (official letter DVOP-DEN-FEP-0120-2016 of March 16, 2016, and official letter DVOP-DEN-FEP-0122-2016 of March 16, 2016). It adds that the works contemplate 36,504 meters of pipes, plus an additional 15 thousand meters in 2017. It explains that the great impact the project is having in the canton is due to the fact that it previously lacked a sanitary sewer system entirely. It reiterates that the project in question arises from two loans assumed by the Costa Rican State in Laws No. 8559 and No. 9167, so the costs of these works will not be included in the rates that AyA will charge for the sanitary sewer service.
It assures that what the project seeks is to provide a solution to an environmental issue of national interest. It states that the petitioner does not provide any document proving the alleged requests to repair the sectors where the pipes have been installed. It maintains that AyA has been informing the Municipality of Coronado and the residents since 2011 about the works and the construction methodologies for the sanitary sewer, according to which it is necessary for the open trenches to remain for several weeks before they can be paved. It mentions that the AyA Executing Unit has implemented awareness workshops among the affected residents. It adds that the application of environmental measures is constantly reviewed, reported to SETENA, and complaints are followed up for correction. Regarding the petitioner's request to repair the sectors where the pipe has already been installed, it states that this is not possible in light of the construction method for sewer systems.
In this regard, it indicates that the following construction process must be followed: 1. Replotting of the pipe location 2. Aligned cutting of the existing pavement 3. Soil sampling 4. Location of sanitary connections 5. Excavation of the trench 6. Pipe laying 7. Air tests 8. Backfilling to the current surface level 9. Asphalt prime coat 10. Construction of manholes 11. Pipe deflection and watertightness tests 12. Final pavement structure. It expresses that between the opening of the trench (point 5, excavation) until the restoration of the pavement (point 12), there are other stages that make it necessary for the trench not to be paved for several weeks. Therefore, the works require at least one month to be completed. It states that, in order to safeguard the integrity of the population and the workers, streets are closed to carry out the works. It explains that, regarding the deflection tests of the installed pipe, once the trench is backfilled, this backfill needs to be properly compacted, which requires an approximate time of one month, in order to determine if the compaction did not affect the pipe.
It relates that, once the month has elapsed, the final cleaning of the pipe is carried out to perform the tracer test to verify free flow and the deflection test to verify deformations due to external loads (backfill). Watertightness tests are also performed on the pipe joints and manholes. It asserts that if any of these tests fail, it is necessary to reopen the trench to replace the pipe. It explains that, had the trench been paved—as the petitioner intends—a double expense on pavement would be incurred, which would reduce the available funds to carry out the works. It would also mean the works would take longer. It reiterates that once the pipe is installed, several weeks or up to one month must be waited to perform the different tests and, once approved, to place the pavement. It alleges that, according to the established construction process for installing sanitary sewer pipes in the project being developed in the canton of Coronado, it is not advisable to repair the sectors where the pipe was installed with pavement in a period of less than one month.
It acknowledges that, initially, the backfilling of the trenches caused inconveniences for the residents, since the rains caused the backfill materials to shift. Faced with this situation, the Executing Unit took measures in June 2016 to implement an asphalt prime coat (imprimación asfáltica) to prevent the unevenness or potholes claimed by the petitioner. It states that, as of that date, the asphalt prime coat is a constant practice at all work fronts of the project. For this reason, it points out that the photographs provided by the petitioner are prior to June 2016, making the appeal lack current interest. It maintains that the measure taken by the institution to mitigate the impact on the canton's residents generates an additional cost to the project, but to a lesser extent than premature paving would, as the petitioner intends. It states that the application of the Environmental Management Plan (Plan de Gestión Ambiental) approved by SETENA is permanently maintained, whose measures are executed throughout the entire project; for instance, the restoration of pavements is carried out according to the time elapsed since the start of the process, so the first installed sections will be the first to be paved.
It mentions that the Environmental Management Plan covers the following measures to mitigate any negative impact: "The Contractor company shall provide accreditation from a certified entity that, in its internal regulations, ISO Standards 9001 and ISO 14001 are observed. On this basis, the Contractor must design the operation and improvements of the project's environmental management plan, in such a way that allows monitoring and control of those environmental variables that may exceed tolerable limits, identifying the human, technical, economic, and administrative resources for its implementation. The contractor is responsible for preventing, mitigating, or compensating, within tolerable limits, any potential negative environmental impacts that may occur during the execution of the works. Observe tolerable limits regarding soil, water, or air pollution. Implement appropriate practices on-site to prevent impacts on natural vegetation.
Implement appropriate practices aimed at preventing soil erosion, sedimentation in watercourses and storm drains, and alterations to the natural slopes of the land at excavation sites or deposition sites for excavated material. Implement appropriate practices for the disposal of waste or materials. Use the most appropriate technologies under environmental quality criteria. The Contractor must produce the least harmful environmental impact on the human population, flora, fauna, air, soil, water, landscape, historical and cultural heritage, social relations, and the environment in general. Damages to third parties caused by non-compliance with these standards will be the sole responsibility of the Contractor, who must compensate for the costs resulting from such non-compliance. Have a road closure program and determination of alternate routes for traffic detours." It notes that the project executors enforce the approved environmental measures for impact mitigation, and the commitment is maintained to carry out pothole patching (bacheos) in the shortest possible time.
It details that the project has assigned officials for the social and environmental management of the project, who are present every day at the locations where the works are being carried out to control and verify the mitigation of environmental impacts. It comments that the supervising company contracted by AyA is also present. It adds that personnel have been assigned to attend to user complaints and follow up on the resolution of reported situations, such as, for example, some unevenness or pothole in a backfilled trench. It explains that the handling of complaints is almost immediate by the AyA Executing Unit, which coordinates with the company to resolve the issue. It highlights that there are no records of complaints from the petitioner before the Executing Unit for any of the non-conformities alleged in this amparo. It asserts that the Environmental Management Program (Programa de Gestión Ambiental) establishes the road closure program and determination of alternate routes to guarantee free transit.
It reports that all street closures are coordinated in advance, since parallel to the environmental management of the project, social and communication management is carried out, where the sections to be intervened during the following week are published and communicated weekly. It explains that this information is published on social media and shared with the Municipality and different groups and commissions to keep the population informed; likewise, a leafleting and loudspeaker campaign is carried out in the zones to be intervened to keep residents informed about the execution of the works. It reiterates that on occasions it is necessary to reopen a trench because the pipe tests fail, making its repair necessary. It states that the agreements reached in the meeting with the Mayor and merchants to postpone the works in the downtown area during the 2016 year-end period were fulfilled, and the works were rescheduled for the first months of 2017.
It argues that the petitioner does not provide proof to demonstrate his allegation that the works have affected public health. Regarding the petitioner's allegation that the works will raise dust during the summer season, it argues that the project has measures planned to mitigate such impact (constant street sweeping, covering construction materials with plastic, watering via tanker trucks). It maintains that the facts alleged by the petitioner, regarding the paving of the street in front of Banco Nacional, are from June 2016, so the current status of the works is different from that described in the filing brief. It assures that other sectors, apart from the street of Banco Nacional, have already been paved. It indicates that as of January 12, 2017, 7,107 meters of streets had been paved, and 916 meters were properly stabilized to be paved in the following days. Based on the foregoing, it alleges that no unequal treatment has been generated in the attention to the different sectors of the canton.
It explains that the canton of Coronado suffers from a major public health problem (discharge of untreated sewage into rivers) that the works in question aim to solve. It considers that, had it continued under these conditions, the investments that have been made in the canton in drinking water would not be sufficient to maintain the health levels of the population. Therefore, it does not consider Article 50 of the Constitution to be contravened. It indicates that all contracting companies must train all their personnel on the project's environmental management plan. It reiterates that the project was declared of National Convenience and Public Interest (Conveniencia Nacional e Interés Público), according to Executive Decree 365239. It notes that, when main streets must be intervened, it has been coordinated so that the works are carried out at night to affect traffic as little as possible.
It details that the traffic management plans and alternate routes have been made known in advance to the residents in order to generate the least possible impact. For the reasons stated, it does not technically recommend carrying out the works in the manner intended by the petitioner. It requests that the appeal be declared without merit.
Drawn up by Judge Rueda Leal; and,
Considering:
I.Regarding the request for coadjuvancy (coadyuvancia). Coadjuvancy is a form of accessory intervention that occurs when a person acts in a proceeding, adhering to the claims of some of the main parties. Consequently, anyone with a direct interest in the outcome of the appeal is entitled to act as a coadjuvant; however, not being the main party, the coadjuvant will not be directly affected by the judgment, meaning the effectiveness of the judgment cannot reach them directly and immediately, nor does the res judicata condition of the ruling affect them (see, among others, judgments No. 3235 of 9:20 a.m. on October 30, 1992, and No. 2010-000254 of 11:28 a.m. on January 8, 2010). In the case at hand, this Chamber admits the request for active coadjuvancy raised by members of the Board of Directors of the Merchants and Affiliates Association of Vásquez de Coronado and by residents of said canton, with the consequences this implies regarding access to the case file.
II.Object of the appeal. The petitioner indicates that in 2016, AyA, through subcontracted private companies, began the construction and installation of the sanitary sewer in the canton of Vásquez de Coronado. He assures that the works have affected the free flow of vehicular traffic and threaten the integrity of residents and drivers. He alleges that, in summer, the works will cause dust that will affect the community. He complains that the breaking of the asphalt surface has been carried out in a disorderly manner, some of the works are abandoned, the grooves in the running surface have not been patched, and some of the holes have been filled with sand, ballast, or even earth. He argues that only some sectors of the public road have been repaired, while in others, the works remain unfinished despite the passage of time. He estimates that, before finishing the works in the surrounding areas, the works should not begin in the canton's downtown core. He requests that AyA be compelled to "gradually repair the streets and properties of the canton according to the progress of the works" and that it be prohibited from entering the downtown area until the streets of the surrounding areas have been repaired.
III.Proven facts. For the decision in this matter, the following facts are deemed duly proven, either because they have been accredited or because the respondent authority omitted to refer to them as provided in the initial order:
a. Vásquez de Coronado was the only canton of the Greater Metropolitan Area without a sewer system; hence, in order to provide it with an adequate system for wastewater treatment, it was included in the "Environmental Improvement Project of the Metropolitan Area of San José to be developed by AyA"—financed through two loans assumed by the State (Law No. 9167 and Law No. 8559) and declared of national convenience and public interest (Executive Decree No. 36529-MINAET)—(see submitted report); b. In 2014, an international public tender (2014LI-000004-PRI) was opened to award the works necessary to provide Vásquez de Coronado with an adequate system for wastewater treatment (see submitted report); c. Between 2015 and 2016, the AyA Executing Unit offered informational visits to the Municipality of Vásquez de Coronado regarding the scope of the project to provide the canton with a sewer network (see submitted report); d. In 2016, the works to install the sanitary sewer system in Vásquez de Coronado began (see submitted report); e. The project to provide Coronado with a sewer system contemplates the installation of more than 51 thousand meters of pipes (see submitted report); f. The project to provide Vásquez de Coronado with an adequate system for wastewater treatment has the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) granted by SETENA (resolutions 852-2001-SETENA and 1287-2015-SETENA), which approved the update of the Environmental Management Plan establishing environmental control measures, including the road closure plan, the social management plan, and the occupational health and safety plan (see submitted report); g. In the works carried out to install the sewer system in Coronado, there is personnel assigned to control and review the application of environmental measures, verify the mitigation of environmental impacts, report to SETENA, and follow up on non-conformities for their correction (see submitted report); h. Once the sewer pipe is installed, the excavated trench must be backfilled and wait for the backfill material to properly settle (which takes approximately one month), to determine if the compaction did not affect the conduit.
Once the month has elapsed, the pipe is cleaned to perform a series of tests (tracers, deflection, watertightness) and thus establish the proper functioning of the pipes and manholes. If any test is not passed, excavation must be done again and the pipe replaced. If the tests are approved, the section is paved (see submitted report); i. In June 2016, to solve the erosion of the materials used to backfill the trenches made to install the sewer pipes (and the potholes or unevenness that such erosion caused), the measure of placing an asphalt prime coat (imprimación asfáltica) on the surface of the excavation was implemented. This measure has continued to be applied in the works carried out in Vázquez de Coronado (see submitted report); j. The paving of the trenches made to install the sewer pipe is carried out according to the times stipulated in the Environmental Management Plan approved by SETENA, such that the first sections that were excavated are the first to be paved (see submitted report); k. AyA has assigned personnel to attend to complaints about the works from users and residents, and to follow up on the resolution of the reported situations (see submitted report); l. There are no records of complaints from the petitioner before the AyA Executing Unit for any inconvenience caused by the works for the installation of the sewer pipe in Vázquez de Coronado (see submitted report); m. The road closure and determination of alternate routes program in Vázquez de Coronado is established in the Environmental Management Program of the sewer project (see submitted report); n. The traffic management and alternate route plans are communicated to the canton's residents in advance (see submitted report); o. Weekly, AyA communicates the sections in Coronado that will be intervened the following week due to the sewer installation.
This information is provided to the municipality of Coronado and different groups and commissions; in addition, it is shared via social media. Likewise, leaflets are distributed, and loudspeaker announcements are made (see submitted report and provided evidence); p. The project for the installation of the sewer system in Coronado contemplates measures to mitigate a potential impact from dust raised by the works (constant street sweeping, covering construction materials with plastic, watering via tanker trucks) (see submitted report); q. The paving works for the trenches excavated for the sewer system have not been limited to the street in front of Banco Nacional of Coronado (see submitted report and provided evidence); r. As of January 12, 2017, 7,107 meters of streets in Coronado had been paved after the installation of sewer pipes; in addition, 916 meters have been properly stabilized to be paved soon (see submitted report); s. In January 2017, the works began to install the sewer pipes under the main streets of the downtown core of Coronado (see submitted report); t. AyA has coordinated with the MOPT so that the interventions on the canton's main streets are carried out during nighttime hours, so that traffic flows normally during the day (see submitted report); u. The contracting companies use road signage (signs reading "road works," "road closed ahead," reflective tape and cones) to warn about hazards and detours (see provided evidence);
IV.Regarding the objective obligation of the State to protect human life. This Constitutional Tribunal has recognized the objective obligation of the State to protect human life and has ruled on administrative omissions that threaten road safety and the physical integrity of individuals. On this matter, it is worth referring to the provisions in judgment No. 2008-18443 of 6:01 p.m. on December 11, 2008, which stated: "Prior analysis of the specific case, it is advisable to indicate what this Chamber has said regarding the objective obligation of the State to protect human life, in the sense that it has been usual for the right to life, frequently analyzed together with the right to physical integrity, to be understood as a right with negative content, that is, that its purpose was limited to the claim against the State to refrain from carrying out actions aimed at eliminating the physical existence of people, for example, torture or the death penalty, or to punish individuals, public and private, who threaten the life and integrity of others, through the criminal system.
However, the current trend is to impose various positive duties on the State, in the sense that it must not disturb the physical existence of people and, additionally, must act to protect it against the multiple dangers that threaten it, whether they come from the actions of the State itself or from other people, and even from nature itself. Hence, for example, environmental issues have become, at least in our country, a matter of constitutional rank, since the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment was elevated to the status of a fundamental right. Now, it is necessary to clarify that the objective existence of a State obligation regarding the protection of the right to life does not inevitably entail a subjective right of individuals to demand, through judicial bodies, that a specific measure be taken, but rather that the ideal measures be taken to protect this right, in the face of clearly negligent attitudes by public authorities.
Consequently, the State acquires the obligation to regulate those areas of social life from which dangers to the physical existence of the inhabitants of its territory may arise, whether through law, regulations, agreements, or other measures related to administrative organization and procedures, and the subjective right of individuals to have this done diligently. Thus, the possibility of judicially demanding, through amparo, a specific type of welfare activity by the State in fulfillment of its duty to protect the life and physical integrity of its inhabitants is restricted to the clear verification of an imminent danger against those rights of individuals, such that if, for example, a certain community deemed it necessary to have a hospital for the care of its residents (or any other public work), it is not through amparo that this should be demanded, but through the previously established mechanisms and before the competent bodies and entities, which must attend to the request and resolve its technical feasibility, which does not necessarily imply a positive response.
From the above, it follows that the interference of the constitutional jurisdiction is only viable in the face of proven inaction by the State, through its competent bodies, in addressing the demands that the country's inhabitants make in the exercise of their rights (see in this regard judgment number 2003-11519 of ten thirty o'clock on October ten, two thousand three)."
V.Regarding the specific case. From the study of the records, it is accredited that Vásquez de Coronado was the only canton in the Greater Metropolitan Area without a public sewer system; hence, in order to provide it with an adequate system for the collection and treatment of wastewater, it was included in the "Environmental Improvement Project of the Metropolitan Area of San José to be developed by AyA"—financed through two loans assumed by the State (Law No. 9167 and Law No. 8559) and declared of national convenience and public interest (Executive Decree No. 36529-MINAET)—. Consequently, in 2014, an international public tender (2014LI-000004-PRI) was opened to award the project for the installation of the sewer system in said canton, which contemplates the installation of more than 51 thousand meters of pipes and multiple manholes. In 2016, the works began and continued in execution through 2017.
Now, the petitioner claims that the works being carried out for the implementation of the wastewater collection and treatment system in Vázquez de Coronado affect the free flow of vehicular traffic and threaten the integrity of residents and drivers.
As mentioned in the previous considering, the objective obligation of the State to protect the right to life and physical integrity does not entail a subjective right of individuals to demand, through judicial bodies, that a specific measure be taken. Hence, the interference of the constitutional jurisdiction is only viable in the face of proven inaction by the State. However, in the case at hand, such inaction on the part of AyA—the coordinating body in charge of the works—is not verified. In this sense, it is proven that, even before the start of the works, the AyA Executing Unit offered informational visits to the Municipality of Vásquez de Coronado about the scope of the sewer plan. In addition, it is verified that the project has the environmental viability granted by SETENA (resolutions 852-2001-SETENA and 1287-2015-SETENA), which approved the update of the Environmental Management Plan establishing the environmental control measures; among them, the road closure plan, the social management plan, and the occupational health and safety plan.
In this regard, AyA reports under oath that, at the worksites, personnel are assigned to control and review the application of environmental measures, verify the mitigation of environmental impacts, report to SETENA, and follow up on non-conformities for their correction. Likewise, the respondent institute states that it has assigned personnel to attend to complaints from users and residents caused by the execution of the works and to follow up on the resolution of the reported situations; however, it should be noted that, in this sense, there are no records of complaints from the petitioner before the AyA Executing Unit.
Certainly, works of such magnitude as the one analyzed in the species cause inconveniences to the free flow of traffic, as they involve the intervention and closure of multiple streets for the installation of the necessary infrastructure for the sanitary sewer. However, in the case at hand, it is evident how AyA has taken pertinent measures to palliate the impact. In this regard, it is accredited that the Environmental Management Program of the project included the corresponding road closure and determination of alternate routes program in Vázquez de Coronado. The respondent authority reports under oath that the traffic management plans and alternate routes are communicated in advance to the locality's residents. Weekly, AyA communicates the sections of Coronado that will be intervened the following week due to the sewer installation. This information is provided to the municipality of Coronado and to different groups and commissions; additionally, it is shared via social media, leaflets are distributed, and loudspeaker announcements are made. Likewise, it is accredited that, aiming for a lesser impact on traffic in the canton's downtown core, AyA has coordinated with the MOPT so that interventions on the main streets are performed during nighttime hours, so that traffic flows normally during the day.
The respondent authority acknowledges that, initially, the materials used to temporarily backfill the trenches excavated for the pipe installation were eroding. This caused potholes and unevenness in the road that could pose some danger to drivers. However, it is accredited that, to solve this issue, starting in June 2016, the measure of placing a less erodible material (asphalt prime coat, imprimación asfáltica) on the surface of the excavation was implemented. Since that date, this practice has continued to be applied in the sanitary sewer project works in Vázquez de Coronado.
Likewise, it is proven that, to safeguard the integrity of drivers and pedestrians, the contracting companies use road signage to warn about hazards and detours—for instance, signs reading "road works," "road closed ahead," and reflective tape and cones to delimit the work zones—.
The petitioner also alleges that in summer the works will cause dust that will affect the community. Given the nature and magnitude of the works contemplated in the sanitary sewer installation project, it is expected that they will raise dust.
Nonetheless, it is also verified that useful measures have been adopted to mitigate this inconvenience. In this regard, AyA reports that the project includes constant street sweeping, covering construction materials with plastic, and watering via tanker trucks. In any case, it should be noted that the implementation of a sewer system for the collection and treatment of residual waters, far from harming public health, promotes and guarantees it.
Thus, it is verified that, in order to safeguard the integrity and health of the residents and drivers who travel through Vázquez de Coronado, AyA has adopted pertinent measures to mitigate the inconveniences that the execution of a large-scale project inexorably entails, such as the installation of a complete public sewer system throughout the canton. On these grounds, the appropriate course is to dismiss the appeal without merit.
VI.In another vein, the claimant complains that the breaking of the road is being carried out in a disorderly manner, since the crews dig trenches, lay the pipes, backfill provisionally, and abandon the works to open new excavations in other stretches, without having first paved the trenches initially made. He requests that the trenches already dug be asphalted before carrying out new excavations. He also asks that the start of works in the central core of the canton be suspended until the work in the surrounding areas has been concluded.
However, it is necessary to state that it is not within the purview of this Constitutional Court to control the execution of the works to install the sanitary sewer system in Coronado. Hence, it is not for this Chamber to determine the order in which the works must be carried out, nor to establish the appropriateness of suspending work in a particular sector of the community. In any case, it is worth noting that the respondent reports that the paving of the trenches made to install the sewer pipe is carried out according to the times stipulated in the project's Environmental Management Plan (Plan de Gestión Ambiental). Furthermore, it is observed that the order in which the works are being executed is not arbitrary, but rather has a technical basis. In this vein, the respondent authority states that the construction process guidelines for the sewer system require that, once the pipe is placed inside the dug trench, it be provisionally backfilled with specific materials and then wait approximately one month to evaluate—through a series of tests—whether the compaction affected the functioning of the pipe and the wells.
While the backfill materials settle, new trenches are opened in other sectors to advance the works. If the compaction harmed the system, it is necessary to excavate again to replace the structure; therefore, the respondent explains that it is not appropriate to pave before verifying the effects of the compaction, as it may be necessary to excavate the trench again.
Finally, the petitioner also alleges that there is inequality in the execution of the works, since only some stretches of the public road have been repaired (the street in front of the local Banco Nacional); while in the other sectors, the works remain unfinished. However, it is verified that the paving works have not been limited to only one sector of the community. In this regard, it is verified that, as of January 12, 2017, 7,107 meters of streets had been asphalted; additionally, 916 meters are duly stabilized to be paved soon.
VII.Conclusion. On the grounds of the considerations set forth, the appropriate course is to dismiss the appeal without merit.
VIII.Note by Magistrate Jinesta Lobo. In those matters related to the repair or construction of various infrastructure works, I save my vote as I consider that administrative inactivity constitutes a discussion properly raised before the ordinary jurisdiction. The foregoing, unless there is an infringement of other fundamental rights involved, such as life, physical integrity, private property, and housing, or the protection of disadvantaged groups. In the sub lite case, since the health, life, and physical integrity of the local residents are at stake, I deem it appropriate to hear the merits of the amparo. From that perspective, it is an exception to the rule I follow in this matter.
IX.Note by Magistrate Salazar Alvarado. I have concurred with the position held by Magistrate Jinesta Lobo in this matter, and therefore I consider, in principle, that cases related to the inactivity of the Public Administration in the repair, construction, modification, or demolition of any infrastructure work should be dismissed, as that omission constitutes a matter of legality, whose discussion corresponds to the ordinary jurisdiction, before which the interested person can debate their disagreements more broadly. However, when some violation of other fundamental rights protected in this constitutional jurisdiction derives from that omissive administrative conduct—such as the life, physical integrity, or safety of persons or their property—or when groups considered vulnerable are affected, I do proceed to hear the merits of the matter, as this situation constitutes an exception to my position in this matter, as happens in this amparo, in which the life, health, and physical integrity of the local residents and passersby in general are at stake.-
X.Documentation Provided to the Case File. The parties are warned that if they have provided any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be retrieved from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not retrieved within this period will be destroyed, pursuant to the provisions of the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", approved by the Corte Plena in session N° 27-11 of August 22, 2011, article XXVI and published in the Boletín Judicial number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in session N° 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The appeal is dismissed without merit. Magistrate Jinesta Lobo provides a note. Magistrate Salazar Alvarado provides a note.
\n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\t\n\nErnesto Jinesta L.\n\nPresidente\n\n\t\n\n \n\n\n\n\nFernando Cruz C.\n\n\t\n\n \n\n\t\n\nFernando Castillo V.\n\n\n\n\nPaul Rueda L.\n\n\t\n\n \n\n\t\n\nLuis Fdo. Salazar A.\n\n\n\n\nEnrique Ulate C.\n\n\t\n\n \n\n\t\n\nJose Paulino Hernández G.\n\n \n\n \n\nDocumento Firmado Digitalmente\n\n-- Código verificador --\n\n*XIDTB1TTJYC61*\n\n XIDTB1TTJYC61\n\nEXPEDIENTE N° 16-017820-0007-CO\n\n \n\nTeléfonos: 2295-3696/2295-3697/2295-3698/2295-3700. Fax: 2295-3712. Dirección electrónica: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Edificio Corte Suprema de Justicia, San José, Distrito Catedral, Barrio González Lahmann, calles 19 y 21, avenidas 8 y 6\n\nEs copia fiel del original - Tomado del Nexus.PJ el: 09-05-2026 04:31:06.\n\nSCIJ de Hacienda\nSCIJ de la Procuraduría General de la República
*160178200007CO* SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinticinco minutos del tres de febrero de dos mil diecisiete .
Recurso de amparo interpuesto por CARLOS EDUARDO GONZÁLEZ HERRERA, cédula de identidad No. 0104780726, contra el INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (AyA) Y LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE VÁSQUEZ DE CORONADO.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Rueda Leal; y,
Considerando:
I.Sobre la solicitud de coadyuvancia . La coadyuvancia es una forma de intervención adhesiva que se da cuando una persona actúa en un proceso, adhiriéndose a las pretensiones de algunas de las partes principales. En consecuencia, está legitimado para actuar como coadyuvante quien ostente un interés directo en el resultado del recurso; sin embargo, al no ser actor principal, el coadyuvante no resultará directamente afectado por la sentencia, es decir, la eficacia de esta no podrá alcanzarle de manera directa e inmediata, ni le afecta la condición de cosa juzgada del pronunciamiento (véanse, entre otras, las sentencias Nº 3235 de las 9:20 horas del 30 de octubre de 1992 y la Nº 2010-000254 de las 11:28 horas del 8 de enero de 2010). En el sub lite, esta Sala admite la solicitud de coadyuvancia activa planteada por miembros de la Junta Directiva de la Asociación de comerciantes y afines de Vásquez de Coronado y por vecinos de dicho cantón, con las consecuencias que ello implica en cuanto al acceso al expediente.
II.Objeto del recurso. El recurrente indica que en el año 2016, el AyA, mediante empresas privadas subcontratadas, inició la construcción e instalación del alcantarillado sanitario en el cantón de Vásquez de Coronado. Asegura que las obras han afectado el libre tránsito vehicular y atenta contra la integridad de los vecinos y los conductores. Alega que, en verano, las obras causarán polvo que afectará a la comunidad. Reclama que el rompimiento de la carpeta asfáltica se ha ejecutado de manera desordenada, algunos de los trabajos están abandonados, no se han bacheado las estrías en la superficie de ruedo, y algunos de los huecos se han rellenado con arena, lastre e incluso tierra. Arguye que se han reparado solamente algunos sectores de la vía pública; mientras que en otros, las obras siguen inconclusas pese al transcurso del tiempo. Estima que, antes de finalizar los trabajos en las zonas aledañas, las obras no deberían iniciarse en el casco central del cantón. Solicita que se obligue a “ ir reparando las calles y bienes del cantón conforme al avance de las obras” y que se prohíba ingresar al casco central hasta tanto no se hayan reparado las calles de las zonas aledañas.
III.Hechos probados. De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque la autoridad recurrida haya omitido referirse a ellos según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
a. Vásquez de Coronado era el único cantón del Gran Área Metropolitana sin un sistema de alcantarillados; de ahí que, a fin de dotarlo de un sistema adecuado para el tratamiento de aguas residuales, fue incluido en el “Proyecto de Mejoramiento Ambiental del Área Metropolitana de San José a desarrollar por el AyA” –financiado mediante dos préstamos asumidos por el Estado (Ley Nº9167 y Ley Nº8559) y declarado de conveniencia nacional e interés público (Decreto Ejecutivo Nº36529-MINAET)– (véase informe rendido); b. En el año 2014 se abrió una licitación pública internacional (2014LI-000004-PRI) a fin de adjudicar las obras necesarias para proveer a Vásquez de Coronado de un sistema adecuado para el tratamiento de aguas residuales (véase informe rendido); c. Entre los años 2015 y 2016, la Unidad Ejecutora del AyA ofreció visitas informativas a la Municipalidad de Vásquez de Coronado sobre los alcances del proyecto para dotar al cantón de una red de alcantarillado (véase informe rendido); d. En el año 2016 iniciaron las obras para instalar el sistema de alcantarillado sanitario en Vásquez de Coronado (véase informe rendido); e. El proyecto para dotar a Coronado de un sistema de alcantarillado contempla la colocación de más de 51 mil metros de tuberías (véase informe rendido); f. El proyecto para proveer a Vásquez de Coronado de un sistema adecuado para el tratamiento de aguas residuales cuenta con la viabilidad ambiental otorgada por la SETENA (resoluciones 852-2001-SETENA y 1287-2015-SETENA), quien aprobó la actualización del Plan de Gestión Ambiental que establece las medidas de control ambiental, entre ellas, el plan de cierre de vías, el plan de gestión social y el plan de seguridad y salud ocupacional (véase informe rendido); g. En las obras llevadas a cabo para colocar el sistema de alcantarillado en Coronado, hay personal destinado a controlar y revisar la aplicación de las medidas ambientales, verificar la mitigación de los impactos ambientales, informar de ello a la SETENA y dar seguimiento a las inconformidades para su corrección (véase informe rendido); h. Una vez colocada la tubería del alcantarillado, se debe rellenar la zanja excavada y esperar a que el material de relleno se apelmace adecuadamente (lo que toma aproximadamente un mes), a efectos de determinar si la compactación no afectó el conducto.
Una vez transcurrido el mes, se limpia la tubería para realizar una serie de pruebas (trazadores, deflexión, estanqueidad) y establecer así el buen funcionamiento de los tubos y los pozos. Si alguna de las pruebas no es superada, se debe excavar nuevamente y reemplazar la tubería. Si las pruebas son aprobadas, se pavimenta el tramo (véase informe rendido); i. En junio de 2016, a fin de solventar la erosión de los materiales con los que se rellenaban las zanjas hechas para colocar las tuberías del alcantarillado (y los huecos o desniveles que tal erosión causaba), se implementó la medida de poner una imprimación asfáltica en la superficie de la excavación. Dicha medida se ha seguido aplicando en las obras llevadas a cabo en Vázquez de Coronado (véase informe rendido); j. La pavimentación de las zanjas hechas para instalar la tubería del alcantarillado se realiza de acuerdo con los tiempos estipulados en el Plan de Gestión Ambiental aprobado por la SETENA, de manera que los primeros tramos que fueron excavados, son los primeros que se pavimentan (véase informe rendido); k. El AyA ha dispuesto personal para atender las quejas por las obras de los usuarios y vecinos, y dar seguimiento a la resolución de las situaciones denunciadas (véase informe rendido); l. No existen registros de quejas del recurrente ante la Unidad Ejecutora del AyA por algún inconveniente causado por las obras de colocación de la tubería de alcantarillado en Vázquez de Coronado (véase informe rendido); m. El programa de cierre de vías y determinación de rutas alternas en Vázquez de Coronado está establecido en el Programa de Gestión Ambiental del proyecto de alcantarillado (véase informe rendido); n. Los planes de manejo de tránsito y de rutas alternas son informados, con antelación, a los vecinos del cantón (véase informe rendido); o. Semanalmente, el AyA comunica los tramos en Coronado que se van a intervenir la semana siguiente con ocasión de la colocación del alcantarillado.
Esta información es brindada a la municipalidad coronadeña y diferentes grupos y comisiones; además, es compartida mediante redes sociales. Asimismo, se reparten volantes y se realiza perifoneo (véase informe rendido y prueba aportada); p. El proyecto de colocación del alcantarillado en Coronado contempla medidas para mitigar un eventual impacto por polvo levantado de las obras (barrido contante de calles, cubrir con plástico los materiales de construcción, riego mediante camiones cisterna) (véase informe rendido); q. Los trabajos de pavimentación de las zanjas excavadas para el alcantarillado, no se han circunscrito a la calle frente al Banco Nacional de Coronado (véase informe rendido y prueba aportada); r. Para el 12 de enero de 2017, habían sido asfaltados 7.107 metros de calles en Coronado después de la colocación de tubería de alcantarillado; además, se tienen 916 metros debidamente estabilizados para ser asfaltados próximamente (véase informe rendido); s. En enero de 2017 se iniciaron las obras para colocar la tuberías de alcantarillado bajo las calles principales del casco central de Coronado (véase informe rendido); t. El AyA ha coordinado con el MOPT a fin de que las intervenciones en las calles principales del cantón se realicen en jornada nocturna, y así el tránsito fluya con normalidad durante el día (véase informe rendido); u. Las empresas contratistas utilizan señalización vial (rótulos de “trabajos en la carretera”, “camino cerrado adelante”, cintas y estañones reflectores) para advertir sobre peligros y desvíos (véase prueba aportada);
IV.Sobre la obligación objetiva del Estado de tutelar la vida humana . Este Tribunal Constitucional ha reconocido la obligación objetiva del Estado de tutelar la vida humana y se ha pronunciado sobre las omisiones administrativas que atentan contra la seguridad vial y la integridad física de las personas. Sobre el particular, cabe referir lo dispuesto en sentencia Nº2008-18443 de las 18:01 horas del 11 de diciembre de 2008, donde se indicó: “Previo análisis del caso concreto, conviene indicar lo dicho por esta Sala en cuanto a la obligación objetiva del Estado de tutelar la vida humana, en el sentido que ha sido usual que el derecho a la vida, frecuentemente analizado junto con el derecho a la integridad física, haya sido entendido como un derecho de contenido negativo, es decir, que su objeto se limitaba a la pretensión contra el Estado de que se abstuviera de realizar acciones dirigidas a eliminar la existencia física de las personas, por ejemplo, la tortura o la pena de muerte, o bien, que castigara a las personas, públicas y privadas, que atentaran contra la vida e integridad de los otros, a través del sistema penal.
No obstante, la tendencia actual es imponer al Estado diversas conductas positivas, en el sentido de que no debe perturbar la existencia física de las personas y, además, debe actuar en tutela de su protección, ante los múltiples peligros que la acechan, bien sea que ellos provengan de acciones del Estado mismo o de otras personas, e inclusive, de la misma naturaleza. De ahí que, por ejemplo, los temas ambientales han pasado a ser, al menos en nuestro país, un asunto de índole constitucional, puesto que el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado fue elevado a rango de derecho fundamental. Ahora bien, es menester aclarar que la existencia objetiva de una obligación del Estado en lo referente a la protección del derecho a la vida no apareja, ineludiblemente, un derecho subjetivo de las personas a exigir, a través de los organismos judiciales, que se tome una medida determinada, pero sí a que se tomen las medidas idóneas en tutela de ese derecho, ante actitudes abiertamente negligentes de las autoridades públicas.
En consecuencia, se trata de que el Estado adquiere la obligación de regular las áreas de la vida social de las cuales puedan surgir peligros para la existencia física de los habitantes de su territorio, ya sea través de la ley, de reglamentos, de acuerdos o de otras medidas relacionadas con la organización y los procedimientos administrativos y del derecho subjetivo de las personas a que así se proceda, en forma diligente. Así, la posibilidad de exigir judicialmente, a través de amparo, un tipo específico de actividad prestacional por parte del Estado en cumplimiento de su deber de protección a la vida e integridad física de sus habitantes, es restringida a la clara verificación de un peligro inminente contra esos derechos de las personas, de forma tal que si, por ejemplo, una determinada comunidad estimara necesario contar con un hospital para la atención de sus pobladores (o de cualquier otra obra pública) no es por la vía del amparo que se debe exigir, sino a través de los mecanismos previamente establecidos y ante los órganos y entes competentes, quienes deberán atender la petición y resolver su procedencia técnica, que no implica necesariamente una respuesta positiva.
De lo anterior, se desprende que la injerencia de la jurisdicción constitucional solamente es viable ante la inercia comprobada del Estado, a través de sus órganos competentes en atender las demandas que en ejercicio de sus derechos realicen los habitantes del país (ver en este sentido la sentencia número 2003-11519 de las diez horas con treinta minutos del diez de octubre de dos mil tres)”.
V.Sobre el caso concreto. Del estudio de los autos, se tiene por acreditado que Vásquez de Coronado era el único cantón del Gran Área Metropolitana sin un sistema de alcantarillado público; de ahí que, a fin de dotarlo de un sistema adecuado para la recolección y tratamiento de aguas residuales, fue incluido en el “ Proyecto de Mejoramiento Ambiental del Área Metropolitana de San José a desarrollar por el AyA ” –financiado mediante dos préstamos asumidos por el Estado (Ley Nº9167 y Ley Nº8559) y declarado de conveniencia nacional e interés público (Decreto Ejecutivo Nº36529-MINAET)–. En consecuencia, en el año 2014 se abrió una licitación pública internacional (2014LI-000004-PRI), a efectos de adjudicar el proyecto de instalación del alcantarillado en dicho cantón, el cual contempla la colocación de más de 51 mil metros de tuberías y múltiples pozos. En el año 2016 se iniciaron los trabajos y continúan en ejecución en el año 2017.
Ahora bien, el recurrente reclama que las obras que se están llevando a cabo para la implementación del sistema de recolección y tratamiento de aguas residuales en Vázquez de Coronado, afectan el libre tránsito vehicular y atentan contra la integridad de los vecinos y conductores.
Como se refirió en el considerando anterior, la obligación objetiva del Estado de proteger el derecho a la vida y la integridad física no apareja un derecho subjetivo de las personas a exigir, a través de los organismos judiciales, que se tome una medida determinada. De ahí que la injerencia de la jurisdicción constitucional solamente es viable ante la inercia comprobada del Estado. Sin embargo, en el sub lite no se verifica tal inercia por parte del AyA –órgano coordinador encargado de las obras-. En este sentido, se tiene por demostrado que, desde antes del comienzo de los trabajos, la Unidad Ejecutora del AyA ofreció visitas informativas a la Municipalidad de Vásquez de Coronado sobre los alcances del plan de alcantarillado. Además, se verifica que el proyecto cuenta con la viabilidad ambiental otorgada por la SETENA (resoluciones 852-2001-SETENA y 1287-2015-SETENA), quien aprobó la actualización del Plan de Gestión Ambiental que establece las medidas de control ambiental; entre ellas, el plan de cierre de vías, el plan de gestión social y el plan de seguridad y salud ocupacional.
En esta línea, el AyA informa bajo juramento que, en las obras se destaca personal destinado a controlar y revisar la aplicación de las medidas ambientales, verificar la mitigación de los impactos ambientales, informar de ello a la SETENA y dar seguimiento a las inconformidades para su corrección. Asimismo, el instituto accionado señala que ha dispuesto personal para atender las quejas de los usuarios y vecinos provocadas por la ejecución de las obras y dar seguimiento a la resolución de las situaciones denunciadas; sin embargo, cabe destacar que, en este sentido, no existen registros de quejas del recurrente ante la Unidad Ejecutora del AyA.
Ciertamente, obras de tal magnitud como la analizada en la especie, causan inconvenientes al libre tránsito, por cuanto implican la intervención y cierre de múltiples calles para la colocación de la infraestructura necesaria para el alcantarillado sanitario. Sin embargo, en el sub lite, se denota cómo el AyA ha tomado medidas pertinentes a fin de paliar el impacto. En esta línea, se acredita que en el Programa de Gestión Ambiental del proyecto se incluyó lo correspondiente al programa de cierre de vías y determinación de rutas alternas en Vázquez de Coronado. La autoridad recurrida informa bajo juramento que los planes de manejo de tránsito y las rutas alternas son informados, con antelación, a los vecinos de la localidad. Semanalmente, el AyA comunica los tramos de Coronado que se van a intervenir la semana siguiente con ocasión de la colocación del alcantarillado. Esta información es facilitada a la municipalidad coronadeña y a diferentes grupos y comisiones; además, es compartida mediante redes sociales, se reparten volantes y se realiza perifoneo. Asimismo, se acredita que, procurando una menor afectación al tránsito del casco central del cantón, el AyA ha coordinado con el MOPT a fin de que las intervenciones en las calles principales se realicen en jornada nocturna, y así el tránsito fluya con normalidad durante el día.
La autoridad recurrida reconoce que, inicialmente, se estaban erosionando los materiales con los que se rellenaban temporalmente las zanjas excavadas para la colocación de la tubería. Ello causaba huecos y desniveles en la vía que podían representar algún peligro para los conductores. Sin embargo, se acredita que, a fin de solventar esta problemática, desde junio de 2016, se implementó la medida de colocar en la superficie de la excavación un material menos erosionable (imprimación asfáltica). Desde esa fecha, esta práctica se ha seguido aplicando en las obras del proyecto de alcantarillado sanitario en Vázquez de Coronado.
Asimismo, se tiene por demostrado que, en aras de salvaguardar la integridad de conductores y peatones, las empresas contratistas utilizan señalización vial a efectos de advertir sobre peligros y desvíos –verbigracia, rótulos de “ trabajos en la carretera” “camino cerrado adelante ” y cintas y estañones reflectores para delimitar las zonas de trabajo–.
El recurrente también alega que en verano las obras causarán polvo que afectará a la comunidad. Dada la naturaleza y magnitud de las obras contempladas en el proyecto de colocación de alcantarillado sanitario, resulta esperable que estas levanten polvo. Empero, también se verifica que se han adoptado medidas útiles para mitigar este inconveniente. En este sentido, el AyA informa que el proyecto contempla barrido constante de calles, cobertura de los materiales de construcción con plástico y riego mediante camiones cisterna. En todo caso, cabe indicar que la implementación de un sistema de alcantarillado para la recolección y tratamiento de aguas residuales, lejos de perjudicar la salud pública, la promueve y garantiza.
Así las cosas, se verifica que, en aras de resguardar la integridad y salud de los vecinos y conductores que transitan por Vázquez de Coronado, el AyA ha adoptado medidas pertinentes a efectos de mitigar los inconvenientes que inexorablemente acarrea la ejecución de un proyecto de gran magnitud, como lo es la instalación de un sistema completo de alcantarillado público en todo el cantón. En mérito de ello, lo procedente es declarar sin lugar el recurso.
VI.En otro orden de ideas, el accionante reclama que el rompimiento de la vía se está dando en forma desordenada, pues las cuadrillas hacen zanjas, colocan las tuberías, rellenan provisionalmente y abandonan las obras para abrir nuevas excavaciones en otro tramos, sin antes haber pavimentado las zanjas realizadas inicialmente. Solicita que se asfalten las zanjas ya hechas, antes de efectuar nuevas excavaciones. También pide que el comienzo de las obras, en el casco central del cantón, se suspenda hasta que se hayan concluido las labores en las zonas aledañas.
Sin embargo, es menester indicar que no le compete a este Tribunal Constitucional controlar la ejecución de las obras para colocar el alcantarillado sanitario en Coronado. De ahí que no es de resorte de esta Sala determinar el orden en que deben ser realizados los trabajos, ni establecer la procedencia de suspender labores en determinado sector de la comunidad. En todo caso, no sobra indicar que la recurrida informa que la pavimentación de las zanjas hechas para instalar la tubería del alcantarillado se realiza de acuerdo con los tiempos estipulados en el Plan de Gestión Ambiental del proyecto. Además, se observa que el orden en que se están ejecutando los trabajos no es antojadizo, sino que tiene asidero técnico. En esta línea, la autoridad recurrida refiere que las pautas del proceso constructivo para el alcantarillado exige que, una vez colocada la tubería dentro de la zanja cavada, esta se rellene provisionalmente con determinados materiales y se espere alrededor de un mes a fin de evaluar –a través de una serie de pruebas- si la compactación afectó el funcionamiento de la tubería y los pozos.
Mientras los materiales de relleno se apelmazan, se van abriendo nuevas zanjas en otros sectores a fin de avanzar con las obras. Si la compactación perjudicó el sistema, es necesario excavar nuevamente a fin de reemplazar la estructura; por ello, la accionada explica que no es procedente pavimentar antes de comprobar los efectos de la compactación, pues puede ser necesario volver a excavar la zanja.
Finalmente, el recurrente también acusa que hay desigualdad en la ejecución de los trabajos, ya que se han reparado solamente algunos tramos de la vía pública (calle frente al Banco Nacional de la localidad); mientras que en los otros sectores, las obras siguen inconclusas. Sin embargo, se constata que los trabajos de pavimentación no se han circunscrito solo a un sector de la comunidad. En esta línea, se verifica que, para el 12 de enero de 2017 habían sido asfaltados 7.107 metros de calles; además, se tienen 916 metros debidamente estabilizados para ser pavimentados próximamente.
VIII.Nota del Magistrado Jinesta Lobo. En aquellos asuntos relacionados con la reparación o construcción de diversas obras de infraestructura, salvo el voto al estimar que la inactividad administrativa constituye una discusión propia de ser planteada ante la jurisdicción ordinaria. Lo anterior, excepto que exista de por medio la infracción a otros derechos fundamentales como la vida, la integridad física, la propiedad privada y la vivienda o bien, la tutela a grupos en desventaja. En el sub lite, al estar de por medio la salud, vida e integridad física de los vecinos del lugar, estimo procedente conocer el fondo del amparo. Desde esa perspectiva, es una excepción a la regla que sigo en esta materia.
IX.Nota del Magistrado Salazar Alvarado. He coincidido con la posición sustentada por el Magistrado Jinesta Lobo en esta materia, por lo que considero, en tesis de principio, que los casos relacionados con la inactividad de la Administración Pública en la reparación, construcción, modificación o demolición de cualquier obra de infraestructura, deben ser desestimados, por constituir, esa omisión, un tema de legalidad, cuya discusión corresponde a la jurisdicción ordinaria, ante la cual la persona interesada puede debatir, con mayor amplitud, sus disconformidades. Sin embargo, cuando de aquella conducta administrativa omisiva se derive alguna violación a otros derechos fundamentales tutelados en esta jurisdicción constitucional –como la vida, la integridad física o la seguridad de las personas o sus bienes-, o se afecten grupos considerados vulnerables, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto, por constituir esta situación una excepción a mi posición en esta materia, tal y como sucede en este amparo, en que está de por medio la vida, salud e integridad física de los vecinos del lugar y transeúntes en general.-
X.Documentación aportada al expediente . Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, éstos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso. El Magistrado Jinesta Lobo pone nota. El Magistrado Salazar Alvarado pone nota.
Ernesto Jinesta L.
Fernando Cruz C.
Fernando Castillo V.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Enrique Ulate C.
Jose Paulino Hernández G.
*XIDTB1TTJYC61*
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.