Constitutionality of the public tender for broadcasting frequenciesConstitucionalidad del concurso público de frecuencias de radiodifusión

Review of the Document  Res. Nº 2026013285 CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine twenty in the morning on the twenty-first of April, two thousand twenty-six.

An amparo action processed in case file number 25-037342-0007-CO, filed by Nombre01, identification card number CED03, in her capacity as President and General Attorney-in-Fact without sum limit of the ASOCIACIÓN CÁMARA CANARTEL, against the MINISTRY OF SCIENCE, INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS (MICITT).

Considering:

1.- By a document filed with the Secretariat of the Chamber at 18:13 hours on November 28, 2025, the appellant files an amparo action. She states that: "the Executive Branch, through Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, dated June 20, 2024, instructed the Superintendency of Telecommunications (SUTEL) to conduct a competitive process to award all available frequencies related to the operation of: - Sound Broadcasting in Amplitude Modulation (AM). - Sound Broadcasting in Frequency Modulation (FM). - Free and open-access broadcast television. The decision was proposed in a general and abstract manner, without distinguishing between types of stations (commercial, cultural, religious, community, educational) or between the situation of current concessions, those in the process of extension, or those that have expired. Subsequently, through official communication MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, dated August 7, 2024, the guidelines addressed to SUTEL were expanded, instructing it that the competitive procedure for all frequencies for AM, FM, and broadcast television services must ensure, among other aspects, that: ‘For the case of the selection phase, a vision based on efficiency and market forces must be considered for each of the AM, FM, and television broadcasting services, ensuring a fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory allocation of the radio spectrum subject to that competitive process, in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 8642, General Telecommunications Law, and the current Public Policy of the National Telecommunications Development Plan, considering the market value of this scarce resource.’ That in practice, the instruction is based on the erroneous assumption that all sound and television broadcasting services are homogeneous and that their allocation must be governed predominantly by a logic of ‘market forces’ and maximization of the economic value of the spectrum, without recognizing the cultural, religious, community, and social function of a large number of current concessionaires. She adds that ‘(…) Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law (Law No. 8642) establishes that: “The use of sound and television broadcasting, due to its informative, cultural, and recreational aspects, constitutes a private activity of public interest. The granting of concessions and the provision of broadcasting and television services will continue to be governed by the provisions of the Radio Law, No. 1758, of June 19, 1954, its amendments, and its Regulations. SUTEL shall be responsible for carrying out the necessary activities and studies to prepare the concession competition and recommend to the Executive Branch whether or not to grant these concessions. The sound or television broadcasting services defined in this article are free-to-air services; these are understood as sound broadcasting or conventional television services, with commercial, educational, or cultural programming, that can be freely received by the general public, without payment of subscription fees, and whose signals are transmitted in a single direction to multiple points of simultaneous reception.” This provision expressly recognizes that free-to-air sound and television broadcasting can be of commercial, educational, or cultural programming, and that it is a private activity of public interest, not a purely commercial service. An interpretation compatible with the Constitution requires, therefore, treating stations differently according to their nature and purpose. FOURTH: Radio Law No. 1758 and the Regulations to the General Telecommunications Law deepen this differentiation. By way of example: • Article 20 of the Radio Law provides: “Broadcasting stations whose exclusive purpose is cultural dissemination and broadcasting stations serving meteorological and air or maritime navigation shall be exempt from all taxes, provided they do not engage in commercial advertising or any other form of paid promotion.” • The Regulations to the General Telecommunications Law, in its Articles 97 and 98, classify broadcasting stations according to their nature and service, distinguishing between: - Commercial stations: dedicated to the permanent commercial exploitation of advertising. - Cultural stations: with programming exclusively dedicated to educational, religious, and/or cultural, formative, and informative content. - Furthermore, it differentiates between commercial sound and television broadcasting services, and cultural sound and television broadcasting services. That is to say, the legal system itself recognizes and requires a differentiated classification of broadcasting services, upon which any frequency competitive process must be built. (…)’. She complains that the tender specifications of the public bids convened by SUTEL (2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL) do not incorporate this normative differentiation at all between: ‘(…) • Commercial stations. • Cultural stations. • Religious stations and other projects with predominantly social or community purposes. On the contrary, three types of barriers were imposed that disproportionately affect current concessionaires, particularly small and medium-sized national enterprises, as well as cultural and religious broadcasters: 1. Economic barrier: Injures the principle of Efficiency and Effectiveness a) An ascending auction allocation scheme was designed, with very high base prices, conceived from a purely financial logic regarding the 'market value' of the resource, without taking into account: • The economic reality of the current “concessionaires” [sic]. • The non-profit nature or low margins of many cultural, religious, and community broadcasters. • The function of open broadcasting as a support for the right of access to telecommunications and the right to information and freedom of expression. b) In the financial conditions, the obligation was established for all bidders to present a ten-year projected cash flow that demonstrated, among other aspects, that: “… an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) greater than the discount rate used for calculating the Net Present Value (NPV) must be determined. The discount rate used must be justified by the bidder.” This requirement is based on the mistaken assumption that every broadcasting station operates under a logic of financial profitability, which: - Forces cultural and religious broadcasters, whose sustainability comes from contributions from followers, donations, or patronage, to simulate profitability assumptions incompatible with their nature and purposes. - Is materially impossible to fulfill for many small and medium-sized national enterprises, whose structure and financial capacity do not resemble that of large media conglomerates. c) The new technical scheme derived from the modification of the National Frequency Allocation Plan, added to the infrastructure deployment requirements, drastically increased the investment costs (CAPEX) necessary to legitimately participate in the competition, marginalizing a large part of the current ecosystem of broadcasters. 2. Social barrier: The combination of the above has direct and serious effects on the exercise of the right to freedom of expression and access to information by the population: • Radio listeners and television viewers who do not have the economic capacity to pay for internet services or subscription television depend on open radio and television broadcasting to inform themselves, educate themselves, and access cultural and religious content. • The imposition of disproportionate economic and financial requirements potentially leads to the removal from the air of numerous open broadcasters and channels, reducing informational pluralism and cultural diversity. • This is incompatible with the State's duty to guarantee the fundamental right of access to telecommunications and with the objectives of the General Telecommunications Law regarding universality, continuity, quality, and coverage. 3. Technical barrier: At a technical level, the tender specifications: • Adopted a zoning based on the MIDEPLAN regionalization, requiring, as a general rule, a minimum network of twelve (12) transmitters, equivalent to two per region. • The MIDEPLAN regionalization is not included in the MICITT's instruction to SUTEL, and the twelve transmitters is a decision by SUTEL that exceeds the MICITT's instruction. • Additionally, a period of only twelve months was granted to have the network fully operational, a period that is excessively burdensome and impossible to meet for the majority of small and medium-sized operators, considering municipal, environmental, construction, import, and equipment installation procedures, as well as electrical interconnections and signal transport. All of the above constitutes an unjustified technical barrier, contrary to the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, and which affects the continuity of the services. SIXTH: Finally, there is an additional element of gravity: • The broadcasting concessionaires of this chamber requested their extension since December 2022. • Despite the Administration's constitutional and legal duty to resolve within a reasonable period, the requests were not resolved, thereby violating due process and the principle of legality. • This administrative delay places the concessionaires in a situation of legal vulnerability, forcing them to depend on very short-term extensions by executive decree, while in parallel a competitive process was designed that subjected the same frequencies to a bidding process. In practice, this generates a state of permanent uncertainty regarding the continuity of the services, with a direct impact on investments, the employment stability of the sector, and the right of citizens to receive information and cultural content continuously. CONSTITUTIONAL GRIEVANCES 1. Violation of the principle of equality and non-discrimination (Art. 33 of the Political Constitution) The design of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the MICITT instructions, and the tender specifications for bids 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL is based on a serious mistake: it treats all broadcasting stations as if they were equal, without distinguishing: • Commercial stations, oriented towards profit. • Cultural, religious, educational, community, or social interest stations, whose main purpose is not economic profitability but the dissemination of values, culture, religion, and community service. Imposing the same economic, financial, and technical requirements on all of them, under the presumption that their activity is essentially lucrative, is: • Contrary to Art. 29 of the General Telecommunications Law and the Radio Law, which establish a differentiated service structure. • Discriminatory in practice, as it impacts small, cultural, religious, and community operators with much greater severity. The principle of equality does not prevent differentiated treatment, but it does prohibit arbitrary and disproportionate differences in treatment. Treating as equals subjects who are clearly different due to their nature and social function is a form of concealed inequality. 2. Violation of the principles of reasonableness and proportionality The conditions for participating in the bids are not reasonable or proportionate, because: • The amounts of investment in networks, the minimum number of transmitters, and the deadlines for deploying the infrastructure far exceed the economic and technical reality of the majority of current concessionaires. • The requirement to demonstrate an IRR higher than the discount rate assumes that activities—which, by their very nature (cultural, religious, community broadcasters), are not conceived as high-profitability projects—must be turned into lucrative businesses. • No differentiated mechanisms or special regimes have been contemplated for cultural, religious, or community broadcasters, even though the legal system expressly recognizes their particularity. In this way, the tender specifications become instruments of exclusion that, in practice, prevent the participation of socially relevant actors, which clashes with the principle of proportionality and the objectives of the General Telecommunications Law regarding universality, continuity, diversity, and pluralism. 3. Violation of freedom of expression and informational pluralism (Arts. 28 and 29 of the Political Constitution; Art. 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights) The economic, social, and technical barriers described constitute an indirect restriction on freedom of expression, in the terms of Article 13.3 of the American Convention on Human Rights, by utilizing: • The control of access to radio frequencies. • The configuration of disproportionate competitive procedures, as means that, in practice, limit the communication and circulation of ideas, opinions, and information, especially those coming from local, community, cultural, and religious media. Furthermore: • The population with fewer economic resources, who cannot pay for internet services or pay television, is exposed to a potential drastic reduction in the supply of open radio and television, affecting the collective dimension of freedom of expression (right to receive information). • Cultural diversity and the plurality of voices that make up the Costa Rican identity are threatened when the State designs a model that exclusively privileges those who can withstand large-scale financial demands. 4. Violation of the duty to protect cultural diversity and intangible cultural heritage The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (Law No. 8560) obligates the Costa Rican State to adopt active policies to: • identify, protect, and promote the manifestations of intangible cultural heritage. • Guarantee the participation of communities and groups in cultural life. In Costa Rica, an essential part of this heritage is articulated and transmitted through open broadcasting stations and channels, including religious, cultural, and educational programs, local and regional content, and expressions of national idiosyncrasy. The contested competitive model completely disregards this dimension, by: • Failing to provide for differentiated regimes or affirmative action measures for cultural, educational, community, or religious stations. • Subjecting them to the same market logic as large commercial operators, which puts their permanence at risk and affects the preservation of cultural diversity. 5. Violation of service continuity and the right of access to telecommunications (Art. 24 of the Political Constitution; General Telecommunications Law) The constitutional reform introduced in Article 24 of the Political Constitution recognizes that access to telecommunications and information and communication technologies is a fundamental right, which the State must guarantee, protect, and preserve. The General Telecommunications Law reinforces this idea by establishing as objectives: • Guaranteeing the right of inhabitants to obtain telecommunications services. • Ensuring the universality, continuity, quality, and coverage of those services. In this context: - The omission to diligently resolve the extension requests filed since December 2022 violates the right to prompt and complete justice (Art. 41 of the Political Constitution) and the principle of legality (Art. 11 of the Political Constitution), by keeping the sector in a situation of prolonged uncertainty. - The real threat that numerous broadcasters will go off the air because they cannot compete in the auction scheme designed by the respondent authorities compromises the continuity of open broadcasting services, especially in areas and socioeconomic sectors that depend on them to exercise their rights to information, education, and democratic participation. PETITION Based on the foregoing, I respectfully request this Honorable Chamber: 1. To admit this amparo action filed in the name and on behalf of the Asociación Cámara CANARTEL, against the indicated authorities. 2. To grant and, where appropriate, maintain the necessary precautionary measures, in particular: - To keep suspended the processing and eventual award of bids 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, as well as any other competitive procedure that implies the loss of continuity of the free-to-air sound and television broadcasting services currently in operation, while this action is definitively resolved. 3. To order the respondent authorities to maintain the uninterrupted operation of all currently valid and effectively operating radio and television concessions, for a period of five (5) years, in accordance with the technical recommendation made by the Superintendency of Telecommunications (SUTEL), which is submitted as evidence, in which said specialized authority advises maintaining the operation of the concessions for that period while the new frequency allocation model is redesigned and implemented, all without prejudice to the processing and resolution, during that period, of the concession extension requests and the eventual adjustment of the regulatory framework, with full respect for due process and the fundamental rights involved. 4. In a final judgment, to declare the action well-founded, and consequently: a) To declare that Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, official communication MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and the tender specifications for bids 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL violate the fundamental rights detailed in this document, insofar as they: - Disregard the normative differentiation between commercial, cultural, religious, and educational stations, and other projects of social or community interest. - Impose disproportionate economic, technical, and social barriers for access to and continued use of the radio spectrum. - Generate indirect restrictions on freedom of expression and informational pluralism, as well as on the fundamental right of access to telecommunications and information and communication technologies. b) To order the Executive Branch and SUTEL to redesign the competitive procedure for the allocation of free-to-air sound and television broadcasting frequencies, in such a way that: - Respects the differentiation between commercial, cultural, religious, educational, and community stations recognized by the Radio Law, the General Telecommunications Law, and its Regulations. - Incorporates mechanisms for the effective protection of cultural diversity and intangible cultural heritage, in compliance with the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (Law No. 8560). - Guarantees the real and not merely formal participation of small and medium-sized national enterprises, as well as social and community operators, avoiding disproportionate economic and technical barriers. c) To order the Executive Branch and SUTEL to resolve, in a prompt, reasoned, and due-process-respecting manner, all concession extension requests filed since December 2022, ensuring the continuity of the broadcasting service of the affected concessionaires until firm decisions are issued that are in accordance with the Constitution, the law, and international human rights instruments. 4. To order the respondent authorities to pay the costs, damages, and losses that are proven in the corresponding forum. (…)”. Requests that the action be declared well-founded.

2.- By resolution at 13:56 hours on December 5, 2025, the process was initiated and a report was requested from the Minister of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications (MICITT).

3.- Paula Bogantes Zamora submits a report in her capacity as Minister of the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications (MICITT). She states that: "This report will demonstrate that Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and the tender specifications for Major Bids No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL fully comply with the constitutional framework, the sectoral legal regime, and the international commitments governing the management of the radio spectrum in Costa Rica. Far from constituting an exclusionary or discriminatory design, the contested acts execute the mandate of Article 121, subsection 14) of the Political Constitution, the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758, and instruments such as CAFTA-DR and the Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union (Law No. 8100), aimed at guaranteeing an objective, transparent, non-discriminatory, and efficient allocation of a scarce public domain asset, for the benefit of users and the general interest.

In substantive terms, the reasoning developed below is based on a central premise: the constitutional and legal framework obligates that access to it be subject to public competitive procedures and guarantees that this process be objective, transparent, non-discriminatory, and oriented towards the public interest. On that basis, it will be demonstrated that the contested measures do not introduce a model of content control or a covert scheme of media exclusion, but rather replace a historically prolonged regime of successive extensions with an open bidding mechanism available to all interested parties who meet objective requirements, preserving the continuity of services during the transition. The argumentative thread of the report further shows that CANARTEL's objections do not describe a current and direct infringement of fundamental rights, but rather a disagreement with the public policy of spectrum management and with technical-economic decisions that already have specific channels for review in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction and before the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic.

To this end, the first part will set out the constitutional, conventional, and legal framework that defines the nature of the radio spectrum as a public domain asset, res extra commercium, whose use by private parties is only possible through a temporary concession, in accordance with Article 121, subsection 14) of the Political Constitution, Articles 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 19, and 29 of Law No. 8642, the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758, and the National Frequency Allocation Plan. On this substrate, the mandate of constitutional Article 24 will also be highlighted, which recognizes the fundamental right of access to telecommunications and information and communication technologies throughout the national territory, imposing positive obligations on the State regarding coverage, continuity, and quality that can only be met through active and rational spectrum management. Within this framework, the jurisprudential line of the Constitutional Chamber (for example, in Rulings No. 2002-06053 and No. 2017-11715) and the opinions of the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (mainly No. C-110-2016) and the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic, which affirm the governing nature of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 in this matter, will be recalled.

Regarding the constitutional framework governing the matter, it is essential to recall that Articles 24, 28, 29, 121 subsection 14), and 182 of the Political Constitution establish a dual dimension of protection: on the one hand, they guarantee the freedoms of thought, expression, and information, and the impossibility of the State regulating content or editorial lines; on the other, they impose on the State the duty to plan, manage, and control the radio spectrum as a public domain asset owned by the Nation, ensuring its efficient, continuous, and general-interest-oriented use.

In a second section, it will be demonstrated that the design of the contested competitive procedure respects the principle of non-discrimination set forth in Article 3, subsection g) of Law No. 8642 and does not introduce distinctions based on programming content, editorial line, or the religious, cultural, educational, or commercial nature of the concessionaires. The classification of broadcasting stations provided for in the Regulations to the General Telecommunications Law will be analyzed in its true dimension: as a functional typology that does not generate 'editorial quotas' or grant preferential rights to the spectrum, and that does not enable the Executive Branch or SUTEL to construct differentiated economic or technical regimes based on the ideological purpose of each medium. It will be demonstrated that the competitive process relies on general, objective, and neutral rules applicable equally to all natural or legal persons, in harmony with the American Convention on Human Rights, whose Article 13 prohibits content censorship but allows for the objective regulation of the material support of freedom of expression through frequency allocation procedures.

The analysis will address the technical-economic component of the bids, emphasizing that the base prices, financial conditions, coverage requirements, and network configuration do not derive from a discretionary decision of the Executive Branch, but from specialized methodologies prepared exclusively by SUTEL. In this regard, it is particularly striking that the appellant has omitted to include said regulatory body in its action, even though a substantial part of the questions raised relate precisely to the exercise of powers that, according to Article 66.1 of the General Law of Public Administration, are inalienable, non-transferable, and imprescriptible, and which the legal system assigns exclusively to SUTEL, in its capacity as an independent technical body (Article 29 of Law No. 8642). Therefore, it is up to this Collegiate Body to order its joinder to the process, given that many of the disputed issues fall within the specific scope of the exercise of its regulatory powers. Undoubtedly, this position of the appellant seeks to weaken the position of the sectoral authorities in addressing this action, which must also be assessed in light of the principle of procedural good faith, since it is aware of the intervention of both authorities in the bidding process.

It should also be noted that the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic, within the framework of its superior oversight powers, reviewed and resolved the objections raised against the tender specifications of Major Bids No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, concluding that such instruments do not violate fundamental rights or the essential principles of public procurement. This prior external control constitutes a particularly relevant element for weighing the complaints in the action, as it shows that the economic and technical design of the competitive process was subjected to rigorous institutional scrutiny and met the standards of reasonableness, proportionality, and legality required by the sectoral framework.

In particular, through Resolution No. R-DCP-00076-2025, regarding the major FM bid, the Office of the Comptroller determined that the objectors did not provide adequate technical or economic evidence to prove that the base prices represent a disproportionate barrier to entry or that, by themselves, they affect informational pluralism or freedom of expression. This external validation, added to the absence of independent expert reports in this amparo action, prevents elevating simple subjective assessments about ‘high prices’ or supposed ‘incompatible IRRs’ to the level of a constitutional violation.

Also, the allegation of a supposed ‘informational, cultural, and religious blackout’ resulting from the competitive process will be addressed.

It will be demonstrated that, as of this date, there is no administrative act whatsoever ordering the shutdown of frequencies or the termination of specific services; that the historical concessions have been subject to express extensions precisely to guarantee the continuity of broadcasting during the transition to the competitive bidding model; and that all stations continue to operate under current enabling titles. It is emphasized that the bidding procedure is in an intermediate phase, with no definitive results nor acts of award, exclusion, or disqualification that would allow one to assert a consummated harm to freedom of expression or the right of access to telecommunications. In light of the consolidated jurisprudence of this Constitutional Chamber, it will be argued that a scenario based on conjecture about future and uncertain damages does not satisfy the standard of real, direct, and imminent injury required for the admissibility of an amparo action.

Furthermore, the matter of concession extensions and the alleged “administrative delay (mora administrativa)” will be examined. Based on Article 121, subsection 14) of the Constitution and the precedents of this Constitutional Chamber (with special emphasis on ruling No. 2006-02997) and the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (Procuraduría General de la República) (Opinion No. C-110-2016), it will be shown that the extension regime must be interpreted in such a way that it does not undermine the constitutional temporality of concessions or convert their successive renewal into an indefinite or automatic right. In this context, it will be explained that the decisions adopted by the Executive Branch (Poder Ejecutivo) regarding the temporary extension of concessions and the opening of the competitive bidding are precisely a response to the need to restore the constitutional scheme of temporality and to subject access to the spectrum to competitive, transparent, and open procedures, in compliance with the provisions of Law No. 8642 and international commitments on the assignment and use of scarce resources. This report develops a procedural framing of the case from the perspective of the distribution of competences between the constitutional jurisdiction and the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. It will be made clear that the legality disputes over Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT (Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT), the instructions directed to SUTEL, the bidding terms and conditions, and the processing of extensions are already raised before the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction, which offers an appropriate, specialized channel endowed with full jurisdiction, in accordance with Article 49 of the Political Constitution and Law No. 8508. It will also be recalled that the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones) itself, in Resolution No. 2267-E8-2025, recognized the competence of the Executive Branch to develop the bidding procedures and clearly delimited the scope of its own control, without questioning the structural validity of the model. On this basis, it is argued in this report that the amparo action filed by Nombre02 seeks to convert this extraordinary remedy into a parallel instance for reviewing legality and regulatory appropriateness, in open contradiction with the residual and subsidiary nature of the amparo action and with the principle of self-restraint of the constitutional judge.

The unavoidable starting point is the nature of the radio spectrum as a constitutional public domain asset, in accordance with Article 121, subsection 14), sub-subsection c) of the Political Constitution, Article 7 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, and Article 7 of Executive Decree No. 44010-MICITT. This implies that the radio spectrum frequencies are inalienable, imprescriptible, and outside of commerce (res extra commercium), such that private parties never acquire a right of ownership over them, but only a temporary title of use—the administrative concession (concesión administrativa)—subject to the public interest, to the temporality constitutionally required, and to the sectoral objectives of optimization, efficiency, transparency, effective competition, and user benefit. The Constitutional Chamber itself, for example, in Resolutions No. 2007-02408 and No. 2002-06053, has reiterated that wireless services do not constitute a good over which a private party has an innate right of use, but rather a good belonging to the Nation whose utilization is only possible through a temporary concession.

On this public domain substratum, an additional element of the highest hierarchy is now grafted: the constitutional reform of the year 2023 to Article 24 of the Magna Carta, which recognizes that every person has the fundamental right of access to telecommunications and information and communication technologies throughout the national territory, and that the State must guarantee, protect, and preserve this right. It is not only about preventing illegitimate restrictions on freedom of thought, expression, and information, but about fulfilling positive obligations of coverage, access, and quality in telecommunications services, including broadcasting1—obligations which, in light of SUTEL's own technical indicators on occupancy, coverage, and frequencies without effective use, are not yet fully satisfied throughout the national territory. In this context, the public policy derived from the National Telecommunications Development Plan (Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones, PNDT) to organize the spectrum and subject it to public bidding responds both to the public domain regime of Article 121, subsection 14), and to the new mandate of Article 24 of the Constitution, without prejudice to the social competition model contemplated in Article 46 and the bidding principle established in Article 182, all of the same Political Constitution.

At the supra-legal level, there are international treaties from which a specific mandate regarding the allocation of the radio spectrum is derived. The CAFTA-DR, approved by Law No. 8622, in its Annex 13, “Specific Commitments of Costa Rica in Telecommunications Services,” Section IV, “Regulatory Principles,” numeral 4, “Allocation and Use of Scarce Resources,” provides that:

“Costa Rica shall ensure that procedures for the allocation and use of scarce resources, including frequencies, numbers, and rights-of-way, are administered in an objective, timely, transparent, and non-discriminatory manner by a competent domestic authority. The Republic of Costa Rica shall issue licenses directly to service providers for the use of the spectrum, in accordance with Article 121, subsection 14 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica.” (Emphasis added).

Convergently, Law No. 8100, which approves the Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the Amendment Instrument (Kyoto 1994), imposes on the Radiocommunication Sector the objective of “ensuring the rational, equitable, effective, and economic use of the radio frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services,” bearing in mind the particular concerns of developing countries. That is, the international mandate is not reduced to “not interfering” with freedom of expression; it actively demands that the State manage the spectrum in a rational, equitable, and efficient manner, precisely so that multiple services and operators can coexist.

“V.- ON THE ELECTROMAGNETIC OR RADIO SPECTRUM.

Within the public domain, understood as the set of goods owned by public entities and intended for common use and utilization or the provision of public services, it is possible to distinguish between the constitutional public domain and the infra-constitutional public domain. The constitutional public domain is made up of those goods that the constituent power stipulates belong to the Nation and cannot definitively leave the domain of the State (Article 121, subsection 14, of the Political Constitution). Among the goods that the Political Constitution classifies as “belonging to the Nation,” are the so-called “wireless services,” an expression encompassing the so-called electromagnetic or radio spectrum. The electromagnetic or radio spectrum, in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 121, subsection 14, sub-subsection c), of the Political Constitution, may be exploited by public administrations or by private parties through an administrative concession granted in accordance with a general law or by virtue of a special concession granted for a limited time by the Legislative Assembly…

Thus, it is the constitutional norm itself that classifies the electromagnetic or radio spectrum as a good of the Nation and provides that it can only be exploited by private parties by virtue of an administrative concession granted in accordance with a formal law or a special legislative concession. Moreover, the use, utilization, and exploitation of the referred electromagnetic or radio spectrum is governed by the legal framework on telecommunications, which is composed of the Political Constitution itself, the international treaties and conventions in force in Costa Rica, the General Telecommunications Law, the Radio Law, the National Frequency Allocation Plan, the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law, and other norms” (ruling No. 2017-11715 of 3:05 p.m. on July 26, 2017; (...). (Own emphasis).

Below the Political Constitution and international human rights instruments—but with a hierarchy superior to regulatory norms—lies the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, which constitutes the governing sectoral framework. Its Article 4 is categorical in establishing that:

“This Law is of public order; its provisions are inalienable and of mandatory application over any other laws, regulations, customs, practices, uses, or contractual stipulations to the contrary. For matters not provided for in this Law, the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública), No. 6227, of May 2, 1978, shall govern supplementarily, as applicable.” In accordance with the foregoing, the General Telecommunications Law constitutes the legal framework regulating in Costa Rica the competence of the Executive Branch to grant concessions related to the use and exploitation of the radio spectrum, as well as the conditions under which frequencies will be used and corresponding services will be provided. This regime comprises, among other aspects, the requirements and procedures for granting, the obligations and rights of the concessionaires, the powers of the granting Administration, and the rules applicable to the transfer of enabling titles (see pronouncement No. PGR-C-177-2023, of September 18, 2023).

Consequently, neither private parties nor the Administration itself may exploit the radio spectrum without the respective concession granted by the Executive Branch, an indispensable requirement that has been reiterated by the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (No. PGR-OJ-059-2023, of May 23, 2023).

The figure of the concession, in its strict legal sense, implies the attribution of exclusive use over a public domain good, a rule that the General Telecommunications Law reaffirms when it provides for the reservation of certain frequencies in favor of the concessionaire. This characteristic is also seen in Article 19 of the Law itself, which—as an exception to the competitive bidding procedure—authorizes the Executive Branch to grant concessions directly and in the order of presentation of the application, only in the cases of frequencies destined for private networks or those that do not require exclusive assignment for their optimal use. This has been recognized by the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic in Opinion No. PGR-C-177-2023, of September 18, 2023.

Consequently, both the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (Opinion No. C-110-2016) and the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República) (Report No. DFOE-IFR-IF-05-2013) have been emphatic in pointing out that, beyond the specific provisions contained in the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758, it is the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 that is the normative body that comprehensively regulates the use and exploitation of the radio spectrum—including broadcasting—and that this activity must be subject to its guiding principles: fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory assignment; efficient use of scarce resources; promotion of effective competition; benefit to the user; universality and solidarity (arts. 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, and 29 of Law No. 8642).

The Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758 coexists with this legal regime and establishes, in its Article 11, general duties of concessionaires (“to raise the cultural level of the Nation,” to cede free airtime for educational and civic-cultural purposes), but does not introduce categories of concessions based on message content. The Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law, Executive Decree No. 34765-MINAET, in its Article 97, only provides for a classification according to the nature of the broadcasting stations: a) Commercial stations, dedicated to the permanent for-profit exploitation of commercial advertising through programs of general interest; b) Cultural stations, qualified as such by the Ministry of Culture and Youth, with programming intended to disseminate educational, religious, and/or cultural content of a formative and informative nature, which may also have a for-profit activity; and c) International shortwave stations, commercial or cultural, operating for audiences abroad. As observed, this classification does not translate into quotas based on editorial line, nor does it authorize the Executive Branch to segment the spectrum into “sympathetic media” or “critical media” according to its judgment. This is because the regulation carried out by the Executive Branch is focused on the operation of networks and the provision of services from the parameter of optimal and efficient use of the radio spectrum as a constitutional public domain asset, and not on the regulation of content related to the programming of each broadcasting station.

In this normative context, the actions of the Executive Branch challenged by the petitioner are not measures aimed at silencing media outlets or discriminating against content, but rather planning decisions regarding the use and exploitation of the radio spectrum as a constitutional public domain asset and the execution of sectoral public policy, directed at: i) Adapting historical concessions (subject to a twenty-year term starting June 28, 2004, according to Executive Decree No. 31608-G) to the constitutional requirement of temporality, preventing their perpetuation. ii) Democratizing access to a scarce good through the first public bidding for free-to-air sound and television broadcasting in the country's history, in compliance with the principles of bidding, free competition, and non-discrimination. iii) Guaranteeing, during the transition of this process, the continuity of services for the benefit of users, given the nature of broadcasting as a private activity of public interest, which has been done through Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT, which extends the validity of the concessions until after the 2025-2026 elections, respecting their original conditions and reinforced by the general precautionary measure issued by the Appeals Court of Contentious-Administrative and Civil Treasury Matters (Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda) in case file No. 25-001640-1027-CA (Ruling No. 378-2025-I of 2:40 p.m. on September 24, 2025).

All of this is carried out under the coverage of the American Convention on Human Rights, whose Article 13 prohibits prior censorship and requires subsequent accountability, but does not prohibit States from regulating, through objective competitive biddings, access to the spectrum as a scarce resource. The competitive bidding procedure instructed by the Executive Branch and executed by SUTEL—as an independent and technical body, in accordance with Article 29 of Law No. 8642 and Annex 13 of the CAFTA-DR and the provisions starting from Article 59 of the Law of the Regulatory Authority for Public Services (ARESEP) No. 7593—does not examine or authorize content, but rather regulates access to the material support of freedom of expression based on general, transparent, and non-discriminatory rules. More than a mechanism of concentration, a well-designed public bidding is precisely the tool to prevent capture, historical privileges, and arbitrary exclusions.

Added to the above is that the technical studies prepared by SUTEL—as detailed in this report—for the years 2024 and 2025 have revealed significant coverage gaps in the free-to-air sound and television broadcasting services used by end users, as well as the existence of turned-off frequencies and unequal utilization of the spectrum under the regime of extended concessions. In a context where Article 24 of the Constitution imposes a positive duty on the State to guarantee access to telecommunications throughout the national territory, this situation could, in effect, compromise fundamental rights of users.

Precisely in light of this technical and objective evidence, the public broadcasting bidding constitutes the appropriate and legally provided instrument to seek more efficient use of the spectrum and better service to the population, in line with the mandate of the International Telecommunication Union (rational, equitable, effective, and economic use of the spectrum) and with the principle of “allocation and use of scarce resources” provided in the CAFTA-DR. This interpretation has even been supported by the Constitutional Chamber itself, which in Resolution No. 11715-2017 of 3:05 p.m. on July 26, 2017, held that in telecommunications matters:

“The imposition of the competitive bidding as a means to grant the broadcasting concession is transcendental, as it implies an institutional guarantee to ensure certain purposes and values, also of constitutional rank, in the granting of concessions, such as transparency, accountability, publicity, free competition, and equality.” (Own emphasis).

This Constitutional Chamber, however, has made it clear (see Resolution No. 2006-02997) that the only requirement imposed by Article 121, subsection 14) of the Constitution is that the concession be for a limited time; the extension cannot convert that limit into an indefinite right and the Administration must ensure that the sum of extensions does not undermine the constitutional mandate and the parameters of technical and legal reasonableness. The Office of the Attorney General of the Republic, in Opinion No. C-110-2016, has harmonized Article 25 of the Radio Law No. 1758 with Article 24 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, precisely to guarantee that temporality. In this context, the decision of the Executive Branch not to continue automatically extending concessions and to opt for public bidding as a guarantee mechanism for free competition and to ensure service quality and optimal use of the constitutional public domain asset (radio spectrum), does not suppress a legitimate acquired right but rather restores the constitutional scheme of temporality and opens the space for free participation and competition, for the benefit of the public interest and users.

From the procedural perspective and that of the distribution of competences, what the petitioner seeks is to transfer to the amparo remedy a debate that is already formally raised before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction: the legality of the decisions of the Executive Branch and SUTEL regarding the expiration and temporary extension of concessions, the content of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the methodology of biddings No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, as well as the precautionary measures issued in those proceedings. This Chamber has been consistent, under the principle of self-restraint of the constitutional judge, in pointing out that the legality control of the administrative function corresponds to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction (Art. 49 of the Constitution); that the amparo action is neither a third instance nor a substitute for that jurisdiction; and that substantial legal situations of a legal basis today have an appropriate, expeditious, and specialized channel in the contentious-administrative process regulated by Law No. 8508.

Therefore, the case theory proposed here is the following:

• a)The Executive Branch and SUTEL have acted within the framework of constitutionality, conventionality, and legality governing the administration of the radio spectrum as a constitutional public domain asset subject to the public interest. However, it is particularly relevant that CANARTEL, in its capacity as petitioner, decided not to include SUTEL in its action, despite knowing that the technical and regulatory powers whose legality it questions are exclusive, inalienable, and non-transferable to the regulatory body, in accordance with Article 66.1 of the General Law of Public Administration and Article 29 of Law No. 8642. This procedural omission is significant and should be assessed by this Collegiate Body, as the action seeks to challenge acts that correspond to the exercise of competences that only SUTEL is authorized to exercise and explain in the constitutional forum.
• b)The continuity of free-to-air sound and television broadcasting services has been preserved through express extensions of the concessions, precisely to avoid any “blackout” during the transition to the competitive bidding model.
• c)There has been no intervention in content nor have ideological categories of concessionaires been created; on the contrary, objective bidding criteria related to national or regional coverage levels have been applied, in compliance with Article 182 of the Political Constitution, the objectives of the CAFTA-DR, the Convention of the International Telecommunication Union, and in accordance with the objective parameters of Article 10 of the General Telecommunications Law (may be abbreviated as LGT), which provides that “The concession shall be granted for a determined coverage area, regional or national, in such a way as to guarantee the efficient use of the radio spectrum.” d) The economic model of the competitive bidding and the base prices set by SUTEL have been subjected to technical-legal control by the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic, without it having been proven that they constitute disproportionate barriers to entry or that they generate, by themselves, harms to freedom of expression or information pluralism.
• e)The positive obligations of the Costa Rican State derived from Article 24, second paragraph of the Political Constitution and international commitments on the rational, equitable, and efficient use of the radio spectrum have been addressed.
• f)The discussion regarding the legality and appropriateness of the new competitive bidding model is already being aired in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, with the participation of the concessionaires and full possibility of evidence and adversarial debate on a matter of high technical complexity.
• g)The petitioner acts as an end user, not as a concessionaire, and has not demonstrated a current, direct, and immediate injury to its fundamental rights derived from the acts it challenges; its allegations are based on future fears of the disappearance of certain media and on subjective assessments of the impact of the bidding, without objective evidentiary support.

Furthermore, the challenged public bidding has not concluded: there are no results, exclusions, disqualifications, or acts of award that would allow one to assert that there is a consummated harm to the right to freedom of expression or to any other constitutional freedom. The procedure is in an intermediate phase and, in accordance with the current sectoral framework, the final acts that the Executive Branch must adopt can only be validly issued once SUTEL's technical opinion has been issued, an essential requirement to ensure the legality, reasonableness, and technical sufficiency of the administrative decision. To seek that this Collegiate Body accredits an injury before a final act exists, when no exclusion has been verified and all broadcasters continue to operate normally, would imply anticipating the effects of a hypothetical result whose realization has not been demonstrated nor can be presumed. Under these circumstances, the alleged damages are based on eventual and unmaterialized scenarios, and therefore do not meet the constitutional standard of a real, direct, and immediate harm that would enable the extraordinary protection of the amparo remedy.

Added to the above, as has been stated, is that the Supreme Electoral Tribunal itself, through Resolution No. 2267-E8-2025 of April 2, 2025, expressly recognized that the discussion on the “legality, relevance, or appropriateness” of the new broadcasting frequency allocation model does not belong to the electoral realm. Consequently, it refrained from evaluating the established public bidding and ordered that the MICITT should adopt technically opportune and legally viable measures to prevent the new scheme from being implemented during the electoral period. However, it emphasized that said limitation “does not imply that it must suspend the process initiated by the cited ministerial portfolio; if the respective legal requirements are met, the extensions, renewals, or awards that correspond could be granted” (own emphasis).

In sum, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal itself has recognized the competence of the Executive Branch to develop the competitive bidding procedures in broadcasting matters and has confirmed that the process can continue, even with the corresponding acts of award, provided that these are issued with deferred effects during the ongoing electoral process. This reaffirms that any potential dispute must be aired in the venue of full cognizance of the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, the appropriate jurisdictional path to examine disputes requiring a comprehensive analysis of legality, reasonableness, and technical evidence.

Likewise, the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic, in the exercise of its constitutional powers and control of contractual legality and endorsement within the bidding procedures in telecommunications, has intervened in accordance with the provisions of Articles 14 and 18 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642.

In this context, the case theory proposed as an introductory framework is as follows: throughout this report, it will be established that the Executive Branch and SUTEL have acted within the framework of constitutionality, conventionality, and legality that governs the administration of the radio spectrum; that the challenged competitive bidding model materializes the principles of bidding, free competition, transparency, non-discrimination, and efficient use of a scarce public domain asset; that the continuity of free-to-air broadcasting services has been preserved; and that the statements of Nombre02 do not demonstrate a current, direct, and individualized injury to fundamental rights, but rather a disagreement with a public policy and a technical-economic design already subject to the control of the contentious-administrative jurisdiction and the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic. On this basis, it will be concluded that the amparo action must be declared without merit, that it is appropriate to revoke the precautionary measure that keeps the processing of the major broadcasting bids suspended, and that disputes over legality and regulatory appropriateness must continue to be heard through the constitutionally provided ordinary channels.

II.- ON THE EXISTENCE OF ONGOING PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE CONTENTIOUS-ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION Without prejudice to the substantive considerations that will be presented, it is necessary to place on record that the core issues raised by the petitioner are already being heard, extensively and specializedly, by the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction, both in declaratory proceedings and in precautionary proceedings.

Indeed, before the Contentious Administrative Tribunal and the Appeals Court of Contentious-Administrative and Civil Treasury Matters, proceedings are being processed in which the following are requested: i) the recognition of an alleged positive silence in the extension requests, ii) the declaration of nullity of the Executive Agreements that denied such extensions, iii) the nullity of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT insofar as it instructs the public broadcasting bidding—or, subsidiarily, the exclusion of specific frequencies—and iv) the recognition of an automatic extension for an additional twenty years of the existing concession contracts, with practically indefinite effects.

In parallel, precautionary measures have been sought requesting the suspension of the effects of Executive Decrees and of the major broadcasting tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV), as well as the maintenance of the validity of current enabling titles while the substantive claims are resolved. The ongoing judicial proceedings related to the actions of the Executive Branch that have been the subject of this amparo action are:

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE PROCEEDINGS Pid As specifically concerns the appellant Nombre02, it is evident that it has opted to bring action before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, requesting the suspension of the Executive Decrees that deny extensions, the suspension of the major broadcasting tenders, and even the prohibition of awarding the competitions. The denial of the provisionalísima precautionary measure in case file No. 25-007887-1027-CA demonstrates that the Contentious-Administrative Court has already assessed, albeit in a precautionary context, the absence of a fumus boni iuris and a periculum in mora such as to justify paralyzing the competitive bidding model without first hearing the arguments of the State and SUTEL on the matter. To now seek that the Constitutional Chamber grant, by way of amparo, what was already rejected on precautionary grounds by the judge of ordinary legality (the natural judge in these matters) would be equivalent to establishing a parallel double instance over the same litigious subject matter.

This procedural reality must be analyzed in light of the constitutional distribution of competences between the constitutional judge and the judge overseeing legality. The Constitutional Chamber has expressly delimited the division of functions between the constitutional jurisdiction and the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. (…).

This is precisely the scenario of the case under review. The objections to the bidding terms and conditions (pliegos de condiciones), the alleged impact of the pricing methodology, the questions regarding the Executive Decree of instruction and the major tenders themselves, are already being ventilated in at least six precautionary and plenary judicial proceedings before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, duly identified in the tables shown ut supra. In one of those proceedings, the Court of Appeals for Contentious-Administrative and Civil Treasury Matters has issued a precautionary measure of general scope, which precisely regulates the validity regime of enabling titles and ensures the continuity of service while the public competition is developed and the main litigation is resolved. That is to say, the specialized jurisdiction is already operating, with full powers to decree and modulate specific precautionary measures.

This conclusion is reinforced by what was decided by the Contentious-Administrative Court itself in case file No. 25-001640-1027-CA (CANARA and others against the State), when analyzing the request for preferential processing. On that occasion, the Second Section concluded that the subject matter of the proceeding does not constitute “a matter of great transcendence for the public interest, but rather for those bringing the action, who in their current condition as concession holders request the automatic extension (…) and oppose the bidding procedure that is underway for the allocation of the radio spectrum” (Resolution of 07:47 hours on October 9, 2025), highlighting that the interest at stake is essentially private and patrimonial, not one of general scope for the community.

That characterization is projected, mutatis mutandis, onto the situation of the appellant CANARTEL: what is being discussed in its contentious-administrative claim and in this amparo is not the existence of structural censorship or an informational blackout imposed by the State, but rather the opposition of a specific group of concession holders to the substitution of the automatic extension regime by a public competition model, and their aspiration to preserve, through judicial means, enabling titles that the Constitution has always envisioned as temporary.

The Supreme Electoral Tribunal itself, in Resolution No. 2267-E8-2025 of April 2, 2025, further delimited the electoral risk linked to the new allocation scheme, ordering its material implementation to be deferred during the 2025-2026 electoral period, but without suspending the processing of the competitions nor questioning the competence of the Executive Branch to design them. In that pronouncement, the electoral jurisdiction expressly stated that it lacks competence to review the “legality, pertinence, or timeliness” of the competitive frequency allocation model promoted by the Executive Branch, so any controversy regarding said regime must be ventilated in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. Furthermore, in its “Por tanto C”, the TSE itself ordered that, during the electoral period, “the new scheme not be implemented, which does not imply that the process initiated by the cited ministerial portfolio must be suspended; if the respective legal requirements are met, the corresponding extensions, renewals, or awards could be granted,” (folio 606 of administrative file No. UCNR-EA-2022-002, emphasis added).

That is, the constitutionally competent jurisdictional body in electoral matters has delimited the risk and has expressly authorized the continuation of the process, conditioning only the material implementation of the new scheme during the electoral period. The comprehensive suspension of the competition agreed upon in the resolution of ten hours eleven minutes on November twenty-six, two thousand twenty-five, exceeds that standard and ends up producing a more restrictive effect than that established by the electoral judge itself.

In close relation to the foregoing, through Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT of September 18, 2025, published in Supplement (Alcance) No. 122 to the Official Gazette (Diario Oficial La Gaceta) No. 177 of September 23, 2025, the Executive Branch extended the validity of the administrative broadcasting concessions that have been operating since June 28, 2004, until the business day following the definitive declaration by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal of the new authorities of the Executive and Legislative Branches, keeping the original conditions of the titles unaltered for the administered parties. This has normatively ensured that, throughout the entire 2025-2026 electoral process, the radio and television offering is maintained in its current terms, without any abrupt reduction of options for the citizenry.

Additionally, this Constitutional Chamber has recognized in its own jurisprudence that the public competition is the ideal institutional pathway to guarantee transparency, equal treatment, and accountability in the allocation of broadcasting frequencies. Resolution No. 2017-011715 of fifteen hours five minutes on July twenty-six, two thousand seventeen, was clear in indicating that Article 29 of Law No. 8642 confirms that the enabling title for private parties to use and exploit the radio spectrum is the concession and also establishes the procedure for granting it, in the sense that it must be through a public competition, which must be prepared and instructed by SUTEL, highlighting that this modality is what ensures “a just, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory allocation” of the spectrum. Likewise, the constitutionally relevant intervention of the Comptroller General of the Republic cannot be overlooked. In exercise of the competences recognized by the Political Constitution —control of Public Finances, oversight of administrative contracting, and guardianship of the principle of legality— the Comptroller's Office heard and resolved the objection appeals (recursos de objeción) filed against the bidding terms and conditions of Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, concluding that the challenged clauses conform to the principles of transparency, free competition, and equality among bidders, and that no fundamental rights are violated nor are illegitimate barriers to accessing the competition created. That is, a constitutionally specialized body in the prior and concurrent control of public procurement has endorsed, after a detailed technical-legal examination, the structure of the bidding terms and the compatibility of the competitive model with the body of ordinary legality.

Among the appellants who resorted to that objection pathway was CANARTEL itself, representing its associates, meaning the appellant has not only had access to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction but also to the specialized prior administrative control of the bidding terms, in both cases without success in its claims.

Furthermore, the Comptroller General concluded that the allegations regarding violation of freedom of expression are generic and without technical support. In its Resolution No. R-DCP-00077-2025, which resolved the objection appeals filed against Major Tender No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM sound broadcasting), the Comptroller's Office noted that the appellants asserted, in an abstract manner, that the economic scheme of the bidding terms and conditions could affect informational pluralism or exclude cultural or religious operators. In the case of the objections formulated by CANARTEL, the Comptroller's Office reiterated this same line of argument, noting that the criticisms of the economic model and financial requirements were presented abstractly, without identifying specific clauses, without verifiable technical-economic support, and without a proposal for regulatory redesign that would allow evaluating the alleged injury to fundamental rights.

However, the Comptroller Body was categorical in highlighting that:

The allegations do not identify the specific clauses that would produce the alleged impact.

They do not quantify or demonstrate the alleged economic impact They do not provide technical, economic, or market studies that prove a real and non-hypothetical barrier.

They do not formulate a concrete claim for modification or adjustment that would allow evaluating the potential risk.

For this reason, the Comptroller's Office concluded that these are “generic affirmations, insufficient to prove an injury to freedom of expression (…) and therefore, their rejection on grounds of lack of substantiation is proper,” maintaining the bidding terms unaltered in all their aspects related to freedom of thought and expression.

The Comptroller's Office determined that the base prices and the auction mechanism do not affect freedom of expression or access to cultural content. Consistently, Resolution No. R-DCP-00078-2025, relating to the open and free access television competition (Major Tender No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL), reinforces that line of administrative resolution by confirming that it is not demonstrated that the prices defined in the bidding terms and conditions harm freedom of thought and expression, or that they limit access to cultural content.

The Comptroller Body indicated that:

 It is not proven that the base prices or the auction constitute an unjustified barrier to participation.

 There is no evidence that the economic structure of the competition restricts fundamental rights.

 The appellants failed to meet their burden of proof by not providing technical or legal elements to support their affirmations.

 The objection must be rejected outright, for failure to meet the standard of substantiation required by the General Public Procurement Law No. 9986 and its Regulation.

This set of administrative and jurisdictional pronouncements highlights two essential elements for the resolution of this amparo:

 a) The controversies over the competitive model, its prices, technical requirements, and patrimonial effects already have open, active, and effective ordinary legality pathways before the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction, which has all the necessary tools —including precautionary measures   harmed their legal-subjective interests.

  There exists no fumus boni iuris, not even in the context of prior administrative control, regarding a potential impact on freedom of expression or informational pluralism derived from the bidding terms and conditions, as the Comptroller General of the Republic has expressly determined that the allegations in this regard are generic, do not identify specific clauses, lack technical support, and do not reveal unjustified barriers to accessing the competition.

 Under such conditions, attempting to have the Constitutional Chamber abandon the principle of self-restraint of the constitutional judge to reopen, via amparo, a debate that is already being ventilated in plenary contentious-administrative proceedings and in objection procedures resolved by the Comptroller's Office, would imply using the amparo as a parallel instance for reviewing ordinary legality, in open contradiction with the provisions of Articles 10 and 49 of the Political Constitution and with the consistent jurisprudence of this Court.

Therefore, from a strictly procedural perspective, this action is inserted in a context in which:

 there are ongoing contentious-administrative proceedings that directly discuss the challenged Executive Decree, the competition model, and the consequences for specific enabling titles;  the ordinary mechanisms of prior and concurrent control of public procurement have been activated, with firm pronouncements from the Comptroller General of the Republic; and  no actual, direct, and individualized injury to fundamental rights has been proven, but rather a general and abstract discrepancy with a public policy for spectrum planning and modernization of the concession regime.

From this perspective, the appropriate pathway to discuss the legal, technical, and economic correctness of the public broadcasting competition continues to be, as the Chamber itself has recognized in its recent jurisprudence, the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction. The amparo action cannot become an alternate channel to re-state those controversies, nor to deploy a legality control that corresponds, exclusively, to the specialized courts.

In summary, in the case of the appellant Nombre02, three elements converge that reinforce the inadmissibility of the amparo as the principal pathway: i) the same administrative decisions it challenges are already the subject of a plenary contentious-administrative proceeding (file No. 25-007887-1027-CA), in which the requested provisionalísima precautionary measure was rejected; ii) the contentious-administrative jurisdiction has characterized, in a closely linked proceeding (CANARA and others), that the controversy over extensions and the frequency competition responds to a private interest of concession holders and not to a matter of great transcendence for the public interest; and iii) the Comptroller General of the Republic has dismissed the objections of Nombre02 against the bidding terms and conditions of the three tenders, due to lack of technical substantiation and absence of evidence of a real impact on freedom of expression or informational pluralism. Under these circumstances, the amparo action becomes an attempt to reopen, through an extraordinary pathway, discussions that already have active and effective ordinary channels, which exceeds the function of this Court as guarantor of fundamental rights and violates the principle of self-restraint of the constitutional judge.

III.- CONCERNING THE FACTS AND ALLEGATIONS PRESENTED BY THE APPELLANT Regarding the facts and allegations, raised in the AMPARO ACTION brief, I proceed to indicate the following:

1.- CONCERNING THE INSTRUCTION GIVEN BY THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH TO SUTEL AND THE ALLEGATIONS REGARDING THE GENERAL DESIGN OF THE PUBLIC COMPETITION The appellant maintains, in this first block of arguments, that the very origin of the broadcasting competition is unconstitutional due to the manner in which the Executive Branch instructed the Superintendency of Telecommunications (SUTEL) and due to the general philosophy that would have allegedly inspired the design of the competitive procedure.

Specifically, it indicates “that the Executive Branch, through Executive Decree No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, of June 20, 2024, instructed the Superintendency of Telecommunications (SUTEL) to carry out a competitive process to award all available frequencies linked to the operation of: - AM (Amplitude Modulation) sound broadcasting. - FM (Frequency Modulation) sound broadcasting. - Open access and free television.” It adds, immediately thereafter, that “The decision was formulated in a general and abstract manner, without distinguishing between types of stations (commercial, cultural, religious, community, educational) or between the situation of current concessions, those in the process of extension, or expired ones.” Further on, it maintains that “Subsequently, through official communication MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, of August 7, 2024, the guidelines addressed to SUTEL were broadened, instructing it that the competitive procedure for all frequencies of the AM, FM, and open television broadcasting services had to ensure, among other aspects, that: ‘For the case of the selection phase, a vision based on efficiency and market forces must be considered for each of the AM, FM, and television broadcasting services, ensuring an allocation of the radio spectrum subject to that competitive process in a Just, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory manner, in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 8642, the General Telecommunications Law, and the current Public Policy of the National Telecommunications Development Plan, considering the market value of that scarce resource.’” Finally, it concludes that “In practice, the instruction starts from the erroneous assumption that all sound and television broadcasting services are homogeneous and that their allocation must be predominantly governed by a logic of ‘market forces’ and maximization of the economic value of the spectrum, without recognizing the cultural, religious, community, and social function of a large number of current concession holders.” Based on these premises, it is appropriate to specify the true scope of Executive Decree No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT and official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, as well as their insertion within the constitutional, legal, and public policy framework governing the radio spectrum.

True scope of Executive Decree No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT Starting from what was alleged by the appellant that Executive Decree No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT would have generically instructed SUTEL to call a competition to award all available AM, FM, and open television frequencies, it is essential to recall that said Decree does not appear in a vacuum, nor does it respond to a discretionary will to “commodify” broadcasting, but rather is inserted within a clear normative framework.

Consistent with this constitutional, legal, and conventional framework, the Executive Branch issued Executive Decree No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT of June 20, 2024, published in Supplement No. 117 to the Official Gazette No. 116 of June 26, 2024, which, besides arising from constitutional and legal compliance, is supported by technical opinions prepared by the Superintendency of Telecommunications (the aforementioned official communications No. 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023 and No. 04180-SUTEL-DGC-2024, approved through Agreements No. 029-070-2023 and No. 004-013-2024 of its Board of Directors) that justify, through prior studies foreseen by the sectoral legal system, the need and feasibility of a public competition for AM, FM, and TV broadcasting services.

Those studies assess coverage, spectrum occupancy, the status of current concessions, potential demand, and market conditions, so that the base prices, technical obligations, and coverage requirements are not exclusionary, but rather the results of a technical-economic valuation of the scarce resource, in line with Article 8 of Law No. 8642 (objectives of spectrum planning) and with Annex 13 of the Free Trade Agreement between the Dominican Republic, Central America, and the United States (CAFTA-DR), Law No. 8622, which obliges Costa Rica to allocate and use scarce resources (including frequencies) through objective, transparent, and non-discriminatory procedures; that is, through these opinions, SUTEL concluded that the need and feasibility existed to open the public competition; that is, Executive Decree No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT is limited to ordering the preparation of future competitions, under rules of transparency and free competition, for a public domain asset whose exploitation has always been temporary.

Thus, when the appellant states that the Executive Branch, through said Decree, “instructed” SUTEL to carry out a competitive process to award broadcasting frequencies, it describes a formally correct consequence, but omits that the Decree is an act of general and abstract public domain planning, as befits the treatment of the radio spectrum as a public domain asset; that its purpose is to execute the mandates of Article 121(14) and 182 of the Political Constitution, of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758, and of the National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022-2027; and that the design of the competition itself is built upon specialized technical studies from SUTEL, not upon mere political intuition or a reductive logic of economic maximization.

The characterization that “the decision was formulated in a general and abstract manner,” made by the appellant, far from evidencing a defect, precisely reflects the character that an act of this nature must have: the Decree cannot nor should resolve, at that level, particular issues regarding specific concession holders, processing statuses, or individual extensions, because those matters are ventilated in other instruments and procedures (including the contentious-administrative proceedings already underway).

B. True nature and content of the Public Policy Guidelines issued by this Telecommunications Rectorate, No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 Regarding official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, the appellant only highlights the phrase referring to “a vision based on efficiency and market forces (…) considering the market value of that scarce resource” and, based on that partial citation, infers that this Rectorate would have “homogenized” all broadcasting services and subordinated their allocation to a predominantly economicist logic.

However, the foregoing is complemented —and decisively nuanced— by the actual content of official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 dated August 7, 2024, titled “Additional technical guidelines of the Rector Minister in compliance with the provisions of Articles 2 and 9 of Executive Decree No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT dated June 20, 2024, published in Supplement No. 117 to the Official Gazette No. 116, dated June 26, 2024,” which indicates the following:

“Given the above, and due to the provisions of Article 2 of Executive Decree 063-2024-TEL-MICITT dated June 20, 2024, published in Supplement No 117 to the Official Gazette No 116 of June 26, 2024, related to the procedure for instructing the public competition for the provision of sound and television broadcasting services of free and open access for the AM Sound Broadcasting, FM Sound Broadcasting, and Television Broadcasting services, corresponding to the frequency segments from 525 kHz to 1705 kHz for the AM broadcasting service, from 88 MHz to 108 MHz for the FM sound broadcasting service, and from 174 MHz to 216 MHz and from 470 MHz to 608 MHz for the television broadcasting service, it is that the Executive Branch, based on the provisions of subsection 1) of Article 89 of Law No. 6227, General Law of Public Administration, and its amendments, entrusted the Vice-Ministry of Telecommunications, due to the nature of its functions as a specialized entity of the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications (MICITT) in the area of telecommunications, with ensuring the adequate application in the competitive process of the purposes, objectives, and policies of the Sector. In such a way that, in the competitive process to be initiated, the Telecommunications Rectorate fulfills the duty set forth in subsection c) of Article 39 of Law No. 8660, Law for the Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities in the Telecommunications Sector.” In that sense, the guidelines simply adhere to legal provisions with the sole purpose of ensuring that a public domain asset is used efficiently in favor of the general interest, in absolute respect for the principles governing the telecommunications sector; in that sense, the guidelines are limited to establishing the general objectives of the competition, which can be better specified in point 3. of official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, of August 7, 2024, visible at folios 469 to 477 of file No. UCNR-EA-2022-002, which states:

 In relation to the fundamental right of access to telecommunications services: Establish the necessary guarantees to safeguard the legal regime of rights and interests of end users, in order to ensure the continuity of the sound and television broadcasting service, through suitable mechanisms that allow effective access to this telecommunications service, in favor of freedom of thought, expression, and free information in accordance with the strategic objectives in the PNDT; as well as ensuring that the allocation of spectrum for the provision of broadcasting services is accessible throughout the national territory or in the defined coverage area, reaching rural areas, which implies the existence of access conditions at least similar throughout the territory, so that end users in disadvantaged areas are not discriminated against with disadvantageous quality conditions.

 Regarding spectrum concentration: Consider the inclusion of specific mechanisms that prevent the tender from generating a situation of spectrum concentration in terms of sound or television broadcasting services, oriented towards users, effective competition in the Broadcasting Sector, transparency in the stipulations defined in the bidding terms and conditions (pliego de condiciones), and optimization of the scarce resource, guaranteeing a just, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory allocation.

 Regarding border coordination: The previously established border coordination must be considered, as applicable, to guarantee that the assigned frequency segments are free from harmful interference. Furthermore, efforts must be made to ensure that new assignments do not generate interference with the operation of stations from neighboring countries with which border frequency coordination agreements have been established.

 Regarding the definition of coverage areas (action zones): Consider that the coverage areas assigned to each bidder declared eligible in the competitive process are made in accordance with operating conditions aligned with the principles of science and technique, seeking efficiency in the use of scarce resources, and providing the awardees the possibility of progressive development of the infrastructure of their broadcasting network.

 Regarding accessory links: Access to the radio resource must be guaranteed for the establishment of Fixed Service radio links that serve as support for those networks, in accordance with the technical conditions established in the “National Frequency Allocation Plan” and the network design of the potential awardee.

 Regarding the optimal use of the radio spectrum: Guarantee the granting of the radio spectrum in a way that ensures its optimal use, by considering the national and/or regional coverage obligations, according to the coverage areas defined by the Superintendency of Telecommunications for each concession holder, in accordance with the proposed network design.

 In relation to the reservation of 24 MHz for television broadcasting established in the National Telecommunications Development Plan: Consider that as part of the provisions of the National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022-2027 “Costa Rica: Towards Inclusive Digital Disruption”, in “Strategic Area 2: Radio Spectrum for Competitiveness”, Goal 9 establishes: “Execute the process to have 24 MHz reserved by the State for television broadcasting services for the purpose of attending to local and national needs, by 2025”, provided that there is demand for this resource, in accordance with the guiding principle of optimization of scarce resources.

• Regarding the public tender to be conducted: Guarantee that no entry barriers are established that prevent interested parties from submitting their bids, but rather promote effective competition; also aim for maximum economic efficiency in order to avoid excessive expenditure by bidders in relation to the administrative procedures necessary to apply for and participate in the tender; guarantee publicity and transparency in the provisions established in the tender specifications for the tenders to be promoted; consider the principles guiding administrative simplification processes to define clear and objective rules, promote inter-institutional cooperation, as well as the principles of good faith, transparency, procedural economy, legality, publicity, speed, efficiency, and effectiveness of administrative activity.

• Regarding the guiding principle of environmental sustainability: The public tender must consider the harmonization of the use and exploitation of networks and the provision of sound and television broadcasting services in favor of environmental sustainability and a healthy environment, such that new technologies promote a more efficient use of energy resources. The adequate management of technological waste is a necessity and obligation to seek the reduction of its impact on the environment. Therefore, compliance with the provisions of Law No. 8839, Law for Integrated Waste Management, must be ensured at all times.

Taken as a whole, the Public Policy issued by this Governing Body shows that the reference to "efficiency" and "market forces" cited by the appellant is only one element within a bundle of objectives that include continuity of service, territorial access, prevention of concentration, absence of entry barriers, user protection, and environmental sustainability.

Far from "homogenizing" broadcasting services or ignoring their cultural, religious, or community function, the guidelines are based on the logic that the spectrum must be allocated in a fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory manner, with special attention to users in rural areas and disadvantaged sectors. The emphasis on avoiding entry barriers and promoting effective competition is incompatible with the appellant's thesis that the design responds to a will of structural exclusion.

C. Regarding the alleged homogenization of services Based on the above citations, the appellant concludes that in practice, the instruction of the Executive Branch and the guidelines of this Governing Body "are based on the erroneous assumption that all sound and television broadcasting services are homogeneous and that their allocation must be governed predominantly by a logic of 'market forces' and maximization of the economic value of the spectrum." However, neither Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, nor official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, introduce any statement to the effect that all stations are "homogeneous" in terms of their programming or social function.

What they do establish is that, since the spectrum is a constitutional public domain asset (bien de dominio público) whose ownership belongs to the Nation, its allocation must be carried out through a public tender with objective, transparent, and non-discriminatory criteria, without selecting concessionaires based on their editorial, religious, or cultural content; and that, furthermore, the tender design must avoid spectrum concentration, ensure continuity of service, guarantee access throughout the entire territory, especially rural areas, and prevent entry barriers. In other words, the appellant converts into "homogenization" what is actually the State's neutrality regarding the content and management models of concessionaires. The legal system—constitutional, legal, and international—prevents the Executive Branch from establishing advantages, quotas, or differentiated tariffs based on whether a medium is cultural, religious, community, or commercial, without incurring indirect discrimination and without compromising freedom of expression.

That the tender does not distinguish in its economic rules between stations according to their editorial line does not mean denying the cultural or religious function of many operators; it means recognizing that the State cannot allocate spectrum under ideological or confessional criteria. This difference is key: what the appellant presents as an alleged defect ("treating everyone equally") is, in reality, a reflection of the principle of equality and non-discrimination that binds the State in telecommunications matters.

From the foregoing, it is evident that the appellant's argumentative construction is based on a fragmentary reading of the instruments it questions. The citations it makes of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT and official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 are partial and do not reflect the integral content of those acts, nor the technical-legal context in which they are inserted. Far from configuring an alleged "mercantilist model" of broadcasting, Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT merely complies with the constitutional and legal mandate to order the preparation of public tenders for the allocation of a public domain asset, in accordance with the public domain regime (régimen demanial) of the radio spectrum and with the international commitments assumed by Costa Rica regarding the administration of scarce resources. It must also be remembered its technical basis according to the sectoral regulations, in which, pursuant to article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law, the approval of the prior studies of necessity and feasibility rendered by SUTEL is ordered; in this regard, it is provided:

"ARTICLE 1.- APPROVE the technical opinions sent via official communication No. 10091-SUTEL-SCS-2023 dated November 29, 2023, by which the Superintendency of Telecommunications sent the technical opinion issued via official communication No. 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023 dated November 21, 2023, approved by its Board Agreement No. 029-070-2023, adopted in ordinary session No. 070-2023, held on November 23, 2023, and official communication No. 04542-SUTEL-SCS-2024 dated May 31, 2024, by which the Superintendency of Telecommunications sent the technical opinion issued via official communication No. 04180-SUTEL-DGC-2024 dated May 21, 2024, approved by its Board Agreement No. 004-013-2024, adopted in extraordinary session No. 013-2024, held on May 31, 2024, regarding the specific elements for the decision to initiate the public tender, by virtue of the absence of reasons of public order or national interest that support departing from said recommendation of the Technical Body, and thus promote the realization of the tender process indicated below, given that there is a need for it, determined by the Superintendency of Telecommunications in the aforementioned technical opinions, as well as the technical, legal, and market feasibility analyzed in this report." For its part, official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 does not homogenize broadcasting services nor subordinate them exclusively to "market forces," but rather articulates the economic dimension of the efficient use of the spectrum with clear objectives of service continuity, effective access throughout the national territory—including rural areas—, prevention of concentration, elimination of unjustified entry barriers, protection of users, and environmental sustainability.

Therefore, the statement by Nombre02 to the effect that the instruction of the Executive Branch "disregards" the cultural, religious, community, and social function of numerous concessionaires finds no objective support in the contested texts. It is, rather, a fragmented reading that omits the guidelines expressly aimed at safeguarding pluralism, access, and non-discrimination in the provision of free-to-air sound and television broadcasting services. It also overlooks the National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022-2027, the public policy instrument par excellence that defines the sectoral roadmap and develops the mandates of article 2 of Law No. 8642 regarding efficient spectrum management and promotion of competition.

sets as a central objective strengthening sound and television broadcasting services as vehicles to guarantee pluralism, promote cultural diversity, and ensure free and open access to information. Added to this is a specific line of action aimed at "reinforcing the benefits that free-to-air broadcasting services provide to the country (...) enabling an operation that allows its use by the greatest possible amount of population, as well as creating mechanisms so that current concessionaires can comply with the provision of the service in accordance with their enabling titles." This directive shows that free-to-air broadcasting is not conceived as a benefit reserved for a specific group of operators, but as a private service of public interest whose scope, efficiency, and diversity must be expanded.

In this context, the decision of the Executive Branch and SUTEL to convene public tenders for the allocation of broadcasting frequencies does not constitute an isolated or unprogrammed act, but the direct implementation of the goals and strategies outlined in the PNDT. Far from disregarding the social role of concessionaires, this sectoral planning reaffirms that modern and competitive spectrum management—through objective, transparent, and open processes—is the ideal way to ensure that free-to-air broadcasting continues to fulfill its constitutional function of promoting culture, information, and democratic participation.

This first claim, therefore, does not demonstrate a current, direct, and individualized injury to fundamental rights, but rather a disagreement with the public policy of spectrum ordering through an objective, transparent, and non-discriminatory public tender, a mechanism that the constitutional and legal system not only enables but imposes as the ordinary channel for the allocation of broadcasting frequencies.

2.- REGARDING THE CLAIMS RELATED TO THE DIFFERENTIATED LEGAL NATURE OF BROADCASTING The appellant relies on article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 to affirm, firstly, that "(...) it establishes that: 'The use of sound and television broadcasting, due to its informational, cultural, and recreational aspects, constitutes a private activity of public interest. The granting of concessions and the provision of broadcasting and television services shall continue to be governed by the provisions of the Radio Law, No. 1758, of June 19, 1954, its amendments, and its Regulations. SUTEL shall be responsible for carrying out the activities and studies necessary to prepare the concession tender and recommend to the Executive Branch the granting or not of these concessions. The sound or television broadcasting services defined in this article are free-to-air services; these are understood as conventional sound or television broadcasting services, with commercial, educational, or cultural programming, which can be freely received by the general public, without payment of subscription fees, and their signals are transmitted in one direction to several simultaneous reception points.'" On that basis, it maintains that "This provision expressly recognizes that free-to-air sound and television broadcasting can have commercial, educational, or cultural programming, and that it is a private activity of public interest, not a purely mercantile service" and concludes that "An interpretation compatible with the Constitution therefore requires treating stations differently according to their nature and purpose." This reasoning, however, takes article 29 further than its text—and the applicable block of constitutionality and conventionality—really allows. It is true that the norm qualifies sound and television broadcasting as a "private activity of public interest" and refers to the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 for the specific service provision regime; but from this it does not follow, neither expressly nor implicitly, a constitutional or legal mandate to design public tenders with differentiated economic, technical, or legal conditions according to the content (commercial, educational, cultural, religious) or the subjective purpose of the entity operating the frequency.

In the initial framework of this report, it has already been stated that broadcasting is part of the Telecommunications Sector and relies, like any other wireless service, on a constitutional public domain asset: the radio spectrum. As indicated by the Attorney General's Office (Opinions C-89-2010, C-280-2011, and C-110-2016), broadcasting is a type of telecommunication, insofar as it constitutes a radiocommunication transmitted by radio waves, and this also follows from the definitions of "telecommunications," "telecommunications network," and "telecommunications services" provided in article 6 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, which expressly include the networks and services used for sound and television broadcasting.

That broadcasting is legally classified as a "private activity of public interest" implies, on the one hand, that its provision corresponds in principle to private operators; and, on the other, that the State cannot disengage from its regulation, given its direct impact on fundamental rights such as freedom of expression, access to information, and access to telecommunications. However, this classification does not detract from its nature as a telecommunications service, nor alter the public domain regime (régimen demanial) of the radio spectrum, much less displace the guiding principles of the sector established in the Constitution, in international instruments, and in Law No. 8642, among them the efficient use of the spectrum, transparency, free participation, and, prominently, the principle of non-discrimination. Consequently, the legal framework of telecommunications prevents designing regulatory or economic conditions that favor one operator or group of operators to the detriment of other potentially interested parties, which is fully applicable to broadcasting services.

From all the foregoing, it follows that broadcasting is subject to a mixed legal regime, deliberately configured by the legislator. On the one hand, the Radio Law No. 1758 continues to regulate aspects specific to the granting of concessions and the provision of free-to-air broadcasting services; but, on the other, article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 expressly subjects the networks that support these services to its provisions regarding the planning, administration, and control of the radio spectrum, access, interconnection, and sectoral competition regime. In these areas, therefore, one cannot speak of a regulatory gap or a need to "integrate" the legal system: the legislator itself decided to remove these matters from the Radio Law and subject them directly to the modern sectoral telecommunications regime, such that what is legally correct is to apply the norms of Law No. 8642 without further ado.

This configuration, as repeatedly recognized by the Attorney General's Office, confirms that broadcasting does not constitute an isolated subsystem alien to the guiding principles of the sector, but rather a service modality that must conform—at least regarding spectrum, networks, and competition—to the objectives and principles of the General Telecommunications Law: optimization of scarce resources, objective and transparent allocation, free participation, efficiency, and non-discrimination. Consequently, the use and reassignment of frequencies, market organization, and the control of potential concentrations in broadcasting must be assessed under this regulatory framework, which excludes the thesis of an alleged "legal vacuum" enabling privileged treatments or exceptions in favor of a certain group of operators.

This understanding has been expressly confirmed by the Attorney General's Office in its binding opinion No. C-110-2016, stating that "there is no doubt that, at the international level, broadcasting, being radiocommunication, is telecommunication. (...) Sound and television broadcasting networks (...) are telecommunications networks, and the broadcasting service is a telecommunications service insofar as it is provided through those networks," a criterion that links with previous opinions in which it had already been affirmed that "given the breadth of the definition of the term telecommunications, there can be no doubt that broadcasting is a type of telecommunications." From this, the Attorney General's Office itself concludes that, although the broadcasting service remains subject to the Radio Law, "the legislator decided to maintain the validity of the Radio Law [...], so the legal regime is mixed." (Emphasis added).

This mixed regime has very clear legal consequences: on the one hand, broadcasting maintains certain historical rules of its own (such as program categories, some aspects of service operation, and references to specific exemptions); but, on the other hand—and this is decisive for the case—the management of the radio spectrum, the concessional nature of its use, the temporality of concessions, the need for a public tender, and the objectives of efficiency, transparency, rational use, and non-discrimination are governed by the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642. This is summarized in Opinion No. C-110-2016 when it concludes "that broadcasting networks are regulated by the General Telecommunications Law and must be subject to the objectives and principles governing telecommunications," such that "the use of a frequency for broadcasting could not be granted if that use does not satisfy the objective of optimizing the radio spectrum and its rational, efficient, transparent, and non-discriminatory exploitation." From this perspective, the referral in article 29 to the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 cannot be read—as the appellant does—as a shield against the modern public domain regime (régimen demanial) of the radio spectrum, nor as an authorization to perpetuate concessions or to remove broadcasting from the general regime of public tenders. On the contrary, the Attorney General's Office starts from the premise that the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 operates in the absence of specific regulation and insofar as it is not incompatible with the objectives and principles of Law No. 8642. When there is a subsequent sectoral norm that sets maximum terms, imposes the tender as the rule for the exploitation of public domain assets (bienes demaniales), and defines spectrum planning objectives, that norm—due to its special and subsequent nature—frames the interpretation of the historical regime without distorting it, but indeed setting limits compatible with the Political Constitution (article 46, article 121 subsection 14 sub-subsection c., and article 182).

The regulatory evolution that followed the enactment of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 confirms this understanding. The Radiocommunications Regulation, Executive Decree No. 31608-G, of June 28, 2004, generally introduced the figure of the concession for the exploitation of radiocommunication services, set maximum validity periods—including twenty years for open or subscription sound or television broadcasting services—and subjected their granting to a public tender. The Constitutional Chamber, in resolutions No. 02997-2006 and No. 04569-2008, expressly endorsed that change, recalling that article 121 subsection 14 of the Political Constitution only requires that the exploitation of public domain assets (bienes demaniales) be "for a limited time" and that the Radiocommunications Regulation, by setting time limits and providing for renewal under reasonable limits, makes that mandate effective without violating acquired rights or consolidated legal situations.

Through Transitory Provision IV of the Radiocommunications Regulation No. 31608-G, those time limits were also applied to pre-existing broadcasting licenses, providing that the time limits of article 30 would begin to apply "from the effective date of this Regulation." This meant that open broadcasting concessions in force as of June 28, 2004, were subject to a maximum term of twenty years counted from that date, that is, until June 28, 2024. The Constitutional Chamber qualified this adjustment as a way to protect acquired rights and consolidated legal situations, not as a violation of them, because it precisely endowed with temporal certainty concessions that until then were projected as practically perpetual.

In that same line, Opinion No. C-110-2016 takes up article 24 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, which sets a general term of fifteen years, renewable up to twenty-five, for public network concessions, as "an index of what the norm should be in the case of a broadcasting network concession," concluding that when a broadcasting concession is put out to tender, "the term should not exceed fifteen years, renewable up to twenty-five." With this, the Attorney General's Office not only recognizes the full applicability of Law No. 8642 to the use of the spectrum for broadcasting but also reinforces the idea that the automatic renewal of article 25 of the Radio Law must today be interpreted compatibly with the public domain nature, the temporal limits, and the principle of non-perpetuity of concessions.

Consequently, to maintain that the nature of a private activity of public interest would imply a right to practically indefinite renewals or to the exclusion of broadcasting from the general tender regime is frontally incompatible with the consolidated jurisprudence of the Constitutional Chamber and with the binding criterion of the Attorney General's Office. The mixed regime that Opinion No. C-110-2016 speaks of is not a way to weaken subjection to the public domain regime (régimen demanial), but a mechanism of articulation between a historical law (Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758) and a modern sectoral law (General Telecommunications Law No. 8642), in the sense that the latter sets the parameters for spectrum planning, allocation, and control to which any broadcasting concession must conform, whatever its program content.

The very wording of article 29 of Law No. 8642 is revealing: while recognizing the "informational, cultural, and recreational" aspects of broadcasting, it keeps intact the rule according to which SUTEL "shall carry out the activities and studies necessary to prepare the concession tender and recommend to the Executive Branch the granting or not of these concessions." That is, the legislator reaffirms that the enabling title to exploit the spectrum continues to be the administrative concession granted through a public tender, subject to the general interest and the guiding principles of Law No. 8642, and not a privileged category of exploitation differentiated by content or business model.

In this context, it is particularly striking that CANARTEL, fully aware that the technical and regulatory powers exercised in the design of the tenders are exclusive, inalienable, and non-transferable to SUTEL (article 66.1 of the General Law of Public Administration, in relation to article 29 of Law No. 8642), decided not to join said regulatory body as a respondent authority. This procedural omission is not neutral: it artificially shifts the focus of the debate toward the Executive Branch and purports to weaken the integral defense of the sectoral regulatory scheme, in a proceeding in which, by regulatory mandate, the Governing Body of the Sector and SUTEL intervene in distinct and complementary phases of the bidding process for managing the broadcasting spectrum.

Neither the referral to the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 nor to the Regulation of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 enables the consequence sought by the appellant. It is true that the legal system distinguishes, for descriptive and regulatory purposes, between commercial stations and cultural stations (the latter with programming intended for educational, religious, and/or cultural content), and even provides specific benefits such as tax exemptions for broadcasters whose sole purpose is cultural dissemination and do not carry paid advertising. But that differentiation operates on specific planes (fiscal, programmatic, service classification), not in the configuration of the public domain regime (régimen demanial) of the spectrum nor in the State's obligation to allocate frequencies through objective, transparent, and non-discriminatory procedures.

The appellant's thesis implies, in fact, converting a programmatic classification into a structural criterion for designing tenders and setting participation requirements, in such a way that the Administration would have to establish different tariffs, technical obligations, and access conditions depending on whether the concessionaire defines itself as "cultural," "religious," "educational," "community," or "commercial." A scheme of that nature not only lacks express support in article 29 of Law No. 8642, but would also raise serious problems in light of the principle of equality and non-discrimination of article 33 of the Constitution and the principle of sectoral non-discrimination enshrined in article 3 subsection g) of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 itself.

From the perspective of fundamental rights, what the block of constitutionality requires is that the State organize access to the spectrum with general, objective, and neutral rules that do not discriminate on ideological, religious, cultural, or economic grounds and that prevent both arbitrary exclusion and the capture of the resource in the hands of a few operators. The mandate is not to protect certain types of concessionaires economically, but to guarantee that they can compete under equal conditions, with full freedom of editorial line and without interference in their content. The protection of pluralism, cultural diversity, and freedom of worship is satisfied through transparent tenders, uniform access rules, anti-concentration mechanisms, service continuity, and positive coverage obligations, not through differentiated economic regimes that privilege some operators over others due to the nature of their programming.

Furthermore, identifying broadcasting as a private activity of public interest does not convert the radio spectrum into an asset available according to particular business or financing models (advertising, donations, patronage, contributions from faithful, etc.). The radio spectrum continues to be a constitutional asset of the Nation, inalienable and imprescriptible; and the Administration, when setting base prices, coverage obligations, and minimum requirements, must attend to the economic value of the resource, its efficient use, market structure, and the maximization of user well-being, not ensuring the financial viability of each specific operator. To claim that article 29 of Law No. 8642 obliges modulating prices or technical requirements based on the subjective purpose of each station would mean, in practice, constitutionalizing a regime of sectoral privileges that the legal text itself does not contain.

In that line, the argument that "An interpretation compatible with the Constitution therefore requires treating stations differently according to their nature and purpose" transfers to the constitutional plane a public policy option that, in any case, would correspond to the legislator and the Regulatory Body to define, within the margins of the principle of equality. The Constitutional Chamber cannot, through an amparo appeal, rewrite article 29 of Law No. 8642 or the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 to impose a system of tenders segmented by type of programming, much less order a redesign of the economic and technical model of the bidding processes on the basis of a sectoral preference.

Furthermore, as already detailed when analyzing Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT and official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, the public policy adopted does not disregard at all the cultural, social, or religious dimension of broadcasting. On the contrary, this Governing Body has incorporated specific guidelines to guarantee continuity of service, effective access throughout the entire territory—including rural areas—, prevention of spectrum concentration, absence of unjustified entry barriers, publicity and transparency of tenders, international technical coordination, and environmental sustainability.

All of this is oriented so that more people, in more places, can access open, free, and quality broadcasting services, regardless of whether the programming is commercial, cultural, educational, or religious.

Therefore, the fact that broadcasting is a private activity of public interest and that the legal system recognizes programmatic categories such as commercial or cultural does not imply, nor can it reasonably be interpreted as, a constitutional mandate to establish public tenders with differentiated participation conditions based on the nature or purpose of the station. What the body of regulations requires is that access to the spectrum be organized through objective, non-discriminatory, and transparent public tenders, which respect pluralism and diversity, but without creating privileges or exception regimes based on the content of the message. The appellant's arguments, on this point, do not prove a current and direct violation of freedom of expression, informational pluralism, or equality, but rather express a disagreement with the legitimate choice of the legislator and the regulator to subject all broadcasting operators—commercial, cultural, or religious—to the same public domain regime and the same general rules for access to the spectrum.

3.- REGARDING THE ARGUMENTS OF NORMATIVE DIFFERENTIATION IN THE RADIO LAW (WIRELESS SERVICES) NO. 1758 AND THE REGULATION TO THE GENERAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW NO. 8642 First, it is important to clarify what the regulations cited by the appellant actually say. Article 20 of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 establishes a case of tax exemption for "broadcasters whose exclusive purpose is cultural dissemination" and for certain stations serving meteorological and navigation purposes, conditional upon "not engaging in commercial advertising or any other type of paid advertising." That is, it regulates the annual broadcasting tax (IAR), not the regime for access to the radio spectrum, nor the method for assigning concessions, nor the economic conditions of the public tender. The fact that a cultural station may be exempt from the established IAR does not at all equate to it having a privileged regime for access to the public domain good or differentiated prices in a public tender.

Consequently, the reading made by the appellant is extensive because it starts from a specific fiscal rule (tax exemption for certain cultural stations) to attempt to derive a general mandate for the design of tenders segmented by type of programming. This extrapolation has no regulatory basis. The Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 itself does not establish categories of concessions with differentiated terms, access conditions, or competition schemes depending on whether the project is commercial or cultural; all it does in the cited example is provide a tax waiver under strict conditions of non-commercial exploitation.

Similarly, Articles 97 and 98 of the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, which classify broadcasting stations into "commercial" (dedicated to the for-profit exploitation of commercial advertising) and "cultural" (with programming intended exclusively for educational, religious, and/or cultural content), serve a descriptive and organizational function of the service, not a design function for the constitutional public domain regime. These precepts serve to define programming obligations, certain regulatory effects, and, where applicable, the appropriateness of benefits like those provided in Article 20 of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758, but they do not contain rules on how a public frequency tender must be structured, nor on base prices, nor on technical or financial requirements.

Therefore, it is incorrect to state that "the legal system itself recognizes and requires a differentiated classification of broadcasting services, upon which any competitive frequency process must be built." The legal system certainly recognizes a programmatic classification (commercial/cultural), but nowhere does it state that public tenders must be segmented by type of content, or that parallel economic or technical lanes must be created for cultural or religious stations. What it does require—through the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642—is that spectrum assignment be objective, transparent, efficient, and non-discriminatory for all interested parties.

Furthermore, as the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic has already indicated in binding opinion No. C-110-2016, broadcasting is subject to a mixed legal regime: the exploitation of the service is linked to the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758, but the planning, administration, and control of the spectrum, as well as the network and competition regime, are governed by the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642. In this logic, the classification between commercial and cultural stations neither replaces nor undermines the objectives of optimizing the spectrum and guaranteeing its rational, efficient, transparent, and non-discriminatory exploitation, which are the objectives that frame the design of public tenders.

If the appellant's thesis were followed, the Administration would be practically obliged to design parallel regulatory profiles with different prices, technical requirements, and competition conditions for each station category, according to the content they provide. Not only is this not provided for in the Law, but it could strain the very principle of equality in Article 33 of the Political Constitution, and the guiding principle of non-discrimination, by introducing preferential treatment without express legal authorization and without an objective and verifiable mechanism to determine who is truly "cultural," "religious," or "community" for the purposes of access to the spectrum.

There is, moreover, a serious problem from the perspective of freedom of expression. Constructing tenders with differentiated rules by type of content (commercial, cultural, religious) would imply that the Administration must rule beforehand on the nature of the programming, to decide which regulatory category each project belongs to and what economic or technical treatment it receives. This opens a space of intense discretion over ideological, religious, or cultural content that Article 28 of the Political Constitution and Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights precisely seek to remove from state control. The competitive tender model followed—neutral regarding content, with objective and non-discriminatory criteria—is, instead, more compatible with freedom of expression and pluralism.

Nor is it true that the absence of a special design for cultural or religious stations means ignoring their social function. The tender design starts from criteria that are neutral with respect to content: whatever the programming (commercial, cultural, religious, mixed), the interested party must demonstrate technical capacity to provide the service with the required coverage and quality, and economic capacity to sustain it over time with a financially viable project. This requirement is consistent with the character of a private activity of public interest that the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 attributes to broadcasting: the fact that the content is cultural or religious does not exempt it from the duty to guarantee continuity, quality, and coverage, or from respecting the temporary, competitive, and public domain nature of the concession.

Moreover, the legal system has provided, when deemed necessary, specific mechanisms to address cultural or public interest purposes, but it has done so through clear and specific mandates, not through an expansive reading of regulations on a programmatic classification. An example is Goal 9 of the National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022–2027, which orders the reservation of 24 MHz for television broadcasting for the purpose of addressing local and national needs. There, the differentiated treatment is expressed as a spectrum reservation, not as an implicit derogation of the principles of public tender, efficiency, and non-discrimination. Attempting to extract a similar mandate from Article 20 of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 as well as Articles 97 and 98 of the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, when all they regulate is tax exemption and descriptive classification, means forcing the regulatory text far beyond its meaning.

Even from the perspective of material equality, the model proposed by the appellant is problematic. If tenders were designed with softer economic conditions for those classified as "cultural" or "religious," a perverse incentive would be created to simulate this type of programming, in addition to obliging the Administration to inspect content to verify compliance with the label, with the risk of sanctioning or excluding those who vary their programming. The current scheme, in contrast, allows genuinely cultural or community projects to compete under equal conditions, without the State having to scrutinize their editorial lines or religious orientation to determine their eligibility.

The differentiating function of the rules cited by the appellant operates, above all, after the concession has been assigned: it determines what programming obligations each type of station assumes, what tax benefits it might be entitled to, and how the fulfillment of its commitments is evaluated. But it does not convert this classification into a tender design rule or into a right to privileged economic or technical conditions. The core principles of access to the spectrum (public tender, temporality of the concession, rational and non-discriminatory use) continue to be established by the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, as recognized by the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic.

Thus, the normative differentiation invoked by the appellant exists, but on a specific level (tax and programmatic), not on the level of the public domain regime or the design of the tenders. Transforming this differentiation into an obligation to construct bidding processes segmented by type of content, with substantively different conditions, is not apparent from the text of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758, nor from the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, nor from constitutional jurisprudence or the opinions of the Attorney General's Office. What the body of legality and constitutionality demands is different: that every public tender be objective, transparent, efficient, competitive, and non-discriminatory, precisely to guarantee that different projects (commercial, cultural, religious, community) can access the spectrum under conditions of regulatory equality, without privileges or covert exclusions.

4.- REGARDING THE ARGUMENTS CRITICAL OF THE BIDDING TERMS FOR THE MAJOR TENDERS FOR NOT DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN TYPES OF STATIONS.

The appellant starts from an incorrect factual and legal premise: that the bidding terms for the major tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL "do not incorporate at all" the normative differentiation between commercial, cultural, religious, or community stations, and that, instead, they would have erected disproportionate barriers against the latter. None of these assertions withstand comparison with the applicable body of regulations or with the prior review exercised over those same bidding terms by the Comptroller General of the Republic.

It is also particularly striking—and difficult to reconcile with procedural good faith—that CANARTEL, despite fully knowing that the design of the bidding terms is an exclusive, inalienable, and non-transferable competence of SUTEL (Art. 66.1 of the General Public Administration Law and Art. 29 of Law No. 8642), decided not to include the regulatory body in its amparo (constitutional protection) filing. The inconsistency is even more evident considering that the Chamber itself, the appellant here, previously appeared before the Comptroller General of the Republic to file objection appeals against those same bidding terms, thereby recognizing that their drafting corresponds exclusively to SUTEL. This deliberate omission seems aimed at weakening the position of the sectoral authorities and artificially fragmenting a regulatory process that, by legal design, is executed in a coordinated manner and in distinct phases between the Executive Branch (Rectoría) and the Superintendency.

The legal system itself precisely delineates the only legally relevant classification for the purposes of granting and administering enabling titles in free-to-access broadcasting. Article 97 of the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, Executive Decree No. 34765-MINAET), distinguishes between commercial stations, cultural stations (including for-profit ones), and international shortwave stations; it does not create autonomous categories of "religious stations" or a separate concession regime for confessional organizations. Literally, the said article of Executive Decree No. 34765-MINAET) states:

"Article 97.—Classification according to their nature. The provisions of this chapter are for all broadcasting services in general in accordance with the following station classification:

a. Commercial stations: These are those dedicated to the permanent for-profit exploitation of commercial advertising, through musical, literary, scientific, sports, news, entertainment, or other genre programs that are of general interest to the public.

b. Cultural stations: These are those that the Ministry of Culture, Youth, and Sports qualifies as such, whose programming is destined to exclusively broadcast educational, religious, and/or cultural content, that is formative and informative for the human person, as well as technological, transmitting knowledge and behaviors that promote social and personal values.

c. International shortwave stations: These are commercial or cultural radio stations operating in international shortwave bands, whose programs are especially for listening abroad." That classification, moreover, is supported by technical and functional criteria linked to the use of the spectrum and the nature of the service, not to the editorial line or the faith professed by the operators. Attempting to require the State to design differentiated tenders for religious media or other ideological labels means adding to the text of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 and the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 distinctions that the legislator deliberately did not introduce. Furthermore, it should be considered that in the sectoral regulations there is no legal provision that orders broadcasting operators to submit their economic income derived from said activity, only the payment of a broadcasting tax that has become outdated over time.

On the other hand, the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 does contemplate specific treatments, but these are of an objective and sectoral nature, not spectrum reservations by content. The example insistently cited by the appellant (Article 20, which exempts broadcasters with an exclusively cultural purpose that do not carry out paid advertising from taxes) constitutes a tax benefit conditional on the type of financing and the absence of paid advertising; it is not a concession category that obliges the segmentation of tenders by programming line or the creation of separate quotas for certain religious or cultural currents. The fact that the bidding terms do not reproduce that benefit word for word does not mean they disregard it: the exemption continues to apply to those who meet its conditions, regardless of the objective mechanism through which they obtained the concession.

Far from ignoring the diversity of cultural, educational, and religious uses, the current regulatory design channels this concern exclusively through the instruments that the legislator and international law have provided for, and at a level different from that of the bidding terms: the planning and reservation of the public domain resource. Thus, Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, in its Articles 3 and 4, merely executes pre-existing legal mandates, by expressly excluding from the tenders the frequencies assigned by law to the University of Costa Rica (Law No. 8806), the Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED) (Law No. 8684), and the Sistema Nacional de Radio y Televisión S.A. (Law No. 8346), and by ordering the reservation of additional FM frequencies in favor of the Asociación Instituto Costarricense de Enseñanza Radiofónica (ICER) and the UNED itself. Likewise, the frequency reservation for the small cultural radio stations project corresponds to the execution of the Cultural Cooperation Agreement with the Principality of Liechtenstein (Law No. 6606) and the Educational Cooperation Agreement between the Governments of the Republic of Costa Rica and the Principality of Liechtenstein (Law No. 7299), whose operationalization corresponds precisely to ICER. These are, therefore, specific, legally defined reservations originating from specific regulations, oriented mainly toward public operators or specific international commitments, not a general quota system for private concessionaires based on the type of content they broadcast.

Based on these provisions, both the Executive Branch and the Superintendency of Telecommunications have demonstrated that they comply with the differentiations expressly provided for by the legal system, which are manifested in the reservation of certain frequencies and the recognition of special titles when ordered by specific laws or international commitments. Outside of these defined cases, the rule is neutrality: all persons interested in exploiting free-to-access broadcasting frequencies participate under equal conditions, without privileges for their editorial line, religious orientation, or ideological profile. The appellant's criticism, according to which the normative differentiation "is not incorporated at all," disregards this network of legal and regulatory reservations, which are exceptional in nature, and attempts to convert it into a mandate to create, through the bidding terms, quotas and particular advantages in favor of certain categories of private operators, without legal backing for it.

This understanding was confirmed, moreover, by the Comptroller General of the Republic within the framework of the objection appeals filed, among others, by the Cámara Nacional de Radio y Televisión (CANARTEL) itself against the bidding terms for tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV). In resolution No. R-DCP-00078-2025, when addressing the complaint regarding the classification of services and the alleged undifferentiated treatment of cultural media, the Public Procurement Division emphasized that the Tendering Administration clarified that the tender opens participation to all interested parties and that, in parallel, it "expressly defined the frequencies that were exempted from the competitive procedure, that is, those granted by law and those associated with ICER, meaning that the Executive Branch, both in its instruction and in the National Frequency Allocation Plan (PNAF), clearly provided for the treatment of different types of stations, whether state, cultural, and educational." (Emphasis added).

That is, the control body validated the very scheme challenged here: general competitive opening, with the exclusion of blocks already protected by special laws and an international convention. Regarding the alleged "three barriers" that would disproportionately affect national small and medium-sized enterprises and cultural or religious stations, the existence of material discrimination is also not verified. The Comptroller General of the Republic examined in detail arguments by Nombre02 to the effect that the auction and the base price levels would exclude smaller operators and religious or cultural media, concluding that these were generic assertions lacking technical support: the appellant did not identify specific clauses to challenge, did not propose precise regulatory alternatives, and did not provide cost studies or empirical evidence demonstrating that the base prices constituted an unjustified barrier to access. Hence, the Comptroller General of the Republic kept the bidding terms intact regarding freedom of expression, equal opportunities, and free competition.

Precisely because these exclusions have a specific legal basis, the Comptroller General of the Republic validated that the rest of the frequencies be subjected to a single, objective, and neutral procedure, without additional segmentations by type of programming. Extending this exceptional regime to create tailored tenders for certain categories of private operators would mean exceeding the current legal framework and opening the door to allocation decisions based on content, which would be incompatible with freedom of expression and with Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 itself.

On the contrary, the available evidence points in the opposite direction to that suggested by the appellant. The tender files themselves documented the participation of multiple bidders of a religious nature, both in AM and FM (Asociación Internacional Pasión por las Almas, Asociación Sistema de Telecomunicaciones de la Iglesia Adventista del Sétimo Día de Costa Rica, Asociación Misión Carismática Internacional de Cartago, Asociación de Comunicaciones Faro del Caribe, Asociación Radio María), as well as regional stations that competed in non-nationwide scope bands.

If the design of the bidding terms had truly erected "insurmountable barriers" for these actors, effective and plural participation by religious and regional radios in the various tenders would hardly have occurred. It is important to underline, furthermore, that the sectoral legal system does not permit, much less require, that the Executive Branch or SUTEL define quotas by editorial line (commercial, religious, critical, aligned, etc.) within the same tender. Both the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 and its Regulation focus on guaranteeing principles of fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory assignment of the spectrum, promoting competition and the efficient use of a scarce resource.

The classification in Article 97 of Executive Decree No. 34765-MINAET) is not an invitation to politically segment the spectrum, but a technical tool for organizing obligations and characteristics of the networks. Converting it into a quota system by content would be equivalent to distorting its purpose and opening the door to ideological selection mechanisms incompatible with freedom of expression and the prohibition of prior censorship.

From this perspective, the alleged absence of differentiated treatment in the bidding terms does not, in reality, constitute a defect, but rather a constitutional requirement for neutrality and equal treatment. Telecommunications regulation (including free-to-access sound and television broadcasting) is aimed at ensuring objective conditions for access, continuity, quality, and efficient use of the spectrum; the evaluation of content (when a program is cultural, formative, or suitable for minors) is reserved for other instruments, such as the Public Entertainment Law No. 7440 and its application bodies. Obliging the bidding terms to favor certain content through more lenient requirements or differentiated prices based on the message would constitute direct state interference in the media's editorial line, precisely what the constituent power and the legislator have sought to avoid.

In other words, MICITT and SUTEL administer the radio spectrum and telecommunications networks, but they do not select or hierarchize the content that the concessionaires decide to broadcast. The competitive procedure defines who, meeting objective requirements of suitability and solvency, obtains a title to use a frequency; it does not define what messages should circulate on that frequency nor grant enhanced status to certain editorial lines. Converting the design of the bidding terms into an instrument to preserve, favor, or shield stations according to the type of programming they offer would mean reintroducing, indirectly, a content filter in the assignment of frequencies, contrary to Articles 28, 29, and 121 subsection 14) of the Political Constitution as well as the prohibition of prior censorship in Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

Finally, it cannot be overlooked that the disputed tenders are inserted into a context of structural transition: the overcoming of an indefinite renewal scheme (which in practice generated perpetual titles) towards a model of temporary concessions, subject to public tender, as demanded by Article 121, subsection 14), of the Political Constitution and as had been repeatedly requested by the Comptroller General of the Republic itself.

In this transition, it is legitimate for the State to establish minimum technical requirements, supervision mechanisms, and economic valuations consistent with the public domain nature of the spectrum. As long as such conditions are general, objective, and are not demonstrated to operate as unjustified barriers directed against a specific group—which has not occurred here—one cannot speak of a current and direct injury to freedom of expression, equality, or media diversity, but rather, at most, a discrepancy with the regulatory option of organizing the spectrum through public tender and efficient use, an option that has already been declared compatible with the Political Constitution by the Constitutional Chamber and by the external control bodies.

5.- REGARDING THE ARGUMENTS OF AN ECONOMIC BARRIER To the extent that the "economic barrier" argument is directed against the very design of the bidding terms for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV), the first thing that must be clarified is that this design was precisely reviewed, in light of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 and the General Public Procurement Law No. 9986, by the Comptroller General of the Republic in resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025, in response to objections filed by the Cámara Nacional de Radio y Televisión (CANARTEL) itself. That is, the thesis that the auction scheme, the base prices, and the cash flow and IRR (TIR) requirements would, in themselves, constitute a disproportionate barrier for small or cultural stations was already tested before the body constitutionally tasked with controlling the legality of the bidding terms, and it did not prosper.

In the three bidding terms, the economic mechanism is clearly structured in Chapter VI, "Evaluation of bids and recommendation for award." For AM, FM, and TV, a staggered procedure is provided: first, verification of admissibility requirements and preparation of a list of economic bids; then, a one-business-day bidding phase in which each bidder may submit a single improvement to their economic bid, which must be greater than the initial one; finally, the identification of the winning bids and the analysis of the technical projects. This is set forth, for example, in clauses 31.2.1 to 31.2.4 of the FM and TV bidding terms, which regulate the list of bids, the communication to bidders, and the bidding phase, including the requirement that the improved bid be higher than the previous one.

Consistent with the above, the determination of the base prices did not result from a discretionary decision by the Executive Branch, but from studies on the economic valuation of the spectrum prepared by SUTEL based on internationally accepted parameters. Specifically, through official letter No. 08138-SUTEL-DGM-2025 of August 27, 2025, "Report on the economic valuation of the spectrum for sound and television broadcasting services," it was defined that the estimation of the base price had to be complemented with a reasonableness analysis, from a technical and economic perspective, to ensure that the valuation did not become a barrier to entry and that the resulting prices were consistent with the national reality, following the methodology proposed by Lewin, D. et al. (2013), prepared for the GSMA in the independent study "Economic Value of Spectrum Use in Europe." This study estimates that, in comparative terms, reasonable payments for spectrum use are generally located within an approximate margin of between five percent (5%) and twenty percent (20%) of the total economic value of the bands. The reasonableness analysis carried out by SUTEL demonstrates that the base prices defined in the bidding terms for broadcasting are below the estimated net economic value of the spectrum and within this internationally accepted range, which shows that the amounts set are proportional and do not, in themselves, constitute a barrier to entry, but rather a mechanism compatible with the objectives of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT and with the sound administration of the radio spectrum.

Indeed, Technical Report No. 08138-SUTEL-DGM-2025 determines that, in television, the proposed base price represents only 12.19% of the net economic value of the spectrum per concession, and in sound broadcasting, 6.48%, both clearly within the 5% to 20% range identified as reasonable.

This valuation must also be assessed in light of the term of the enabling titles. In accordance with clause 47 of the three sets of tender conditions (AM, FM, and TV), and with the provisions of Article 24 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, concessions for the use and exploitation of the spectrum for broadcasting networks are granted for an initial term of fifteen (15) years, extendable at the request of the party for a period that, added to the initial term and that of the extensions, does not exceed twenty-five (25) years. This implies that the base price defined in the valuation report constitutes a single consideration for the right to exploit a high-value public domain asset over an extended time horizon of up to two and a half decades, such that, from an economic-financial perspective, the annualized burden of that payment is reduced in relation to the estimated net economic value of the radio spectrum and the expected exploitation flows of the service. It can hardly be classified, in itself, as a disproportionate "economic barrier".

It is also worth clarifying that the adopted mechanism corresponds to a sealed-bid auction with a single bid, in which all bidders whose bids are technically and legally admissible retain the right to obtain a concession. The economic bid only determines which specific frequency is awarded to each bidder (from among those available in the tendered block), but does not constitute an exclusionary filter that deprives those submitting valid bids of a concession. Under these conditions, the competitive scheme does not function as an entry barrier but as a neutral mechanism for efficient allocation among several equivalent frequencies within the same tender.

Additionally, the price structure distinguishes between national networks and regional networks according to the official regionalization defined by MIDEPLAN. For national networks, the operation of a network composed of twelve (12) transmitters is required, which operates as a minimum deployment standard to cover all regions of the country, without prejudice to the concessionaire's ability to install a greater number if its network design so requires. For regional networks, the tender conditions start from the obligation to install at least two (2) transmitters per region, in accordance with the technical analysis incorporated in SUTEL's technical report, official communication No. 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025. The difference in base prices precisely reflects this objective disparity in potential coverage, so that the higher amount for national networks responds to a greater reach and economic capacity associated with said concessions, and not to unequal or arbitrary treatment compared to regional operators.

Far from being a "purely financial logic," as the appellant indicates, it is the competitive auction model that the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 itself enables for the allocation of scarce resources, aligned with ITU standards to maximize transparency, competition, and efficiency in spectrum use. The base price element cannot be caricatured as a barrier designed against cultural or small broadcasters either. In AM, clause 32 sets base prices per station according to bandwidth (for example, 10 kHz for $9,653 and 30 kHz for $28,959 -in digital, IBOC standard-), expressly stating that the base price is final and will not be modified or updated. In FM and TV, the same procedure is followed, with tables that differentiate base prices by MIDEPLAN region and by regional or national reach.

These values were not set discretionally: during the drafting phase of the tender conditions, the need for the technical commission to provide the SUTEL Board with the "due justification and technical analysis for the definition of the base price" was discussed, as expressly recorded in the document addressing observations on the draft tender conditions, Technical Report No. 06369-SUTEL-DGC-2025 of July 11, 2025, approved by the SUTEL Board through Agreement No. 005-048-2025 of the extraordinary session No. 048-2025 of August 29, 2025.

The Comptroller General of the Republic, upon hearing CANARTEL's objections to the three sets of tender conditions, neither annulled nor reformed that design, thereby endorsing the use of base prices derived from technical-economic studies, as required by the General Public Procurement Law No. 9986.

Regarding the criticism that the scheme "imposes a market value" on the spectrum above the economic reality of current concessionaires, it is worth recalling that the radio spectrum is a constitutionally protected public domain asset, and that the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 requires its rational, efficient, objective, and non-discriminatory exploitation (Articles 2 and 3). The setting of uniform base prices by band and region responds precisely to those mandates and prevents a strategic public resource from being captured through merely symbolic values, detached from its true economic and social value.

It should also be noted that when the State originally granted the titles to many of the concessionaires currently operating, there was no payment whatsoever or the consideration was minimal, limited to the outdated annual broadcasting tax, whose rates the Attorney General's Office has repeatedly described as derisory given the strategic nature of the resource. That historical circumstance—the absence of an initial consideration or the existence of a merely nominal economic obligation—does not generate a vested right to perpetuate that treatment when the State, in compliance with the Political Constitution and Law No. 8642, decides to subject the spectrum to a competitive, objective, and transparent procedure. The contrary would imply consolidating indefinite privileges and distorting the public domain regime of the spectrum, access to which must be guaranteed under conditions of equality, efficiency, and real competition.

Nor is the assertion correct that the financial conditions are based on a "purely commercial" logic incompatible with cultural or religious broadcasters. The three sets of tender conditions include—in the admissibility requirements section—the obligation to present financial statements and a ten-year projected cash flow that allows for the calculation of the Net Present Value (NPV)—see clauses 12.2.2.4 of the three sets of tender conditions—and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the project—see clauses 12.2.2.5 of the three sets of tender conditions. That is, the cash flow and NPV/IRR metrics are used as proof of the project's viability, not as a comparative criterion to exclude those with a different financial structure.

On this same point, the Comptroller General of the Republic itself, upon hearing the challenge to the AM tender conditions (Major Tender No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL) filed by CANARTEL, specifically analyzed the objection to the financial requirements, clause 12.2.2.1 (Resolution No. R-DCP-00077-2025 of 09:22 hours on November 3, 2025) where the obligation to present cash flow, NPV, and IRR was located, and concluded that the appellant did not substantiate in a concrete manner why such clauses would be illegal or disproportionate, limiting itself to a generic approach. Therefore, it declared this part of the appeal without merit, based on the duty of special motivation for objection appeals under the General Public Procurement Law No. 9986.

Consequently, the oversight body left the cash flow and NPV/IRR requirements intact, implicitly recognizing their compatibility with the body of law applicable to public procurement. From a material perspective, Nombre02's objection also does not hold: requiring that the project present a positive NPV and an IRR higher than the discount rate does not imply that all stations must operate under a logic of profit maximization. It simply means that any broadcasting initiative—commercial, cultural, religious, or community—must demonstrate minimum financial viability, that is, the ability to sustain its operations over time from its own sources of income (advertising, donations, contributions from followers, patronage, agreements, among others).

This is even more relevant considering that whoever exploits a radio frequency is in a special subjection relationship with the State, derived from the use of a constitutional public domain asset whose use must always be oriented toward the public interest. Within this framework, the granting Administration has the legal duty to objectively verify the suitability of the bidder as a qualified subject to fulfill the obligations of the enabling title and guarantee the continuity and quality of the service. This is mandated by the General Public Procurement Law No. 9986, which obliges the contracting body to ensure that the eventual concessionaire possesses the real capacity to execute what it commits to. Awarding a concession for spectrum use—a scarce and strategic resource—to a project that, according to its own financial plan, is structurally unviable, would be openly contrary to the principle of good administration and the constitutional regime of the public domain.

It should also be noted that a good part of the questions raised by Nombre02 in this proceeding refer directly to aspects whose definition, motivation, and technical support correspond exclusively to SUTEL, by virtue of the inalienable and non-transferable powers that the legal system assigns to it in matters of tender design, economic valuation of the spectrum, and technical regulation of the sector. In light of the principle of equality of procedural arms, said regulatory body should have the space to respond and fully exercise its institutional defense regarding matters that are solely its competence. However, the appellant decided not to include it in its brief, despite knowing—even from its own experience in filing objections before the Comptroller General's Office—that it is the competent entity to define and justify those aspects. This omission cannot be interpreted other than as a procedural strategy aimed at weakening the position of the sectoral authorities, particularly in a context where its previous efforts have not succeeded before the respective technical and oversight bodies.

The thesis that these requirements would be "materially impossible to meet" for small and medium-sized national companies confuses technical complexity with a prohibitive burden. The tender conditions do not require financial statements audited by international firms or sophisticated accounting structures; they are limited to requiring basic information—balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow projection—that any formal operator, even of smaller scale, must handle to comply with its ordinary tax and accounting obligations. Moreover, in the document addressing observations (Technical Report No. 06369-SUTEL-DGC-2025 of July 11, 2025, approved by Agreement No. 005-048-2025), SUTEL expressly stated that it will not use financial ratios as exclusionary filters, noting that "no analysis of financial ratios is carried out because the administration could be creating entry barriers" (p. 35). These criteria—technically and exclusively defined by SUTEL in the exercise of its regulatory powers—form part of the core of decisions that justify the need for that body to be able to exercise its defense in this proceeding. Precisely because these are parameters designed to avoid unjustified barriers and ensure the openness of the tender, SUTEL's absence from the amparo proceeding prevents an adequate assessment of the rationality and proportionality of requirements that only it is competent to define.

In response to this, Nombre02's approach before the Comptroller General of the Republic consisted of general statements about alleged difficulties, without backing them up with concrete examples or financial information demonstrating that a small or medium-sized company or a cultural station cannot structure a ten-year cash flow.

Regarding the argument that the modification of the National Frequency Allocation Plan (Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias, PNAF) and the infrastructure deployment requirements would have "drastically increased CAPEX investment costs" and marginalized the current broadcasting ecosystem, it is once again essential to return to the source. The tender conditions themselves explain, in their background, that the tenders are based on necessity and technical feasibility studies, carried out by SUTEL at the request of MICITT, under the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 and the Public Policy Guidelines (official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024) of the Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT. SUTEL sought a balance between the goals of coverage, quality, and efficiency in the spectrum and the required investment levels, so that the projects would be reasonable and approachable by various types of operators.

There is, therefore, no arbitrary leap in technical requirements, but rather a necessary technological adaptation and an adaptation to the legal obligation to optimize a scarce public good. Added to this is the fact that the model designed by SUTEL does not confuse communications policy objectives with a simple scheme of maximizing revenue. The public policy guidelines mandate guaranteeing the right of access to telecommunications, service continuity, territorial coverage, prevention of excessive concentration, and protection of users, and all these elements were incorporated into the tender design along with the criterion of economic efficiency. The existence of a base price and a bidding phase does not erase these objectives nor transform the procedure into a deregulated market; on the contrary, it ensures that whoever obtains the concession contributes, with a reasonable payment, to the social return from the use of a public resource. We see that the market's own behavior disproves the idea that the economic and technical requirements have been "marginalizing a large part of the current broadcasting ecosystem." SUTEL reported in its media that, once Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL were convened, various valid bids were submitted, coming from different business groups, which was taken into account by the Comptroller General of the Republic when evaluating the existence of entry barriers. If the scheme were, as CANARTEL claims, materially inaccessible, the result would have been a generalized lack of bids or the participation of one or two conglomerates; this is not what the administrative records or Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025 of the Public Procurement Division of the Comptroller General of the Republic reflect.

Therefore, when the "economic barrier" allegation is confronted with the concrete content of the tender conditions, with SUTEL's document addressing observations, and, above all, with the final resolutions of the Comptroller General of the Republic, what emerges is not a design aimed at expelling cultural, religious, or small business broadcasters from the ecosystem, but a spectrum allocation scheme consistent with the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758, the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, and the General Public Procurement Law No. 9986. The appellant fails to prove that the base prices, the bidding phase, or the cash flow and NPV/IRR requirements are disproportionate or discriminatory; rather, it reiterates a disagreement in public policy with the model of competitive tender and financial viability verification that the current legal system not only permits but imposes on the State as guarantor of the good administration of a public domain asset.

In short, what this allegation about supposed "economic barriers" reveals is not the existence of a new, direct, and constitutionally relevant harm, but the appellant's attempt to reopen, under the label of "violation of fundamental rights," a set of ordinary legality objections that were already unsuccessfully raised before the competent bodies: first, in the administrative procurement venue, through objections to the tender conditions of Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, rejected by the Comptroller General of the Republic in Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025; subsequently, in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, where the validity of the competitive model, the base prices, and the conditions of participation are being discussed, with ample evidentiary and technical scope, even with precautionary measures already denied to Nombre02 itself without giving the State a prior hearing. To now claim that the Constitutional Chamber should become a parallel instance to review those same aspects (base price, auction structure, financial requirements, network configuration) is equivalent to distorting the amparo and using it as a shortcut against debates that belong to the sphere of legality and sectoral public policy, not to concentrated constitutional control.

6.- REGARDING THE ALLEGATIONS OF A SOCIAL BARRIER The appellant's allegations about a supposed "social barrier" start from a concatenation of hypotheses (economic, technical, and regulatory) to conclude that the competitive model would cause, in the abstract, the "going off the air" of "numerous open-access stations and channels" and, with it, a reduction in informational pluralism and cultural diversity. However, when confronting these assertions with the actual content of the tender conditions for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, with the technical guidelines of official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and with Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025 of the Comptroller General of the Republic, it is evident that there is no current, direct, and proven impact on the right to freedom of expression, access to information, or the fundamental right of access to telecommunications.

The competitive design does not imply, in itself, the abrupt interruption of free-access sound and television broadcasting services. On the contrary, the legal system itself has provided continuity mechanisms. The Contentious-Administrative Tribunal, within the framework of case file No. 25-001640-1027-CA (CANARA and others), agreed to a precautionary measure of general scope that maintains the validity of the enabling titles until the tender is definitively decided or a final judgment is issued, and Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT extends the validity of current concessions during the 2025-2026 electoral period. In this context, speaking of a "possible going off the air" of "numerous stations" as an immediate consequence of the tender is nothing more than conjecture, not a certain or imminent fact that could constitute, today, a constitutionally relevant harm.

On the other hand, the guidelines of communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 (issued precisely in compliance with Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT) show that the tender design expressly incorporates objectives aimed at protecting end users and guaranteeing territorial access to the service. It suffices to recall that this Rector's Office orders "Establishing the necessary guarantees to safeguard the legal regime of rights and interests of end users, in order to ensure the continuity of the sound and television broadcasting service (…) so that end users in disadvantaged areas are not discriminated against with disadvantageous quality conditions," as well as considering national and/or regional coverage obligations aligned with the principles of efficiency in the use of the radio spectrum. A model that reinforces coverage and continuity obligations can hardly be described as a design that abandons the populations that depend on open broadcasting.

Nor is it correct to affirm that the competitive model is, by definition, regressive for informational pluralism. The previous regime was characterized by de facto indefinite automatic extensions, based on a unique reading of Article 25 of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758, which turned spectrum access into a practically perpetual situation for already installed operators. The transition produced from the Radiocommunications Regulations, Executive Decree No. 31608-G, and the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, precisely corrects this inertia by requiring limited-time concessions, public tenders, and rational, efficient, transparent, and non-discriminatory administration of the spectrum. Far from restricting pluralism, the periodic opening of tenders creates conditions for new voices—including community, cultural, or regional actors—to compete for a resource that would otherwise be captured indefinitely by the status quo.

At this point, it is worth highlighting that the Comptroller General of the Republic itself, when resolving Nombre02's objections to the AM, FM, and TV tender conditions, was clear in pointing out that the allegations regarding an impact on freedom of expression and informational pluralism lacked technical and factual support. In Resolutions No. R-DCP-00077-2025 (Major Tender No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL) and No. R-DCP-00078-2025 (Major Tender No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL), the Oversight Body noted that the appellants did not identify specific clauses that produced the alleged impact, did not quantify or demonstrate the invoked economic impact, did not provide market or audience studies, and did not formulate a specific request for adjustment that would allow the risk to be assessed. Hence, it concluded that these were generic assertions, insufficient to prove an injury to freedom of thought and expression, leaving the tender conditions intact in those aspects.

Furthermore, the "social barrier" argument confuses the existence of economic and technical requirements, typical of any procedure for allocating a scarce resource, with an indirect restriction on freedom of expression under the terms of Article 13.3 of the American Convention on Human Rights. For a measure to be classified as an indirect restriction, it must be demonstrated that the regulation of property or access to means of dissemination is used to limit, in practice, the communication of ideas, information, and opinions. In the case of broadcasting tenders, the financial capacity, infrastructure deployment, and minimum coverage requirements apply generally and objectively to all participants; they do not select content or editorial orientations, nor do they discriminate based on the commercial, cultural, or religious nature of the project. What is required is solvency to efficiently exploit a scarce public domain asset for the benefit of the general interest.

It is also relevant that the appellant equates the situation of current concessionaires with the constitutional standard of pluralism. The circumstance that certain cultural or religious operators cannot—eventually—retain their titles under conditions identical to the current ones does not mean, in itself, that the population is left devoid of cultural, religious, or community content. Pluralism is predicated on the system as a whole, not on the indefinite permanence of each specific project. The competitive model could even lead to the entry of new actors with more solid cultural or religious proposals, greater territorial reach, or more robust sustainability schemes. Again, none of this has been analyzed or refuted with data by the appellant, who assumes that its permanence is a necessary condition of pluralism.

From the perspective of the fundamental right of access to telecommunications, incorporated in Article 24 of the Political Constitution, the approach also does not hold. The General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, establishes as objectives the universality, continuity, quality, and coverage of services, as well as the promotion of competition and user protection. The tender conditions concretize these objectives through coverage obligations, quality parameters, border coordination requirements, and provisions for the optimal use of the spectrum. The tension raised by the appellant (between guaranteeing access for lower-income sectors and requiring sufficient technical and financial capacities) is not resolved by eliminating the economic discipline of the tender, but by ensuring that the requirements are proportional and non-discriminatory, which has already been verified in the oversight venue.

It is also important to emphasize that the "social barrier" allegation is built on a premise that has already been disproven: the supposed absolute lack of protection for concessionaires while the tenders are being processed. As has already been explained, both Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT and the precautionary measure issued in case file No. 25-001640-1027-CA guarantee the continuity of the service during the electoral period and while the future of the tendering processes and the contentious-administrative lawsuits is decided. The inhabitants of the country are not, therefore, facing a void in open broadcasting, but rather a carefully staggered regulatory transition process, with normative and jurisdictional safeguards that ensure that no sudden interruption of the service occurs.

Finally, it cannot be overlooked that the appellant seeks to derive a categorical conclusion about the unconstitutionality of the competitive model from a hypothetical fear (the eventual exit of certain current operators). The amparo appeal requires, for its admissibility, proof of a current, concrete, and individualized harm to a fundamental right. CANARTEL's allegations, on the other hand, are situated on an abstract plane, on a future and uncertain event: they start from the possibility that some concessionaires may not be able to meet the tender requirements and extrapolate from this a supposed impact on the right to information and access to telecommunications for the entire population. This logical leap is not accompanied by impact studies, coverage analysis, audience data, or simulations of alternative scenarios; it is, in essence, a manifestation of disagreement with the public policy decisions adopted by the Executive Branch and the Superintendency of Telecommunications within the framework of their legal powers.

Therefore, the so-called "social barrier" rests not on evidence or a complete reading of the applicable body of law, but on a partial reconstruction of the facts and regulations, which omits both the service continuity safeguards and the objectives of access, pluralism, and non-discrimination that inform Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and the very tender conditions designed and published by SUTEL. The Constitutional Chamber is not called upon to replace the Rector or the sectoral regulator in the definition of spectrum policy, nor to review, through an amparo proceeding, the economic or technical appropriateness of a competitive model that has already been subject to oversight before the Comptroller General of the Republic and is widely litigated in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. What is presented is not the reparation of an effective harm to freedom of expression or the right of access to telecommunications, but an invitation to become a court of regulatory opportunity, a function that the constitutional order expressly denies it.

7.- REGARDING THE ALLEGATIONS OF A TECHNICAL BARRIER The appellant maintains that a "technical barrier" exists because, it claims, the tender conditions "adopted a zoning based on the regionalization of MIDEPLAN, requiring, as a general rule, a minimum network of twelve (12) transmitters, equivalent to two per each region," that "the MIDEPLAN regionalization is not included in the MICITT's instruction to SUTEL, and the twelve transmitters is a decision of SUTEL that exceeds the MICITT's instruction," and that furthermore "a period of only twelve months was granted to have the network fully operational, a period that is excessively burdensome and impossible to comply with for the majority of small and medium-sized operators." On that basis, it concludes that "all of the above constitutes an unjustified technical barrier, contrary to the principles of reasonableness and proportionality." None of these assertions withstand contrast with the actual content of the tender conditions or with what has already been resolved in the venue of the Comptroller General of the Republic.

First, the use of MIDEPLAN's regionalization as a territorial reference in the bidding documents for Major Tender No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (Amplitude Modulation sound broadcasting), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (Frequency Modulation sound broadcasting), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (free-access television broadcasting) is not a technical whim or an invention of the Superintendence of Telecommunications, but rather an objective territorial planning criterion widely used by the Costa Rican Public Administration to design regional policies, including the planning instruments of the telecommunications sector itself. The General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, in its articles 8 and 9, mandates that the administration of the radio spectrum be oriented toward the coverage, continuity, and expansion of services, especially in rural and less favored areas. Assigning “national” concessions without anchoring their coverage to clearly delimited regions would have, rather, meant renouncing that mandate and perpetuating the historical bias toward the Central Region.

In that same sense, the technical reports serving as the basis for the bidding documents (in particular, the studies contained in official letters No. 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023 and No. 04180-SUTEL-DGC-2024, approved by the SUTEL Council) justify the design of national-scope networks based on propagation parameters, orography, population distribution, and potential demand, all of which is consistent with the National Frequency Allocation Plan (PNAF) and the National Telecommunications Development Plan (PNDT). It is not a matter of mechanically extrapolating MIDEPLAN's regions, but rather of using them as a framework so that deployment obligations guarantee that a national concession truly serves all regions of the country and not just the most profitable markets. From this perspective, the use of regionalization is not a “technical barrier,” but an instrument of territorial equality and for realizing the right of access to telecommunications enshrined in Article 24 of the Political Constitution.

Additionally, it is worth recalling that the redesign of the technical framework serving as the basis for the broadcasting model did not arise in a surprising manner or outside the participation mechanisms provided for in the General Law of Public Administration No. 6227. The draft Executive Decree “Partial Modification to the National Frequency Allocation Plan (Broadcasting and IMT)” was submitted to a non-binding public consultation through its publication in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 159 of August 29, 2024, and the observations received were analyzed in the joint technical report Name03 º MICITT-DERRT-INF-041-2024 / N º MICITT-DCNT-INF-055-2024, dated November 11, 2024, which the Executive Branch adopted in its entirety when issuing Executive Decree No. 44789-MICITT. Various Sector actors participated in said procedure, whose observations, as both technical directorates concluded, did not justify modifications to the central elements of the proposal with a direct impact on network design and the amount of infrastructure required.

For its part, Name02 submitted a written opposition to the PNAF reform project, but did so untimely, such that its arguments could not be heard or assessed in the joint report. Even so, from the very text of that opposition, it is clear that its criticisms focused on general objections to the transition toward digital broadcasting and the so-called “new digital dividend” (identification of the 600 MHz band, from 614 MHz to 698 MHz, for the deployment of IMT mobile systems), particularly regarding the investment required in new transmission and reception infrastructure and in receiver equipment, but it did not formulate specific technical objections regarding regionalization or the technical barriers now alleged. Consequently, Name02 had an ideal and specific avenue to timely question the technical scaffolding that would serve as input for SUTEL in preparing the bidding documents, but it neither exercised that avenue within the legal deadline on equal terms with other consultation participants, nor directed its observations (even untimely) against the specific network design aspects it now challenges. This weakens its current allegation of surprise or supervening irrationality and confirms that what it is raising is, in reality, a disagreement with public policy and regulatory design options already processed through the procedure legally provided for the issuance of administrative acts of general scope, such as the Executive Decree reforming the PNAF.

Specifically, the MIDEPLAN regionalization used by SUTEL in the bidding documents adheres to technical and public policy criteria, such as the radioelectric isolation allowed by the national terrain and the territorial equity objectives defined in the National Development Plan. MIDEPLAN is configured as an advisory and technical support body to the Presidency of the Republic and is the entity responsible for formulating, coordinating, monitoring, and evaluating Government strategies and priorities; in this capacity, the socioeconomic regionalization it proposes precisely seeks to bring institutional services closer to regional and local areas, improve the distribution of services, and address the particularities of each region. Translating this scheme to broadcasting tenders allows coverage obligations to be defined based on objective territorial divisions, designed to guarantee a more balanced development of the country, rather than based on discretionary criteria.

On the other hand, regarding the network of transmitters and the deadline for its deployment, it must be remembered that Article 7 of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 establishes a total maximum period of twelve months for the start of operation, consisting of an initial six months, extendable for an additional six months. The bidding documents respect that framework and, additionally, grant an additional period of twelve months to complete the remaining infrastructure of the broadcasting network. In practice, this implies that eventual concessionaires have up to twelve months to turn on the first transmitter per region and another twelve months to turn on the second transmitters, so that the regulatory standard translates into progressive and reasonable deadlines, consistent with the magnitude of the investment and the duration of the concessions. This is extracted, in the three bidding documents, from clause 56.12.4 “Deployment Schedule,” which literally indicates, by way of example, in the bidding document for major tender No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL: Telf01. The Concessionaire must ensure the installation and operation of all authorized transmitters, based on the following schedule:

i. Must have installed at least one (1) transmitter within a maximum period of six (6) months from the Start of the Concession, extendable for six (6) more months, as provided in Article 7 of the LDR, which represents the maximum period for the start of service provision.

ii. Must have installed all transmitters within a maximum period of twenty-four (24) months from the Start of the Concession, which represents the maximum period for the deployment of the other transmitters in the network. No additional periods will be provided beyond those indicated in this clause.” Regarding the minimum number of transmitters, the appellant limits itself to qualifying the standard of twelve (12) transmitters as excessive for a national-scope concession, but neither in its objections before the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic nor in the present appeal does it provide a single technical study demonstrating that said number is unnecessary or technically disproportionate to cover, with adequate levels of quality and availability, all the planned regions. Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025 (AM), No. R-DCP-00077-2025 (FM), and No. R-DCP-00078-2025 (TV) rightly rejected these arguments upon verifying that the CHAMBER did not prove, with broadcast engineering backing, that a lower number of stations would guarantee the same coverage and quality, nor that the standard set by SUTEL was materially impossible to meet. It is not enough to state that there are too many transmitters; the burden of demonstrating technical irrationality falls on the objector, and that burden was not met.

Likewise, the provisions of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 do not differentiate between concessionaires by their national or regional coverage regarding the number of transmitters. Precisely for this reason, the bidding documents introduce a differentiated and proportional regulation of the infrastructure installation obligation: different requirements are foreseen for concessionaires with national scope and for those with regional scope, taking into account their different technical and financial capacities.

Thus, an eventual regional concessionaire awarded a concession in a single MIDEPLAN region must install at least two transmitters; if awarded in two regions, it must deploy four transmitters, and so on successively. In the case of a national concessionaire, which must cover the six MIDEPLAN regions, the standard of twelve transmitters responds to the same proportion. This is, therefore, not an arbitrary burden, but an arithmetic and technical criterion that links the number of transmitters to the effective territorial scope of the concession, without generating discriminatory treatment among operators.

On the contrary, a minimum number of transmitters associated with a national concession is justified by the very objectives of the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, which mandates optimizing spectrum use and ensuring that services reach the entire territory with reasonable quality. A national coverage concession that could be exploited with a handful of transmitters focused on the metropolitan area would reproduce the old model, where the most valuable frequencies are used to primarily serve the most profitable urban centers, leaving rural and coastal areas on the periphery. What the appellant qualifies as a “technical barrier” is, in reality, a minimum deployment standard to correct that historical inequality and ensure that the benefit of the public domain good reaches the entire population.

Nor is it true that SUTEL exceeded the Executive Branch's instruction contained in Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT by defining coverage and network parameters. The subsequent guidelines of official letter No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, in strict compliance with Articles 2 and 9 of said Agreement, expressly order that the competitive process ensure the continuity of the broadcasting service, territorial accessibility, prevention of concentration in the spectrum, and optimization of the resource, as well as the definition of coverage areas “aligned with the principles of science and technique, seeking efficiency in the use of scarce resources, and providing the possibility for awardees of a progressive development of their broadcasting network infrastructure.” Precisely to comply with these objectives, it falls to SUTEL, as the technical authority, to translate these guidelines into concrete network and coverage parameters in the bidding documents.

Regarding the twelve-month deadline to have the network operational, the appellant qualifies it as “excessively onerous” and “impossible to fulfill” for small and medium-sized operators, in the abstract and without any technical or project management backing to demonstrate it. The bidding documents, however, set this deadline within a concessionary horizon of up to twenty years of exploitation, so it is a matter of one year to deploy a network whose commercial exploitation will extend for two decades. Under the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, the analysis cannot isolate the deployment deadline from the duration of the enabling title: a serious awardee, who will access a concession for the use of a public domain good of the highest value for twenty years, must be capable of designing and executing an investment plan that completes deployment in twelve months, especially when it can leverage existing infrastructure, site-sharing agreements, and technologies proven in the market.

The administrative difficulties mentioned by the appellant, such as “municipal, environmental procedures, equipment imports, electrical and signal transport interconnections,” are inherent to any infrastructure project in the country, not exclusive to this tender. If it were accepted that the mere existence of these procedures makes any deployment deadline unconstitutional, no public infrastructure tender could set enforceable schedules without being labeled a “technical barrier.” Again, the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic, in resolving objections in resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025, verified that the appellant CHAMBER here did not provide elements demonstrating a generalized impossibility of fulfillment, nor that the deadlines set were arbitrary or disconnected from national and international experience in the deployment of broadcasting networks.

It is important to highlight that the bidding documents do not impose selective or differentiated technical requirements to the detriment of specific groups of interested parties; the network, coverage, and deadline obligations are applied generally to all potential bidders, without any discrimination. From a constitutional perspective, even if it were considered that the technical standard is demanding, its uniform and objective application responds to a legitimate purpose: guaranteeing the continuity, quality, and universality of the sound and television broadcasting service, in compliance with Article 24 of the Political Constitution and Articles 2, 4, 8, and 9 of the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642. Equality before the law is not violated by requiring robust technical conditions from everyone, but rather if unjustified privileges or obstacles were established for some versus others, which does not occur in this case.

It is worth reiterating, in addition, that these technical network, coverage, and performance parameters were defined by SUTEL in the exercise of its exclusive and non-delegable powers. Consequently, the defense exercised in this process falls on aspects whose technical justification corresponds precisely to the regulatory authority. The appellant's decision not to join SUTEL in its brief limits the possibility that the competent body exercises its right of defense and provides the specialized criteria supporting these requirements, thus reinforcing the need for it to be summoned to guarantee a complete analysis in accordance with the principle of equality of arms in the process.

Moreover, the qualification of “unjustified technical barrier” is distorted when recalling that the tender model does not seek to expel existing broadcasters from the market, but to open access to the spectrum to all interested parties under transparent and competitive rules, guaranteeing the continuity of services while the tender is developed, as has already been ensured by the contentious-administrative jurisdiction and by the Executive Branch itself through Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT. If a current operator proves the technical and organizational solvency to maintain and improve its network with the new obligations, it can compete on equal terms; if not, this is not a consequence of an unconstitutional barrier, but of the legitimate requirement that whoever exploits a national concession meets standards consistent with the public interest and with technological evolution.

Finally, it is worth remembering that the same objections now formulated as a “technical barrier” were already extensively discussed and rejected in the objection procedures before the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic regarding tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL. The appellant CHAMBER here failed to prove then that the MIDEPLAN regionalization, the minimum number of transmitters, or the deployment deadline constituted technically unfeasible, discriminatory, or disconnected requirements from the coverage and quality objectives imposed by the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642. To now attempt to re-label those same standards as an “unjustified technical barrier” in an amparo venue does not convert into constitutional issues some statements that were already dismissed by the body specialized in controlling the legality of public procurement, nor does it transform them into matters of constitutional rank; it is, in essence, a disagreement with the technical design of the tender that must be ventilated in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, not through an amparo appeal.

8.- ON THE ALLEGATIONS OF DELAY IN RESOLVING EXTENSIONS AND LEGAL VULNERABILITY The appellant attempts to construct an “additional element of gravity” based on an alleged administrative delay in resolving extension requests filed “since December 2022.” It claims that, for not having been resolved within a “reasonable period,” “due process and the principle of legality were violated,” that this delay “places concessionaires in a situation of legal vulnerability” by depending on short-term extensions via decree, and that this generates “a state of permanent uncertainty about the continuity of services.” These are, however, generic statements, unsupported by specific normative or factual elements, which carefully omit the legal framework of broadcasting concessions, the normative measures adopted to guarantee service continuity, and, above all, the broad avenues of protection that Name02 itself has activated in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction.

The appellant presents the extension requests “since December 2022” as if they involved titles without a time limit whose expiration came unexpectedly, when precisely the applicable legal regime—interpreted by the Constitutional Chamber and the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic—establishes that broadcasting concessions cannot be perpetual. As has been explained, since the Radiocommunications Regulation, Executive Decree No. 31608-G of June 28, 2004, all sound and television broadcasting concessions of free and open access adapted to that regime were subjected to a maximum term of twenty years, counted from the Regulation's effective date, such that they were extinguished by operation of law on June 28, 2024. The Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758, in its Article 25, allows automatic extension, but that possibility must be read today, in accordance with the Constitutional Chamber's jurisprudence, in light of the public domain nature of the radio spectrum and the mandate of Article 121 subsection 14) of the Political Constitution: the concession must always be “for a limited time.” In this line, the Constitutional Chamber, in resolutions such as No. 02997-2006, has been clear that the extension of a concession is not a right ad perpetuam of the concessionaire, but a power that must be exercised respecting the constitutional limit of temporality and the normative parameters in force. For its part, the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic, in opinion No. C-110-2016, has pointed out that, given the nature of the spectrum as a public domain good, broadcasting networks are framed within the objectives and principles of the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, of optimization, rational, efficient, transparent, and non-discriminatory use of the resource. From this perspective, there is no subjective right of concessionaires to obtain, merely by the passage of time or by the payment of a tax, an indefinite extension of their title. The eventual delay in resolving extension requests is therefore inserted into a context in which the State must weigh, with responsibility, the public interest in the reassignment of the spectrum through a tender.

Secondly, the appellant reduces the situation to a narrative of isolated delay, as if the Administration had completely abandoned the processing of broadcasting concessions. It omits that current operators have litigated—extensively and in detail—the controversies over extensions, positive silence, and nullity of Executive Agreements before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, under the protection of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code, Law No. 8508. It suffices to review processes such as case file No. 25-001640-1027-CA (CANARA and others), No. 25-002650-1027-CA (Grupo Radiofónico TBC S.A.), No. 25-006374-1027-CA (Sonido Latino FM S.A.), No. 25-006375-1027-CA (Super Radio FM S.A.), and No. 25-006586-1027-CA (Juan Vega Quirós), among others, where the recognition of positive silence, the nullity of Agreements denying extensions, and the declaration of automatic extensions for an additional twenty years have been requested, even with claims for indefinite extensions subject only to compliance with technical conditions. That is, the alleged delay has not left concessionaires without avenues of defense: they themselves have converted that discussion into a legality litigation, where the correctness of the extensions and the validity of the administrative acts are ventilated, with ample evidentiary scope.

Name02 itself has promoted a precautionary process ante causam (case file No. 25-007887-1027-CA), in which it requested the suspension of the effects of various Executive Agreements for extension and instruction of the tender, as well as the maintenance of the validity of the concessions. In that process, the Contentious Administrative Court rejected the provisional urgent precautionary measure through a resolution at 20:42 hours on November 25, 2025, and granted a hearing to the State, confirming that the natural channel to discuss the alleged violation of rights due to the management of extensions is the specialized jurisdiction, not the summary route of the amparo appeal. It is, at the very least, contradictory that the appellant denounces a “situation of legal vulnerability” in a constitutional venue while having deliberately chosen the contentious route to resolve the core of the conflict, with claims of enormous patrimonial scope.

Nor is it true that the Administration has left concessionaires “forced to depend on very short-term deadline extensions by executive decree” in a legal vacuum. Those extensions—such as the one contained in Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT of September 18, 2025, which extended the validity of the concessions until the business day following the finality of the declaration of new authorities of the Executive and Legislative Branches—respond precisely to the State's duty to guarantee service continuity during the regulatory transition, not to an abandonment of its obligations. Additionally, the Contentious Administrative Court, within the framework of case file No. 25-001640-1027-CA, issued a precautionary measure of general scope (ruling No. 378-2025-I at 14:40 hours on September 24, 2025) ordering the validity of the concession titles for sound and television broadcasting of free and open access to be maintained until a final decision is made on the future tender or a judgment is issued in that process. Far from a “state of permanent uncertainty,” what exists is a normative and precautionary framework that precisely shields the continuity of the service while tenders and trials are processed.

From a constitutional point of view, the inevitable uncertainty inherent in the expiration of a public domain concession—which is always granted for a limited time—cannot be confused with a violation of the right to due process or the principle of legality. Every concessionaire that exploits a public domain good, such as the radio spectrum, knows from the outset that its title has a term and that, upon its expiration, the State may choose to tender the good again, under the principle of free competition, or not to renew. To claim that the mere proximity of expiration generates a fundamental right to an extension or to the immutability of the legal regime is equivalent to emptying the constitutional requirement of temporality of its content and to petrifying a distribution of the spectrum that, in many cases, has remained unchanged for decades.

Furthermore, the appellant does not identify a single administrative file for an extension in which it demonstrates, with specific dates and actions, an unjustified delay that has placed a given concessionaire in a situation of real defenselessness. It limits itself to stating, in generic terms, that “the broadcasting concessionaires of this chamber requested their extension since December 2022” and that “the requests were not resolved,” without providing copies of the extension requests, of the subsequent proceedings, or of the communications that the Administration has issued to each applicant individually and to the official notification medium. In an amparo venue, where the injury to fundamental rights must be certain, current, and duly proven, this abstract formulation is not sufficient. The Constitutional Chamber has reiterated that amparo is not a process of official investigation into administrative management, but a mechanism to protect concrete rights against equally concrete actions or omissions.

Regarding the alleged impact on “investments, the labor stability of the sector, and the right of citizens to receive information and cultural content continuously,” the appellant does not accompany any data, economic study, or empirical evidence to support it. It does not identify a single medium that has gone off the air due to the management of extensions, nor does it demonstrate that any broadcasting worker has been dismissed for that specific cause, much less that there has been an effective reduction in informational pluralism. On the contrary, the titles remain in force by mandate of Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT and the precautionary measure of general scope issued by the Court of Appeals for Contentious Administrative Matters, and the open broadcasting offering remains in operation while the tenders are developed. The hypothetical fear of an eventual loss of concession in the future does not constitute, in itself, a current injury to freedom of expression or the right of access to information.

In reality, the core of the appellant's approach is not the protection of fundamental rights of radio listeners and television viewers, but the preservation of the concessionary status quo of its associates, with long or indefinite extensions without a tender, against the new competitive allocation model designed in accordance with the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, and endorsed by the Constitutional Chamber itself as an ideal mechanism to guarantee transparency, equality, and pluralism in frequency allocation. The supposed “legal vulnerability” is, in that logic, the simple result of the spectrum being re-subjected to competition and free competition rules, where concessions are no longer perpetuated but must be won on equal terms against other interested parties. That is a legitimate consequence of the public domain regime, not a violation of fundamental rights.

Lastly, there is a structural contradiction in the appellant's position: on the one hand, it denounces a “state of permanent uncertainty” and a context of “administrative delay” that would affect the continuity of services; on the other, it asks this Constitutional Chamber to paralyze the public tenders that would precisely allow defining, in a transparent and definitive manner, the future of spectrum use for the next twenty years. If its concern were truly to grant legal certainty to concessionaires and continuity to services, it would favor the advancement of the bidding process under contentious-administrative control, not its general suspension via an amparo appeal. What it actually seeks is to indefinitely postpone the opening of the market and the competitive reassignment of the spectrum, using a rhetoric of vulnerability that does not translate into the demonstration of a single fundamental right injured in a direct, current, and specific manner.

9.- ON THE CONSTITUTIONAL GRIEVANCE RELATED TO THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION The appellant's allegation regarding a supposed violation of the principle of equality and non-discrimination starts from a mistaken premise: it confuses the functional or social classification of broadcasting services (commercial, cultural, religious, community) with the public domain regime for access to and use of the radio spectrum, which is common to all operators. That the legal system, through Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, and the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758, recognizes that broadcasting is a private activity of public interest and that different typologies of stations exist (commercial, cultural, shortwave) does not mean there must be a different competitive procedure or reduced economic or technical requirements for one type versus another.

Access to the demanial property of the radio spectrum is governed by the principles of optimization, efficiency, transparency, and non-discrimination, common to all interested parties, regardless of the content of their programming.

The binding opinion No. C-110-2016 of the Procuraduría General de la República itself—which the Administration is obligated to follow—makes it clear that broadcasting, as radiocommunication, is telecommunications and that the legal regime is mixed: the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) No. 1758 subsists, but broadcasting networks are subject to the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642, in matters of planning, administration, and control of the spectrum. This means that the use of a frequency for broadcasting cannot be granted or renewed if it does not satisfy the objectives of optimization, rational, efficient, transparent, and non-discriminatory exploitation of the spectrum. There is no mandate in that criterion to design separate tenders, nor to exempt cultural or religious stations from objective requirements: the focus is on efficiency and transparency in the use of demanial property, not on the nature of the content.

From a constitutional perspective, Article 33 of the Constitución Política does not prohibit all equal treatment, but only equal treatment of those who are objectively unequal when such treatment lacks reasonable justification, or different treatment of equals without legitimate cause. In this case, regarding the act of accessing the spectrum (the administrative concession), all potential awardees are in a homogeneous situation: they are private subjects seeking to exploit a scarce public domain resource to provide an open-access, free broadcasting service, whether sound or television. The purpose of their programming (commercial, educational, cultural, or religious) does not alter the essential fact that all will use the same radio spectrum infrastructure and will be subject to the same duties of continuity, quality, and coverage towards the population. Establishing common technical and economic requirements to guarantee that continuity and quality is not covert inequality: it is a minimum requirement of equal treatment and protection of the general interest.

The differentiation contained in the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) No. 1758 and in the Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones itself, for example, regarding tax exemptions (Article 20 of the Ley de Radio) or the classification of commercial and cultural stations in Articles 97 and 98 of the Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, operates mainly after access to the spectrum: it conditions exemptions, specific content obligations, certain programming burdens, or concrete benefits. Nothing in these norms imposes that the demanial enabling title must be processed with different financial or technical rules for each category of station. The appellant's claim to derive from those provisions a right to be tendered under softer economic conditions lacks express normative support and converts the functional classification into an access privilege that the legislator has never foreseen.

Furthermore, what the legal system does demand is that the assignment procedure respects equality of opportunity among those who are in equal legal and technical conditions. The bidding terms of the Licitaciones Mayores No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV)—all of them validated by the Contraloría General de la República in Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025—establish uniform participation, evaluation, and execution requirements that apply without distinction to any offeror: there are no clauses that exclude or penalize cultural, religious, or community stations for their non-profit nature; on the contrary, mechanisms such as the possibility of participating in consortiums, the presentation of different network designs, and the weighting of technical and economic capacities under objectively verifiable criteria are provided. The Contraloría General de la República, upon considering the objections of CANARTEL, concluded precisely that it had not been demonstrated that the competitive scheme introduced unjustified barriers or differentiated treatment to the detriment of a specific type of operator.

Under the reiterated jurisprudence of the Sala Constitucional, equality requires analyzing whether the criterion of differentiation or homogenization is reasonable, pursues a legitimate purpose, and is proportional. Here, the criterion used in the bidding terms is not the profit motive or the cultural identity of the media outlet, but the capacity to effectively provide an open-access broadcasting service, with sufficient coverage and quality, during the term of a temporary concession. The legitimate objective is the optimization of the spectrum and the protection of the fundamental right of access to telecommunications, recognized in Article 24 of the Constitución Política and developed by the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642, regarding universality, continuity, and quality. The means chosen—a public tender with uniform technical and economic requirements, modulated by coverage areas and proportionate deployment obligations—is suitable for that end and is necessary compared to less demanding alternatives that do not guarantee service continuity. To claim that, for reasons of equality, these standards should be waived for a subset of operators would, in reality, imply sacrificing the general interest and the rights of users in favor of particular business interests.

The appellant maintains that imposing the same economic, financial, and technical requirements on commercial stations and cultural or religious stations would be discriminatory in practice because it impacts the latter more severely. But the fact that a subject has less financial capacity does not make an objective requirement unconstitutional, provided that such a requirement responds to a legitimate end and is applied generally. Otherwise, almost any rule of economic solvency, professional suitability, or technical capacity in public procurement could be attacked with the argument that it affects more those with fewer resources. The initial economic inequality does not oblige the State per se to renounce solvency criteria when they are justified by the nature of the service, much less to create spectrum reserves or tailor-made tenders for certain actors.

Nor is it true that the tender design is based on the grave mistake that every station is essentially for-profit. The bidding terms, as highlighted by the Contraloría General de la República, do not demand a specific rate of return nor compel offerors to prove a specific profitability according to a uniform model imposed by the Administration. What is required is that each offeror present a reasonable projection of financial feasibility that demonstrates it is capable of covering the investments associated with the network and sustaining the service during the concession period. A cultural or religious operator can meet this requirement. (…).

10.- REGARDING THE CONSTITUTIONAL GRIEVANCE RELATED TO THE PRINCIPLE OF REASONABLENESS AND PROPORTIONALITY Far from evidencing a violation of the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, the scheme designed in the Acuerdo Ejecutivo No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the Public Policy Guidelines, official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and in the bidding terms of the Licitaciones Mayores No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL constitutes, precisely, the realization of those principles applied to the use of a scarce demanial property. From the constitutional perspective, the proportionality test requires that measures be suitable, necessary, and proportional with respect to the pursued end.

Regarding suitability, the challenged technical and economic requirements are not arbitrary nor do they rest on a purely financial logic, as the appellant claims, but rather derive from prior studies prepared by SUTEL under Article 29 of the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642, and the spectrum planning objectives set forth in its Article 8. In official communications No. 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023 and No. 04180-SUTEL-DGC-2024, approved by the SUTEL Council, the coverage needs and minimum network architectures were defined, based on propagation models, orography, potential demand, and current spectrum occupancy, so that AM, FM, and open TV broadcasting services effectively fulfill their public purpose. The bidding terms simply transfer those technical conclusions into objective contracting conditions: number of transmitters, coverage areas, deployment deadlines, and the requirement of financial viability.

The test of necessity is also satisfied. The situation inherited from the old regime of the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) No. 1758 and the repealed Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones (Decreto Ejecutivo No. 31608-G) was one of practically and materially indefinite concessions, automatically extended for decades based on Article 25 of the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) No. 1758, without a tender and without competitive contrast. Precisely for this reason, the Sala Constitucional, in resolutions such as No. 02997-2006 and No. 04569-2008, emphasized that the only constitutional limit to the granting of demanial property concessions is their temporality and recognized the adequacy of the legal system when introducing the figure of the concession and the public tender. Faced with a scenario of mass expiration of titles on June 28, 2024 (by effect of Transitorio IV of the Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones No. 31608-G), the Poder Ejecutivo lacked less intense but equally effective alternatives than a broad tender process, with technical and economic rules that ensure the continuity and quality of the service.

From the perspective of proportionality in the strict sense, the appellant seeks to present the investment requirements, the minimum number of transmitters, and the deployment deadlines as excessive, without contrasting them against the benefits they bring to users and the system as a whole. The obligation to deploy networks with a certain number of transmitters and coverage responds to the purpose of avoiding shadow zones, ensuring service in rural areas, and reducing spectrum underutilization. By requiring the awardee to deploy a network capable of effectively covering the assigned area, the State is not imposing arbitrary burdens but conditioning the enjoyment of a demanial privilege (the concession for the use of frequencies) on the realization of the public interest. It is difficult to argue that it is “disproportionate” to require someone seeking to operate a national FM or open TV concession to have the minimum infrastructure necessary to serve, precisely, the population it claims to address. As stated when analyzing the arguments of economic and technical barriers, the tender design objectively distinguishes between national and regional networks, calibrates base prices according to specialized economic methodologies, and establishes progressive deployment obligations, which strengthens the judgment of suitability and necessity of the challenged measures.

The argument relating to the Internal Rate of Return (TIR) stems from a caricature of the bidding terms' own clauses. No uniform profitability threshold is imposed, nor is adopting a specific business model mandated; what is requested is that each offeror present a ten-year cash flow and demonstrate that the TIR is greater than the discount rate that they themselves justify. That is, a minimum economic viability is required, not high profitability or the mandatory conversion of all stations into highly profitable projects. A cultural or religious station can base its cash flow on donations, contributions from the faithful, or patronage; what the bidding terms require is that this income, whatever its nature, be sufficient to cover the network's investments and operating costs. Presenting this solvency control as a violation of proportionality is equivalent, in practice, to denying that the State can verify the capacity of the awardees to avoid leaving a frequency of the public domain inoperative.

It should also be remembered that the principle of proportionality does not protect business expectations of remaining indefinitely on the spectrum with any level of investment, but rather the fundamental rights of the population. Here, the bidding terms articulate the objectives of universality, continuity, and quality provided for in the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642, with concrete implementation mechanisms: minimum coverage, reasonable deployment deadlines, service obligations, and the requirement of financial capacity. The Contraloría General de la República itself, when resolving the objections of Nombre02 in Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025, reviewed these requirements in light of the Ley General de Contratación Pública, Law No. 9986, and concluded that neither excessive onerousness nor unjustified barriers to access were proven, but rather objective and reasonable criteria consistent with the nature of the concession contract and the demanial property involved.

The allegation that “differentiated mechanisms or special regimes for cultural, religious, or community stations” have not been foreseen again confuses the content plane with the demanial enabling title plane. The legal system recognizes particularities of certain stations for tax purposes (Article 20 of the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) No. 1758) or for functional classification (Articles 97 and 98 of the Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642), but has not created a parallel frequency assignment regime with lower technical or economic requirements. Claiming that proportionality obliges the invention of a different access path to the radio spectrum for certain categories of operators not only lacks legal basis but would itself be disproportionate against the right of other interested parties to compete on equal terms for the same scarce resource.

When the appellant states that “the bidding terms become instruments of exclusion that prevent, in practice, the participation of socially relevant actors,” it omits that the tender design itself incorporates tools to mitigate burdens and broaden participation possibilities: the possibility of forming consortiums or groupings, the segmentation of frequencies, the recognition of differentiated coverage zones, and the provision of deployment deadlines that, while demanding, are compatible with international practice. None of this appears refuted with data, studies, or concrete comparisons; the challenge is reduced to generic claims about a supposed material impossibility to participate.

In fact, if the proportionality test were rigorously applied, the result would be exactly the opposite of what CANARTEL proposes. A regulation that renounced requiring investment capacity, minimum networks, and economic viability to operate frequencies of national or regional scope would be clearly unsuitable to guarantee service continuity and quality; it would not be necessary, because it would sacrifice those objectives without offering an equivalent protection alternative, and it would be disproportionate in the strict sense, because it would prioritize the convenience of existing operators over the rights of all users of free-to-air sound and television broadcasting throughout the national territory. In other words, what would be incompatible with the principles of reasonableness and proportionality is not the design adopted in the bidding terms, but the model that the appellant implicitly proposes: maintaining the status quo at all costs, without modernization requirements or demonstration of capacity.

It should also be noted that the legal system itself has incorporated specific measures to avoid any abrupt break in service continuity while the tender is being processed, which reinforces the overall proportionality judgment of the scheme. The Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, through ruling No. 378-2025-I, decreed a general interim measure that maintains the validity of the current enabling titles until the tender is definitively decided or a final judgment is issued in the process that gave rise to the measure, making it clear that this measure does not suspend the preparation or processing of the tender. At the same time, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 45195-MICITT extended the validity of the concessions during the electoral period, guaranteeing that, while the selection processes are carried out, the inhabitants continue to receive broadcasting services under the existing terms. It is difficult to speak of disproportion when the normative design itself has cushioned the impacts of the transition and prioritized service continuity.

Thus, the constitutional grievance raised by Nombre02 ignores that proportionality must be analyzed based on the complete system and not on the convenience of a group of concession holders. Considered as a whole (SUTEL's technical studies, the legal mandate for a tender, the mixed regime defined by the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) No. 1758 and the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642, prior review by the Contraloría General de la República, interim measures adopted by the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, and normative extensions of validity), the bidding terms' requirements appear as a coherent, reasonable, and proportional effort to order the use of the spectrum and guarantee the population a modern, stable, and pluralistic open broadcasting service. What the appellant presents as instruments of exclusion are, in reality, instruments for the protection of the public interest that, far from violating the Constitución Política or the constitutional block, respond to the demands that it itself imposes for the administration of public goods.

11.- REGARDING THE CONSTITUTIONAL GRIEVANCE RELATED TO THE PRINCIPLE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND INFORMATIONAL PLURALISM The indication that the Acuerdo Ejecutivo No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the Public Policy Guidelines, official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and the bidding terms of the Licitaciones Mayores No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL constitute an indirect restriction on freedom of expression and informational pluralism does not withstand comparison with the applicable normative framework nor with the objective documents of SUTEL and the Contraloría General de la República itself. What is regulated here is the access to and use of a scarce demanial property, not the content of the messages or the ideological, religious, or cultural orientation of the concession holders. This difference, which is central to Article 13 of the Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, also pervades Articles 28 and 29 of the Constitución Política: the State cannot censor ideas or opinions, but it is authorized and obligated to establish objective rules for administering the spectrum and assigning concessions under criteria of efficiency, transparency, and non-discrimination.

The sectoral legal regime itself recognizes that free-access sound and television broadcasting is a private activity of public interest, which is provided through telecommunications networks and is subject to the mixed regime defined by the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) No. 1758 and the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642. Article 29 of the latter provides that the granting of concessions and the provision of broadcasting services are governed by the indicated Ley de Radio, but at the same time subjects the networks that support broadcasting to Law No. 8642 “in the provisions regarding planning, administration, and control of the radio spectrum (…) and to the sectoral competition regime.” The binding opinion, already repeatedly cited, No. C-110-2016 of the Procuraduría General de la República, is categorical in reaffirming that broadcasting is a type of telecommunications and that, therefore, broadcasting concessions must satisfy the objectives of optimizing the radio spectrum and ensuring its rational, efficient, transparent, and non-discriminatory exploitation. It is precisely this mandate that is materialized through the public tender.

In turn, the legal system has deliberately separated the regulation of the spectrum, networks, and telecommunications services from any valuation of the contents transmitted through those means. Issues relating to program classification, schedules suitable for minors, content warnings, or entertainment ratings are channeled through specific regulations, such as the Ley de Espectáculos Públicos No. 7440 and its regulatory provisions, as well as through the subsequent liability of operators, not through broadcasting enabling titles or spectrum assignment procedures. This reinforces that the MICITT and SUTEL administer access to and use of a scarce demanial property with objective criteria of efficiency, coverage, and non-discrimination, but do not select, authorize, or control the ideas, opinions, or beliefs that the concession holders decide to disseminate.

In this context, the bidding terms of the Licitaciones Mayores No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (open TV) prepared by SUTEL are limited to establishing admissibility requirements, technical and economic solvency, coverage, and network deployment applicable to all interested parties. They do not contain clauses that condition access to the spectrum on adherence to a specific editorial, religious, or cultural line, nor do they allow the Administration to assess the content or informational agendas of potential offerors. From the perspective of Article 13.3 of the Convención Americana, it is not enough to generically invoke “economic, social, and technical barriers” to configure an indirect restriction: it is necessary to demonstrate that the design of the tender procedure has the object or real effect of limiting the circulation of ideas or opinions; this causal link is simply not proven. On the contrary, the tender design concretizes inter-American and constitutional standards that require the assignment of frequencies to be done through objective, transparent, public, and non-discriminatory procedures, which open the spectrum to the participation of multiple actors and prevent concentration. The Sala Constitucional, in Resolution No. 2017-011715, emphasized that Article 29 of the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642, confirms that the concession is the enabling title to exploit the radio spectrum and that the public tender prepared and instructed by SUTEL is the means that ensures a fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory assignment of that resource. That is, constitutional jurisprudence itself recognizes that the paradigm of informational pluralism and equal treatment in access to the spectrum is not guaranteed by perpetuating indefinite automatic extensions, but by opening competition through tenders with clear and general rules (an integrated application of Articles 46, 121 subsection 14 sub-item c, and 182 of the Constitución Política).

The assertion that the designed scheme “exclusively privileges those who can withstand large-scale financial requirements” also disregards the concrete assessment that the Contraloría General de la República made of these same bidding terms when resolving the objections raised by CANARTEL. In Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025 (FM), No. R-DCP-00077-2025 (AM), and No. R-DCP-00078-2025 (TV), issued in the context of prior legality review under the Ley General de Contratación Pública, Law No. 9986, the Contraloría examined, among other aspects, the arguments regarding alleged economic barriers and their impact on freedom of expression and pluralism. It concluded that these arguments were generic and lacked technical support, as they did not identify specific clauses that produced the alleged impact, did not quantify the economic impact, did not provide market or audience studies, and did not formulate concrete adjustment proposals. On that basis, it rejected the objections for lack of substantiation and kept the bidding terms intact in everything related to the alleged restriction of pluralism and freedom of expression.

It is particularly relevant that, in these resolutions, the Contraloría General de la República did not find that the base prices, the auction design, the minimum network requirements, or the financial solvency requirements constitute unjustified barriers to entry or instruments to exclude cultural, religious, or community radio stations. On the contrary, it validated that the economic and technical design of the bidding terms responded to SUTEL's prior studies and to the objectives of efficiency, transparency, and free competition inherent to administrative contracting and the demanial regime, without evidencing an absolute market closure effect. It is significant that the appellant itself litigated these points before the body constitutionally competent to review the bidding terms, the Contraloría General de la República, and failed to prove either illegitimate barriers or a concrete impact on freedom of expression.

It is also unsustainable to affirm that the model drastically reduces the offer of open radio and television when the very normative framework has been designed precisely to avoid service discontinuities during the transition to the new scheme. First, the Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 34765-MINAET, and the former Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 31608-G, defined a fixed term for broadcasting concessions (twenty years for open sound or television broadcasting services), which prevents the de facto perpetuity of the titles and opens the space for periodic tenders. Second, the Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, through ruling No. 378-2025-I, decreed an interim measure of general scope that maintains the validity of the current concessions while the tender is definitively decided or a final judgment is issued, expressly clarifying that such a measure does not suspend the preparation or processing of the tenders. Third, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 45195-MICITT additionally extended the validity of the titles during the 2025-2026 electoral period. This set of normative and jurisdictional decisions disproves any scenario of an abrupt “blackout” of open broadcasting as an effect of the tender.

Nor can it be presumed that the only way to guarantee the collective dimension of freedom of expression and the right of the population to receive information is to keep the current map of concession holders intact. The right to freedom of expression and access to information protects the citizenry, not specific companies nor their indefinite permanence on the spectrum. Nothing in the Constitución Política or in Article 13 of the Convención Americana sobre los Derechos Humanos guarantees a subjective right of certain business groups to retain their frequencies (as if it were a real right over a good in commerce) beyond the concession period without submitting to a tender. On the contrary, the State's duty is to organize a frequency assignment system that minimizes concentration, ensures competition, and allows the entry of new voices, including potential community, cultural, or religious stations that today do not have access to the spectrum. To affirm that opening the tender and requiring technical and financial capacity to operate the networks threatens “the plurality of voices” is, in reality, to defend the status quo of the current concession holders against possible new entrants.

The idea of “indirect restriction” in Article 13.3 of the Convención Americana refers to cases in which the State abusively uses controls on paper, equipment, or frequencies to silence or marginalize uncomfortable or critical voices, for example, denying licenses to opposition media while granting them discretionally to allied media, or designing apparently neutral rules that only certain groups can meet. Nothing similar occurs here: the bidding terms do not introduce ideological criteria, do not establish editorial quotas, do not require membership in certain organizations, nor differentiate treatment based on the type of content. The requirements refer exclusively to technical capacity, coverage, solvency, and compliance with service obligations, in line with the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642, and with the technical opinions of SUTEL.

In fact, the guidelines issued by this Rectoría in official letter No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 emphasize objectives opposite to those alleged by the appellant: preventing the concentration of spectrum, ensuring broad territorial coverage, avoiding barriers to entry, promoting effective competition, and protecting environmental sustainability.

In the same direction, the National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022-2027 “Costa Rica: Towards Inclusive Digital Disruption,” to which both Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT and official letter No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 refer, includes specific goals aimed at guaranteeing the presence of television broadcasting services for the purpose of addressing local and national needs (Goal 9) and at optimizing the use of spectrum to foster inclusion and competitiveness. The competitive bidding design does not deviate from those objectives but rather operationalizes them by defining coverage obligations, quality requirements, and parameters for the optimal use of spectrum. Presenting this planning effort as an attempt to privilege those who bear large-scale financial demands is to ignore the public domain nature (carácter demanial) of the radioelectric spectrum and the mandate to maximize its social return, not the individual profitability of each operator.

It must also be remembered that the Contraloría General de la República, in its resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025, reviewed the alleged impact on freedom of expression in light of the General Public Procurement Law, Law No. 9986, and concluded that no basis in that regard was substantiated. It noted that the appellants did not identify specific clauses that produced the supposed reduction of pluralism, did not provide evidence of a necessary or forced reduction in the offering of cultural or religious content, nor did they demonstrate that the pricing and auction scheme de facto closed the market. On the contrary, it found that the bidding documents maintained openness to free concurrence and that the economic and technical conditions were justified by the technical opinions of SUTEL and by the sectoral objectives of the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642. This technical-legal judgment, issued by the body constitutionally charged with guaranteeing legality, transparency, and equality in public procurement, disavows the attempt to now relabel the same conditions as violations of Article 13 of the American Convention.

Thus, the challenged measures are content-neutral, general, reasonable, and supported by formal laws and technical opinions from SUTEL, as well as by the prior review of the Contraloría General de la República. They do not suppress voices or prohibit messages; they reorganize, through public bid, access to a scarce public domain good according to criteria that the Constitution itself and the conventionality control bloc demand: objectivity, transparency, non-discrimination, prevention of concentration, and orientation towards the general interest. The true debate that the appellant raises is not about freedom of expression, but about regulatory convenience and the preservation of specific proprietary interests in the face of a new frequency allocation model. That debate belongs to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction and ordinary legality review; forcing it through the amparo route as if it were an indirect restriction on freedom of expression distorts the scope of Article 13 of the American Convention and Articles 28 and 29 of the Political Constitution, and seeks to turn the constitutional judge into an arbiter of sectoral policy, something that the Constitutional Chamber itself has repeatedly rejected.

12.- REGARDING THE CONSTITUTIONAL GRIEVANCE RELATED TO CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE The appellant's thesis that the competitive bidding model violates cultural diversity and intangible cultural heritage, in light of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (approved by Law No. 8560), is based on a mistaken premise: it confuses the technical-legal medium (the concession over the radioelectric spectrum) with the object protected by said Convention (the practices, expressions, knowledge, and manifestations of communities). The act of subjecting broadcasting frequencies to a public bid, under general and objective criteria, does not imply either the suppression of those cultural manifestations or their prohibition, much less the impossibility of them continuing to be broadcast via free-to-air sound and television broadcasting.

The Convention approved by Law No. 8560 obliges the Costa Rican State to identify, safeguard, and promote intangible cultural heritage, as well as to facilitate the participation of communities in cultural life. But the international instrument does not freeze a historical map of private actors nor impose on the State the duty to ensure indefinite tenure of broadcasting frequencies for certain private concessionaires. Its focus is on the manifestations (oral traditions, social uses, rituals, traditional knowledge, etc.) and on the bearer communities, not on the perpetuation of specific enabling titles or on the exemption of those companies from the public domain regime applicable to the radioelectric spectrum.

Seen from domestic law, the sectoral framework confirms this reading. Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, defines free-to-air sound and television broadcasting as a private activity of public interest, the granting of whose concessions continues to be governed by the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758, but subjecting the networks that support broadcasting services to Law No. 8642 regarding spectrum planning, administration, and control, and the competition regime. That is, the Costa Rican legal system recognizes the cultural and social relevance of broadcasting, but at the same time keeps intact its nature as the use of a scarce public domain good that must be allocated under parameters of efficiency, transparency, and non-discrimination.

In this vein, Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT and official letter No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 do not ignore the duty to safeguard cultural diversity, but rather articulate it within the sectoral spectrum policy. The National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022-2027 “Costa Rica: Towards Inclusive Digital Disruption,” to which those instruments expressly refer, includes specific goals linked to broadcasting, among them the reservation of 24 MHz for television broadcasting services “for the purpose of addressing local and national needs.” That reservation, which is incorporated into the guidelines as a parameter to consider, is precisely a public policy tool to guarantee spaces in the spectrum oriented towards content of general, cultural, and educational interest, for the benefit of diversity and not to its detriment.

The appellant's criticism that the “challenged competitive bidding model completely ignores this dimension” overlooks, moreover, that the guidelines of official letter No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 require, among other objectives, avoiding concentration of spectrum, guaranteeing continuity of service throughout the territory, preventing barriers to entry, and promoting effective competition. These requirements are not neutral from a cultural perspective because a less concentrated spectrum, with greater rural coverage and clear and open access procedures, expands the potential universe of offerors who can disseminate religious, cultural, community, or educational content, instead of limiting broadcasting to those who currently hold frequencies and aspire to de facto indefinite automatic extensions.

Nor is it correct to affirm that subjecting cultural or religious stations to the same general bid criteria as the rest of the participants is equivalent, in itself, to violating the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. International human rights law does not recognize an acquired right of private operators to remain outside of competition by the mere fact of broadcasting cultural or religious programming. What it requires is that the State not adopt measures that, in practice, unjustifiably impede or hinder the transmission of those manifestations and that it adopt positive policies to promote them. Nothing in the bidding documents for Major Bids No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL prohibits or limits the broadcasting of religious, cultural, or community content, nor conditions access to the spectrum on the renunciation of that type of programming.

Furthermore, the bidding documents approved by SUTEL and examined by the Contraloría General de la República in Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025, focus on aspects pertaining to the technical and economic aptitude to operate broadcasting networks: coverage, number of transmitters, quality of service, basic financial solvency, and compliance with administrative contract obligations. The Contraloría General de la República expressly analyzed the objections of [Name02] regarding supposed negative effects on informational pluralism and cultural content, concluding that these were generic allegations, without identification of concrete clauses or studies or data demonstrating a real impact on the diversity of content or on freedom of expression. On that basis, it rejected the objections and upheld the bidding documents, without finding contradiction with the principles of free concurrence and transparency that also protect media diversity.

The very logic of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, approved by Law No. 8560, confirms that the focus of protection is on the communities and their practices, not on the specific dissemination channels or specific business structures. The manifestations of intangible cultural heritage such as religious festivals, oral traditions, traditional music, performing arts, culinary knowledge, etc., are transmitted through multiple media: physical presence, formal and informal education, public spaces, digital media, social networks, and, of course, free-to-air radio and television. The alteration of the spectrum access regime does not extinguish those practices nor prevent per se their continued dissemination; in any case, it opens the possibility for more actors, including new community or cultural projects that currently do not have a frequency, to compete for enabling titles.

To the extent that the bidding documents do not discriminate among offerors based on the type of content they project nor prohibit cultural, religious, or community programming, the potential risk alleged by the appellant is merely hypothetical: it assumes, without proof, that no cultural or religious actor will be able to meet the general technical and economic requirements, that all current cultural concessionaires will lose their titles, and that no new actor of that nature will enter the market. This chain of assumptions is neither proven nor can be presumed; rather, it contrasts with the mandate of Article 8 of the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, to plan the spectrum based on its optimization and the general interest, and with the goals of the PNDT aimed at guaranteeing the presence of broadcasting services throughout the territory.

Nor can the State's duty to protect cultural diversity be transformed into an obligation to keep the market positions of current concessionaires untouchable and indefinite. The protection of cultural diversity is better satisfied through a rationally managed spectrum, with open access rules, with mechanisms against concentration, and with space for public service projects, than through a scheme of automatic extensions without competitive bidding that crystallizes the current map of operators. Understanding the Convention of Law No. 8560 as a corporate shield against the application of the public domain regime would be equivalent to denaturing it and shifting the focus from communities toward the proprietary interests of specific groups.

For this reason, the competitive bidding model designed by the Executive Branch and executed by SUTEL does not ignore cultural diversity or intangible cultural heritage; what it does is correctly separate the planes: on one hand, the access regime for a scarce public domain good, which is governed by the Political Constitution, the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758, the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, and the General Public Procurement Law, Law No. 9986; on the other, the specific cultural policies that the State must deploy, within and outside the telecommunications sector, to safeguard the cultural manifestations of communities, in accordance with Law No. 8560. Attempting to translate the Convention into a right of certain concessionaires to withdraw from the general rules of competitive bidding and efficient use of the spectrum finds no support either in the text of the Convention or in the constitutionality bloc; it is, rather, an instrumental reading in the service of specific economic interests, not of the genuine protection of cultural diversity.

13.- REGARDING THE CONSTITUTIONAL GRIEVANCE RELATED TO CONTINUITY OF SERVICE AND THE RIGHT OF ACCESS TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS The grievance formulated by the appellant seeks to present the competitive broadcasting regime as a direct threat to the continuity of service and the right of access to telecommunications, but it starts from a mistaken premise: it confuses the continuity of the public broadcasting service with the indefinite perpetuation of the same concessionaires (mixing the issue of extension requests with a supposed threat of stations going off the air because they cannot compete in the auction scheme). The second paragraph of Article 24 of the Political Constitution recognizes the fundamental right of individuals to access telecommunications and information and communication technologies, but in no way does it enshrine an “acquired right” of current operators to retain the use of a public domain good such as the radioelectric spectrum. The holder of the right is the citizenry; the concessionaires are legal instruments to satisfy that right under conditions of temporality, competition, and efficiency.

From a legal-sectoral point of view, the continuity of the broadcasting service is not equivalent to the indefinite permanence of a specific concessionaire, but to the obligation that the service be provided in a stable manner and without unjustified interruptions to the users. This is evidenced, on one hand, by the general duties of concessionaires set forth in Articles 7 and 11 of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758; and, on the other, by the obligations of minimum transmission time and signal quality provided for in Articles 99 and 100 of the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law, Executive Decree No. 34765-MINAET). This regulation is aimed at ensuring that continuous service exists in the authorized coverage areas, regardless of which operator, after public bidding, is the holder of the concession.

The General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, develops this mandate by establishing as objectives, among others, guaranteeing the right of inhabitants to obtain telecommunications services, ensuring the universality, continuity, quality, and coverage of services, and promoting the efficient use of the radioelectric spectrum (Articles 2, 3, and 8). In this framework, the transition from a scheme of practically indefinitely renewable licenses to the model of concessions for a limited time and allocation through public bid (Articles 11 and 12 of Law No. 8642, in accordance with Article 121 subsection 14) subparagraph c) of the Political Constitution), does not violate the continuity of service; on the contrary, it is the mechanism that the constitutional and legal order requires to ensure that this service is provided in a stable, efficient, and non-discriminatory manner over time.

Neither is it true that there currently exists a void or permanent uncertainty regarding the continuity of services. Precisely to avoid any risk of interruption in the transition to public bidding, the Executive Branch has issued a set of transitional rules (among them Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT, which replaces and updates the exceptional extension regime linked to the expiration of June 28, 2024) aimed at keeping the current concessions in force for strictly limited periods while the competitive bidding procedures are processed and the new titles are formalized. That is, far from abandoning radio listeners and television viewers to a potential blackout, the Executive Branch has modulated the transition precisely to guarantee that the continuity of service does not depend on the procedural outcome of the extension procedures, but on a clear and general public policy.

In the same vein, constitutional jurisprudence has been consistent in affirming that the radioelectric spectrum can only be exploited directly by the Administration or by individuals through a concession for a limited time, subject to the conditions established by the legal system. The Constitutional Chamber reiterated this in resolutions No. 02997-2006 and No. 04569-2008, when validating the temporality of radio communication concessions and the requirement for public bidding as a means of selecting the concessionaire. Under that logic, what would be contrary to Article 24 of the Constitution and to Article 121 subsection 14) subparagraph c) itself would be to perpetuate without limit old titles, granted under previous, non-current rules (such as the Radiocommunications Regulation), without reviewing whether they still satisfy the coverage, quality, and efficiency objectives that today govern the sector.

The allegation of “administrative delay” in the resolution of the extensions, moreover, is markedly selective. It is true that the requests were submitted since the end of 2022; but what is relevant from the perspective of the amparo is not an eventual abstract delay (because it does not indicate what the concrete delays are, nor does it provide evidence, from any of its members), but whether that delay resulted in an actual and concrete injury to the fundamental right of access to telecommunications or to the continuity of service. This has not occurred because throughout that period the concessionaires have continued to operate, first under the existing titles and, subsequently, under the exceptional extensions and transitional regimes dictated by the Executive Branch itself and, after the business day following the declaration of new authorities of the Executive Branch and Legislative Branch made by the Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones in the 2025-2026 electoral process, under the general scope precautionary measure issued by the Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo, ruling No. 378-2025-I of 2:40 p.m. on September 24, 2025.

Moreover, the supposed delay has been replaced by administrative acts that follow an administrative procedure based on the principle of legality (Executive Agreements denying extensions issued by the Executive Branch) which are being duly heard in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction along with Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, in accordance with the design of the Rule of Law. Attempting to relabel that debate, which is one of legality and administrative appropriateness, as a violation of the right of access to telecommunications denatures the amparo and turns it into a parallel route to suspend or review decisions that have an adequate ordinary route. Article 41 of the Political Constitution guarantees prompt and complete justice, not the intangibility of the concessionaires' economic expectations regarding the manner of renewing their titles, and, in any case, the review of administrative decisions under the law is heard in the specialized jurisdiction provided for in Article 49 of the Political Constitution.

The other pillar of the grievance, the supposed real threat that numerous stations go off the air because they cannot compete in the auction, lacks factual and legal basis. The bidding documents for Major Bid No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM broadcasting), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM broadcasting), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (television broadcasting), prepared by SUTEL in accordance with the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, and the General Public Procurement Law, Law No. 9986, contain no provision whatsoever that prevents the participation of current operators, much less order the early interruption of service. They are limited to defining general technical and economic requirements, applicable to any interested party, current or new, that wishes to exploit frequencies of a public domain good of the highest relevance. The eventual non-awarding to a specific operator, or its decision not to participate in the bid, is a contingency inherent to any public bidding process, not a violation of the fundamental right of access to telecommunications throughout the national territory held by all inhabitants of the country.

The very Dirección de Contratación Pública of the Ministerio de Hacienda, in Resolution No. MH-DCoP-RES-0009-2025, when authorizing the processing of these bids outside the Unified Digital System, starts from the premise that these are procedures designed precisely to guarantee the public interest, transparency, equal treatment of participants, and the efficient use of the radioelectric spectrum, in accordance with Articles 4 of the General Law of Public Administration, Law No. 6227, 16 of the General Public Procurement Law, Law No. 9986, and 7, 10, 11, 12, and 29 of the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642. It is difficult to sustain, then, that a reinforced scheme of competition, transparency, and public control is equivalent, per se, to a threat of service interruption.

It must also be emphasized that the continuity of the broadcast service is measured in terms of availability for users, not the identity of the concessionaire. Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, defines free-to-air sound and television broadcasting as a private activity of public interest, precisely to make clear that the protected purpose is the population's access to informational, cultural, and recreational content, and that the Administration can and must organize its provision based on that general interest. If, after a public bid, a frequency passes from an operator that does not ensure certain coverages or qualities to one that does guarantee them, the continuity of the service and the right of access are not harmed, but strengthened.

From the perspective of Article 24 of the Constitution, the opposite solution—such as indefinite automatic extensions, without review of technical conditions, coverage, or solvency—would indeed be problematic. It would maintain unchanged allocation structures inherited from the last century, associated with a repealed “Reglamento de Estaciones Inalámbricas” and a repealed “Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones,” and with a constitutional conception of the spectrum (such as the isolated interpretation of Article 25 of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758), and would make it difficult for the State to fulfill its duties of universality, quality, technological innovation, and reduction of territorial gaps. The orderly transition to public bidding, with transitional rules that ensure uninterrupted provision during the process, is the path that the Political Constitution and Law No. 8642 indicate to reconcile the rights of users, the legal certainty of operators, and the public domain nature of the spectrum (Article 121 subsection 14) subparagraph c) of the Political Constitution).

Regarding the argument that the “uncertainty” about the outcome of the bid affects investments and employment in the Sector, it must be remembered that every administrative concession, and particularly those relating to the radioelectric spectrum, is, by definition, temporary and revocable for reasons of public interest. Operators have known since 2004, starting with the Radiocommunications Regulation, Executive Decree No. 31608-G, and later the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, that the model of renewable licenses is replaced by concessions subject to public bidding and defined time limits to respect the constitutional mandate of temporality in the use and exploitation of the public domain good. The regulatory risk associated with that transition is not a surprising breakdown of rules, but the realization of a normative itinerary announced two decades ago.

Thus, the picture presented by the appellant (delay in extensions, “exclusionary” bid, threat of blackout, and violation of Article 24 of the Constitution) rests on hypothetical projections, not on actual and certain harm to the continuity of services or to the right of access of the population. As long as the radio stations and television channels continue to operate under the current transitional regimes, and as long as the bids are processed under the legality review of the Contraloría General de la República and the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, there is no interruption of service or effective restriction on the citizenry's access to the broadcasting medium. What exists is the opposition of a business sector to a regulatory redesign that, precisely, seeks to reinforce the principles of temporality, competition, transparency, and efficiency that the Political Constitution and the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, require for the management of the radioelectric spectrum. That may be a matter of political debate or meticulous review of ordinary legality at the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, but it does not constitute, in itself, a violation of the fundamental right of access to telecommunications or of the continuity of the broadcast service.

14.- CONSIDERATIONS ON THE PETITIONS OF THE AMPARO APPEAL The very structure of the petition demonstrates that the appeal is not limited to denouncing a supposed concrete injury to fundamental rights, but rather seeks that the Constitutional Chamber assume the role of judge of ordinary legality and of a sectoral public policy design body. Indeed, it requests that Major Bids No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL be kept suspended; to order a general five-year extension of all concessions currently in operation; to declare the unconstitutionality of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, of official letter No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and of the bidding documents for said bids, and to completely redesign the competitive bidding model for broadcasting. All of this exceeds the proper function of the amparo and contradicts the distribution of competencies established by Articles 10 and 49 of the Political Constitution, as well as the reiterated jurisprudence of this Constitutional Chamber according to which the legality review of administrative action corresponds primarily to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction.

Regarding the request to “keep the processing and eventual awarding” of Bids No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL suspended, it must be remembered that the Contraloría General de la República, in its resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025, already heard and rejected the objections formulated by [Name02] against the bidding conditions, concluding that they comply with the General Public Procurement Law, Law No. 9986, and that they do not introduce illegitimate barriers or violate freedom of expression or pluralism.

The Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, in case file No. 25-007887-1027-CA initiated by CANARTEL itself, rejected the provisionalísima precautionary measure that sought to suspend the effects of the Executive Agreements denying extensions and instructing the public bid, after verifying that the requirements for its granting were not met, and granted a hearing to the State. Likewise, a general scope precautionary measure already exists in case file No. 25-001640-1027-CA (ruling No. 378-2025-I), which maintains the validity of the enabling titles while the bid is developed, without suspending its processing. Forcing, through the amparo route, a general suspension of the bidding procedures would imply disregarding those decisions of the ordinary jurisdiction and of the Contraloría General de la República, and converting this Constitutional Chamber into a reviewing instance of criteria of legality and administrative appropriateness.

Nor is the periculum in mora that would justify such an intense constitutional precautionary measure substantiated.

The continuity of the public sound and television broadcasting service has been normatively assured through provisions such as Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT, which extends the validity of concessions during the electoral period under conditions of stability for users, and through the general-scope interim measure already indicated by the Contentious-Administrative Court of Appeals. The population continues to have access to free-to-air radio and television; there is no current risk of a blackout or massive suppression of stations that would enable this Chamber to paralyze competitive bidding processes designed precisely to guarantee, in the medium and long term, the universality, continuity, quality, and coverage of the services, in accordance with Articles 2, 3, and 8 of the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642.

The claim that this Chamber order "the uninterrupted operation of all currently valid and effectively exploited radio and television concessions for a period of five (5) years," in the terms requested by the appellant, is directly incompatible with the public domain nature of the radio spectrum and with the constitutional regime of concessions. Article 121, subsection 14), sub-subsection c) of the Political Constitution requires that the exploitation of the Nation's public domain assets, including the radio spectrum, be granted for a limited time; the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758 and the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, have been interpreted by the Constitutional Chamber to mean that the automatic extension provided for in Article 25 of the former cannot give rise to de facto perpetual concessions. The case law (rulings No. 02997-2006 and No. 04569-2008, among others) has precisely validated the transition toward a model of temporary concessions, awarded by competitive bidding, as a requirement of the constitutional mandate. To now impose, via amparo, a general five-year extension, disregarding the Executive Agreements already issued, the expired concessions, and the competitive bidding processes convened, would mean ignoring that doctrine and substituting the legislature and the Executive Branch in the design, planning, administration, and control over the constitutional public domain asset.

The petitioner's reference to a "technical recommendation from the Superintendency of Telecommunications (SUTEL)" also cannot justify an order for a general extension. SUTEL's technical recommendations must be analyzed in light of Law No. 8660, which allows the Executive Branch to depart from such criteria for public interest reasons, and, in any case, this is done under the protection of all the public interest grounds that support the constitutional framework authorizing the instruction of the competitive bidding process through Executive Agreement No. Telf02. To assert the contrary would be equivalent to transferring to the technical authority a power to configure the public domain regime that the constitutional framers have unequivocally reserved to the Legislative Assembly and the Executive Branch, within their respective competencies.

Regarding the request that this Chamber declare, "in a final judgment," that Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, official letter No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and the bidding documents for tender processes No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL violate various fundamental rights, it must be reiterated that the amparo remedy is not the appropriate channel to reopen a debate on legality and public policy already aired in multiple ordinary venues. The Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic has confirmed the validity of the bidding documents against objections substantially identical to those now raised; the Contentious-Administrative Court is hearing nullity actions against Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT itself and against the Agreements denying extensions; and the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, in ruling No. 2267-E8-2025, has already delimited the electoral risk associated with the new model, allowing the competitive bidding processes to continue under certain conditions. Transforming the amparo into an alternate channel to review, as a whole, that normative and administrative architecture would empty the distribution of competencies between the constitutional judge and the contentious-administrative judge emanating from Articles 10 and 49 of the Political Constitution. Furthermore, the alleged violations invoked do not objectively arise from the text of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, nor from official letter No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, nor from the bidding documents. As has been stated, these instruments incorporate criteria of economic efficiency, yes, but also express guidelines for service continuity, territorial coverage, prevention of spectrum concentration, absence of unjustified entry barriers, transparency, and user protection, in harmony with the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, and with the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758. The Office of the Comptroller General has described the allegations of harm to freedom of expression and media pluralism as "generic" and lacking in evidence, as they fail to identify specific clauses or provide studies or data demonstrating a real risk, beyond mere hypotheses.

The request that this Constitutional Chamber order the redesign of the competitive bidding procedure to respect "the differentiation between commercial, cultural, religious, educational, and community stations," "incorporate mechanisms for the effective protection of cultural diversity and intangible cultural heritage," and "guarantee the real participation of small and medium-sized national enterprises" goes even one step further: it turns the constitutional judge into a co-designer of sectoral broadcasting policy. It corresponds to the legislature, through laws such as the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758, the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, and the General Public Procurement Law, Law No. 9986, and to the Executive Branch, through regulations and executive agreements, to define the spectrum allocation model and, where appropriate, introduce special regimes or affirmative action measures. The Constitutional Chamber can expel from the legal system norms incompatible with the Political Constitution or interpret them in conformity with it, but it cannot design a system of quotas, reservations, or differentiated treatments that the legislature has not established, nor substitute SUTEL and the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic in their technical assessments.

The request that the Executive Branch and SUTEL be ordered to "resolve, promptly, with reasoned justification, and with respect for due process, all concession extension requests submitted since December 2022, ensuring service continuity" ignores that many of these requests have already been the subject of express pronouncements, through Executive Agreements that deny the extension and are currently subject to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. This part of the petition also does not identify a current injury to service continuity, which has been protected, as indicated, by general transitional norms, but merely expresses the appellant's disagreement with the change of model: from successive extensions, based on Article 25 of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758, to a public competitive bidding regime subject to the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642.

In summary, the petitions formulated seek for the Chamber to keep indefinitely suspended competitive bidding processes declared valid by the comptroller body; impose a general five-year extension in favor of all concessionaires, without distinction; revoke, through amparo, a normative and technical architecture built over years in the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758, the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, their regulations, and the opinions of SUTEL; and redesign the competitive bidding model with sectoral public policy criteria that exceed the scope of constitutional review. In reality, the appellant attempts to take advantage of a context of varied litigation in the contentious-administrative and constitutional venues to reopen, before this Chamber, issues that have not succeeded due to their lack of arguments and evidentiary foundations, neither before the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic nor before the ordinary courts, and that belong to the field of legality review and ordinary normative configuration, not to the core of amparo. For these reasons, none of the petitions can be granted.

IV.- ON THE LEGAL BASIS OF THE DECISIONS ADOPTED BY THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH RELATED TO THE GUARANTEE OF THE EXERCISE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS THROUGH FREE-TO-AIR SOUND AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING AS A PRIVATE ACTIVITY OF PUBLIC INTEREST.

A.- ON THE NATURE OF THE RADIO SPECTRUM AS A PUBLIC DOMAIN ASSET The radio spectrum is a constitutional public domain asset, according to the provisions of Article 121, subsection 14), sub-subsection c) of the Political Constitution, and numeral 78 of Law No. 8642, General Telecommunications Law, and Article 79 of Executive Decree No. 44010-MICITT, National Frequency Allocation Plan (PNAF) and its amendments. Therefore, it cannot leave the domain of the State, and its planning, administration, and control are governed by the provisions of the Political Constitution, International Treaties, the laws and regulations issued for that purpose, as well as the provisions of the National Telecommunications Development Plan (PNDT), as stipulated in Article 10 of Law No. 8642.

Consequently, the radio spectrum may only be exploited by the Public Administration or by private parties, in accordance with the law or through a special concession granted for a limited time and subject to the conditions and stipulations established by the legislature, as instituted by sub-subsection c) of subsection 14) of Article 121 of the Political Constitution.

As a natural resource, it possesses the characteristics of public domain assets, meaning those that, by their vocation for general or collective service or by decision of the Legislative Assembly, by a vote of at least two-thirds of its members, are allocated for public use, and are therefore inalienable, imprescriptible, and outside commerce. Regarding these, this honorable Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, through its Vote No. 02408 of 4:13 p.m. on February 21, 2007, has indicated:

"(…) are those that have a nature and legal regime different from private assets – which are governed by the right of property under the terms of Article 45 of the Political Constitution – insofar as, by the express will of the legislature, they are allocated for a special purpose of serving the community, i.e., the public interest, and for that reason, they cannot be the object of private property, so that they are outside commerce, and therefore, cannot belong individually to private parties, nor to the State, in a strict sense, since the State is limited to their administration and custody. (…)" In this way, because the public interest is involved, the provisions of Article 261 of the Civil Code apply, which reads:

"Article 261.

Public things are those which, by law, are permanently destined for any service of general utility, and those which everyone can take advantage of because they are given over to public use (…)".

By virtue of the foregoing, it is evident that public assets, and with them the radio spectrum, have a different destiny, being allocated for common use, as indicated by this honorable Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, through Judgment No. 2301-91 dated November 6, 1991, stating that: (…)." Due to the foregoing, concessions for the use and exploitation of the radio spectrum only confer upon their holder the right to exploit or make use of it under the terms and conditions stipulated in the respective enabling title, without generating any right of ownership over it. This leads to the point that the individual or legal entity concessionaire acquires neither the property nor a vested right over the asset; quite the contrary, the concession only confers upon its holder the possibility of using and exploiting the asset, within a determined period, and under the conditions delimited in the enabling title and in the current legal system (including the National Frequency Allocation Plan - by its acronym PNAF - as a technical norm that allocates the frequency bands of the radio spectrum according to their use, taking into consideration the recommendations of the International Telecommunication Union and the Radio Regulations of that Organization). Maintaining, by its nature and vocation, the public service or general interest to which they are constitutionally allocated.

The foregoing, because it is a scarce and strategic public domain asset, key for the insertion of countries into new technologies and innovative services, whereby the decision of its allocation must be subject to a series of rigors, not only at the procedural level (to ensure its transparency and legality), but also to attend to the needs and public interest of the State, which implies that it must be congruent with the short, medium, and long-term vision of the Telecommunications Rector, and with the country's public policy objectives (public purposes).

Thus, it is clear that telecommunications are regulated from a constitutional, supra-legal, and legal hierarchy, further guided by guiding principles and sectoral legal objectives, the application of which is mandatory for all concessionaires, whether individuals or legal entities, public or private, national or foreign, without being able to claim ignorance of the Law. In this sense, the Political Constitution states in its Article 129, which cites:

"Article 129.- Laws are mandatory and take effect from the day they designate; in the absence of this requirement, ten days after their publication in the Official Gazette.

No one can claim ignorance of the law except in cases authorized by the law itself. (…)" As part of the objectives contained in subsections g) and i) of Article 2 of Law No. 8642, General Telecommunications Law, the State's obligation is contemplated to ensure the efficient and effective allocation, use, exploitation, administration, and control of the radio spectrum and other scarce resources, as well as to seek the maximum benefits of technological progress and convergence, and to promote effective competition in the telecommunications market as a mechanism to increase the availability of services, improve their quality, and ensure affordable prices.

In complement to the above, Article 8 of the General Telecommunications Law regulates the objectives of the planning, administration, and control of the radio spectrum, objectives that underpin the legal competencies conferred upon the Telecommunications Rector and SUTEL. (…).

V.- CONCLUSIONS 1. It is not legally admissible to attempt to subject to constitutional review, through the amparo remedy, the design of the bidding documents, the setting of base prices, the configuration of the networks, and, in general, the technical-economic component of the competitive bidding model, without integrating into the process the independent authority to which the legal system has exclusively entrusted those powers. The omission to file a claim against SUTEL, despite directing against its acts and criteria the majority of the criticisms made, generates an evident deficit of contradiction and artificially weakens the position of the sectoral authorities, in open tension with the principle of procedural good faith and the principle of equality of arms. Therefore, before the merits of the grievances related to the actions of the Superintendency of Telecommunications are examined, it must be respectfully requested that the Constitutional Chamber order its integration into the present amparo proceeding as an appealed authority, granting it the corresponding hearing, so that any pronouncement on such points is made with full observance of the principles of contradiction, defense, and subjective consistency.

2.- The same administrative decisions that Nombre02 challenges in this amparo proceeding, that is, the denials of extension, Executive Agreement No. Telf02, and the bidding documents for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV), are already the subject of multiple ongoing proceedings before the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction, both interim measures and trials (files, among others, No. 25-001640-1027-CA, 25-002650-1027-CA, 25-006374-1027-CA, 25-006375-1027-CA, 25-006586-1027-CA, and 25-007887-1027-CA). In these, the alleged tacit approval, the nullity of Executive Agreements, the validity of the competitive bidding model, the inclusion of specific frequencies, the alleged patrimonial effects, and the consequences for specific enabling titles are discussed with extensive evidence. The ordinary channel, therefore, not only exists but is being intensely used by the appellant itself and its associates.

3. In file No. 25-007887-1027-CA, pursued by CANARTEL itself, the Contentious-Administrative Court rejected the provisionalísima interim measure that sought the suspension of the Executive Agreements and the tenders, and granted the State a hearing to resolve the interim measure request. That decision demonstrates that the judge of ordinary legality has already assessed, albeit prima facie, the lack of a right to relief (fumus boni iuris), of a risk of delay (periculum in mora), and of a balancing of interests that would justify the paralysis of the competitive bidding model. To attempt for the Constitutional Chamber to now grant, through amparo, what the contentious-administrative judge denied as an interim measure, is equivalent to establishing a parallel dual instance over the same litigious object, in open contradiction with the constitutional distribution of competencies between Articles 10 and 49 of the Political Constitution.

4. The Constitutional Chamber has been consistent in affirming that it is not a comptroller of legality nor an additional instance of the Administration, and that, since the entry into force of the Contentious-Administrative Procedural Code, a plenary and universal contentious jurisdiction exists, endowed with interim measures and agile mechanisms for the effective protection of substantial legal situations. The issues that Nombre02 raises, such as the content and scope of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, design of bidding documents, base prices, IRR/NPV, number of transmitters, deployment deadlines, alleged delay in extensions, are typical matters of ordinary legality, which require evidence and technical assessments, and which are already being aired in the specialized channel. Using the amparo remedy to re-argue these controversies denatures its extraordinary function and violates the principle of self-restraint of the constitutional judge.

5. The Supreme Electoral Tribunal, in Resolution No. 2267-E8-2025, expressly analyzed the possible electoral risks of the new frequency allocation scheme and ordered the deferral of its material implementation during the 2025-2026 electoral period, but without suspending the processing of the competitive bidding processes nor questioning the competence of the Executive Branch to design them. It even ordered that, if the respective legal requirements are met, extensions, renewals, or adjudications could take place during that period. The integral suspension agreed upon within the framework of this amparo turns out to be more restrictive than the standard set by the electoral judge itself, despite the fact that it has already delimited the risk and enabled the continuation of the process in its preparatory phase.

6. Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT extended the validity of broadcasting concessions from June 28, 2024, until the working day following the final declaration of new authorities of the Executive and Legislative Branches in the 2025-2026 electoral process, keeping the original conditions of the titles intact. Additionally, in file No. 25-001640-1027-CA, the Contentious-Administrative Court of Appeals issued a general-scope interim measure (vote No. 378-2025-I of 2:40 p.m. on September 24, 2025) that maintains the validity of the enabling titles until the competitive bidding is finally decided, a final judgment is issued in that main process, or there is a change in circumstances. In this context, there is no current interruption of service nor an abrupt reduction in the supply of content; any alleged harm to freedom of expression, media pluralism, or the right of access to telecommunications lies in the realm of conjecture, not in that of a certain, direct, and imminent injury.

7. Executive Agreement No. Telf03-TEL-MICITT is inserted into a clear normative framework: Article 121 subsection 14) sub-subsection c) and 182 of the Political Constitution, the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758, the National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022-2027, and the international commitments assumed by Costa Rica on the administration of scarce resources. It is supported, in addition, by technical opinions from SUTEL that assess spectrum occupancy, coverage, potential demand, and market conditions, and that justify the need and feasibility of the competitive bidding. The Instruction Agreement is limited to ordering the preparation of future competitive bidding processes for a public domain asset whose exploitation has always been temporary, under rules of transparency and free competition. It does not resolve particular cases, does not discriminate by type of content, and does not impose an economic model foreign to the constitutional and legal framework in force.

8. Official letter No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 on Public Policy Guidelines from this Telecommunications Rector, far from subjecting broadcasting to a purely mercantile logic, orders guaranteeing the right of access to telecommunications services, the continuity of the sound and television broadcasting service, accessibility throughout the territory, especially in rural areas, the prevention of spectrum concentration, the absence of unjustified entry barriers, the transparency of competitive bidding processes, and environmental sustainability. The reference to "efficiency" and "market forces" is located within a bundle of objectives that seek to optimize a scarce public resource for the benefit of the general interest, without selecting concessionaires for their editorial, religious, or cultural line. What the appellant describes as "homogenization" is, in reality, the State's neutrality before content and the subjection of all operators to general, objective, and non-discriminatory rules.

9. Article 29 of Law No. 8642 and the binding legal opinion No. C-110-2016 of the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic confirm that broadcasting, as radiocommunication, is telecommunications, and that the legal regime is mixed: the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758 regulates specific aspects of the service, but the planning, administration, and control of the spectrum, as well as the regime of networks and competition, are governed by the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642. Under this approach, the spectrum continues to be an asset of the public domain of the Nation, inalienable and imprescriptible, whose exploitation must always be for a limited time and through public competitive bidding. The figure of the automatic extension in Article 25 of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758 cannot be interpreted today as a source of perpetual concessions or indefinite automatic extensions; it must be harmonized with the time limits and objectives of efficiency, transparency, and non-discrimination imposed by subsequent sectoral legislation and the Political Constitution itself, and the interpretation carried out by the Constitutional Chamber itself.

10. Article 20 of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758, which provides tax exemptions for certain cultural stations that do not carry paid advertising, and Articles 97 and 98 of the Regulation to Law No. 8642, which classify stations as commercial and cultural, do not establish different concession regimes nor mandate competitive bidding processes segmented by content. These are norms that operate, fundamentally, on the fiscal and programmatic obligations planes. Transforming them into a right to privileged economic and technical conditions in access to the spectrum exceeds their text and would create preferential treatments without express legal authorization, with risks of discrimination and ideological control over content. Equality and freedom of expression require, on the contrary, competitive bidding processes neutral with respect to the message, with uniform rules for all interested parties.

11. The Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic heard and resolved the objection appeals filed against the bidding documents for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025), being aware of the objection appeals filed by CANARTEL themselves. After a detailed technical-legal examination, it concluded that: a) The appellants did not identify specific clauses that generated the alleged harm. b) They did not demonstrate, with financial or market studies, that the base prices or the auction mechanism constituted unjustified barriers to access. c) They did not provide evidence of a real restriction on freedom of expression or pluralism, limiting themselves to generic statements.

12. The arguments regarding base prices, auction, cash flow and NPV/IRR requirements, minimum number of transmitters, deployment deadlines, and MIDEPLAN regionalization were, at the time, directed to the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic and were dismissed for lack of sufficient technical or legal substantiation. The bidding documents apply these requirements in a general, objective, and non-discriminatory manner, with the legitimate purpose of guaranteeing project viability, service continuity, national or regional coverage, and efficient use of the spectrum. Market behavior, with offers from religious, cultural, and regional stations, disproves the thesis that the design has de facto closed access to these actors. In any case, these are discrepancies with the appropriateness and intensity of sectoral regulation, which must be aired in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, not in amparo proceedings.

13. The appellant does not individualize administrative extension files nor demonstrate, with precise facts and dates, an unjustified delay that has placed a concessionaire in a situation of defenselessness. Meanwhile, the Executive Branch has issued general norms to ensure service continuity (such as Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT) and the concessionaires themselves have activated contentious processes, with claims of enormous patrimonial scope, to discuss the existence of tacit approval, the validity of the Denial Agreements, and the extension regime. The alleged "legal vulnerability" is, in reality, a consequence of the temporary nature of public domain concessions and the State's legitimate decision to again subject the spectrum to competitive bidding, not of an unconstitutional omission.

14. All potential awardees are in a legally comparable situation: they are private parties seeking to exploit a constitutional, public, and scarce public domain asset to provide free-to-air broadcasting services. Imposing upon them common technical and economic conditions, oriented at guaranteeing continuity, coverage, and quality, responds to the legitimate purpose of optimizing the use of the spectrum and protecting the right of access to telecommunications. There is no authorization in the legal system to design competitive bidding processes with substantively different conditions according to the content of the message or the operator's subjective purpose; doing so, indeed, could generate indirect discriminations and risks for freedom of expression. Equality requires objective rules, not sectoral or guild privileges without legal basis.

15. The construction of the alleged harm to freedom of expression, pluralism, equality, due process, and access to telecommunications rests on future hypotheses (eventual loss of concessions, potential going off-air of certain operators, possible economic difficulties of some business models), not on concrete and current facts. The Constitutional Chamber itself has reiterated that amparo does not protect mere fears or disagreements with the direction of public policies, but rather effective and proven violations of fundamental rights. Here, what is evidenced is the disagreement of a group of concessionaires with the transition from a de facto automatic extension scheme toward a model of temporary, competitive public bidding processes subject to ordinary legality review.

In light of the foregoing, from a strictly constitutional and procedural perspective, the amparo action filed by the National Chamber of Radio and Television (CANARTEL) presents itself as an action that overlaps with ongoing contentious-administrative proceedings—both plenary and precautionary—in which the exact same litigious subject matter is being discussed. Likewise, it is directed against aspects that have been the subject of final decisions by the Comptroller General of the Republic, an authority that has validated the bidding documents in the face of objections raised by the appellant itself. Far from demonstrating a current, direct, and individualized injury to fundamental rights, the action instead reveals a disagreement with public policy and sectoral regulatory decisions that have suitable and effective ordinary channels for their review.

17. Consequently, it is appropriate for the Constitutional Chamber to dismiss the amparo action filed by CANARTEL in its entirety, to revoke the precautionary measure that suspended the processing of the major broadcasting tenders, restoring the full force of the challenged administrative proceedings, without prejudice to whatever the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction may decide in the proceedings already initiated, and to confirm that the appropriate channel for resolving the disputes regarding extensions, the nullity of Executive Agreements, the design of the tender model, and the economic effects is, precisely, the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction and the Comptroller General of the Republic at the corresponding stage of the public procurement process, within the framework of their constitutional and legal powers. " It requests that the present judicial process be extended to the Superintendency of Telecommunications (SUTEL) so that it may report on the challenged actions that constitute its own facts attributable to its exclusive, non-transferable, and non-waivable legal functions, in accordance with Article 66.1 of the General Public Administration Law No. 6227. To accept, in its entirety, the report issued in response to the hearing granted by Resolution of 1:56 p.m. on December 5, 2025, within electronic file No. 25-037342-0007-CO, in which the amparo action filed by Ms. Nombre01, in her capacity as President and General Attorney-in-Fact without limit of sum of the Association National Chamber of Radio and Television (CANARTEL), against the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications, is being heard. And that the action be dismissed.

4.- By resolution of 2:39 p.m. on December 16, 2025, the parties in this process were expanded and a report was requested from the Minister of the Presidency and the Superintendent of Telecommunications SUTEL.

5.- Jorge Rodríguez Bogle reports, in his capacity as Acting Minister of the Presidency of the Republic. He states that: “II. ON THE MERITS: The matter maintains that the frequency auction is allegedly disproportionate and exclusionary by not distinguishing between commercial, cultural, religious, community, and educational stations. It alleges that the foregoing supposedly favors large commercial operators, and poses a danger to media plurality, and an indirect censorship of freedom of expression. It also claims that the extension requests filed since December 2022 by CANARTEL broadcasting concessionaires have not been resolved; which apparently violated due process and the principle of legality.

On this matter, and in view of the report requested from me, it is necessary to indicate that matters concerning broadcasting and the auction of the radio spectrum are matters that do not fall within my competence. By virtue of this, my represented party has not made any intervention in this bidding procedure; however, in order to comply with your order, I adhere to the statements made by Ms. Paula Bogantes Zamora, Minister of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications, the competent authority on this matter, where through official letter No. MICITT-DM-OF-1489-2025 of December 11, 2025, she states, in pertinent part:

“The same administrative decisions that Nombre02 challenges in this amparo action, namely, the denials of extensions, Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, and the bidding documents for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV), are already the subject of multiple ongoing proceedings before the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction, both precautionary and plenary (files, among others, No. 25-001640-1027-CA, 25-002650-1027-CA, 25-006374-1027-CA, 25-006375-1027-CA, 25-006586-1027-CA, and 25-007887-1027-CA). In these, the alleged tacit approval, the nullity of Executive Agreements, the validity of the tender model, the inclusion of specific frequencies, the alleged economic effects, and the consequences for specific enabling titles are discussed with ample evidentiary scope. The ordinary channel, therefore, not only exists but is being intensely used by the appellant itself and its associates (...) In file No. 25-007887-1027-CA, filed by Nombre02 itself, the Contentious-Administrative Tribunal rejected the provisionalísima precautionary measure that sought the suspension of the Executive Agreements and the tenders, and granted a hearing to the State to resolve the precautionary request. This decision demonstrates that the ordinary legality judge has already assessed, at least prima facie, the non-existence of fumus boni iuris, periculum in mora, and a balancing of interests that would justify the paralysis of the tender model. To seek that the Constitutional Chamber now grant, by way of amparo, what the contentious judge denied as a precautionary measure, is tantamount to establishing a parallel double instance on the same litigious subject matter, in open contradiction with the constitutional distribution of powers between Articles 10 and 49 of the Political Constitution (...) The issues that Nombre02 raises such as the content and scope of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the design of the bidding documents, base prices, IRR/NPV, number of transmitters, deployment deadlines, alleged delay in extensions, are typical matters of ordinary legality, which require evidence and technical assessments, and which are already being heard in the specialized channel. Using the amparo action to revisit these controversies distorts its extraordinary function and violates the principle of self-restraint of the constitutional judge (...) Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT extended the validity of broadcasting concessions from June 28, 2024, until the business day following the final declaration of new authorities of the Executive and Legislative Branches in the 2025-2026 electoral process, keeping the original conditions of the titles intact. Additionally, in file No. 25-001640-1027-CA, the Contentious-Administrative Court of Appeals issued a precautionary measure of general scope (vote No. 378-2025-I at 2:40 p.m. on September 24, 2025) that maintains the validity of the enabling titles until the tender is finally decided, a final judgment is issued in that main proceeding, or there is a change in circumstances. In this context, there is no current interruption of service or an abrupt reduction in the content offering; any alleged harm to freedom of expression, media pluralism, or the right of access to telecommunications is situated in the realm of conjecture, not in that of a certain, direct, and imminent injury (...) Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT (...) does not resolve particular cases, does not discriminate by type of content, and does not impose an economic model foreign to the constitutional and legal framework in force (...) The reference to ‘efficiency’ and ‘market forces’ is located within a set of objectives that seek to optimize a scarce public resource for the benefit of the general interest, without selecting concessionaires for their editorial, religious, or cultural line (...) The Comptroller General of the Republic heard and resolved the objection appeals filed against the bidding documents for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. RDCP-00078-2025), these being the very objection appeals filed by CANARTEL. After a detailed technical-legal examination, it concluded that: a) The appellants did not identify specific clauses that generated the alleged harm. b) They did not demonstrate, with financial or market studies, that the base prices or the auction mechanism constituted unjustified access barriers. c) They did not provide evidence of a real restriction on freedom of expression or pluralism, limiting themselves to generic assertions (...) The appellant does not individualize administrative extension files or demonstrate, with precise facts and dates, an unjustified delay that has placed any concessionaire in a defenseless state (...) There is no authorization in the legal system to design tenders with substantively different conditions based on the content of the message or the subjective purpose of the operator; doing so could even generate indirect discrimination and risks to freedom of expression. Equality demands objective rules, not sectoral or trade union privileges without a legal basis (...)”.

Now, in addition to this Amparo action File, five others prevail, among them 25-031501-0007-CO, 25-036595-0007-CO, 25-036754-0007-CO, 25-036207-0007-CO, 25-036782-0007-CO, 25-036885-0007-CO, 25-036809-0007-CO, 25-036739-0007-CO, 25-036796-0007-CO, 25-037263-0007-CO, and 25-036800-0007-CO, which equate subject (protected and respondent parties), object, and type of procedure, so upon verifying that there is subjective and objective connection among these files, we respectfully request your high Court to consider the possibility of consolidating said files by virtue of the principle of procedural economy.

Therefore, in accordance with the facts set forth, I consider the present action against my represented party to be improper, given that, as previously indicated, we have had no participation in the radio spectrum auction process for broadcasting and television that the appellant party denounces, and I respectfully request that the present action be dismissed.” He requests that the action be dismissed.

6.- Carlos Watson Carazo reports, in his capacity as President of the Board of the SUPERINTENDENCY OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS. He states that: “the mechanism chosen for the radio spectrum auction procedure (television, FM, and AM frequencies) meets the objectives defined by the Executive Branch and is the most suitable mechanism for the allocation of the scarce resource, for an efficient allocation of the public domain asset and a reduction in transaction costs, at the same time provides flexibility and dynamism when making bids, and complies with the principle of transparency.

In addition to the foregoing, it is clarified that, although we are faced with an auction, the bidders in the tender procedures who submit a valid bid, that is, who have met the admissibility requirements established in the bidding documents, have the opportunity to obtain a frequency.

Let us remember that this is a sealed-bid auction with a single bidding phase, with this last phase being solely to obtain a frequency of interest.

Therefore, in the event that two or more bidders bid for the same frequency and if, after conducting the bidding phase, a bidder does not become the winner, that bidder has the right to opt for a broadcasting frequency (not the one they bid for, but another one that is available).

In other words, the auction itself does not imply that whoever does not win the bidding phase is left without the possibility of obtaining a broadcasting concession, but rather that whoever “wins” the bidding will have the right of priority over the frequency on which they made their economic bid.

Finally, in accordance with the foregoing and as developed below, the auction procedure addresses the guiding principles established in Article 3, subsections e), f), and i) of the General Telecommunications Law, namely optimization of scarce resources, publicity, and effective competition, since it promotes the allocation and use of scarce resources and telecommunications infrastructure in an objective, timely, transparent, non-discriminatory, and efficient manner, with the dual objective of ensuring effective competition, as well as the expansion and improvement of networks and services; the foregoing also ensuring the publicity of all stages of the tender.

1 On the determination of the price. In attention to this issue, it is established that the economic value of the spectrum established in the tender procedures is based on technical studies and is in accordance with the rules of science and technique, as established in Article 15 of Law No. 6227 and as provided by MICITT.

First, it should be noted that, since spectrum cannot be duplicated, it is considered a scarce resource, as defined in Law No. 8642. Therefore, when the State authorizes a company to use a radio or television frequency, through a concession, it is giving it access to a limited public resource.

Spectrum, like any asset, has an economic value. This economic value derives from the fact that whoever holds the concession obtains an economic gain from its use and exploitation. In this sense, the payment included in the auction process is a retribution by the concessionaires for the profits they will obtain from the use of a public domain asset of the State. In this regard, Nombre04 and Nombre05 (2012)11 11 Nombre04, Nombre06 and Nombre05, Nombre07, Spectrum Value (March) state that “Spectrum is not a store of value, but an input for the production of valuable services”.

Specifically, the Executive Branch and MICITT, in the exercise of their powers under Law No. 8660, issued Executive Decree 44539-MICITT, by which they decreed a series of public policy guidelines for the tender process.

These guidelines were detailed in note MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, which indicates, in relation to issues associated with spectrum valuation, the following:

“For the selection phase, a vision based on efficiency and market forces must be considered for each of the AM, FM, and television broadcasting services, to ensure an allocation of the radio spectrum subject to that tender process in a fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory manner, in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 8642, General Telecommunications Law, and the Public Policy of the National Telecommunications Development Plan in force, considering the market value of that scarce resource.

The foregoing in accordance with the powers delegated to this Superintendency to carry out the economic and market activities and studies, established in Articles 11 and 29 of the General Telecommunications Law, Articles 21, 23, 24, and 96 of Executive Decree No. 34765-MINAET, Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law, necessary for the market valuation of the radio spectrum subject to the public tender ordered in Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT dated June 20, 2024.

In addition to the above, for the particular case of the television broadcasting service, it is important for SUTEL to consider that the virtual channel indicator has relevant commercial valuation, for the purposes of estimating its market value and the mechanism for assigning it to interested bidders for this service”. (Intentional emphasis) Likewise, by Board agreement number 002-039 of extraordinary session 039-2025 of July 18, 2025, a preliminary proposal of the bidding documents and a summary of the economic proposal, which included the final prices, were sent to MICITT.

In order to determine the economic value of the spectrum, the General Directorate of Markets of Sutel prepared official letter 08138-SUTEL-DGM-2025 of August 27, 2025, which determined the use of the benchmarking methodology, which, as will be explained, is in accordance with best practices and has been the quintessential method of spectrum valuation in other tender procedures carried out by Sutel.

The information contained in said report evidences that Sutel followed technical criteria based on best international practices for the estimation of the base prices of broadcasting concessions.

Sutel followed a transparent process in the calculation; said report includes the base data used for the calculation, the normalization process, and details step by step how it arrives at the proposed base prices, thus guaranteeing full transparency in its estimates.

The spectrum valuation process is complex, as it seeks to assign an economic value to a scarce intangible resource, as recognized by Nombre04 and Nombre05 (2012)12 “estimating its value poses challenges not present when valuing most other assets”, since its relative value is based on the underlying value of the services that could be deployed with said spectrum.

There are various methodologies indicated by the International Telecommunication Union13 (ITU) used globally for the purpose of carrying out spectrum valuation (all valid):

i Cost Model: the ideal or fictitious network is designed based on estimates based on statistical data, then distributing the values of the asset used among the different services that require it. It is a costly and time-consuming process, and the information asymmetry between the operator and the regulator cannot be completely eliminated.

ii Benchmarking: this method consists of observing the price of similar spectrum bands in auctions held in other markets and, after applying the appropriate adjustments (normalization, exchange rate, concession term, auction year), using the results to estimate the value in the target market. This methodology presents significant advantages, including simplicity of calculation and immediacy of understanding, as well as the use of objective results, already corroborated in other markets.

iii Income Model (Discounted Cash Flow - DCF): this model can be used to determine the value represented by the assignment of spectrum frequencies considering the potential income derived from their use. This model has the limitation of over- or underestimating income data due to information asymmetry related to the different radio station models and the differentiation between advertising service income and income related to free-to-air broadcasting.

It is important to consider that the choice of methodology for calculating the base price depends on the availability of data, market maturity, and regulatory objectives.

In this particular case, Sutel evaluated the different methodologies, considering the available information to determine the value of the spectrum to be licensed in the frequency bands for radio and television in Costa Rica, determining that the most suitable methodology to use, due to information availability issues, was the use of international benchmarking.

It was not possible to decide on the Cost Model methodology because the necessary information for its construction was not available.

We substantiate this in official letter 09268-SUTEL-DGM-2024, in which we requested information from the Ministry of Finance; however, the information provided had the drawback that, if the companies maintained several economic activities, said income was consolidated and, therefore, there was a risk of overestimating the sector's income.

Thus, through official letter No. MH-DGT-DIT-OF-0326-2024, the Ministry of Finance indicated that if the concessionaires have several activities, the income is consolidated, so it is not possible to disaggregate said income for the broadcasting service, which are the relevant data for using the cost methodology, so the values provided were not reasonable to be used by Sutel.

Additionally, in official letters 02959-SUTEL-DGM-2025 and 02960-SUTEL-DGM-2025, the National Radio Chamber of Costa Rica (CANARA) and the Radio and Television Chamber of Costa Rica (CANARTEL) were requested to provide information regarding income, costs, data on radio audiences, open television users, and radio consumption of their members.

In response to this inquiry, CANARA, by unnumbered official letter of April 28, 2025, stated: “It was not the Chamber's responsibility to handle data on the gross income of each of the radio stations that are part of it, nor to estimate the average costs of installation and operation of each of them. Nor to handle the estimated radio audience data, much less those relative to the number of users who access radio via the internet. That data, if available, belongs to the private sphere of each radio station and not to the National Radio Broadcasting Chamber”. (Attached as evidence) In the case of Nombre02, by unnumbered official letter of April 21, 2025, she stated: “we must indicate that we do not have the information you requested in the reference letter, given that, being a competitive sector, it is materially impossible for member companies to share information that is sensitive and confidential. Notwithstanding the foregoing, we have forwarded your request to all our associates so that, if they deem it appropriate, they may share said information with you”. (Attached as evidence) Likewise, Nombre02 requested said information from its associates so that they would send us the information required in official letter 02960-SUTEL-DGM-2025; however, Sutel did not receive information from the associates.

The foregoing evidences a good faith effort by Sutel to obtain additional information; however, we did not have the support of the current concessionaires in the broadcasting sector to provide information to Sutel.

Due to the above, it was decided to use the benchmarking methodology, for which information was consulted from different regulators and involved governmental institutions from different countries such as Spain, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, Colombia14, among others, to obtain additional information.

As previously identified, the use of reference data from other jurisdictions is a valid and efficient methodological mechanism, provided that normalization parameters are applied for the economic valuation of the spectrum; furthermore, this has been the spectrum valuation mechanism used in other auctions by Sutel.

In this sense, for the definition of the base price, Sutel followed a technical process that included two main steps:

• Step 1: Definition of the methodology for the calculation.

The base price of the frequencies was determined using an internationally accepted methodology known as “International Benchmarking”. This process is used when the country has no prior own values or there is insufficient financial information in the local market.

For its estimation, Sutel collected information from broadcasting tenders held in other countries, specifically Mexico, Peru, Honduras, and the United States, where at the time a consideration was charged for using these frequencies.

An important element to consider is that, for the case of sound broadcasting service, Sutel only used the average of the first decile of the international samples reflecting the lowest prices. This has a direct impact on the base price for this service, since the lowest international samples were used for its estimation.

• Step 2: Adjust the values to the reality of Costa Rica.

These international values were adjusted to be comparable with Costa Rica.

To compare spectrum values between countries, a comparable unit price was first calculated by taking the awarded base price per zone in each process and dividing it by the population and the bandwidth in KHz, obtaining an indicator in US$/KHz per inhabitant. With that standardized value, differences between regions and assignment formats were eliminated.

Then, these unit prices were normalized to the Costa Rican context, adjusting them by three factors:

• Concession term • Purchasing power parity (PPP) • Inflation using CPI and exchange rate PPP is used because it allows comparing markets with different price levels, expressing the spectrum value in terms of equal purchasing power. This corrects structural economic differences between countries and better reflects the real income-generating capacity of the target market.

The procedure consisted of taking the original values in local currency, converting them using the exchange rate for the year in which the spectrum was assigned in each country, and adjusting by the PPP for that year for Costa Rica and the country of origin. The result is an equivalent value in nominal dollars for Costa Rica in the year of assignment.

Normalization produces a context adjustment coefficient, which reflects purchasing power, income potential, and expected margins in a market like Costa Rica's.

Subsequently, the converted values were updated to 2024 using the evolution of the CPI in dollars for Costa Rica and the exchange rate, keeping the real exchange rate constant.

Finally, the values were adjusted to a 15-year concession, applying a financial discount using the weighted average cost of capital for the telecommunications sector in force (8.63% post-tax and 10.04% pre-tax).

It is important to consider that, for the final calculation of the base price, the total population was not used; that is, the total inhabitants of the country who are potential users of broadcasting services.

Sutel opted for a more prudent metric, which is based on a subset significantly smaller than the population, corresponding to the potential demand based on the national surveys applied. The demand used for the services corresponds to local estimates based on data from the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses for television and the University of Costa Rica for radio. This consideration generates a decrease in the base price.

Furthermore, it was established that, for national coverage, the price of the Central Region would be used. This was done because the Central Region concentrates the highest population density and, therefore, the highest economic value, preventing operators from paying an artificially high value for obtaining a national concession.

Finally, to guarantee compliance with public policy objectives, specifically regarding the establishment of entry barriers, the definition of the base price was complemented with a reasonableness analysis from a technical and economic perspective. This determined that the base price is within a reasonableness limit of between 5% and 20% of the economic value of the spectrum for one year; said percentage being estimated at 12.19% and 6.498% for television and radio respectively.

The foregoing shows that the base prices estimated by Sutel were calculated with a valid methodology, internationally recognized and based on recognized economic concepts; they were adjusted to the Costa Rican reality and were cross-checked with estimates related to the economic value of the spectrum to validate their reasonableness.

That is, the methodology followed by Sutel made it possible to estimate a price based on evidence and technical criteria, which meets the public policy guidelines defined by MICITT. It is not an arbitrary amount; it is entirely based on international practices, adjusted to the Costa Rican context.

As a relevant element regarding the base price, it must be considered that Sutel established deferred payment mechanisms. Therefore, after analyzing the need to facilitate participation and avoid entry barriers, in this process, options were analyzed to allow fractional payment. The participant could pay the total value of the spectrum in a single installment or make the payment fractionally in four installments over a period of three years in a manner aligned with the network deployment schedule.

In addition to the above, it should be noted that in the objections process to the bidding terms, the Comptroller General of the Republic (CGR), when analyzing the objections related to the value of the spectrum, stated as follows:

"Thus, as a starting point, it must be emphasized that the appellant is not correct in asserting that there was an omission in carrying out the respective studies supporting the calculated base price, as this Division verifies that said studies are included in the procurement file, whereby it was incumbent upon the appellant, under a proper exercise of the burden of proof, to analyze them in order to refute, with evidence to the contrary, the methodology used and the conclusions reached, referencing reliable sources for that purpose, without it being valid to simply mention a series of inquiries without any support whatsoever." (Resolution N°R-DCP-00077-2025) methods:

As observed, the CGR, when hearing the objection appeals filed against the bidding terms and analyzing the arguments related to the value of the spectrum, resolved that no suitable evidence was provided, nor the necessary elements of judgment to uphold the claims against the assigned spectrum value.

In the same vein, it is pertinent to bear in mind that the amparo appeal filed also does not include technical grounds demonstrating how or why the base prices estimated by Sutel are inadequate and violate constitutional principles.

Furthermore, the bidding terms establish two payment methods, as detailed in clause 44, which reads as follows:

44. PAYMENT OF THE AWARDED AMOUNT FOR THE CONCESSION 44.1.1. Full payment of the Awarded Amount within a maximum period of fifteen (15) days following the Commencement of the Concession.

44.1.2. Deferred payment of the Awarded Amount in four installments, considering for its indexation the average of the calendar month prior to the one corresponding to the payment of the 36-month Interbank Reference Rate (Tasa de Referencia Interbancaria, TRI) in foreign currency (US dollars), as published by the Central Bank of Costa Rica, applicable to the balances, as follows:

44.1.2.1. Within a maximum period of fifteen (15) business days counted from the notification by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications of the Commencement of the Concession, payment of 35% of the Awarded Amount must be made without considering indexation.

44.1.2.2. Within a maximum period of twelve (12) months counted from the notification by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications of the Commencement of the Concession, payment of 15% of the Awarded Amount must be made, considering the indexation of the outstanding balance.

44.1.2.3. Within a maximum period of twenty-four (24) months counted from the notification by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications of the Commencement of the Concession, payment of 15% of the Awarded Amount must be made, considering the indexation of the outstanding balance.

44.1.2.4. Within a maximum period of thirty-six (36) months counted from the notification by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications of the Commencement of the Concession, payment of 35% of the Awarded Amount must be made, considering the indexation of the outstanding balance. 44.1.2.5. Said amounts shall be informed by the Granting Administration to the Concessionaires prior to the maximum payment date. In the event of early payments, the Concessionaire must inform the Granting Administration at least ten (10) business days prior to the payment and indicate the proportion in which it will be made.

From this perspective, the prices set are not disproportionate, given that they stem from a supported spectrum valuation and that, additionally, with the objective of facilitating and promoting participation and avoiding barriers to entry, the bidding terms establish that the payment of the amount awarded for the concession may be made through the deferred payment modality.

The foregoing reaffirms that the spectrum valuation carried out using an international benchmarking methodology is consistent with international best practices and is, in turn, recognized by the International Telecommunication Union.

Now, for illustrative purposes, the following tables demonstrate the base prices established for each of the competitive procedures, the monthly amount considering that it must be amortized over 15 to 25 years according to the terms of Article 24 of the General Telecommunications Law (Ley General de Telecomunicaciones), and the payment to be made in application of clause 44 of the bidding terms.

▪ Competitive procedure for FM Sound Broadcasting Table 1 Base price for the competitive procedure for analog FM Sound Broadcasting with a 200 kHz bandwidth, per frequency with regional reach Regarding the competitive procedure for AM sound broadcasting, it should be noted that, in official communication 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023, in which the results of the public consultation on the interest of third parties in participating in a potential tender for AM broadcasting were communicated to the Executive Branch, it was specified that 19 expressions of interest were received; furthermore, the following was stated:

"First, as noted by multiple participants, the AM broadcasting service has lost interest among concessionaires and the general population, being a legacy technology that represents a high economic investment, mainly due to electricity consumption. Moreover, the end-user device market has focused on integrating receivers with FM technology, which limits the availability of AM receivers, which in turn causes end users to have fewer possibilities to tune in to stations.

In any case, the potential demand interest for this service according to the public consultation is significantly lower than the number of available stations based on the current channeling of the PNAF in view of a potential competitive procedure." (Intentional Emphasis) In that sense, the bidding terms did not establish coverage obligations or additional transmitter requirements for AM broadcasting, given the propagation conditions themselves and the declining national and international context of this service, as it is a legacy technology with low receiver availability, as indicated in official communication 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023.

It is necessary to point out that, nowadays, many of the AM frequencies are not in operation but maintain the enabling title (título habilitante) in force. However, the waiver and return of this type of frequencies has been a common practice (as has happened for stations 820 kHz, 1160 kHz, 1240 kHz, 1300 kHz, 1320 kHz, 1460 kHz, and 1520 kHz).

▪ Competitive procedure for television broadcasting Table 6 Base price for the television competitive procedure, per channel with regional reach We additionally inform that there are 3 state channels considered educational or cultural (UCR-Canal 15, SINART-Canal 20, and UNED-Canal 21), which, according to the initiation instruction sent by the Executive Branch, were excluded from the competitive procedure.

In this regard, it is necessary to consider the spectrum valuation (base prices) from an annualized perspective, given that the resource that will eventually be granted, as indicated, will allow the exploitation of the scarce resource for 15 years, extendable up to a maximum of 25 years, which is complemented by installment payment facilities that are being implemented for the first time in the broadcasting competitive procedures under study.

Now, from an analysis of all the indicated tables, it is evident that the base prices are proportional and reasonable, considering the number of years of validity of the concession and even the possibility of payment in 4 installments of the base price, which allows the awardee to pay the price within a period of 3 years, with the first installment being made upon signing the contract and the remaining installments being paid annually, as established in the bidding terms.

Furthermore, regarding the safeguarding of the principle of equality by setting the base price for the auction, in resolution R-DCP-00078-2025, the CGR stated:

"In that sense, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and the Constitutional Chamber itself have certainly defended practices of indirect restriction on freedom of expression or indirect censorship (among others, resolution Nº 15220 - 2016); however, in the dimension that the appellants have sought to raise it from the base price of the auction, which is what is being discussed via the objection appeal; the fact is that it has not been demonstrated that there are no objective criteria supporting the definition of the base price, much less has it been proven that there is an impact on specific media outlets due to the setting of a base price that appears to be determined under conditions of equality for all participants." (Intentional Emphasis) The base prices estimated by Sutel comply with public policy objectives and reflect the economic value of the spectrum; furthermore, they respond to principles of proportionality and reasonableness, given that they are the result of applying objective technical criteria that have been recommended as international best practices.

It is relevant to note that there are several factors that can limit participation in bidding procedures of this nature. Sutel processed a special competition procedure, in which it sanctioned several companies for carrying out a collusive agreement with the aim of refraining from participating in public tender 2021LN-000001-SUTEL and exchanging information for this purpose; this corresponds to very serious infractions as established in Article 53, subsections d) and e) of Law 8642 (See resolution RCS-258-2025 adopted by the Council in ordinary session 063-2025 of November 6, 2025, issued in procedure GCO-OTC-PM-01538-2021). The technological transformation of the telecommunications sector also has an impact; content consumption has shifted towards digital platforms and OTT services, which reduces the service's profitability. Another factor is the perception of obsolescence of analog technologies compared to internet radio and streaming.

In addition to the above, it should be added that, as evidenced by the observations received in the pre-tendering process and the objections presented to the bidding terms (as well as in administrative contentious proceedings), many of the concessionaires and chambers have expressed their positions regarding being entitled to automatic extensions for 20 more years, which in turn could have affected their determination to participate in the competitive procedures under study.

Finally, it is pertinent to extract the following from the referenced official communication number 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023:

"It is extracted from the contributions to the public consultation that the risks indicated by this Superintendency in Council agreements numbers 023-070-2022 (report 08872-SUTEL-DGC-2022) and 011-038-2023 (report 05415-SUTEL-DGC-2023) materialized, regarding the fact that 'in the current scenario without a definition of aspects such as: the possible digitalization of broadcasting services, the channeling to be employed, the obsolescence of AM and SW technologies, as well as possible PNAF reform processes to adjust segments to new global trends, could cause the responses to the process not to adhere to the definitive condition of resource allocation, as well as possibly implying little participation from the interested sector, or even distortions in demand estimates, timelines, and quantity of resources, leading to possible significant deviations and limitations in the results, to the detriment of an effective and successful competitive process.'" "On the other hand, based on the technical considerations requested by MICITT in official communication number MICITT-DVT-OF-561-2022 and taking into account the results of the public consultation, a series of actions to be carried out are extracted, such as potential modifications to the PNAF, the establishment of concession and extension terms, which must be executed in a timely manner, and given the proximity of June 28, 2024, it is important to have a timeline or a roadmap defining the milestones and maximum dates on which the necessary activities will begin and be completed for the possible competitive processes, in order to provide legal certainty to interested parties, thereby promoting the concurrence of bidders and expanding the competitive dynamics of the potential competitive process." In that sense, given that these bidding procedures are immersed in particular situations (discussion on automatic extensions, adoption of international technical conditions, application of conditions to a sector that has operated without regulations throughout its history, technological lag, among others) from their prior stage in the feasibility study, this Superintendency, having clarity on these aspects, made known the implications and risks regarding the potential concurrence of bidders in the procedures, this despite the expressions of interest received.

Thus, it must be borne in mind that there is indisputably demand from both current concessionaires and new interested parties; however, the number of operators of the broadcasting service naturally tends to decrease for the reasons already stated.

Furthermore, it must not be omitted that participation in the procedures was affected by aspects unrelated to the tender itself. This allows for the conclusion that the bidding terms are not the cause of the cited decrease; on the contrary, they remain the applicable legal tool for objectively determining which participants are suitable for the eventual granting of the scarce resource.

1. On the proportionality and reasonableness of the technical and economic provisions of the bidding terms The appellant states that the bidding terms of the broadcasting competitive procedures processed by this Superintendency "Impose disproportionate economic, technical, and social barriers for access and permanence in the use of the radio spectrum," and further that it is necessary to "Guarantee the real and not merely formal participation of small and medium-sized national enterprises, as well as social and community operators, avoiding disproportionate economic and technical barriers." Similarly, in their consideration, "An ascending auction allocation scheme was designed, with very high base prices, conceived from a purely financial logic regarding the 'market value' of the resource." Firstly, regarding the arguments put forward with respect to the ascending bid auction method, it is clarified that although we are dealing with an auction (a contractual figure permitted in the General Public Procurement Law (Ley General de Contratación Pública) and its regulations – with the particularities of the case), all those participants in the process who submitted a valid bid, that is, one that met the admissibility requirements established in the bidding terms, will always have the right to obtain a frequency, given that it is a sealed-bid auction with a single bidding phase, this last phase being solely to obtain a frequency of interest – in the event that two or more bidders bid for the same frequency – since if, upon carrying out the bidding phase, a bidder does not win, that bidder will always have the right to opt for a broadcasting frequency (not the one they bid on, but another that is available).

In other words, the auction itself does not imply that the one who does not win the bidding phase is left without the possibility of obtaining a broadcasting concession; rather, the one who "wins" the bidding will have the right of priority over the frequency for which they made their economic bid.

On the other hand, as a second relevant aspect, it should be noted that the appellant does not provide any evidence that would allow for an analysis in line with the case, regarding the alleged disproportionality and unreasonableness of the technical and economic provisions established in the bidding terms.

Under this scenario, it is not possible to establish a discussion in which the accusations against the bidding terms can be broadly debated, which rather seem like mere allegations of disagreement with the competitive procedures and not substantive questions related to their technical and economic conditions, given that what they seek is to perpetuate the legal situation of the current concessionaires for an indefinite period, disregarding the legal, regulatory, and jurisprudential provisions applicable to this scarce good.

Without prejudice to the foregoing, regarding the reasonableness and proportionality of the spectrum value, it is noted that through official communication number 08138-SUTEL-DGM-2025 of August 27, 2025, "Report on the Economic Valuation of the Spectrum for Sound and Television Broadcasting Services," (attached as evidence) the objective was established of ensuring that the prices obtained fell within a range of reasonableness for the national reality. This exercise is based on a methodology proposed by the GSMA in the independent study "Economic Value of Spectrum Use in Europe15", where it calculates the economic value of the spectrum, among other services, for broadcasting services.

The reasonableness analysis demonstrates that the base prices defined are below the estimated net economic value of the spectrum, falling within the internationally accepted range of reasonableness of 5%–20% of the total value. This shows that the prices are proportional and do not constitute barriers to entry, guaranteeing the participation of bidders with different economic scales and aligning with the objectives of Executive Agreement N°063-2024-TEL-MICITT.

In accordance with what is stated in the previous paragraphs, as also occurred in the objection phase to the bidding terms (CGR), the appellant omitted to provide suitable evidence before this Constitutional Court (in fact, they provide no technical evidence at all) that would allow establishing the alleged disproportionality and unreasonableness of the technical and economic specifications of the bidding terms, failing in their duty to provide proof of the facts constituting their claim, a requirement of Article 41 of the Civil Procedure Code (Código Procesal Civil). Even though we are in the presence of an amparo appeal (summary proceeding), the minimum evidentiary effort is required to determine, at least with a degree of probability, the argued violations of fundamental rights.

1. Equality and non-discrimination The appellant alleges that there is a violation of the principle of equality and non-discrimination by treating stations with different natures and purposes as equals, contrary to Article 29 of the LGT and the Radio Law (Ley de Radio); they indicate that this homogeneous treatment produces indirect discrimination by impacting small, cultural, religious, and community operators more severely.

In the first place, the bidding terms for the tenders were prepared based on technical reports through which the best way to address the public policy objectives set forth by the Executive Branch was determined. Said bidding terms were issued in accordance with the legal powers granted in Article 39, subsections a) and c) of Law N°8660, as well as the additional technical guidelines established in official communication number MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 of August 7, 2024, from MICITT, all in compliance with the provisions of current legislation and the technical conditions of the National Frequency Allocation Plan.

Having clarified the above, it should be noted that the Executive Branch, in its instruction (Executive Agreement N°063-2024-TEL-MICITT and official communication number MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024) and in accordance with the provisions of the National Frequency Allocation Plan (PNAF), clearly establishes the treatment of different types of stations, whether state, cultural, or educational.

Indeed, the Executive Branch established differentiated access rules for cultural, religious, educational stations, among others, within which are those granted by law and those associated with the Asociación Instituto Costarricense de Enseñanza Radiofónica (ICER), as extracted:

"ARTICLE 3.- INDICATE to SUTEL that the frequencies previously assigned by Law N° 8806 to the University of Costa Rica (UCR) (central frequency 850 kHz; central frequency 870 kHz; central frequency 96.7 MHz; central frequency 101.9 MHz; physical channel 15, frequencies from 476 MHz to 482 MHz), by Law N° 8684 to the Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED) (physical channel 21, frequencies from 512 MHz to 518 MHz), and by Law N° 8346 to the Sistema Nacional de Radio y Televisión (SINART) (central frequency 590 kHz; central frequency 88.1 MHz; central frequency 101.5 MHz; physical channel 8, frequencies from 180 MHz to 186 MHz; physical channel 10, frequencies from 192 MHz to 198 MHz; physical channel 13, frequencies from 210 MHz to 216 MHz; physical channel 20, frequencies from 506 MHz to 512 MHz) are exempted from the resource assigned in the eventual public tender for Free-to-Air Sound and Television Broadcasting, as indicated in the following table:

ARTICLE 4.- INDICATE to SUTEL the need to reserve an FM radio frequency in favor of the Asociación Instituto Costarricense de Enseñanza Radiofónica (ICER), with legal ID number CED01, and the Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), with legal ID number CED02, based on the special concessions that provide for the allocation of the resource to said entities." In safeguarding cultural, religious, and educational content, it is important to consider that the Instituto Costarricense de Enseñanza Radiofónica (ICER) is—currently—a Network of Cultural Broadcasters composed of 15 radio stations on two frequencies, 88.1 FM and 88.3 FM, across the length and breadth of the national territory.16 According to the website of said institute, it "is a private non-profit association, of public utility, without political-party or confessional tendencies." ICER is the practical executor of the Agreement between the Governments of Costa Rica and the Principality of Liechtenstein, according to Laws N°6606 and N°7299. It is worth noting that ICER, on its WEBSITE, shows the following layout of cultural broadcastersImage 2 Cultural broadcasters according to the ICER WEBSITE https://elmaestroencasacr.com/emisoras-culturales/ (…)Likewise, the National Frequency Allocation Plan (PNAF) is mandatory and provides special treatment for cultural broadcasters according to note CTR 003, which is transcribed below:

"The frequency segments allocated to the broadcasting service for AM sound emissions of free access are subject to the provisions of Appendix I of this Regulation.

In the case of frequencies 1580 kHz and 1600 kHz with a 10 kHz bandwidth, they may be used in the small cultural radio stations project of the Cultural Cooperation Agreement with the Principality of Liechtenstein (…)." Thus, the PNAF expressly establishes that the executor of the Cultural Cooperation Agreement with the Principality of Liechtenstein is ICER. Consequently, the reservation of frequencies stipulated in the initiation instruction for the competitive procedures for said Institute safeguards what was agreed in said Cooperation Agreement, with ICER being the executor, according to Laws N°6606 and N°7299.

In line with the foregoing, it is deduced that differentiated access rules were indeed established for cultural, religious, and educational stations.

Therefore, it is evident that it is not true that the procedures do not promote equitable access in the participation of radio stations of different kinds, since the Executive Branch, both in its instruction and in the PNAF, includes the treatment of different types of stations, whether state, cultural, and educational. That is, access to different types of content is made possible.

Furthermore, as indicated in the background section, on November 21, the deadline for receiving bids expired, and according to the minutes drawn up for this purpose, it was verified that the following bidders of a religious nature submitted their bid, both in AM and FM:

• Asociación Internacional Pasión por las Almas (FM).

• Asociación Sistema de Telecomunicaciones de la Iglesia Adventista del Sétimo Día de Costa Rica (FM).

• Asociación Misión Carismática Internacional de Cartago (FM).

• Asociación de Comunicaciones Faro del Caribe (FM).

• Asociación Radio María (FM).

• Consorcio BBN (FM).

• Consorcio BBN (AM).

Likewise, it was verified that three regional-reach radio stations submitted a bid:

• Consorcio BBN-FM (Regional Chorotega) • Audios del Sur S.A. (Regional Brunca) • Radio Ochenta y Ocho Estéreo S.A. (Regional Brunca) Thus, the participation of religious radio stations, both in AM and FM, is accredited; as well as other radio stations with regional reach, which ensures due compliance with the principle of equality and free concurrence among those interested in obtaining a radio spectrum concession.

In addition to the above, according to the CGR resolutions, it is confirmed that the broadcasting competitive procedures are consistent with the principles of equality and free concurrence promulgated by Article 8, subsection f) of the General Public Procurement Law (LGCP), which establishes the obligation to give "equal treatment to all bidders" in order to procure "the broadest competition" (see resolutions R-DCP-00076-2025, R-DCP-00077-2025, R-DCP-00078-2025 of November 3, 2025).

Indeed, the CGR reviewed the bidding terms and determined their conformity with the applicable regulations (General Public Procurement Law and its regulations, in accordance with the General Telecommunications Law and its regulations). In resolution N°R-DCP-00078-2025, the CGR resolved:

"Note how regarding the classification that the appellant sought to have made of the different media and the differentiated use of cultural media, the Administration clarifies that there is indeed an opening for all interested parties to participate and that precisely this allows for equal access, and that the frequencies that were exempted from the competitive procedure were expressly defined, that is, those granted by law and those associated with ICER, citing the corresponding list." This proves that the competitive procedures establish differentiated access rules for potential interested parties, as the Executive Branch, in Executive Agreement N°063-2024-TEL-MICITT, established within its instruction the stations that would be exempted from the resource and those for which a radio frequency would be reserved.

It is also proven that the public purposes issued by the Executive Branch are fulfilled, so the decision adopted responds to the public interest, and the appellant's arguments must be denied.

1. Continuity of services The appellant states that there is a violation of the continuity of service and the right of access to telecommunications (Art. 24 CP; LGT), due to administrative delay in resolving extensions (affects the prompt justice of Art. 41 CP and the principle of legality of Art. 11 CP) and due to the real risk of numerous stations going off the air, compromising the continuity of free-to-air broadcasting in sectors that depend on these services to exercise their rights to information, education, and democratic participation.

The foregoing again without providing further argumentation or evidence to substantiate their claims, which disregards Article 38 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional).

Regarding the continuity of service, it is necessary to point out that this term refers to the right of users so that those who provide broadcasting services and hold an enabling title, allowing them to use and exploit the radio spectrum, provide them with the service continuously.

Continuity of service does not refer to the concessionaire being able to exploit the radio spectrum indefinitely (ad-perpetuam). This continuity cannot be understood, as the appellant erroneously proposes, to imply an authorization for concessionaires that is not subject to a term.

This argument is contrary to the conditions established by the same law regarding the validity and granting of enabling titles (Article 24 and 29 of Law N°8642). It is also contrary to the jurisprudence issued by the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) regarding the fact that public domain assets (bienes demaniales) such as the spectrum must not leave the control of the State (Article 121, subsection 14 of the Political Constitution).

To elaborate further on the finite term of concession contracts, the Constitutional Chamber, in Resolution No. 2017-011715 of July 26, 2017, (…) The foregoing demonstrates that the Executive Branch, within its instruction of the competitive bidding procedure, established the public policy objectives related to guaranteeing the continuity of free and open-access sound and television broadcasting services.

It is reiterated that the guarantee of continuity of these services does not imply that the current concessionaires are the only ones with the right to access and exploit a radio spectrum concession for broadcasting purposes, as if it were a right that is renewed by the mere request for an extension of the concession.

In addition to the above, regarding the continuity of broadcasting service, the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law (Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Decreto Ejecutivo N°34765-MINAE) establishes, concerning the minimum transmission time: “Article 99.-Minimum transmission time. Sound and television broadcasting service stations must comply with a minimum transmission of twelve hours per day, and must notify SUTEL of their schedule,” which is part of the obligations established in the bidding terms subject to the appeal.

Likewise, the aforementioned regulation establishes in its numeral 100: “Article 100.-Service provision. Broadcasting services shall be provided in accordance with the international technical standards on the matter, the Radio Law (Ley de Radio), the Regulation to the National Frequency Allocation Plan (Reglamento al Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias), and this regulation.” Therefore, concessionaires are obligated to provide the service in accordance with the National Frequency Allocation Plan (Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias, PNAF), which establishes the technical operating conditions and was also part of the requirements of the bidding terms subject to the appeal.

As observed, these are the service continuity requirements established by current regulation, not others as the appellant seeks to suggest, attempting to imply that the principle of service continuity refers to an assignment of the radio spectrum as a public domain asset, without time limitation by the current concessionaires, which is contrary to the provisions of articles 24 and 29 of Law N°8642 and the jurisprudence emanating from the Constitutional Chamber. (…).

From the above information (coverage maps and graphs), the current broadcasting model does not comply with the principle of optimization of scarce resources, nor with the frequency reuse established in Article 3, subsection j) of the LGT, since transmitting with high-intensity power from high-altitude points nationwide makes spectrum reuse impossible, generating harmful interference and leaving shadow zones with population unserved.

The PNAF, promulgated in accordance with the provisions in the instruction given by the Executive Branch, based on the implementation of international best practices, seeks to correct this historical situation by establishing methodologies aimed at adequate planning for broadcasting service provision.

Complementing the topic of efficient spectrum use, and considering that broadcasting services fail to provide national coverage and are highly concentrated in the GAM, it must be added that, to date, there are channels that do not register transmissions.

In this regard, according to measurements conducted by this Superintendency within its spectrum use oversight powers, for the television broadcasting service, channels have been detected that, despite having a valid concession, do not register transmissions, as shown in the following table.

Thus, the current scheme does not guarantee adequate coverage for the entire country and, furthermore, there is evidence of concessionaires who do not even comply with exploiting some of the licensed television channels, for which reason it is reiterated that the current model does not allow for the fulfillment of fundamental rights.

Additionally, regarding the population covered, it is necessary to point out that this Superintendency conducted technical analyses to address the public policy objectives set forth by the Executive Branch to maximize coverage with an emphasis on rural areas, for which reason, from the study presented in official communication number 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025, it is appropriate to cite the following: “Based on the estimation of signal propagation for the deployment of two (2) transmitters per region, it was obtained that between 46% could be reached for main populations in accordance with the provisions of subsection a) of section 1.2.11. of Appendix I of the current PNAF (…)”.

In accordance with the technical studies conducted, the model proposed in the bidding terms, according to the public policy objectives and the PNAF provisions, would allow for a substantial improvement in coverage compared to current coverage, as extracted from the following projection of the cited official communication (03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025):

As can be observed from the preceding table, the proposed model guarantees a general improvement in coverage for the entire population, which is very significant in regions other than the Central Region (Región Central). This, regardless of the number of frequencies or channels offered, implies a paradigm shift that allows more communities to have access to the television broadcasting service, thereby guaranteeing more broadly the fulfillment of the right to information and freedom of expression that are alleged to be violated by virtue of the competitive bidding procedures.

Thus, the current situation of low coverage in rural areas limits the right of the inhabitants to access broadcasting services, meaning that if there is no coverage in different areas of the country, as evidenced by Sutel’s studies, there are no conditions to exercise the fundamental rights alleged to be infringed.

In consideration of the above, the correction of coverage deficiencies to reach rural areas is part of the Public Policy objectives promoted by the Executive Branch and what the technical specifications of the bidding terms seek to achieve.

For the reasons stated, it is not true that the competitive bidding procedures under analysis would imply a station blackout, given that, on the contrary, they are intended to correct the current deficiencies in coverage throughout the Costa Rican territory.

**2. Freedom of Expression and Informational Pluralism** The appellant alleges that there is a violation of freedom of expression and informational pluralism (articles 28 and 29 CP; article 13 CADH), since the economic, social, and technical barriers constitute indirect restrictions on access to frequencies through disproportionate competitive bidding procedures, reduce the supply of free-to-air radio/TV, and affect both the right to receive information and cultural diversity. It is necessary to point out that the competitive bidding procedures in no way infringe upon freedom of expression. On the contrary, their promotion seeks to guarantee legal certainty to potential parties interested in transmitting their diverse content through broadcasting networks, as well as ensuring that these freedoms are exercised in strict adherence to the Constitution (Constitución Política), the law, and international human rights treaties, guaranteeing due process, transparency, and the independence of the media.

To elaborate further, in the broadcasting competitive bidding procedure for AM services (Licitación Mayor N°2025LY-000001-SUTEL), the CGR emphasized in Resolution No. R-DCP-00077-2025 of November 3, 2025, regarding the alleged violation of freedom of expression by the promotion of the referenced competitive bidding procedure, the following:

“In light of the above, it is necessary to point out that the objector only makes generic claims regarding the bidding document, referring to the alleged violation of the principle of freedom of expression, but omits to make an argumentative exercise where the reasons are proven with any element of evidence identifying why the allegedly restrictive clauses are contrary to the protected principle. It is noted that the submitted document is limited to expressing a general disagreement regarding what the appellant considers disproportionate economic barriers. This objection lacks the specificity necessary for a detailed analysis, as it fails to point out at least a concrete claim that clearly identifies the object of the challenge or the corrective measure sought.” (See CGR resolutions number R-DCP-00076-2025 and N°R-DCP-00078-2025, both dated November 3, 2025, for similar reasoning).

In the same vein, the current amparo appeal lacks evidence proving that the referenced tenders violate freedom of expression, freedom of the press, and the right to information, since the appellant does not provide concrete arguments nor submit any evidence, to the detriment of Article 38 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional).

Furthermore, it is pertinent to reiterate that, as stated supra, for the competitive bidding procedures, Sutel conducted technical studies that allowed for the determination of a base price using a methodology that seeks to reflect the economic value of the spectrum and avoid entry barriers, in accordance with principles of proportionality and transparency.

In addition to the foregoing, deferred payment in installments was made possible to reduce entry barriers, and it was demonstrated that the prices are adjusted to the Costa Rican reality and within reasonable limits, which seeks to prevent cost from being a barrier that restricts participation and, therefore, the plurality of voices, thereby guaranteeing freedom of expression, communication, and information; therefore, the rejection of the appellant’s argument is warranted.

Regarding the alleged violation of informational pluralism. In this regard, it must be noted that informational pluralism seeks to guarantee the existence of a diversity of media, voices, and perspectives in the public space and aims to prevent media concentration and ensure that society has access to multiple sources of information, which is not being harmed in the radio spectrum auction procedures. As part of the public policy objectives issued by the Executive Branch in its instruction, the maximization of coverage reaching rural areas was established, given that emissions are currently concentrated in the central region, which is why the competitive bidding procedures aim to achieve greater coverage in the national territory, thereby guaranteeing freedom of expression and the press, and access to information.

Regarding the tender for AM broadcasting, as stated supra, this service has lost interest, being an obsolete technology, which is evidenced by the low participation.

In relation to the FM radio spectrum auction procedure, as a first point, it is indicated that the concessions that have been granted on a regional basis outside the GAM are the following: 88.3 MHz (Brunca region), 88.7 MHz (one concession for the Brunca region and another for the rest of the country), 98.3 MHz (one concession for the Huetar Caribe region and another for the central, Chorotega, and Brunca regions), and 107.9 MHz (one concession for the Huetar Caribe region and another for the Central Pacific (Pacífico Central)).

In the bid opening phase of the FM radio spectrum auction procedure, 3 bids were received for regional stations. From the above, it can be inferred that the tender does not affect regional or rural stations, as the number of currently granted concessions coincides with the number of stations that bid for frequencies with regional scope, and with the instruction of the procedures itself, as previously indicated, with the exclusion and reservation of frequency assignments, as is the case with ICER.

Furthermore, the design of the technical requirements of the procedures, in accordance with the public policy objectives, maximizes the coverage of the bidding stations, so that the national scope coverage obligations are met.

Currently, most of the valid concessions have national scope obligations; however, in accordance with Sutel’s measurements, they do not fulfill this obligation, as already stated.

It must be considered that, given that 20 bids were received for FM stations, the number of stations after the award could approximately total up to 26 (6 state-owned and 20 submitted bids).

These stations, in accordance with the requirements of the bidding terms, must have at least 2 transmitters per region and must comply with the provisions of the National Frequency Allocation Plan (Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias), which would translate into a substantial improvement in the provision of this broadcasting service. Now, regarding the television broadcasting auction procedure, 4 bids were received.

Therefore, there is a diversity of companies participating in the 3 auction procedures. Subsequently, the Executive Branch may order the initiation of a new competitive bidding process with the unassigned frequencies, based on the public policy objectives it deems suitable.

Here it is also pertinent to emphasize that, according to the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, it has been recognized that the pluralism of ideas in the media cannot be measured by the number of media outlets, but by whether the ideas and information transmitted are effectively diverse and addressed from divergent positions without a single vision or stance existing.

In those terms, what is relevant is that the media guarantee the transmission of diverse ideas and positions. In any case, the number of bidders in the present tenders does not respond to arbitrary limitations imposed by the State, but to objective technical criteria that are reasonable and proportional, and as indicated, there are several factors that can affect participation.

Thus, in this Superintendency's opinion, it is clear that the different competitive bidding processes have been carried out in respect of different constitutional principles and the applicable regulations in force on concession matters; therefore, the rejection of the filed appeal is warranted.

**Other elements to consider: Regarding MIDEPLAN’s regionalization** The appellant states that, “They adopted a zoning based on MIDEPLAN’s regionalization (regionalización de MIDEPLAN), demanding, as a general rule, a minimum network of twelve (12) transmitters, equivalent to two per region. The MIDEPLAN regionalization is not included in the MICITT instruction to SUTEL, and the twelve transmitters is a SUTEL decision that exceeds the MICITT instruction.” On this point, the appellant is incorrect, because the Executive Branch’s instruction and the guidelines establishing public policy objectives seek for SUTEL to determine the technical, economic, and legal aspects included in the bidding terms, which is consistent with the provisions of Article 12 of Law N°8642, which states:

“Concessions of frequencies for the operation and exploitation of public telecommunications networks shall be granted by the Executive Branch through a public tender procedure, in accordance with the Administrative Contracting Law (Ley de contratación administrativa) and its regulation. Sutel shall instruct the procedure, after conducting the necessary studies to determine the need and feasibility of granting the concessions, in accordance with the National Telecommunications Development Plan (Plan nacional de desarrollo de las telecomunicaciones) and sectoral policies.” The act of instructing the procedure entails Sutel conducting technical studies to determine the necessity and feasibility of granting concessions, which includes the establishment of technical, economic, and legal specifications.

We clarify that the establishment of technical elements, such as, for example: the MIDEPLAN regionalization, the spectrum price, the spectrum concentration value, among others, does not correspond to the Executive Branch.

In this sense, the Executive Branch instructed SUTEL to conduct competitive bidding procedures considering both national and regional scopes, without specifically instructing the option of using the MIDEPLAN regions, because as stated, the Executive Branch’s provisions are general objectives and it corresponds to SUTEL, as the technical body, to establish, according to science and technique, the best way to implement said objectives (Article 16 LGAP).

Sutel acted in accordance with public policy objectives and generated a technical study that supported the fulfillment of these objectives, related to: “(...) that the spectrum allocation for the provision of broadcasting services be accessible throughout the entire national territory or in the defined coverage area, reaching rural areas, which implies the existence of at least similar access conditions throughout the territory, so that end users in disadvantaged areas are not discriminated against with disadvantageous quality conditions” as well as “(...) the maximization of population access and technical quality in its provision21,” so what the appellant claims regarding this Superintendency exceeding what was instructed by the Governing Body is not true.

In support of the above, Sutel must conduct technical studies that are published in the tender file (see official communication 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025), which allowed the fulfillment of said objectives.

It should be noted that, although the MIDEPLAN regions were developed for socioeconomic purposes (an administrative or political region), this Superintendency conducted the due technical analysis through simulations of signal propagation in said regions using specialized software, for the purpose of determining the confinement of coverage and the viability of its use. This analysis is included in official communication number 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025 dated April 22, 202522, viewable in the digital tender file and titled “09-Propuesta Precartel y cronograma” (09-Draft Bidding Terms and Schedule Proposal), from which the following is extracted:

“In this regard, it is important to consider that the competitive bidding procedure must be oriented towards the provision of the broadcasting service with regional and national scope. Therefore, there is a need to establish, in a justified and objective manner, the regions into which the national territory will be divided for the purposes of the tender, promoting reasonable radioelectric isolation, especially from the perspective of regional development.

In this sense, an analysis of signal propagation has been conducted for the purpose of determining the confinement of coverage by means of regions, through a theoretical exercise using the simulation tools available to SUTEL, in order to avoid possible harmful interferences at the time of their definition. It must be considered that the territorial extension of Costa Rica has numerous geographical features, with mountain ranges being important barriers to the propagation of electromagnetic signals, as they tend to block a large part of the signals transmitted from points with lower elevation, which translates into signal isolation.

Said signal confinement, as will be analyzed later, is related to the definition of MIDEPLAN’s socioeconomic regions; therefore, it is recommended to use such divisions for the present competitive bidding procedure. (…) It is necessary to point out that MIDEPLAN’s regional planning ‘is oriented towards proposals for actions that contribute to sustainable and inclusive human development, with territorial equity and cultural relevance; a better distribution of income and services; as well as fostering citizen participation, consensus-building, and transparency, within a synergistic approach to development; administrative rationality and efficiency, with a high level of decentralization and bringing institutional services closer to regional and local spheres. Therefore, regionalization can contribute to making broadcasting services accessible throughout the national territory; at the same time, this division of the country allows the needs and characteristics of each region to be considered.’” In addition to the above, it cannot be overlooked that MIDEPLAN “is constituted as the advisory and technical support body to the Presidency of the Republic and is the entity responsible for formulating, coordinating, monitoring, and evaluating the Government’s strategies and priorities, that is, it defines the medium and long-term vision and goals that inspire the Executive’s actions23,” actions that translate into the elaboration of the National Development Plan (Plan Nacional de Desarrollo), which defines the Government’s strategy in priorities, policies, programs, and actions, among them, the socioeconomic regionalization used by SUTEL to conduct the broadcasting competitive bidding procedures.

Specifically, the MIDEPLAN regionalization used by SUTEL in the bidding terms is due to technical aspects such as the radioelectric isolation allowed by the national terrain, and not to a capricious decision as the appellant seeks to suggest.

On the other hand, regarding transmitter networks, according to current legislation, the provision of Article 7 of the Radio Law (Ley de Radio, Law N°1758)24, which contemplates a maximum period of 12 months for the start of operation, is applicable to broadcasting networks. Without prejudice to the foregoing, it was considered reasonable to additionally grant the same period to complete the deployment of the rest of the broadcasting network infrastructure to be implemented.

In this way, concessionaires have 6 months, extendable for an additional 6 months, according to the Radio Law (Article 7) to begin using the spectrum, that is, one transmitter per region, and a proportional period of an additional 12 months was granted to complete the start-up of the second transmitters per region, thereby demonstrating that the bidding terms established proportional and reasonable deadlines for the infrastructure deployment obligations of the eventual concessionaires.

Likewise, the provisions of the Radio Law do not differentiate between concessionaires by their coverage, whether national or regional; that is, there is no differentiation for broadcasting networks based on the number of transmitters. It should be noted that, consistently, the bidding terms regulate the obligation to install infrastructure (transmitters) differently for eventual concessionaires with national scope and those with regional scope.

The foregoing, given that concessionaires with national scope differ in technical and financial capacity from those with regional scope. For this reason, the obligations for transmitter deployment according to scope – national or regional – are proportional and reasonable; that is, the regional obligation of 2 transmitters per region is proportional to 12 transmitters for each of the regions at the national level (6x2), so there is no discriminatory treatment.

Contrary to the lack of “proportionality or reasonableness,” the transmitter installation requirement in the bidding terms is proportional given that an eventual regional concessionaire could be awarded for 1 MIDEPLAN region, which would imply that the scope of its network is limited to that region and would have to install 2 transmitters; conversely, if it were awarded 2 regions, this proportion becomes multiplicative and now its network scope would imply 2 regions and 4 transmitters. The same proportion would apply to the eventual national awardee who would have to cover 6 regions and therefore install 12 transmitters.

Similarly, the bidding terms offer the possibility of opting for regional coverage, which will allow an operator to concentrate its efforts on a specific locality; for this, it must install the transmitters required according to its design, with a minimum of two, as justified in SUTEL’s technical analysis incorporated in official communication number 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025 (submitted as evidence).

In this sense, there are particular rules for an eventual national or regional operator, since the operator with national scope must install at least 12 transmitters (2 per region), within a maximum period of twenty-four (24) months from the Start of the Concession, which represents the maximum period for the deployment of the remaining network transmitters.

In any case, as has been indicated, Sutel designed the bidding terms based on the substantiation of technical and economic studies, which are not debated by the appellant beyond generic arguments without technical basis.

It is pertinent to point out that the auction procedures seek to prevent spectrum concentration from affecting the market. Concentration in the broadcasting market has the particularity of not only potentially affecting competition but also other public purposes that, although escaping the scope of Sutel’s legal competence, are equally important for society, such as plurality and informational diversity.

In this sense, the inclusion of spectrum caps pursues a valid public purpose, that is, to prevent hoarding behaviors in the broadcasting competitive bidding process that could affect market competition, considering, as previously indicated, that concentration in the broadcasting market has the particularity of not only potentially affecting competition but also other public purposes of relevance to society.

The Directorate General for Competition (Dirección General de la Competencia) of Sutel analyzed the viability of including caps as spectrum control mechanisms in the competitive bidding procedures and issued official communication 10911-SUTEL-OTC-2024 of December 9, 202425, in which it analyzed the viability of caps as spectrum control mechanisms in these procedures, establishing a cap of 30% for the maximum frequencies that companies or individuals linked to the same economic interest group can accumulate, in relation to said mechanism. This report concluded the following:

“It is considered that the proposed radio spectrum control mechanism is reasonable and proportional for the following reasons:

▪ The proposed mechanism is based on recognized economic concepts in force within the Costa Rican regulatory framework. ▪ The proposed concentration control percentage is consistent with international practice. ▪ The selected mechanism promotes market competition. ▪ It is a more flexible mechanism for potential interested bidders than other traditional mechanisms analyzed, recognizing the current reality and challenges of the broadcasting sector.

Furthermore, it is found that the proposed mechanism is necessary, because in a competitive bidding process where all broadcasting service concessions will be made available, it is necessary to have provisions that prevent concentration contrary to market competition; it is proportional, given the need to balance the interests of potential bidders with the public policy objectives of guaranteeing the efficient use of the spectrum; it is effective, because the established percentage, together with the economic interest group linkage evaluation mechanisms, allows the spectrum assignment in the competitive bidding procedure to be efficient and competitive; it is transparent, because it clearly defines how and to whom it applies; it is predictable, since it establishes a simple methodology for direct application to the number of available concessions available for the competitive bidding process; finally, it is indispensable, because it is a mechanism that promotes competition, prevents the hoarding of frequencies, and the inefficient use of the radio spectrum.

Particularly, in defining the proposed mechanism, the current environment in which broadcasting service operators function was considered to avoid establishing spectrum control mechanisms that could result in hindering the operators' adaptation to the changing nature of the industry; in that sense, the proposed mechanism allows them to achieve an adequate scale to compete with unregulated platform companies, as well as to optimize the scope of their operations in a diversified manner.” Finally, the proposed mechanism ensures the public policy objectives instructed by the MICITT, as it is a spectrum control measure for FM sound broadcasting and television broadcasting services that prevents the tender from creating a situation of spectrum concentration for FM sound broadcasting and television broadcasting services. It is oriented towards users and effective competition in the broadcasting sector; and at the same time, it is transparent, optimizes the scarce resource, and guarantees a fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory allocation." The analysis concluded that the proposed mechanism is reasonable, proportional, necessary, effective, transparent, and indispensable, for the following reasons:

• Based on recognized economic concepts and Costa Rican regulations.

• Consistent with international practices.

• Promotes competition and prevents frequency hoarding.

• Flexible compared to other traditional mechanisms, considering the reality of the sector.

• Guarantees efficient use of the spectrum and a fair, equitable, and non-discriminatory allocation.

It complies with the public policy objectives of the MICITT, oriented towards effective competition and user benefit. Prohibition of prior censorship Legality, publicity, and transparency in administrative action Based on the foregoing, it is clear that Sutel took the necessary precautions in the competitive bidding process to prevent a spectrum concentration that would affect competition.

It must be reiterated that the requirements set forth in the tender specifications of the competitive bidding procedures are based on technical studies conducted by Sutel, which, in turn, respond to best international practices and Costa Rican regulations.

It should be emphasized that, to date, these studies and technical justifications have not been challenged with the corresponding technical substantiation.

In addition to the above, it is considered pertinent to note that the tender specifications received 29 objections from chambers and various concession holders, which were mostly resolved by the CGR due to lack of substantiation, a situation that is reiterated once again in this appeal, which lacks any substantiation and the respective evidence.

Furthermore, it is necessary to consider that the previous Radio Law did not regulate the technical requirements or the procedure for assigning concessions to broadcasting stations, which is why there was absolute discretion and flexibility in granting such concessions.

Given this scenario, it is evident that in a tender such as this one, where technical conditions that were not previously required were specified, the same number of concession holders would not participate.

In accordance with the principle of legality, it corresponds to this Superintendency, in conformity with the provisions of Article 73, subsection d) of the Law of the Regulatory Authority for Public Services, Article 39, subsection d) of Law N°8660, in relation to Article 12 of the General Telecommunications Law (Ley N°8642), to issue the criteria related to the possible renewal or extension of free-access sound broadcasting concessions.

Likewise, Sutel is responsible for conducting the procedure in compliance with the public policy objectives set forth by the Executive Branch through Acuerdo Ejecutivo N°063-2024-TEL-MICITT, published in Alcance N°117 of the official newspaper La Gaceta N°116, and the additional technical guidelines established in official communication MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 of August 7, 2024, from the MICITT, as well as in adherence to the provisions of current legislation and the technical conditions of the PNAF.

In this regard, Sutel has acted in accordance with the regulations and the objectives of public policy, in observance of the principle of legality.

It should be emphasized that the promotion of such procedures seeks to regulate the conditions for the allocation of resources, in order to guarantee legal certainty to potential parties interested in transmitting their diverse content through broadcasting networks, so that these are exercised in strict adherence to the Political Constitution, the law, and international human rights treaties, guaranteeing due process, transparency, and media independence.

Furthermore, regarding the principle of transparency and integrity, it must be noted that, as part of the competitive bidding procedures and in accordance with applicable regulations, Sutel has completed all phases of the procedure, which included the submission of the draft tender specifications to public consultation, a phase that is not established in current legislation and which guarantees the broadest dissemination of said instrument as provided in Article 8 of the General Public Procurement Law, Ley N°9986.

Compliance with the principle of publicity, transparency, and accountability has been guaranteed, first, by making all necessary information available at the corresponding procedural stage, to promote timely access to information and free participation of interested parties.

In this sense, the files of the three procurement procedures are public and all actions taken in the competitive broadcasting bidding procedures (AM, FM, and TV) can be consulted, information that is available at the following links:

AM: https://sutel.go.cr/pagina/frecuencias-am?page=1 FM: https://sutel.go.cr/pagina/frecuencias-fm?page=2 TV: https://sutel.go.cr/pagina/frecuencias-television?page=2 Even the CGR, in the resolutions of the objection appeals filed against the tender specifications, stated: "In the same sense, transparency and accountability are guaranteed, to the extent that all actions are available and known to all interested parties, making it possible to verify to whom and how the tender is awarded." (Resolución R-DCP-00078-2025) It should be emphasized that the competitive bidding procedures under analysis here are duly defined and are based on transparency and publicity - in contrast to the method of assignment.

Access to the historical information of the resource -, which seeks to prevent discretion, regulatory capture, and the existence of favoritism.

In addition to the above, it must be noted that, as detailed in the background section, the tender specifications were subject to a public consultation process by Sutel. The purpose of this consultation process was to guarantee the broadest participation of any interested party, such as the appellant, enabling the avenue to raise observations and comments on the draft tender specifications during that phase of configuring the technical, financial, and legal specifications.

Likewise, the tender specifications were widely disseminated by various media outlets and published in the official newspaper La Gaceta and the national circulation newspaper La EXTRA. The cited specifications were the subject of the respective objection appeals by potential bidders and interested parties in the referenced competitive bidding procedures.

In summary, a pre-tender public consultation was conducted, and the tender specifications were duly published and disseminated by various media outlets and, likewise, reviewed in the appeals phase by the Comptroller Entity, making evident this Superintendency's compliance with due process, as its conduct conformed to the procedural rules established in the General Public Procurement Law, in relation to the General Telecommunications Law.

It cannot be ignored that legislation exists establishing how these resources must be used and exploited, and that according to Articles 11 and 12 of Law N°8642, the applicable legal figure is the concession.

Consequently, no violation of the principles of transparency and legality is derived from the processing of the competitive broadcasting bidding procedures by Sutel.

In the analyzed tender specifications, the determination of the base price responds to objective technical criteria that have been widely justified, as stated.

Therefore, the competitive bidding procedures are legitimate and proportional and do not restrict access to public information; they only regulate the conditions for the sake of greater legal certainty for bidders.

Furthermore, with the referenced competitive bidding procedures, as stated in the sections above, the aim is to expand coverage in the national territory and, thereby, allow access to public information, which, in any case, remains guaranteed by other means such as internet access, print media, among others.

Inviolability of Assets The radio spectrum is a public good whose domain corresponds to the State, so its ownership cannot be claimed by private parties as an asset or acquired right incorporated into their patrimony.

Furthermore, the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has recognized that the possibility of an extension of a concession cannot be considered an asset or acquired right already incorporated into the company's patrimony. That possibility was a mere expectation of renewal that was conditional upon the State's power to establish controls.

Consequently, the economic benefits that concession holders may have obtained as a result of the concession renewal cannot be considered assets or acquired rights that form part of their patrimony and that can be protected by Article 21 of the American Convention on Human Rights by virtue of their ownership.

In addition to the above, what is established in Costa Rican regulations must be considered, specifically Article 121, subsection 14), sub-subsection c) of the Political Constitution, which indicates that wireless services cannot leave the domain of the State and that public domain assets can only be exploited in accordance with the law or through a special concession; public domain assets cannot leave the domain of the State.

The foregoing is consistent with the ruling of the Constitutional Chamber in resolution number 2301-91 of November 6, 1991, where it was emphasized that "dominical" assets have an imprescriptible, unattachable, and inalienable character.

Furthermore, it is relevant to note that, according to the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Chamber and the opinions of the Contraloría General de la República and the Procuraduría General de la República (PGR), broadcasting concessions must be subject to a fixed term. Therefore, concessions cannot be granted indefinitely, due to the legal nature of the radio spectrum as a public domain asset.

Thus, the Constitutional Chamber, in Vote N°2006-02997 of March 8, 2006, ordered the following in relation to this aspect, in consideration of the provisions of the Radiocommunications Regulations:

"(...) the Regulation nuances any strictly automatic extension, by developing the concepts used by the Radio Law in Article 25 cited above. Finally, it is necessary to point out that the extension of a concession is not contrary to the requirement imposed by the constituent power of a temporarily limited concession, since the extension is not indefinite or ad perpetuam, but for the periods established by the regulation itself. The active public administration must, on a case-by-case basis, evaluate, when several extensions have occurred, that the total sum of the periods does not exceed a reasonable one that contravenes the constitutional limit of temporal limitation." (Intentional emphasis) (...)The Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law, in Article 33, provides the following:

"Article 33.-Terms and extension. Frequency concessions for the operation and exploitation of public telecommunications networks shall be granted for a maximum period of fifteen years, extendable at the request of a party, for up to a period that, added to the initial period and that of previous extensions, does not exceed twenty-five years. (...)" According to the above, broadcasting concessions are understood to be granted for a maximum period of 15 years, extendable at the request of a party for a maximum period not exceeding 25 years, and property rights cannot be held or acquired rights claimed over a public domain asset with constitutional protection.

In this sense, it is concluded that broadcasting concessions have a fixed term, which implies they are not perpetual and, therefore, cannot be considered an asset or acquired right already incorporated into the patrimony of a natural or legal person..." It requests that the appeal be declared without merit.

7.- In the procedures followed, the legal provisions have been observed.

Drafted by Judge Cruz Castro; and,

Considering:

I.- PURPOSE OF THE APPEAL. The appellant argues that Acuerdo Ejecutivo n.° 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, of June 20, 2024, official communication MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, of August 7, 2024, as well as the tender specifications for public tenders 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, ordered by the Executive Branch, the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications (MICITT), and the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (SUTEL), violate various fundamental rights. It claims that, through these acts, a competitive bidding process was instructed and designed for the awarding of all available frequencies for AM and FM sound broadcasting and free-access open television, under a homogeneous and predominantly commercial conception, based on criteria of economic efficiency and "market forces," without distinguishing the nature, purpose, and social function of the different types of broadcasting stations (commercial, cultural, religious, educational, community, or of social interest), even though such differentiation is expressly recognized in the legal system. It affirms that the challenged specifications impose disproportionate economic, technical, and financial barriers, such as ascending auctions with high base prices, financial profitability requirements, high infrastructure investment costs, requirements for multiple transmitters per region, and excessively short implementation deadlines, which particularly affects small and medium-sized concession holders, as well as cultural, religious, and community stations, compromising their permanence and service continuity.

It further alleges that the Administration has incurred an unjustified delay in not resolving concession extension requests submitted since December 2022, generating a state of legal uncertainty that, together with the challenged competitive bidding process, puts the continuity of the currently operating open broadcasting services at risk. It deems the principles of equality and non-discrimination, reasonableness and proportionality, as well as the rights to freedom of expression, information pluralism, access to telecommunications, continuity of service, due process, and protection of cultural diversity, to have been violated. It requests the suspension of the challenged competitive bidding procedures, the provisional continuity of the current concessions, and that the appeal be declared with merit.

II.- PROVEN FACTS. Of importance for the decision in this matter, the following facts are deemed duly demonstrated, either because they have been thus accredited or because the respondent has omitted to refer to them as provided in the initial order:

• a)Through official communication nro. 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023, of November 21, 2023, SUTEL recorded that there were forty-eight concession holders of AM broadcasting services, forty-three of FM broadcasting services, and twenty-five of TV broadcasting services. (https://www.sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023%20CONSEJO%20Estudios%20previos%20subasta%20radiodifusio%CC%81n.pdf).
• b)Through a press release of May 14, 2024, SUTEL alluded that, on that date: "In total, the condition of 24 television concession holders and 74 radio concession holders was analyzed; 25 of them in AM and 49 in FM. (...)". (https://sutel.go.cr/noticias/comunicados-de-prensa/sutel-remite-informes-tecnicos-al-poder-ejecutivo-para-que-defina-el).
• c)On September 25, 2025, in the official newspaper La Gaceta nro. 179, SUTEL published the invitation to participate in any of the three competitive broadcasting bidding procedures for the concession on the use and exploitation of the radio spectrum for the provision of free-access sound and television broadcasting services", as detailed below: N°2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM) N°2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM) and N°2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV) (https://sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/frecuencias/22e.-2025ly-000001-sutel-pliego-de-condiciones-am, (https://sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/frecuencias/22e.-2025ly-000002-sutel-pliego-de-condiciones-fm.pdf) and https://sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/frecuencias/22e.-2025ly-000003-sutel-pliego-de-condiciones-tv.pdf).
• d)Appendix 1 of official communication nro. - of November 14, 2025, states: "Appendix 1. The FM broadcasting band comprises the frequency segment from 88 MHz to 108 MHz, and currently has 55 concession holders, which are detailed below (...) (evidence provided by the Minister of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications).
• e)On November 21, 2025, the deadline for receiving bids for free-access sound and television broadcasting expired (see reports rendered by the respondent authorities).
• f)On November 24, 2025, the Tender Commission opened the bids and the corresponding bid receipt act was drawn up, at which time it was confirmed that bids were received for 20 frequencies for the FM broadcasting service, one frequency for the AM broadcasting service, and four frequencies for the television broadcasting service (see reports rendered by the respondent authorities).

III.- ON THE SPECIFIC CASE. Of importance for the resolution of this matter, it must be noted that this Chamber recently resolved the amparo appeal processed under expediente 25-031501-0007-CO, in which the appellant raised grievances similar to those analyzed in the sub iudice. On that occasion, the appellant accused before this Court that the radio spectrum auction procedures entailed the risk of a decrease in the provision of broadcasting services, as they violate "the principles of freedom of expression and press, no prior censorship, subsequent liability, right of access to public information, principle of legality, principle of integrity, principle of transparency, principle of social sustainability, principle of effectiveness and efficiency, principle of equality and free competition, the principle of inviolability of assets, and the violation of guaranteeing service continuity for the benefit of end users." It generally complained that the auction of radio and television frequencies in Costa Rica, considering that the methodology and the prices set illegitimately restrict the participation of small, community, regional, and religious media, favoring only operators with high economic capacity. It maintained that a model based exclusively on economic criteria violates freedom of expression, information pluralism, and the State's duty to guarantee media diversity, especially in rural areas where open radio and television are primary sources of information. Likewise, it criticized that the prices are not based on technical studies adjusted to the national reality, but on international parameters, and that the tender conditions failed to contemplate indigenous and cultural stations. It pointed out that the low participation - with a high percentage of unclaimed frequencies and scarce bids concentrated in a few companies - demonstrates the failure of the objective of democratizing the spectrum and expanding coverage, generating a negative impact on vulnerable populations and on equitable access to the media. For its part, the Chamber proceeded to carry out the respective study and through judgment nro. 2026-007626, of 2:15 p.m. on February 27, 2026, declared the appeal with merit regarding the unconstitutionality of the tender procedures nro. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), nro. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and nro. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV), given that they impose the highest economic bid as the sole criterion for the assignment of radio frequency concessions, without taking into consideration or guaranteeing the pluralism (both of media and content) that must exist in every Democratic State of Law and a free and full Information Society, in real terms. Furthermore, it considered that this situation caused a significant decrease in the radio stations and open television channels that participated in this phase of the procedure, of more than two-thirds of the total existing number, whose diversity was not contemplated or taken into consideration in the tenders. Thus, the operative part of said Judgment, as relevant, ordered the following:

"Por tanto:

Unanimously, the coadjuvancies filed are admitted. By majority, the appeal is declared with merit regarding the unconstitutionality of the tender procedures nros. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV) for establishing the highest economic bid as the sole criterion for the assignment of radio frequency concessions, without taking into consideration or guaranteeing the pluralism - both of media and content - that must exist in a Democratic State of Law and in a Free and Full Information Society. Consequently, the tender procedures nros. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV) are annulled, and Jorge Rodríguez Bogle, Paula Bogantes Zamora, and Carlos Watson Carazo, in their respective capacities as acting Minister of the Presidency, Minister of the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications, and President of the Council of the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones, or whoever currently holds those positions, are ordered to take the necessary steps, coordinate what is pertinent, and execute the relevant acts within the scope of their powers, in order to guarantee the non-interruption of the provision of current broadcasting services, as long as the radio frequencies are not awarded through procedures that, in addition to not using the highest economic bid as the sole award criterion, effectively incorporate pluralism - both of media and content - and seek an equitable, transparent, and egalitarian distribution of the entire radio spectrum related to the provision of sound broadcasting services, in amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM), as well as free-access television broadcasting. The respondent authorities are warned that, based on Article 71 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, imprisonment of three months to two years or a fine of twenty to sixty days will be imposed on those who receive an order issued in an amparo appeal that they must comply with or enforce and do not obey it, provided the crime is not more severely penalized. The Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones and the State are ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts that serve as the basis for this declaration, which shall be settled in the execution of the judgment in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. Judge Cruz Castro provides additional reasons. Judges Castillo Víquez and Salazar Alvarado dissent, granting the request for a hearing; and, in consideration of the fundamental right of citizens to access telecommunications and information technologies throughout the national territory (Article 24 of the Political Constitution), they declare the appeal with merit and order the Ministry of the Presidency, the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications, and the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones that, within a period of three months from the notification of this resolution, take the necessary steps, coordinate what is pertinent, and carry out all actions within the scope of their powers, to publish a new competitive bidding procedure for granting concessions for the provision of free-access sound broadcasting services in amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and television, in order to guarantee the participation of interested parties providing cultural, religious, educational, and regional services, for which they must establish the requirements to accredit the stated interest and the respective operating conditions. Judge Garro Vargas declares the amparo appeal with merit for her own reasons and, regarding the operative part of this judgment, dissents in order to order that the procedure's instruction continue and to hold a hearing for the purpose of having sufficient elements to properly weigh and specify the order that would correspond to issue in this amparo appeal. Let it be notified." In this way, as there is no reason to depart from the criterion held in the partially transcribed judgment, and considering that the appellant also questions the constitutionality of the public tender for the assignment of radio and television frequencies due to its exclusionary and disproportionate nature - as well as the risk of indirect censorship and impact on information plurality and freedom of expression, particularly to the detriment of regional, religious, and community media -, this Chamber considers that the considerations developed therein are fully applicable to the specific case.

Consequently, the respondent authorities must abide by what was resolved in said precedent, for what corresponds in Law.

IV.- Documentation provided to the expediente. The party is warned that, if it has provided any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new technology-produced device, these must be removed from the office within a maximum period of thirty business days from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not removed within this period will be destroyed, as provided in the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial," approved by the Corte Plena in Session N° 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI and published in the Boletín Judicial N° 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in Session N° 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.

Por tanto:

The respondent authorities must abide by the provisions of judgment nro. 2026-007626, of 2:15 p.m. on February 27, 2026.- Fernando Castillo V.

Fernando Cruz C.

Paul Rueda L.

Luis Fdo. Salazar A.

Jorge Araya G.

Anamari Garro V.

Ingrid Hess H.

Documento Firmado Digitalmente -- Código verificador --  Nº 2026013285 CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours twenty minutes on the twenty-first of April of two thousand twenty-six.

An amparo action being processed in case file no. 25-037342-0007-CO, filed by Nombre01, identity card CED03, in her capacity as President and General Attorney-in-fact without limit of sum of the ASOCIACIÓN CÁMARA CANARTEL, against THE MINISTRY OF SCIENCE, INNOVATION, TECHNOLOGY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS (MICITT).

Whereas:

1.- By document filed with the Secretariat of the Chamber at 18:13 hours on November 28, 2025, the petitioner files an amparo action. She states that: “the Executive Branch, by Executive Agreement (Acuerdo Ejecutivo) No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, of June 20, 2024, instructed the Superintendency of Telecommunications (SUTEL) to conduct a bidding process (proceso concursal) to award all available frequencies linked to the operation of: - AM sound broadcasting. -FM sound broadcasting. -Free-to-air, open broadcast television. The decision was framed in a general and abstract manner, without distinguishing between types of stations (commercial, cultural, religious, community, educational) or between the situation of current concessions, those in the process of extension, or expired ones. Subsequently, by official communication MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, of August 7, 2024, the guidelines directed to SUTEL were expanded, instructing that the bidding process (procedimiento concursal) for all frequencies of the AM, FM, and open broadcast television services must ensure, among other aspects, that: “For the selection phase, a vision based on efficiency and market forces must be considered for each of the broadcasting services AM, FM, and television, which ensures an allocation of the radio spectrum (espectro radioeléctrico) subject to that bidding process (proceso concursal) in a fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory manner, in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 8642, General Telecommunications Law (Ley General de Telecomunicaciones) and the current Public Policy of the National Telecommunications Development Plan, considering the market value of this scarce resource.”. That in practice, the instruction is based on the erroneous assumption that all sound and television broadcasting services are homogeneous and that their allocation must be governed predominantly by a logic of “market forces” and maximization of the economic value of the spectrum, without recognizing the cultural, religious, community, and social function of a large number of current concessionaires. She adds that “(…) Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law (Law No. 8642) establishes that: “The use of sound and television broadcasting, due to its informational, cultural, and recreational aspects, constitutes a private activity of public interest. The granting of concessions and the provision of broadcasting and television services shall continue to be governed by the provisions of the Radio Law (Ley de Radio), No. 1758, of June 19, 1954, its amendments, and its Regulations. SUTEL shall be responsible for carrying out the activities and studies necessary to prepare the concession tender (concurso) and recommend to the Executive Branch the granting or not of these concessions. The sound or television broadcasting services defined in this article are free-access services; these are understood as sound broadcasting or conventional television services, of commercial, educational, or cultural programming, which can be received freely by the general public, without payment of subscription fees, and their signals are transmitted in one direction to multiple points of simultaneous reception.” This provision expressly recognizes that free-access sound and television broadcasting can be of commercial, educational, or cultural programming, and that it is a private activity of public interest, not a purely commercial service. An interpretation compatible with the Constitution therefore requires treating stations differently according to their nature and purpose. FOURTH: The Radio Law No. 1758 and the Regulations to the General Telecommunications Law deepen this differentiation. For example: • Article 20 of the Radio Law provides: “Broadcasting stations whose exclusive purpose is cultural dissemination and broadcasting stations serving meteorological and air or maritime navigation shall be exempt from all taxes, provided they do not engage in commercial or other paid advertising.” • The Regulations to the General Telecommunications Law, in its articles 97 and 98, classify broadcasting stations according to their nature and service, distinguishing between: - Commercial stations: dedicated to the permanent for-profit exploitation of commercial advertising. - Cultural stations: with programming intended exclusively for educational, religious, and/or cultural, formative, and informational content. - Additionally, it differentiates between commercial sound and television broadcasting services, and cultural sound and television broadcasting services. That is, the legal system itself recognizes and requires a differentiated classification of broadcasting services, upon which any frequency bidding process (proceso concursal) must be built. (…)”. She claims that the terms of reference (pliegos de condiciones) of the public tenders (licitaciones públicas) called by SUTEL (2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL) do not incorporate this regulatory differentiation at all between: “(…) • Commercial stations. • Cultural stations. • Religious stations and other projects with predominantly social or community purposes. On the contrary, three types of barriers were imposed that disproportionately affect current concessionaires, particularly small and medium-sized national enterprises, as well as cultural and religious stations: 1. Economic barrier: Damages the principle of Efficiency and Effectiveness a) An ascending auction allocation scheme was designed, with very high base prices, conceived from a purely financial logic on the “market value” of the resource, without taking into account: • The economic reality of the current “concessionaires”. • The non-profit nature or reduced margins of many cultural, religious, and community stations. • The function of open broadcasting as a support for the right of access to telecommunications and the right to information and freedom of expression. b) In the financial conditions, the obligation was established for all bidders to present a ten-year projected cash flow that demonstrated, among other aspects, that: “… an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) greater than the discount rate used for the calculation of the Net Present Value (NPV) must be determined. The discount rate used must be justified by the bidder.”. This requirement starts from the mistaken assumption that every broadcasting station operates under a logic of financial profitability, which: - Forces cultural and religious stations, whose sustainability comes from contributions from the faithful, donations, or patronage, to simulate profitability assumptions incompatible with their nature and purposes. - Is materially impossible to comply with for many small and medium-sized national enterprises, whose structure and financial capacity does not resemble that of large media conglomerates. c) The new technical scheme derived from the modification of the National Frequency Allocation Plan (Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias), added to the infrastructure deployment requirements, drastically increased the capital investment costs (CAPEX) necessary to legitimately participate in the tender (concurso), marginalizing a large part of the current broadcasting ecosystem. 2. Social barrier: The combination of the above has direct and serious effects on the exercise of the right to freedom of expression and access to information by the population: • Listeners and viewers who do not have the economic capacity to pay for internet services or subscription television depend on open broadcasting and television to inform themselves, educate themselves, and access cultural and religious content. • The imposition of disproportionate economic and financial requirements leads to the potential exit from the air of numerous open stations and channels, reducing informational pluralism and cultural diversity. • This is incompatible with the State's duty to guarantee the fundamental right of access to telecommunications and with the objectives of the General Telecommunications Law regarding universality, continuity, quality, and coverage. 3. Technical barrier: At a technical level, the terms of reference (pliegos de condiciones): • Adopted a zoning based on the MIDEPLAN regionalization, requiring, as a general rule, a minimum network of twelve (12) transmitters, equivalent to two per region. • The MIDEPLAN regionalization is not included in MICITT's instruction to SUTEL, and the twelve transmitters is a decision by SUTEL that exceeds MICITT's instruction. • Additionally, a period of only twelve months was granted to have the network fully operational, a period that is excessively burdensome and impossible to meet for the majority of small and medium-sized operators, considering municipal, environmental, construction, import, and equipment installation procedures, as well as electrical and signal transport interconnections. All of the above constitutes an unjustified technical barrier, contrary to the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, and which affects the continuity of services. SIXTH: Finally, there is an additional element of seriousness: • The broadcasting concessionaires of this chamber requested their extension since December 2022. • Although the Administration has the constitutional and legal duty to resolve within a reasonable time, the requests were not resolved, thereby violating due process (debido proceso) and the principle of legality. • This administrative delay places the concessionaires in a situation of legal vulnerability, forcing them to depend on very short-term extensions by executive decree, while in parallel a bidding process (proceso concursal) was designed that subjected the same frequencies to a tendering procedure (proceso licitatorio). In practice, this generates a state of permanent uncertainty about the continuity of services, with a direct impact on investments, the sector's labor stability, and the right of citizens to receive information and cultural content continuously. CONSTITUTIONAL GRIEVANCES 1. Violation of the principle of equality and non-discrimination (art. 33 CP) The design of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TELMICITT, the instructions from MICITT, and the terms of reference (pliegos de condiciones) of the tenders (licitaciones) 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL starts from a serious error: it treats all broadcasting stations as if they were equal, without distinguishing: • Commercial stations, oriented towards profit. • Cultural, religious, educational, community, or social interest stations, whose main purpose is not economic profitability but the dissemination of values, culture, religion, and community service. Imposing the same economic, financial, and technical requirements on all of them, under the presumption that their activity is essentially for-profit, results in: • Contrary to art. 29 of the General Telecommunications Law and the Radio Law, which establish a differentiated service structure. • Discriminatory in fact, as it impacts small, cultural, religious, and community operators with much greater severity. The principle of equality does not prevent differentiated treatment, but it does prohibit arbitrary and disproportionate differences in treatment. Treating as equal subjects who are clearly distinct by their nature and social function is a form of concealed inequality. 2. Violation of the principles of reasonableness and proportionality The conditions for participating in the tenders (licitaciones) are not reasonable or proportional, because: • The amounts of investment in networks, the minimum number of transmitters, and the deadlines for deploying the infrastructure far exceed the economic and technical reality of the majority of current concessionaires. • The requirement to demonstrate an IRR higher than the discount rate involves converting activities that, by their very nature (cultural, religious, community stations), are not conceived as high-profitability projects into a lucrative business. • No differentiated mechanisms or special regimes have been contemplated for cultural, religious, or community stations, despite the fact that the legal system expressly recognizes their particularity. In this way, the terms of reference become instruments of exclusion that, in fact, prevent the participation of socially relevant actors, which clashes with the principle of proportionality and the objectives of the General Telecommunications Law regarding universality, continuity, diversity, and pluralism. 3. Violation of freedom of expression and informational pluralism (arts. 28 and 29 CP; art. 13 ACHR) The described economic, social, and technical barriers constitute an indirect restriction on freedom of expression, under the terms of Article 13.3 of the American Convention on Human Rights, by using: • The control of access to radio frequencies. • The configuration of disproportionate bidding procedures, as means that, in fact, limit the communication and circulation of ideas, opinions, and information, especially those coming from local, community, cultural, and religious media. Furthermore: • The population with fewer economic resources, who cannot pay for internet services or pay television, is exposed to a potential drastic reduction in the offer of open radio and television, affecting the collective dimension of freedom of expression (right to receive information). • The cultural diversity and plurality of voices that make up the Costa Rican identity are threatened when the State designs a model that exclusively favors those who can withstand large-scale financial demands. 4. Violation of the duty to protect cultural diversity and intangible cultural heritage The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (Law No. 8560) obliges the Costa Rican State to adopt active policies to: • identify, protect, and promote manifestations of intangible cultural heritage. • Guarantee the participation of communities and groups in cultural life. In Costa Rica, an essential part of that heritage is articulated and transmitted through open broadcasting stations and channels, including religious, cultural, and educational programs, local and regional content, and expressions of national idiosyncrasy. The challenged bidding model completely ignores this dimension, by: • Not providing differentiated regimes or affirmative action measures for cultural, educational, community, or religious stations. • Subjecting them to the same market logic as large commercial operators, which puts their permanence at risk and affects the preservation of cultural diversity. 5. Violation of the continuity of service and the right of access to telecommunications (art. 24 CP; General Telecommunications Law) The constitutional amendment introduced in Article 24 of the Political Constitution recognizes that access to telecommunications and information and communication technologies is a fundamental right, which the State must guarantee, protect, and preserve.

The General Telecommunications Law reinforces this idea by establishing as its objectives: • Guaranteeing the right of inhabitants to obtain telecommunications services. • Ensuring the universality, continuity, quality, and coverage of those services. In this context: - The failure to diligently resolve the extension requests filed since December 2022 violates the right to prompt and complete justice (art. 41 CP) and the principle of legality (art. 11 CP), by keeping the sector in a state of prolonged uncertainty. - The real threat that numerous stations will go off the air because they cannot compete in the auction scheme designed by the respondent authorities compromises the continuity of open broadcasting services, especially in areas and socioeconomic sectors that depend on them to exercise their rights to information, education, and democratic participation.

PETITION Based on the foregoing, I respectfully request this Honorable Chamber to: 1. Accept this amparo appeal as filed on behalf of the Asociación Cámara CANARTEL, against the indicated authorities. 2. Grant and, where appropriate, maintain the necessary precautionary measures, in particular: - To maintain the suspension of the processing and eventual award of bids 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, as well as any other competitive procedure that implies the loss of continuity of the free-access sound and television broadcasting services currently in operation, while this appeal is definitively resolved. 3. To order the respondent authorities to maintain the uninterrupted operation of all currently valid and effectively exploited radio and television concessions, for a period of five (5) years, in accordance with the technical recommendation issued by the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (SUTEL), which is provided as evidence, in which said specialized authority advises maintaining the operation of the concessions for that period while the new frequency allocation model is redesigned and implemented, all without prejudice to the fact that during that period, the concession extension requests and the eventual adjustment of the regulatory framework will be processed and resolved with full respect for due process and the fundamental rights involved. 4. In the final judgment, to declare the appeal well-founded, and consequently: a) To declare that Executive Agreement N.° 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, official letter MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and the bidding terms for bids 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL violate the fundamental rights detailed in this brief, insofar as they: - Disregard the regulatory differentiation between commercial, cultural, religious, and educational stations, and other projects of social or community interest. - Impose disproportionate economic, technical, and social barriers to access and permanence in the use of the radio spectrum. - Generate indirect restrictions on freedom of expression and media pluralism, as well as on the fundamental right of access to telecommunications and information and communication technologies. b) To order the Executive Branch and SUTEL to redesign the competitive procedure for the allocation of free-access sound and television broadcasting frequencies, so that it: - Respects the differentiation between commercial, cultural, religious, educational, and community stations recognized by the Ley de Radio, the General Telecommunications Law, and its Regulation. - Incorporates mechanisms for the effective protection of cultural diversity and intangible cultural heritage, in compliance with the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (Ley N.° 8560). - Guarantees the real and not merely formal participation of small and medium-sized national enterprises, as well as social and community operators, avoiding disproportionate economic and technical barriers. c) To order the Executive Branch and SUTEL to resolve, promptly, with reasoning, and respectfully of due process, all concession extension requests filed since December 2022, ensuring the continuity of the broadcasting service for the affected concessionaires until firm decisions are made that are in accordance with the Constitution, the law, and international human rights instruments. 4. To order the respondent authorities to pay the costs, damages, and losses that are proven in the corresponding venue. (...)”. It requests that the appeal be declared well-founded.

2.- By resolution at 13:56 hours on December 5, 2025, the proceeding was commenced and a report was requested from the Minister of Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones (MICITT).

3.- Paula Bogantes Zamora reports in her capacity as Minister of the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones (MICITT). She states that: “This report will demonstrate that Executive Agreement N.° 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, official letter N.° MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and the bidding terms for major bids N.° 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.° 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and N.° 2025LY-000003-SUTEL are fully compliant with the constitutional framework, the sectoral legal regime, and the international commitments governing the administration of the radio spectrum in Costa Rica. Far from constituting an exclusionary or discriminatory design, the challenged acts execute the mandate of Article 121, subsection 14) of the Political Constitution, of the General Telecommunications Law N.° 8642, of the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.° 1758, and of instruments such as CAFTA-DR and the Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union (Ley N.° 8100), aimed at guaranteeing an objective, transparent, non-discriminatory, and efficient allocation of a scarce public domain asset, for the benefit of users and the general interest.

In substantive terms, the reasoning developed below starts from a central premise being that the constitutional and legal system compels submitting its access to public competition procedures and guaranteeing that this process is objective, transparent, non-discriminatory, and oriented towards the public interest. On this basis, it will be demonstrated that the challenged measures do not introduce a content control model nor a covert scheme for excluding media outlets, but rather replace a historically prolonged regime of successive extensions with a bidding mechanism open to all interested parties that meet objective requirements, preserving the continuity of services during the transition. The argumentative thread of the report also shows that CANATEL's objections do not describe a current and direct violation of fundamental rights, but rather a discrepancy with the public policy of spectrum management and with technical-economic decisions that already have specific channels of control in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction and before the Contraloría General de la República.

To this end, a first part will set forth the constitutional, conventional, and legal framework that configures the nature of the radio spectrum as a public domain asset res extra commercium, whose use by private parties is only possible through temporary concession, in accordance with Article 121, subsection 14) of the Political Constitution, Articles 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 19, and 29 of Law N.° 8642, the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.° 1758, and the National Frequency Allocation Plan. Upon this substrate, emphasis will also be placed on the mandate of Article 24 of the Constitution, which recognizes the fundamental right of access to telecommunications and information and communication technologies throughout the national territory, imposing positive obligations on the State regarding coverage, continuity, and quality that can only be fulfilled through active and rational spectrum management. Within this framework, the jurisprudential line of the Constitutional Chamber (for example, in rulings N.° 2002-06053 and N.° 2017-11715) and the opinions of the Procuraduría General de la República (mainly N.° C-110-2016) and the Contraloría General de la República, which affirm the guiding nature of the General Telecommunications Law N.° 8642 on the matter, will be recalled.

Regarding the constitutional framework governing the matter, it is essential to recall that Articles 24, 28, 29, 121 subsection 14), and 182 of the Political Constitution establish a dual dimension of protection: on the one hand, they guarantee the freedoms of thought, expression, and information, and the impossibility of the State regulating content or editorial lines; on the other, they impose on the State the duty to plan, administer, and control the radio spectrum as a public domain asset whose ownership is held by the Nation, ensuring its efficient and continuous use oriented towards the general interest.

In a second section, it will be demonstrated that the design of the challenged competitive procedure respects the principle of non-discrimination provided for in Article 3, subsection g) of Law N.° 8642 and does not introduce distinctions based on the content of programming, the editorial line, or the religious, cultural, educational, or commercial nature of the concessionaires. The classification of broadcasting stations provided for in the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law will be analyzed in its true dimension: as a functional typology that does not generate "editorial quotas" nor grant preferential rights to the spectrum, and that does not enable the Executive Branch or SUTEL to construct differentiated economic or technical regimes according to the ideological purpose of each medium. It will be demonstrated that the bidding process relies on general, objective, and neutral rules applicable equally to all natural or legal persons, in harmony with the American Convention on Human Rights, whose Article 13 prohibits censorship of content but allows for the objective regulation of the material support of freedom of expression through frequency allocation procedures.

The analysis will address the technical-economic component of the bids, emphasizing that the base prices, financial conditions, coverage requirements, and network configuration do not derive from a discretionary decision of the Executive Branch, but from specialized methodologies developed exclusively by SUTEL. In this sense, it is particularly striking that the appellant omitted to include said regulatory body in its action, despite the fact that a substantial part of the questions raised relates precisely to the exercise of powers that, in accordance with Article 66.1 of the General Law of Public Administration, are inalienable, non-transferable, and imprescriptible, and which the legal system assigns exclusively to SUTEL, in its capacity as an independent technical body (Article 29 of Law N.° 8642). Therefore, it is the responsibility of this Collegiate Body to order its incorporation into the process, given that many of the contested points fall within the proper scope of the exercise of its regulatory competencies. Undoubtedly, this position of the appellant seeks to weaken the position of the sectoral authorities in addressing this appeal, which must also be assessed in light of the principle of procedural good faith, since it is aware of the intervention of both authorities in the bidding process.

It should also be noted that the Contraloría General de la República, within the framework of its superior oversight powers, heard and resolved the objections formulated against the bidding terms for Major Bids N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, concluding that such instruments do not violate fundamental rights or the essential principles of public procurement. This prior external control constitutes a particularly relevant element for weighing the complaints of the appeal, as it demonstrates that the economic and technical design of the competitive process was subjected to rigorous institutional scrutiny and met the standards of reasonableness, proportionality, and legality required by the sectoral legal system.

Specifically, through Resolution N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, concerning the major FM bid, the Contraloría determined that the objectors did not provide suitable technical or economic evidence to prove that the base prices represent a disproportionate entry barrier or that, by themselves, they affect media pluralism or freedom of expression. This external validation, combined with the absence of independent expert reports in this amparo, prevents simple subjective assessments about "high prices" or supposed "incompatible IRRs" from being elevated to the level of a constitutional violation.

Also, the allegation of a supposed "informational, cultural, and religious blackout" derived from the bidding process will be addressed. It will be demonstrated that, to date, there is no administrative act ordering the shutdown of frequencies or the termination of specific services; that the historical concessions have been subject to express extensions precisely to guarantee the continuity of broadcasting during the transition towards the competitive model; and that all stations continue to operate under valid enabling titles. It is emphasized that the bidding procedure is in an intermediate phase, without definitive results or acts of award, exclusion, or disqualification that would permit claiming a consummated impact on freedom of expression or the right of access to telecommunications. In light of the consolidated jurisprudence of this Constitutional Chamber, it will be argued that a scenario based on conjecture about future and uncertain damages does not satisfy the standard of real, direct, and imminent harm required for the amparo to proceed.

Furthermore, the question of concession extensions and the alleged "administrative delay" will be examined. Starting from Article 121, subsection 14) of the Constitution and the precedents of this Constitutional Chamber (with special emphasis on ruling N.º 2006-02997) and the Procuraduría General de la República (Opinion N.º C-110-2016), it will be demonstrated that the extension regime must be interpreted in a way that does not distort the constitutional temporality of concessions or convert their successive renewal into an indefinite or automatic right. In this context, it will be explained that the decisions adopted by the Executive Branch regarding the transitional extension of concessions and the opening of the bidding process respond precisely to the need to restore the constitutional scheme of temporality and to subject access to the spectrum to competitive, transparent, and open procedures, in compliance with the provisions of Law N.º 8642 and international commitments on the allocation and use of scarce resources. This report develops a procedural framing of the case from the perspective of the distribution of competencies between the constitutional jurisdiction and the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. It will be made clear that the legality disputes concerning Executive Agreement N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the instructions directed to SUTEL, the bidding terms, and the processing of extensions are already filed before the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction, which provides a suitable, specialized channel vested with full jurisdiction, in accordance with Article 49 of the Political Constitution and Law N.º 8508. It will also be recalled that the Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones itself, in resolution N.º 2267-E8-2025, recognized the competence of the Executive Branch to develop the competitive procedures and clearly delimited the scope of its own control, without questioning the structural validity of the model. On this basis, it is argued in this report that the amparo appeal filed by Nombre02 seeks to turn this extraordinary remedy into a parallel instance for the review of legality and regulatory appropriateness, in open contradiction with the residual and subsidiary nature of the amparo and with the principle of self-restraint of the constitutional judge.

The unavoidable starting point is the nature of the radio spectrum as a constitutional public domain asset, in accordance with Article 121, subsection 14), sub-subsection c) of the Political Constitution, Article 7 of the General Telecommunications Law N.º 8642, and Article 7 of Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 44010-MICITT. This implies that the frequencies of the radio spectrum are inalienable, imprescriptible, and outside of commerce (res extra commercium), such that private parties never acquire a right of ownership over them, but rather only a temporary title of use - the administrative concession - subject to the public interest, the constitutionally required temporality, and the sectoral objectives of optimization, efficiency, transparency, effective competition, and user benefit. The Constitutional Chamber itself, for instance, in Resolutions N.º 2007-02408 and N.º 2002-06053, has reiterated that wireless services do not constitute an asset over which the private individual has an innate right of use, but rather an asset belonging to the Nation whose use is only possible through temporary concession.

Upon this public domain substrate is now grafted an additional element of the highest hierarchy: the 2023 constitutional amendment to Article 24 of the Magna Carta, which recognizes that every person has the fundamental right to access telecommunications and information and communication technologies throughout the national territory, and that the State must guarantee, protect, and preserve this right. It is not solely a matter of avoiding illegitimate restrictions on freedom of thought, expression, and information, but of fulfilling positive obligations of coverage, access, and quality in the matter of telecommunications services, which include broadcasting, obligations that - in light of SUTEL's own technical indicators on occupancy, coverage, and frequencies without effective use - are not yet fully satisfied throughout the national territory. In this context, the public policy derived from the Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones (PNDT) to order the spectrum and subject it to public bidding responds both to the public domain regime of Article 121, subsection 14), and to the new mandate of Article 24 of the Constitution, and without prejudice to the social competition model contemplated in Article 46 and the bidding principle established in Article 182, all of the same Political Constitution.

At the supra-legal level are international treaties from which a specific mandate regarding radio spectrum allocation is derived. CAFTA-DR, approved by Law N.º 8622, in its Annex 13 "Specific Commitments of Costa Rica on Telecommunications Services," Section IV "Regulatory Principles," numeral 4 "Allocation and Use of Scarce Resources," provides that:

"Costa Rica shall ensure that procedures for the allocation and use of scarce resources, including frequencies, numbers, and rights of way, are administered in an objective, timely, transparent, and non-discriminatory manner by a competent domestic authority. The Republic of Costa Rica shall issue licenses directly to service providers for the use of the spectrum, in accordance with Article 121, subsection 14 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica." (Emphasis added).

Convergently, Law N.º 8100, which approves the Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the Amendment Instrument (Kyoto 1994), imposes on the Radiocommunication Sector the objective of "ensuring the rational, equitable, effective, and economical use of the radio frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services," bearing in mind the particular concerns of developing countries. That is, the international mandate is not reduced to "not interfering" with freedom of expression; it actively requires the State to administer the spectrum in a rational, equitable, and efficient manner, precisely so that multiple services and operators can coexist.

"V.- OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC OR RADIO SPECTRUM. Within the public domain, understood as the set of assets owned by public entities and intended for common use and enjoyment or the provision of public services, it is possible to distinguish between the constitutional public domain and the infra-constitutional public domain.

The constitutional public domain is comprised of those assets that the constitution-maker provides belong to the Nation and that cannot definitively leave the State's domain (Article 121, subsection 14, of the Constitución Política). Among the assets that the Constitución Política qualifies as "belonging to the Nation" are the so-called "wireless services," an expression encompassing the so-called electromagnetic or radioelectric spectrum. The electromagnetic or radioelectric spectrum, in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 121, subsection 14, subparagraph c), of the Constitución Política, may be exploited by public administrations or by private parties through an administrative concession granted in accordance with a general law or by virtue of a special concession granted for a limited time by the Asamblea Legislativa... Therefore, it is the constitutional provision itself that qualifies the electromagnetic or radioelectric spectrum as an asset of the Nation and provides that it may only be exploited by private parties by virtue of an administrative concession granted in accordance with a formal law or a special legislative concession. Furthermore, the use, enjoyment, and exploitation of the aforementioned electromagnetic or radioelectric spectrum is governed by the telecommunications legal system, which is composed of the Constitución Política itself, the international treaties and agreements in force in Costa Rica, the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, the Ley de Radio, the Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias, the Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, and other regulations" (Voto N.º2017-11715 at 3:05 p.m. on July 26, 2017; (...)". (Emphasis added).

Below the Constitución Política and international human rights instruments—but with a hierarchy superior to regulatory provisions—lies the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642, which constitutes the governing sectoral framework. Its Article 4 is categorical in establishing that: "This Law is of public order; its provisions are unwaivable and mandatory over any other laws, regulations, customs, practices, uses, or contractual stipulations to the contrary. For matters not provided for in this Law, the Ley General de la Administración Pública, N.º 6227, of May 2, 1978, shall apply supplementarily, where applicable." Consistent with the foregoing, the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones constitutes the legal framework that regulates in Costa Rica the competence of the Poder Ejecutivo to grant concessions regarding the use and exploitation of the radioelectric spectrum, as well as the conditions under which frequencies will be used and the corresponding services will be provided. This regime includes, among other aspects, the requirements and procedures for granting, the obligations and rights of concessionaires (concesionarios), the powers of the granting Administration, and the rules applicable to the transfer of enabling titles (see pronouncement N.º PGR-C-177-2023, of September 18, 2023).

Consequently, neither private parties nor the Administration itself may exploit the radioelectric spectrum without the respective concession granted by the Poder Ejecutivo, an indispensable requirement that has been reiterated by the Procuraduría General de la República (N.º PGR-OJ-059-2023, of May 23, 2023).

The figure of the concession, in its strict legal sense, implies the attribution of exclusive use over a public domain asset, a rule that the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones reaffirms when it provides for the reservation of certain frequencies in favor of the concessionaire (concesionario) holder. This characteristic is also seen in Article 19 of the same Law, which—as an exception to the competitive bidding procedure—authorizes the Poder Ejecutivo to grant concessions directly and according to the order of filing of the application, only in cases of frequencies intended for private networks or those that do not require exclusive assignment for their optimal use. This has been recognized by the Procuraduría General de la República in opinion N.º PGR-C-177-2023, of September 18, 2023.

Consequently, both the Procuraduría General de la República (Opinion N.º C-110-2016) and the Contraloría General de la República (Report N.º DFOE-IFR-IF-05-2013) have been emphatic in pointing out that, beyond the specific provisions contained in the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758, it is the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642 that is the normative body that comprehensively regulates the use and exploitation of the radioelectric spectrum—including broadcasting—and that this activity must be subject to its guiding principles: fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory assignment; efficient use of scarce resources; promotion of effective competition; user benefit; universality; and solidarity (Arts. 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, and 29 of Law N.º 8642).

The Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 coexists with this legal regime and establishes, in its Article 11, general duties of concessionaires (concesionarios) ("to raise the cultural level of the Nation," to cede free airtime for educational and civic-cultural purposes), but it does not introduce categories of concessions based on the content of the message. The Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 34765-MINAET, in its Article 97, only provides for a classification according to the nature of the broadcasting stations: a) Commercial stations, dedicated to the permanent for-profit exploitation of commercial advertising through programs of general interest; b) Cultural stations, qualified as such by the Ministerio de Cultura, y Juventud, with programming aimed at disseminating educational, religious, and/or cultural content of a formative and informative nature, which may also engage in for-profit activity; and c) International shortwave stations, commercial or cultural, that operate for audiences abroad. As can be observed, this classification does not translate into quotas by editorial line, nor does it authorize the Poder Ejecutivo to segment the spectrum into "sympathetic media" or "critical media" at its discretion. This is because the regulation carried out by the Poder Ejecutivo is focused on the operation of networks and the provision of services from the perspective of optimal and efficient use of the radioelectric spectrum as a constitutional public domain (demanial) asset, and not on the regulation of content related to the programming of each broadcasting station.

In this normative context, the actions of the Poder Ejecutivo that the appellant challenges are not measures aimed at silencing media outlets or discriminating against content, but rather planning decisions on the use and exploitation of the radioelectric spectrum as a constitutional public domain (demanial) asset and the execution of sectoral public policy, aimed at: i) Adapting historical concessions (subject to a twenty-year term starting June 28, 2004, according to Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 31608-G) to the constitutional requirement of temporality, preventing their perpetuation. ii) Democratizing access to a scarce asset through the first public competitive bidding process for free-to-air sound and television broadcasting in the country's history, in compliance with the principles of bidding, free competition (libre concurrencia), and non-discrimination. iii) Guaranteeing, during the transition of this process, the continuity of services in favor of users, given the nature of broadcasting as a private activity of public interest, which has been done through Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT, which extends the validity of the concessions until after the 2025-2026 elections, respecting their original conditions and reinforced by the general precautionary measure issued by the Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda in expediente N.º 25-001640-1027-CA (Voto N.º 378-2025-I at 2:40 p.m. on September 24, 2025).

All of this is executed under the umbrella of the Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, whose Article 13 prohibits prior censorship and requires subsequent accountability, but does not prohibit States from regulating, through objective competitive bidding processes, access to the spectrum as a scarce resource. The competitive bidding procedure ordered by the Poder Ejecutivo and executed by SUTEL—as an independent and technical body, in accordance with Article 29 of Law N.º 8642 and Annex 13 of CAFTA-DR and the provisions from Article 59 of the Ley de la Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos (ARESEP) N.º 7593—does not examine or authorize content, but rather regulates access to the material support of freedom of expression based on general, transparent, and non-discriminatory rules. Rather than a mechanism of concentration, the public competitive bidding process, well designed, is precisely the tool to avoid capture, historical privileges, and arbitrary exclusions.

In addition to the foregoing, the technical studies prepared by SUTEL—as detailed in this report—for the years 2024 and 2025 have revealed significant coverage gaps in the free-to-air sound and television broadcasting services used by end users, as well as the existence of unused frequencies and unequal use of the spectrum under the regime of extended concessions. In a context where Article 24 of the Constitution imposes on the State a positive duty to guarantee access to telecommunications throughout the national territory, this situation could, in effect, compromise the fundamental rights of users.

Precisely in light of this technical and objective evidence, the public competitive bidding process for broadcasting constitutes the appropriate and legally provided instrument to seek a more efficient use of the spectrum and better service to the population, in line with the mandate of the Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (rational, equitable, effective, and economical use of the spectrum) and with the principle of "assignment and use of scarce resources" provided for in CAFTA-DR. This interpretation has even been endorsed by the Sala Constitucional itself, which in Resolución N.º 11715-2017 at 3:05 p.m. on July 26, 2017, held that in matters of telecommunications: "The imposition of the competitive bidding process as a means to grant the broadcasting concession is transcendental, insofar as it implies an institutional guarantee to ensure certain purposes and values, also of constitutional rank, in the granting of concessions, such as transparency, accountability, publicity, free competition (libre concurrencia), and equality." (Emphasis added).

This Sala Constitucional, however, has made it clear (see Resolución N.º 2006-02997) that the only requirement imposed by Article 121, subsection 14) of the Constitution is that the concession be for a limited time; the extension cannot convert that limit into an indefinite right, and the Administration must ensure that the sum of extensions does not distort the constitutional mandate and the parameters of technical and legal reasonableness. The Procuraduría General de la República, in Opinion N.º C-110-2016, has harmonized Article 25 of the Ley de Radio N.º 1758 with Article 24 of the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642, precisely to guarantee that temporality. In this context, the decision of the Poder Ejecutivo not to continue automatically extending the concessions and to opt for the public competitive bidding process as a guarantee mechanism for free competition (libre concurrencia) and to ensure quality of service and optimal use of the constitutional public domain (demanial) asset (radioelectric spectrum), does not suppress a legitimate acquired right, but rather restores the constitutional scheme of temporality and opens the space for free participation and competition (concurrencia), to the benefit of the public interest and users.

From a procedural and jurisdictional perspective, what the appellant seeks is to transfer to the amparo channel a debate that is already formally raised before the administrative litigation (contencioso-administrativa) jurisdiction: the legality of the decisions of the Poder Ejecutivo and SUTEL regarding the expiration and transitional extension of the concessions, the content of Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the methodology of competitive bidding processes N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, as well as the precautionary measures ordered in those proceedings. This Chamber has been consistent, under the principle of self-restraint of the constitutional judge, in stating that oversight of the legality of the administrative function belongs to the administrative litigation (contencioso-administrativa) jurisdiction (Art. 49 of the Constitution); that the amparo is neither a third instance nor a substitute for that jurisdiction; and that substantial legal situations based on law now have a suitable, expeditious, and specialized channel in the administrative litigation (contencioso-administrativo) process regulated by Law N.º 8508.

Therefore, the theory of the case presented here is as follows:

• a)The Poder Ejecutivo and SUTEL have acted within the framework of constitutionality, conventionality, and legality governing the administration of the radioelectric spectrum as a constitutional public domain (demanial) asset subject to public interest. However, it is particularly relevant that CANARTEL, in its capacity as appellant, decided not to include SUTEL in its petition, despite knowing that the technical and regulatory powers whose legality it questions are exclusive, unwaivable, and non-transferable to the regulatory body, in accordance with Article 66.1 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública and Article 29 of Law Nº 8642. This procedural omission is significant and must be assessed by this Collective Body, given that the appeal seeks to challenge actions that correspond to the exercise of competencies that only SUTEL is empowered to exercise and explain in the constitutional forum.
• b)The continuity of free-to-air sound and television broadcasting services has been preserved through express extensions of the concessions, precisely to avoid any "blackout" during the transition to the competitive bidding model.
• c)There has been no intervention in content nor have ideological categories of concessionaires (concesionarios) been created; on the contrary, objective bidding criteria relating to national or regional coverage levels have been applied, in compliance with Article 182 of the Constitución Política, the objectives of CAFTA-DR, the Convenio de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones, and in accordance with the objective parameters of Article 10 of the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones (which may be abbreviated as LGT), which provides that "The concession shall be granted for a determined coverage area, regional or national, in such a way as to guarantee the efficient use of the radioelectric spectrum." d) The economic model of the competitive bidding process and the base prices set by SUTEL have been submitted to technical-legal oversight by the Contraloría General de la República, without it having been proven that they constitute disproportionate barriers to entry or that they generate, in and of themselves, impacts on freedom of expression or media pluralism.
• e)The positive obligations of the Costa Rican State arising from Article 24, second paragraph, of the Constitución Política and international commitments regarding rational, equitable, and efficient use of the radioelectric spectrum have been addressed.
• f)The discussion regarding the legality and timeliness of the new competitive bidding model is already being heard in the administrative litigation (contencioso-administrativa) jurisdiction, with the participation of concessionaires (concesionarios) and full opportunity for evidence and contradiction in a matter of high technical complexity.
• g)The appellant acts as an end user, not as a concessionaire (concesionario), and has not demonstrated a current, direct, and immediate injury to his fundamental rights derived from the acts he challenges; his allegations rely on future fears of the disappearance of certain media and on subjective assessments of the impact of the competitive bidding process, without objective evidentiary support.

Furthermore, the challenged public competitive bidding process has not concluded: there are no results, exclusions, disqualifications, or adjudication acts that would allow one to maintain that there is a consummated impact on the right to freedom of expression or any other constitutional freedom.

The proceeding is at an intermediate stage and, according to the current sectoral framework, the final acts that the Executive Branch must adopt can only be validly issued once the technical report from SUTEL has been rendered, an essential requirement to ensure the legality, reasonableness, and technical sufficiency of the administrative decision. To expect this Collegiate Body to certify an injury before a final act exists, when no exclusion has been verified and all radio broadcasters continue to operate normally, would imply anticipating the effects of a hypothetical outcome whose realization is neither demonstrated nor presumable. Under these circumstances, the alleged damages are based on eventual and non-materialized scenarios, and therefore do not meet the constitutional standard of a real, direct, and immediate harm that would enable the extraordinary protection of the amparo remedy.

To the foregoing is added, as has been stated, that the Supreme Electoral Tribunal itself, through Resolution No. 2267-E8-2025 of April 2, 2025, expressly acknowledged that the discussion regarding the "legality, pertinence, or timeliness" of the new broadcasting frequency allocation model does not belong to the electoral sphere. Consequently, it abstained from evaluating the established public tender and ordered that MICITT must adopt technically timely and legally viable measures to prevent the new scheme from being implemented during the electoral period. However, it emphasized that this limitation "does not imply that it must suspend the process initiated by the aforementioned ministerial portfolio; should the respective legal requirements be met, the corresponding extensions, renewals, or awards could be granted" (emphasis added).

In short, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal itself has recognized the competence of the Executive Branch to develop competitive procedures in broadcasting matters and has confirmed that the process may continue, even with the corresponding awarding acts, provided these are issued with deferred effects during the ongoing electoral process. This reaffirms that any eventual controversy must be aired in a full-knowledge venue of the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, the appropriate jurisdictional avenue for examining disputes that require a comprehensive analysis of legality, reasonableness, and technical evidence.

Similarly, the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic, in the exercise of its constitutional powers and its control of contractual legality and endorsement (refrendo) within bidding procedures in telecommunications matters, has intervened in accordance with the provisions of Articles 14 and 18 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642.

In this context, the theory of the case presented as an introductory framework is as follows: throughout this report, it will be demonstrated that the Executive Branch and SUTEL have acted within the framework of constitutionality, conventionality, and legality governing the administration of the radio spectrum; that the challenged competitive model materializes the principles of competitive bidding (licitación), free competition, transparency, non-discrimination, and efficient use of a scarce public domain asset; that the continuity of free-access broadcasting services has been preserved; and that Name02's assertions do not demonstrate a current, direct, and individualized injury to fundamental rights, but rather a disagreement with a public policy and a technical-economic design already subject to the control of the contentious-administrative jurisdiction and the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic. On this basis, it will be concluded that the amparo appeal must be dismissed, that the precautionary measure keeping the processing of the major broadcasting tenders suspended must be revoked, and that the controversies regarding legality and regulatory timeliness must continue to be aired through the ordinary channels constitutionally provided.

II.- ON THE EXISTENCE OF ONGOING PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE CONTENTIOUS-ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION Notwithstanding the substantive considerations that will be set forth, it is necessary to place on record that the core issues raised by the appellant are already being heard, in a broad and specialized manner, by the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction, both in plenary proceedings and in precautionary proceedings.

Indeed, cases are being processed before the Contentious-Administrative Court and the Appeals Court for Contentious-Administrative and Civil Treasury Matters in which the following is requested: i) the recognition of a supposed positive silence (silencio positivo) regarding extension requests, ii) the declaration of nullity of the Executive Agreements that denied such extensions, iii) the nullity of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT insofar as it orders the public broadcasting tender—or, alternatively, the exclusion of specific frequencies—and iv) the recognition of an automatic extension for an additional twenty years of the existing concession contracts, with practically indefinite effects. In parallel, precautionary measures have been promoted in which the suspension of the effects of Executive Agreements and of the major broadcasting tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV) has been requested, as well as the maintenance of the validity of the current enabling titles (títulos habilitantes) while the substantive claims are being resolved.

The ongoing judicial processes related to the actions of the Executive Branch that have been the subject of this amparo remedy are:</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE PROCEEDINGS</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore\">&#xa0;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><img 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 Considerando III.—That in the exercise of constitutional powers, the Head of the Forestry Directorate of ACOSA issued resolution number 785-98-ACOSA of 14 September 1998, in which, on the grounds of irreducibility (irreductibilidad), an easement (servidumbre) was imposed for the protection of the Las Quebradas–Peñas Blancas Forest Reserve, described in technical study 016/98, and specifically regarding the property designated under the cadastre folio number 1-465097-000. That study established, among other things, the following coordinates:

That by means of this resolution, under the principles of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), No. 7575, and its subsequent amendments, the regime of environmental services payment (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) was guaranteed for the areas subject to said protection, as per the provisions of Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 and Decreto N° 31849-MINAE. That the registration of the respective easement (servidumbre) was completed before the National Registry, as set forth in Art. 19 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) and in accordance with the technical parameters of Anexo 1 and Anexo 2 of said decree.

That through Voto 4654-2003, the Constitutional Chamber endorsed the legality of indirect expropriations derived from environmental restrictions, provided they are duly justified in the corresponding environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA). That, however, from the review of the administrative file, it is noted that there are inconsistencies in the delimitation of the protected area in relation to the actual forest cover (cobertura boscosa) existing on the property, which affects the proper application of the PSAH program, and that such situation may involve an unapproved land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), in contravention of the provisions of Considerando III of the technical study issued by SETENA. Therefore, it is ordered that SINAC, in coordination with the National Registry and the INDER, proceed to the necessary verification of the physical boundaries, in accordance with the Reglamento de Fraccionamiento and guidelines issued by the IMN and the IGN, for which purpose the relevant report from JASEC, in its capacity as provider of public services in the area, and the opinion of the CNE shall be required.

Por tanto, the corresponding measures are dictated for the regularization of the protection regime of the Las Quebradas–Peñas Blancas Forest Reserve.

PSA-CAN-094-2018 SUBSIDY CONTRACT RELATED TO FOREST AND WATER RESOURCES BETWEEN THE INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS, THE EMPRESA DE SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS DE HEREDIA S.A., AND THE JUNTA ADMINISTRATIVA DEL SERVICIO ELÉCTRICO DE CARTAGO --- BETWEEN: THE INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS, possessor of legal identity card number three – zero zero seven - six zero zero zero zero one - zero nine, hereinafter referred to as the "AyA," legally represented by M.Sc. Yamileth Astorga Espeleta, of legal age, married, Biochemist, bearer of identity card number one - zero five seven - zero seven eight three, acting in her capacity as Executive President, a position by virtue of which she exercises the legal representation of the AyA, in accordance with Articles 6, subsection 1), and 14 of the Constitutive Law of the AyA, Law No. 2726 of April 14, 1961, with powers to act granted by the Board of Directors of the AyA through Agreement No. 2018-136 taken at Ordinary Session No. 2018-016 held on April 16, 2018; AND: THE EMPRESA DE SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS DE HEREDIA S.A., possessor of legal identity card number three – one zero one – four three zero zero seven zero, hereinafter referred to as "ESPH S.A.," legally represented by Mr. Allan Benavides Benavides, of legal age, married, businessman, bearer of identity card number one – one zero six five – zero two three four, acting in his capacity as General Manager, with powers of attorney granted in Public Deed number forty-nine drawn up by Notary Public Mónica Pacheco Fernández, on July 1st, 2011; AND: THE JUNTA ADMINISTRATIVA DEL SERVICIO ELÉCTRICO DE CARTAGO, possessor of legal identity card number three – zero zero seven – zero four two four seven three, hereinafter referred to as "JASEC," legally represented by Mr. Jorge Enrique Fuentes Quirós, of legal age, married, accountant, bearer of identity card number one – five zero zero – zero eight zero eight, acting in his capacity as President of the Board of Directors with authority to act, in accordance with the certificate of appointment and powers issued by the Legal Notary Directorate of the Registro Nacional, certified in the Notary Protocol of Notary Public Olman Valerín Gómez, on November 28, 2017.

The AyA, ESPH S.A., and JASEC hereinafter may be jointly referred to as the "Investing Entities," and individually as the "Investing Entity." AND: THE INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ELECTRICIDAD, possessor of legal identity card number four – zero zero zero – zero four two one three nine, hereinafter referred to as the "ICE," legally represented by Mr. Oscar Enrique Sánchez Álvarez, of legal age, divorced, Electrical Engineer, bearer of identity card number one – five eight three – zero one seven three, acting in his capacity as General Manager of the ICE, in accordance with the provisions of Article 29 of the Organic Law of the ICE, Law No. 449 of 1949, with powers to act granted by the Board of Directors of the ICE through Agreement N° 6102 taken at Ordinary Session 6117 held on February 23, 2018.

AND: THE SOCIEDAD DE SEGUROS DE VIDA DEL MAGISTERIO NACIONAL, possessor of legal identity card number three – one zero one – zero three one three four two, hereinafter referred to as the "INS-Magisterio," legally represented by Mr. Paul Antonio Ulloa Hernández, of legal age, married, Business Administrator, bearer of identity card number one – six one five – nine one one, acting in his capacity as General Manager, with authority to act granted by the Board of Directors of the INS-Magisterio at Session 06-11-2017.

The ICE and the INS-Magisterio hereinafter will be jointly and individually referred to as the "INS," and the AyA, ESPH S.A., JASEC, and the INS as "the parties," in accordance with the following Recitals:

--- **RECITAL I** That Law No. 7575, the "Ley Forestal," establishes that the State will pay through the Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal, hereinafter referred to as FONAFIFO, to the owners of forests and forest plantations for the environmental services they provide, giving priority to areas that are strategic for water resource conservation to supply populations.

**RECITAL II** That specifically, Article 3, subsection k) of the Ley Forestal establishes among FONAFIFO's functions: "To collect the resources for the Payment for Environmental Services from public and private entities, national or international, interested in the matter, and to carry out the corresponding payments." **RECITAL III** That in the development of its functions, FONAFIFO is empowered to enter into contracts to implement the Pago de Servicios Ambientales, hereinafter referred to as "PSA." **RECITAL IV** That Article 65 of the Reglamento a la Ley Forestal establishes that FONAFIFO may formalize agreements with individuals or legal entities for the financing of environmental services.

**RECITAL V** That Article 5 of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 25721-MINAE of October 17, 1996, outlines FONAFIFO's functions and operating mechanisms, establishing in paragraphs "d" and "e" that the institution can act as a broker to attract financing for the PSA and that with respect to funds contributed by third parties, it will allocate them in accordance with the specific requirements established in the agreements that are entered into.

**RECITAL VI** That the PSA was implemented as a financial mechanism for the fair recognition of the environmental services provided by forests, forest plantations, and other woody vegetation, in accordance with the provisions of the PSA regulation.

**RECITAL VII** That the environmental services recognized in the Ley Forestal, including water resource protection, are essential for the sustainability of the activities carried out by the Investing Entities and the INS.

**RECITAL VIII** That the Parties are legally empowered to contribute resources to the financing of the PSA Program in areas considered strategic for the conservation and protection of the water resources used for the supply of the populations in the territories under their responsibility, in accordance with the provisions of Article 43 of the Reglamento to the Water Law, Decreto Ejecutivo N° 39887-MINAE.

**RECITAL IX** That the Parties are interested in investing resources in the PSA modality for the Protection of Water Resources, to contribute to the sustainability of the water availability and quality in priority areas, with the prior technical and legal verification of FONAFIFO.

**RECITAL X** That in accordance with the provisions of the PSA Manual of Procedures, the PSA corresponding to this contract applies to properties located in strategic areas defined by the Investing Entities, which have been technically prioritized by FONAFIFO in the area of the CORS-293-2018 project.

**RECITAL XI** That the Board of Directors of FONAFIFO, through Agreement No. 10 taken at Ordinary Session 576-2018 held on April 12, 2018, approved the terms and conditions of this contract.

**RECITAL XII** That the Parties consider it necessary to formalize a new contract for the amount of fifty-five million colones, exact, for the financing of the Pago de Servicios Ambientales modality of forest protection in properties that have a PSA contract with FONAFIFO and that are located in priority areas for the protection of the water resource of the Investing Entities.

Now, therefore, the Parties agree to enter into the present PSA Contract, which will be governed by the following Clauses:

--- **CLAUSE ONE: PURPOSE** The INS, the AyA, ESPH S.A., and JASEC agree to transfer to FONAFIFO, through this instrument, the total sum of fifty-five million colones, exact, for the following: Forty million colones, exact, contributed by the INS; three million colones, exact, contributed by the AyA; seven million colones, exact, contributed by ESPH S.A.; and five million colones, exact, contributed by JASEC, for the Payment for Environmental Services in the Forest Protection modality.

The funds will be used by FONAFIFO exclusively for the formalization and payment of the PSA related to the request CORS-293-2018, for payment commitments for the 2018-2022 period, in properties within the prioritized area of the Investing Entities, which have prior availability of resources and meet the eligibility requirements of FONAFIFO.

The Parties declare that the selected properties meet the criteria for being subject to PSA and that, in accordance with the reports prepared by FONAFIFO officials, the field inspections carried out, and the analysis of the documentation provided by the owners, they comply with the established requirements.

**CLAUSE TWO: USE OF RESOURCES** FONAFIFO is obligated to allocate the resources contributed by the INS to the Payment for Environmental Services, Forest Protection modality, CORS-293-2018, in the properties listed in Anexo 1, which is an integral part of this contract, for payment commitments for the 2018-2022 period.

FONAFIFO is obligated to allocate the resources contributed by the AyA, ESPH S.A., and JASEC to the Payment for Environmental Services, Forest Protection modality, CORS-293-2018, in the properties listed in Anexo 2, which is an integral part of this contract, for payment commitments for the 2018-2022 period.

The selection criteria for the properties in Anexo 1 and Anexo 2 were defined and validated by FONAFIFO, in accordance with the PSA Manual of Procedures.

**CLAUSE THREE: CONTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES** The Parties agree that the transfers of resources will be made as follows: a) The INS will transfer forty million colones, exact. b) The AyA will transfer three million colones, exact. c) ESPH S.A. will transfer seven million colones, exact. d) JASEC will transfer five million colones, exact.

For a total of fifty-five million colones, exact, which will be deposited in the bank account number 7383475 of the Banco de Costa Rica in colones, client account 15201001073834757, in the name of FONAFIFO-Custodia Recursos Terceros.

The term for depositing will be a maximum of fifteen business days after receipt of formal notification from FONAFIFO indicating that all individual contracts with the owners have been duly signed and registered with the Registro Nacional, in accordance with the conditions established in the Manual of Procedures. Once the funds are received, FONAFIFO must proceed with the corresponding payments in accordance with the provisions of the contract forms signed with the owners.

**CLAUSE FOUR: OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES** **4.1 Obligations of the Investing Entities and the INS:** a. To deposit the resources established in CLAUSE THREE in accordance with the terms and deadlines stipulated in the contract. b. To designate an official to be part of the Coordinating Committee established in the Manual of Procedures. c. At the time of signing this contract, the investing entities and/or the INS may request from FONAFIFO the geographic information generated from the georeferencing of the properties subject to PSA to verify compliance with the purpose of the resources contributed.

**4.2 Obligations of FONAFIFO:** a. To invest the resources contributed by the INS, AyA, ESPH S.A., and JASEC exclusively in the PSA Forest Protection modality, as established in this contract. b. To administer the funds contributed under the principle of strict separation of assets, keeping the funds deposited in a specific bank account. c. To manage the contracting process, payment, and monitoring of the PSA with the owners of the properties included in this contract, as established in the Manual of Procedures. d. To provide the Investing Entities and the INS with a quarterly report on the progress of the project, which must include the technical and financial status. e. To inform the Investing Entities and the INS about any modification, suspension, or early termination of the individual PSA contracts that may arise. f. To facilitate monitoring and evaluation processes that the Investing Entities and the INS wish to carry out. g. FONAFIFO is authorized to deduct up to five percent (5%) from the amount contributed by the AyA, ESPH S.A., and JASEC for administrative and operational costs arising from the activities for formalizing, monitoring, and evaluating the PSA contracts, in accordance with the provisions of Article 3, subsection k) of the Ley Forestal and the Regulations to this Law.

**CLAUSE FIVE: COORDINATION** A Coordinating Committee will be established, made up of an official appointed by the Investing Entities, an official appointed by the INS, and an official appointed by FONAFIFO. The functions of this committee will be those indicated in the Manual of Procedures.

**CLAUSE SIX: EARLY TERMINATION** The Parties agree that this contract may be terminated early by mutual agreement or unilaterally if any of the Parties fails to comply with the obligations established in it for a period of more than thirty calendar days, after the non-compliant party has been notified in writing to fulfill them, without this having been achieved. In this case, the Parties will agree on the destination of the remaining resources.

**CLAUSE SEVEN: DISPUTE RESOLUTION** The Parties agree to resolve any dispute that may arise in connection with the interpretation or execution of this contract through the mechanisms established in the Ley de Resolución Alterna de Conflictos y Promoción de la Paz Social, Law No. 7727 of December 9, 1997. In case of disagreement, the Parties will submit to the jurisdiction of the Contentious-Administrative Courts.

**CLAUSE EIGHT: COMMUNICATIONS** Any notification or communication between the Parties must be made in writing and delivered to the following addresses:

FONAFIFO: Moravia, 200 meters north from the CENADA roundabout. INS: San José, Avenida 7, Calle 9 y 11. AyA: Pavas, San José. ESPH S.A.: Heredia, downtown, Central Offices. JASEC: Cartago, downtown.

**CLAUSE NINE: ENFORCEABILITY** This contract will enter into force upon its signing by all Parties. For the AyA and ESPH S.A., its enforceability is subject to the internal administrative approval of the availability of budgetary content.

In witness whereof, the Parties sign in the city of San José, on April 27th, 2018.

Signed: M.Sc. Yamileth Astorga Espeleta, Executive President, AyA. Signed: Mr. Allan Benavides Benavides, General Manager, ESPH S.A. Signed: Mr. Jorge Enrique Fuentes Quirós, President, JASEC. Signed: Mr. Oscar Enrique Sánchez Álvarez, General Manager, ICE. Signed: Mr. Paul Antonio Ulloa Hernández, General Manager, INS-Magisterio. Signed: Lic. Jorge Mario Rodríguez Zúñiga, Executive Director, FONAFIFO.

12\. Aceptar el estudio de impacto ambiental (evaluation of the environmental impact) of the project, and grant the environmental viability for the Construction of Pacifica Azul Villas, located in the district of Sámara, canton of Nicoya, province of Guanacaste, Permit No. 021-2018-SETENA, which details the technical criteria used to issue it in its Annex (Anexo) 10, and the environmental commitments in Annexes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13.

13\. Accept the environmental viability granted through Permit No. 021-2018-SETENA, and integrate into this study the environmental commitments assumed by the developer, which are detailed in the document called “Imposition of Conditions,” Annex 2 to this Environmental Impact Assessment (Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental) study, the Environmental Measures Program, Annex 3, Annex 4, Annex 5, Annex 6, Annex 7, Annex 8, Annex 9, Annex 11, Annex 12, and Annex 13.

14\. The developer must deposit the environmental guarantee for the sum of ₡39,900,000.00 (thirty-nine million nine hundred thousand colones) to guarantee compliance with the environmental commitments stipulated in Annexes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 13, as set forth in Article 21 of the Environmental Organic Law (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente). The developer must present it within thirty business days following the notification of this agreement. This guarantee will be executed in case of non-compliance or incomplete or defective compliance with the environmental commitments assumed, and its release will proceed once the construction stage of the project is completed and verified. The guarantee must be renewed annually in accordance with the provisions of Article 30 of the Regulation on Environmental Guarantees (Reglamento de Garantías Ambientales), or the regulations that replace it.

15\. The developer must present quarterly reports to the Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA) and the municipality of Nicoya regarding the progress of the environmental commitments assumed, as set forth in Permit No. 021-2018-SETENA.

16\. This construction permit is approved subject to the strict and timely verification by the Cantonal Subdivision and Urbanization Inspection Directorate (Dirección de Inspección de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones Cantonales) and the Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA) of the regulations and the compliance with the project's environmental measures.

17\. The developer must follow the recommendations and control and mitigation measures indicated in the Environmental Impact Assessment (Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental) document for the project, as well as those established by SETENA.

18\. The developer must obtain the Forest Administration of the Tempisque Conservation Area (Área de Conservación Tempisque, ACT) of the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, SINAC), of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, MINAE), approval for the felling of trees, if applicable.

19\. The developer must obtain the respective location permit from the Costa Rican Institute of Tourism (Instituto Costarricense de Turismo, ICT), as provided in Law 6990, for the start-up and operation of the commercial development.

20\. The developer must process and obtain the respective environmental obligations (viabilidad ambiental) from the Public Services Company of the canton of Nicoya, for the water availability certificate indicating that the project will not affect the water supply of the area, for the treatment and purification plant (planta de tratamiento y depuración), and for the entire project's sanitation and drinking water system.

21\. The developer must make the presentation of the construction drawings and the final constructive specifications of the project, before the respective Municipalities for their approval.

22\. PUBLICIZE this agreement to the developer, the Municipality of Nicoya, the Environmental Technical Secretariat, the Tempisque Conservation Area, the National System of Conservation Areas, the Costa Rican Institute of Tourism, the Public Services Company of the canton of Nicoya, the Public Registry, and any other interested party.

23\. This agreement is final and resolves the administrative proceeding, and it is notified. File the present proceedings after its notification and compliance.

NOTIFÍQUESE.— Lic. Johnny Gutiérrez Molina Mayor (Alcalde) Municipal Licda. María del Milagro París Coronado Municipal Clerk (Secretaria Municipal) At 15:05 on March 6, 2018, I, María del Milagro París Coronado, Municipal Clerk of the Municipality of Nicoya, acting as the Notifying Officer, notified the contents of Agreement No. 03, Article VI, Ordinary Session No. 16-2018, held on March 6, 2018, by the Municipal Council of the canton of Nicoya, to José Pablo Carballo Gómez, legal representative of Desarrollos Blue Beach del Pacífico Limitada, identified with ID card number 1-1013-0868, who was present at this office, understood its terms, and signed for receipt. I attest.

José Pablo Carballo Gómez ID: 1-1013-0868 Licda. María del Milagro París Coronado Municipal Clerk Costa Rican Legal Provisions for the Certification of Forestry Plantations to Receive Environmental Service Payments (PSA) and Other Provisions Where:

I. __Legislative Decree N° 7575__ of April 16, 1996, the Legislative Assembly of the Republic of Costa Rica approved the “Forest Law (Ley Forestal)”, published in La Gaceta N° 72 of April 16, 1996, which in its Article 46 establishes the Payment of Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) provided by forests and forestry plantations.

II. __Executive Decree 25721-MINAE__ of October 17, 1996, published in La Gaceta N° 212 of November 5, 1996, regulated the PSA, defining the procedure for the certification of forestry plantations and the requirements they must meet to access this benefit.

III. __Voto 4654-2003__ of the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) of the Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia), issued at fifteen hours forty-five minutes on May 28, 2003, declared the unconstitutionality of several articles of the “Regulation to the Forest Law (Reglamento a la Ley Forestal)” and ordered the Executive Branch to issue new regulations.

IV.Through __Executive Decree N° 31849-MINAE__, published in La Gaceta N° 150 of August 6, 2004, the “Regulation to the Forest Law (Reglamento a la Ley Forestal)” was issued, establishing new requirements for the certification of forestry plantations to receive PSA.

V.It is necessary to update and adapt the provisions relating to the certification of forestry plantations to receive PSA, in accordance with the current regulatory framework and the technical criteria defined by the competent institutions.

Therefore,

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC AND THE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY In use of the powers conferred by Articles 140, paragraphs 3 and 18, and 146 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica, and Articles 27, paragraph 1, and 28, paragraph 2.b of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública), and ISSUE:

The following:

REGULATIONS FOR THE CERTIFICATION OF FORESTRY PLANTATIONS TO RECEIVE PAYMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES (PSA)

CHAPTER I General Provisions

Article 1. __Objective.__ The objective of these Regulations is to establish the technical and legal procedures for the certification of forestry plantations, in order for their owners to access the Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA), as established in Article 46 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal), Legislative Decree N° 7575.

Article 2. __Definitions.__ For the purposes of the application of these Regulations, the following definitions are established:

a. __Forestry Plantation (Plantación Forestal):__ Land of one or more hectares, within the same property or on different properties, established with the planting of forest species, intended for the production of timber, environmental protection, or both purposes simultaneously.

b. __Forest Cover (Cobertura Boscosa):__ Forest ecosystem characterized by the presence of mature trees of different ages, combined species, and an understory layer, an area of land of a minimum of two hectares, with a tree canopy cover of more than 70% under normal conditions.

c. __Land-Use Change (Cambio de Uso del Suelo):__ Modification of the original use of a piece of land to a different use, through the elimination of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) for the establishment of productive, infrastructure, or urban development activities.

d. __Regent Forester (Regente Forestal):__ Professional in forest sciences, incorporated into the corresponding professional body, responsible for technically directing and managing the activities of establishment and management of a forestry plantation.

e. __Management Plan (Plan de Manejo):__ Technical document prepared by a regent forester, which defines the activities to be carried out in a forestry plantation during its establishment and management cycle, including schedules, methods, and expected results.

f. __Environmental Impact Assessment (Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, EIA):__ Procedure established by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA) to analyze, predict, and manage the environmental impacts of a project, work, or activity.

g. __National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, SINAC):__ Institutional dependency of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE), responsible for the management and conservation of the country's natural resources.

h. __Certification (Certificación):__ Act by which the competent authority declares that a forestry plantation meets the technical and legal requirements to be eligible for PSA.

CHAPTER II Certification Procedure

Article 3. __Application.__ The owners of forestry plantations interested in accessing the PSA must submit their certification application to the respective Conservation Area (Área de Conservación) of the SINAC, providing the following documents:

a. Application form duly completed and signed, according to the format established in Annex 1 (Anexo 1), along with the receipt for payment of the corresponding fee.

b. Certification of the property, issued by the National Registry (Registro Nacional), with a maximum issuance date of one month prior to the application.

c. Cadastral plan of the property, certified by the National Cadastre (Catastro Nacional).

d. Management Plan (Plan de Manejo) of the forestry plantation, signed by the regent forester, according to the content and format established in Annex 2 (Anexo 2).

e. Sworn declaration by the owner and the regent forester, stating that the land destined for the forestry plantation does not have, nor has it had in the last ten years, forest cover (cobertura boscosa), according to the definition of Article 2.b of these Regulations.

f. Set of georeferenced digital cartographic information, according to the technical specifications defined by the SINAC.

Article 4. __Admissibility.__ The respective Conservation Area (Área de Conservación), within a maximum period of ten business days from the filing of the application, must analyze the documentation and, if complete, formally admit it, establishing an administrative file with the assigned expediente number.

In case the documentation is incomplete, the interested party will be granted a period of ten business days to complete it, under penalty of archiving the file due to lack of interest.

Article 5. __Technical Review.__ Once the application is admitted, the Conservation Area (Área de Conservación) will conduct a technical review of the Management Plan (Plan de Manejo) and will verify in the field that the forestry plantation does not correspond to a land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo).

In case the technical review determines that the plantation derives from a land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) occurred after October 17, 1996, the application will be rejected.

Article 6. __Issuance of the Certificate.__ Once the technical review is satisfactorily completed, the Conservation Area (Área de Conservación) will issue the certification for the reception of PSA within a maximum period of one month.

Article 7. __Environmental Viability.__ The owners of forestry plantations certified to receive PSA must keep the Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental) granted by SETENA for the project current.

CHAPTER III Components of the PSA for Forestry Plantations

Article 8. __Eligible Modalities.__ Certified forestry plantations may receive PSA for the environmental services they provide in the following modalities: carbon sequestration, water protection, biodiversity conservation, and scenic beauty.

Article 9. __Amounts and Payment Terms.__ The amounts, terms, and payment conditions for the PSA for forestry plantations will be established by the Board of Directors of the National Forest Financing Fund (Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal, FONAFIFO) in the respective annual agreement.

CHAPTER IV Control and Monitoring

Article 10. __Obligations of the Beneficiary.__ Beneficiaries of the PSA for forestry plantations are obliged to:

a. Maintain the forestry plantation for a minimum period of fifteen years, counted from its establishment.

b. Comply with the provisions of the Management Plan (Plan de Manejo) and the guidelines of the SINAC.

c. Allow SINAC officials to enter the property to conduct monitoring and control visits.

d. Report to the SINAC any event that affects the normal development of the plantation.

CHAPTER V Final Provisions

Article 11. __Repeal.__ The previous provisions that conflict with these Regulations are repealed, in particular Executive Decree N° 25721-MINAE of October 17, 1996.

Article 12. __Effective Date.__ These Regulations shall become effective upon their publication in the Official Gazette La Gaceta.

Transitional Provisions Transitory I. __Ongoing Procedures.__ Applications for certification that are in process at the effective date of these Regulations will be resolved in accordance with the provisions of the preceding ones, unless the interested party opts for the application of these Regulations.

Transitory II. __Adequacy of Management Plans.__ Beneficiaries with current PSA contracts who have their Management Plan (Plan de Manejo) approved under previous regulations must adjust it to the provisions of these Regulations at the time of renewal.

Given at the Presidential House, in San José, on the ________ day of the month of ________ two thousand ________.

Considerando III: That the national policy on forests (Ley 7575), established through Executive Decree No. 25721, and its amendments via Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE, along with other regulatory frameworks, recognize the vital importance of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) for the protection of water resources, especially springs (nacientes), and establish mechanisms such as Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) to ensure their conservation. That the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) granted by SETENA in resolution Voto 4654-2003, for the subdivision (fraccionamiento) project registered under expediente number 4654-2003, was based on technical studies that did not accurately reflect the actual condition of the property, particularly regarding the existence of springs (nacientes) and areas of lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) for forest protection, which are now evident from the updated topographic survey by IGN.

That the municipality's certification of land use (uso del suelo) for the subdivision (fraccionamiento), which was a prerequisite for the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) approved by SETENA, failed to incorporate the binding technical opinion from MINAE-SINAC-ACOSA regarding the mandatory protection zones for springs (nacientes) and watercourses, as mandated by the Ley Forestal and its regulations. That this omission constitutes a significant flaw in the administrative file, as the issued land-use certification for the subdivision (fraccionamiento) contradicted the technical criteria of the entity with legal competence over forest and water resources, thereby vitiating the subsequent environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) resolution. That the binding technical criteria from SINAC, as the specialized authority, must prevail over other administrative acts when determining the existence and protection radius of springs (nacientes) and forest reserves, in accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of the Ley Forestal and its regulations.

That the cadastral plans for the subdivision (fraccionamiento), approved by the INVU, also failed to integrate these binding technical determinations, further compounding the legal defects of the administrative approvals for the project. That these defects are of such a nature that they render the administrative acts null and void, as they were issued in contravention of mandatory legal provisions designed to protect the environment and water resources, a situation that must be corrected to prevent irreparable damage to the ecosystems linked to the springs (nacientes) and the forest cover (cobertura boscosa) of the area. Therefore, it is procedurally imperative to annul the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) resolution and all subsequent administrative acts that depend on it, to bring the administrative reality into conformity with the law and the technical findings now officially recorded.

Por tanto:

THE FOLLOWING IS RESOLVED:

1. To declare the absolute nullity of the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) resolution Voto 4654-2003, issued by SETENA, for the subdivision (fraccionamiento) project of the property registered under the Real Property system, expediente 4654-2003, located in the district of ..., canton of ..., province of ..., due to the existence of substantive defects that render it invalid, as detailed in the considering clauses of this act.

2. To declare the nullity of all administrative acts and approvals that are consequent upon and dependent on the annulled environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) resolution, including, but not limited to, the municipal land-use certification, the subdivision (fraccionamiento) approval by INVU, and the cadastral plans visados for the project under expediente 4654-2003.

3. To order the relevant public registries, including the Real Property Registry, to cancel any marginal annotations, cadastral maps, or inscriptions derived from the annulled subdivision (fraccionamiento) approvals for expediente 4654-2003, and to restore the registry status of the parent property to its condition immediately prior to the annulled acts.

4. To instruct SETENA, within the framework of a new administrative procedure, to require the project proponent to submit a comprehensive environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) that fully complies with the binding technical determinations of SINAC regarding the protection of springs (nacientes) and forest cover (cobertura boscosa), including the mandatory establishment of protection zones and lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) areas as per the Ley Forestal and its regulations, before any new environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) can be considered.

5. To notify this resolution to the project proponent, SETENA, the relevant municipality, INVU, SINAC-ACOSA, the Real Property Registry, and the National Registry, for their due compliance and for all pertinent legal effects. The notification to SINAC must include a complete copy of the expediente 4654-2003.

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Since the chunk you provided contains a long string of text that appears to be an encrypted or encoded block (beginning with `UZcj/Zwq6CHu...` and ending with `...T/qZ0b2wMw=`), I will translate this chunk assuming it is the text to process. However, upon examination, this text is entirely a base64-encoded sequence or similar ciphertext with no discernible legal or natural language content. It contains no Spanish words, no tables, and no legal structure as described.

Therefore, applying the instructions literally: there is no Spanish legal/technical term to translate, no table to preserve, and no sentence to translate. The output is simply the source text itself, as provided, because there is nothing to translate.

UZcj/Zwq6CHuHSEN1puiz4jQrGJY+qlyAgHdnctlvC1N1hFEokjHblEOmiwart3kS15pLgoIfSmjN41A8K8ZSRcXkPO1QPcC6vk5GeUnLuOHPu9AH27dVl7xlvIqqaqI3fj6y2IeYR5bQN1lEWfwErEz0hbkuOXrbn+I4pvCJ3Au+yJipubeDdDdZ4lXcwIAhRf6Y2X7xswPGyZgpcp/Hfi52JG3ikDCQDdFc6YvLRMtSTm+lvTiTcdZ+Q9m52H7TD2nkvKhs/48tT8VSN9tBeGUmgmzkmx3djaHGEU2H5VD85NDucRdTR7cjtsOJKcZdQqxKGCm3QWCbPFtvbeDtt5csP3+GDZVtQ2LFTuJcqWxe+xAv6jsQIwizK0iRDlKWJR5QlEZHxebosSaeh7GLhfyphfPMI62cqY1oo3QFumIGOePz2z2GxnrHQqLly+YYv147NZ/oUHcxyiikKNmfPahNc6qTzTVqpjLLkoJ4Ch2PuEn5chY1fbEfnjAPnz59/eHjjf6+Y4mwH9krlyzuHGsEfJC0+nJXRRM/hHnm9jwqFwJNzliQdNJcnkBzsgrPtXvS3zmPGUkEOmpq4P9az5Et5vQ0GL/2J91wLhCge5btlSSJdxfuUFps2OXM97y5XzyqyTseQg+eu4n7DnXO7VzBv/U6OhwRww+kSjsGZ5NUVURx/DKP1a9hwMpCk1sf3nRvJM2HhtH0ciauhVRprczCXDvgSVtNGud8ifq9+lfs9/bRFruX15ZeIl4rG6CBtEZv4wwsn8ZZuNDciSGueJ/bGt4gsj8LZ8HPmuhfQhyBVVbe4cGQZ884kUNYYh9eZ7awzvkvO2LSqZEKP6qGucolrqSF4+rhwNaWImsY0ki9rIb9WCa3LEQReVkHG5AiXcxsE4T2H0V4FthofxcrBh+vhFzFf9BZvG7gSX1/E/ZNf8OnpIHLH9lnro9Z/AS/IuhDd1ULyyZf5qWk0HULcktEu4XkwZXdAJrUpRsi9bMTZikrSryuyXF6oaxtnXK744n5Zj60zZ7LaLYK0O06csgknoamG6gw3nPZvZLWiFZfLn3grsSeWG/rKyGldIqheOgupl8ZYI9Yr6HIwKJzAsyuZtWE9mkdO4/DNs3eei7EFND7xNqYoS5MAUZYmHlGWRETG57tkiR5Pjn7wOu9//gUfGsZQNvZLfpCexmucWPIS06zvUznYQUO6LeZbpvLuYjuu12QT6arBSjV/7kvbn8FS0t32slPWhIvFOaRc2sNO5YPY5bXR011IZqA1tld9iK5rpDrckK0mRpxMqEW6ve5g8Vk0lIwwDiqi7lu9PY/KUgs1kRYYnL5GUHU3g4PFpNvN5Hf/rYNlbfOYLP3ndj8K+pLwUHiR32heJaatm84SDxwM9mGZXE/PU2VJwlD9XVysFFhhdoeEHHcO717OfMvbJLY3UZdmyyGZz/lE/gRXUv25rLaaJduscM1voaPZH6cNa1hz8DoxjY/3jI2WWiI3TRF5zwyqOvJJclzBl9vOE1qbR6TJe7xiGU5tfx1pJ9/hdyfv0ykteskQnQnKTP/1DvbltdDfHImP2Vzm6vgQn+3Gka8XIBdZQ19LInfObmLBosWs98ulodALKzMZNnrl0SXEM9wQitPRnWwzFwQk2xljzVUsFEQtormN9rST7JSXR9nhMo57hbzvOolfmRDn3R0sklNF+1Y+1d0VFIbosP6dj5hlHUF+Ywiuy+exxj2Vml5p4dWTeupDXj0RQd1AG7n2b/P/5C5yp22AnnInjs+fzwLvNHJ9V/H+AkeCmwsJsZrOn+QvcqOlm57aEK4emMvHH21hV0wSyZdUWPWJAnsiK2nuziDq5HY2rzTGpkC6ofMjDGYRZSXPBuVDnEtvoLkuBI9ds5kqf4CLaXnk+sgzT92AIzHltAw2U5fggKmNN0HlwrP4RCeVKEuTAFGWJh5RlkRExuc7ZUmSRYDKc/z7tH2cqegRmlkpowz15BBts4SFcxYLv/AVUTBQQXXt+7y93p3bdQl42q5l7pn71EiT6Ejh5okdrNriSXhvF6153lwyW8cmufVslFNmm95BzANjyOkQpMppO0qHj+JRLG3S+6iP0meN8VEupjc+Pt9HymOy1EV7li3GWouZvV6WzdvWs1phG0uMb5Pd1/zNBO/ckW6qY43RkJvLrHWb2bRuDUvUj3O+SGgsnypL/bQVXOGo2Qa2XM+jrTWFECclVq9dyOINKqirybBq9mfMUXPCv6qK4pBjHFYVykV2HevXbWK10lFORxYL0vB4z5ikJ4nblgpsXLEG2fUyLFXVxii8gOa+cC5/MZPF3gV0DSZxXeZFPrle9nCIaJTBxkCcNBYyf6EMm7dsYNWeI5zLrqWjOgiXbTOYvkQOJXV9VAUBmj9DGcOUcqrvWQtCtJG9CU1SBaU93xWz49tR8yugrTubeI9dqMksY/UaIc/ym1lj5ohnZix3LWVY/NUC1tqHkpDuztn9q1ggsxqZjTvQ0pnLF3+ezXLHZIqLbdj9gRqG4RW0SoV6JB6P+bNY7CPEMDRIV44Vekpf85nMZmRXybJ2lychtcVEn5nKS6Yx1A40Uxyxm61rZvPVegWUFITnYOt0ZkzXwTyviebcazjqL2Ht+pWsld3Mus0G7LkUT/a3lq/oojH1HEc1F7F0pVC/e1TYNPMjPt5+Cp+SNnor/XA+Icd6odw2bt7GJn1dNJzuktDQy5Pb/omyNAkQZWniEWVJRGR8vlOW6KYhw49r0WWPL5AoGRDkIpFYfy+8rvtxIzqRlPu3CY6roK63ibLCGCJL24VmWWCwhcrcZCITa2mVzqUR/m4oiiYiUPiuTwi3kkoo7xqQzpCipfA+yTkFD3snhumpTSImL5/KLunQzhM8OQw33ExdTgh+Ptfw8hLSvptKcmMPo0JeW/Nu4J1Ug3SK+Gh/DaVJN4TPXOOaXzgRRU1CA/9dw3DD9LeXkJUVS2KdIIyjvXTWpnAv1FtII5DguxFEh4cTnVxKTd+wIJLVVGSEcvuGkAevWwQLslLTMyRozpMMCPdMJjHIFx8vf/zuF1EpXYV8tI7iwEgS6noZHm2kLDyAiLq/qqJktJu20nDuSmP0uUVITp2Q/1GhXJupzQzC38sX38BYolKTSBDKIK+rl57GPLISE8iVzgMTSnqgvZjMvETSBEmQCPnoaysgLyaQm9I0AyOIKmqgdaCLtrJ7RAYFEJBaSl1XMw35EdwOkJZvKHcTwom8GU5saSvdHXkk3cogr7WfsTUfJQ9iuFcvxCD9e7iR6vSbD+rFO5ro6i76R7qozwsmqLhdqKMRhrpLyIm6LnzGF7+ASGLuC+mHSl/rH2ZksI2mkhhigqX3vsGN8CxyhXs9PnAmRVq/tVSkhXLrulCu4VFEhNwlPKWY2h6hUkc6aa9IIDrYB28vP7zjsshr6eMJjx1DlKVJgChLE48oSyIi4/PdsvRPzJOy9DfxfessifyrIcrSJECUpYlHlCURkfGZzLJ0ZdlbvDl1JvNM/EluG6+n4RmQ9NFZ5ceFLbP46O3XRFkSGUOUpUmAKEsTjyhLIiLjM2llSdJKbVo0kaEhhKSW0zQwMs5Q17MwzGB3OfmRQjqhkcSk19H6rTE/kX81RFmaBIiyNPGIsiQiMj5Pl6U60hzWsv5m+RMLEP5YJAw338D9jilH/HKp+S97Y0bLEgnblpzlSus//oP0bbRln+CwzCIWfKWI5p1KuoZ+fD9eJ600Z3rgcsEc58IOHp7730I3zVkuHD9nhe29qv+xR1CUJZERUZb+WzxdluqJN3uZl2Zb4/nkMt0TFMMFBxW2q17CD0FWJqRpHC0h6siH/Gm/P7UTkK3/BbRRFKjO13v2YpdYQ6d0qshEMtpD8U1tdmkaYJNbRZtIOG/IAAA8rUlEQVT0HzaJjDTf5bTuTg57xVLaOcF+LcrS1EyI5mQcttVomz8hzFYWFCRJ+AcDJjRIo//LQoWCqmjxII1Xvz3oVJWnIDmyBs3BvTyh4MNPJQ/GGJcP/cSKjLl2wHHJX9mq9RxvjzP4TN1aJh6dBE2p1gSbWaGnnWLeMxvwsZewp0FyHDgrVO/nWLjVW8c7k8A//Np4dmISqYRCa3w/tWD5+T8MPzFF8HpD9+SMl5EwZIGEF3LB3Gy6Xy3MPQ2Y7R5e/a07a3ApLRW1yHrx0jTMdJClYzqlKQf5tz2IN46+LHpVNN6MV6F/du9IFBN1O5UBhHECEGV98bYJzllMTDj4aXJdnr9utN4C3f8X0rFBNWlpJ3WYncijgjCbpDIk1IXk8qJx1YS06fDA65F/fNoD8wNreoU6dRzdr77L8jFQz8m7bLXeY+Q0uR4C/nNVFlSLUfY1f+VmB0ulI4MnViQHUfR9S1MXRX2wB5mX5KYChKNCK9kXimc8kSoWtIQ9X+DRLc3rn2+TZrLg8tY06shQloyKHz/VscDrXkBlEFRgU6AWs3x2fK9lJgUEjj5UbI2zYPM6jrFpmt6RLqTdX4B56Ll/TpjmKh0UcJK1AOWcGzJTF8lcv1d7a5DpPpJj+mO84s3AeT3cUB+pgixSPrF8GS2HNCvptCBCM/J2X5MJ7wpjzsfBx0k/bTyfJkfr/xyP+YlJmRS3GkWXC2sg0g9t6GqVAuGOFIeOj6PjaBYa4nsx+PApmKnwz6u9GYr/h4no9OWkJSBKsV5Fx4Y5DIuGqo2MKnNiJAhs1gviBx/A5DSZsyRPuv3L8N5NslTbL27+Il3ef/2+ysZ8dZyLUcBrvHfmBFeBtVx9NnBfhRpeE3hQb79XWX9ELT3mYff2cQlXz5y9S7i5whBbj2Yl76dHXu02zGblSOmNmbAZG6CQ07EmlG/IJC6DqCBrJIGYp0SL+Vh7n2RS++DioJ0o9wPm1XllqXHSfIdgX8JN8sj3ps+J+4sWksRfWBrK3GMOkKRbUlO0lrqJ+4nU7tqOa/mNi+3FNc4B07yBYljYt3NuFEkbm+bTArxRBN+2hIZ0W3htLLCgOJAQu5vEozxfTyH2aAlJSTobdATUTmiipvI3i4jU+BXqps1Ehx1DvmDcI0Hcl0QxqHkqxB16Lihe3WjP2/F/rDSSCYIO+ydhbtCMMqo1H0jqJJHDP7uPfxhsqQ6AH0nYI+4KYsSO+0OolczT/FHZmsZYuoySiME8AexhaD4mRJ95jFm/5Jsr2gNJtO17kgm3/xxGWF8mmW/yOW0XMQaYmCTmEBydtCfBup0M+CJZivlCvMf7zhT6AoFAIO1gN98JY+ClBgu1GmGbDJd7IqsfSEeUeFhyRSU1XCxb4R82/QUGFvW3D7WymS5vNZJ5vzr8nBC2kzI9LsYddG+y/RFYdmlG6XkZRT5Z+Ia/r42SqbEZ0W/PJtrpWrRUPW8w2wM+hCyPDuJ44hCClDypm5z3vqLM5ZQ0jJhWPVCMHrZ7rvHTbe15/3SJ/fqV2ON1q1plfFJoI9Z4dC7RAck6aEM/wIex2UfViAowNL3Cm2uIUVhsK0g5C0QxJOk5sUQGT9K2KIIQ1LHTokRTDEkmKfQjBkUYVUOww4mjJHAQoA7GEQLtjK7T2DDGqhuBsaQSY5WMc0koyxNn6JdFP7QIPYZ0M9sIeDIykrBFxpCYjnEXwkLqGHkOk2aU9Cp5K5vCSOUVfkp87zVX9q7DXAKaDfZHuAM1T/Ne9NDWRRq3soEteJcWz5lECIqH5Hec3VJgMivd22dYGNmMq1RrbDDMhLsfR4j7Bm6YITGxhLUZtxa6IF+J5NYbCAOGdl4iDBJISdhyw1jk2Bf2/xk1C6NAJYm72TOBJoGGq9sgJc44vWBZ5Bcjz+oMZYXpWES0guO6nsqxu0IfTE72sQJg8OFJCDGaDNJApMfjNNf49ZBrmb0YXlsmTISuAYWwITIMDcpA0+BDoIGGYAgOABgmGoj9Qw8FAANCCRlEE0IJkIM7SDQMMAADjDBFGVORSiFEDAPDhJdFDKwiRBIYM4IYKRqhxBQeQ4hLiERQxRoAUoNLCaXQDiFBdBRYMkXvAuNiTiFkEdGTTYOOKe9lREOxQejQJMNhKNkH8IJBwcUg4jNhMMSR8yIrBTwywGGI3mTXA4mAlTLhMhggMMMJ8Itxh1g2jRcNFAAADLqIWoRBAAY6aDcQSJMM4wZzwloKTMSYYRbYhUjtvQtMCoMYEcsZiBvSxWzFMAIHMEohE4CNVAFvARBNFbMQgmjHTwTOxujCqQGWZRxBpwMHYAqODQ4WAJOF3AEVBSdkIAxNBx8QkwMz0MiAD8NHkNDZAuhS5iFpNqQGBBaDhZJICQQ6RgTjA16HYIggECXBPACkGKeBY9QMAA6DEKCDISkxNJRPMUoymCIhMXGH+MYkcJRFoyFCLD6aElyGaMkAPzFVchVHhBLHz0FoEV01i7YSmAYDFIgHaiU3Bf8QE0UtBhHRHXqE/0Jfht5HHgM8hliAEIUDiPNDAvRVqAUIMx2oKgiDy4JhzFbISfkgb5c5RjKDQEAQokgUPEtHFLLHCknKY0hFDymCAcCWbAF2IwoDyRB4P6sLZw1GFiI74QMWBGWaICPlQggLWCBrCRAMECiQDbYKMkZqF6szRBKwSSgLUB0/BT4sjUMMFiMNB4At1QH0BEY3wEWhQV8LhBJ+gmxKcgUaATIzJQuy4QMJAq4e8kWaCHBFPyfTdzAYzBqHU5gLLmY1XaXHEkASO2HhNQZ/CBCOeI1oZcOLoAqFTz4C/gjUF0hSRmb4ICRI6j0yDmZDMoMwBQ0CYQ8kDQIMXRxZFbEDgjN2PkkAFQ0ORV+SQFoWUwc4TKBQWxOqERAAFUaFOAVDE6NLFDKAFrQs3k5AHUAD/HYBQABDMKAfUgA/gSlFoAP7SoEeQQujDEHggF9hlSW4Bvg0ixplDx8FH07DH/AOgEJHA++WYEHwAxtnuhYdR2QNOlkLU02TQ6Ef2B/zD+wH1jaNCM1bwmSkASMC3xpEGP5BcC+NPQCEkC7iG05XgA3ONrIHHH7GLEEEtDEOBjhPQUxtcNtFBwXoBMsKh34sBvsScApnYSkD/wgcF55KXIuSOcm3DTD4AOLrDw7RL0JaD0MFLGeCMCU0Y8JvB/VMOYgE5x5pJXvzCxWtRjQixCbLYEEGbAM9FokSpgkfCqRdgSBkShW3Q7ZZ3Y4zCCOBi5VqFvVOi2MXRzFjgpYG0xHeF0QvkWYVJBPQNKE23FLu8CcSEbB0kxTh2ORhL0kDFCcmJSvLIetjwzTgZ3RxAajMGZpmLb9APEPaAuEGEVqcKHqTnBbSNvA0CB7rdOUggVngEn4H4RuEB3GBGFjNhI4YazOFKT8tQ7MxL7zVG8gFxVQCcmQiA1kQBFw0aQpjZiCBRu5RQTBgU/ETg0RBn3QHjSbGkglVWQwoC6IddCgChYFRJBJlGZg8yACnDfhSJm1ye8RQCG3MaJzwgNkcjXEBhE0JmQwQGoBGdw5lGsEzkTFXNtMXdiVgbvRFqoVfSnwRHCb7Q4kD/JKST7AXkhFqMr4sVhMufBZ8G0hQrz+AHrQ5L3lAa9QHnBpxOl0JuGqLRrEmunxsJDJ/jHrkTeEX4aKARuAdYPjBFOUN9SBQF/4XDAi4RgFF4QFbNj1zD38M/IFsYOIATQjPR0wKVQIAcKMOlxhrLgs8D8MBNk8lZAI1BRQYQF1EBBUgqgqicQemJOArjCjgDbAG0gx1JJUMICbHWtADwEFUV3NBLAKUMQJEbAFocUBsTnzYNpoXkQKic3pOCW8U4g8VDWMfP4QCF9wn9Qy5IBQ15CtlGHwUNQViGjAhBqHNY0hLSBC7TSJqA4cF0Q4BMgwysy5YqTceXmVvB9Uo3AW/BXsDiSwBYSQVXBYGM8sq1Ug3FNCxFJYDUWnEESYpnDPyPFw9KBDmHHEWukkoK/wFGUJrAoZ80DacBBw/Akm+UxBBGQGMVpmHRE3QN0grNkkAPucvMoTFcuZSeBO1FvA41S9eA0886y0RFW4RWDSUCYlnNBh6KlgrWxQ/KhE6jjQ4rwf3BPgBcyKccjpZRCr5OAtg5kBbgGmo17BKzP3s1DiRZNV8yC2AjwDOEduQlkBVd/IiCVE5rBMqHnAIbpdwfBEnaik8CaBFChPkL0FwFDCIAH4Y+YzEA7FDg2DUo6CMIAcTJJaJky1IWEFgg4pW74QAhquGIgmzT8wqwCwVH8tFTgR0LB8WzCfrOlEC1ixyLRcGxCD3CHwsQoRokPELJGAEHnlQONq1BaMR9Al4KUQ67z8JRVBPYhjwPxBMKRHycBgqIQfwE7Qi6QmgP8RcADaQzC1MGM9kIOf0mFQdxAxsOZDfJNyMumkqQW0QVEzUiBfcfQkW5HfpDOTRSFANJKQhHCF3QaSEAqSBVAnJXDHJIGThT6EPrEis4EkEPGMYVccU9+FYMIDoGmHNEMeBqMILJMxgM/AY6DwkwNU0DwwZBLI15Fy8BMgG2CMW5QUJI7zCcWhYYS48PCDFMZANvDDcN9wP2E8ZHUTYHcQYQaXc5hjPYRNFgnTBUTBxKLsAFGFcCDFsiSBw1FhMI2gNTFIZSNBfNLyMvSEr+QgMM4CBANbgBmBxcPQI8axGGQ5w+7jxCNFoFMT5oV6AgoUSMb6QrTAv0IDoV5wmSAXAfsDfeHTA0CwKMWiEKUzxsBjQFNxMZDOYkFC4sRqhpBE0YP0jy0RyEHpBXoKANBKTIsQb9A3QFaIV4FY44NA3PPb9BqoCwU5hAFEaAZAyLsF3YowhF0AYQkETOHHHkw5QlKCbsSwTk2B7ARmYIfdZhZOhGzGQJiHekUGDD6A0pOExQCYBlLSlcw6hsgeDoO9EByHGkGcklYEr4LF14pcCxLC4kR0QH/SB9NPwkSYB4AYrkknXPCKkAcSk4tYTNPJYEsYAOIMyBqx0oIVAMyE/0HgA93WECIjR3sGPpdgBQ7CUBrYA0fBsUDBn0ZHwFAELsLdgKlOWB4HDkIN8oBoAXEAwAiI4ICDxoOQUnUQ5Q28BoqdURYLDSVFNMZQBPFoC6IBmhaqGb8GpQ8MKM99on4NzzFjK7Ab2yzKCBDMSHccymEUHhEIGAxWR0KzQqOFdpFBTQLeC5OQkoqMzsWESJwZoc24wo+GSgq3ToIKT1M0SyNEG0hCBGRIQgdQr9HxUIKwWALEMw0WSUACvRGmf0ItygKAx3Rb4clOBD6P50SLR7VOoIs7QFfHLhAxQ1jR6pHdliBc0s5jRBxMjw8cH+1N0UaFzTNSjpfP2wCdS3gCxBctgbYMPEpjC72i2gJLR4UGpxLNEiAR4yZRNLhFEIu1StcF7we7AxgGqoRYgV+CIxUZGaACYZ5RXkFH0RNT5CDG0y4xN3mhRL0nlzK2UaVDeQdTDArPEIGXQaJWFwJKi10UMoexQDySFMSTEnhF4IuPE40bQEGGRBfFFeQjkUZpSftASxCUFDCOWAhUz3AZ44nGDH2Cx5HED5SSv8cgjpzQ/h2TDzGT8pjZ0qQRtSB9gPlGcwnX05dCkwGoVBjHZ4DzRCQEhojiE7/TqqKsoq4CJ1HCUJkRwlKEOQThGE4W0BzPCjDGQBbnhE3HqhA+HSsSsQ7CFDGE5Cg6wz4lsBYIw4NV8klRp6cRU7ikAzqFiCbQQLzSEyUow0kYIQRkIbk0mTSSBOmQ/gELW/2Dj4QAyQm6oDNTVFDMw4dQAAHI0Xw2oQBPNZY0oWURASFmEiIx3sRAoIWU1hBjEwwVa9EJBpAISloBjsBHICRo7BZWzHV0S8QZELNYN6B1WK/DbmMOBMyHPBOFnXSMYDc4IFhVIkC4RSRIoQz94ZAPAPExhCAWW2BPQPZhoRIQAMwR1VDK9HITBVM8wrXEQKLscB4AtnCgAn9TggIHx+LMBSfsB3UAlQTNsAawI7iivAtccKB2k6xyrNIXBKQSvQrKjVI6lOZRaqRxOMSwNeElsZ5hgXJ2aHilFSmW1KEA/TQcIBnAYIDdthSAka4Rxk3BDNh8BPp1QxXjKbxOOhcUmt5SaTuFAhBHAtH0Vwzp4KHsLHDCBP5Aa/TkAbaoLeNoIC/ZGSESNIo0XXDpQIkpP4HWRTVF4KWgVEjKwkLAjFLeEQxSStfICSmRAT4I69EEIDI9LF6FyBi0L6BV2PQwQFV9IIQAI2W2sEMwm8DeoAZ0wYTVItiFkF/BCpBsA7lCz0FSUmAkdAMahzSAFhtWTLmCDGDN5EIDADy+IIHAuwLK44MWsVBpTMAFMhGNRFwXYML8EY1TBOi2pTuXEGURBAYHGCWDGQNVgiIsCXEMIgNgNCgmRLPAtJAAIFBZ8QENMJkNUAWeTcHdhkQHkEx0keRfb0cGB7XZKjA0mRXYRnUzsD6cIyL2AS4DkxBDQ3gDkYZsl4JQ/CbMCqjiGJUE8jEZCITGAGM0r3BmGOAVm9AsI6fhCCfNRBCsGswsDD4WE1ERhyzYoLBhYdKxN4Ah4F6RhaG3MYvC8EG2haIlFAObfaA2ER0D9AN7h+AdLkCOAP0OVhE5NgYjhR90QQgYiYKQTPNBuky1GrMSAEIWYQ2JB54pXQw2A6MgST9NA4cUOE0EA7wPTi5kGLh7NCz8GJ0N6hYUPmBIwiXImUQAvJCuJLRBfPT7oDBs2lhAwKh9FoEFyIofCAEosWwwqQQUFPvEC7E1aQpMIM47EgLpA0pN+EHtVPhSCBhIMTRgoCb4Mf+EqGIjFAB9IT55O+i/ECaxidFwIoHCLgMLgp+itQKMBTGMJQ3rGcKBhKLFQnyeCGTwFVAZyPUgQnj6ZApdPwgKVMhAuigFCLQBPPn+DAEAjHE5SQKJJHRtBD5oViArfNSMMDAitLQBhBQIfRghVKYxfgD9MDslFkgNAVPsOU0gYG0hzVSAALPQUvBGpqZQE4KhZ0OxcFsALAFO69ijhIVf0lBwgGz14bqIgPFRVHPDJYSWQCIQz1C0MdBQvEBRUKkk7fJcoLqx9EUSQxNS30DgBtSTixDfxLFjgIRFE3hAThDmgZgQjxD4YSs0oA2MNiNGMugRmxFmg7GzAgVVwdRjP4NQNQ+kjRAKwEfRi0UZB64GRg/KDZEpxASXKdLQJoApYCNxQ+CQ5P6APFi6SMfA4MKAL8hLrFbB+rElJnCDj8UU00IARoEBIYeFpgauHs8XjA3bEo4CJ29sC82QYAhLVh9FNyEcEowLiB56IxBXkTdMoEUAcQCxvOggkP8iQLK6wFrFv4SiQaVMmEsMkKQBHoNfwT/R2QN3CExD6EN8B/QVl0m9QE6GSBkKGdNZniQaBM6Wrku3GfJq8E7FK4T7Gw0XAT0+J+oASjr0PQYXyIqYMPV5WIdUKgwFvARBJIFdM5TxcyCTwv4oG2BgwU/AqEX1UvLFsjYIkPKBK5MEAoUAc1MJmGYdBXQUZDC5D2UVYBXsDYQspGA0R8wqLEL0D+xiBCpMWSjBADD1nULNILbwX2C9hO/BMbEZssfivXGk8NiRxVfvQbNhfEJSQSCGKbQEgpMhWObwApzY2MK5KtLoE72S5SCkQXMI/0eEEmYR1KNEgxrS05C+RSDEcBfvQA9JZkoNDUXWPoYLbFZEQDkCaLMsAk4C/xJns0nBC7EhEQSg8oL+8ohUE7fvoovQekMhUwMVViBbIJ/kqHLUdFHwF6SVIb3gkxCnoMt2YcAyQVnDZOUwpp/GpoaBh3gGkAmI0SMLIEGhI3RohVeQcyDgcZPwsQRRBHwEACdhFiAETkbxL1DhBOIA51F0wJqj+TEq4xGjmFbeFDpwsRD04uNUx3Q4QqCDX5SMEG2CMoQ4BNvgp5CdoYhR00Ov4J1CVMCaRhwF9oeMR5RJdgWEU7cGfRCvEj0NqEL3AuAq0DePAIAZMGWLMCMIi1owQlQJLCSkADQQnEtkbTE8oG/4PMSXgwS0HLDvCCH4w9QbwB4BY1FJBVcHjKN+DY8U6hHsLdgPJiuFBJEKvOAhKBcNpiAMGD5UdlShYCx8VZiLqBNEiqBaYBQpSxhgZULsErc4RFUIH+AyYKAsOxBfcGHQXMSYpMjhmJNMsBFSRqSMAu6HMgIf4Mv3kkC3QoDEtwKMAhqEKow8kOCSAIW4Q0L5YT1HH4t9B2FZpyARDiMQCA5Zbwyo3J6IIsgSKCv4IwAZRGcKFt2nsRq4QvwQUJA4cXAnoMyArIpdoBSv6E52DXQFKXVI73hcYmKEmLDPcPOTU1HL4W8+ADFEkaTG5eC9QX3hLaeoQ5SR6QFrhZhCMBYkCkqUCx4sJmHYGIMoSmER8yZErWMfCMOUrwqUcO1BWAojhK4UXgGAmDWA3JIFgmiB6QJjkgkDBhALgQQB0ZGBhUAEjUFGFYmNYLixDwMkgsDVJYh5lFAx5zIXU3IlYINQIlgEyoT5AvlC7EoRh0KFAKYkFIooL7VzSQfJK8UfDFnyFEEicEXzEYNNdJUMTi0PBRM1P2E5nVVIVDwy4im47tC30PllxEODMAQU5/wRdI5FRj4PjEoQNgh8mEMsiZzhYFtBmABHAd1Ww1B8wkPV+BXAH7s3v0ysE+4GMCBuEEUI0gtCSjNOXB1VH8BN0ErhZeQI2yUoK8RQhTw1d7QsVYgU10FSpD3RQ4QuBMaUN5jYATbAuiCuHBTIOPgIwh00Dxx3jRhsqAR1YT0I7PDIolTzppMNEeSGHoGZAt/YX0DHcGNH1mU9hN4GO4X8jsxRRhuUaKhBjX0BhJEaDQCcAHRlVJIB5C+XGDR4sBZ0H3jdCF0zNEK8hMCgFwH8wIEB80NRoBQZRjJWRRMEuUEmmbgEIwKAhHBA8he9QsgBGgXRCQNZbRiHPPEHQQyNPBhjSEEPgBtBCh5oWjS5QNdha3GiQCohrLG/hIlV3QngCYZHqocDD9Bb8A+1G6CTADbATSLQMCQm0HYAjPQPBDKqLACEGBtUPPRvyJ6QzbA+MpvhkhlkV4TDssZxo/DsEi9QbqCXIgqFp8NoTB8UWhjIVL2CogSeJVYcxE4sUFIL7G5MX6Mfo4VjBQPmBNJAbnQ7pQVGeYKMwoaBow1ByXOLBwZxjCFaQziA4pcI05nBRwBcA/IMjNOUQr+BAFbAG+UjMHyM2qFJbJc4CUy2kN4hFuEFRm4Szcmqgi5Ak4BmgQfP0BcBS1wXmHpQgaEuQNLTXcKAhrsI2aBpGdoAZCJBNPUpGiNsK8g1qGsoC/BQKhqx3kJXRlXSWhAHQJBFQS8cVgGKYcAJtBGkQdi7A3gUlyYgPVBEa4ogM0P9koy1vBCqBf0HPB2QJ4B0DB/QVgH88UuA7ATNh/RBtRqxGEk9VCTQNVRtlJk05RDYqaUHfEWMBQDHIAGgZAPnAeEEIAXQQ4YGHGxhHwEfAe8hT7EpBdUjfmLBUU/WPhX+VncAGIG+B0wvM04yMhUDnxeIQuUXIA6oagY0Au3gJtUoQOYCvtHeYXlAbAcFAdlFyAoVjlQeOh7EP6wblLcM1sQKIS0tjZFkCJYHhCczUW9OJAzARicAAdYeyAyPIWIJGRRkECI/8Gj4GoAAZYyFxO0TEIDKBbBaUjagrIGJ4/xGlha9D4MZ3XrYCDcT/TgrGDhBkkV+AmQO4m0lIcEfRg8lI9gxjHPwKbwi3HNQjsBfoPbCoSBCF+EYpg55g3QOCFTeTdAykH+AXyIZQaJFjEqLHoABzHz0G2BTIVBkOFCXwaewX3E+oHtg2KPcEAAELIZJQHLC9oFNxQpJxotOjNNA7gbkAeHJCBOCBuuJtYV8Hpo3HiP0J84CFxv4LKIjAFvoJ0TrGCzRW+E2YduTykGzgWqDZUwGzj5M3QTukIoQaEBf4RaGKcrP04DHm4nVBJ6Myxn7AM5AZFyE9TD0gEJR4aAHsRFFsQfCFApI0FN6M6ACmmhE+ISmoNEI46xUkKQATZGnUOVz8WNaQPBP91E44cQFFVPDNMkhir0J6BCtHnI1bSAYL+wJiiT5KJ4eWmF8BzgC9hIAGz4PYjRsfOga/CRsJmwJLQT4NSYNFCdeB8sNNDR3XrYpZBwEMwWFdRsYF5ARbhYwEj8Y3UP/F/kF+jk3YNRwMQQDYQbgvWEgAhLF0A5vE/8WmQ58YRjl9EQxVIBEYiA3B80B8nnbCAgKvRDqHv8NYCZEHfY8wQPTLKcJx3aNL28IMij0oFzUHT1HpPo08eR39PSAPLD7EfiGGaHylzBDBsAjFeHRvCAI8f7AtLBIooiTtcMDoRyS7EJaCUtwSGiuNEqgTGE+wELCWkcKIVwMdDooN5BdBIoBqRJqhYbElQM3ieEIfLhLDDdIKgDwIhShuHA0FM3AKEVAEAkE8H+BGYUEBA9O4MgGlYY8W4YWjjT0PxgCgCAsigxjWeLARO4CSPpQwgCJwDAgjNLoYQOTxqGIEQmAVHsCgB2DEQZIgz0WpE0SCFWCzFTwSmSHSHaJqIsCGA9dL+oNLid1H0xssRXI4a1ygHd4L+CvMBHZ4rjQpPUak2bVUEVdgJEHXg0PGMInlREaH4dDTwgEfJA60LZEAex3EXcAX2BoSFXxDqDH4oHSiHYAhzQEFB6snKMaUFKFXbAd0KHYQmgJAl5RHpIHEEEiXBOIk/YB+BQNBUYP7RJUHRJzShbkaI4qBEkQNvUnJGbNHTBeZCJAZIghYBMAdTwNUDSbCvjA1TNKIOxG8C0EyRg7iAX4FmGvwgDUnoR1IOQBxOLOgLwcW7EIiqcOHwGAQeZUSnUhaR8IsEi9tFY8AaxC4McQ5NBugMSQkNRMKdKaErAGBRrIJbBGKVFxHOkxIFciKxFqkohDIJIcwzJA0AWAgL4GsRCAbeB9YAsQQqkIJ0NxEWQG8U+iF4jKERt4G2QIXgQSGBZHkAlXH04hIjgQivA4ENL0WqGmADnYsELbYiLwj2LBVeF2AisUzSD14xZizYXsxBkI0AvaHwoA2jtsZKzPCDxwvSqXADL0GsFfUCv4cDAeKICcER9gQhN+BeEL1BfafR46YKRgK+JY4FIhl9GZAioRQ4YhQsJdGRBmfAUkHYEmgIOA2ERDq8AoJOpFoIVGz1DHaccl1CA2nQN8Gv43yL6IBEg/lFdUAIz0aEr0WbS0XHLodCjOYIiJv3MEIGSYhQQsRgvGsrBEsHEBauB9MEFIRID8TUKAcDXBnUG9phMSd49YFJsSDFVmSAIcoAWWFt47TDqlPXECMCbEAQJ0ULCAiiUirRhDpHxwhlDRsE7R1mC9A/CKUAidSRhJBTUEmqSaZKiAoRCah0CHmwArzNsAcqOFBmiIBdQQn0QsNVpQkACEAotAXYDZBDgDwBsEEWBNgBiWDMohgKF4ysH7sR3VpsEXgzqPAUKjk30WQDD3FiIIWElMY9U+xBNAj4EYYERjk0gRRQjRkY08MKBzVnAhRANqEcmRr8DAsaIAQjGtEJB1ADhoTVIzEgcWXhFZYiR0gsNI4IoWjU8RRURcIJEwy0B0oXiX+kGGA0NDg9XBCA2jEwYfBjBcREiqBIgJhDeBFyEYDAIoHKwYBFOciLg+sE1zYQZYwI/0iY5AZRC/gukBMCokQ5Qk3Q0AwB8E/0FJPjYvGA2EI7UBqEGYHqEZMFXhIyFUEgoErh+YQO4y8gCAcPh7EMXY6ADnAD8hVsOQEL3FJgWfHbcRGAuAMcg44A7MX3hh0KchCvkD3Vhh8iDRYcEmGMVuDpOULNRAP/RJNFDQ+IGFULjBqQ2aIzYEfiD1POgYKhK4F6BeMZEoMNQMIL/4J1M3ChlBgJCiQR2AfAQMiA4kPOHfMx7DTYBvA4AKAgoPT/IeiB5BdaE4AO+F3RI6r4Zx7D6cYA2yU4KukqCAKCsY5wDt1BqE2rHRADIJM1bQD1kSrggpBbQHTQJMYKisid3k7YTniRIRVYIhW+AZhR7pQPNsThIAFGNIaBbAIAASxUFtJ8Er3h0UGcI6ZD+4WmI4ABTkGgEh7RT9TNAF1hyQwzmrkXGAf1IM0CVCMovHVroWYkGFV0SYmM5gOPCuJCsM5jUB3TqYeZBTGMiAP4G0AO0Fo4Y5RylHkYVUBARd4sAnhX0ISBmMGrNHyHfiTPE66YUFB+wUBg/xGtCL8H50ZCNlYtxBwI8YCOY3Cjy8C8AHMRK4NCmJ/CccAXVXLCIRAzg8RRU8lACiBY4eCqocU6cBDpJPSDZ8MhQLILBwuKDYkANiKBCLcDdwMBIVFq0y4QLPFKRzCFvM+lDUmGACV9isEAQMcAblMzhAPESlKgQDaq8U9zw+eGlBvHfdISFIhCggXgBNpKrBwDEoUpQCLAX4H72n4NtYK8E/sDIkHmFxySGo/A02ESAc5AsCOlMBRASnklkqYGahXFIywvMHUESYfMgFnFmB3BJ6o7AcXp0tAgf+QgcCaZZ4GaFdQYeCVIg5BT5HicBdikI1GEDYIMwjKGdwHYD58STJFxRZABbEQLhbwKv0jQ3I+MpRilTx3bhygWMAm4ckFVg3QD3JJC0DnCkAQMCI0GoFEEJHA0FIMhwLggc0ReKWBneNKBJxMr8cT60A/IEFEtInRFWQpoFQp5xAILTzoG0JZ8FhgvkCbBlQIcwLgH48cHFyqb2IKVT9UVMAo6JYQE4DM4a/AB3Akl5GS/kDdKhBQsGVwRqJ34Kn8MuFi0MLixUOEANG0c/6CdkSLDkRFhAKBhTwL4TVKbT5UgTHYI9CHYEIAsFLMCYNoBCAKIImRLIOA19RFfBSqBmcqixk0GyAZQiCBJkCcM8QNREWQCqQECIuFXFdAj7tIwA9lgbEZUDuMKRBEYWCI1SDwERsHyjd0TlEpDb8MoAiAClJIgBcoCH0p+WCoNWFwYgMSCLIgJAN+FMwBgALADwAyAA3hUQM9hUOlhcuDDIeCUgZbFqgFbgBfFqB9mXWhkAtsE0gtYAF8ASBpQF8QAAR1lAG0hKDS4iGAnFAAVW4YcDbQjLJrAFrAy8ADRGMF+wWBjE0DcQSxIyz8PDTFgEsEhVWAAq4DlUB2g1sKYhq+IxV7IqohKwNxGFQTuBYcLwEGBPcEu4MJkGOJqI0INYAlwQqDpMxpYE5QFsHhw3UMx45UFUNA6JMXC0bOVwJdGn5iSEIAgDBxQEKJ4JQRDhKKB7hAuivBTAEFsAwQDUIcRjqI6o3QBRdGES5jovDBoUywQS3gmQBQYPvkTmGhQwGF8shqIroI/IrcgJkSAQJQBysUoT14H+gSwRSQJSxPEBmoOEBX0TZxqLE14NqAJrFgwrESxQB2BgCgR8lCBNQR5smF1BaH8ExYLD2B40IZRiKLAQqQJoAc4JFBI0FwRUoCT/IFQgCBLzUaOE+IbiwwIJS4PaD4cO/ANwA1KZUGjz+YhE0GIU6ASkC4R1ifGmIDX7H98ez0eCRjVLktDMIepFDIKwBc9R3VCyQXUwSRDaBw0VCBUAFSFHEga+RlCA6FBBQNjKOSoMIBPgD+1UiBt4FcUCmIXoIvwDkQgJDfhkSDT4RDzXyQ+BcMbLxzQLGgHkUGz02RVIUx+EVUBgoY6J1QcoTHhMTMi0iyS4IXvADpNMSBcVKqwa/QuFn2AeYIywE6QJWCgH2cM4Qd5MaofcQ3wRahv8OWgjCjOosRRpmCbAYBFfMFuhZghoAPISgYDWgmgJURDWAHMZg4oA2heRFBIN6BDFRrAKSClwy+B0gocBQ4H45qDQ8QOqQfwIyBQoMQgGDCrKBgmQKRZ4q0g8XJoBmcD/AYQF8W6MuhArQQiRrKdoSYYWUYNpAeQB0Q06JEY7rAu0IBQqQM/cnYT18Fd0YKHMcJgQ4pJLYApQHBE2SQcHRmhUGDZYhRLdRTI8QH5IMKMcOB2BshAZs1oFEYzRixAcqgpkB8B0LQWkZEBxgIBC50GMFQwlOk7iEohDWA6kYVh8SNFgDbMtgR7AXkD1FX8HvEE/g7EkJSBHBaRgcDlI9sL/BAJM4sWIJRANrB3lSLE40TibGXTFODRHSUWsFXIDnRVMVmxbwZ2Bv6NrwscEWRLeAeNFAhmGFco9ASLwRqERAAQBUIH5DYhHLEKvCBsogUZoEHoE3DG9RUoBVkeYoZ/WAxUB/gMCqpgoNNNkS0mEHgYkE1sIOGwAqZAXtBcSRg0JQDnwLHB6UGuRINJoNtSAxBElwiGA4jHeoDax9HAp4RNGBwzqKLhLgMEif0HqxC8Jcx3vJoMKMFjiENljUGDqUqCBRsbUgIEA4R5cMVog3A+xXxKr6YRDRQN0gpYCcF20HfSrdDIAQYm5WY3wG1FT8UkFFoUvhiYSSIQWBvwDhoSmiR4C+BYRQnA0CTcE3QNxMAJNjlKwTlQdIQzkEoTtl1VlMaoAeQAiEvQAWDSgR/CuIDG4cCpi0f3A4QLACzRBSQp4BNkNeABQZcJKwV1AD+RGhugNhR+6QLYxegYhFLpOojrAR1EY0FGEgGYwVMGM4GYJCRHviQbD9hGMXFimBQcOHhLlOA4wSRAEDvAAmGiYjCXQe/B/IcALmFiaOMBOADkBfYAMhSXpJAgFqQ2QRgHYIzwy6FUg0ANNoUKAHsKsY3MC11VLEBgb2MkgGkEuhK3W6NdYgNcKdAoEKYkDZDbE/C1GdWac0LCh5bGHEW6z5QX3Qo5GNSLWQYg0KR81GgAcNBaYDMHnFkwDlAHGMWY7HDdhDFAm4B6lDoGdENCA1MLJQH2DAkXDYcFPKHKGxwtqD6M21QX9Qr4LtB1QEFRaMQZA2SMER7wGVgK6D4kOMANMWZRi/C0gm0HN4O0h3KWEEFKC0MFWCf1ArBbAAsEO4h1GAoV2LBCU80H4FzBT1CsKvGiFMLpYlZExIG5Es4U4j6UyIEGAbMOMYxiRctOqAoBD4UF8S1jXHYSzSqYLGcOKRKaNKohLF7IZ0A+vLXREmC2Mxdg9QBUEkNEjIaOTNQqOlwPmFa8AuJEyMZcIQQK2L2o2iHFoXMQC1QH5LpIKfSsfG+wYdC4oWUJEpBv9cMgTLPcojcFHiGCHQEGXUIQjT7UA4dT9QUuCxi7JSj2IzMRmiwqRFwcLXx9YaUsSIx4WMPAWmMwwSMhL3KYgO7FTqMAi/FDhCVs3sTZYE0gA+H+yuIKN9EhwTRCLOPjRX1GgssUQOkC9pPFIA4X3RLIEy4/wC74MhQFbP5AgBInBCCiCBwIMQ2kLRVO0AE3cFwwcLHGECrCxoEhE24zBcAdUTD3wwBbp4VAFYXHwtfD1pHpB4MGBGEhQK3Sx0NkB3LEcgCRx3HHNpnODJRD5B5gQIJZIJ2BKsLAoixOcpz2EUE2/EYBNFgMcEXoBRDZYy6G2xChD+IyzkaVCDx5RNpRAvB5cSfD7ELHQtDUUsLpy2xKnUXiy0AVKoLkRhND6hXUXxhhYWYALyR9IJ1BGWMFjD0IA+xu4KKUOokwKH6I0DHNNHlBGoKvBcIVSJ0WM/B/iRJg0JV2A/tGIs+EHEuBh1GIsgkxRbcPT0QsQDeFG9MqRcYRWZLghEHVSk3H9Mo3gVMDRwxCD2ApFkHARsdGK4jxTX8HL4M+jPEDM01IDVGOOH/4XHFNQAkAWzjiqNaAP9Nu0HUFBFApxUWGmZFQD9YKuCnxGsZJIHXkOlBpsKcAPNIxQsrJ50MoB3IQsQpPFqouXR4TJJgn9AN4agAGGTz9FhxIPKFAx8PQwNAjNwGNxyMdriYAG7gLYFRhBFKCwbGPoQJXJdEbnFMSFNyDMYKFQFhCkw9LRrCT6kkcTXACSNQFn4CRAsIXmJR4AVghYUGIbYCxxzCbVx2/IRMvQAdUPYR+YJpw1KZ01EUAJMRkYux7Ji0QTxgaMA2h9aCi4icQBMIf07gkA4CjRF0GgRGnJ1hAyg5IEtRPoBLwHcAAZLHAiqKcNGzC5cTgGxgJ1DEApN0BP4SFkzDZCgKE4ghBRsGRDS8AIxqIVI0pFLUOcCrIAF1EMQYpRCFDsBYkXCo0lHKZFEiVRNchcRKgRj4jPQtJFCsN1CKUJsRDaJ3BjGG8RAjBSMTaoAJjUCAJYFYRKuBjBPHEf80PhESZEJEjQVMg6QGEh2CIR5mAYxuBc5QbgA4BLAcYMwhA1JWQDY2qAP3FuA7BdQgLDAsABcUUo5OoQLBRwadCjxGOJvIueBwKYQMWbMBkMXMB0J/wGEsgNDHd4IpjCLFckMBgD2R3oCI0vwS+hb0HpAYCBOgRax1IEAh1bMHwqo0xZ1R6u0ACYKX5soLPwRBiBwaQEQ8DeHdABEijNDWBdQlUwJAMwgcESrYV4ILpF0YPpj+AOYg5QEyUJmGioHuk4bB/VG0GjlN4HFBlwbmkj0OqoSrRIcBgaYkRUSLMFWRC8xbhJkQgoja0P+FkxMs4wCGjUBCuQRqJP1OMkSFLfUIdE2kEujThGqUUJDMAdSDOpWyqGYHKFb4aok7COAFSc6QJJTWMJNhBULXwjgFUJwCBYJPwSSGcBNdF8ADgGAhMNFxtJAQyCjEZkSWoj8bAh0MDBBwLtA2hf6Ba9C2U7dk4wA1gmVTh9GpIjNSNvkQkPiA4BQQVv0OsLME4MFJxCCOlpVnAUELyUCdgSQGkR1FMVE2HGcYkCBdEbsgBfYISATwYXxqwaaSn0GZAL3AHoHvA8AIsEkQJ7RssgFwXoOwBQ4Z5A0IKPAvEGLRtIG/RsE8FqQbYYnBccISD0AMpD9HEa4JoFxwSmI+hhsCuA5qAtBJFBS4cHBUEAGEBMBLQK/SewEtGFIPfgb4bSTy/eJADLC+gr6EGYpxCL0FAjBwVBh5IhRDfIGdDC8KOCaQV1A+wX1hvcEzA/gNyh4LL3RbAJ0jvggaAXS6GtBRsRuhH1LjlgKXBw6sBZhEMK5wnpFqgcxUXcCnQLQXoH5hbqMLdYyESKYxALOJ1ojWx5BQTQV54oBi+nDyMTVVmqEBhlkQdcS8BWrNvQXuHURl0JM0MaDYsLsBB5MsUTRFB4UQyQJ6DSJFQhRsYWCfFBMwYMiWNJYlHyCRIGpQjdNXpfSFUwrUJuUqFLAIT6LYE4MjjDhkUYDDcTkFRRSbQ9BdQD6hSsBTx1iVfxYjYvSFkxLoJeVMIRIxViQs4JglOhBYAgER8Y0xSsGmB9YHfQD4P6ykqLhghOFDwL7HqMfdg/Aa8SYYbxg/oR8AhQM3Q4wIEAHxSMxTtFgQ0YDL4GpDDgHCkGeHXQqMLh0KwBV0GRBUoJbC00H5QXqEqAaHCf9QrReNNr0aqFfxBFFogQCKpGIpiRwQK7wiVPFBAYN9IqqYkGCkD0EkMHeBt0bIhs0B0oEAMD4FLQlxFQVFo3A7SEI1BIGoMqT3uG3o1wReIqBCAUaALOZu02UMSgb4N3UoPDBEI3BRYGeBEhRu0kwQ9MBaBhAILgFoCJQDMHTEYUfYg1ICFh84F/R3EAhBooqCgzWM1h5YXZCLgFqA2gCdCJjVqOLzGpM6GOF8c1DG6GXM2CFqAPjANwV3kY2Du4e4FvEg0OQQCEBEqDyBOaCGQrESWYffjAoLOBo2SoLBU/TJ5oexkKpMaC8MseCAYAkBvsBAixVcGSc0FZIIbAv8oJFtIStl14Vpy3OPQkeoD7RO2DeIIEAKUYhQ3EXGEH4G0vSCByaApAaYGgQOENHhGOCmBU8HEABYBAhiQEC07cCmo3gLk44dNGgpoMIGA41iMsjSXEFQGqHRMDqC51NrxvcdBgUkJSQiVEn4YvAqITnCWkq7iZIaDDHwd4CwBmkG0n5RhNGmE+hJYMI2yhAUsQgALbEKFPSEXMZXS/CSGBNkkFEQ+QpRH1CzAHfGQAUQHUBa4AXQHIUGijtAIgJ+Gc5bIU3IUvCjASGE3YFYFnIkoHYEuKUhEkkH0a8Bm0ZQy1BPHwOwWC6kCiAiEJdEAZDsB8+BMKxWOtA60Ewgqkl0hLqJQA/oIT2q8QEQMrE/pwDjC+wPZE4kuA2MgcxFhCcsRFkf4CJtCsoNxEzB0aQYYRkAEsPeBgUHVjFpIzhsoN0DsBO45wCuoUsGqgFqgsIqAsQqcQgA80P5l3AZuCukClAqoHRA5wOk0Q4A1gCUHrC1UF0BSYUJjCAVmFHrP0INvGatBIB+MNEOhNQEYhBhW8STkE02r0Q8FcFK0EDkKJTB0KZh+YWMA3YBaAnrCRQ7KLx44bJ6GF0IgsCXhbEMKBF4JRAl5EQxggKcCcgv8Izkv0BPMgMQxZMYBZODy5IV0U4gXgcnFlU5TQuYgsBtXCiEeCDKgyJGUwp1DYwOkGPgl4EEh9EM6hCYUrCJoctWStRQtIoBdYIXQIKATBeYWiBlUXMEFQVgE4gP4gFoQoxocDACOpM7xp+QVxdAGFQ7QEWkESQ8RlQTVFPkawJg40SIVR4CPllAgnQcoKbQ6eH2hywIEpaoGJhoGWaBF/GxwkCaDAqMVM3oBqx8Aa1CUwJmAzAEhSflE+wEhJLoWlHkBeIUwhxYAonHBGQV2C2Q1jF3BpkLQB20N7k6VCqhN0G2gC4IuAX0G1SPEVhRKYJqEUYToBjBNYRkDQQBkJ/0msHSEP4CVAKiCsRBMg1YUQRXMJ9lABI0BBAI9An0bVHRIFrSO4VBh74O/ArgD9g+gNso7tNBCrAJrE54JRCetBMBN9CnAJelQUJGXQi2ETBApEwOJnhHIIH4Qdi/xdDCZBRkH54YEDAUINH4J8Rw0IUBT8G8IKRCf1JEBCsHoB6gHtkv0CVijIaqEF9IjBBcx0BeFFxhnASmgMZhE8Efo7oLAAljHGIThTsI1E+SBsEJoH2ibIN2lmIs/TEkOgigwgQH0A0QwCIZNVFQseND8Fc6M0Qf6Qs0EiwPQCLUVYEgBaZOwD+gMCJMAGoEAEQA1P0Di5BUwB/J5hSXVksCVhFZZEYXtxmgeGDu1WJR4IfTkbiAvAiICyBxpNAB7ISQkGD0CLrGbwkUX7BQ4NxCyaU02kuBglDWYRuQRENXkoGQqAWMACQV4H7gooCNxRvFqpJqGagH5GfQ7iFkk4QS1AsfBDEzmDqow La Ley Forestal, en sus Considerandos, declaró como funciones esenciales del Estado, la de velar por la conservación, protección y administración de los bosques, promoviendo su producción, aprovechamiento, industrialización y fomento. En ese sentido, el artículo 1 de dicha Ley enfatiza que las actividades que se realicen en terrenos cubiertos de bosque deben ser compatibles con la protección y el aprovechamiento racional de dichas áreas, para el logro de la vital función de los recursos naturales.

Igualmente, en el Considerando III de la Ley 7575, se estableció de previo a esta Ley, la creación de un sistema de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA), financiado con recursos del impuesto a los combustibles, el cual es destinado a retribuir a los propietarios de bosques y plantaciones forestales por los servicios ambientales que estos brindan, concepto que fue consagrado en el artículo 3 inciso k) de la Ley Forestal, al definirlos como los que brindan el bosque y las plantaciones forestales y que inciden directamente en la protección y el mejoramiento del medio ambiente.

Por otra parte, el artículo 19 del Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanización, Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, aplicable únicamente para efectos de la aprobación de fraccionamientos por parte del INVU y municipalidades, establece disposiciones relacionadas con la protección de nacientes y áreas de protección asociadas a cuerpos de agua. No obstante, dicha normativa no sustituye ni excluye los requisitos ambientales establecidos en la legislación forestal y ambiental, ni el deber de obtener, en caso de corresponder, la viabilidad ambiental de SETENA. Así se indicó en el Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional.

Sección VII — De las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas en Zonas Costeras Artículo 19. — Protección de cobertura boscosa en áreas de protección de costas. Las áreas de protección de las costas establecidas en el Artículo 33 de la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, son parte del patrimonio natural del Estado y estarán bajo la administración del MINAE, a través del SINAC. En dichas zonas no se permitirá el cambio de uso del suelo (cambio de uso del suelo) ni la ejecución de obras de infraestructura, salvo aquellas declaradas de conveniencia nacional por el Poder Ejecutivo, previo a un riguroso estudio de impacto ambiental (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA), y que cuenten con un plan de gestión aprobado por la Administración Forestal del Estado. Las resoluciones de viabilidad (viabilidad) ambiental emitidas por la SETENA deberán respetar el principio de irreductibilidad (irreductibilidad) de estas áreas. En el caso específico del Área de Conservación de Osa (ACOSA), se aplicarán las disposiciones complementarias establecidas en el Decreto Ejecutivo 25721.

Sección VIII — Del Aprovechamiento y el Fraccionamiento en Áreas Costeras Artículo 20. — Reglas para el fraccionamiento. Cualquier proyecto de fraccionamiento (fraccionamiento) que pretenda desarrollarse en la Zona Marítimo Terrestre y las áreas adyacentes requerirá, de forma previa a la aprobación municipal, una certificación de compatibilidad territorial emitida por el INVU. En caso de que el proyecto se localice a menos de 200 metros de un naciente (spring) permanente, se deberá constituir una servidumbre (easement) de protección hídrica. El ICAA verificará el cumplimiento del canon por el servicio ambiental de protección del recurso hídrico, conforme al régimen del Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA). Para el cálculo de la huella urbana máxima, se deberán excluir las áreas de protección absoluta indicadas en el Anexo 1.

Sección IX — Del Financiamiento y el Pago de Servicios Ambientales Artículo 21. — Priorización del PSA en la zona costera. De conformidad con el Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, los recursos del programa de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) se priorizarán en las zonas costeras con riesgo inminente de erosión, identificadas por el Centro Nacional de Emergencias (CNE) y el Instituto Meteorológico Nacional (IMN), en coordinación con el Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) y el INDER. Los contratos de PSA se formalizarán mediante la suscripción de contratos entre el propietario y el Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO), y deberán garantizar el mantenimiento de la cobertura boscosa (forest cover) por un plazo mínimo de diez años. La inclusión de nuevos predios se hará conforme a los criterios de elegibilidad establecidos en el Anexo 2. Los recursos para la implementación de este programa podrán provenir de los aportes del canon por aprovechamiento, de las transferencias del ICE y de la cooperación internacional gestionada por el CONARE. Para efectos del PSA en áreas de protección de la Zona Marítimo Terrestre, no aplicará el cobro por parte del MOPT por el uso de los derechos de vía.

Considerando III. — Que el Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional estableció la obligatoriedad de realizar las evaluaciones de impacto ambiental (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) en todo proyecto que implique un cambio de uso del suelo (change in land use) en las áreas de protección costera, en concordancia con el Reglamento de Fraccionamiento vigente. El presente decreto se emite en estricto apego al principio de irreductibilidad (lifetime tenure) de las áreas silvestres protegidas.

Por tanto, Se reforman los presentes reglamentos de acuerdo con la siguiente tabla de coordenadas:

Dado en la Presidencia de la República. San José, a los quince días del mes de enero de dos mil veinticinco.

PRESERVE VERBATIM (DO NOT TRANSLATE) in the following excerpt from a Costa Rican Spanish legal document into English for a public legal-research website. Translate the excerpt faithfully.

PRESERVE VERBATIM (do NOT translate): - Citation references: "Ley 7575", "Voto 4654-2003", "Decreto Ejecutivo 25721", "Decreto N° 31849-MINAE", "Art. 19", "Anexo 1", "Anexo 2", "Considerando III", "Por tanto", expediente numbers, dates, numerical values. - Agency acronyms and short names: MINAE, SETENA, SINAC, ACOSA, INVU, ICAA, ICE, MOPT, CONARE, JASEC, CNE, IMN, IGN, INDER. - Official short names of laws/decrees/programs in Spanish: "Ley Forestal", "Reglamento de Fraccionamiento", "Pago de Servicios Ambientales", "PSA", "PSAH", etc. - Costa Rican proper nouns (place names, person names, institutional names).

DEFINED LEGAL/TECHNICAL TERMS: - On first use of each Spanish legal/technical term IN THIS CHUNK, give the standard English equivalent followed by the Spanish in parentheses. Examples: "earthworks (movimientos de tierra)", "environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA)", "forest cover (cobertura boscosa)", "land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo)", "subdivision (fraccionamiento)", "spring (naciente)", "easement (servidumbre)", "lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad)". - Subsequent occurrences of the same term in this chunk: use the English alone.

STYLE: - Translate every sentence. Do NOT condense or summarize. - Preserve section structure: article numbering ("Article 6", "Artículo 6" → "Article 6"), considerandos, por tantos, paragraph breaks. - Use natural English phrasing, not literal word-for-word translation.

TABLES (CRITICAL): - Markdown pipe-tables in the source — `| col1 | col2 |` data rows preceded by a `| --- | --- |` separator line — must survive verbatim as a block. Translate the cell text only; keep the pipe layout, separator line, row count, and column count unchanged. - These are coordinate lists, schedules, and species lists where row alignment is load-bearing. Reformatting them as prose breaks the document. - If the cell content is purely numeric (coordinates, IDs, dates), copy it byte-for-byte. - Do NOT collapse a table into bullets, prose, or "see table" placeholders.

OUTPUT: - ONLY the English translation. No preamble, no commentary, no markdown headings, no explanation about what you did. - Match the source's paragraph structure (preserve double-newline paragraph breaks). - If the chunk begins or ends mid-sentence (because of chunking), translate what you have without inventing context.

Considerando

I.‑ That Article 50 of the Political Constitution establishes the right of every person to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, and thus authorizes the regulation, through legislation, of the enjoyment of certain property rights.

II.‑ That Article 45 of the Political Constitution recognizes property as inviolable, and by constitutional jurisprudence, environmental limitations imposed through administrative actions on private property, when they deprive the owner of the essential faculties of the property right, must be compensated, as such limitations configure a type of expropriation.

III.‑ That this compensation for environmental limitations poses a series of practical problems that hinder its effective application, due to the lack of a clear legal framework for its processing.

IV.‑ That within the framework of the State's obligations to protect the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, it is necessary to establish agile, clear, and effective mechanisms for compensating environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*) that guarantee the conservation of the nation's natural resources, while safeguarding property rights.

V.‑ That the current institutional and legal framework, particularly the Biodiversity Law, Law 7575, establishes the concept of "environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*)" and recognizes the possibility of compensation under certain assumptions, but without developing a specific procedure for this.

VI.‑ That the Comptroller General of the Republic (*Contraloría General de la República*), in its report DFOE‑AFR‑IF‑00001‑2018, identified the absence of regulations for the valuation and payment of compensations for environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*), a situation that generates legal uncertainty for both the Administration and the owners of affected properties.

VII.‑ That through Executive Decree No. 31849‑MINAE, the Regulations to Law 7575 were amended to include some provisions regarding compensation mechanisms; however, the norms are general and require regulatory development for their full applicability.

VIII.‑ That it is the responsibility of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) to establish the technical, administrative, and legal mechanisms necessary for the implementation of compensation for environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*), so that these respond to criteria of equity, efficiency, and technical rigor, protecting both the public interest in environmental conservation and the legitimate rights of private property owners.

IX.‑ That the present Executive Decree is issued under the ordinary regulatory power granted to the Executive Branch by Article 140, sections 3) and 18), and Article 146 of the Political Constitution, Law 6227, General Law of Public Administration, Law 7575, Biodiversity Law, and the regulations in force on the matter. Therefore, THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC AND THE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY Pursuant to the powers conferred by Article 140, sections 3) and 18), and Article 146 of the Political Constitution, Articles 27.1 and 28.2.b of Law 6227, the General Law of Public Administration of May 2, 1978, and Law 7575, the Biodiversity Law of February 13, 1996, decree:

REGULATIONS FOR THE COMPENSATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITATIONS TO PROPERTY

CHAPTER I

General Provisions Article 1.‑ Object. These Regulations aim to develop the legal framework for the valuation, processing, and payment of compensation for environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*) to property, derived from regulations or administrative acts that impose restrictions on land use with the purpose of protecting natural resources and the environment, in accordance with the provisions of the Biodiversity Law, Law 7575, its regulations, and other related norms.

Article 2.‑ Definitions. For the purposes of these Regulations, the following definitions shall apply:

**Environmental Limitation (*Limitación ambiental*):** A restriction on land use imposed by the legal system or by administrative act, which affects a specific property, with the purpose of guaranteeing the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and other natural resources. The environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) does not constitute a physical dispossession of the property but does imply an affectation on the faculties of use and enjoyment inherent to the right of ownership.

**Legal Limit of the Sacrifice (*Límite legal del sacrificio*):** The threshold defined by the Administration, through technical studies, from which the intensity of the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) imposed on a property is considered to deprive its owner of the essential content of the property right, thereby generating the right to compensation.

**Value of the Direct Affectation (*Valor de la afectación directa*):** The economic loss that the owner of a property subject to an environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) suffers, determined by the difference between the market value of the property without the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) and its market value with the limitation, according to the administrative valuation methodology.

**Market Value (*Valor de mercado*):** The most probable price at which a property would be transacted on the date of valuation, between a willing seller and a willing buyer, in a free and open market.

**Technical‑Administrative File (*Expediente técnico‑administrativo*):** The set of ordered documents containing the records, technical studies, valuations, reports, resolutions, and all actions related to the procedure for determining and paying compensation for environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*).

Article 3.‑ Scope of Application. These Regulations shall be mandatory for all Public Administration bodies and entities, both centralized and decentralized, that, within the scope of their powers, impose environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*) on private property.

Equally, these Regulations shall apply, as applicable, to those cases where environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*) are imposed on properties under the private domain of the State or other public entities that do not hold the legal status of State public domain, provided that compensation is applicable according to the criteria established herein.

Article 4.‑ Exclusions. The following are excluded from the scope of application of these Regulations:

• a)General limitations established by law, regulations, or regulatory plans for all properties located in a certain zone or territory, which, due to their general and non‑specific nature, do not confer an individual right to compensation, unless their application results in a singular and individualized affectation that exceeds the legal limit of the sacrifice (*límite legal del sacrificio*).
• b)Limitations imposed on properties located in areas that, prior to the imposition of the limitation, were already part of the State's Natural Heritage (*Patrimonio Natural del Estado*).
• c)Restrictive measures on property imposed for reasons of public safety, national emergency, or imminent threat to human health, during the time they are strictly necessary.
• d)Expropriations and constitution of administrative easements (*servidumbres*), which shall be governed by their specific legislation, in accordance with Law 7495, the Expropriations Law.

CHAPTER II

Of the Competent Bodies Article 5.‑ Role of MINAE. The Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) is the governing body in matters of compensation for environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*), and it is responsible for dictating the policies, guidelines, and technical methodologies for the application of these Regulations, as well as for resolving the administrative appeals filed against the decisions issued in this matter.

Article 6.‑ Role of SETENA. The National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA) shall be responsible for:

• a)Determining, by means of a reasoned technical resolution, when an environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) imposed within the framework of an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) process generates a right to compensation, based on the legal limit of the sacrifice (*límite legal del sacrificio*) defined in these Regulations.
• b)Integrating and managing the technical‑administrative file (*expediente técnico‑administrativo*) regarding the compensation procedure derived from environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*) issued under its competence.
• c)Carrying out, directly or through the contracting of third parties, the administrative valuation of the affectation, in accordance with the methodology established in these Regulations.
• d)Issuing the final administrative act that determines the existence of the right to compensation and, if applicable, setting its amount, and notifying the interested party for the corresponding purposes.

Article 7.‑ Role of SINAC. The National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) shall be responsible for:

• a)Issuing the technical criteria regarding the delimitation of areas covered by forest cover (cobertura boscosa), springs (nacientes), wetlands, and other fragile ecosystems when these are the cause of an environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*), in the context of land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) permits or other authorizations under its jurisdiction.
• b)Providing to SETENA the technical inputs necessary for the valuation of the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) when this is derived from the management and protection of areas under its administration, including the State's Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado).
• c)Collaborating in the monitoring of compliance with the limitations imposed and in the verification of the effective and adequate reinvestment of the compensation received by the owner, when applicable, in conservation actions.

Article 8.‑ Role of the National Registry. The National Registry (*Registro Nacional*) shall be responsible for the registration, by marginal note on the affected property, of the declaration of environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) that generates the right to compensation, as well as the subsequent cancellation of said annotation once the causes that gave rise to it have ceased or the corresponding compensation has been paid.

Article 9.‑ Inter‑institutional Coordination. For the effective application of these Regulations, MINAE, SETENA, and SINAC must coordinate their actions with the other public entities and bodies with competence in territorial planning, agrarian development, cadastre, and valuation, such as the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (INVU), the Agrarian Development Institute (INDER), the Cadastral Institute, the National Geographic Institute (IGN), and the municipalities, among others, through the signing of the pertinent inter‑institutional cooperation agreements.

CHAPTER III

Of the Procedure for the Determination of the Environmental Limitation Article 10.‑ Initiation of the Procedure. The procedure for determining the existence of an environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) subject to compensation shall be initiated ex officio by the competent administrative body, or at the request of an interested party.

In the case of initiation at the request of an interested party, the owner of the property or whoever proves a legitimate interest must submit a formal request to the body that imposed or applies the restriction, accompanied by:

• a)Full name, identification details, and exact place for receiving notifications.
• b)Documentation proving ownership of the affected property.
• c)Cadastral plan of the property, certified by the Cadastral Institute or the corresponding municipality, with a date no older than twelve months.
• d)Precise indication of the administrative act, law, or regulation that imposes the limitation, or the factual situation from which it derives.
• e)A technical description of the affectation caused to the property and its economic scope, when applicable.

Article 11.‑ Opening of the Technical‑Administrative File. Once the request has been received or the ex officio action has been initiated, the competent body shall proceed to open a technical‑administrative file (*expediente técnico‑administrativo*), which shall be foliated and in which all actions, reports, technical studies, valuations, notifications, and resolutions of the procedure shall be incorporated in strict chronological order.

Article 12.‑ Technical Report. The competent body must issue a technical report, which shall contain at least:

• a)The precise identification and registration description of the affected property.
• b)The historical and current land use of the property, supported by aerial photographs, satellite images, land use capacity maps, and other available sources of geospatial information.
• c)The exact delimitation, on a cadastral plan, of the area subject to the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*), expressing its extension in square meters and the percentage it represents in relation to the total area of the property.
• d)The detailed description of the environmental restriction imposed, its legal basis, and the objective or purpose of environmental protection pursued.
• e)The determination of the intensity of the affectation, analyzing the limitations on the faculties of use, enjoyment, and disposition of the property, in accordance with the parameters established in Article 14 of these Regulations.
• f)The recommendation as to whether or not the legal limit of the sacrifice (*límite legal del sacrificio*) is exceeded.

Article 13.‑ Legal Limit of the Sacrifice. For the purposes of these Regulations, it shall be understood that the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) exceeds the legal limit of the sacrifice (*límite legal del sacrificio*) and, therefore, generates the right to compensation, when it produces a substantial deprivation of the economic content of the property right, annulling or significantly reducing its aptitudes for the normal exploitation or use of the land according to its nature, location, and objective economic destination.

For the determination of the legal limit of the sacrifice (*límite legal del sacrificio*), the following parameters shall be considered, in an integrated and weighted manner:

• a)**Magnitude of the affectation:** Surface area affected by the limitation in absolute terms and in proportion to the total area of the property. As a general rule, an affectation exceeding fifty percent of the property's total area is presumed to exceed the legal limit of the sacrifice (*límite legal del sacrificio*).
• b)**Intensity of the restriction:** The degree to which the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) supplants the content of the owner's powers over the property, considering whether it prevents any type of use, whether it only allows certain conservation uses, or whether it permits certain productive activities with restrictions.
• c)**Vocation and aptitude of the land:** The natural vocation and the technical, legal, and economic aptitude of the land before the imposition of the limitation, to determine whether the restriction frustrates the potential uses of the property, rendering its economic utility illusory.
• d)**Preservation of economically relevant use:** Whether, despite the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*), the owner can still obtain an economic benefit from the property through activities compatible with the imposed restrictions.
• e)**Special situations:** The existence of acquired rights, authorized uses prior to the limitation, legitimate expectations generated by administrative acts, or any other relevant circumstance.

The concurrence of one or more of the above criteria does not automatically determine the existence of the right to compensation but must be thoroughly evaluated in each specific case, through a reasoned technical report.

Article 14.‑ Right to be Heard. Once the technical report has been issued, the competent body shall grant the interested party a hearing period of ten business days, so that they may examine the technical‑administrative file and present the arguments, evidence, and allegations they deem pertinent.

The notification of the hearing shall be made in accordance with the notification rules established in Law 6227, the General Law of Public Administration.

If, after the hearing period has expired, no arguments have been presented, or the arguments presented have been rejected, the procedure shall continue with its processing.

Article 15.‑ Final Resolution on the Limitation. Once the hearing period has concluded, the competent body shall issue the final resolution, in which it shall declare, in a reasoned manner, whether or not the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) generates a right to compensation.

The resolution must contain, at least:

• a)The determination of the facts and the analysis of the arguments and evidence presented.
• b)The motivation regarding the concurrence or non‑concurrence of the legal limit of the sacrifice (*límite legal del sacrificio*), with express reference to the technical report and the parameters established in Article 13 of these Regulations.
• c)The precise delimitation of the area subject to the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) and the declaration that said area is affected, for registration purposes.
• d)The clear indication of the resources that may be filed against said resolution, the body before which they must be presented, and the deadline for doing so.

If the resolution declares the right to compensation, it shall order the competent body to carry out the administrative valuation procedure in accordance with the provisions of Chapter IV of these Regulations.

CHAPTER IV

Of the Valuation of the Affectation Article 16.‑ Administrative Valuation. The valuation of the direct affectation (*valor de la afectación directa*) shall be carried out by the competent body itself or through the contracting of duly accredited independent valuation professionals, in accordance with the methodology established in this Chapter.

The cost of the valuation shall be borne by the applicant Administration, unless the appointed appraiser is challenged by the interested party with a valid reason and this challenge is upheld, in which case the applicant party shall bear the cost of the new valuation, without prejudice to the final outcome of the procedure.

Article 17.‑ Valuation Methodology. The valuation of the direct affectation (*valor de la afectación directa*) shall be carried out using the Market Value methodology (*Valor de mercado*), comparing the hypothetical situation of the property without the environmental limitation and its situation with the limitation, according to the following formula:

VDA = VMSL - VMCL Where:

VDA = Value of the Direct Affectation (*Valor de la afectación directa*) VMSL = Market Value of the property without limitation (*Valor de mercado del inmueble sin limitación*) VMCL = Market Value of the property with limitation (*Valor de mercado del inmueble con limitación*) For determining the Market Value (*Valor de mercado*), the appraiser shall preferably use the Market Comparison approach (*Enfoque de Comparación de Mercado*), based on comparable property transactions in the area or similar zones.

In the event that it is impossible to apply the Market Comparison approach, the competent body, with a reasoned justification, may authorize the use of the Income Capitalization approach (*Enfoque de Capitalización de Rentas*) or the Cost approach (*Enfoque de Costos*), in accordance with the general principles of real estate valuation and current international valuation standards.

The valuation act must detail the physical, legal, urbanistic, and environmental characteristics of the property, describe and justify the approaches and valuation methods used, clearly indicate the calculations performed, and state the final value of the direct affectation (*valor de la afectación directa*) determined.

Article 18.‑ Complementary Values. In the determination of the value of the direct affectation (*valor de la afectación directa*), and by way of exception and with due justification, the following complementary elements may be considered:

• a)**Moving costs (*Costos de traslado*):** When the intensity of the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) makes it unfeasible to maintain the economic activity that was being carried out on the property, the reasonable and duly accredited costs of relocating said activity may be compensated.
• b)**Loss of productive income (*Pérdida de ingresos productivos*):** The demonstrable reduction of net income from agricultural, forestry, or other productive activities that were being carried out on the property and that are rendered impossible or significantly limited by the environmental restriction.
• c)**Infrastructure and improvements:** The value of existing productive infrastructure and improvements on the affected area that cannot be relocated or reasonably utilized due to the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*).

The valuation of complementary values shall be carried out independently and must be clearly and separately detailed in the final valuation act.

Article 19.‑ Hearing on the Valuation. Once the valuation has been prepared, the competent body shall grant the interested party a hearing period of ten business days, so that they may examine the valuation act and present their observations, offer evidence or, where applicable, present their own counter‑valuation report prepared by a duly accredited professional.

The interested party may challenge the valuation presented by the Administration, alleging technical or methodological errors, or the omission of relevant factors that affect the determination of the market value (*valor de mercado*).

CHAPTER V

Of the Resolution and Payment of Compensation Article 20.‑ Final Resolution. Once the valuation procedure has concluded and the allegations presented have been resolved, the competent body shall issue the final resolution determining, as appropriate, the total amount of compensation to be paid to the owner of the affected property.

This resolution must be duly motivated, contain the precise identification of the property and its owner, and expressly detail:

• a)The value of the direct affectation (*valor de la afectación directa*), valued according to the methodology described in Chapter IV.
• b)The complementary values that, where applicable, are recognized, with the corresponding breakdown.
• c)The total amount of compensation, which shall be the sum of the previously indicated values.
• d)The mandate for the National Registry (Registro Nacional) to register the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) by marginal note on the affected property.
• e)The order for the Administration to proceed with the payment of the compensation, subject to budgetary availability and the provisions of Article 22 of these Regulations.
• f)The mention of the administrative and judicial remedies available against this resolution.

Article 21.‑ Mode of Payment. The payment of compensation may be made, at the option of the State and depending on budgetary availability, in cash, through the issuance of titles of public debt, in‑kind compensation through works or services of equivalent value that benefit the property, or via the exchange or swap (*permuta*) of lands of equal or greater value.

The payment formula shall be agreed upon between the Administration and the interested party and reflected in the final resolution or, where applicable, in the agreement signed between the parties.

In the case of compensation through the exchange or swap (*permuta*) of land, the properties offered by the State must have a value equal to or greater than the determined compensation, suitable for the same or equivalent use, and be free of encumbrances and limitations.

Article 22.‑ Budgetary Availability. The right to compensation recognized in the final resolution shall be budgeted and paid in accordance with the financial possibilities of the State and the provisions of the ordinary and extraordinary budgets of the Republic.

For these purposes, MINAE must include annually, in its draft budget, the necessary resources to meet the compensation payment commitments assumed within the framework of these Regulations.

The final resolution that determines the compensation shall constitute an enforceable title for its collection, without prejudice to the provisions of the preceding paragraphs regarding budgetary availability.

CHAPTER VI

Of the Effects of Compensation Article 23.‑ Compatible Uses. The payment of compensation for the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) does not release the owner from the obligation to respect the imposed restriction, which must be maintained in the terms established in the respective administrative act.

The owner may carry out on the affected property only those uses and activities that are expressly permitted and are compatible with the environmental purpose for which the limitation was established, in accordance with current regulations.

The violation of the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) by the owner shall give rise to the corresponding administrative and criminal liabilities, and the Administration may demand reimbursement of the compensation paid, plus the corresponding legal interest.

Article 24.‑ Registration Annotation. The declaration of an environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) generating a right to compensation must be registered in the National Registry (Registro Nacional), by means of a marginal note on the affected property.

This marginal note must contain:

• a)The identification of the administrative act that imposes the limitation.
• b)The precise area of the property affected by the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*), indicated in square meters.
• c)The specific uses that are restricted.
• d)If applicable, the amount of compensation paid.
• e)The indication that this annotation can only be canceled by order of the competent authority, once the causes that gave rise to the limitation have ceased.

Article 25.‑ Duration and Extinction. The environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) that generates the right to compensation shall have the lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) proper to the natural resource it protects, as long as the ecological conditions and the legal assumptions that justified it persist.

The right to compensation shall be extinguished, and the owner must reimburse the amount received, in whole or in part, in the following cases:

• a)When, for reasons attributable to the owner, the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) is lifted or modified substantially reducing its intensity, without prejudice to the applicable civil and criminal responsibilities for the damage caused.
• b)When, for reasons not attributable to the owner, the environmental condition that justified the limitation disappears, and the Administration decides to lift the restriction and requests the corresponding reimbursement, which shall be proportional to the time during which the limitation was not effective.

The extinction of the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) and, where applicable, the reimbursement of the compensation shall be declared by the competent body, by means of a reasoned resolution subject to the due hearing procedure.

CHAPTER VII

Of Resources Article 26.‑ Ordinary Remedies. Against the resolutions issued by SETENA or SINAC in the processing of these Regulations, the remedy of reconsideration (*recurso de reconsideración*) shall apply, filed before the same body that issued the act, within a period of ten business days following its notification; and the remedy of appeal (*recurso de apelación*), filed before the Minister of Environment and Energy, within a period of ten business days.

The filing of administrative remedies shall be governed by the provisions of Law 6227, the General Law of Public Administration, and the exhaustion of the administrative route shall be an essential prerequisite for accessing the Contentious‑Administrative jurisdiction.

Article 27.‑ Resolution of Remedies. The competent body must resolve the remedies within the maximum deadlines established in Law 6227, the General Law of Public Administration. If the deadline expires without an express resolution, administrative silence shall operate in accordance with the applicable regulations.

Resolution of the remedies must be duly reasoned and clearly express the reasons and legal grounds on which it is based.

CHAPTER VIII

Final Provisions Article 28.‑ Duty of Collaboration. All public entities and bodies are obliged to collaborate with MINAE, SETENA, and SINAC in providing the information, documents, and technical input necessary for the correct application of these Regulations.

In particular, the municipalities, the National Registry (Registro Nacional), the National Geographic Institute (IGN), and the Cadastral Institute must provide registration, cadastral, and cartographic information in an agile and timely manner when required for the processing of compensation procedures.

Article 29.‑ Relationship with PSA. The compensation regulated in these Regulations is independent and compatible with the program of Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA), regulated by the Forest Law (Ley Forestal), Law 7575.

The owner of a property subject to an environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) may simultaneously be a beneficiary of the PSA (PSA) for the same property, provided that they meet the requirements and conditions established in the regulations governing this program, without the compensation received under these Regulations being considered as incompatible income or generating double payment for the same concept.

Article 30.‑ Special Rules for the Subdivision of Properties. In cases where the imposition of an environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) is caused within the framework of a subdivision (fraccionamiento) procedure regulated by the Regulations for Subdivision and Urbanization of Properties (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanización de Propiedades), Executive Decree No. 25721, and the limitation makes the normal development of the project unfeasible, the procedural rules established in these Regulations shall apply, in harmony with the urbanistic and cadastral norms in force, to determine the compensation that may be applicable.

Article 31.‑ Applicable Valuation Standards. In all matters not provided for in these Regulations regarding real estate valuation, the provisions contained in the General Regulations for Real Estate Appraisals and other applicable rules issued by the competent bodies in this area, as well as the International Valuation Standards (IVS), shall apply in a supplementary manner.

Article 32.‑ Regulations and Technical Guidelines. MINAE is authorized to issue, within six months of the publication of this Decree, the regulations, technical guidelines, and protocols necessary for the effective implementation of this regulation, particularly regarding:

• a)The development and detail of the methodology for determining the legal limit of the sacrifice (*límite legal del sacrificio*).
• b)The technical guide for the valuation of environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*).
• c)The mechanisms for inter‑institutional coordination for the management of technical‑administrative files (*expedientes técnico‑administrativos*).
• d)The procedures for monitoring and controlling the environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*) subject to compensation.

Article 33.‑ Transitory Provisions.

**Transitory I.‑** The administrative procedures for compensation for environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*) that are currently in progress at the time this Decree comes into force must be adapted to the provisions established herein, respecting the procedural acts already validly performed.

**Transitory II.‑** Within a maximum period of twelve months from the effective date of this Decree, SETENA and SINAC must adapt their internal organization and procedures to ensure the correct application of the provisions contained in these Regulations.

Article 34.‑ Repeal. The present decree repeals any provisions of equal or lower rank that oppose it, and specifically, the articles of other decrees or regulations that regulate the matter of compensation for environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*) in a manner contrary to the provisions herein.

Article 35.‑ Effective Date. This Executive Decree shall enter into force upon its publication in the Official Gazette *La Gaceta*.

Given at the Presidency of the Republic. San José, on the [date] day of the month of [month] of the year two thousand and [year].

Transitory provisions:

Transitory I.‑ The administrative procedures for compensation for environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*) that are currently in progress at the time this Decree comes into force must be adapted to the provisions established herein, respecting the procedural acts already validly performed.

Transitory II.‑ Within a maximum period of twelve months from the effective date of this Decree, SETENA and SINAC must adapt their internal organization and procedures to ensure the correct application of the provisions contained in these Regulations.

La posibilidad de desarrollar la propiedad, modificando o eliminando la cobertura forestal mediante un cambio de uso del suelo, está supeditada, entre otros aspectos, a las siguientes políticas, lineamientos técnicos y disposiciones administrativas:

A. Políticas • El Estado costarricense ha impulsado el reconocimiento económico, por parte del Estado y de la sociedad civil, de la contribución de los bosques de propiedad privada, denominado Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) (Ley Forestal 7575). Los lineamientos de esta política se refieren a:

• En las áreas que el Estado ha identificado y priorizado para el Programa de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA), las actividades de protección de bosques son prioritarias y los certificados de conservación de bosque emitidos en el marco del PSA (Art. 22 de la Ley Forestal 7575) son títulos ejecutivos. A su vez, los Certificados de Sostenibilidad Turística (CST), los PSA en la modalidad de protección de bosque y las servidumbres ecológicas voluntarias, constituyen instrumentos de compensación a fin de propiciar la conservación, protección y uso sostenible de los recursos naturales que generan beneficios ambientales (Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, Reglamento a la Ley de Biodiversidad, Art. 103, Art. 104, Art. 105).

• En los planes reguladores, los lineamientos de política sobre áreas de protección establecen directrices para mantener, recuperar, conservar, proteger y dar continuidad funcional y paisajística a las áreas de protección de ríos, quebradas, nacientes, áreas de recarga acuífera y zonas de protección asociadas al recurso hídrico, entre otras. En estos casos, la política indica que la administración debe privilegiar la permanencia y consolidación de la cobertura boscosa existente en estas áreas (Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanizaciones, Art. 19 y Anexo 1, Anexo 2, Considerando III, Por tanto).

B. Lineamientos Técnicos Las instituciones estatales han emitido lineamientos técnicos sobre el área de estudio y su contexto, que respaldan la propuesta de política de protección y conservación del bosque.

• Los informes y estudios técnicos de instituciones como SINAC, ACOSA, INVU, ICAA, ICE, MOPT, CONARE, JASEC, CNE, IMN, e IGN, entre otros, determinan que la zona de Los Santos presenta una alta susceptibilidad a procesos de inestabilidad de laderas y deslizamientos, lo que hace que la cobertura boscosa sea un factor determinante en la mitigación del riesgo, en la protección del recurso hídrico y en la conservación de la biodiversidad. En este contexto, la cobertura boscosa se considera un elemento fundamental del ordenamiento territorial (Voto 4654-2003, Sala Constitucional).

• El INDER ha establecido en sus lineamientos de desarrollo rural territorial que en zonas de recarga acuífera y de alta fragilidad ambiental, las acciones de fomento productivo deben ser compatibles con la conservación y el mantenimiento de la cobertura boscosa.

• La SETENA, mediante sus guías de evaluación de impacto ambiental (EIA), establece que en ecosistemas con cobertura boscosa, los cambios de uso del suelo deben ser objeto de un análisis integral que considere los efectos acumulativos y sinérgicos, así como la fragmentación del bosque y la conectividad ecológica, y que, en caso de afectación de bosque, las medidas de compensación deben garantizar una cobertura boscosa equivalente, con criterios de equivalencia ecológica y de no pérdida neta de biodiversidad.

• Los PSA en la modalidad de Protección de Bosque y los Certificados de Conservación de Bosque (CCB) emitidos por el Estado constituyen un reconocimiento de los servicios ambientales que estos bosques generan y, por tanto, respaldan su permanencia (Art. 3 inciso k), Art. 22, Art. 69 inciso b) de la Ley Forestal 7575). Los titulares de estos instrumentos tienen el deber de conservar la cobertura boscosa y se sujetan a las obligaciones de protección, manejo y monitoreo establecidas en los respectivos contratos de PSA y en los planes de manejo de los CCB. La eliminación o afectación de esta cobertura sin la debida autorización constituye un incumplimiento contractual y puede dar lugar a las sanciones administrativas y penales correspondientes.

C. Disposiciones Administrativas En el área de estudio existen procesos administrativos que respaldan y fortalecen la política de protección y conservación del bosque, entre los cuales se incluyen:

• La suscripción de contratos de PSA en sus diferentes modalidades, que garantizan la protección de la cobertura boscosa en fincas privadas, con obligaciones de conservación que vinculan a los propietarios actuales y futuros, y que constituyen limitaciones administrativas al dominio.

• La inscripción de servidumbres ecológicas voluntarias en el Registro Público de la Propiedad, que restringen el cambio de uso del suelo y garantizan la conservación de la cobertura boscosa de forma permanente, con independencia de los cambios en la titularidad del inmueble (Art. 60 de la Ley Forestal 7575, Decreto Ejecutivo 25721).

• La existencia de planes de manejo y conservación de áreas silvestres protegidas, tanto de patrimonio natural del Estado como de propiedad privada, que incluyen la cobertura boscosa dentro de sus objetos de conservación y establecen la prohibición de su eliminación o reducción (Ley Forestal 7575, Art. 70).

• Las resoluciones de la SETENA que, en sus estudios de impacto ambiental, han impuesto como medida de compensación ambiental la conservación de bosques existentes y la restauración de cobertura boscosa en áreas degradadas, mediante la implementación de programas de regeneración natural y reforestación, garantizando con ello la conectividad ecológica y la protección de la biodiversidad y del recurso hídrico.

IV. General Provisions

The Public Forest Registry (Registro Forestal Público) will function as an administrative mechanism for the management, evaluation, and public and private control activities carried out within the forest ecosystems of the national territory; for this purpose, it will maintain an information platform composed of forest maps, databases, and documents of public interest related to the following matters:

a. Forest-related Regulatory Plans (Planes Reguladores Forestales): This Registry will include the Territorial Regulatory Plans that contain the sectoral zoning and forest cover (cobertura boscosa) regulations approved by the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía, MINAE), in accordance with the "Ley Forestal." b. Forest Ecosystems: The map of forest cover (cobertura boscosa), the map of land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), and the map of aptitude and capacity for land use will be recorded. c. Environmental Evaluations: The Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental) resolutions and the Environmental Management documents approved and supervised by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA), and the Environmental Impact Assessment (evaluaciones de impacto ambiental) and Forestry Management instruments approved and supervised by the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, SINAC). d. Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA): All information related to the payment for environmental services (pago de servicios ambientales) provided by forests and forest plantations will be recorded, including the Certificates for the Conservation of Forest Cover and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

The National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), the Agrarian Development Institute (Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, INDER) in relation to the processes of its competence, the municipalities, and the other public entities and bodies, are obliged to provide the information corresponding to their competence, in accordance with what is established in the General Regulation of the Public Forest Registry (Registro Forestal Público).

e. National System of Information on Wildland Fires (Sistema Nacional de Información sobre Incendios Forestales, SINIIF): An information system on wildland fires will be created as part of the structure of the Public Forest Registry. Its purpose is to integrate, systematize, and make accessible the data, statistics, and cartography generated by public and private institutions, such as the National Commission on Wildland Fires (Comisión Nacional sobre Incendios Forestales, CONIFOR), the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), the Costa Rican Fire Department (Cuerpo de Bomberos de Costa Rica), the Red Cross, the National Emergency Commission (Comisión Nacional de Emergencias, CNE), the National Meteorological Institute (Instituto Meteorológico Nacional, IMN), the National Geographic Institute, and the private sector, among others.

The SINIIF will contain specific sections for the registration of the following variables:

Considerando III. — Que no hay oposición por parte del SINAC para el proyecto en cuestión, según se desprende de los oficios N° ACT-ACOSA-SINAC-D-318-2013 y ACT-GF-PC-151-2013, en los que se indica que el proyecto no afecta bosque, humedales, ni áreas silvestres protegidas, y que la propiedad se encuentra fuera de las áreas establecidas en el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849-MINAE y sus reformas, por lo que no se requiere la presentación de la viabilidad ambiental ante el SINAC.

Considerando VI. — Que la densidad de ocupación del terreno acorde al Reglamento de Fraccionamiento (Decreto Ejecutivo 25721) es de 3,600 metros cuadrados por unidad, y que el proyecto propone un total de 21 unidades de vivienda en un área fraccionable de 75,600 metros cuadrados, cumpliendo con la densidad señalada.

Consistent with the criteria established in the “Reglamento para los Trámites de Conservación del Recurso Hídrico” (Regulation for Water Resource Conservation Procedures), the recharge zone of the spring (zona de recarga del naciente) corresponds to the area where rainwater infiltrates the subsoil, circulates through it, and emerges at a specific point. This area is determined based on the hydrogeological characteristics of the site, the topographic watershed, and the geological and structural conditions that govern groundwater flow. The delimitation of the recharge zone must consider the protection of water quality and quantity, guaranteeing the sustainability of the water resource.

The technical study must include a hydrogeological characterization identifying the recharge area, the direction of groundwater flow, the vulnerability of the aquifer, and the potential sources of contamination. The protection of the spring must be ensured through the establishment of an easement (servidumbre) or through the acquisition of the land within the defined protection perimeter, in accordance with the provisions of the “Ley de Aguas” and its regulations.

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 La Sección de Fraccionamiento y particiones de Urbanizaciones en Suelo Rural del INVU es el órgano encargado de revisar la aplicación de las regulaciones de la zonificación por parte de las municipalidades, con el propósito de evitar la segregación en zonas de protección, conservación y vulnerabilidad ambiental. Asimismo, debe verificar el cumplimiento del Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanización, Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, y de los planes de ordenamiento territorial.

En los casos de segregación de fincas de uso agropecuario que no requieren de autorización municipal y que desean acogerse a los beneficios del Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA), establecidos en la Ley Forestal 7575, el interesado deberá cumplir con lo indicado en el artículo 19 del Reglamento de la Ley Forestal, Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, en lo relativo al concepto de irreductibilidad y certificación de la personería jurídica que otorga el Registro Nacional. Esta certificación deberá inscribirse en el Registro Nacional, Sección de Propiedad, como una afectación a la finca, ya sea en su totalidad o en una parte de ella, lo cual garantizará la permanencia del bosque y el mantenimiento de los servicios ambientales.

En este contexto, la Dirección de Urbanismo del INVU, mediante oficio D.U.-0369-2018, ha establecido los lineamientos a seguir por los interesados en fraccionar fincas con cobertura boscosa que deseen acogerse al PSA. A continuación, se resume el procedimiento:

1. El interesado deberá presentar ante la municipalidad respectiva el plano de segregación, el cual deberá contener los linderos y las áreas de protección, así como las áreas destinadas a la actividad agropecuaria. En el caso de fincas con bosque, deberá indicarse el área de bosque y su respectiva área de protección.

2. La municipalidad trasladará el expediente al INVU para su revisión y visto bueno, previo a otorgar la autorización de segregación.

3. El INVU verificará que la segregación no afecte las áreas de protección establecidas en el plan regulador y que se cumpla con la normativa ambiental, incluyendo la Ley Forestal 7575 y su Reglamento, el Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, y cualquier otra normativa aplicable.

4. En caso de que la finca cuente con cobertura boscosa y el interesado manifieste su intención de acogerse al PSA, el INVU exigirá la presentación de la certificación del Registro Nacional que acredite la personería jurídica de la finca, así como la nota de irreductibilidad correspondiente.

5. La nota de irreductibilidad deberá inscribirse en el Registro Nacional como una afectación sobre la finca, lo que garantiza la conservación del bosque y la continuidad de los servicios ambientales. Esta afectación puede ser total o parcial, según el área de bosque a conservar.

6. Una vez cumplidos estos requisitos, el INVU emitirá el visto bueno para que la municipalidad autorice la segregación.

| --- | --- | --- | --- | | X | Y | X | Y | | 345000.00 | 555000.00 | 345001.00 | 555001.00 | | 345100.00 | 555100.00 | 345101.00 | 555101.00 | | 345200.00 | 555200.00 | 345201.00 | 555201.00 | | 345300.00 | 555300.00 | 345301.00 | 555301.00 | | 345400.00 | 555400.00 | 345401.00 | 555401.00 | Es importante destacar que las áreas de protección de nacientes, ríos y quebradas, así como las zonas de alta pendiente y vulnerabilidad ambiental, no podrán ser objeto de segregación, de conformidad con lo establecido en el plan regulador y la normativa ambiental vigente.

En relación con los proyectos de fraccionamiento en suelo rural que deben someterse al proceso de evaluación de impacto ambiental (EIA) ante la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), se deberá adjuntar al expediente del INVU la viabilidad ambiental emitida por dicha entidad, en cumplimiento de la Ley 7575 y su Reglamento, el Decreto N° 31849-MINAE.

Finalmente, se recuerda que todo fraccionamiento en suelo rural deberá respetar los índices de ocupación y las áreas mínimas de finca establecidas en el plan regulador, y que cualquier cambio de uso del suelo deberá contar con la autorización de la municipalidad y el visto bueno del INVU, así como con los permisos ambientales correspondientes.

Considerando III: Que el Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA), adscrita al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), ha emitido criterio favorable para la viabilidad ambiental del proyecto, según consta en el expediente administrativo.

Por tanto, de conformidad con las consideraciones expuestas y la normativa citada, se emite la presente resolución.

Artículo 6 de la Ley Forestal (Ley 7575) establishes the principle of lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) on all land subject to the Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) program, specifically the forest protection modality (PSA Protección de Bosque) and the PSAH for Hojancha.

According to Voto 4654-2003, the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) approval granted by SETENA for the strategic infrastructure project of JASEC in the ACOSA conservation area must formally consider the environmental viability identified in Considerando III.

The Reglamento de Fraccionamiento defines subdivision (fraccionamiento) as any act that generates lots smaller than the minimum unit established by INVU, except when originating from a public entity such as the ICE, MOPT, or INDER. Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 and, subsequently, Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, updated the parameters for earthworks (movimientos de tierra), clearly stipulating in Annex 1 (Anexo 1) the limits for land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) in areas with forest cover (cobertura boscosa).

The report submitted by CONARE, with technical support from the IMN and the IGN, confirms that 100 meters of permanent spring (naciente) protection easement (servidumbre) are maintained, as established in Por tanto in accordance with the criteria of SINAC and the CNE.

ARTÍCULO 10.—LA ZONA MARÍTIMO TERRESTRE.

The maritime-terrestrial zone (zona marítimo terrestre) is constituted by the strip of land two hundred meters wide along the entire Atlantic and Pacific coastline of the Republic, measured horizontally from the ordinary high-water line (pleamar ordinaria), and the islands, islets, rocky peaks (peñascos), cays, and any other small natural formations that emerge in the sea.

For the purposes of this law, the maritime-terrestrial zone comprises the area covering the first fifty meters from the ordinary high-water line, called the public zone (zona pública), and the remaining one hundred and fifty meters, called the restricted zone (zona restringida) or, in the case of islands, their entire surface, with the exceptions established below in the transitory provisions of this law.

The islets, rocky peaks, and other small natural formations that, as a group or individually, measure more than two thousand square meters in area will not form part of this maritime-terrestrial zone and, instead, will be governed by the ordinary laws on the matter.

Ownership and domain of the maritime-terrestrial zone.

The maritime-terrestrial zone is an asset of the public domain and, therefore, is inalienable and imprescriptible. Ownership, use, and exploitation of it are subject to the provisions of this law, the respective special laws, and its regulatory provisions.

The public zone is neither susceptible to ownership nor to any other type or form of tenure on the part of private individuals, with the exception of those pre-existing that are regularized in Article 12 of this law.

Lands located outside the maritime-terrestrial zone.

For all legal purposes, the lands located outside the maritime-terrestrial zone will have the legal nature of private property (propiedad privada), unless the existence of a public domain easement (servidumbre) over them has been proven, or they have been incorporated into the National Wildlife Refuges, established, or to be established on land within the public domain.

The owner or titleholder of lands bordering the maritime-terrestrial zone must allow free transit within the first fifteen meters of the restricted zone, when there is no public road, and within the entire strip covered by said restricted zone, following the route indicated by the relevant authority, as long as there are no duly verified natural limitations or access approved by the respective municipality is not provided.

Artículo 90.- The environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) is the instrument for assessing the possible environmental impact of a work, activity, or project. It is the technical-scientific instrument of a preventive and integrated nature, which allows the SETENA, within the scope of its competence, to condition the design and execution of works, activities, or projects to the prevention, correction, mitigation, and compensation of the environmental impacts they may cause.

(Así reformado por el artículo 35 de la Ley 7554 del 4 de octubre de 1995) The document that grants the approval of the EIA shall be called the Environmental Viability License (Licencia de Viabilidad Ambiental). The environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) for the execution of the project must be obtained, in the case of private works, activities, or projects, prior to the granting of the construction permit by the respective municipality; and in the case of public works, activities, or projects of the Public Administration or carrying out activities, prior to the start of activities for the development of the project. The regulations to this law must establish which phase of the project is permitted as an activity for the development of projects of the Public Administration.

(Así reformado por el artículo 36 de la ley Nº 8834 del 3 de mayo del 2010) Article 91.- The proceedings before the SETENA, regarding the EIA, shall be governed by the rules provided for in Articles 308 and following of the General Public Administration Law, "Ley General de la Administración Pública".

Considerando III.—Que la Ley Forestal N.° 7575 del 5 de febrero de 1996, establece en su Artículo 33, la prohibición del cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) en terrenos cubiertos de bosque, así como la regulación para aquellos sometidos al régimen de pago de servicios ambientales (payment for environmental services, Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA).

Considerando IV.—Que la misma Ley 7575, en su Artículo 13, define el concepto de área de protección de nacientes (spring protection area), el cual es desarrollado reglamentariamente mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo N.° 31849-MINAE, Anexo 1, que establece los criterios técnicos para la delimitación de las zonas de protección absoluta y las áreas de restricción de uso.

Considerando V.—Que de conformidad con el Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional, la determinación de las áreas de protección debe realizarse en sede administrativa de manera técnica y fundamentada, observando los principios preventivos y precautorios que rigen en materia ambiental.

Considerando VI.—Que mediante oficio SINAC-ACOSA-D-123-2019, la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) y el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), en específico el Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA), emitieron el correspondiente estudio de cobertura boscosa (forest cover study) para el inmueble inscrito en el folio real matrícula 654321-000.

Por tanto:

Artículo 1.—Se aprueba el plano de fraccionamiento (subdivision plan) presentado por la empresa Desarrollos Verdes del Sur S.A., para el proyecto denominado "Residencial Bosques del Pacífico", ubicado en el distrito de Puerto Cortés, cantón de Osa, provincia de Puntarenas, sobre la finca matriz número 654321-000, siempre que se cumplan estrictamente las siguientes condiciones ambientales y técnicas:

• a)Deberá respetarse y mantenerse, con carácter de irreductibilidad (lifetime tenure), el área de protección absoluta de las nacientes (springs) identificadas en el Anexo 2 del estudio de SETENA, conforme a los siguientes puntos de coordenadas CRTM-05:

• b)Se prohíbe cualquier tipo de movimientos de tierra (earthworks) o construcciones dentro de la zona de retiro forestal y de la servidumbre (easement) de paso de aguas públicas, delimitadas en el Decreto N° 31849-MINAE.
• c)El desarrollador deberá cancelar la totalidad de los cánones por concepto de PSA al Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO), conforme a los contratos de PSAH suscritos para el área de bosque remanente dentro de la finca.
• d)El Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU) y el Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y de Arquitectos de Costa Rica (ICAA) no otorgarán las visaciones finales al proyecto hasta que el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE), la Municipalidad de Osa, el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes (MOPT), y la Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias (CNE) emitan sus dictámenes de disponibilidad de servicios, viabilidad ambiental y de gestión de riesgos, respectivamente. Esta condición deberá ser coordinada por el ente desarrollador ante la Junta Administradora del Servicio Eléctrico de Pérez Zeledón (JASEC), el Consejo Nacional de Rectores (CONARE) por medio de sus laboratorios especializados, y el Instituto Meteorológico Nacional (IMN) en lo relacionado con estudios hidrometeorológicos, así como con la colaboración técnica del Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) y el Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo Rural (INDER) en la demarcación de límites del territorio.

**Source:** MINAE / SINAC Resolution No. 1321-2007 **Purpose:** The purpose of this legal opinion is to analyze the technical reports regarding a possible cancellation of a Certificate of Forest Heritage (Certificado de Patrimonio Forestal, CPF).

**Location:** The application refers to plots 4564, 4565, and 4566, part of Farm 33121-000, in the Sacramento district, Alajuela canton, province of Cartago.

**Applicants:** Carmen María Romero Hernández, major, with identification number 1-359-875, and Bernardo José Jiménez Jiménez, major, with identification number 2-0443-691.

Subsequent analysis of the technical reports reveals the following considerations:

1. That the holder submitted a request for the cancellation of said CPFs in the indigenous territory of Bajo Chirripó, on property No. 3-31230-000, location map sheets Zeta 01, Zeta 02, and Zeta 03, topographic map sheets Siola 3845-I and Cabecera 3845-II, of the land registry map.

2. That the registry certifications do not record any limitations, except for an easement (servidumbre) recorded under entries 017 and 018, on plots 4564 and 4565 of Farm 33121-000.

3. That regarding the contested cancellation procedure, this is carried out when the owners wish.

4. That concerning the issue raised regarding whether a request for cancellation is possible, it should be emphasized that legally speaking, it is not possible to say that its processing is prohibited, except that what must be resolved is the technical feasibility or not of its execution, which is why the Technical Reports prepared must be evaluated.

Based on the above conditions, it is resolved:

R-017-2007-OT: To issue a technical opinion on the Cancellation of Forest Heritage Certificates (Certificados de Patrimonio Forestal, CPF). Known at 1:00 p.m. on April 20, 2007. — Isaac Díaz-Salazar. — 1 signature illegible. —

Considerando:

I.That the State has an essential obligation to guarantee the right of its inhabitants to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, and therefore must ensure the protection, conservation, and sustainable use of natural resources, particularly those of the State's Natural Heritage.

II.That State-owned forested areas are part of the State's Natural Heritage and, being assets in the public domain, are inalienable, unseizable, and imprescriptible.

III.That Law 7575, known as the "Ley Forestal," establishes the legal framework governing forest resources, including State Natural Heritage areas, and mandates the State to take necessary actions for their proper management, protection, and conservation.

IV.That Law 7575 empowers the Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) and its decentralized bodies, specifically the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), to exercise administrative control, guardianship, and surveillance over the State's forest heritage, including the recovery of lands that are part of said heritage when they are in the hands of private individuals without just title.

V.That Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, "Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanización del Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU)," establishes parameters for urban developments, including aspects related to the protection of natural areas and forest resources.

VI.That the technical studies in expediente No. 12345-2023-SETENA demonstrate that the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Monteverde (ADIM) has occupied a portion of the Zona Protectora Arenal-Monteverde, a State Natural Heritage area, with buildings and earthworks (movimientos de tierra) for tourism infrastructure, without having the required environmental viability or the corresponding administrative concession or easement (servidumbre) from the State.

VII.That the actions described constitute a land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) that eliminates forest cover (cobertura boscosa), thereby contravening the conservation purposes of the State Natural Heritage area and affecting environmental services.

VIII.That the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic, in its report DFOE-048-2022, warned about the proliferation of irregular occupations in State Natural Heritage areas and urged the competent institutions to exercise their conservation, control, and recovery powers fully and in a timely manner.

IX.That Voto 4654-2003 of the Constitutional Chamber established that the administrative authority has not only the power but the duty to act ex officio in the defense and recovery of public domain assets, which are inalienable and imprescriptible, and that the failure to act constitutes a violation of the principle of legality and a breach of public duties.

X.That the technical-administrative procedure for the recovery of State Natural Heritage lands does not require a judicial eviction order when it is verified that the occupant lacks any administrative title enabling lawful possession, and that the administration can exercise its self-tutelage power (potestad de autotutela) for the material recovery of the asset.

Por tanto:

GENERAL REGULATIONS IN COMPLIANCE WITH LAW N° 7575 --- **CHAPTER I** ...

**Article 6**—Of the fees for E7 certification and integrated procedures.

...

**Registry of Natural Areas—Certified Forest Stands.** The General Command of the Civil Guard, under the Public Force of the Ministry of Public Security, through its registration office for state-owned or administered forest resources within the SINAC perimeter, shall issue the corresponding certification of legal origin for timber products extracted from certified forest stands. The state, through SINAC, shall remain on the timber in these certified forest stands in accordance with the Forestry Law, while verifying compliance with the forest management plan and its regulations for the term specified in this Registry for certified forest stands. For the issuance of this certificate, the interested party must request SINAC to grant it and must have a certified forest stand (Cobertura Boscosa Certificada, CBFC) and the corresponding certification of origin.

--- **Expediente N° 18766-2006** ...

**Por tanto:** Considering the analysis of the file and the provisions of the Organic Environmental Law, the Forestry Law, and that the reported situation affects national heritage sites of the State, in compliance with the obligations established in the regulations of the General Comptroller of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República), it is resolved: To file a complaint with the Public Ministry, so that it may initiate the corresponding criminal investigation against the Municipality of Acosta, for the presumably illegal change of land use (cambio de uso del suelo) and the performance of earthworks (movimientos de tierra), without having the respective environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) granted by SETENA, on properties located in the protected area of the Cerros de Escazú and having authorized the corresponding construction permits. File an administrative sanctioning proceeding against the Municipality of Acosta, for the illegal authorization of construction permits and other municipal permits for the urbanization known as "Villas del Sol", which has executed earthworks and deforestation in the Cerros de Escazú Protected Zone without the respective environmental viability. Grant a period of ten business days to the investigated party to exercise its right of defense and offer the corresponding evidence, with the warning that, if it fails to do so, the proceeding will be resolved with the evidence included in the file. It is ordered to carry out a comprehensive technical inspection of the project, with the purpose of verifying the current state of the built works and the environmental damage caused, for which the corresponding technical report must be issued within a maximum period of one month. Notify the Municipality of Acosta, the developer, and the National Technical Secretariat (SETENA). Against this resolution, the corresponding appeals for revocation and appeal may be filed, which must be filed within three business days following its notification. NOTIFY.

--- **PENALTY SYSTEM**

--- **Article 19**—The granting of an environmental viability by SETENA for works, activities, or projects, does not exempt the developer from the obligation to obtain the corresponding municipal permits, under the terms of the Construction Law and the Subdivision Regulations (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento), among others. When a project is located within the boundaries of a protected wild area (Área Silvestre Protegida), it must have, prior to the issuance of the environmental viability by SETENA, the respective certification of environmental compatibility issued by the corresponding Regional or Subregional Directorate of the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC).

--- **SCHEDULE OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMMITMENTS**

--- **Considerando III**—That in Voto 4654-2003 of the Constitutional Chamber, the jurisprudential criteria were established regarding the obligation to carry out the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) in projects that involve the subdivision (fraccionamiento) of properties in areas of environmental fragility, such as the Cerros de Escazú Protected Zone, even when the zoning established in the Regulatory Plan is residential. That Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 and Decreto N° 31849-MINAE are applicable, as well as Anexo 1 and Anexo 2 of the EIA Regulations, issued by the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE), in which the activities that must submit to the EIA process are listed. That the technical criteria issued by MINAE, through the procedures of SETENA, the competent institutions such as INVU, ICAA, ICE, and MOPT must be considered, as well as the environmental viability issued by the National Commission of Emergencies (CNE) and the studies of the National Meteorological Institute (IMN) and the National Geographic Institute (IGN), in coordination with CONARE and JASEC. That it is the obligation of the developer, prior to the execution of the works, to obtain the corresponding permits from the Municipality, for which, the Municipal Office, based on the Urban Planning Law and its Regulations, in particular Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, must demand as a precondition the environmental viability granted by SETENA through the respective EIA. That the developer must also present the resolutions of INDER for the fractionation of agrarian properties, if applicable.

Considerando:

I.That the Forestry Law, No. 7575, of February 13, 1996, was published in La Gaceta No. 72, of April 16, 1996, and through Executive Decree No. 25721-MINAE, of October 17, 1996, published in La Gaceta No. 212, of November 5, 1996, its Regulations were issued, which establish that the present procedure is for the General Comptroller of the Republic.

II.That Article 18 of the Forestry Law establishes that "In public and private lands, areas of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) that are part of natural springs (nacientes) or that protect aquifers, located on terrain with slopes greater than thirty percent, determined as necessary by the State for water production and hydrological protection, shall be declared protection areas."

III.That Article 33 of the aforementioned law establishes that "The payment of environmental services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) is a recognition by the State for the protection and conservation of forests and forest plantations, for the environmental benefits they provide to society."

IV.That by means of Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE, of September 8, 2004, the Regulation of the Forestry Law was amended, establishing a procedure for the application of Article 18 of the Forestry Law, regarding the declaration of protection areas.

V.That the present request, registered under expediente No. XXX, was filed by Mr./Ms. XXX, owner of the property(ies) XXX, in order to obtain the declaration of a protection area for the forest on their property, and the respective payment of environmental services (PSA).

VI.That the corresponding technical study is contained in the SINAC-ACOSA-XXX report, where it is concluded that the property meets the technical and legal requirements established in Article 18 of the Forestry Law and its Regulations for the requested declaration.

VII.That the report determines a protection area of XXX hectares, as detailed in the technical report and the location map that are part of this expediente.

VIII.That the area to be declared as a protection area is located within the boundaries established in the Management Plan of the XXX Protected Area.

IX.That the present procedure has been carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Forestry Law, its Regulations, and the General Law of Public Administration.

Therefore:

1. To declare, as I do hereby declare, a protection area of XXX hectares, located on the property(ies) inscribed under the Real Property Folio Real system, number XXX, owned by Mr./Ms. XXX, according to the boundaries and technical specifications detailed in the SINAC-ACOSA-XXX report, which is an integral part of this resolution, and in compliance with the provisions of Article 18 of the Forestry Law.

2. The area declared a protection area shall be subject to a regime of lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad), and its use is limited to the conservation and protection of the water resource, in accordance with the technical criteria established in the aforementioned report.

3. The owner of the property is obligated to comply with the provisions of the forestry legislation and the technical recommendations of the SINAC-ACOSA-XXX report for the management and protection of the declared area.

4. The respective payment of environmental services (PSA) is authorized, in accordance with the provisions of Article 33 of the Forestry Law and its Regulations, for the protection area declared herein, subject to the procedures and budgetary availability of the State, through the National Forestry Financing Fund (FONAFIFO).

5. The present resolution shall be published in the official newspaper La Gaceta and registered in the corresponding section of the Real Property Registry, in accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of the Forestry Law.

6. Appeal may be filed against this resolution, in accordance with the provisions of the General Law of Public Administration.

7. The certified copy of this resolution shall be delivered to the interested party, SINAC, the corresponding Local Sub-Regional Office, and the National Registry.

—Notified.— Considerando III.—That the provisions of this regulation shall apply to any new project, work, or activity that must submit an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) to the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), as well as to those submitted to the Forestry Administration (Administración Forestal del Estado) for the processing of permits related to land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), when the property requesting the land-use change is located on terrain with slopes equal to or greater than thirty percent (30%), given the high risk generated for the area. Consequently, a prior environmental diagnosis (diagnóstico ambiental) prepared by the corresponding Regional Office of the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) will be required. The objective is to provide technical elements for the establishment of protective areas (áreas de protección), in order to protect soils, human lives, the environmental goods and services generated by these forests, and to prevent the obstruction of natural drainage, as well as to ensure the protection of water resources, biodiversity, landscape, and the connectivity of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) indicated in Article 30 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575 of April 16, 1996 and Article 33, subsection a), of the same law. Any project, work, or activity that alters or causes land-use change on terrain with slopes equal to or greater than thirty percent (30%) must comply with the protective area regulations established by the Forestry Law, the Subdivision Regulations (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento), and this regulation. To this end, the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), its affiliated agencies, and the Forestry Administration, as the entities responsible for environmental assessments, will require the petitioner to submit an analysis of the slope map (mapa de pendientes) and the hydrography (hidrografía) of the area, with the aim of establishing the necessary protective areas and the corresponding management and conservation measures for the forest and water resources affected by the project. The criteria related to the vulnerability of soil and water resources must be analyzed by the relevant bodies, specifically the National Groundwater, Irrigation, and Drainage Service (SENARA), the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (ICAA), and the National Emergency Commission (CNE), as established in Article 33, subsection a), of the Forestry Law No. 7575.

Considerando IV.—That this Regulation is a special regulation of the Forestry Law No. 7575 of April 16, 1996. The provisions related to protective areas must be observed for the processing of permits for land-use change in forests or forest lands, forest management plans, subdivision permits located in forest areas, and the environmental impact assessment process that SETENA carries out for any project, work, or activity that affects or causes land-use change on properties with slopes equal to or greater than thirty percent (30%). Consequently, the criteria derived from the analysis of slope and hydrography must be included in the corresponding resolution or, in the case of SETENA, in the environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) granted.

Considerando V.—That the Regulations for the Procedures of SETENA, Executive Decree No. 25721-MINAE of November 5, 1996, modified by Decreto N° 31849-MINAE of June 24, 2004, and its subsequent amendments, establish that any environmental impact assessment document submitted for review must indicate the designation of protective areas for the protection of water resources in accordance with Article 33 of the Forestry Law and its Regulations.

Considerando VI.—That in Voto 4654-2003, the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) ordered MINAE, SETENA, SINAC, the INVU, the ICAA, the ICE, the MOPT, CONARE, JASEC, the CNE, the IMN, and the IGN to coordinate joint actions to protect and conserve the aquifers and springs located in the northern zone of the Province of Cartago and in the sub-basins of the Reventazón River, which supply the aqueducts operated by the ICAA, the Municipalities, ASADAS, and CAARs, whose sustainability is threatened by land-use change. In the specific case of SETENA and SINAC for the granting of permits for construction projects, subdivisions, or land-use change that affect these water resources, among other environmental goods and services, until the corresponding Aquifer Protection Regulations (Reglamento de Protección de Acuíferos) are issued, the provisions of this Regulation must be observed.

Considerando VII.—That the provisions of this Regulation are not intended to replace the technical criteria and studies that SETENA, by law, must require for the issuance of an environmental feasibility license (licencia de viabilidad ambiental), nor the instruments established by the Forestry Law for the conservation of soil and water resources, but rather to complement, coordinate, and articulate the legal criteria established for the formulation of a comprehensive protection regime for these resources.

Considerando VIII.—That the procedure for establishing protective areas for the protection of water resources regulated herein considers three levels of protection based on the slope of the land and the vulnerability of the water resource, and modifies the protective areas established in Article 33 of the Forestry Law, setting degrees of protection established based on the slope of the land and the type of water body, such that an increase in the criterion of protection is established depending on the vulnerability of the water resource.

Por tanto,

DECREES:

Regulation for the Establishment of Protective Areas for the Protection of Water Resources on Terrain with Slopes Equal to or Greater Than Thirty Percent (30%) Article 1.—Objective. This Regulation establishes the technical criteria for the establishment of protective areas for the protection of water resources on lands with slopes equal to or greater than thirty percent (30%) throughout the national territory, as a measure to ensure the conservation of soil and water resources, human life, and the connectivity of forest cover. The purpose is to define the procedures and instruments for the delimitation of these protective areas by the Forestry Administration and SETENA, and to coordinate the actions corresponding to other public institutions related to the subject matter.

Article 2.—Scope of Application. These provisions shall apply to all public and private natural or legal persons who require permits for land-use change in forest areas for any type of project, work, or activity, or who submit an environmental impact assessment to SETENA when the property is located on terrain with slopes equal to or greater than thirty percent (30%). The provisions of this Regulation shall also apply to the granting of subdivision permits, construction permits, and permits for other activities in areas with these slope characteristics, for which the corresponding authorities must require the delimitation of protective areas established herein.

Article 3.—Definitions. For the purposes of this Regulation, the following definitions shall apply:

a. Slope (Pendiente): The degree of inclination of the terrain, expressed as a percentage (%), which relates the vertical distance to the horizontal distance.

b. Slope Map (Mapa de Pendientes): The cartographic representation of the terrain based on the categorization of its slopes, in accordance with the classification established in this Regulation.

c. Protective Area (Área de Protección): The space of the property established to protect soil and water resources, human life, and the connectivity of forest cover, in which the use of the land is restricted in accordance with the management category and the corresponding restrictions.

d. Water Resource (Recurso Hídrico): Surface and underground water bodies present in the area of influence of the project, work, or activity, including springs (nacientes), rivers, streams, lakes, lagoons, and aquifers.

e. Spring (Naciente): The point where groundwater naturally emerges to the surface, whether permanent or intermittent.

f. Easement (Servidumbre): A legal encumbrance imposed on a property for the benefit of another property or for public utility, which limits the property rights of the owner.

g. Lifetime Tenure (Irreductibilidad): The legal condition of a forest area designated as a protective area that renders it inalienable and imprescriptible, and its land use cannot be changed.

Article 4.—Slope Classification. For the purposes of this Regulation, the following slope classification is established:

Article 5.—Criteria for Determining Protective Areas for Water Resources. The determination of protective areas for the protection of water resources shall be made based on the combination of the following criteria:

a. The slope of the terrain, according to the classification established in Article 4 of this Regulation.

b. The type and hierarchy of the water body present in the area of influence of the project, work, or activity.

c. The vulnerability of the water resource, considering aspects such as its current and potential use for human consumption, its recharge, flow, and water quality.

d. The location of the project, work, or activity in relation to the water bodies and their recharge areas.

Article 6.—Protective Areas Based on Slope and Water Body Type. The protective areas for the protection of water resources on terrain with slopes equal to or greater than thirty percent (30%) shall be established according to the provisions of Annex 1, which forms an integral part of this Regulation. Annex 1 establishes three protection zones based on the combination of slope and the type of water body, which define the land uses permitted in each zone. For this purpose, the following protection levels are considered:

The delimitation of the protection levels on the affected property must be carried out in strict accordance with the distances and technical criteria defined in Annex 1 and must be represented on the slope map and the corresponding plan.

Article 7.—Procedures. For the processing of permits for land-use change, environmental impact assessments, and subdivision permits, among others, the applicant must submit to the corresponding authority a slope map and a hydrographic map of the property, both georeferenced. The Forestry Administration or SETENA, as appropriate, shall determine, based on the analysis of the submitted documentation and the corresponding field verifications, the delimitation of the protective areas in accordance with the provisions of this Regulation. The protective areas thus established shall be incorporated as easements or lifetime tenure areas, as appropriate, and must be annotated in the corresponding property registration.

Article 8.—Transitory Provisions. The procedures for the granting of permits for land-use change, environmental impact assessments, or subdivision permits that are in process at the time this Regulation comes into effect must be adapted to its provisions within a period of six months from its publication.

Article 9.—This Decree comes into effect upon its publication.

Cuarto: Que en el expediente se ha apersonado la señora Ruth Becherel Fallas, en calidad de propietaria registral de las fincas inscritas en el Registro Público, partido de Alajuela, matrículas de folio real 183655-000, 183656-000, 183657-000, 183658-000 y 183660-000, quien ha manifestado su oposición al proyecto alegando fundamentalmente la afectación del bosque y del recurso hídrico, habiendo señalado que el proyecto se encuentra ubicado en un área de recarga acuífera de la Sub-cuenca del Río Ciruelas, la cual es de suma importancia para la recarga del acuífero del mismo nombre y para el abastecimiento de agua potable para varias comunidades. Asimismo, indicó que el proyecto se localiza en una zona de alta fragilidad ambiental, con presencia de bosques y numerosas nacientes (springs), algunas de las cuales abastecen de agua a las poblaciones de El Coco y Sardinal.

Considerando V: Que la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), en su informe D1-5589-2018-SETENA de fecha 2 de mayo de 2018, visible a folios 199 a 207 del expediente administrativo, señaló que, según el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental presentado por el desarrollador, el proyecto implica la eliminación de cobertura boscosa (forest cover), la intervención de zonas de protección de nacientes (spring protection zones) y la realización de movimientos de tierra (earthworks) significativos, lo que podría generar un cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) incompatible con la vocación del terreno, que es predominantemente forestal, y con la fragilidad de los ecosistemas presentes en el área.

Considerando VI: Que la Dirección de Agua, mediante oficio DA-UCCA-345-2019 del 18 de junio de 2019, determinó que en las fincas propiedad de la aquí gestionante se localizan dos nacientes permanentes y una intermitente, las cuales dan origen al cauce de dominio público denominado Quebrada San Ramón, y que en los planos de catastro y en el plano de fraccionamiento (subdivision) presentado no se visualiza la respectiva área de protección, ni se establecen las servidumbres (easements) de paso para el mantenimiento y protección del citado cuerpo de agua, incumpliendo con ello lo dispuesto en los artículos 31, 33 y 34 de la Ley Forestal N° 7575 y los artículos 65, 66 y 67 del Reglamento a la Ley Forestal, Decreto Ejecutivo 25721-MINAE.

Artículo 6-Determinación del uso del suelo con PSAH o sin PSAH. De acuerdo a la clasificación de capacidad de uso de las tierras, contenida en el Decreto Ejecutivo 23214-MAG-MIRENEN, denominado "Metodología para la determinación de la capacidad de uso de las tierras de Costa Rica", al mapa de PSAH y al listado de especies forestales establecido en el Anexo 1, Anexo 2 y Anexo 3 del presente decreto, toda persona física o jurídica que pretenda establecer un proyecto de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA), deberá presentar ante el SINAC o la entidad autorizada por la Administración Forestal del Estado, según corresponda, el plan de manejo forestal o el plan de siembra de árboles en sistemas agroforestales y silvopastoriles, respectivamente, que contenga la siguiente información:

Artículo 7-Criterios de priorización para PSA. Para la priorización en el otorgamiento de los recursos del Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA), se aplicarán los siguientes criterios:

• a)Que el inmueble se ubique dentro de las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas establecidas en el artículo 32 de la Ley Forestal, las zonas de amortiguamiento de las mismas, los corredores biológicos interconectados y las áreas de importancia para la recarga de acuíferos.
• b)Que el inmueble se ubique en áreas de aptitud forestal o de protección según la clasificación de capacidad de uso de las tierras.
• c)Que se trate de proyectos de reforestación con fines de protección, conservación de bosque, regeneración natural, sistemas agroforestales y silvopastoriles.
• d)Que el inmueble se ubique en zonas declaradas de interés público por el Poder Ejecutivo, para la protección del recurso hídrico.
• e)Que se trate de proyectos presentados por organizaciones de base comunal, Asociaciones de Desarrollo Comunal, Centros Agrícolas Cantonales, organizaciones indígenas, asociaciones de productores agropecuarios y forestales legalmente constituidas, y organizaciones de mujeres y jóvenes.
• f)Que se trate de proyectos que promuevan la conectividad ecológica entre áreas silvestres protegidas.
• g)Que se trate de proyectos ubicados en las áreas establecidas en el mapa de PSAH y que se ajusten a lo dispuesto en el artículo 6 del presente decreto.

TRANSLATION:

--- 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 Artículo 6—The forest management plan and the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) for logging (aprovechamiento forestal) in forests (bosques) whose management was prohibited by this Law or the Regulations to the Forest Law (Ley Forestal), approved through Executive Decree (Decreto Ejecutivo) 25721, shall contain the terms under which these forests are gradually transformed from their current use to uses more in line with their protection and conservation objectives.

INAE Environmental Procedures (Voto 4654-2003)

Artículo 6.- Requisitos. Para el otorgamiento de la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental, el interesado deberá cumplir con los siguientes requisitos:

• a)Presentar el formulario de solicitud de viabilidad (licencia) ambiental, debidamente completado y firmado por el propietario registral o su representante legal, ante la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA).
• b)Adjuntar el documento de Evaluación Ambiental (EA) correspondiente, según la actividad, obra o proyecto a desarrollar, de conformidad con la categorización establecida en el Decreto Ejecutivo 31849-MINAE.
• c)Cancelar los derechos de trámite correspondientes, de acuerdo a lo dispuesto en el Anexo 2 del presente reglamento.
• d)Para actividades, obras o proyectos que requieran la presentación de un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (EsIA), adjuntar el comprobante de publicación en un diario de circulación nacional del extracto del EsIA, conforme lo establece el artículo 22 del presente Reglamento.
• e)Presentar la certificación de uso del suelo emitida por la Municipalidad del cantón donde se desarrollará la actividad, obra o proyecto.
• f)En el caso de actividades, obras o proyectos que se pretendan desarrollar dentro de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, deberá presentarse la autorización de uso emitida por el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC).

Article 6.- Requirements. For the granting of the environmental viability (license) (viabilidad (licencia) ambiental), the interested party must fulfill the following requirements:

• a)Submit the environmental viability (license) application form, duly completed and signed by the registered owner or their legal representative, before the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA).
• b)Attach the corresponding Environmental Assessment (Evaluación Ambiental, EA) document, according to the activity, work, or project to be developed, in accordance with the categorization established in Executive Decree 31849-MINAE.
• c)Pay the corresponding processing fees, in accordance with the provisions of Anexo 2 of this regulation.
• d)For activities, works, or projects that require the submission of an Environmental Impact Study (EsIA), attach proof of publication in a nationally circulated newspaper of the EsIA extract, as established in article 22 of this Regulation.
• e)Submit the land-use certification (certificación de uso del suelo) issued by the Municipality of the canton where the activity, work, or project will be developed.
• f)In the case of activities, works, or projects intended to be developed within Protected Wild Areas, the use authorization issued by the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) must be submitted.

Artículo 19.- Reglamento para la actividad de reconocimiento de la conectividad biológica para PSAH y lineamientos para la aplicación del Artículo 19 del Decreto N° 31849-MINAE.

Article 19.- Regulation for the biological connectivity recognition activity for PSAH and guidelines for the application of Article 19 of Decreto N° 31849-MINAE.

Costa Rica Forest Law, Article 33, Paragraph 1, The environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) must include, at a minimum, the following information:

Any project or activity requiring an EIA must comply with the guidelines established by SETENA.

We, the subscribers, legal representatives of ACOSA, SETENA, and the Municipality of Golfito, within the context of a joint process integrated for the regularization and approval of the PGMF X from July 2009, granted in favor of the Viques Piedra Del Sol development, located in the El Atrocho sector, Golfito district and canton, Puntarenas province, initially endorsed and subsequently denied by SINAC and CONAGEBIO, as established in Article 19 of the Ley Forestal, which authorizes the land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) of land with forest cover (cobertura boscosa) in compliance with the Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA), which would allow for the productive development of the property, an area that does not have the respective environmental viability granted by SETENA under file D1-9875-2012-SETENA, an entity that initially, via resolution 3249-2009-SETENA, granted the respective environmental viability, indicating that the project owner must obtain the respective permits, including the land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), simultaneously with the development to which the land is subject, this being a requirement set forth by the respective regulatory and planning instruments, which justified the official status of SETENA’s issuance, in accordance with the principle of legitimate expectations, and so that the Golfito Regulatory Plan, published in La Gaceta 98 of May 20, 2000, granted Forest and Tourist use to the property, for which it complied with the payment of PSAH, in accordance with the certification issued by FONAFIFO.

That the property borders a spring (naciente) and water bodies, for which the protection areas established in Article 33 of the Ley Forestal were considered, the corresponding technical studies having been carried out for the determination of those areas, which are identified in the survey map, Registration No. P-1828865-2006, and georeferenced in the mapping, coordinates according to Anexo 1, for the determination of which the technical team of SETENA, MINAE, and the Municipality of Golfito met, institutional consensus being obtained in order to regularize the land use of the property with forest cover (cobertura boscosa) as established in the accompanying plan. Regarding the area of the property, 47% corresponds to a protected area, as established in Anexo 2, the remaining 53% corresponding to the development that is intended to be carried out, which allows for the endowment of remaining forest cover (cobertura boscosa) equivalent to 35.84% of the total area. This instrument has the respective endorsement before CONAGEBIO according to file 41927, Official Letter SINAC-ACOSA-DT-331-2015 and 456, 500 and 475. The Municipal Council of Golfito, in session 26-2016, article 14 of March 1, 2016, endorsed said planning instrument, by means of Municipal Agreement No. 6133-2016, in accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of the Ley Forestal and in accordance with the provisions of Article 13 of the national legislation; establishing the respective easements (servidumbres), green areas, park and protection zones.

Artículo 6 — Environmental Feasibility Pre-Check (Prechequeo de Viabilidad Ambiental) Prior to the submission of the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) for the development activity, project, or work with significant environmental impact, SETENA, through its technical office, shall verify compliance with the environmental feasibility pre-check (Prechequeo de Viabilidad Ambiental) of the land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), when applicable under the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575, its regulations, and the guidelines established by the Forest Administration, in order to verify the maintenance of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) on the affected properties.

To comply with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the accredited environmental impact assessment consultant (consultor en evaluación de impacto ambiental) may request information from the respective Area of Conservation of SINAC. For this purpose, the Area of Conservation must provide, within a period of ten working days, a report of the current forest cover of the property, its net forest area, and the percentage of such coverage, based on the land-use capacity (capacidad de uso del suelo) study and the corresponding map in accordance with the regulation to the Forestry Law.

To effectively comply with what is established here, the provisions of Article 19 of this Regulation must be observed, without prejudice to the controls the Forest Administration establishes independently.

La combinación de factores socioeconómicos, políticos y ambientales presentes en la zona de estudio hace que la evaluación del impacto sobre el recurso hídrico sea un componente crítico del proceso de viabilidad ambiental. Específicamente, el cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) propuesto, que incluye extensos earthworks (movimientos de tierra) y la construcción de infraestructura vial, podría alterar significativamente los patrones de recarga de los acuíferos y la calidad del agua superficial. La viabilidad ambiental del proyecto está condicionada a la presentación de estudios hidrogeológicos detallados, los cuales deben demostrar que no se afectará la lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) de las áreas de protección de las springs (nacientes) identificadas en el Anexo 2 del estudio de impacto ambiental.

En este sentido, el análisis de la Sala Constitucional en el Voto 4654-2003 establece un precedente fundamental sobre la obligatoriedad de proteger las zonas de recarga acuífera, independientemente de que estas se encuentren en terrenos privados sujetos a procesos de subdivision (fraccionamiento). Por lo tanto, cualquier autorización de cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) o aprobación de un Reglamento de Fraccionamiento por parte del INVU debe ser consecuente con las directrices de protección del recurso hídrico emitidas por el MINAE y sus órganos adscritos, como el SINAC y el ACOSA. De igual forma, se debe verificar el estricto cumplimiento de las disposiciones contenidas en el Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 y sus reformas, especialmente en lo referente a la delimitación de las áreas de protección de nacientes y la imposición de las servidumbres (easements) correspondientes, las cuales deben quedar debidamente inscritas en el plano de catastro y en el Registro Público de la Propiedad.

Para la obtención de la viabilidad ambiental, la parte proponente deberá aportar una certificación del Departamento de Aguas del MINAE, o de la entidad competente como el SENARA, que acredite la no afectación de las nacientes y sus áreas de protección, conforme a los parámetros técnicos establecidos en el Anexo 1 del decreto citado. La omisión de estos requisitos técnicos y legales, en particular la falta de inscripción de las easements (servidumbres) de protección, constituiría un vicio esencial en el procedimiento de evaluación de impacto ambiental (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA), lo que daría lugar a la nulidad de la resolución de viabilidad que eventualmente pudiera ser otorgada por la SETENA.

Asimismo, es necesario considerar que el área del proyecto traslapa parcialmente con zonas catalogadas como de alta fragilidad ambiental en el mapa de cobertura boscosa (forest cover) del año 2005, elaborado por el IMN y el IGN. Esta condición obliga a la SETENA a ser particularmente rigurosa en el análisis de la pérdida de forest cover (cobertura boscosa) y su impacto sobre la conectividad ecológica y el ciclo hidrológico local. De conformidad con el Art. 19 de la Ley 7575, Ley Forestal, cualquier cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) que implique la corta de bosque requerirá, además de la aprobación del estudio de impacto ambiental, la autorización previa del SINAC, la cual deberá ser gestionada y obtenida de manera independiente a la viabilidad ambiental otorgada por la SETENA.

Aqueducts (acueductos) with a total length of 499 m, of which one viaduct will be constructed for the structural crossing of the rivers Barranca and Tárcoles. The National Route No. 27 – known as San José – Caldera – currently has its geometric finishing in the fork of the Barranca River; this existing road will be used until the junction of the San José – Caldera Road at the point where the toll barriers are defined.

Regarding the Camino a Tárcoles Copey sector, the road runs parallel to the Tárcoles River, located in an area where the geological conditions present sectors with significant fracturing and sloping strata. The current road has a series of interventions to reduce the risk of rock falls affecting vehicular circulation. The section to be expanded, Camino a Tárcoles Copey, is located between stations 1+300 and 3+050, for a total approximate length of 1750 m, with the sector between stations 2+650 and 3+080 being a critical zone due to geological instability. As detailed in the Geotechnical Study of the Project, Appendix E.1 in Annex 2, on the left side there is an unstable slope with great susceptibility to falls. The Rockfall Analysis is presented in Appendix E.2 of Annex 2: "Rockfall Analysis: E2.0 Study of Rockfall Impact Risk Estimation along the National Route No. 27 San José Caldera and E2.1 Camino a Tárcoles Supplementary Geotechnical Study", in order to evaluate the hazard of falling rocks on the road, developed by AL Ingeniería Consultores S.A.

The intervention of this sector is crucial for the proper development and efficiency of the project, ensuring the increase in capacity and safety of the San José–Caldera Road. The details of the new design to be developed in this sector are presented in the Final Engineering Designs, Anexo 1, Chapter 1: Project Report.

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• a)Nombre, calidades y domicilio del solicitante. b) Copia certificada de la escritura de propiedad del inmueble, debidamente inscrita en el Registro Público de la Propiedad. c) Plano catastrado del inmueble, emitido por el Catastro Nacional. d) Ubicación georreferenciada del área objeto del cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change). e) Estudio de capacidad de uso de las tierras, elaborado por un profesional en ciencias agrícolas o forestales incorporado al colegio profesional respectivo, que demuestre que el área es apta para la actividad propuesta. f) En caso de que el área cuente con cobertura boscosa (forest cover), se requerirá el respectivo estudio de impacto ambiental (environmental impact assessment, EIA) aprobado por la SETENA. g) Justificación técnica y legal de la necesidad del cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change). h) Comprobante de pago del canon correspondiente.

La AFE, en un plazo máximo de treinta días hábiles, deberá analizar la solicitud y resolverla mediante resolución fundada. Si la solicitud es aprobada, se procederá a la emisión del respectivo permiso, el cual deberá ser inscrito en el Registro Nacional de Cambio de Uso del Suelo (National Registry of Land-Use Change).

Considerando I.—Que el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política establece el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, obligando al Estado a garantizar, defender y preservar ese derecho. Considerando II.—Que la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, y sus reformas, establecen el Programa de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) como un mecanismo para reconocer los servicios ambientales que brindan los bosques y plantaciones forestales. Considerando III.—Que el Decreto Ejecutivo 25721-MINAE, Reglamento de la Ley Forestal, y sus reformas, regulan los procedimientos para el otorgamiento del PSA. Considerando IV.—Que mediante Voto 4654-2003, la Sala Constitucional dispuso que los recursos hídricos son bienes de dominio público y su protección es prioritaria, debiendo el Estado adoptar medidas como el PSA para garantizar su conservación. Por tanto, **EL MINISTRO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA** De conformidad con las facultades conferidas en los artículos 140, incisos 3) y 18), y 146 de la Constitución Política; la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley 7554; la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575; el Reglamento a la Ley Forestal, Decreto Ejecutivo 25721-MINAE; y el Decreto N° 31849-MINAE.

**RESUELVE:** **Artículo 1.—** Apruébase el presente instructivo para la aplicación del Programa de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) en la modalidad de Protección de Recurso Hídrico, de conformidad con lo establecido en la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, y el Reglamento a la Ley Forestal, Decreto Ejecutivo 25721-MINAE.

**Artículo 2.—** El presente instructivo será de aplicación obligatoria para las gestiones de PSA en protección de recurso hídrico que se tramiten ante el Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO) y las organizaciones autorizadas.

**Artículo 3.—** Podrán optar al PSA en protección de recurso hídrico los propietarios de terrenos con cobertura boscosa (bosques) que hayan demostrado encontrarse bajo un régimen de protección absoluta, en áreas consideradas prioritarias para la protección del recurso hídrico, según los criterios técnicos establecidos por el SINAC y el MINAE.

**Artículo 4.—** Los contratos de PSA en protección de recurso hídrico se otorgarán por un plazo de cinco años, con posibilidad de prórroga, sujeto a disponibilidad presupuestaria y al cumplimiento de las obligaciones contractuales por parte del beneficiario.

**Artículo 5.—** El monto del pago por hectárea para la modalidad de protección de recurso hídrico se establecerá anualmente mediante resolución administrativa de la Junta Directiva de FONAFIFO, de conformidad con las políticas y directrices del MINAE y considerando la disponibilidad de recursos financieros.

**Artículo 6.—** Serán consideradas áreas prioritarias para la aplicación del PSA en protección de recurso hídrico aquellas que cumplan con los siguientes criterios:

• a)Áreas ubicadas dentro de las zonas de captación de fuentes de abastecimiento de agua para consumo humano administradas por acueductos rurales, municipales, la ESPH, JASEC, y el AyA.
• b)Áreas declaradas como Zonas Protectoras mediante decreto ejecutivo, específicamente aquellas establecidas para la protección de nacientes (spring) y cursos de agua.
• c)Áreas silvestres protegidas bajo las categorías de manejo establecidas en la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley 7554, particularmente Reservas Biológicas y Parques Nacionales, en zonas de amortiguamiento.
• d)Áreas de importancia hídrica identificadas por el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) en sus planes de manejo y estrategias de conservación, incluyendo las Áreas de Conservación como ACOSA.
• e)Terrenos con cobertura boscosa en pendientes superiores al 30%, considerados críticos para la regulación hídrica y el control de la erosión, según los mapas oficiales del Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN).

**Artículo 7.—** Las obligaciones del beneficiario del PSA incluyen:

• a)Mantener la cobertura boscosa objeto del contrato, absteniéndose de realizar cualquier actividad que implique cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change), tala, o extracción de productos forestales.
• b)Permitir y facilitar las visitas de inspección y verificación por parte de funcionarios de FONAFIFO, SINAC, y otras autoridades competentes.
• c)Colaborar en la protección del área contra incendios forestales, la caza ilegal, y otros actos que atenten contra la integridad del ecosistema.
• d)Cumplir con las disposiciones del plan de manejo o plan de conservación aprobado para el área.
• e)Mantener vigentes las pólizas de seguro o garantías que, en su caso, sean requeridas por FONAFIFO.

**Artículo 8.—** La solicitud de PSA en protección de recurso hídrico deberá presentarse ante FONAFIFO o la organización autorizada, acompañada de los siguientes requisitos:

• a)Formulario de solicitud debidamente completado y firmado.
• b)Certificación registral del inmueble, con no más de tres meses de emitida, que acredite la titularidad del solicitante y la inexistencia de gravámenes que impidan la constitución de una servidumbre (easement) ecológica si fuere requerida, de conformidad con el Art. 19 del Reglamento a la Ley Forestal.
• c)Plano catastrado del inmueble, georreferenciado, en coordenadas oficiales del IGN, indicando el área exacta de cobertura boscosa propuesta para el contrato de PSA.
• d)Certificación del área de salud o del ente administrador del acueducto, cuando el área propuesta esté vinculada a una fuente de agua para consumo humano, indicando la viabilidad e importancia hídrica de la misma.
• e)Estudio de impacto ambiental (environmental impact assessment, EIA) o una constancia de viabilidad ambiental emitida por la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), cuando así se requiera conforme a la legislación vigente.
• f)Declaración jurada del solicitante en la que manifieste que no ha realizado cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) ni actividades prohibidas en el área objeto de la solicitud durante los últimos cinco años.

**Artículo 9.—** La verificación de campo y la evaluación técnica de las solicitudes serán realizadas por funcionarios del SINAC o por profesionales forestales debidamente acreditados e inscritos ante el MINAE, quienes emitirán un informe técnico vinculante para la aprobación o rechazo de la solicitud.

**Artículo 10.—** Para la formalización del contrato de PSA, el beneficiario deberá suscribir un contrato con FONAFIFO, en el cual se establecerán las partes, el objeto del contrato, las obligaciones de las partes, el plazo, el monto del pago y la forma de desembolso, las causales de rescisión, y las penalidades por incumplimiento, incluyendo la posibilidad de constituir una servidumbre (easement) ecológica de conformidad con la Ley Forestal.

**Artículo 11.—** El incumplimiento de las obligaciones contractuales por parte del beneficiario dará lugar a la rescisión del contrato y a la devolución de los montos recibidos, sin perjuicio de las responsabilidades civiles y penales a que hubiere lugar, de conformidad con la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, y demás normativa aplicable.

**Artículo 12.—** Las áreas sometidas al régimen de PSA en protección de recurso hídrico gozarán de la garantía de irreductibilidad (lifetime tenure) de la cobertura boscosa, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 33 de la Ley Forestal, lo cual implica la prohibición de realizar cualquier cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) en dichas áreas, a perpetuidad.

**Artículo 13.—** Rige a partir de su publicación en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta.

Dado en la Presidencia de la República, San José, a los veinticinco días del mes de abril de dos mil veinticuatro.

FRANZ TATTENBACH CAPRA Ministro de Ambiente y Energía Considerando III.—That the applicant has submitted a request for a land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) for the development of a hotel project, located in the district of Cóbano, canton of Puntarenas, province of Puntarenas, under file number [expediente number]. The project consists of the construction of hotel infrastructure, including rooms, a restaurant, a reception area, pools, and associated facilities, over a total land area of [numerical value] square meters.

Considerando IV.—That the technical report from the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), specifically the Térraba-Sierpe National Wetland Office, indicates that the proposed project is located within the maritime-terrestrial zone (zona marítimo-terrestre, ZMT), an area of public domain, and that the activity would generate negative impacts on the wetland ecosystem, including the alteration of mangroves and the natural drainage of the area.

Considerando V.—That the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), through resolution [Voto 4654-2003], established that any development within the maritime-terrestrial zone requires an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) and must obtain a feasibility of coastal land use (viabilidad de uso del suelo costero) from the respective municipality and the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (ICT).

Considerando VI.—That the map of aquifer vulnerability, prepared by the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA), classifies the area where the project is to be developed as having high vulnerability, which poses a risk of contamination to the coastal aquifer that supplies potable water to the communities of the area.

Considerando VII.—That the National Meteorological Institute (IMN), through report [report number], has identified that the zone is highly susceptible to flooding and sea-level rise due to climate change, which suggests a high risk for the infrastructure and users of the proposed project.

Therefore (Por tanto):

Article 1.—The environmental feasibility of the land-use change project for the hotel development in Cóbano is denied, due to the non-compliance with the technical and legal requirements established by the wetland's management plan and the regulations of the maritime-terrestrial zone.

Article 2.—The applicant is informed that, should they wish to appeal this decision, they may file a motion for reconsideration (recurso de revocatoria) before the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), or a hierarchical appeal (recurso de apelación) before the Minister of Environment and Energy (MINAE), within the terms established by the General Law of Public Administration, [Ley 7575].

Article 3.—This resolution is effective immediately upon its notification.

En aras de proteger los recursos forestales y de vida silvestre, se establecen las siguientes regulaciones con respecto a los cambios de uso del suelo (cambio de uso del suelo) y los movimientos de tierra (movimientos de tierra). En Considerando III de la presente resolución, se indicó que, de conformidad con el Voto 4654-2003, el Plan Regulador debe respetar la normativa ambiental. En el Anexo 1 se detallan las categorías de cobertura boscosa (cobertura boscosa) que deben ser protegidas. Por tanto, cualquier actividad que implique fraccionamiento (fraccionamiento) o movimientos de tierra deberá contar con la viabilidad ambiental de SETENA o un permiso del SINAC, cuando corresponda. La Ley Forestal, en su Art. 19, prohíbe el cambio de uso del suelo en terrenos con cobertura boscosa, salvo las excepciones contempladas en dicha ley. Las áreas de protección de nacientes (nacientes) deberán respetar las servidumbres (servidumbres) ecológicas correspondientes y mantener su irreductibilidad (lifetime tenure). La siguiente tabla muestra las coordenadas de los puntos de amarre del área de protección:

De igual manera, en el Anexo 2 se listan las especies de flora vedadas, las cuales gozan de protección absoluta:

Cualquier proyecto ante el INVU o el ICAA que requiera cambio de uso del suelo en estas zonas deberá presentar, adicionalmente al programa de manejo ambiental, un estudio de impacto ambiental (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) completo. El Programa de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) y el PSAH podrán ser aplicados en las zonas de recarga acuífera definidas por el plan.

Manuscript submitted as part of the File of Expropriation No. 04-000057-0647-CI of the First Civil Court of the First Judicial Circuit of the Civil Court of Greater Metropolitan Area, where the following is recorded with respect to the expropriation of land (terreno) based on the public interest (interés público) that forest cover (cobertura boscosa) represents.

The transfer of Land Registry Folio Real System No. 176510-003 (cited by appraiser A64397) is recorded as 5,000.00 m2 (square meters), recorded at the Registry as 5,000.00 m2.

The affected area according to Decreto N° 31849-MINAE Decreto N° 31849-MINAE published in La Gaceta No. 152 of August 9, 2004, titled "Official Declaration of the Alberto Manuel Brenes Biological Reserve, Management Category I, Absolute Zone." For such purposes, the Property Folio Real 176510-003 is recorded as belonging to the State (Estado) (shown in the Certified Cadastral Plan No. SJ-1487994-2005). The easement (servidumbre) of forest lands in private ownership, the use and management of which correspond to the State, is acquired, remaining with absolute protection and with lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad).

The total value of the property (inmueble) is ¢2,722,774.72. The value of the unaffected area, which is 4,678.74 m2, is ¢1,271,777.36. The total value of the affected area, which is 321.26 m2, is ¢87,320.69.

The value of the environmental services (Servicios Ambientales) of the 321.26 m2 was calculated based on the Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA), with an amount of ¢14,999.95/ha/year (colones per hectare per year), which was applied to calculate the value of the environmental service easement (servidumbre de servicios ambientales) of the affected forest area at a rate of 6% over its value, with a resulting liability of ¢1,201,699.97.

Subsequently, Expert Appraiser Celso Vargas Araya, code A64397, subtracts the value of the environmental services (servicios ambientales) of the affected area, which is ¢1,201,699.97, from the total value, which is $2,722,774.72 (sic) resulting in a value of the unaffected area of 4,678.74 m2 of $1,271,777.36 ($271.77/m2) sic; therefore, subtracting the value of the unaffected area, which is $1,271,777.36, from the total value of the property (inmueble), a value of the affected area remains for the 5.2590% of $1,450,997.36, which corresponds to $76,309.76.

Regarding the Environmental Services (Servicios Ambientales) of the State Forest Reserve: The Expert Celso Vargas Araya, code A64397, disregards that the payment to the owner must be made for the value of the land (terreno) recorded as forest (bosque) at the National Registry, deducting the value of the environmental services (Servicios Ambientales) from that value as established by the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República), for which the average value per square meter of the unaffected land (terreno) was $271.77/m2 with the characteristic that the property (inmueble) has forest land (terreno de bosque) according to land use capacity, location, proximity to roads with vehicular access, and has electrical power and telephones, as can be verified in the appraisal itself, concluding for the 321.26 m2 a total value of ¢453,774.74 which corresponds to the unaffected area indicated as 4,144.27 m2; but, regarding the affected area, he indicates that the land use regulation is forest land (terreno de bosque), use determined in the Field Study indicating that the feature (rasgo) is forest use generating a value of the Environmental Services (Servicios Ambientales) of ¢14,999.95/ha/year, and the value of the Environmental Services (Servicios Ambientales) of the forest land (terreno de bosque) was calculated as an easement (servidumbre) of Environmental Services (Servicios Ambientales) at a rate of 6% value of the land (terreno), for which in his March 19, 2009 appraisal, Expert Celso Vargas Araya established a total value of the Environmental Services (Servicios Ambientales) for the 321.26 m2 of affected area as an environmental services easement (servidumbre de servicios ambientales) of minus -¢1,201,699.97.

Regarding the characteristics of the Environmental Services (Servicios Ambientales), Expert Celso Vargas Araya identifies them as: Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions (Gases de Efecto Invernadero), Protection of water for urban, rural, or hydroelectric use, Protection of biodiversity for conservation, and provision of natural scenic beauty for tourism and scientific purposes.

Now, the Appraisal Unit of the Judicial Power, through the memo from the National Department of Appraisals of the Judicial Investigation Department (OIJ) of the Judicial Power, clarifies the following aspects:

A. The property (inmueble) has a resolution of the land registry plan (plano catastrado) SJ-1487994-2005 with an area of 5,000.00 m2, recording an affected area of 321.26 m2. B. According to the land registry plan (plano catastrado) and map sheets, the property (inmueble) presents three land uses (usos del terreno): pasture, secondary forest (bosque secundario), and primary forest (bosque primario). C. It is located within the Alberto Manuel Brenes Biological Reserve, according to the map of Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 Decreto Ejecutivo 25721. D. It presents forest cover (cobertura boscosa) in the affected and unaffected area. E. There is a hydric birth (naciente) within the property (inmueble), with its corresponding protection areas according to the map of Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 and the water birth (naciente) layer of the Water Directorate of MINAE.

The Expert Celso Vargas Araya reports that the property (inmueble) is registered as property Folio Real 176510-003, with an area of 5,000.00 m2 and an unaffected area of 4,678.74 m2 and an affected area of 321.26 m2.

Regarding the water birth (naciente) within this property (inmueble) and its protection areas, it was considered definitively recorded by Agreement No. 10 of the Ordinary Session No. 09-2010 of the Board of Directors of SINAC, held on June 22, 2010.

The effect of the Alberto Manuel Brenes Biological Reserve was created by Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 on September 30, 1996.

Artículo 4.- Para las especies exóticas y para las especies que, siendo nativas, se encuentren en la segunda categoría de amenaza a que se refiere el artículo 14 de la Ley Forestal, así como en los artículos 6 y 7 del Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, su aprovechamiento en todo el territorio nacional, para cualquier fin, requerirá de un estudio técnico que demuestre que no se compromete la viabilidad de la especie en el corto, mediano y largo plazo, ni se produce un impacto negativo significativo sobre otras especies o sobre los ecosistemas. Dicho estudio técnico deberá ser aprobado por el SINAC y por la Comisión Nacional para la Gestión de la Biodiversidad, y será requisito previo e indispensable para el otorgamiento de cualquier permiso, autorización, concesión o licencia. En el caso de especies nativas que se encuentren en la categoría de amenaza más crítica, según el artículo 14 de la Ley Forestal y los artículos 6 y 7 del Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, su aprovechamiento será excepcional y estará limitado exclusivamente a fines científicos o de conservación, debiendo contar además con las mismas autorizaciones indicadas en el párrafo anterior.

Artículo 5.- Para los efectos indicados en el inciso j) del artículo 4 de la Ley 7575, se establecen los siguientes valores de cobertura boscosa por tipo de bosque y por región, que deberán considerarse como los porcentajes mínimos de cobertura boscosa a mantener en las fincas privadas y en los territorios indígenas, para gozar de los beneficios del Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA).

Los porcentajes indicados en la tabla anterior serán verificados por el SINAC al momento de la presentación de la solicitud para ingresar al Programa de PSA. Cuando la cobertura boscosa existente en la finca sea inferior a los porcentajes aquí establecidos, el propietario podrá acogerse al PSA, siempre y cuando se comprometa, mediante un plan de manejo aprobado por el SINAC, a alcanzar dichos porcentajes en un plazo no mayor a diez años.

Artículo 6.- Para los efectos de la aplicación del artículo 18 de la Ley Forestal, se entenderá por "áreas de protección" las siguientes:

• a)Las áreas que bordean los nacientes permanentes, en un radio de cien metros medidos de forma horizontal. b) Una franja de quince metros en zona rural y de diez metros en zona urbana, medidas horizontalmente a ambos lados, en las riberas de los ríos, quebradas o arroyos, si el terreno es plano, y de cincuenta metros horizontales, si el terreno es quebrado. c) Una zona de cincuenta metros medida horizontalmente, a partir de la línea de pleamar ordinaria, en el caso de las costas del Océano Pacífico y del Mar Caribe, así como en el caso de islas, islotes y peñascos marítimos. d) Una zona de doscientos metros de ancho, a todo alrededor, medidos horizontalmente, en el borde de los lagos y lagunas. e) Las áreas que recarguen los acuíferos, previamente declaradas como tales por el MINAE, previo estudio técnico que así lo determine.

Las áreas de protección indicadas en los incisos anteriores constituyen parte integral de las fincas y se regirán por un régimen de irreductibilidad (lifetime tenure). No obstante, en estas áreas se podrán desarrollar actividades de ecoturismo y de investigación científica, siempre que no impliquen construcción de infraestructura permanente que genere impermeabilización del suelo, ni se comprometa el objeto de protección del recurso hídrico, previa autorización del SINAC. Para la determinación de las áreas de protección se deberán utilizar los mapas oficiales de la Serie de Hojas Cartográficas del Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) y los estudios de zonificación de acuíferos del SENARA.

Considerando III. That the Wetlands Convention establishes definitions, criteria, and guidelines to identify internationally important wetlands and to promote their conservation, sustainable use, and management, thus recognizing the great economic, social, and cultural value of these ecosystems, as well as their role in ecological processes and their importance as habitats for fauna and flora.

Considerando IV. That the General Assembly of the United Nations, on December 18, 1992, established February 2 as World Wetlands Day, commemorating the date of the adoption of the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance.

Considerando V. That the country has included the Damas Lagoon (Laguna de Damas) in the List of Wetlands of International Importance of the Ramsar Convention, being the first coastal wetland included in this international list, which demonstrates its ecological relevance at a national and international level.

Considerando VI. That the region where the wetland is located has witnessed a significant development of tourism activities, which has generated migratory movements from other areas of the country towards the coastal zone, also motivated by a rapid growth in foreign investment. This has triggered a speculative process in land acquisition and substantial changes in land use (cambio de uso del suelo).

Considerando VII. That Law 7575, the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), establishes the prohibition of land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) in areas of forest cover (cobertura boscosa), as well as the obligation to carry out an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA), prior to the execution of development activities.

Considerando VIII. That the inter-institutional oversight carried out in the affected zone revealed that the area presents high environmental fragility due to its ecological characteristics, in particular those related to the protection and conservation of the aquifer, the management of the recharge zones, and the protection of the biological diversity characteristic of tropical wetlands.

Considerando IX. That the environmental impact study for the construction project called "Residential Damas" (Residencial Damas), submitted to SETENA, was denied due to technical deficiencies and the high environmental impact that its execution would generate in the protected wetland zone.

Considerando X. That investigations carried out by state agencies have detected irregular activities such as illegal logging, earthworks (movimientos de tierra) without the corresponding permits, and the opening of access roads and internal streets within the protected area, without having the respective environmental viability granted by SETENA.

Por tanto.

THE CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE (SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA) Pursuant to the provisions of Articles 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25 of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional), resolves:

To declare WITH PLACE the action filed against the State, for violation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, recognized in Article 50 of the Political Constitution. Consequently, the following measures are ordered:

1. The Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) and the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), through the Osa Conservation Area (ACOSA), shall initiate all necessary actions, within the maximum peremptory term of ONE MONTH from the notification of this ruling, for the effective demarcation of the boundaries of the Damas Lagoon Wetland (Humedal Laguna Damas), in accordance with the technical parameters established in the Ramsar Convention, and shall proceed with the installation of visible physical milestones that identify and delimit, in the field, the protected area and its protection zones.

2. MINAE and the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA) shall abstain, within the scope of their powers, from granting environmental viability or approving environmental impact assessments (evaluaciones de impacto ambiental, EIA) for construction, division, or development projects, as well as land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), earthworks (movimientos de tierra), or logging activities, within the wetland and its buffer zone, which contravene the technical criteria established for the protection and conservation of the ecosystem, in accordance with the provisions of the Wetlands Convention and the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), Law 7575.

3. SETENA shall coordinate with the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (INVU) the immediate suspension of any authorization, permit, or license for subdivision (fraccionamiento) or development, as well as the suspension of construction works being executed within the wetland boundaries, until the applicable environmental viability is accredited in accordance with the technical criteria set forth in this ruling.

4. The Municipality of Quepos (Municipalidad de Quepos), within its territorial jurisdiction, shall refrain from granting construction permits, earthworks (movimientos de tierra), or land-use permissions (permisos de uso del suelo) for projects located within the territory of the Damas Lagoon Wetland and its protection zones, without the prior environmental viability granted by SETENA, and shall coordinate with the conservation area the regularization of the existing constructions.

5. The Attorney General's Office (Procuraduría General de la República) is hereby ordered to initiate, if applicable, the corresponding legal actions for the recovery of any state land areas that have been illegally occupied within the wetland boundaries, exercising the State's oversight and defense powers over its public domain assets.

6. The Public Ministry (Ministerio Público) shall investigate the possible commission of environmental crimes derived from the irregular activities reported in the zone, including illegal logging, unauthorized land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), and the execution of earthworks (movimientos de tierra) without permits, and shall establish the corresponding criminal responsibilities.

7. The Institute of Agrarian Development (INDER) shall coordinate a comprehensive regularization plan for land tenure in the zone, prioritizing the protection of the wetland and its ecological functions, and shall provide updated cadastral information to the competent environmental authorities for the effective zoning and management of the protected area.

8. The public officials from MINAE, SETENA, SINAC, ACOSA, INVU, the Municipality of Quepos, and any other institution are warned that non-compliance with what is ordered in this ruling shall result in criminal liability for the crime of disobedience to authority, as provided in Article 319 of the Penal Code, and that any act contrary to this ruling is of absolute nullity.

The voice of the magistrate (magistrado) ______ shall be added to the vote.

Vote 4654-2003.

CONSIDERANDO III. That according to the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) and the environmental feasibility granted by SETENA through Resolution No. 2377-2005-SETENA, the provisions of Article 19 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) and its Regulations, and the criteria of the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) through the Osa Conservation Area (ACOSA), the project does not affect forest cover (cobertura boscosa) areas or springs (nacientes), nor does it involve land-use changes (cambio de uso del suelo) that require payment for environmental services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA). The project must comply with the environmental commitments and mitigation measures established in the EIA, particularly regarding earthworks (movimientos de tierra) and the protection of water resources, including the establishment of the corresponding easements (servidumbres) and the guarantee of lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) of forested areas. The subdivision (fraccionamiento) must adhere to the provisions of the Subdivision Regulations (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento) and the guidelines issued by INVU, and the developer must present an updated cadastral plan certified by the National Geographic Institute (IGN) before the final approval.

POR TANTO. Based on the foregoing considerations, the environmental commitments contained in the EIA and the feasibility resolution of SETENA, and the technical criteria of SINAC-ACOSA, this municipality partially approves the requested subdivision (fraccionamiento), strictly subject to the conditions listed below.

Considerando III.— Necesidad de la declaratoria de interés público. El proyecto hidroeléctrico en desarrollo, ubicado en el cantón de Acosta, es fundamental para atender las necesidades energéticas nacionales, representando no solo un beneficio local sino un aporte significativo a la matriz energética del país, en concordancia con los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible y las políticas nacionales en materia de energía limpia que impulsa el Gobierno de la República. La construcción de esta infraestructura implica la realización de obras de gran envergadura, como la construcción de presas, túneles de conducción, casa de máquinas y líneas de transmisión, que necesariamente requieren de intervenciones en el terreno, incluyendo movimientos de tierra considerables y el establecimiento de servidumbres para el paso de tuberías y cables sobre predios de dominio privado. La viabilidad ambiental del proyecto fue analizada por la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), la cual, mediante la resolución N° 1234-2019-SETENA, otorgó la viabilidad ambiental al proyecto, estableciendo una serie de medidas de mitigación y compensación ambiental que deberán ser cumplidas de manera rigurosa. Dentro de estas medidas, se contempla la protección de las nacientes ubicadas en la zona de influencia del proyecto, así como la implementación de un programa de reforestación para asegurar la cobertura boscosa en las áreas de recarga acuífera, contribuyendo de esta manera a la conservación del recurso hídrico. Asimismo, se realizó la evaluación de impacto ambiental correspondiente, en estricto apego a lo dispuesto en la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley 7554, y su Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), Decreto Ejecutivo 31849-MINAE. Esta evaluación identificó los potenciales cambios de uso del suelo que podrían generarse, estableciendo las restricciones necesarias para evitar la fragmentación de ecosistemas y garantizar la conectividad biológica en la región de ACOSA. La declaratoria de interés público se fundamenta también en el artículo 19 de la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, que permite al Estado, previa demostración técnica de la conveniencia nacional, la autorización del cambio de uso del suelo en terrenos con cobertura boscosa. En el presente caso, los estudios técnicos presentados por el desarrollador, y debidamente revisados por el SINAC y el MINAE, demuestran fehacientemente que el beneficio energético nacional supera el valor ambiental de las áreas boscosas específicas que requieren ser intervenidas, siempre que se apliquen las compensaciones estipuladas en el Plan de Gestión Ambiental del proyecto y se realicen los pagos correspondientes al Programa de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA), en particular en su modalidad de Protección de Bosque, según los montos establecidos en el Decreto N° 31849-MINAE. Por tanto, se concluye que la declaratoria de interés público es un requisito indispensable y se encuentra plenamente justificada para el desarrollo del Proyecto Hidroeléctrico Acosta, en virtud de la necesidad nacional de energía renovable y del cumplimiento de todos los procedimientos legales y técnicos establecidos por el ordenamiento jurídico costarricense.

Al reconocerse que la tala del bosque que permite la regulación del recurso hídrico es una amenaza clara a la estabilidad y permanencia del agua destinada a los diferentes usos, se verificó la tala ilegal realizada por los denunciados en zonas aledañas a la naciente (spring) que abastece de agua a la comunidad de La Unión y la vulnerabilidad del derecho humano de acceso al agua potable, se concedió la medida cautelar (precautionary measure) de paralizar toda actividad de corta de árboles o cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) dentro de las zonas de protección (protection zones), se ordenó la creación de un plan remedial que tendría que ser aprobado por la Municipalidad de Buenos Aires, Ministerio de Salud, SINAC y el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, así como la conformación de una comisión interinstitucional para la recuperación del ecosistema, con la participación del SINAC, Municipalidad de Buenos Aires, Ministerio de Salud, AyA, INDER y MAG, así como la representación legal de la parte denunciada.

Se constata que las actividades de tala y quema ejecutadas por los denunciados, sin contar con los respectivos permisos, violentaron la normativa forestal (forestry regulations) al provocar la pérdida de cobertura boscosa (forest cover) en áreas de protección del recurso hídrico, situación que transgrede lo dispuesto en la Ley Forestal, la cual expresamente prohíbe la corta o eliminación de árboles en las áreas de protección, salvo que las mismas hayan sido previamente autorizadas por el SINAC, por motivos de manejo forestal sostenible.

INAT, ICT.

TRANSLATION:

Article 6.—Land-use changes (cambio de uso de suelo) or movable earthworks (movimiento de tierra). Prior to any activity involving a land-use change (cambio de uso de suelo) or movable earthworks (movimiento de tierra) that is going to be carried out on properties located in areas declared as Forest Reserve (Reserva Forestal) or Protective Zone (Zona Protectora) by Law 7575 and its amendments, as well as in areas established as biological corridors, the authorization of the corresponding regional sub-directorate of SINAC in accordance with Decree No. 31849-MINAE must be obtained, prior to the environmental feasibility that is required by SETENA, in accordance with Decree Executive 25721, except for the exceptions contained in said decree. Additionally, if the activity is to be carried out on Forest Lands (Terrenos Forestales) covered by forest (bosque), the authorization is in accordance with Article 19 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) and its Regulations.

Vote 4654-2003 Executive Decree 25721 Decree No. 31849-MINAE Art. 19 Annex 1 Annex 2 Recital III Therefore Article 6. The land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) in areas of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) shall only be authorized when the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) is approved by SETENA.

The subdivision (fraccionamiento) of properties with springs (nacientes) must respect the lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) areas established in the Forest Law (Ley Forestal), in accordance with the Regulation on Subdivision (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento).

ACOSA, INVU, ICAA, ICE, MOPT, CONARE, JASEC, CNE, IMN, IGN, and INDER shall coordinate with SINAC for the application of the Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA), including the PSAH, in all management categories defined in Annex 1 and Annex 2.

The PSA will be subject to the provisions of Article 19 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal), without prejudice to the easements (servidumbres) established in the respective management plans.

a coordinación no puede obviar la evaluación de impacto ambiental (environmental impact assessment, EIA) ni sustituir a la SETENA. Ahora bien, es importante destacar que el desarrollo de proyectos en zonas costeras, como es el caso que nos ocupa, conlleva una serie de requisitos y autorizaciones adicionales que deben ser obtenidos de manera independiente a la viabilidad ambiental.

El Reglamento para el Control de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento), Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, establece en su Art. 19 que toda persona física o jurídica que pretenda desarrollar un fraccionamiento (subdivision) deberá presentar, entre otros requisitos, el certificado de uso del suelo (certificado de uso del suelo) conforme a los planes reguladores. Asimismo, el Anexo 1 de dicho reglamento detalla los requisitos para la presentación de anteproyectos, incluyendo la necesidad de contar con la viabilidad ambiental de la SETENA, cuando corresponda, y la disponibilidad hídrica emitida por el ente competente. En el caso de ACOSA, la disponibilidad de recurso hídrico para un proyecto de esta naturaleza es un aspecto crítico, considerando la fragilidad de los acuíferos costeros.

De acuerdo con el Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional, el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado es un derecho fundamental, y la obligación del Estado de garantizar la protección de los recursos naturales, incluyendo el recurso hídrico y la cobertura boscosa (forest cover), es ineludible. Por tanto, la autorización de un fraccionamiento no puede realizarse sin la plena certeza de que no se afectarán las áreas de protección de nacientes (springs), ni se comprometerá la zona marítimo terrestre, ni se provocará un cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) no autorizado.

En el caso concreto del proyecto gestionado por el INVU, la ubicación del mismo, según los planos catastrados proporcionados por el IGN, colinda con áreas que, según el inventario del SINAC, presentan una cobertura boscosa significativa sujeta al Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA). Cualquier intervención que implique la corta de árboles o la alteración de la cobertura boscosa requerirá, además de la EIA, la obtención de los permisos correspondientes ante el MINAE, conforme a la Ley Forestal y su reglamento. La simple viabilidad ambiental de la SETENA no subsana la falta de estos permisos forestales.

Considerando I:

The institutions that make up the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) within the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) have, among their legally established functions, the responsibility to manage, conserve, and administer the wildlife that exists in the nation, both in State Heritage Natural Areas and in the rest of the national territory.

Considerando II:

Due to the devastation that Hurricanes César and Juana caused in the canton of Pérez Zeledón, the local authorities formed an ad-hoc commission composed of various public institutions and private companies, which, after the relevant technical studies, develops restoration and remediation projects that are of great interest to the community.

Considerando III:

SINAC-ACLA-P has been collaborating in the coordination for the establishment of the "Proyecto de Recuperación y Rehabilitación de la Cuenca del Río Buena Vista (Quebrada La Chanchera)", where the importance of protecting the forest dedicated to the protection of the basin to guarantee water availability for the communities supplied by the Rural Aqueducts of the Chánguena and Cuenca sectors has been clearly identified.

Por tanto,

1. To instruct the Technical Office of the ACOSA Conservation Area to approve, as it effectively does, the "Proyecto de Recuperación y Rehabilitación de la Cuenca del Río Buena Vista (Quebrada La Chanchera)", whose objective is the Regeneration of approximately 50 hectares, carried out in two stages, by means of the prohibition of land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), according to Forest Law No. 7575, its regulations, and the regulation established for this type of process.

2. It is taken as a legal basis for the implementation of this decree, in addition to the Forestry Law No. 7575, its regulations, and the regulation established for this type of process, Sections 1 and 22 of the Organic Law of the Environment and Voto 4654-2003 of the Constitutional Chamber, which, with respect to the principle of reasonableness, indicates the necessary connection between the factual grounds and the decision adopted, which in the case under study has been fully accredited by the Technical Report of ACOSA.

ProyectoHidroelectricoDiquis

VOTO 4654-2003 CONSIDERANDO III. By Judgment of the Constitutional Chamber, No. 4654-2003, from 4:30 p.m. on May 27, 2003, the action of unconstitutionality filed against Article 19 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), as well as the respective transitory provision, was dismissed. In this ruling, the Chamber determined that the prohibition on land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) in forested areas established in the Ley Forestal does not, in principle, violate the right to property. It also stated that this prohibition does not breach the principle of reasonableness, as long as it does not become absolute and the legislator establishes the means for the owner to obtain authorization for the development of activities that do not harm the environment, provided there is no incompatibility with the protection of the forest. The Chamber concluded that the regulation of Article 19 of the Ley Forestal is limited, and it was this lack of regulation that generated the unconstitutional situation, since it became an absolute prohibition without the possibility for the interested party to process the respective authorization for the development of an activity that does not harm the environment.

CONSIDERANDO XI. That the legal framework applicable to the present case involves Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE, known as the "Reglamento de la Ley Forestal", and the Regulations for the Procedure for the Environmental Impact Assessment (Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, EIA), which was established by Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE, published in La Gaceta No. 145 on July 28, 2004, and its amendments. Together, these regulations seek to ensure that activities, works, or projects that could potentially alter or destroy elements of the natural environment or generate residual, serious, and harmful impacts must undergo an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) process prior to their execution.

La Ley Forestal exige una evaluación de impacto ambiental (environmental impact assessment, EIA) para proyectos que puedan causar land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo). Según la normativa, la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) es la autoridad competente para revisar la EIA. Como se establece en el Voto 4654-2003, cualquier actividad que implique la remoción de forest cover (cobertura boscosa) requiere autorización previa.

En este caso, el proyecto involucra earthworks (movimientos de tierra) que podrían afectar varias springs (nacientes) ubicadas en la propiedad, cerca del sitio propuesto para la subdivision (fraccionamiento). Se debe constituir una easement (servidumbre) de protección para cada spring (naciente), con una lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) de al menos 10 metros de radio, de acuerdo con el Art. 19 del Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y el Decreto Ejecutivo 25721.

El Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), a través del Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA), llevó a cabo la inspección técnica y determinó que para la spring (naciente) identificada en el Anexo 1 se requiere una easement (servidumbre) de 15 metros, según el Decreto N° 31849-MINAE. Por su parte, el Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU) confirmó el cumplimiento de los requisitos para la subdivision (fraccionamiento).

Además, en el Considerando III del expediente administrativo número 12345-2023-MINAE, se menciona la existencia de un contrato de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) previo en la finca, ejecutado por el Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO), lo cual ratifica el alto valor de la forest cover (cobertura boscosa) del área. La Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias (CNE) y el Instituto Meteorológico Nacional (IMN) también emitieron criterios técnicos favorables, concluyendo que el proyecto es viable siempre que se respeten las easements (servidumbres) y se implementen las medidas de la EIA aprobada por SETENA. El Por tanto de la resolución acoge las medidas señaladas.

Considerando:

I.That Costa Rica's forest ecosystems provide invaluable environmental goods and services, among them, carbon fixation, hydrological regulation, biodiversity protection, and the preservation of scenic beauty, which are fundamental for achieving sustainable national development. In this regard, the State, through its environmental regulation, aims to ensure the conservation of these ecosystems in perpetuity, for which various mechanisms have been established, including the Program for the Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA), created by the Ley Forestal, Law 7575.

II.That the property of the petitioner, identified under the name Finca Las Brisas, located in the district of Bahía Drake, canton of Osa, province of Puntarenas, consists of various land uses, including primary forest, secondary forest in advanced regeneration stages, pasture areas, and areas with agricultural crops, which confer on the property characteristics of high ecological fragility.

III.That, according to the technical study carried out by the competent officials of the Area de Conservación Osa (ACOSA), under the supervision of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), it is determined that a portion of the aforementioned property, specifically the land registered under the Real Property Folio Number 5-123456-000, presents important areas of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) that are essential for the protection of water resources and the connectivity of the Osa Biological Corridor. Within the farm, several water springs (nacientes) are identified that supply the local aqueduct administered by the JASEC, making the conservation of these forested areas essential.

IV.That, by means of Executive Decree N° 31849-MINAE, the "Pago de Servicios Ambientales para la protección de recurso hídrico" was established as a specific sub-program, recognizing the priority of protecting forest ecosystems for the conservation of water sources destined for human consumption. The property meets the eligibility requirements established in said Decree and in the applicable joint resolution of the MINAE and the MAG.

V.That the present petition seeks the formal inclusion of the indicated areas in the PSA program, which requires the corresponding technical and legal endorsement from SINAC-ACOSA and eventually from the Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO). The pronouncements issued confirm the feasibility and technical suitability of the proposal.

Por tanto:

Based on the provisions of Articles 3, 22, 46, and 69 of the Ley Forestal, Law 7575; the requirements of the Reglamento a la Ley Forestal, Executive Decree 25721; and the regulatory framework created by Executive Decree N° 31849-MINAE; and in accordance with the technical criteria set forth in document D-ACOSA-045-2024, this office resolves:

1. To favorably endorse the inclusion of a total area of 85.5 hectares, distributed across the farm Finca Las Brisas (Real Property Folio Number 5-123456-000), in the Pago de Servicios Ambientales program, under the Protection of Water Resource modality (PSAH), for a period of ten (10) years with the principle of lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) of the forest cover (cobertura boscosa), in accordance with the technical specifications detailed in Anexo 1 of this resolution.

2. The areas subject to PSAH, defined by the coordinate table in Anexo 1, are ineligible for any type of land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), earthworks (movimientos de tierra), or subdivision (fraccionamiento) that compromises the integrity of the forest, in accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of the Ley Forestal and the Reglamento de Fraccionamiento.

3. The management obligations include the maintenance of an easement (servidumbre) of conservation on the identified springs (nacientes), as georeferenced in Anexo 2.

4. The specific geographic delimitation of the approved areas is detailed in the following coordinate tables, referenced to the CR-SIRGAS system of the IGN:

5. The certification issued by this resolution is an indispensable prerequisite for the eventual formalization of the contract with FONAFIFO. The present act is final within the administrative venue. To be published and notified.

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Para los terrenos que estén sometidos al régimen de lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) del patrimonio natural del Estado según la Ley Forestal, se aplicará lo siguiente: la irreductibilidad únicamente se suspenderá para la realización de earthworks (movimientos de tierra) estrictamente necesarios para la construcción de la obra pública, siempre que se cuente con la environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) aprobada por la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) y la viabilidad ambiental emitida por el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC). En estos casos, no se requerirá el Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) por el área intervenida, siempre que se cumpla con la restitución de la forest cover (cobertura boscosa) en una proporción de 3 a 1, conforme a los lineamientos del Anexo 1 del presente Decreto Ejecutivo 25721. Esta suspensión temporal de la irreductibilidad no aplicará para proyectos privados de subdivision (fraccionamiento) con fines de vivienda, los cuales deberán acogerse a lo dispuesto en el Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanizaciones del Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU).

Para efectos del presente artículo, se entenderá como obra pública los proyectos ejecutados por el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE), el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes (MOPT), la Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias (CNE) y las municipalidades. En el caso específico de las obras de la Ruta 32, a cargo del Consejo Nacional de Vialidad (CONAVI), la suspensión de la irreductibilidad se regirá por lo establecido en el Considerando III del Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, siempre que no se trate de áreas declaradas como reserva absoluta. El Instituto de Desarrollo Rural (INDER) y el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (ICAA) también podrán acogerse a esta excepción para proyectos de infraestructura de abastecimiento de agua potable y saneamiento.

Las coordenadas oficiales de los puntos de captación del proyecto de la Junta Administradora de Servicios Eléctricos de Cartago (JASEC), autorizado mediante Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional, se indican en la siguiente tabla:

Estos puntos fueron verificados por el Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) y cuentan con el aval del Instituto Meteorológico Nacional (IMN) en cuanto a la no afectación del balance hídrico de la cuenca. El proyecto deberá mantener una easement (servidumbre) de protección de 100 metros a cada lado de los cauces de las springs (nacientes), de conformidad con el Art. 19 de la Ley de Aguas. La solicitud de suspensión de irreductibilidad para estos puntos específicos deberá presentarse ante el Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA) del SINAC, adjuntando el estudio técnico elaborado por el Consejo Nacional de Rectores (CONARE).

**Spatial Regulations of the Coastal Zone of the Osa Peninsula, Puntarenas Province** **I. Urban and Tourism Development Norms in the Terrestrial Maritime Zone and Adjacent Areas** The coastal area connecting the community of Carate with the area between Sirena, Rio Claro, and the border of ACLAP, hereinafter referred to as "the abutting area," shall be considered a high-fragility zone, as defined in **Article 50** of the **Urban Planning Law**, for which a Specific Plan involving a Territorial Environmental Assessment (EAE) and a Regional Environmental Assessment (ERA) shall first be required, according to what is established in **Executive Decree 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC**, "**General Regulations on the Procedures for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, EIA)**," **Annex 1**, and paragraphs b), ch), i), and l) of **Annex 2** issued by the agency responsible for the matter.

Once this Plan is granted, projects located within it must have environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) granted by **SETENA**, but not through the Specific Plan modality.

Any parcel division or grouping process in the defined "abutting area" shall comply with the minimum lot areas established in this Plan, as specified in the table below:

**II. Forest Cover and Protection Norms for Springs and Water Bodies** All lots resulting from any subdivision (fraccionamiento) process, for both residential and tourism-commercial uses, must maintain a minimum of 15% of the lot's total area with permanent forest cover (cobertura boscosa).

For the issuance of a construction permit, an environmental viability granted by **SETENA** is required.

The distance for construction and tree felling with respect to springs (nacientes), bodies of water, and rivers, established in **Article 33** of the **Forest Law (Ley Forestal)**, must be respected. The provisions of **Article 34** of the same **Forest Law** must also be complied with for all activities or projects in areas of slope and flight.

For projects located in urban areas, an available area of 15% will be applied for the conservation of springs and the protection of zone easements (servidumbres) designated for the protection of springs, as established in the **Regulations to the Land Subdivision and Urbanization Law (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento)** for both residential and tourism uses.

A mandatory forest reserve easement (servidumbre) and lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) are established for the aforementioned percentage of area.

Comisión Plenario II: File 169 D-

Such that it is identified by coordinates: starting from a delta formed by the Grande de Tárcoles River and the Pirrís River, it continues upstream along the Pirrís River to its confluence with the Blanco River, continues upstream along this river to its source (naciente) in the Cerro de la Muerte foothills, continuing along the 3,000-meter contour line to the Grande de Orosi River, from there downstream along this river to the confluence with the Virilla River, which forms the Grande de Tárcoles River, and along this river downstream to the starting delta. This area is delimited specifically for the application of Article 19 of this law, within the forested areas of the other properties located in this region. In such a way that the MINAE, in coordination with the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, must define this zone by executive decree (Decreto Ejecutivo), according to the respective land-use capacity studies. Furthermore, it is established that within the subregion to be delimited, only those areas that, according to scientific-technical studies conducted by public sector bodies with recognized expertise in the matter, are declared suitable for agricultural and livestock activities may be considered; areas that are identified as unsuitable for agricultural and livestock activities must be destined by their owners for forestry activities through natural forest regeneration or reforestation, for which they may be subject to the Environmental Services Payment (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) in accordance with the provisions of this law. Likewise, the agricultural and livestock activities permitted in this subregion, pursuant to the regulation indicated in the previous paragraph, may only be developed using techniques for the conservation and management of land, water, and biodiversity resources, with the requirement of prior presentation of an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) to the SETENA, for which purpose the MINAE will promote, through duly coordinated and targeted technical assistance programs, the use of technologies that ensure agricultural and livestock sustainability within the delimited zone." The Municipal Council of the Canton of Acosta, finding that the land is located within the established protection zone per Article 33 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal), as well as within the protection area of springs (nacientes), in accordance with Executive Decree 25721‑MINAE and its reforms, and for the reasons stated in the technical reports of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (ICAA) and the Municipality of Acosta, resolves:

WHAT IS STATED IN THE REPORT OF THE MAYOR Based on the considerations above, knowledge of the area and its forestry characteristics (características forestales), an assessment of the infiltration zones connected to the springs (nacientes), and the location of the properties marked with cadastral plans A‑936,172‑90 and A‑936,202‑90 adjacent to the River Agua Caliente and within the protected zone, the Municipal Council finds:

CONSIDERING I. That a direct threat to the springs (nacientes) has been verified, due to earthworks (movimientos de tierra) initiated within the property of the applicant, without the corresponding permits or an approved environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) from the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), which have caused landslides and exposed groundwater layers, compromising the integrity of the springs (nacientes) and the drinking water supply for the community.

A CONSIDERING:

I.That at the current stage, there is no evaluation with respect to the relationship that the project may have with protected areas of any type, which prevents analyzing compliance with regulations regarding the location of projects in relation to such areas, particularly in the case of forest reserves subject to Article 34 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal), as well as determining possible impacts that may affect these protected areas.

II.That the Water Department of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (ICAA) indicates, among other things, that no measures are foreseen for the protection of springs (nacientes) located in other properties in the area, from which it is concluded that any aspect related to the environmental viability of the project would be deficient because all the physical and environmental elements involved have not been considered. There is no consideration regarding the use of river and surface waters with the purpose of supplying the project, and there is also no information regarding the quality or aptitude of the water to be supplied for human consumption, as required by the Regulation for the Quality of Drinking Water (Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable), Decreto Ejecutivo 32327-S. There is no clear definition regarding the water supply for the lots, nor regarding the construction of facilities for treatment and final disposal of ordinary and special wastewater, which does not allow for determining whether the capacity of the source to be used is sufficient.

III.That the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE), through the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) - Osa Conservation Area (ACOSA), indicates that the properties, given their characteristics and location, are sites of high importance for the protection of water resources, noting that they are located in an area declared of national interest due to the scarcity of water, emphasizing that the document must be consistent with what is established in the Regulatory Plan for the Coastal Zone for the recovery and availability of the area's water resource, according to the study conducted by the National Emergency Commission (CNE) and national universities, through the National Council of Rectors (CONARE). In addition, the need for a forest cover (cobertura boscosa) study and a forest inventory is recommended.

IV.That MINAE, through the National Meteorological Institute (IMN), indicates that the document should contain the geomorphological characterization, with greater detail of the slopes and physical characteristics present in the project area, in order to identify with certainty the threat levels present in the area, determine the level of risk for the proposed activities, and define the corresponding mitigation measures.

V.That the National Emergency Commission (CNE), states that the document must incorporate the technical opinion of the CNE on the threat of flooding due to river overflow and sea level rise, which must be issued by CNE, which is the competent institution in these matters, and must also include an analysis of the location of the project in relation to the flood zone delimited by Decree N° 31849-MINAE, with the aim of including the corresponding corrective or mitigation measures according to the findings in said analysis, as well as an analysis of the threat due to sea level rise, since the project is located in the Maritime Terrestrial Zone (Zona Marítimo Terrestre) and is therefore exposed to the effects of climate change.

VI.That the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (INVU) indicates that the project should comply with the conditions indicated in the Regulation for National and Urban Subdivisions (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento), for developments known as horizontal condominiums or gated communities, particularly compliance with Article 19 of the Regulation for National and Urban Subdivisions (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento).

VII.That INVU adds that there is some uncertainty regarding the name of the project, as there are several incongruent references in the document. On the one hand, the document refers to "OVAS DE COCAL" and the corresponding cadastral maps refer to "LOS COCOS DE COCAL." This confusion must be clarified.

VIII.That the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) document is incomplete and lacks relevant information, for which reason it is recommended to execute a complete earthworks (movimientos de tierra) plan, with geomorphological characterization of the terrain and definition of areas susceptible to landslides. Given the high level of deforestation of the properties, the possibility of establishing a payment for environmental services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) is recommended.

IX.That the legal representative of the developer was granted a maximum period of twenty working days to submit the document with the additions and corrections indicated in this report, a period that expired without using the right to correct the document.

THEREFORE:

The technical analysis of the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) document for the "OVAS DE COCAL" Project, file No. 53.641-1-003-11-C, is rejected.

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 From the "considerandos" (Whereas clauses) of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía, MINAE), and considering the legal and technical analysis of the Ministry of the Presidency (Ministerio de la Presidencia), the Institute of Municipal Development and Advisory (Instituto de Fomento y Asesoría Municipal, IFAM), the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (Instituto Costarricense de Turismo, ICT), and the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, INVU), the following points are highlighted:

I.That the water resource (recurso hídrico) is of public domain (dominio público), as stated in the Water Law (Ley de Aguas),...

...with the objective of protecting the spring (naciente) and its recharge zones.

That the lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) of the forest area (terreno forestal) must also extend to the protection easement (servidumbre de protección) of the water system.

II.That the presence of fertile alluvial plains (vegas) and the organic soil horizon (horizonte orgánico del suelo) require water balance studies (estudios de balance hídrico) as a prerequisite for any authorization of earthworks (movimientos de tierra) and land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo). This is also the position supported by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA) and the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, SINAC), for the execution of subdivision (fraccionamiento) projects under the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal). Furthermore, by mandate of the Executive Decree (Decreto Ejecutivo) 25721 and its reforms, the Osa Conservation Area (Área de Conservación Osa, ACOSA) must coordinate with the National Groundwater, Irrigation, and Drainage Service (Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento, SENARA) to guarantee the environmental flow (caudal ambiental). In contrast, the Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) is a separate tool promoted by the Forestry Financing Fund (Fondo de Financiamiento Forestal, FONAFIFO), and the protection of the aquifer (acuífero) and its monitoring is framed within the “SIC” methodology.

III.Therefore, the competent institutional framework requires an integrated management approach to define the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) of projects affecting forest cover (cobertura boscosa), linking the Costa Rican Institute of Electricity (Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, ICE) and the Public Services Company of Heredia (Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia, ESPH) in the evaluation of the reliability (confiabilidad) of the electrical supply (suministro eléctrico). In this regard, the methodological guide for integrating renewable energy projects of the Regional Environmental Program (Programa Ambiental Regional) for Central America (PROARCA) will be used.

Therefore, the legal, environmental, and technical criteria issued by the National Commission for Risk Prevention and Emergency Response (Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, CNE), the National Meteorological Institute (Instituto Meteorológico Nacional, IMN), and the National Geographic Institute (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN) are binding.

For the areas of high slope (>45%), a "veto" forest layer (capa forestal de "veto") determined by the Institute of Rural Development (Instituto de Desarrollo Rural, INDER) is established, the infringement of which gives rise to a particular crime (delito particular) according to the provisions of the Criminal Code (Código Penal).

ANEXO 1

LISTA DE ESPECIES FORESTALES

ANEXO 2

COORDENADAS DEL INMUEBLE Coordenadas oficiales del Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN), datum CR05, proyección CRTM05:

Área total según plano catastrado: 3.75 hectáreas.

ARTÍCULO 6. De la vigencia. Este Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanizaciones rige a partir de su publicación en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta.

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 Decreto Ejecutivo 32965-MINAE El Presidente de la República y el Ministro del Ambiente y Energía En uso de las facultades conferidas en los incisos 3) y 18) del artículo 140 de la Constitución Política, 25, 27 párrafo 1) y 28 párrafo 2) acápite b) de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, Ley 6227 del 2 de mayo de 1978; Ley de la Administración Financiera de la República y Presupuestos Públicos, Ley 8131; Código de Minería, Ley 6797; Ley Forestal, Ley 7575; Ley de Biodiversidad, Ley 7788; Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley 7554; Reglamento a la Ley de Biodiversidad, Decreto Ejecutivo 34433-MINAE.

Considerando:

I.—Que el Estado costarricense ha asumido compromisos internacionales en materia ambiental, entre ellos, la Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres (CITES), ratificada mediante Ley 5605 del 23 de octubre de 1974; el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica, ratificado mediante Ley 7416 del 30 de junio de 1994; y la Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación, ratificada mediante Ley 7699 del 3 de octubre de 1997, los cuales demandan la implementación de medidas que garanticen el uso sostenible de los recursos naturales y la conservación de la biodiversidad.

II.—Que el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política establece el derecho de toda persona a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, por lo que es deber del Estado garantizar, defender y preservar ese derecho, en cumplimiento del principio de irreductibilidad (irreductibilidad) del patrimonio natural del Estado.

III.—Que la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, crea el Programa de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA), como un mecanismo financiero para reconocer los servicios ambientales (servicios ambientales) que brindan los bosques y las plantaciones forestales, entre ellos, la mitigación de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, la protección del agua, la protección de la biodiversidad y la belleza escénica natural.

IV.—Que mediante Decreto Ejecutivo 25721-MINAE, Reforma al Reglamento de la Ley Forestal, se establece el procedimiento para el Reconocimiento de los Servicios Ambientales, el cual debe ser actualizado periódicamente para mejorar la eficiencia y transparencia en la administración de los recursos del PSA.

V.—Que se requiere modificar la normativa para fortalecer los mecanismos de control, seguimiento y monitoreo de los contratos de PSA, así como para redefinir las prioridades de inversión, las modalidades de pago y los montos a reconocer por los servicios ambientales generados, de conformidad con los estudios técnicos y financieros realizados por el Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO) y con las políticas del Sector Ambiente, Energía y Mares.

Por tanto,

Decretan:

Reforma al Decreto Ejecutivo N° 25721-MINAE, Reglamento a la Ley Forestal Artículo 1.—Se reforman los artículos 1, 2, 6, 14, 15, 17, 20, 24, 25, 27, 32 y 35; así como los Anexos 1 y 2 del Reglamento a la Ley Forestal, Decreto Ejecutivo N° 25721-MINAE de 17 de octubre de 1996, publicado en La Gaceta N° 212 del 5 de noviembre de 1996. Los textos son los siguientes:

Artículo 6.—Definiciones. Para efectos del presente Reglamento, se establecen las siguientes definiciones:

Área de protección: Área de terreno, definida en el plano de catastro, que se debe conservar con la cobertura forestal (cobertura boscosa) existente o mediante la regeneración natural, para garantizar la protección del recurso hídrico, la conservación de la biodiversidad y la conectividad ecológica, conforme a lo dispuesto en el presente reglamento y el plan de manejo aprobado por la Administración Forestal del Estado (AFE).

Certificado de Servicios Ambientales (CSA): Título valor emitido por FONAFIFO, que representa los servicios ambientales generados por un área determinada durante un período específico, el cual es transable en el mercado nacional e internacional de carbono.

Contrato de PSA: Acuerdo formal entre FONAFIFO y el propietario o poseedor del terreno, mediante el cual se establecen los derechos y obligaciones de las partes para la conservación o el establecimiento de cobertura forestal y el pago de servicios ambientales.

Forest cover (cobertura boscosa): Ecosistema nativo o autóctono, intervenido o no, regenerado por sucesión natural u otras técnicas forestales, que ocupa una superficie de tierra de al menos 0.5 hectáreas, caracterizado por la presencia de árboles maduros de diferentes edades, especies y porte variado, con uno o más doseles que cubran más del setenta por ciento (70%) de esa superficie, y donde existan más de sesenta árboles por hectárea de quince o más centímetros de diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP).

Earthworks (movimientos de tierra): Cualquier acción que implique la alteración del relieve natural del terreno mediante cortes o rellenos, incluyendo nivelaciones y excavaciones.

Environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA): Procedimiento técnico-administrativo establecido por la SETENA, que permite identificar, predecir y mitigar los impactos ambientales que un proyecto, obra o actividad pueda ocasionar sobre el ambiente.

Forestería comunitaria: Modalidad de acceso al PSA para organizaciones comunitarias legalmente constituidas, orientada a promover el desarrollo rural sostenible y la distribución equitativa de los beneficios derivados de los servicios ambientales.

Forestry Regent (Regente Forestal): Profesional en ciencias forestales, debidamente incorporado al colegio profesional respectivo y acreditado ante la AFE, responsable de la dirección técnica, el control y la verificación del cumplimiento del plan de manejo y de las obligaciones contractuales del PSA.

Land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo): Transformación de la cobertura forestal para dedicar el terreno a actividades agropecuarias, urbanísticas u otros usos no forestales, prohibida en los inmuebles sujetos a contratos de PSA, conforme a la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575.

Manejo forestal sostenible: Administración del bosque de manera que se mantenga su biodiversidad, productividad, capacidad de regeneración, vitalidad y su potencial para cumplir, ahora y en el futuro, funciones ecológicas, económicas y sociales relevantes, sin causar perjuicio a otros ecosistemas.

Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA): Compensación financiera que el Estado, a través de FONAFIFO, otorga a los propietarios y poseedores de bosques, plantaciones forestales y sistemas agroforestales, por los servicios ambientales generados, conforme a las prioridades y montos establecidos en el presente reglamento.

Pequeño productor: Persona física o jurídica que posee una extensión de tierra de hasta treinta hectáreas (30 ha), conforme a la certificación catastral, y que puede acceder a las modalidades de PSA en condiciones preferenciales.

Plan de manejo: Documento técnico elaborado por un Regente Forestal, que describe las características biofísicas, socioeconómicas y legales del inmueble, y establece las actividades de conservación, protección y manejo necesarias para garantizar la provisión de los servicios ambientales objeto del contrato de PSA.

Regeneración natural: Proceso ecológico mediante el cual se restablece la cobertura forestal en un área determinada sin intervención humana directa, a partir de fuentes de semilla, banco de plántulas, o rebrotes existentes en el sitio.

Sistemas agroforestales: Formas de uso y manejo de los recursos naturales en las cuales especies leñosas (árboles, arbustos, palmas) se utilizan en asociación deliberada con cultivos agrícolas o con animales en el mismo terreno, con el fin de optimizar los beneficios de las interacciones ecológicas y económicas resultantes.

Subdivision (fraccionamiento): División material de un inmueble en dos o más lotes, la cual se encuentra sujeta a las restricciones establecidas en la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, y en el presente reglamento, especialmente en cuanto a la conservación del área de protección y la continuidad del contrato de PSA.

本次环评的基本目标,是从技术角度上,在国家地理研究所(IGN)的测量与制图数据基础上,对位于征地权区域内的森林覆盖(cobertura boscosa)面积和易于发生森林覆盖(cobertura boscosa)的土地利用变化(cambio de uso del suelo)地区,进行量化估算。此外,基于对征地权区域植被的一般实地勘察,本环境影响评价(EIA)分析了其生态状况。 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de Amparo","number":"06383 - 2004","date":"2004-06-18T00:00:00","room":"Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia","tags":["ACCESO A LA INFORMACION","BOSQUES","INFORMACION","INTERES DIFUSO"],"external_id":null,"slug":"2004-006383"},"text":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n 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" "Ya el señor ex-presidente de la Comisión Nacional de Emergencia, Ing. Ricardo Taitelbaum Yoselewich, hizo ver, tal como consta en esa Unidad, la inconveniencia de ubicar terrenos para la construcción de viviendas populares, en terrenos con fallamiento local, como los de Calle Lajas-Lourdes de Montes de Oca, donde el grado de fracturación existente facilita que se produzcan fenómenos de remoción en masa, activados por sismos, por lo que para el futuro, ya se está trabajando en un proyecto de zonificación final sobre amenazas naturales en la zona, criterio técnico este que el Alcalde municipal de Montes, Samuel Yankelewitz Berger, se ha comprometido a respetar en el futuro, disponiendo las medidas necesarias para su implementación. A grandes rasgos, dichos estudios de amenazas naturales identifican en Calle Lajas-Lourdes de Montes de Oca, la existencia de fallas locales activas transcurrentes con desplazamientos laterales, las que se evidencian por una serie de grietas, algunas rellenas y otras nó, en el terreno y las viviendas existentes. Se detectan además movimientos de remoción en masa, que van desde procesos de reptación, pasivos en apariencia, pero activos, los cuales producen pequeñas grietas y movimientos continuos de algunos centímetros en el terreno, entre otras manifestaciones evidentes para quien sepa apreciarlas. De allí que observa la Sala que la CNE, si bien tradicionalmente ha colaborado con el INVU en proyectos como el que generó la petición que ahora se ventila, en forma reciente se ha abstenido de hacerlo cuando los terrenos en los que se pretendan construir casas de habitación –sean para familias de grupos de escasos recursos económicos o no- presentan las condiciones del terreno que nos ocupa, en cuyo caso han abstenido su participación, que lo es por lo demás a título de mera recomendación, pues sus dictámenes no son vinculantes para la institución autónoma que debe decidir en definitiva el lugar de realización de los proyectos de vivienda. Esta actitud de la CNE ha sido considerada por este Tribunal como plausible, pues denota una conciencia preventiva, que en el fondo es el principio que debe informar toda su actuación como institución rectora del riesgo en el país, y en general de los entes u órganos públicos, quienes deben evitar colocar a los habitantes del país en situación de riesgo, máxime cuando esa posibilidad es conocida, como ocurre en el caso bajo estudio. En la especie, dijo además don Ricardo Taitelbaum Yoselewich que en tanto se elabora la cartografía definitiva en cuanto a amenazas naturales en la zona de Calle Lajas-Lourdes de San Pedro de Montes de Oca, que incluye los terrenos del INVU que sirvieron para el proyecto del caso de examen, recomienda tomar en cuenta las conclusiones del estudio de Armando F. Viquez Arias, que constan en el expediente, y que si bien no es un estudio de zonificación de amenazas, sí permite observar el grado de fracturación del macizo rocoso, las cuales son suficientes para comprender el nivel de amenaza natural presente. En relación al ICAA, indicó el Subgerente de esa institución, el geólogo Guillermo Chavarría, que no existe una incompatibilidad absoluta de urbanizar en esa zona, siempre y cuando se efectúen de previo los estudios de amenazas naturales y de movimiento de masa, que deben presentarse a esa institución, lo mismo que debe contarse con el visto bueno de la CNE, la SETENA y el INVU, antes de que el ICAA pueda extender la viabilidad ambiental al proyecto. Además, en relación al proyecto urbanístico Calle Lajas, agregó que lo conoció el ICAA una vez que el INVU lo había comenzado a implementar, que el ICAA no emitió la resolución de viabilidad (licencia) ambiental por cuanto el proyecto nació antes de que el ICAA comenzara a funcionar, que la institución aún no ha establecido los procedimientos internos para aprobar las evaluaciones de impacto ambiental, que la resolución se encuentra en la etapa de aprobación por parte de la Junta Directiva, que ICAA no puede aprobar los estudios de impacto ambiental para cada proyecto de vivienda del INVU, porque no están a su alcance los requerimientos que al efecto han hecho la CNE, Municipalidades y otras instituciones, que el INVU está en obligación de comunicarle al ICAA cuáles son los estudios que efectuó en cada caso, y que el único cartel que el INVU llevó al banco de proyectos no incluye los requerimientos mínimos en este campo. También intervino en la audiencia el Arquitecto Guillermo Salazar Vargas, Jefe del Departamento de Urbanismo de la Municipalidad de Montes de Oca, quien explicó que el proyecto de vivienda que provocó la petición de información, fue aprobado por la Municipalidad de Montes de Oca mediante la resolución de la sesión de Concejo Municipal Nº1910 celebrada el 7 de agosto de 1990, y que en su texto se imponían una serie de condiciones que debían cumplirse en el proceso de valoración. Varias de esas medidas no se cumplieron, y otras sí, que para el 12 de octubre de 1998, el Departamento de Urbanismo de esa Municipalidad, expidió una certificación que consta en archivos, en la que se indicó que no obstante que el cartel de obligaciones no se completó, se decidió darlo por satisfecho uno a uno, por razones que no constan en el expediente. Que en todo caso, de acuerdo con el Plan de Desarrollo Urbano que rige para todos los cantones del área metropolitana, aprobado en el año 1982, el cual es de acatamiento obligatorio, los terrenos de Calle Lajas, sobre los que el INVU construyó las casas de habitación de referencia están ubicados en una zona apta para el desarrollo, sin ninguna restricción, y que la ley no establece ninguna obligación de hacer estudios de amenazas naturales para otorgar las patentes de construcción, por lo que los permisos fueron extendidos en forma correcta. También declaró en la audiencia Luis Diego Morales, SENARA, en cuanto a las amenazas hidrometereológicas, manifestó que no hay un estudio que haya determinado que las obras de infraestructura del proyecto urbanístico Calle Lajas hubieran generado problemas en la canalización del río Torres o de alguno de sus afluentes, de modo que incremente el peligro por esa causa. Señaló el seños Carlos Ml. Rodríguez, Ministro del Ambiente y Energía que en las condiciones en que se encuentra actualmente el país y la zona en particular, lo prudente es no ejecutar ningún proyecto de vivienda en la zona de Calle Lajas-Lourdes de San Pedro de Montes de Oca, en línea de principio; que en la zona se han presentado problemas de agrietamiento, deslizamientos de tierra, presencia de fallas tectónicas y de fallas geológicas activas, por lo que existe serio peligro de que las personas que allí habitan, en el evento de un sismo de intensidad considerable como los que han afectado la zona, puedan resultar lesionadas, e incluso perder sus vidas, que es ocioso promover la construcción de viviendas de interés social en un sitio que se sabe vulnerable, para que la ayuda que se preste se la lleve una desgracia con el paso del tiempo. El señor Viceministro de Vivienda y Asentamientos Humanos indicó que el proyecto Calle Lajas se inició en la administración 86-90, y que paulatinamente se fue disminuyendo el número de soluciones de vivienda previstas, pasando de 53 a 26 y luego a las 18 construidas, por cuanto las condiciones del terreno así lo fueron exigiendo; de modo que si se trató de un yerro, el mismo se produjo desde la administración de ese entonces. Agregó no obstante que el INVU ha mostrado su mejor disposición a acatar las recomendaciones de la Comisión Nacional de Emergencia, que calificó de "vinculantes", y que está a la espera de lo que al respecto se le comunique, y que en cuanto al caso concreto, se giraron las instrucciones para que se paralizara el proyecto y no se vendieran más viviendas." \n" **Article 6.—Environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental).** For all developments in Forest Zone (Zona Forestal), as provided in this Regulation (Reglamento), a provisional environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) will be required, issued by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA) for projects requiring an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) or by the relevant Regional Environmental Unit (Unidad Ambiental Regional) for projects requiring an environmental management plan (plan de gestión ambiental, PGA), or by the Área de Conservación for projects requiring a sworn statement (declaración jurada), as set forth in Article 61 et seq. of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal), as proof that the property, prior to the start of earthworks, construction, or changes, meets a minimum of ten percent (10%) forest cover (cobertura boscosa).

**Article 7.—Special requirements for developments in Forest Zone.** In addition to the requirements stipulated in Articles 22, 23, and 24 of this Regulation, developments located in Forest Zone must provide, on the property itself, a minimum forest cover of ten percent (10%) within the development polygon, as well as an additional ten percent (10%) of the property's total area dedicated to conservation or reforestation, which may be located within the same property, as established in the respective forest management plan (plan de manejo forestal), which must be approved by the relevant Área de Conservación of the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC). Both percentages are separate and independent of the provisions of Articles 22, 23, and 24 of this Regulation, the easements (servidumbres) or protection zones that may exist on the property for springs (nacientes), water supply lines, rivers, or legal provisions that, by their nature, protect specific zones, as well as other provisions. To this end, the respective forest management plan must be developed jointly by the developer and the relevant Área de Conservación, which must approve the management measures indicated in the plan to be executed by the developer. The provisions of this article regarding the ten percent (10%) of the property's total area dedicated to conservation or reforestation do not apply to properties that are solely and exclusively intended for single-family residential use.

Artículo 6.—Forest land owners who voluntarily choose to conserve or recover the forest cover (cobertura boscosa) on their properties may access the Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA), as established in this Ley 7575, the applicable Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, and its regulations.

The MINAE, through the SINAC and the corresponding Áreas de Conservación, will prioritize the application of the PSA on properties located in areas that are important for the protection of water resources for human consumption, for the protection of biodiversity, or for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, as established in Decreto N° 31849-MINAE.

For the prioritization and allocation of resources, the SINAC will use the criteria and procedures defined in Anexo 1 and Anexo 2 of the present regulation.

The selection of areas eligible for PSA will be carried out by the respective Consejo Regional del Área de Conservación, and will be formalized through a resolution by the ACOSA, as stipulated in Considerando III of the Voto 4654-2003.

The fixed per-hectare amounts for the PSA in this cycle are those approved by the competent authority, based on the technical studies presented by the CONARE and other specialized entities such as the ICE, JASEC, and the INDER. These amounts will be published annually by the MINAE through a specific resolution for each Área de Conservación.

For the purposes of this program, the beneficiaries must formally acknowledge and respect the pre-existing hydrological easements (servidumbres) of springs (nacientes) and watercourses, and submit a declaration guaranteeing the lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) of the forest under the PSAH contract. The total area subject to the PSA will be registered in the Public Registry as an environmental easement (servidumbre) for the duration of the contract.

In cases of properties undergoing a land subdivision (fraccionamiento) process approved by the INVU or the corresponding municipality, the benefit of the PSA may be requested as long as it is demonstrated that the proposed land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) and the resulting earthworks (movimientos de tierra) do not affect the environmental objectives of the contract area, in accordance with the Reglamento de Fraccionamiento and following a favorable environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) issued by SETENA. The technical approval of the ICAA and the CNE is also required for projects in areas of risk declared by the IMN and the IGN.

Article 6. The National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) of MINAE, in coordination with the municipalities, shall promote the creation of municipal nurseries with local native species based on the guidelines of the National Seed Bank, utilizing seeds from the predominant forest species in each region, which will serve as support for the afforestation processes (forestación) and reforestation (reforestación) established in this Act.

Any institution that carries out an earthwork (movimiento de tierra), construction, or expansion of a project requiring an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA), or which is part of a subdivision (fraccionamiento) of land under Decree N° 10, Refinery Public Works Scheme — Ciudad Cortés Sector in the Osa canton, shall compensate for the felling of trees by planting five trees for each one felled, within the property subject to the earthwork, construction, or expansion, or in public interest areas designated by the Municipality.

The technical report generated by the Municipality, after the corresponding inspection, shall determine the number of trees to be planted in relation to the area's forest cover (cobertura boscosa) and the number of trees felled. The validation of the compensation planting shall be governed by the provisions of Forest Administration Law 7575 and its Regulations, for the purpose of state control. The producer shall bear all costs generated by the compensation planting.

Considerando I.—Que el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política establece que el Estado procurará el mayor bienestar a todos los habitantes del país, organizando y estimulando la producción y el más adecuado reparto de la riqueza, y que toda persona tiene derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, por lo que está legitimada para denunciar los actos que infrinjan ese derecho y para reclamar la reparación del daño causado.

Considerando II.—Que la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, en su artículo 1, inciso a), declara como función esencial y prioritaria del Estado velar por la conservación, protección y administración de los bosques existentes en el territorio nacional, así como promover el adecuado desarrollo del sector forestal.

Considerando III.—Que el artículo 33 de la citada Ley Forestal establece que los terrenos con cobertura forestal (forest cover) están sujetos a la irreductibilidad (lifetime tenure) de dicha cobertura, prohibiéndose el cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change).

Considerando IV.—Que mediante Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, se declaró inconstitucional la posibilidad de autorizar el cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) en terrenos con cobertura boscosa (forest cover), reafirmando el principio de irreductibilidad (lifetime tenure).

Por tanto, DECRETA: Reglamento para el Control del Fraccionamiento y Urbanización de Terrenos en Áreas de Bosque Artículo 1.—Objeto. El presente reglamento tiene por objeto regular el fraccionamiento (subdivision) y la urbanización de terrenos ubicados en áreas de cobertura boscosa (forest cover), de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, y el Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional.

Artículo 2.—Definiciones. Para los efectos del presente reglamento, se adoptan las siguientes definiciones:

• a)Cobertura boscosa (forest cover): Superficie de terreno cubierta por vegetación natural o plantada de especies arbóreas, de acuerdo con los parámetros establecidos en el Anexo 1.
• b)Fraccionamiento (subdivision): División de un terreno en dos o más lotes, independientemente de su finalidad, conforme a lo dispuesto en el Reglamento de Fraccionamiento, Decreto Ejecutivo 25721.
• c)Cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change): Modificación de la condición natural del suelo, que implica la eliminación total o parcial de la cobertura boscosa (forest cover), para destinarlo a fines urbanísticos, agrícolas u otros no forestales.

Artículo 3.—Prohibición. Se prohíbe el fraccionamiento (subdivision) y la urbanización de terrenos que presenten cobertura boscosa (forest cover), salvo lo dispuesto en el artículo 4 del presente reglamento.

Artículo 4.—Excepciones. No se aplicará la prohibición del artículo 3 cuando:

• a)Se trate de terrenos que, a la fecha de entrada en vigencia del presente reglamento, cuenten con un plan regulador aprobado que permita el fraccionamiento (subdivision) en áreas de bosque, siempre que se garantice el mantenimiento de la cobertura boscosa (forest cover) existente, conforme al Anexo 2.
• b)El fraccionamiento (subdivision) tenga por objeto exclusivo la constitución de servidumbres (easements) ecológicas o el desarrollo de proyectos de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) autorizados por el MINAE.

Artículo 5.—Requisitos para el trámite de excepciones. Las solicitudes de excepción deberán presentarse ante la SETENA, acompañadas de un estudio de impacto ambiental (environmental impact assessment, EIA) y el criterio favorable del SINAC. La SETENA resolverá en un plazo máximo de treinta días hábiles.

Artículo 6.—Sanciones. El incumplimiento de las disposiciones del presente reglamento dará lugar a las sanciones previstas en la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, sin perjuicio de las responsabilidades civiles y penales que correspondan.

Transitorio I.—Las solicitudes de fraccionamiento (subdivision) en trámite a la entrada en vigencia del presente reglamento deberán adecuarse a sus disposiciones en un plazo de sesenta días naturales.

EN RULE 1 (Lifetime Tenure, Irreductibilidad):

Without prejudice to Article 19 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), no administrative act may authorize land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) on the properties listed in Annex 1 (Anexo 1), so as to ensure the preservation of their forest cover (cobertura boscosa).

RULE 2 (Subdivisions and Easements):

Any request for subdivision (fraccionamiento) of a property subject to this regulation, filed under the Subdivision Regulation (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento), must comply with Annex 2 (Anexo 2) criteria on spring protection zones and forest cover (cobertura boscosa) before SETENA or the relevant municipality may issue approval.

RULE 3 (Environmental Viability):

In evaluating environmental viability for projects affecting the listed areas, MINAE, through its technical bodies—SETENA, SINAC, ACOSA—shall require, as a minimum, the following land-use restrictions and protection measures guaranteed through easements (servidumbres) with lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) registered in the Public Registry:

Compliance with these parameters is a prerequisite for SETENA’s issuance of an environmental feasibility license, as established in Voto 4654-2003 of the Constitutional Chamber and in Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 and Decreto N° 31849-MINAE.

De considerando:

I.That according to Article 50 of the Political Constitution, the State will guarantee the right of every person to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.

II.That Article 89 of the Political Constitution establishes that among the cultural purposes of the Republic are: to protect the natural beauties, conserve and develop the historical and artistic heritage of the Nation.

III.That the Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, approved by Law 5980 of November 2, 1976, establishes that each State Party to this Convention recognizes that the obligation to identify, protect, conserve, rehabilitate, and transmit to future generations the cultural and natural heritage situated in its territory belongs primarily to that State.

IV.That Law 7554, Organic Law of the Environment, of October 4, 1995, Article 2, subsection b), establishes that the State's actions for the protection and improvement of the environment are a matter of public utility and social interest, and Article 32 establishes that special protection areas (áreas de protección especial) are those delimited areas within the national territory that are subject to a special management regime according to current legislation.

V.That Law 7575, Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), of February 13, 1996, Article 33, establishes as protection areas (áreas de protección) those established in Articles 33 and 34 of said law, and Article 34 indicates that the margins of rivers, streams, and springs (nacientes) defined by the Forest Administration constitute protection areas.

VI.That Executive Decree 25721-MINAE, of October 17, 1996, published in La Gaceta No. 212 of November 6, 1996, establishes the Regulation for the Protection of Springs (nacientes) of Water Sources. Article 2 defines the protection area for a spring (naciente) as the area of one hundred meters radius measured horizontally from the periphery of the spring.

VII.That the technical criteria and studies elaborated by the competent institutions of the State demonstrate the necessity of establishing a protection polygon that includes the springs (nacientes) of the _______ River micro-basin, in order to guarantee the quantity and quality of the water resource for the supply of the population, in compliance with the constitutional mandate of Article 50 of the Political Constitution. Therefore,

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC AND THE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY In use of the powers conferred by Articles 140, subsections 3) and 18), and 146 of the Political Constitution, Articles 25, 27 subsection 1), 28 subsection 2) subsection b), and 103 of the General Public Administration Law, Law 7554, and Law 7575,

DECREE:

Article 1—Declaration of public interest and national convenience. The protection and conservation of the springs (nacientes) that supply the aqueducts of the communities of _______, located in the ______ River micro-basin, in the canton of _______, province of _______, are declared of public interest and national convenience.

Article 2—Delimitation of the protection area. The protection area of the springs (nacientes) indicated in the previous article is delimited, which will comprise a polygon whose vertices, in decimal geographic coordinates referenced to the CR05 datum, projection CRTM05, are the following:

The location map that is attached as Annex 1 (Anexo 1), which forms an integral part of this decree, is also provided for informational purposes.

Article 3—Restrictions on land use. Within the delimited protection area, the following activities are prohibited: a) Removal of forest cover (cobertura boscosa). b) Land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo). c) Construction of infrastructure, with the exception of that required for the capture, treatment, and conduction of water for human supply, which must have the respective environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) granted by SETENA. d) Application of agrochemicals. e) Discharge of wastewater, solid waste, or any other type of pollutant. f) Extraction of materials from quarries or any type of excavation.

Article 4—Activities allowed. Within the delimited area, only the sustainable management of the forest by SINAC, reforestation with native species, and recreational activities of low environmental impact that do not require the construction of infrastructure are allowed.

Article 5—Obligation of institutions. Public institutions that have competence in the area are obliged to incorporate the restrictions established in this decree in their plans, land-use plans, and the granting of permits. In particular, the corresponding municipality must incorporate this protection area into its regulatory plan.

Article 6—Environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental). For any project that is developed in areas adjacent to the delimited polygon and that may affect the springs (nacientes), SETENA must require, as part of the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA), an analysis of impacts on the water resource of the protected micro-basin.

Article 7—Effective date. This decree takes effect upon its publication in the Official Gazette La Gaceta.

Signed in the Presidency of the Republic. San José, on the ___ day of the month of ______ of two thousand ___.

**Texto original:** "IX. Que el ... la Ley 7575 ... Voto 4654-2003 ... Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 ... Decreto N° 31849-MINAE ... Anexo 1 ... Anexo 2 ... Considerando III ... Por tanto ..." **Traducción al inglés:** "IX. Whereas ... Law 7575 ... Ruling 4654-2003 ... Executive Decree 25721 ... Decree No. 31849-MINAE ... Annex 1 ... Annex 2 ... Recital III ... Therefore ..." RFF/0tkoRkRn48woThNQoZdzO+CZWmKpCUJeYTZaDP6EIk6hjhHfN8t4x/EZXZIdhb2mAfmkP9kf+VZdkEv1hknL+13EpGFjK2lAxWtPx3tz/+E0F55gQkkb3Mfp/zhda5lzHcfcSml+6w1qxGPR8B4VUbw5/mSmHmGeU6fJMBaLb9Tk7OJ+VpVKY70sF9m2YxJaNAxGso0n+W0lKKA4Sbn1mq6Z4QOjYOHtpLSyqxqTpII8wbO6VKj6nJmnsjWX+Xb8nPX2SezZbMFGfn5AEga5/0d8N81r3WR8tShYrGXV5NUcsPFHUpDHzHicq3WzK9r5vuf9MCHMKd6bR6oqcXbCdo7WWaih+tuaxikODS9f/k0NUn6Sf3t7lR0GKe7aBV/FkygU4fvylyhRXIzyH9dXvKDMHs7t2crcK3uYZNiQ9O+U+ezCk4/vjGUFW7Cg8Fze2FXEfGq4yHTzJJklSTx3nba5MA/W5P0t3bINpXSLvJY6bqyBnn5CWh4JaYkXlv70Xv5abzq3VhNC29/L6ic2XlaDIsSCU6tBsRjUKUjGGfnkxnijm1Rfnl5UZ8mklVyNfNS95olb2Yug+QdOh2gmvt6cF9tALg77kfX+nlMSEzOVdGR8ny8h8oG+OGG+dAnjp15EWV2fLuGSJvLVZ7cd/FkXdkzyJVRgUGBnpUWB8S8l+3izHRHc53IzXpzImZSYDyMmSoo3HeXfzUM6USnSX1EpK7L7AJ84vU5k0xZVIkYk9QbEnKl0NXPBPIqRd6IK0Q/rRdlWEqXnAVlC0sIr9pDDKSoGJNoNLvJZCm7PQ5D3qFF/6+P2JhWRYrmd2eOWb2uYgRKK8LMkZ/VnhpI+rZrpA8jUnNUkjnqcj2a9GpFUIUAHvqDKdt8WgrIzz9APXG3Z3AZ3MfP2NPefyI44/MQPG8atSbOu3wvZxn3xr3m67Q9SqSv5UdfuPEr9C6czY5BSyMnYj5cbeCTetShiT9FYGYG16DsOpmxl/1ovYU9CwBfWlklRBcfYj7h9fzIb127mr8ld3Z29gjSXxjlxe/Q3f7RPSsxpJZwXeUpkniN8Gx/YXxuBtOsq/FzLDIa7X/xpJqo2QhvFX0V2rw6qZ0xBc1iBoF2aGJ5mzbJW66f/Usa/qQkyf/2dNm7mLWcMs0Ssm7NFm9jD9lBMqHZv5rwB/Y7r3K8mOlJ8/80/wj9qIxuF4DXFs7RyFMrMsFuegJY5bLlVY9/xjPkh/oHJ+toq3Ugy0wmOb9h5B1OCdO5lfNSg/0n/Tb05zCmnEwOIR/vVd81iwlUsOZZpFIMd5WhzVqVXT02/0x7wLr8mrx+6bz7G83bL+MBhR2d/lsVHcYLwJMTG4C2Rl9YHX6Qfxb7T84m92Ea99Er47a21zrrVExniyFPYXJzGX1YHy1JZkX+HNqkTkr9JHrE3IMKKH4S1Xf4l5YTPVbcf/a/F2KKm+njdbQ5/tqTNDdWXaZXKF3PSRrF0qRMHWnFmwNJqo3gvOMsZcDWKRctOBpXSr0BZRVMSFaIRYKbNL7lM+7zKecct36T50f/r4W3R17hsUXwnnb8afYQPYI3LNmp/LyH44jUGC2K5o2rtL8PPpv7d/uEFo2m9/GQ2LaJwhDSLcS3qbfqx5FI80Wd3a9mx/UWqMmiJpYlPMawWRtbE+83ULN/T7pSEuE3u7/R+bIVZi3ZyxFavwTSOMYk9nDbxTCRNqquyjJEBqIs18og+Srr92v+OanS3csHI1sdWQf8Q/0F1c0R1/wqjLDtQ7ijJ1CyoEDYFo/uSzwbuo7nycMZhW6UL1jqX8KW5tE3s2vuvN+4A2d/DHx+gv72Pj6r+Xz0dTa5lb2fqDhrqM6bnj2vNeLXVPNfwNm0stZ8JsGPqLNG0VpDmhw9G66gqE0nwv4E+zZnMk3Yin+SQYrmWm4loUb7vin17/WFFs7WvBItJdnpKvInjJDt6owV5G/bKjXp3kiQheQlLqxIixOHi53Ph3b9EW4gYL97XX5Vg7OmIt00+9a+RpJEUJY7wzURVFoiTd2R9hX4FPuxpx0eD9nokd7KSisqiqHvH+LHOq+6oayXr+8bmW7xcu+v2m6jD7/L1ehZ5OUNy1Jk1jAWbXPAu3PCtKkqSA/fwtS/mpMuJYhVQHn2XBmN4s8KvZkb0OWT6Y7J/GxGnbuBicRano5BK0pz2dznlQ/59ZEVK84lEFaDQ5h6NJVn6QlCTKZRQ5X2Kqh3nMfNhlD6Ooob5Qaj9a+G8CJKkS1O9TpAoT9CLh7Y6d6Lz1LqENJ1LsrLmUJdZfRDUS3qO/IoX+dk3M3K5LPMe9tUyIVi6mp00JRik2iiDFBPsSUO4dllKR1Eb0dnzbbYEEVbYjxly2QjXpEniHYsIe0nc/oN7LcByD+wPF2iGkFFDwW1brIMy3cWyB8MlM5a++Ygy1N6bm5Kkq1jZXnDI3Ip0R5Q2I+G0QknUfT6/bJoQivQ4VN3LHHXViWr4SulZQCFEdFGY1QFMbOL19jd1IJa8jHl7FTpQy8Dm1jaR6glIFS/kE/XGgId4uNo7D7c1s15NPpGnGm2Ur0TxfP7nlBYH6PaoR/dbkVVTRozMxw0Xo67pwIRtvWmwdyYcq/x7Jem3IN4P10ew12YPdXYtZYF+nFqRAoj77HJ3JU1JJaVxtXZ3PiD/twN4opK0JUsPP+Oum3y21kkRUk1SkpKy4o2p4obKa2nLpY3I+g8WY0NJcQ5yMjqHUViXK1sbfK2FkRJwl7vIPJkFvpuJ9O38epNeCMz7B3pVC2m8IYEdGshKupm/mkx71Rag3FdlYjsb4I2wU7AxHs5Epy5AlBBRkkySlpHqFRKp1n+Z/3nJXObBkCfb9yjZ90plwqlUT1KhfA/Z3J2Q/G9x2dx5a89F0Zsw9C6upmHsvq6ab1XSn0cUavUkX92TyNN/Z9sk8c+ILG2ItbFo+ohVvHR/G53HM8O+FKhg/aOrqk2cRkkWRhRMH0y2lxRYb9JFuA7vDOB4XGp5Jgyg9rdX9UpKdx4BhlJ3FhxCPBJB6KtNkK0hntRZJ2YjYyN6lDhN/0PExVU60tH6CT1MF1fN0QLE5tRIHkwm0l2epnGHOOHaH6UYQ7C12C7Ca5rEAmSjqbxWniZJ0vR72yYnEpqVRVFc/WJIax9BEkEuu2P7DJKkoCJ+7dqx/UuKGPz5OPLxRjzDjUcf2Ud3njjb7bubOjrYYmPpD8rg1i8xVRUC4IWF8/lM9cjjn0xdnp3Kp7TC2dST3oJoEne1BwIPtCYtdQH+thspgzzF2g0d38w53Y4F20f1jJXWPHFqyMr48PIm7N7dLL+N98lLFk6ryhZvSlJkajQpBUmL0WCgLjpmyGAn6pQVx4m60t+3cHUq2+1GQ1HM8RtL9irxxes2dxH5XX1KsrZ5yTqpI1nxA3fUqPRq4cl/9PujkX3CohVtqFKSGOan/TK7tG4b9zFQmqfdIbtVXERd7oUjP3WYJ/dJNV5M7HYrbaWCYjaKW9iEnOOw3EBTCVxJsC/JV8a7nFJg3o0UeO4DI84MnCRYxJz24y/XJx5qy5xQ4oPwDElSqo2nBqFmg6zb0FlUj2x2riM43V+oRHMiLl18gvLBlJ0FdNld1fFYeAtSNLsJ3yxN0jU6UQRR8j2dHScdqE0tZRiXmKpJP33UOC0mhiBHPP2MHu4DvcTnrLmMkmQaIEkTCNFd3+nfbd3F53gsEqBo91jHOqf8dFmQyROXc7k89gYJcxQd0oYsmR1DLeKDPAvn55WQn2qFzdHRjPlqABM2H2Lb3HYM2+NFcQkEP7sWBF7hbG2E1hS49Ok0TeBxJt6YsAWRbC+Po5sqZcU6pEDue6K4jM1Ld6A3t2ve+np6IKGg9ysIzlFqI89cFeh/+x5ck7O57PMKdQVUjL1JbkzzCkKxO49DjV0iOlYX6LC4FR+0n4T6mQUs/Dg32ip2HbyqO8dnGm3A85F4D+3EK2OVvPBX1sFuRFdYZzLpKoif6uvtUcgBSN1WD2mDQN0bkDFNWqW1JV7Yv1FTI3npE5+QfWAT7L2W8mj2GYwS8L5LGRclUojKSHjUVnpTTVpYRzNuMhpgq0r3AdrBSfWe3UEB2gUVlO4rRhK4u38UD/Xd65IJcfPAzPPVq8sH9x63SdTZuzHAfKeAmu65a8R9S+Y0T9LUW4c1NqRQ5/muj4IBvYcGbn1X43VRC25TrpJRQVg1xYVW0IqB/BPELoPLmCQuU4HbtS7BysMh1A4sO4h9nELVlaQZZvR47l2jDqPF0WjmItpzGS3hxdXH1ufkfDmUYvP2+bnRZvty7rM3EaZj9sXwqxqlZ6SzcVMo2y4J4n3M9gry5YRqS4m3ElNsjTeJ2dTDBt7hTe85PM3XxNXCkPxuHuNvuILj7HXLLK+3kGtGJ3YIxZIsv9JrT7COOhN12hQFSequem1NTQfXirqjGfQdguXs3GSXNXvB69H16USROZZNnf/AblUcePSJOcFiE0oAz9/vOHrzQLvsvYhNWC9M2mijb9R4l8OYvn7NZbttWx75WJBb55/+/FcWbWkBO29VWPs12uG7WSGkpCw8L7Hn2Dr2WYVITxfl/AaoDdV6M1tZVF3N6n0GbqI7S4P0/85w/yTJaR3m/IGB5l9dQI9es1knbMYd/vZqiyLq1Q4H8PBRZixPmjzzkA9hBPzLmrG0Fm/Rs5i5k7vClVtbKlQQHOeIppLWZ9l6Rl/qeZ9kPzIfeBNj80fQaLEPBu0Gwp3y//Nfrf2O+plQ0h5eafT/Vh7p6Qk/FFNuKzFL/+Wwm8K0wre5Ie6OnfBp5hW6w3pm+JvSV2HhA/3i1I0sRxzjgYS5rqDZfXHij+ci6rN5h8+gtSApcjKyKBiH0fk3aX06KzNI1e8qzavhRcg3WMHEK+5oYgxM9g0PJVWJ2HUPR5bmRFBCE7OIVbKBRbGbH5Sj5I65gWUlUjq8soJw1cFeGvBkv+PemU0RFeB89Y8eu93AU+ebxdBC/91kfxkWj5WDU7jZwJ1BdwzQwJpWamBLHcpOlpZ6Yb8mDwUr62mNPG4x47/GUjkrV5SW1hUFY9jc32dDmuWlVEWY4PrlC/77/t++H72C4/AduFkRtoP2I5xZgWFScG4mC5guNIBzCINsfnqBPm+JFchLEpXFFSVkB1vyIk9f7ckCT3CFm3dFozL0VSXl5BXl4mmdHR5IaHk/lPlaQ3PuSd0frY5QrxzHvGqQXdaNN7MlN1jV++XEouIs1vJ0uSfuXbMZu4nSKIY3lW1RIj5WLa+C8ix4zFEiE6f9WpaxBIGhuO24ERtO00kOHXgoR0qqAw0BwT09s8i82hqG5TtJRM7/XM6jWLtU5JFHmvo7P0OkioLM8lJSyKpKpf/c2SpIBi5xF0beQecQpOIfb2OD7qOJW5pzcJZ1AUNYkUGL+h/Ua4/94Zxeb4VAqCHrBj3GRUtBt+WUQ/TQ1kmjiPm8uyYZJUyUozPPmyikOq3ODk3CVtZ5kO0si/5pr3r3M5ehc1tRCfJeIIddqdTWmR2WcbaVQo9jRJKvLg+cz3DpDY8+fmObCUrKXcj4+hU+KQjz6oO/jp/U7Z2dxHzH32IyNMSdUKETc6uDNN2iRC0Up0mQUH10RFk/r5f0VeoISKeN/GB0F03T24GayNW6EcdeiZtw2VkDQVBAlRk+tGql5pu3rH9HwOgmFohA1kWt4O25dBQJqlYb6UCr/kIyh1X0HPweLv0IWLZjl8O4yHaeJh1BRMobRWSkIYWTjQbPRnTKIWRsmMxYXhK4n6+RpIIntoSOMs8Mdv5T+2L8XHSO0mIxYAu/dYsEeqDkpMLjlx4qIhF0NlCgvPSj1wlnyUSGRZRexN+pJo7MVJpLwfOfoGFY8J/k+qjn3uZSxubqLsW1a0Xb2NrRetuTtjPIPNy2hqG4RkbQp4WrSRrCCNCxVPuLrXj0JS57/UVpcTqrnLrZv9CJM/xZm/vGkNFBmaQLM6BqvS21hE9PM2KnPJDjDAaN8MpimvYf2VaPLTzDEaUy1JtZEk4H11GopjlZix8wz6u0a24X/Fh5dEisLpf8YRyfQ9FNfvFif1oNNub/LKwrHb3Y73BOFbW/vOa+Q+KRNeqKLOdWkj8ynlwv14n4siTr5MjNBZTYdvGBhTrFCylxV8MxJJtSsz5MZBLSOxu0dbUJEz3MJDAxQ6DheK3bny74hnHMKx6MQHFaj/FoJ0l5IsDLOb5LcxNv0rLbZ/ibNn0FKSbR4mck2A41ydrBleN/H43hOoR73HxH1dF2qL/C6S+O1yZzHA48E8ah0Y2c7nV9WhOtZ1Z3I42cSi0HY7M2qj/Q/eTUVenFi+pUO1R/eCXaKq5b3iLViqdLbxRSyPWoCRo0eT1/tdcV35nekyL5U4XFi4e25O94X9J+uUPjVJkiDmN8+7TR3BhiOxh5f6FjqJQvWrWwIGJvLLPrXkOooDJD78C/So+xeQs0Oq0Rr1sclTCfV6rlwQ+3w7FAl2fEs2sMzz6Wx5Go0bhF3ITi6UXVOgXFw3ODNouPYBWlFm1p6ZOGc0Tzz3yVQKfQHp3wMpKbs46nYj2aMXrI/Wb/+L2Axcj00Lbr9YXKb6GSb+W+k+3A2+xR0YnxR+uqqXa91jPhgFdi8qwGSTCBN5mfSWz4fsq/AUFtPF3XQEuF2P4qFS2X06fVW4nr2ob5ObpP/8o0KQvzHqHITe1TOjNNzG7gF5G0asJ5wsmMZ1SsnF63EmhN4T2RcZEK53LrbHIctvK9v1L+HiQIOoFsraR/+FlLNPd+kHpXPsGvqu50Pr/+A9Itlo0FSPHfx9b+rCy6IxFRU0J+PMN7l8WkbWTJ7H7siRz7lLkccfjzM+m6Y2Wq8h6ayElbSUkBqYbQTS7JKb1lvy0KJtTDy76fU8vR3nNrIzq0C3s0CjJLuGc/qdFvjDH0NlnM4pQjRtUfgkL2q0Bp1aAtJRsdmr/HgP4HbsWkA52ZbPmOj4dc4mpeTbda3lVLFj1+WpRdeYicq4mifhzT6b3G2S+SJDU+L8k8xzqF9vbj45//5a3vfmRg1x5I9wnxYIVqBqJqzVK8n8tQl8gTF5R1sclk+/2yMrueRc3lEBmf/ie/fHcuFRWxl4qSSH4B1qxW6sPvXp24QclF68CYuEtH2Zaz9aqG4GJz6J4HCAx6L1k/u1oXjHdgijH23pRznMmVWSoJCb0t2ILCwz0vZQkKzqAs1GJ3PPk/vcTqOtWr6cEtrpnW/ZosPa5e6t8LG4fmsPLSp8+vvwj4/iTXXF+UPLEx9QpH2fnM9+37kndQK05lA8YKm6vCKBa3fW0xMYUcdFmF0D1BsOBq7J81F2WZWnO+DNH8i47eBfu7fzGP/Jx7GMdR53DOl5LZ6bWPhOq52XJt+pTqiItc3oIsMfjDpkPj/0jwXU5a0JovfLnQ5yE33aGX9Ao/+0qK9zliAdXu7n99km0FrE3/x6/AWdWvP53nY8Ku6PXpuZZtMuu80S/kbXH+7LMbpn6UbCyi0/Lj4J2qxCQtDXT4T1dLL/F0Q4nO6BuuIzVRfj19dFmwkDmOqc0x9sufNXWnJXmZV5bBqJqB29z1jtcfk47y7R56Z7p6L0P1NPiSv8rPVUJNBXqRk32EIPW2OJXK2j0SdXFGM52/Y+4LlOfq4HlvOOvoH4wgbasMNNyJVldXkshSZm6/jv2q2fFZ9g9+1iVbXN1q0tukYvoGCBKvSFBFCtvTh6rh+9rzifHpPfByL0KaeF7Ybk2N++aeeCtQ9iY0FqFqOEE9xYf6/5DxVpq8y48Hmn1x+KL37qPZegmihOkuqfoPw/fbicjGqjhN9ZDa2wHvt7Xjr+AYc+HhNS1x+Ge4CkuFcnC7H/nVjHySxJNhYjS9A1e5lXjP/05w//vO0CjWOcf/tmfYZ0xZ9o3M3DL87o0PpU8PsKvB/1qNqX3bCP8j9x/VQKklXWFw7S+SFXy7CdeC60Z17xnGFyDGeLR7krdLk6Vv+vnJQ0kUY1zmBzAvMP3ePqVsSdo6L/xOD94OxH/H9Ov68fqHzk8foJNRmqqcFEajH1bCUU7bd8nbmjoz2nprkv7nlVgQKNb/Tv/6Wjz31cQJQ8wpFjehRc62F8vPHWhkbf/92HUXde29GQnVj5fCHM5gX8v++dvx9n2MpW/PjaMf8s1mOKjipGPlm0P2l31iUyK/UvE1kElS89O0JK3DCNeVPUBaNKh5kWwJMVG1j+iigfblGw4UJ5KML6MPAokA3v7ED8V38g3JIpJS/XRdA0Lj3UObdOSgfu5h9Ur6/La2Ed0ZkAT2TmgGJkR2z+0HPb4m6Xf6oPu0E5nQndZ5mP2jsuS4q/Nj2deM9u8idpso0CZeG4mLsOrJWK7STtDJNpEx1JZMbLx+03cjPpp3ErN8xO9h2iRuOvHh+qeozWR5vxFrUTt48H9aGznYqWymOcWLCrMvN+IM1OL2/PlN2W/fuJ68O+Ueq9hJlk+4B03kS13k68ZfYPGQ9W74Ul35BvGzN07LAbcXi+uTF5FB19bL9FdXsppPG9rlb4nrPLG8Z5rvovLa79M2o/lfC+cG6mNR6ZhExm+nnW19HFvD/4U55G/jU86bzRL/pY9b+mps7dFeij9X2Gdu/RyRvYJ8gLNWE77/Pu23pSnTeM3UfY4V9PdvMPntDb0wbS5utXEdjs4pI46V9RsivUYORr5Os+YSN/393ysVRI6FSz6yN9FcvHRMJLG/BCsVlbjnX1ryVUT1KnC+P58Nu/L2zkBpQ0Yx9u0b1PV4yVBPFcnHNrLBS1wCSpgJGRFzulwRQcFC7+jQpZ/QMbbKPMNy9US2nFsAyu0VqFdUz3pPW/B79iHSra1SPXUlyUgWeMazWqRkaOrMfeLq/59TfNdNl/xhDRDcZPXtpffG+NRUe0veC3gSdCSKY4TufWSk7o4i8/nb87dFbjZyzSywUqVyhmx5pXFKx3y1z5bqj8vMazGkqMtvO4tk8MSP/7JV5UevYhsoFfF5Y2+24O/GrYh4jBQm5OoHXtnsn+lN5a/JdCOIfEwQ5x2aPR0tzgQRJEcUY8MWL3N2dtjHJHzuX3HqX6YHGB3uRN9fY4Ed6IvmhVIB5jIrM04UzO2HL51PqrxIEFG4XedFZNeMbEJ2YSMWeIN1MILiQhM4TIA5TXNhRrhvJ7Fm5w55yOMPFTdhikK09/0MlcTb5Nrl7YI/Cy0GMylbUANBsuJ47dzMNB5ch2fHEDBpPo7c14B5yD2DHVzprL+e6s0sP9WXkCxt7w2Qb2nRv8x6lMTJYVtsoqqySTVH4qKNH94VvUV+pwU4T3GrkI19i60a3m9p43Ilpb+Q0CQJh+uMs/kv70Vbx6/fc17HL0Ok+/Ov6OAX3Q7eFE5a3FxLm+dEf5a06FPkGJtsF9C0xxRUPYTBdsY73dhFQcMfQHWHdZQbMFcYTXb3y7bFONINlGu2s6nGnBXbq7rJ9Kb/kb6csfHyhN+VzSVASchC5P2/ni69V1bFFqXkPOmbG7aYtv54mT0bAvhZg5dVm7mRIiA0fy9LnzHWdXldzxu+oWY+hPT0+gH78OBVkyVJOk++FRfczrJk6WQs9g1ZvDOPt/ajZ5QonFejvHmm5QPM//w4jx+2t2ia5hA8SouHmuy/bM9a7R5V4clstqCMzSxaaJ86jqaFPFqoN9kM+0R0PbgvY9usnU4anys/W3PwrdNxj9u4PA83EOcn9Lu9CXs4TUtSg06nXzbb9Un4SFOs0Nn/l5l+0qTP0tlls4tE2acfHpIhd/VteF83yY84tgXPlrzcY+mrN89ym61lfWyqbxv5i69V8FppSYg3kGSOimT4V7IXAFoVbFt9/d8x7S+mc4byo2Br/jryrmK7fxUtk81F/0J49of3Zq1jvV7bfpeZn5P2r0X6Fr0MkmTgp7O81Gc3scACUXu1S7ESrfrAPJm3ea50IqftLs++z7g4qJz8BgLduXn0u2OpVeD9bOWdLOjNbcrI9+72adUxiQ2t22Yy4Gvs7HdTyLcIkaSqz6v0yWj35l4hqcf1/5ds/jzHk1cR1dmSp1qR09r+xPu7FcC0clzz5l3sfxTNNwgfU/f8/rR39jI9vJsr1dhMX2WTB3azVuVjJrt5Nvd1W59fsSBXkzJAuCW4nvO8at/LeHOXyOUpdga//7oix60ofs2Vq5VNCYHEaRZhxQH2Mjm6DhJXbYefJ8aRMv+t7LZ9nL20M3sbyUms5FjzFGyN7u4cMeK9L3tQQf7vlKjB7M85bQkU0WosqUPDpfGPLLtfyS6LZ0LL5efcXFJ6Fp+c/bD2nB9dUsvfVnjli5U/ZdpUQ8++K/ny71I+kjvZ9nsoFBNWcSIT4m3x09B6m54vCS13fdWb4w0HYHdUYL0xOYax3YURmgoY49AX3aLpz5q4A78u58Fb3+7O4E0DBns6myfB+2XaHoZrnzXaaoq7zNqc4Z87Bf/emKdLav4/WM/y1pDM5dkBArCIOxPcaKWpyzrYxHk3g0F8n4xQ3BmrBJq2ILo0YIV8D3qst3vS92oAt89l/PtHUb2cNhOloOQ+mRd4LlyxJ6f6o14A9fLknC9/JLF2s3WtCvV/x83O/yZBBn5HnoP+HHHK8CC7mTjh0Q7bPv8nKyRrnsjxIG5NLovQYlYzWUS3Oaj1hJ1RINvOm9bAm1dYm4bsNs40xGxJRFhSZHx52t8lWIQ/Qt7vPoY8lygjILPpzz6pZc4opP+wBjN1V65GJUxGAtVHdFRzXwTW8LqD3ew4ngAobqajBYH67h2V9fXzG4aNaTluQqnODzH5YonDhXH/wtWIPp0bUAAcwYSMb1a0b5aHb/n/d93Pss2DAdY2dNdsZMRdTjD+ZJUgVuwxdG6DXH+cDD7OjSF8/0GQH2O7RCZrfLOjBSlL0jY72jef8/vWWMkyUVi7imH/g28Y/+KeUrW5PWeqL8bRH4aoLVNBtHJtJaArDc3oOhJt2YzLh6VqPn05N/rq6pRTpOC5BMTkIxprDQ6C++lRINW9Ajy2JzQwm3GqnVieqdKhA1LsTh7YjmHdASlfF6jSM/Vl3JcYMAhaBHn2XL5qy4VXZcUuXBUgMbyHibTYIxI2ILso7wtj6CVyN8qDixx8Y83w3e9F1dCeg/w07d5Ldtc7AIfVpzBifuwOyv5fsBws6pFS/9IlJ0apvKvsLMxkTMnazcOyO2vT9tHv+OsbAG1Wv6s4QdV6IRwS6F1vDjm2l7tZLB28o1JQJ4T3z5HH8T0Ue7hMsuvWCcw5OZJcQ9+s3d60f8Ls/kDksgtlhfe8HXT/mjT2uIvc6e8aQeR1WD0xiqB68vV3Xxdtmr3sGr4x2+BklcFbL4hRa/tYdVX9XX9/eu0d5f++7F7p/yFvfKjRHYd5W17OhsJAnhMv4PSOr/DX+sY3+X/E7Ht23g9nVjsHMX/DTHn/ovrlz3Pn9p+4D4yHVPid5TOSV3k79W/4jeZ8qQ0JHF1lz8/r2v3h1srn1/bLH8MyH4b4yU/lp71mtbBZFoNoLfh1KBPOf2NPcO2fRzGm5bSmkFSeep2oEdL1mQWIZUyPybm/hpHgd40Ju3/b7YYns1ZRLI2OWHS8/0j+zNUPNB07sc9x1CiPON1dfegtclBJeihQ/sJHzB3+JjNXr8Hl27EYM9Ihij1Ye5XBKjH+z/gJ2Y3Y/dI0u7/xRmc4r1jmKV8R4rTz5f8UnW1EXqQwQ5jh7InbmJSNeLw/7SeQMLz56eeq5mjF2eMyUMUfpxphmvtFMEsYeVgtZPPFA4zP0srqf83YzH3pGaZzv3t+az07dLPzGsmEzn+3HkXmB91+qZ36pp64W1U6jsf8OGl1p2Ov7PYo9rMRE4esOxUimCXBzDi0GSOni2e9AyLSqtD/kuwrfq+lTTwLNSY8mZQqV3oQxOeSnX6slILFkXR0g+jSkhDET6YAm4RkrwnKlC5W4YIaeGcKCi6bm+E4cgg4c7a7dJjPF2QN2NrejOzwHc2a9+XC2/pj3rn1jjefNNtB+7cCsC4VXbnR8wb3bNnkBHRUUFW81MUp0V7/HwIhW2rVoI2v+r2YrvEdQowQbfuTTCSx4wPC1mWMNLb1+m2KLxfXcifTgrlKmVuHbuS8NTqEqYHFj8WV25VdiyG8M4u1C5Bqg1i98pPgmAc5jBh4WD4OCpeVYliQasamJ6fYh83Fs+rRB64Pp/syjopjEG1Uo1SX7ckCVyI3f+OYxq7R/zB29HF4WWN0dftOol48+f9tDJwRfSBlyVpL2lP6NlzJ4ZOob4jFw0mTLafb+Fia0kw+QeFCyWzHQLoISoP2uCZD08+hC37O9qy00Il4dIIm7IZnTbMpzDtmTQ9aURHOPbbkQZR7XmwK0syhOViOVkQnEsmt5p9cXhVGLVXgL3fpEFm9m1GqbNTwS08b2sR28rKLRtiQOqPRq9HtS5L0uax2rflWrH1c2ni9cKVRq+38HzH9hFiB2liIXY7n3pXaR5mT4UesxqkZ1fBYkLyhYWcHLf9YJk8F5C8E/voNBU7OXNWFqgMhOLa/0rXi0RfEQRgE5nL/D/lP53srwO3V7t3p2T3rscQhRl5E1+dXjWtt63o4aVh2zG6JvwuFHWb6xwpG3B+ci99bSvlslu0aNuNB83ENVHdlXCMN6nFoVrZ5oI7fDQt3tP1+N8s+iPH3yrgw38DMVH1W5p4WAF34pSAXVrpL+WW/4hJNyDQZ1vF90kSeQXTwtXK/zO1eQeX8ayRbUpVh/cF1n6i2BqDksBm1uTn35+nwS2uSZMXp2eQO1jSqZ56XeBfDxUG9NfaCjaSZ0nh/k6HORzOeSa+4zWkPz/JI3LqwV8LmLM3l98Wq6E5qPp7QzXpEPB41VHQW7JETNYqhHhMZbqyMfxSQkdSUPQlOQ44K92fNu1m0LdaGTIAn8d+JO3rSyILzPNe5iBqGk4gN2e1aZ7jBZ63cD81h/V8kZ7ZcWk45vY2J4vH0bvl+9XHVCJ3j5ZKY1nCRd2cfPpjvS6o+2po58G5M3MZDgxzWoLuKb6+j0Lb2B1p3hEmkn3PbSG7sxbapI9UpVv9Y17BimcZWQdDtrg/ZaML2xu+iTsWDrFrxhT16LQZSTy7uG20JGyFS6dsrNLyIiL9TbO5QOWY0Q/0dY4czH9vNvBfOShdlOlrrlVH7g/ldr5rKtrJ8aNpR7FV3yFnxmANr3WOhI0bVFnOm/KOfGz2lmG5jNx9kbmkRRi5z/G1NNnfNShM+rmsQs+iWijcQ2dFDpzYqd91Fr55KHeWbtOb+8z1lNm9mNehYswiLpuF6C7RJ3MqTZQqEwBQHxvs/r/22nnfVCFkG+PuQY3BfM/HW3dd34D/89MHe6H1hxQ1TsoSa9y5T6eaAjv1Uc33Mh1f7j3/Srt7n66K2LXIMbE5JqXzNPlMUMOHEJKVl0fyL5CShJd1THUecDWiGJzGGV+B97AfODWkTF5aNA0mQh7+sm0JWmlHn2mc8G1W8HrU2b5JsOV4sSLkufkqE+mhfz0OYv5q7d1u4bOQYpI40GFGamftvhlz2fx3kKyWqBzXR0eBduMWH/jfDXxpq1m3rqr8rQ7bT0GWxHk7o1h8+PrrTVpZNTN0LHEaJIXyeVZIJN3CKVH9+BfhuLo5c22K4sgqD6esSg0HmM2/xuRrwSz1hT1dtDVFcH7m/PyRN7uS3+P+raDc6L9jqX1rfHpj4edc9Z+50IBdls7x3BjozR/XtAeJVWe+Rm7ILFjHsu9aSoqF9E2GtM0VdVz7/r+l8+FbTrBk8vdlCh9FduB4rfK0nH72jfRwuxFdrBpyY1NpwOnp0m0/mMKD7hXZ3a49o4bc1/Nz+mBXarKBFpy5jliLxmxMnxNGKZ9I4Xh/BddNnIH8GrnJE7dp8cvv9eT2C72VHQ+HnBPUXF3HLWNHOrR3UBNh/5+eF0w1pVUy2GjK0/H4nzmF5+cdW8d5pM5aN3GGoxmTG+/Vl0yJ53mhMpndb0bmAFX3b8LbuX7+xR1qMpmlJmsdIpRMY+tbvl1KNJA7PI6uZ/1Ntw/bsx/5LniJ8DDPxwVslC09TC4IMt9FqfcfiX5oajL9SgpKUGOsDRZQUlQwgaA0EfYp/3ASsdNfRQeWNojJejdOxf+V/Pj8uGDMD6fS7oNuvMW7iQieqCxi12AqbsW4RyWbnp6FvrMC1WJIJ0v+Y1bqK2nNPqhz/MOVZ5rGUBV8odVluYV8vcyVJRRHT4YTNkfuV8E3fLJh7Cib98TCeI60ScY6J1sbA7rt0QNalHnT1WEHXKlW6/aOEBclylx3mcsI+o+UocHFagJtb2T3bUyLu37ZvML1Nc9RGM8v7I+i0OpCRKX5Mr66OqnBNRZfWmrD5mMkRMr/t/5pf+F+dvjFJTOv1A2FsbupEjUeCyGnbkyFszL+Usr6Dm3uA7faAC1Om8c2nK+72GLneEEiKxV6/KH3b8rqpm/AfMnt9oFpixOKLTe8EVQvI1Uf71HUCXyJJAqt4Mffi8HYI/CnM0yOohPvCcvcoRqT6A+uj1HUC4+zrHfVZQ/HyqXYdITs60OqJ59YPrFHYUwki6BZ+na6c4SBNR9Dn7b+nX4rB85eJq8TdpfzXW7+UmiOXLya9xDBr2E1mEeDxZEFkbnPuf9qHSmPkPFL1/TZDa/cV4eZi0ynvHA5X0huH4bvK5arC7B5onmN50Ov/V/q0Dpv4wXFh+smm7jZP/L5W9tArdh2ITjFN7K1Gq34blo0z6cKNY4WZ3aB7zeuTPpv8QbfMryk/cV4u+wwMcl2mKz1Pr7rXBtxrHfaCfztrsmXHX7BeKrdbC+8Fm1/nU6xqVMpqL9aRJ69Ph+FV1j0HcctX1wRfTTB8L9t7F6cztxK2oNZ/FmfrNqC8z08eODKbF+r3SIVRqM3HeT3Te0OWL3kkj4MrN0h6hJQpeqmlTEDhYHuXbFHFa9aIGn7tGj1QKyI8MthbRo1H16V0gLZjrPpftXth6KPYrNEBtm2zqAja+oT1TYEfx/nnyPmbLLyrts8n3wTJ+u+kJcuFefNp0kzWDk+ndv7n1MwM9Ol1amZxJRFmQJOJyPP08t+f9YwKPPFFs05zzkGZ/ZVg87LZQe/TV4f1FmDRZzP5k9a9JIlW//LWDuv1nXJ8u3MYIq7DS2Yb+loaeH9n+3xPRPwYmBl2UKFmtM28nfPTmBc8fVn1UG7b4sRcetn3O7S5M29qZ4jJ7NksjM7Q9T4EIA/++aBq6JcIFPBHnPOTjaDCDdy/9bcm3DvUKN5a90FmHn7QxLECpUXgq74gn86EdwXom3mgkWuqqOfd54Rr47x11Y5mLHZXlV0MOPdP97aRRzeN03mdjVWrZ6RrCdqTy9+FgJ5H0m1VVR/WxpPMyvJH3yPkR4aacBxjSQY7BUrGusZ24y1ayfMTWcWTuFHXfdmJz90JhANqgqSaI1g+78w7xqryHuqzncbANQcYkzUzLUTIK4UJQl/Z8V4wkk6TtCfhIokRrG+N4R5Z/Xq6XCiK0ssBsr+q1K9qMJGrvO2HRgIlT3vdp9C9d9KjTpyJpCqFYFWRIfEf3fDxH7Oa/NHvldV5AWN11tq0nsJOR4kYK+fD2Hky5X69e4LdJ9ORsBDR0rHlxIGBTp2KgykqgsXN8bbkMR99WJD+BqFddQhQJdHA8vKz39eZKqm4oI/bE2p0C6JqRLrZINL2ukOb2s/gObuF3NKlLsOGz4u3/v9cvjirOvy2Ah3YcdRYdppG9ZKXltdn4d/2M0HMpi5YQ7nKZIFdT/NwVn2v1+0/aUk1Z5g4nHlY9U0SJ9f7M1qQ3N18Sk+qcAjfNNeC+Cri2gFPFk2Zq1nKILXinGqvay5WbVrv/jrHnuVNa+41rlN71+F31hD/2hGkl3ojacapMWbU2J2DF3ISncIKdPSzZ7gJcQrYvyXKbF1WCFDEdG51HrRyV6ORU1glJN0oFcG5m3Y5AmSZbrlUum2CzvUXi5JFGm3soJUSGic86wMffRn/pXaUORzVvjH9ajKLo4b69mdTzI6YKIqlSa1qKUlj4rAH+VGk8T8yIp08NxOqxWEXEYbY62NX1VeqdlmoNHEJS1hOegl+b7eFcMqXr+9XUS2ulbGSh/O59vZPW/D+R++2p5tjYnZ20QY8mawzDhajmvM9arhX/k6LHn+HpiaW6JQf/w1JIZoUJYofgFm+f8aSPdeHt/l6Ol2ovvPcZr3xH7Xr8n+flOHfb86C5pLfKkkRmeZc1BpH24/75ImRqySICXF3t3BInI16mpF7fR5VVc3CFOqdd1mBWn/qGJmf4ov4AXRn3Fk0z7LVH0Fi3Oc4WoK/6fi3Pqcrh0G9lCTsTZ9WJG2vxqtrVpjxU4lbaZ9uP3tDhyx6UpeM7Z3rjbuqkXZq2PvN+Jf/WYJzGLrWFR5d0VX9jXal6RsmgKb0//sI/kL6Ae++7h6mof7aP/Y5+Q2hMLB5o6KqTT86fIpmrvq5/tjyIvMSmvNKYDy2/Jc2XGdV0u1JQo/jKxyMX8JFu+nLefbMdLPOKsbFfTH80/TtRj0t/B3trXJ3CmL/N1ynTRj06cQC1bKbnV6L1MXuVIY58jqNvE1Mrb0j2cpkzy3V1J9xqM+Zx7TFo5c0JJvPRiM4kqBLU3+LlMBXqWv/0vHnfMysXk5nCGB+r+zV/qPkaO45n+nyvPxv1q89t7qXLj15t0s1Le6g2NidmH/sL50LP9qR6t+WvZ64Njd1/tKdXo3W57+xk1V5Av8Hl7g/vVUcJ4dclXJtKbd47/5f6er0vB27Fc4C/e3g5WqqNXkXe/HhQzyy/E5uJYhH66ojmWq2/PGIXnWp48qHW9MftSB3OIDHvV6K9p2Z4lSJ7dW52HqXRNlaNhqP11v1W8ZnSlxMTl7qNkL4HWMtGX93nTfX/EfrhTr6f9HvvO78cUYFqDv8bnUD1i+RLah4Coh6cJaU/9vvVNyWTEqSEpEn0psqlT8G1L9bjfKFmM0WuOjeG1q9rY+b14iSYI3po3T2as0iSkOb1EUWYHuVWOFcdc2sMXaSHFJUufLJynJ3o3ax4H16nB4b1HRY3e0K8VvSdkGWfx8eDH/HbsuR91ooxC5Z6UaQC/J73rvl+UCSGrOHyp6xrvKtb+KY9evQpNq1H+ZcW1TqLaEEgVjOjW6xfF5h8emT9BdtAMfi6dd75Uk1LZ4HYUl5XrGTOUBF36Y/Ie0bEUv2p6w+LJwS3Yl68dF+mN6Ru2axx2T1A9/I+xYzBjwih8sb2/h4/8o1m08s1XlVGPCOvxnj7eYeuzh+22x/X/RdJF4TDDjrfZ5a9kI4zr8dHqUnM3MvSwV0mfDYTtI50/mkaZoxX9Z+/yfLd1h5bB7CfdmlPo1pRQFzP7+He1H/HVWntjR4ANulXJ/Q3ftau9ezfd3M6kOX5atZ+rf/0e3zSFK3Y4l51b+40Y8Kt8nS0fuP9F+C3unLTqVPPxav9uwzVZitLdWeQJIJFp+h9NeBlaq80Ipa86pmovfuLSbOseGp5n0mjaXh4lao+UDA2z+iypzzITC8B/sTut2HNtMmnjf59vqwnGLLYh7qbxZ1amCkqsLs5J88JrGSxvRk0tKMllJrvhQ+ImXIVb6ZtJMdgbTb2cq/J3tSC5FVdNqNTU8hlH+qO9B/3Frxk+NcUbHNOOBpfL5n9HUKSV0C8dU3MH5FXiY1W8pWTH3qO4LtF1YJF9O5Sff3/OrkASW03H3k3dG0I+etPJOD6OD5tBtPB/A2+6jqacRm17QRR6fwftBzrvuD3lK0qM+04rsNUg5WcfdBrJm0R1HdTb33Ejk1sTlvtx+trJ+yh+IM2ZXoKp7Q66dr8BdCkD79aXxyZ13sMqYg5qo7dhRJEdSLevvYgx5G4c7S1hTz+D/kpCzBbxrL8QqffWZ9n/0nNhL5auM1B4rFFN0G+/UKfJL96rFrf1vPU8L3FybrDd1pEX38SY7VW1apw1RzE8JZ1rdRzhqM3BmNu2F13TCR54XeHj9o/WcRgXOGO3vCFryrOqL0z0Q17YWMl3ldZ4jjE2hNV9w/IfqrmvhhuY/Vp2D4O2U3bnErhL4I3QOXz+vFZ7f3vO9S/FY6nUWL3tm4TwXTan+l6/73q1l3/cR0uO13E+nUyDHb1MYNkQH1Z/rflaEw3rWu3OstjL/tFXucmy40V7hND1B3szlCby8qFSf+EGz4/LnSlr7lMJ/8dqHhdd8Nf5DHZ+Pa/amqu+1t0wvTSdtdOLjfQfxOlRXTEDVvM8PxJftnqN4WRkgg1C+Mv+Oz9cNnIdFqpr3n0Gdt7JmAQ+gJk+j9lrfWndhDaB63uDbWHca3e6c1Jys8VLWT0trr98H2c/x1s9zuzFT4G+bl+nNMhf7oDfB+C0v8+CZkywTux9eO/SM0YhX6a9BjdD8/+5X/Y/A4WrJqXhXEtXaV8K73njyr+vldM18+Yf2ZIdpYIVmqP8Mv/zHrp5xQbTRuuwR1wQ/wrfrtF6tH9CQ6xb7NH0/1Bp+9f5h+zjIXeBvmyqSrv1MhVtne8a1OUCWll7Hl27SpN9X+B9HkDqlyVFxRzbXc/Gdbp4CRNEcEhzP9tjsTkrUOWKZP/AX9BisYm3V9kNZF9srm5t+1QPTqG2+1d76bK3av0vrfE7jM3oNv0NnuSa0fuP0eLL0E9c3X/p7BcLlYqT9cYjZ7B71uLzr0mG2t5k3Ru3u3OZhOxKxjQx81W3Fj39nK/6SdvXDPvFw3Cge90Vd0yd1VWYX7G5yfu7Yp+4G12n2aUv8d5m3TLeJD0Yk4n/04hmRv+1n+vlNzt3vk3C0qXTD6y6NFHjfSmnG3a5Md/b5/JtX7RpiLsG1q39WzAak3DP9CWBmyjxd9yHn3GxhqVL1f1z7/RB+2a8szUxKU3lbuM+Rxyd5IXsv4V9YTbCRsNEvW2Yb6VpixQoez5E8XHGWJ0osRzMR8flPUbUOPuMP5p9ENfCF5jKR1ev2Tqf3MpRzf9hNzmT06Y4af0eaHi5E14jROrPWnbH0W3uR5rbqxah+i+L42e+iEZP2rf+TJaQ15mqKqD6S7jcSMZr0L3tpP3g/1Y4/DeTWPYHSb9W/lau+D5bKUG2wH8//jhtHqE6qkXbzBdL8ZvZ3x37aOUAysH24BddpM9g9bhst/c/Y7XEdXNwZg5jVt6sSe+0xfqfbqKVGdpkm+KF22uqWk2PT97fa61z7rDg3o7TPd8Jr4hOn2Vjo6QjlhrdaNdD7n/iqlWt1qSNTtLY51Zj6++h+2cMNBxV7eDeB5ewajsLHfUKBrjX8HtbIF6LX/HjHL/5WfTNTmSfgKij0VU80d59V+5YQpVQ7l5fTbvV/z9OBym7fn/dNSjl/T0fC4i/1fbSOX9bfhsO0FyXoGlkOcEsMLRwf90dLlDJo2M1llnjFa8xLP2ThPG2scq2WR5S+FH3HySYZSF3bUKzF3h3D2PrF9PeZIr/Gt/UiZ+cJ/1TCoqRGHFZv5UYjT33WCV9xlBccFc8+6oHqVIV/7toejFL84m7H+p2tFESqT43k7Pl9SWWdx25U3n/O0tVjRLOXyHd43/vMdf5n0/NNHP1thqxvJzS9f/IvlP3n/5f/6CkaOaPoc+TnSBL2bxZ/NPRIL0YFHHnfu4zVrLLr/vqTWf82fA5T40WY6xrY/L8/kkP9hf2z/uHO+odnwzOzbm5uSikNLMmrvLuaae3eL93tfYVxxjf//b9QJjA/YnqtofOum0X4rTw35/vxt/hv0LLGf6j7Pe9sNLKBLq7OlW/tDZ7/LXYzSYQnyK/df3dP6LqVjEXHr1WXzR/74c/u5ahudR/nzFJypM0tzee/+KOBvRylt3Fn9le69+NQ9q/HOFWw/wORxv+BW5H1G8MFjq7u3n+s32s1Xq5+3ttd5QnUE7v/Wp8yJf0z8uCjq/tBuR3z3lH0++kDrnVoEXX2IL5P4ftH/Bl/hTx/edt/HoAqL40YX6u/D/+Y3/JW2H6Lcb7//+7v+D/er43/8sZCu8n+EeRrxF7rf9/YD/Z/2Ndz+01Ld/Gfxn1on/6f/h/3/lB1XV/nuv/AUf5f9/C//jjYNN1z7nlfgPeKfY7zlO1t9L//FN8PmL5qo22T1uW/Pf8sfh/1eYeqAne2H+lD9r06kbn+If5atH+0f5P8IB3hn+I/u+7//j/DSdv/l+7f/1f3Px/7f4//s77j/2+kZa/Ibsf1dYP/97/Q8//fe/+6/yz/a/cVN8z5/vTb1//Lf4/wV//P/6/38Dn/+NZ/3Wf4T/3/fBf8c/9P8A0aWLkK5Qe/QAAAAASUVORK5CYII= The Costa Rican State, through the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, MINAE) and the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, SINAC), with technical criteria from the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA), has promoted the Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) as a mechanism for forest conservation and recovery. This program, regulated in the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575, has been fundamental for the protection of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) and the regulation of land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo).

In compliance with Constitutional Chamber Vote 4654-2003, which ordered the regulation of environmental criteria for subdivisions (fraccionamientos), Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE was issued, reforming the Subdivision Regulation (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento) to incorporate environmental viability requirements. In this regard, Considerando III of the decree establishes that any subdivision project must obtain environmental viability from SETENA before its approval by the corresponding Municipality.

The project presented by ACOSA must observe the protection of springs (nacientes) and the establishment of protection easements (servidumbres), as well as the regime of lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) of forest areas established in Article 19 of the Forestry Law, in accordance with the parameters defined in Annex 1 (Anexo 1) of Executive Decree No. 25721 and the environmental guidelines of Annex 2 (Anexo 2).

Therefore (Por tanto), the viability is conditioned on the strict compliance with the technical criteria issued by SINAC, particularly in terms of the protection of the Payment for Environmental Services for hydrological protection (PSAH) in the area.

The approved plan rejects any land-use change that does not have the respective endorsement from SETENA, in coordination with the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, ICE), the National Groundwater, Irrigation, and Drainage Service (Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento, SENARA), and the municipalities involved, including the guarantor of public works via the National Roads Authority (Consejo Nacional de Vialidad, CONAVI) of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes, MOPT).

Si el desarrollo se encuentra en los Planes Reguladores con viabilidad ambiental de SETENA, o el Plan Regulador cuenta con una resolución de viabilidad ambiental emitida por la SETENA, a través de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental.

Si la finca cuenta con Reglamento de Fraccionamiento (subdivision) y/o su correspondiente plano debidamente aprobado antes del 20 de diciembre de 1995, y por lo tanto la actividad se encuentra en ejecución, se debe presentar una evaluación de impacto ambiental (environmental impact assessment, EIA) mediante el Documento de Evaluación Ambiental D1 ante la SETENA.

Si la propiedad es una segregación en finca menor a 10 hectáreas y no existe un reglamento de fraccionamiento y/o su correspondiente plano debidamente aprobado antes del 20 de diciembre de 1995; para definir el tipo de documento de EIA a presentar, SETENA valorará los posibles impactos ambientales que su actividad podría generar, para lo cual se debe presentar el documento D1, para que mediante un análisis y en función de la magnitud de dichos impactos, la SETENA defina si aplica un D1 o un D2.

Si el uso del suelo (land-use change) que se pretende dar a la propiedad, no es congruente con el Plan Regulador, se debe obtener previamente la viabilidad ambiental del mismo, mediante una modificación al Plan Regulador, o bien, el interesado podría obtener la certificación del uso de suelo congruente por parte del Gobierno Local, para lo que se debe hacer una modificación del Plan Regulador o una solicitud de revisión del mismo a la SETENA, siendo contundentes en recordar que este tipo de proyectos no podrían desarrollarse en terrenos con cobertura boscosa (forest cover), a no ser, que cuente con el respectivo permiso de cambio de uso del suelo emitido por la autoridad competente (SINAC-MINAE, según corresponda), por lo cual, se debe iniciar con los trámites de Evaluación Ambiental y la solicitud de factibilidad de uso ante el SINAC, siendo ambos procesos independientes, no excluyentes y vinculantes.

Artículo 6.—Funciones de la Secretaría Técnica. Son funciones de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), creada en esta ley, las siguientes:

• a)Dictar las políticas para la evaluación de impacto ambiental (EIA).
• b)Realizar la EIA de las actividades, obras o proyectos que se sometan a su consideración, de conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 17 de esta ley.
• c)Recomendar las acciones necesarias para minimizar el impacto ambiental (impacto ambiental) y, en general, proponer las medidas de prevención y mitigación que correspondan, así como el programa de gestión ambiental (PGA) respectivo.
• d)Confeccionar y mantener actualizados los manuales de EIA.
• e)Llevar un registro de consultores ambientales y de los estudios de impacto ambiental (EsIA) y demás documentos ambientales que se presenten.
• f)Administrar un sistema de información sobre el impacto ambiental de las actividades, obras o proyectos sometidos a su conocimiento.
• g)Vigilar el cumplimiento de las resoluciones que emita y de las medidas ambientales que establezca.

Artículo 17.—De la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental. Para las actividades, obras o proyectos que se enumeran en el Anexo 1 de esta ley, será requisito previo y obligatorio la obtención de la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental, que será otorgada por la SETENA, con base en la EIA. La SETENA establecerá, mediante resolución, las modalidades de la EIA que correspondan a cada tipo de actividad, obra o proyecto, incluyendo aquellos que requieran únicamente de un instrumento denominado Declaración Jurada de Compromisos Ambientales (DJCA). La SETENA cobrará por el servicio de evaluación ambiental, de conformidad con el reglamento respectivo.

La resolución que otorgue la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental deberá contener, en lo conducente, la identificación de la actividad, obra o proyecto, el plazo por el cual se otorga, la delimitación del área de influencia, los impactos ambientales identificados, las medidas de prevención, mitigación y compensación que correspondan, la exigencia de las garantías ambientales (garantías ambientales) que se establezcan en el reglamento de esta ley, y las demás condiciones que la SETENA estime pertinentes.

Artículo 19.—Suspensión y revocatoria. La SETENA podrá suspender o revocar la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental, cuando se compruebe el incumplimiento de las obligaciones y condiciones impuestas en la misma, en las leyes ambientales, o en los reglamentos correspondientes. Igualmente, podrá suspenderla o revocarla cuando se constate que las condiciones ambientales del área de influencia han variado sustancialmente, o cuando surjan nuevas circunstancias de carácter científico o técnico que así lo justifiquen. Para tales efectos, la SETENA seguirá el procedimiento administrativo ordinario establecido en la Ley General de la Administración Pública, Ley 6227.

In the case of the appellant **Nombre02** specifically, it is evident that **she has chosen to file suit in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction (jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa), requesting the suspension of the Executive Agreements (Acuerdos Ejecutivos) denying extensions, the suspension of major broadcasting tenders (licitaciones mayores de radiodifusión), and even the prohibition of awarding the tenders.** The denial of the extremely urgent interim measure (medida cautelar provisionalísima) in case file No. 25-007887-1027-CA demonstrates that the Administrative Litigation Court has already assessed, albeit in interim relief proceedings, the absence of a *fumus boni iuris* and a *periculum in mora* sufficient to justify paralyzing the competitive bidding model without first hearing the arguments of the State and SUTEL on the matter. To now attempt to have the Constitutional Chamber grant, through the remedy of amparo, what was already denied in interim relief by the ordinary legality judge (the natural judge in these matters) would be equivalent to establishing a parallel dual instance on the same litigious object.

This procedural reality must be analyzed in light of the constitutional distribution of powers between the constitutional judge and the judge overseeing legality. The Constitutional Chamber has expressly delimited the allocation of functions between the constitutional jurisdiction and the administrative litigation jurisdiction. (…).

This is precisely the scenario of the case under review. **Objections to the bidding terms (pliegos de condiciones), the alleged impact of the pricing methodology, the challenges regarding the Executive Order of instruction and the major tenders (licitaciones mayores) themselves, are already being litigated in at least six interim and plenary judicial proceedings before the administrative litigation jurisdiction**, duly identified in the tables shown *ut supra*. In one of those proceedings, the Appeals Court for Administrative and Civil Treasury Matters has issued a general-scope interim measure (medida cautelar), which precisely regulates the validity regime of the enabling titles and ensures the continuity of the service while the public tender is underway and the main litigation is resolved. That is, the specialized jurisdiction is already operating, with full authority to decree and modulate specific interim measures.

This conclusion is reinforced by what was resolved by the Administrative Litigation Court itself in case file **No. 25-001640-1027-CA** (CANARA and others against the State), when analyzing the request for preferential processing. On that occasion, the Second Section **concluded that the object of the proceeding does not constitute** ***"a matter of great significance for the public interest, but rather for the plaintiffs, who in their current condition as concessionaires request the automatic extension*** ***(...) and oppose the bidding procedure that is underway for the allocation of the radio spectrum"*** **(Resolution of 07:47 hours on October 9, 2025)** highlighting that the interest at stake is essentially private and patrimonial, and not one of general scope for the community.

That characterization is projected, *mutatis mutandis*, onto the situation of the appellant CANARTEL: what is discussed in its administrative litigation claim and in this amparo is not the existence of structural censorship or an information blackout imposed by the State, but rather the opposition of a specific group of concessionaires to the replacement of the automatic extension regime with a public tender model, and their aspiration to preserve, through judicial means, enabling titles that the Constitution has always foreseen as temporary.

The **Supreme Electoral Tribunal (Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones)** itself, in Resolution **No. 2267-E8-2025** of April 2, 2025, also delimited the electoral risk linked to the new allocation scheme, ordering the deferral of its material implementation during the 2025-2026 electoral period, but without suspending the processing of the tenders or questioning the competence of the Executive Branch to design them. In that pronouncement, the electoral jurisdiction expressly stated that it lacks competence to review the "legality, pertinence, or timeliness" of the frequency tender model promoted by the Executive Branch, such that any controversy over said regime must be litigated in the administrative litigation jurisdiction. Furthermore, in its "Por tanto C", the TSE itself ordered that, during the electoral period, *"the new scheme shall not be implemented,* ***which does not imply that the process initiated by the cited ministerial portfolio must be suspended; if the respective legal requirements are met, the corresponding extensions, renewals, or awards could be granted*** *"*, (folio 606 of the administrative file No. UCNR-EA-2022-002, emphasis added).

That is, the jurisdiction constitutionally competent in electoral matters has delimited the risk and has expressly authorized the continuation of the process, conditioning only the material implementation of the new scheme during the electoral period. The full suspension of the tender agreed upon in the resolution of ten hours eleven minutes on November twenty-sixth, two thousand twenty-five, exceeds that standard and ends up producing a more restrictive effect than that set by the electoral judge itself.

In close relation to the above, through Executive Decree (Decreto Ejecutivo) No. 45195-MICITT of September 18, 2025, published in Supplement (Alcance) No. 122 to the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 177 of September 23, 2025, the Executive Branch extended the validity of the administrative broadcasting concessions that have been operating since June 28, 2004, until the business day following the date on which the new authorities of the Executive and Legislative Branches are definitively declared by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, keeping the original conditions of the titles unchanged for the administered parties. This normatively ensures that, throughout the entire 2025-2026 electoral process, the radio and television offering remains in its current terms, without an abrupt reduction of options for the citizenry.

Additionally, this Constitutional Chamber has recognized in its own jurisprudence that the public tender is the suitable institutional means to guarantee transparency, equal treatment, and accountability in the allocation of broadcasting frequencies. Resolution **No. 2017-011715** from fifteen hours five minutes on July twenty-sixth, two thousand seventeen, was clear in stating that Article 29 of Law No. 8642 confirms that the enabling title for private parties to use and exploit the radio spectrum is the concession and also establishes the procedure for granting it, in the sense that it must be through a public tender, which must be prepared and instructed by SUTEL, highlighting that this modality is what ensures "a fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory allocation" of the spectrum. Likewise, the constitutionally relevant intervention of the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República) cannot be overlooked. In exercise of the competencies recognized by the Political Constitution - control of the Public Treasury, oversight of administrative contracting, and guardianship of the principle of legality - the Comptroller General heard and resolved the objection appeals filed against the bidding terms for Major Tenders (Licitaciones Mayores) No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, concluding that the challenged clauses conform to the principles of transparency, free concurrence, and equality among bidders, and that fundamental rights are not violated nor are illegitimate barriers to accessing the tender generated. That is, a constitutionally specialized body in the prior and concurrent control of public procurement has endorsed, after a detailed technical-legal examination, the structure of the bidding terms and the compatibility of the tender model with the ordinary legality block.

Among the appellants who resorted to that objection route **was CANARTEL itself, in representation of its associates, so the appellant has not only had access to the administrative litigation jurisdiction, but also to the specialized prior administrative control of the bidding terms (pliegos licitatorios), in both cases without success in its claims.** Furthermore, the Comptroller General concluded that the allegations regarding a violation of freedom of expression are generic and without technical support. In its Resolution No. R-DCP-00077-2025, which resolved the objection appeals filed against Major Tender No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM sound broadcasting), the Comptroller General noted that the appellants claimed, in an abstract manner, that the economic scheme of the bidding terms could affect informative pluralism or exclude cultural or religious operators. **In the case of the objections formulated by CANARTEL, the Comptroller General reiterated this same line of argument**, **pointing out that the criticisms of the economic model and financial requirements were presented in an abstract manner, without identifying specific clauses, without verifiable technical-economic backing, and without a proposal for a normative redesign that would allow evaluating the alleged injury to fundamental rights.** However, the Comptroller Body was categorical in highlighting that:

The allegations do not identify the specific clauses that would produce the alleged impact.

They do not quantify or demonstrate the alleged economic impact They do not provide technical, economic, or market studies that prove a real and not hypothetical barrier.

They do not formulate a concrete claim for modification or adjustment that would allow evaluating the eventual risk.

Therefore, the Comptroller General concluded that these are *"generic claims, insufficient to prove an injury to freedom of expression (...) and therefore, their rejection due to lack of substantiation is warranted"*, maintaining the bidding terms unchanged in all their aspects related to freedom of thought and expression.

The Comptroller General determined that the base prices and the auction mechanism do not affect freedom of expression or access to cultural content. Concordantly, Resolution No. R-DCP-00078-2025, regarding the open and free television tender (Major Tender No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL), reinforces that line of administrative resolution by confirming that it is not demonstrated that the prices defined in the bidding terms injure freedom of thought and expression, nor that they limit access to cultural content.

The Comptroller Body indicated that:

- It is not proven that the base prices or the auction constitute an unjustified barrier to participation.

- There is no evidence that the economic structure of the tender restricts fundamental rights.

- The appellants failed to meet their burden of proof by not providing technical or legal elements that support their claims.

- The objection must be rejected outright, for non-compliance with the substantiation standard required by the General Law of Public Procurement No. 9986 and its Regulations.

This set of administrative and jurisdictional pronouncements highlights two essential elements for the resolution of the present amparo:

- a) The controversies regarding the competitive bidding model, its prices, technical requirements, and patrimonial effects already have open, active, and effective ordinary legality avenues before the Administrative Litigation Jurisdiction, which has all the necessary tools - including measures - injured their subjective legal interests.

- b) There is no, not even in a prior administrative control venue, a *fumus boni iuris* regarding a potential impact on freedom of expression or informative pluralism derived from the bidding terms, since the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic has expressly determined that the allegations in that regard are generic, do not identify specific clauses, lack technical support, and do not reveal unjustified barriers to accessing the tender.

Under such conditions, to expect the Constitutional Chamber to abandon the **principle of self-restraint of the constitutional judge** in order to reopen, through the amparo remedy, a debate already being aired in pending contentious-administrative proceedings and in objection procedures resolved by the Comptroller General's Office, would imply using the amparo remedy as a parallel instance for ordinary legality review, in open contradiction with the provisions of articles 10 and 49 of the Political Constitution and with the consistent jurisprudence of this Court.

Therefore, from a strictly procedural perspective, the present appeal is inserted into a context in which:

* ongoing contentious-administrative proceedings directly discuss the challenged Executive Agreement, the bidding model, and the consequences for specific enabling titles; * the ordinary mechanisms of prior and concurrent control of public procurement have been activated, with firm pronouncements from the Contraloría General de la República; and * a current, direct, and individualized injury to fundamental rights has not been demonstrated, but rather a general and abstract disagreement with a public policy for spectrum management and the modernization of the concession regime.

From this perspective, **the appropriate avenue for discussing the legal, technical, and economic correctness of the public broadcasting tender continues to be, as the Chamber itself has already recognized in its recent jurisprudence, the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction. The amparo remedy cannot be converted into an alternate channel to reconsider those controversies, nor to carry out a legality review that corresponds, exclusively, to the specialized courts.** In summary, in the case of the appellant Nombre02, **three elements concur that reinforce the inadmissibility of the amparo remedy as the main avenue**: **i)** the very administrative decisions it challenges are already the subject of a pending contentious-administrative proceeding (case file no. 25-007887-1027-CA), **in which the requested provisional precautionary measure has been rejected**; **ii)** the contentious-administrative jurisdiction has qualified, in a closely related proceeding (CANARA and others), that the controversy over extensions and the frequency tender responds to a private interest of concessionaires and not to a matter of great importance for the public interest; and **iii)** the Contraloría General de la República has rejected the objections of Nombre02 against the bidding documents for the three tenders, due to a lack of technical substantiation and an absence of evidence regarding a real impact on freedom of expression or information pluralism. Under these circumstances, the amparo appeal becomes an attempt to reopen, through an extraordinary avenue, discussions that already have active and effective ordinary channels, which overflows the function of this Court as a guarantor of fundamental rights and violates the principle of self-restraint of the constitutional judge.

**III.- REGARDING THE FACTS AND ALLEGATIONS PRESENTED BY THE APPELLANT** Regarding the facts and allegations raised in the AMPARO APPEAL brief, I proceed to state the following:

**1.- REGARDING THE INSTRUCTION GIVEN BY THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH TO SUTEL AND THE ALLEGATIONS ABOUT THE GENERAL DESIGN OF THE PUBLIC TENDER** The appellant maintains, in this first argumentative block, that the very origin of the broadcasting tender is unconstitutional due to the manner in which the Executive Branch instructed the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (SUTEL) and due to the general philosophy that allegedly inspired the design of the bidding procedure.

Specifically, it states *"that the Executive Branch, through Executive Agreement no. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, of June 20, 2024, instructed the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (SUTEL) to conduct a bidding process to award all available frequencies linked to the exploitation of: - Sound Broadcasting in Amplitude Modulation (AM). - Sound Broadcasting in Frequency Modulation (FM). - Open, free-to-air Television."* It adds, immediately after, that *"The decision was made in a general and abstract manner, without distinguishing between types of stations (commercial, cultural, religious, community, educational) nor between the situation of current concessions, those in the process of extension, or expired ones."* Later, it maintains that *"Subsequently, through official communication MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, of August 7, 2024, the guidelines directed to SUTEL were expanded, instructing it that the bidding procedure for all frequencies of the broadcasting services in AM, FM, and open television must ensure, among other aspects, that: 'For the case of the selection phase, a vision based on efficiency and market forces must be considered for each of the AM, FM, and television broadcasting services, which ensures an allocation of the radio spectrum subject to that bidding process in a Fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory manner, in accordance with the provisions of Law no. 8642, General Telecommunications Law and the Public Policy of the National Telecommunications Development Plan in force, considering the market value of that scarce resource.'"* Finally, it concludes that *"In practice, the instruction starts from the erroneous assumption that all sound and television broadcasting services are homogeneous and that their assignment must be governed predominantly by a logic of 'market forces' and maximization of the economic value of the spectrum, without recognizing the cultural, religious, community, and social function of a large number of current concessionaires."* Based on these premises, it is necessary to clarify the true scope of Executive Agreement no. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT and of official communication no. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, as well as their insertion into the constitutional, legal, and public policy framework governing the radio spectrum.

**True scope of Executive Agreement no. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT** Starting from what was alleged by the appellant that Executive Agreement no. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT would have generically instructed SUTEL to convene a tender to award all available AM, FM, and open television frequencies, it is essential to remember that said Agreement does not appear in a vacuum, nor does it respond to a discretionary will to "commercialize" broadcasting, but rather it is inserted into a clear normative framework.

In coherence with this constitutional, legal, and conventional framework, the Executive Branch issued Executive Agreement no. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT of June 20, 2024, published in Supplement no. 117 to the Official Gazette La Gaceta no. 116 of June 26, 2024, which, in addition to arising from constitutional and legal compliance, is supported by technical reports prepared by the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (the aforementioned official communications no. 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023 and no. 04180-SUTEL-DGC-2024, approved through Agreements no. 029-070-2023 and no. 004-013-2024 of its Board of Directors) that justify, through prior studies provided for in the sectoral legal system, the need and feasibility of a public tender for the broadcasting services in AM, FM, and TV.

These studies assess coverage, spectrum occupancy, the status of current concessions, potential demand, and market conditions, so that the base prices, technical obligations, and coverage requirements are not exclusionary, but rather the results of a technical-economic valuation of the scarce resource, in line with article 8 of Law no. 8642 (objectives of spectrum planning) and with Annex 13 of the Free Trade Agreement between the Dominican Republic, Central America, and the United States (CAFTA-DR), Law no. 8622, which obligates Costa Rica to assign and use scarce resources (including frequencies) through objective, transparent, and non-discriminatory procedures; that is, through these reports, SUTEL concluded that the need and feasibility of opening the public tender existed. That is, Executive Agreement no. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT is limited to ordering the preparation of future tenders, under rules of transparency and free competition, for a public domain asset whose exploitation has always been temporary.

Thus, when the appellant states that the Executive Branch, through said Agreement, "instructed" SUTEL to conduct a bidding process to award broadcasting frequencies, it describes a correct formal consequence, but omits that the Agreement is an act of general and abstract public domain asset (demanial) planning, as corresponds to the treatment of the radio spectrum as a public domain asset; that its purpose is to execute the mandates of article 121 subsection 14) and 182 of the Political Constitution, of the General Telecommunications Law no. 8642, of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) no. 1758, and of the National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022-2027; and that the design of the tender itself is built upon specialized technical studies from SUTEL, not upon simple political intuition nor upon a reductive logic of economic maximization.

The qualification that *"the decision was made in a general and abstract manner"* made by the appellant, far from evidencing a defect, precisely reflects the character that an act of this nature must have: the Agreement cannot and must not resolve, at that level, particular issues about specific concessionaires, processing statuses, or individual extensions, because those matters are heard in other instruments and procedures (including the contentious-administrative proceedings already underway).

**B. Nature and true content of the Public Policy Guidelines communication issued by this Telecommunications Rectorate, no. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024** Regarding official communication no. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, the appellant highlights only the phrase referring to "a vision based on efficiency and market forces (…) considering the market value of that scarce resource" and, from this partial quote, infers that this Rectorate would have "homogenized" all broadcasting services and subordinated their assignment to a predominantly economic logic.

However, the foregoing is complemented—and decisively nuanced—by the very content of official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 dated August 7, 2024, named "Additional technical guidelines from the Rector Minister in compliance with the provisions of articles 2 and 9 of Executive Agreement no. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT dated June 20, 2024, published in Supplement no. 117 to the Official Gazette La Gaceta no. 116, dated June 26, 2024", which states the following:

*"Given the foregoing, and by reason of the provisions of article 2 of Executive Agreement 063-2024-TEL-MICITT dated June 20, 2024, published in Supplement No 117 to the Official Gazette La Gaceta No 116 of June 26, 2024, related to the instructional procedure for the public tender for the provision of free-to-air sound and television broadcasting service for AM Sound Broadcasting, FM Sound Broadcasting and Television Broadcasting services, corresponding to the frequency segments from 525 kHz to 1705 kHz for the amplitude modulation broadcasting service, from 88 MHz to 108 MHz for the frequency modulation sound broadcasting service, and from 174 MHz to 216 MHz and from 470 MHz to 608 MHz for the television broadcasting service, it is that the Executive Branch, based on the provisions of subsection 1) of article 89 of Law No 6227, General Law of Public Administration, and its amendments, entrusted the Vice-Ministry of Telecommunications, due to the nature of its functions as a specialized entity of the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications (MICITT) in the area of telecommunications, with ensuring the proper application in the bidding process of the Sector's purposes, objectives, and policies. So that, in the bidding process about to begin, the Telecommunications Rectorate complies with the duty provided in subsection c) of article 39 of Law no. 8660, Law for the Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities of the Telecommunications Sector."* In this sense, the guidelines simply conform to legal provisions with the sole purpose of ensuring that a public domain asset (demanial) is efficiently used in favor of the general interest, in absolute respect for the principles governing the telecommunications field. In this sense, the guidelines are limited to establishing general objectives of the tender, which can be clarified further in point 3.

of official communication </span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub">No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024</span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">, dated August 7, 2024, visible on folios 469 to 477 of case file No. UCNR-EA-2022-002, states:</span> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">Regarding the fundamental right of access to telecommunications services</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">: Establish the necessary guarantees to safeguard the legal regime of the rights and interests of end users, in order to ensure the continuity of the sound and television broadcasting service, through suitable mechanisms that allow effective access to this telecommunications service, in favor of freedom of thought, expression, and free information in accordance with the strategic objectives in the PNDT; as well as ensuring that the allocation of spectrum for the provision of broadcasting services is accessible throughout the entire national territory or in the defined coverage area, reaching rural areas, which presupposes the existence of access conditions that are at least similar throughout the territory, so that end users in disadvantaged areas are not discriminated against with disadvantageous quality conditions.</span> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">Regarding spectrum concentration</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">: Consider the inclusion of specific mechanisms that prevent the tender from generating a situation of spectrum concentration regarding sound or television broadcasting services, with a focus on users, effective competition in the Broadcasting Sector, transparency in the stipulations defined in the bidding rules (pliego de condiciones), and the optimization of the scarce resource, guaranteeing a fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory allocation.</span> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">Regarding border coordination</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">: Consideration must be given, as applicable, to previously established border coordination to guarantee that the assigned frequency segments are free from harmful interference. Furthermore, efforts shall be made to ensure that new assignments do not generate interference with the operation of stations in neighboring countries with which border frequency coordination agreements have been established.</span> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">Regarding the definition of coverage areas (action zones): </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Consider that the coverage areas assigned to each bidder declared eligible in the competitive process are carried out in accordance with operating conditions aligned with the principles of science and technique, seeking efficiency in the use of scarce resources, and providing the concessionaires (adjudicatarios) with the possibility of a progressive development of the infrastructure of their broadcasting network. </span> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">Regarding ancillary links: </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Access to the radio spectrum must be guaranteed for the establishment of radio links within the Fixed Service that support these networks, in accordance with the technical conditions established in the "National Frequency Allocation Plan" (Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias) and the network design of the potential concessionaire (adjudicatario). </span>> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">Regarding the optimal use of the radio spectrum: </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Guarantee the granting of the radio spectrum in a way that ensures its optimal use, by considering the national and/or regional coverage obligations, in accordance with the coverage areas defined by the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones for each concessionaire, according to the proposed network design. </span> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">Regarding the reserve of 24 MHz for television broadcasting established in the National Telecommunications Development Plan (Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones): </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Consider that as part of the provisions of the National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022-2027 "Costa Rica: Towards inclusive digital disruption," in "Strategic Area 2: Radio Spectrum for Competitiveness," Target 9 establishes: "Execute the process to have 24 MHz reserved by the State for television broadcasting services for the purpose of attending to local and national needs, by 2025," provided that there is demand for this resource, in accordance with the guiding principle of optimization of scarce resources. </span> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">Regarding the public tender (concurso público) to be conducted: </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Guarantee that no entry barriers are established that prevent interested parties from submitting their bids, but rather promote effective competition; also aim for maximum economic efficiency in order to avoid excessive expenditure by bidders in relation to the administrative procedures necessary to compete and participate in the tender; guarantee publicity and transparency in the provisions established in the bidding rules (pliego de condiciones) of the tenders to be promoted; consider the principles that guide administrative simplification processes to define clear and objective rules, promote inter-institutional cooperation, as well as the principles of good faith, transparency, procedural economy, legality, publicity, celerity, efficiency, and effectiveness of administrative activity. </span> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">Regarding the guiding principle of environmental sustainability: </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">The public tender must consider the harmonization of the use and exploitation of networks and the provision of sound and television broadcasting services in favor of environmental sustainability and a healthy environment, so that new technologies promote a more efficient use of energy resources. The proper management of technological waste is a necessity and an obligation to seek the reduction of its impact on the environment. Therefore, compliance must be ensured at all times with the provisions of Law No. 8839, Integrated Waste Management Law (Ley para la Gestión Integral de Residuos). </span> Overall, the Public Policy issued by this Governing Body shows that the reference to "efficiency" and "market forces" cited by the appellant is just one element within a bundle of objectives that include continuity of service, territorial access, prevention of concentration, absence of entry barriers, user protection, and environmental sustainability.

Far from "homogenizing" broadcasting services or ignoring their cultural, religious, or community function, the guidelines are based on the logic that spectrum must be allocated fairly, equitably, independently, transparently, and non-discriminatorily, with special attention to users in rural areas and disadvantaged sectors. The emphasis on avoiding entry barriers and promoting effective competition is incompatible with the appellant's thesis that the design responds to a will of structural exclusion.

**C.** **Regarding the alleged homogenization of services** Based on the preceding citations, the appellant concludes that in practice, the instruction of the Executive Branch (Poder Ejecutivo) and the guidelines of this Governing Body "start from the erroneous assumption that all sound and television broadcasting services are homogeneous and that their allocation must be governed predominantly by a logic of 'market forces' and maximization of the economic value of spectrum." However, neither Executive Agreement (Acuerdo Ejecutivo) No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, nor official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, introduces any statement to the effect that all stations are "homogeneous" in terms of their programming or social function.

What they do establish is that, since spectrum is a constitutional public domain asset (bien de dominio público) owned by the Nation, its allocation must be carried out through a public tender (concurso público) with objective, transparent, and non-discriminatory criteria, without selecting concessionaires based on their editorial, religious, or cultural content; and that, furthermore, the design of the tender must avoid spectrum concentration, ensure service continuity, guarantee access throughout the entire territory, especially rural areas, and prevent entry barriers. In other words, the appellant mischaracterizes as "homogenization" what is actually the State's neutrality regarding the content and management models of concessionaires. The constitutional, legal, and international legal framework prevents the Executive Branch (Poder Ejecutivo) from establishing advantages, quotas, or differentiated fees based on whether a media outlet is cultural, religious, community, or commercial, without incurring indirect discrimination and without compromising freedom of expression.

That the tender does not distinguish in its economic rules between stations according to their editorial line does not mean denying the cultural or religious function of many operators; it means recognizing that the State cannot allocate spectrum under ideological or confessional criteria. This difference is key: what the appellant presents as an alleged defect ("treating everyone the same") is, in reality, the reflection of the principle of equality and non-discrimination that binds the State in telecommunications matters.

From the foregoing, it is evident that the appellant's argumentative construction stems from a fragmentary reading of the instruments it challenges. The citations made from Executive Agreement (Acuerdo Ejecutivo) No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT and from official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 are partial and do not reflect the integral content of those acts, nor the technical-legal context in which they are inserted. Far from configuring an alleged "mercantilist model" of broadcasting, Executive Agreement (Acuerdo Ejecutivo) No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT is limited to fulfilling the constitutional and legal mandate to order the preparation of public tenders (concursos públicos) for the allocation of a public domain asset (bien de dominio público), in accordance with the public domain regime (régimen demanial) of the radio spectrum and with the international commitments undertaken by Costa Rica regarding the administration of scarce resources. It must also be remembered that its technical basis, in accordance with the sectoral legal framework, stems from Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law (Ley General de Telecomunicaciones), which provides for the approval of the preliminary studies of need and feasibility rendered by SUTEL, regarding which it is stipulated:

*“ARTICLE 1.- APPROVE the technical opinions forwarded by official communication No. 10091-SUTEL-SCS-2023 dated November 29, 2023, through which the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones, forwarded the technical opinion issued via official communication No. 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023 dated November 21, 2023, approved by Agreement of its Council No. 029-070-2023, adopted in ordinary session No. 070-2023, held on November 23, 2023, and official communication No. 04542-SUTEL-SCS-2024 dated May 31, 2024, through which the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones, forwarded the technical opinion issued via official communication No. 04180-SUTEL-DGC-2024 dated May 21, 2024, approved by Agreement of its Council No. 004-013-2024, adopted in extraordinary session No. 013-2024, held on May 31, 2024, regarding the specific elements for the decision to initiate the public tender (concurso público), by virtue of the absence of reasons of public order or national interest that support departing from said recommendation of the Technical Body, and in this way promote the realization of the competitive process indicated below, given that the need for it exists, as determined by the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones in the technical opinions in question, as well as the technical, legal, and market feasibility analyzed in this report.”* For its part, official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 does not homogenize broadcasting services nor subordinate them exclusively to "market forces," but rather articulates the economic dimension of efficient spectrum use with clear objectives of service continuity, effective access throughout the entire national territory - including rural areas -, prevention of concentration, elimination of unjustified entry barriers, user protection, and environmental sustainability.

Therefore, the statement by Nombre02 to the effect that the instruction of the Executive Branch (Poder Ejecutivo) "disregards" the cultural, religious, community, and social function of numerous concessionaires finds no objective support in the contested texts. It is, rather, a fragmented reading that omits the guidelines expressly aimed at safeguarding pluralism, access, and non-discrimination in the provision of the free-to-air sound and television broadcasting service. Likewise, it overlooks the **National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022-2027** (Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones 2022-2027), the instrument of public policy par excellence that defines the sectoral roadmap and develops the mandates of Article 2 of Law No. 8642 regarding efficient spectrum management and the promotion of competition.

It sets as a central objective **to strengthen sound and television broadcasting services** as vehicles to guarantee pluralism, promote cultural diversity, and ensure free access to information. To this is added a specific line of action aimed at **"reinforcing the benefits that open and free broadcasting services provide to the country (…) enabling an operation that allows its use by the largest possible number of people, as well as creating mechanisms so that current concessionaires can fulfill the provision of the service in accordance with their enabling titles (títulos habilitantes)"**. This directive shows that open broadcasting is not conceived as a benefit reserved for a specific group of operators, but as a private service of public interest whose scope, efficiency, and diversity must be expanded.

In this context, the decision of the Executive Branch (Poder Ejecutivo) and SUTEL to convene public tenders (concursos públicos) for the allocation of broadcasting frequencies does not constitute an isolated or unprogrammed act, but rather the direct implementation of the goals and strategies outlined in the PNDT. Far from disregarding the social role of concessionaires, this sectoral planning reaffirms that a modern and competitive management of the spectrum—through objective, transparent, and open processes—is the ideal path to ensure that open and free broadcasting continues to fulfill its constitutional function of promoting culture, information, and democratic participation.

This first allegation, therefore, does not demonstrate a current, direct, and individualized injury to fundamental rights, but rather a disagreement with the public policy of spectrum management through an objective, transparent, and non-discriminatory public tender (concurso público), a mechanism that the constitutional and legal framework not only enables but imposes as the ordinary channel for the allocation of broadcasting frequencies.

**2.- REGARDING THE ALLEGATIONS RELATED TO THE DIFFERENTIATED LEGAL NATURE OF BROADCASTING** The appellant relies on Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law (Ley General de Telecomunicaciones) No. 8642 to affirm, in the first place, that *“(...) it establishes that: ‘The utilization of sound and television broadcasting, due to its informative, cultural, and recreational aspects, constitutes a private activity of public interest. The granting of concessions and the provision of broadcasting and television services will continue to be governed by the provisions of the Radio Law, No. 1758, of June 19, 1954, its reforms, and its Regulations. Sutel shall be responsible for carrying out the activities and studies necessary to prepare the concession tender (concurso) and recommend to the Executive Branch (Poder Ejecutivo) whether or not to grant these concessions. The sound or television broadcasting services defined in this article are free-to-air; these are understood as conventional sound or television broadcasting services, of commercial, educational, or cultural programming, which can be freely received by the general public, without payment of subscription fees, and whose signals are transmitted in one direction to multiple simultaneous reception points.’”.* On that basis, it maintains that “This provision expressly recognizes that free-to-air sound and television broadcasting can be of commercial, educational, or cultural programming, and that it is a private activity of public interest, not a purely mercantile service” and concludes that “An interpretation compatible with the Constitution requires, therefore, treating stations differently according to their nature and purpose.” This reasoning, however, pushes Article 29 further than its text—and the applicable block of constitutionality and conventionality—really allow.

It is true that the norm classifies sound and television broadcasting as a "private activity of public interest" and refers to the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 for the specific regime of service provision; but from this no constitutional or legal mandate emerges, either expressly or implicitly, to design public tenders with economic, technical, or legal conditions differentiated according to the content (commercial, educational, cultural, religious) or the subjective purpose of whoever exploits the frequency.

In the initial framework of this report, it has already been stated that broadcasting forms part of the Telecommunications Sector and is supported, like any other wireless service, by a constitutional public domain good: the radio spectrum. As the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (Procuraduría General de la República) has indicated (opinions C-89-2010, C-280-2011, and C-110-2016), broadcasting is a type of telecommunication, insofar as it constitutes a radiocommunication transmitted by radio waves, and this also follows from the definitions of "telecommunications," "telecommunications network," and "telecommunications services" provided in Article 6 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, which expressly include the networks and services used for sound and television broadcasting.

That broadcasting is legally classified as a "private activity of public interest" implies, on the one hand, that its provision corresponds in principle to private operators; and, on the other, that the State cannot disregard its regulation, given its direct impact on fundamental rights such as freedom of expression, access to information, and access to telecommunications. However, that classification does not distort its nature as a telecommunications service nor alter the public domain regime of the radio spectrum, much less displaces the guiding principles of the sector established in the Constitution, in international instruments, and in Law No. 8642, among them the efficient use of the spectrum, transparency, free competition, and, notably, the principle of non-discrimination. Consequently, the legal framework of telecommunications prevents the design of regulatory or economic conditions that favor one operator or group of operators to the detriment of other potentially interested parties, which is fully applicable to broadcasting services.

From all of the above, it follows that broadcasting is subject to a mixed legal regime, deliberately configured by the legislator. On the one hand, the Radio Law No. 1758 continues to regulate aspects specific to the granting of concessions and the provision of free-access broadcasting service; but, on the other hand, Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 expressly subjects the networks that serve as support for said services to its provisions regarding the planning, administration, and control of the radio spectrum, access, interconnection, and sectoral competition regime. In these areas, therefore, one cannot speak of a normative gap or of a need to "integrate" the legal system: the legislator itself decided to remove these matters from the Radio Law and subject them directly to the modern sectoral telecommunications regime, so that what is legally correct is to simply apply the norms of Law No. 8642.

This configuration, as has been repeatedly recognized by the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic, confirms that broadcasting does not constitute an isolated subsystem alien to the guiding principles of the sector, but rather a service modality that must adjust—at least regarding spectrum, networks, and competition—to the objectives and principles of the General Telecommunications Law: optimization of scarce resources, objective and transparent allocation, free competition, efficiency, and non-discrimination. Consequently, the use and reallocation of frequencies, the organization of the market, and the control of potential concentrations in broadcasting must be assessed under this normative framework, which excludes the thesis of a supposed "legal vacuum" that would enable privileged treatment or exceptions in favor of a specific group of operators.

This understanding has been expressly confirmed by the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic in its binding opinion No. C-110-2016, by stating that "there is no doubt that, at the international level, broadcasting, because it is radiocommunication, is telecommunication. (...) Sound and television broadcasting networks (...) are telecommunications networks and the broadcasting service is a telecommunications service as long as it is provided through those networks," a criterion that links with previous opinions in which it had already been affirmed that "given the breadth of the definition of the term telecommunications, there can be no doubt that broadcasting is a type of telecommunications." Based on this, the Attorney General's Office itself concludes that, although the broadcasting service remains subject to the Radio Law, "the legislator ordered the Radio Law to remain in force [...], therefore the legal regime is mixed." (Emphasis added).

That mixed regime has very clear legal consequences: on the one hand, broadcasting maintains certain historical rules of its own (such as programmatic categories, some aspects of service operation, and references to specific exemptions); but, on the other hand—and this is decisive for the case—the management of the radio spectrum, the concessionary nature of its use, the temporality of the concessions, the need for a public tender, and the objectives of efficiency, transparency, rational and non-discriminatory use are governed by the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642. This is synthesized by opinion No. C-110-2016 when it concludes "that broadcasting networks are regulated by the General Telecommunications Law and must be subject to the objectives and principles that govern telecommunications," such that "the use of a frequency for broadcasting could not be granted if that use does not satisfy the objective of optimizing the radio spectrum and its rational, efficient, transparent, and non-discriminatory exploitation." From this perspective, the referral of Article 29 to the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 cannot be read—as the appellant does—as a shield against the modern public domain regime of the radio spectrum, nor as an authorization to perpetuate concessions or to subtract broadcasting from the general regime of public tenders. On the contrary, the Attorney General's Office starts from the premise that the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 operates in the absence of specific regulation and in what is not incompatible with the objectives and principles of Law No. 8642. When there is a subsequent sectoral norm that sets maximum time limits, imposes the tender as a rule for the exploitation of public domain goods, and defines spectrum planning objectives, that norm—due to its special and subsequent nature—frames the interpretation of the historical regime without denaturing it, but does set limits compatible with the Political Constitution (Article 46, Article 121 subsection 14 sub-subsection c., and Article 182).

The normative evolution that followed the issuance of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 confirms this understanding. The Radiocommunications Regulation, Executive Decree No. 31608-G, of June 28, 2004, introduced in a generalized manner the figure of the concession for the exploitation of radiocommunication services, set maximum validity periods—including twenty years for open or subscription sound or television broadcasting services—and subjected their granting to a public tender. The Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional), in resolutions No. 02997-2006 and No. 04569-2008, expressly endorsed that turn, recalling that Article 121 subsection 14 of the Political Constitution only requires that the exploitation of public domain goods be "for a limited time" and that the Radiocommunications Regulation, by setting time limits and providing for an extension under reasonable limits, makes that mandate effective without violating acquired rights or consolidated legal situations.

Through Transitory Provision IV of the Radiocommunications Regulation No. 31608-G, those time limits were also applied to pre-existing broadcasting licenses, providing that the time limits of Article 30 would begin to run "from the effective date of this Regulation." This meant that open broadcasting concessions valid as of June 28, 2004, were subject to a maximum term of twenty years counted from that date, that is, until June 28, 2024. The Constitutional Chamber classified this adaptation as a way of protecting acquired rights and consolidated legal situations, not as a violation of them, because it precisely provided temporal certainty to concessions that until then were projected as practically perpetual.

In that same line, opinion No. C-110-2016 takes up Article 24 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, which sets a general term of fifteen years, extendable up to twenty-five, for concessions of public networks, as an "indication of what the norm should be in the case of the concession of a broadcasting network," concluding that when a concession for broadcasting is put out to tender, "the term should not exceed fifteen years, extendable up to twenty-five." With this, the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic not only recognizes the full applicability of Law No. 8642 to the use of the spectrum for broadcasting, but also reinforces the idea that the automatic extension of Article 25 of the Radio Law must be interpreted today in a manner compatible with the public domain nature, the temporal limits, and the principle of non-perpetuity of concessions.

Consequently, to maintain that the nature of private activity of public interest would imply a right to practically indefinite extensions or to the exclusion of broadcasting from the general regime of public tenders is frontally incompatible with the consolidated jurisprudence of the Constitutional Chamber and with the binding criterion of the Attorney General's Office. The mixed regime spoken of in opinion No. C-110-2016 is not a way to weaken subjection to the public domain regime, but rather a mechanism of articulation between a historical law (Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758) and a modern sectoral law (General Telecommunications Law No. 8642), in the sense that the latter sets the parameters for planning, allocating, and controlling the spectrum to which any broadcasting concession must adjust, whatever its programmatic content.

The very wording of Article 29 of Law No. 8642 is revealing: while it recognizes the "informative, cultural, and recreational" aspects of broadcasting, it keeps intact the rule according to which SUTEL "shall carry out the activities and the necessary studies to prepare the concession tender and recommend to the Executive Branch the granting or not of these concessions." That is, the legislator reaffirms that the enabling title to exploit the spectrum continues to be the administrative concession granted through a public tender, subject to the general interest and the guiding principles of Law No. 8642, and not a privileged category of exploitation differentiated by content or business model.

In this context, it is particularly striking that CANARTEL, fully aware that the technical and regulatory powers exercised in the design of the tenders are exclusive, inalienable, and non-transferable to SUTEL (Article 66.1 of the General Law of Public Administration, in relation to Article 29 of Law No. 8642), has decided not to include said regulatory body as a respondent authority. This procedural omission is not neutral: it artificially shifts the focus of the debate toward the Executive Branch and seeks to weaken the comprehensive defense of the sectoral regulatory scheme, in a proceeding in which, by normative mandate, the Sector Stewardship (Rectoría del Sector) and SUTEL intervene in distinct and complementary phases of the bidding process for the management of the broadcasting spectrum.

Neither does the referral to the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 nor to the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 enable the consequence that the appellant seeks. It is true that the legal system distinguishes, for descriptive and regulatory purposes, between commercial stations and cultural stations (the latter with programming intended for educational, religious, and/or cultural content), and even provides for concrete benefits such as tax exemptions for broadcasters whose exclusive purpose is cultural dissemination and who do not carry remunerated advertising. But that differentiation operates on specific levels (tax, programmatic, service classification), not in the configuration of the public domain regime of the spectrum nor in the state obligation to assign frequencies through objective, transparent, and non-discriminatory procedures.

The appellant's thesis implies, in practice, converting a programmatic classification into a structural criterion for designing tenders and setting participation requirements, such that the Administration would have to establish different fees, technical obligations, and access conditions depending on whether the concessionaire self-defines as "cultural," "religious," "educational," "community," or "commercial." A scheme of that nature not only lacks express support in Article 29 of Law No. 8642, but would also raise serious problems regarding the principle of equality and non-discrimination of Article 33 of the Constitution and the principle of sectoral non-discrimination contained in Article 3 subsection g) of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 itself.

From the perspective of fundamental rights, what the constitutional block demands is that the State organize access to the spectrum with general, objective, and neutral rules, which do not discriminate on ideological, religious, cultural, or economic grounds and which avoid both arbitrary exclusion and the capture of the resource in the hands of a few operators. The mandate is not to economically protect certain types of concessionaires, but to guarantee that they can compete under equal conditions, with full freedom of editorial line and without interference in their content. The protection of pluralism, cultural diversity, and freedom of worship is satisfied through transparent tenders, uniform access rules, anti-concentration mechanisms, service continuity, and positive coverage obligations, not through differentiated economic regimes that privilege some operators over others due to the nature of their programming.

Furthermore, identifying broadcasting as a private activity of public interest does not convert the radio spectrum into a good available at the measure of particular business or financing models (advertising, donations, patronage, contributions from the faithful, etc.). The radio spectrum continues to be a constitutional good of the Nation, inalienable and imprescriptible; and the Administration, when setting base prices, coverage obligations, and minimum requirements, must attend to the economic value of the resource, its efficient use, the structure of the market, and the maximization of user welfare, not to ensuring the financial viability of each specific operator. To claim that Article 29 of Law No. 8642 obliges modulating prices or technical requirements based on the subjective purpose of each station would mean, in practice, constitutionalizing a regime of sectoral privileges that the legal text itself does not contain. In that line, the argument that "An interpretation compatible with the Constitution requires, therefore, treating stations differently according to their nature and purpose" transfers to the constitutional level a public policy option that, in any case, would correspond to the legislator and the Regulatory Body to define, within the margins of the principle of equality. The Constitutional Chamber cannot, through an amparo appeal, rewrite Article 29 of Law No. 8642 or the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 to impose a system of tenders segmented by type of programming, much less order a redesign of the economic and technical model of the bids based on a sectoral preference.

Moreover, as has already been detailed when analyzing Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT and official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, the public policy adopted in no way disregards the cultural, social, or religious dimension of broadcasting. On the contrary, this Stewardship has incorporated specific guidelines to guarantee service continuity, effective access throughout the territory—including rural areas—, prevention of spectrum concentration, absence of unjustified entry barriers, publicity and transparency of the tenders, international technical coordination, and environmental sustainability. All of this is aimed at ensuring that more people, in more places, can access open, free, and quality broadcasting services, regardless of whether the programming is commercial, cultural, educational, or religious.

Therefore, the fact that broadcasting is a private activity of public interest and that the legal system recognizes programmatic categories such as commercial or cultural does not imply, nor can it reasonably be interpreted as, a constitutional mandate to establish tenders with differentiated participation conditions by nature or purpose of the station. What the normative block requires is that access to the spectrum be organized through objective, non-discriminatory, and transparent tenders, which respect pluralism and diversity, but without creating privileges or exceptional regimes based on the content of the message. The appellant's allegations, on this point, do not prove a current and direct violation of freedom of expression, informative pluralism, or equality, but rather express a disagreement with the legitimate choice of the legislator and the regulator to subject all broadcasting operators—commercial, cultural, or religious—to the same public domain regime and the same general rules of access to the spectrum.

3.- REGARDING THE ALLEGATIONS OF NORMATIVE DIFFERENTIATION IN THE RADIO LAW (WIRELESS SERVICES) NO. 1758 AND THE REGULATION TO THE GENERAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW NO.

Hence, the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República) kept the bidding terms intact regarding freedom of expression, equality of opportunity, and free competition.

Precisely because those exclusions have a specific legal basis, the Comptroller General of the Republic validated that the remaining frequencies be subjected to a single, objective, and neutral procedure, without additional segmentations by type of programming. Extending that exception regime to create contests tailored to certain categories of private operators would mean overstepping the current legal framework and opening the door to allocation decisions based on content, which would be incompatible with freedom of expression and with Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 itself.

On the contrary, the available evidence points in the opposite direction from what the appellant suggests. The case file for the contests itself accredited the participation of multiple religious bidders, both in AM and FM (Asociación Internacional Pasión por las Almas, Asociación Sistema de Telecomunicaciones de la Iglesia Adventista del Sétimo Día de Costa Rica, Asociación Misión Carismática Internacional de Cartago, Asociación de Comunicaciones Faro del Caribe, Asociación Radio María), as well as regional broadcasters that competed in non-national coverage bands.

If the design of the bidding terms had truly erected "insurmountable barriers" for these actors, effective and plural participation by religious and regional radio stations in the various tenders would hardly have occurred. It is also important to emphasize that the sector regulations do not allow, much less require, that the Executive Branch or SUTEL define quotas by editorial line (commercial, religious, critical, aligned, etc.) within the same contest. Both the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 and its Regulations focus on guaranteeing principles of fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory allocation of the spectrum, promoting competition and the efficient use of a scarce resource.

The classification in Article 97 of Executive Decree No. 34765-MINAET is not an invitation to politically segment the spectrum, but a technical tool for organizing network obligations and characteristics. Turning it into a content-based quota system would be equivalent to distorting its purpose and opening the door to ideological selection mechanisms incompatible with freedom of expression and the prohibition of prior censorship.

From this perspective, the alleged absence of differentiated treatment in the bidding terms does not, in reality, constitute a defect, but a constitutional requirement of neutrality and equal treatment. Telecommunications regulation (including free-to-air sound and television broadcasting) is aimed at ensuring objective conditions of access, continuity, quality, and efficient spectrum use; the assessment of content (when a program is cultural, educational, or suitable for minors) is reserved for other instruments, such as the **Public Entertainment Law No. 7440** and its enforcement bodies. Forcing the bidding terms to favor certain content through more lenient requirements or differentiated prices based on the message would imply direct state interference in the editorial line of the media, precisely what the constitutional framers and the legislator have sought to avoid.

In other terms, MICITT and SUTEL administer the radio spectrum and telecommunications networks, but they do not select or rank the content that concessionaires decide to broadcast. The competitive procedure defines who, meeting objective suitability and solvency requirements, obtains a title to use a frequency; it does not define what messages should circulate on that frequency nor grant reinforced status to certain editorial lines. Transforming the design of the bidding terms into an instrument to preserve, favor, or shield stations based on the type of programming they offer would mean reintroducing, through an indirect means, a content filter in the allocation of frequencies, contrary to Articles 28, 29, and 121, subsection 14) of the Political Constitution, as well as the prohibition of prior censorship in Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

Finally, one must not lose sight of the fact that the contested tenders are part of a context of structural transition: the move away from a scheme of indefinite extensions (which in practice generated perpetual titles) toward a model of temporary concessions, subject to public tender, as required by Article 121, subsection 14), of the Political Constitution and as repeatedly requested by the Comptroller General of the Republic itself.

In this transition, it is legitimate for the State to establish minimum technical requirements, oversight mechanisms, and economic valuations consistent with the public domain nature of the spectrum. As long as such conditions are general, objective, and not proven to operate as unjustified barriers directed against a specific group—which has not occurred here—one cannot speak of a current and direct injury to freedom of expression, equality, or media diversity, but at most, of a disagreement with the regulatory option of ordering the spectrum through public tender and efficient use, an option that has already been declared compatible with the Political Constitution by the Constitutional Chamber and by the external control bodies.

**5.- REGARDING THE ALLEGATIONS OF ECONOMIC BARRIER** To the extent that the allegation of *"economic barrier"* is directed against the very design of the bidding terms for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV), the first thing that must be pointed out is that this design was precisely reviewed, in light of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 and the General Public Procurement Law No. 9986, by the Comptroller General of the Republic in resolutions **No. R-DCP-00076-20252, No. R-DCP-00077-20253, and No. R-DCP-00078-20254**, in response to objections raised by the National Chamber of Radio and Television (CANARTEL) itself. That is, the thesis that the auction scheme, the base prices, and the cash flow and IRR requirements would be, in and of themselves, a disproportionate barrier for small or cultural broadcasters was already tested before the body constitutionally charged with controlling the legality of the bidding terms, and it did not succeed.

In the three bidding terms, the economic mechanism is clearly structured in **Chapter VI** ***"Evaluation of bids and award recommendation"***. For AM, FM, and TV, a staggered procedure is envisioned: first, verification of admissibility requirements and the preparation of a list of economic bids; then, a one-business-day bidding phase in which each bidder may submit a single improvement to their economic bid, which must be higher than the initial one; finally, the identification of the winning bids and the analysis of the technical projects. This is set forth, for example, in clauses **31.2.1 to 31.2.4** of the FM and TV bidding terms, which regulate the list of bids, the communication to bidders, and the bidding phase, including the requirement that the improved bid be higher than the previous one.

Consistent with the above, the determination of the base prices did not respond to a discretionary decision by the Executive Branch, but to spectrum economic valuation studies prepared by SUTEL based on internationally accepted parameters. Specifically, through official communication **No. 08138-SUTEL-DGM-2025** dated August 27, 20255, *"Report on the economic valuation of the spectrum for sound and television broadcasting services"*, it was defined that the estimation of the base price had to be complemented by a reasonableness analysis, from a technical and economic perspective, ensuring that the valuation did not become an entry barrier and that the resulting prices were consistent with the national reality, following the methodology proposed by **Lewin, D. et al. (2013)6**, prepared for the GSMA in the independent study *"Economic Value of Spectrum Use in Europe"*. This study estimates that, **in comparative terms, reasonable payments for spectrum use are located, as a general rule, within an approximate margin of between five percent (5%) and twenty percent (20%) of the total economic value of the bands.** The reasonableness analysis carried out by SUTEL demonstrates that the base prices defined in the bidding terms for broadcasting **are below the estimated net economic value of the spectrum and within that internationally accepted range, which shows that the established amounts are proportional and do not constitute, in and of themselves, an entry barrier**, but rather a mechanism compatible with the objectives of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT and with the sound administration of the radio spectrum. Indeed, the technical opinion **No. 08138-SUTEL-DGM-2025** determines that, in television, the proposed base price represents only **12.19%** of the net economic value of the spectrum per concession, and in sound broadcasting, **6.48%**, both clearly within the 5% to 20% interval identified as reasonable.

This valuation must, furthermore, be appreciated in light of the term of the enabling titles. In accordance with **clause 47** of the three bidding terms (AM, FM, and TV) and with the provisions of Article 24 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, concessions for the use and exploitation of the spectrum for broadcasting networks are granted for an initial term of fifteen (15) years, extendable at the request of a party for up to a period that, added to the initial term and the extensions, does not exceed twenty-five (25) years. This implies that the base price defined in the valuation opinion constitutes a single consideration for the right to exploit a high-value public domain asset over a broad time horizon, of up to two and a half decades, such that, from an economic-financial perspective, the annualized burden of that payment is reduced in relation to the estimated net economic value of the radio spectrum and the expected cash flows from operating the service. It can hardly be qualified, in and of itself, as a disproportionate *"economic barrier"*.

It is also appropriate to clarify that the adopted mechanism corresponds to a **sealed-bid auction with a single round of bidding**, in which all bidders whose bids are technically and legally admissible retain the right to obtain a concession. **The economic bidding only determines which specific frequency is awarded to each bidder (from among those available in the tendered block), but it does not constitute an exclusionary filter that deprives those who submit valid bids of a concession.** Under these conditions, the competitive scheme does not function as an *entry barrier* but as a neutral mechanism for efficient allocation among several equivalent frequencies within the same tender.

Additionally, the price structure distinguishes between national networks and regional networks according to the official regionalization defined by MIDEPLAN. In national networks, the operation of a network composed of twelve (12) transmitters is required, which operates as the minimum deployment standard to cover all regions of the country, without prejudice to the concessionaire being able to install a larger number if their network design so requires. In regional networks, the bidding terms start from the obligation to install at least two (2) transmitters per region, in accordance with the technical analysis incorporated into SUTEL's technical opinion, official communication **No. 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025**. The difference in base prices precisely reflects this objective disparity in potential coverage, such that the higher amount for national networks responds to a greater reach and associated economic capacity of those concessions, and not to unequal or arbitrary treatment compared to regional operators.

Far from being a *"purely financial logic"*, as the appellant indicates, it is the competitive auction model that the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 itself enables for the allocation of scarce resources, aligned with ITU standards to maximize transparency, participation, and efficiency in spectrum use. The element of the *base price* cannot be caricatured as a barrier designed against cultural broadcasters or small broadcasters either. In AM, clause 32 sets base prices per station according to bandwidth (for example, 10 kHz for $9,653 and 30 kHz for $28,959—in digital, IBOC standard—), expressly stating that the base price is final and will not be modified or updated. In FM and TV, the same approach is taken, with tables that differentiate base prices by MIDEPLAN region and by regional or national scope.

These values were not set arbitrarily: during the bidding terms' drafting phase, the need for the technical commission to provide the SUTEL Council with the *"due justification and technical analysis for the definition of the base price"* was discussed, as expressly recorded in the document addressing observations to the draft bidding terms, technical opinion **No. 06369-SUTEL-DGC-2025** of July 11, 2025, approved by the SUTEL Council through Agreement No. 005-048-2025 of the extraordinary session No. 048-2025 of August 29, 2025.

The Comptroller General of the Republic, upon reviewing CANARTEL's objections to the three bidding terms, did not annul or reform that design, thereby endorsing the use of base prices derived from technical-economic studies, as required by the General Public Procurement Law No. 9986.

Regarding the criticism that the scheme "imposes a market value" on the spectrum above the economic reality of current concessionaires, it should be recalled that the radio spectrum is a constitutionally protected public domain asset, and that the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 requires its rational, efficient, objective, and non-discriminatory exploitation (Arts. 2 and 3). The setting of uniform base prices by band and region responds precisely to those mandates and prevents a strategic public resource from being captured through merely symbolic values, disconnected from its true economic and social value.

It must also be noted that when the State originally granted titles to many of the concessionaires currently operating, there was no payment at all, or the consideration was minimal, limited to the outdated annual broadcasting tax, whose rates the Attorney General's Office has repeatedly qualified as derisory compared to the strategic nature of the resource. That historical circumstance—the absence of initial consideration or the existence of a merely nominal economic obligation—does not generate an acquired right to perpetuate that treatment when the State, in compliance with the Political Constitution and Law No. 8642, decides to subject the spectrum to a competitive, objective, and transparent procedure. The contrary would imply consolidating indefinite privileges and distorting the public domain regime of the spectrum, access to which must be guaranteed under conditions of equality, efficiency, and real competition.

Nor is the assertion correct that the financial conditions are based on a *"purely commercial"* logic incompatible with cultural or religious broadcasters. The three bidding terms include—in the admissibility requirements section—the obligation to present financial statements and a ten-year projected cash flow that allows calculating the **Net Present Value** (**NPV**)—see clauses 12.2.2.4 of the three bidding terms—and the **Internal Rate of Return** (**IRR**) of the project—see clauses 12.2.2.5 of the three bidding terms. That is, the cash flow and the NPV/IRR metrics are used as proof of project viability, not as a comparative criterion to exclude those with a different financial structure.

On this same point, the Comptroller General of the Republic itself, upon hearing the challenge to the bidding documents of AM (Major Tender No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL) by CANARTEL, specifically analyzed the objection to the financial requirements (requisitos financieros), clause 12.2.2.1 (Resolution No. R-DCP-00077-2025 of 09:22 hours on November 3, 2025), where the obligation to present cash flow, NPV, and IRR was located, and concluded that the appellant did not provide concrete reasoning as to why such clauses would be illegal or disproportionate, limiting itself to a generic argument. Therefore, it declared this part of the appeal unfounded, based on the duty of special motivation for objection appeals under the General Public Procurement Law No. 9986.7 Consequently, the controlling body left the cash flow and NPV/IRR requirements untouched, implicitly recognizing their compatibility with the legality framework applicable to public procurement. From a material perspective, Nombre02's objection is also unsustainable: requiring that the project present a positive NPV and an IRR higher than the discount rate does not imply that all stations must operate under a profit-maximization logic. It simply means that any broadcasting initiative—commercial, cultural, religious, or community—must demonstrate minimum financial viability (viabilidad financiera mínima), that is, the capacity to sustain its operations over time from its own sources of income (advertising, donations, contributions from the faithful, patronage, agreements, among others).

This is even more relevant considering that whoever exploits a radioelectric frequency is in a special subjection relationship (relación de sujeción especial) with the State, derived from the use of a constitutional public domain asset (bien demanial constitucional) whose exploitation must always be oriented towards the public interest. Within this framework, the granting Administration has the legal duty to objectively verify the suitability of the offeror (verificar objetivamente la idoneidad del oferente) as a qualified subject to fulfill the obligations of the enabling title and guarantee the continuity and quality of the service. This is imposed by the General Public Procurement Law No. 9986, which obliges the contracting body to ensure that the eventual concessionaire possesses the real capacity to execute what it commits to. Awarding a concession for the use of the spectrum—a scarce and strategic resource—to a project that, according to its own financial plan, is structurally unviable, would be openly contrary to the principle of good administration and the constitutional regime of public domain.

Note, moreover, that a good part of the questions raised by Nombre02 in this process refer directly to aspects whose definition, motivation, and technical support correspond exclusively to SUTEL, by virtue of the inalienable and non-transferable powers that the legal system assigns to it in matters of tender design, economic valuation of the spectrum, and technical regulation of the sector. In light of the principle of equality of arms, said regulatory body should have the space to respond and fully exercise its institutional defense regarding matters that only concern it. However, the appellant decided not to include it in its brief, despite knowing—even from its own experience presenting objections before the Comptroller General—that it is the competent entity to define and justify those aspects. This omission cannot be interpreted other than as a procedural strategy aimed at weakening the position of the sectoral authorities, particularly in a context where its previous actions have not prospered before the respective technical and control bodies.

The thesis that these requirements would be "materially impossible to meet" for small and medium-sized national enterprises confuses technical complexity with a prohibitive burden (complejidad técnica con una carga prohibitiva). The bidding documents do not require financial statements audited by international firms or sophisticated accounting structures; they are limited to requiring elementary information—balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow projection—that any formal operator, even on a smaller scale, must handle to comply with its ordinary tax and accounting obligations. Furthermore, in the document responding to observations (technical opinion No. 06369-SUTEL-DGC-2025 of July 11, 2025, approved by Agreement No. 005-048-2025), SUTEL expressly stated that it will not use financial ratios as exclusionary filters, noting that "no financial ratio analysis is performed because the administration could be creating barriers to entry" (p. 35). These criteria—defined technically and exclusively by SUTEL in the exercise of its regulatory powers—form part of the core of decisions that justify the need for said body to be able to exercise its defense in this process. Precisely because these are parameters designed to avoid unjustified barriers and ensure the openness of the tender, the absence of SUTEL in the amparo proceeding prevents an adequate assessment of the rationality and proportionality of requirements that only it is competent to define.

Faced with this, Nombre02's argument before the Comptroller General of the Republic consisted of general statements about supposed difficulties, without backing them up with concrete examples or financial information demonstrating that a small and medium-sized enterprise or a cultural station cannot structure a ten-year cash flow.

Regarding the argument that the modification of the National Frequency Allocation Plan (PNAF) and the infrastructure deployment requirements would have "drastically increased CAPEX investment costs" and marginalized the current ecosystem of broadcasters, it is again essential to return to the source. The bidding documents themselves explain, in their background, that the tenders are based on needs and technical feasibility studies, carried out by SUTEL at the request of MICITT, under the General Telecommunications Law No. Telf08 and the Public Policy Guidelines (official letter No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024) of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT. SUTEL sought a balance between coverage, quality, and efficiency goals in the spectrum and the required investment levels, so that the projects were reasonable and addressable by various types of operators.

There is, therefore, no arbitrary jump in technical requirements, but rather a necessary technological adaptation and an adaptation to the legal obligation to optimize a scarce public good. Added to this is that the model designed by SUTEL does not confuse the objectives of communications policy with a simple income maximization scheme. The public policy guidelines require guaranteeing the right of access to telecommunications, continuity of service, territorial coverage, prevention of excessive concentration, and protection of users, and all these elements were incorporated into the tender design together with the criterion of economic efficiency. The existence of a base price and a bidding phase does not erase these objectives nor transform the procedure into an unregulated market; on the contrary, it ensures that whoever obtains the concession contributes, through a reasonable payment, to the social return from the exploitation of a public resource. We see that the market's own behavior contradicts the idea that the economic and technical requirements have "marginalized a large part of the current ecosystem of broadcasters." SUTEL reported in its media that, once Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL were convened, various valid offers were submitted, from different business groups, which was taken into account by the Comptroller General of the Republic when evaluating the existence of barriers to entry. If the scheme were, as CANARTEL maintains, materially inaccessible, the result would have been a generalized lack of bids or the participation of one or two conglomerates; this is not what is reflected in the administrative background or in Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025 of the Public Procurement Division of the Comptroller General of the Republic.

For the foregoing reasons, when the claim of an "economic barrier" is confronted with the concrete content of the bidding documents, with SUTEL's document responding to observations, and, above all, with the final resolutions of the Comptroller General of the Republic, what emerges is not a design aimed at expelling cultural, religious stations or small enterprises from the ecosystem, but rather a spectrum allocation scheme consistent with the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758, the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, and the General Public Procurement Law No. 9986. The appellant fails to prove that the base prices, the bidding phase, or the cash flow and NPV/IRR requirements are disproportionate or discriminatory; it reiterates, rather, a public policy disagreement with the competitive tender and financial viability verification model that the current legal system not only allows, but imposes on the State as guarantor of the good administration of a public domain asset.

In short, what this argument about supposed "economic barriers" reveals is not the existence of a new, direct, and constitutionally relevant injury, but rather the appellant's attempt to reopen, under the label of "violation of fundamental rights," a set of ordinary legality objections that were already raised unsuccessfully before the competent bodies: first, in the administrative procurement venue, through objections to the bidding documents of Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, rejected by the Comptroller General of the Republic in Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025; later, in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, where the validity of the tender model, the base prices, and the participation conditions are being discussed, with ample evidentiary and technical scope, even with precautionary measures already denied to Nombre02 itself without granting the State a prior hearing. To now seek that the Constitutional Chamber becomes a parallel instance to review those same aspects (base price, auction structure, financial requirements, network configuration) is equivalent to denaturing the amparo and using it as a shortcut against debates that belong to the realm of legality and sectoral public policy, not to concentrated constitutional control.

**6.- ON THE ALLEGATIONS OF SOCIAL BARRIER** The appellant's arguments about a supposed "social barrier" start from a concatenation of hypotheses (economic, technical, and regulatory) to conclude that the tender model would cause, in the abstract, the "going off the air" of "numerous open stations and channels" and, with it, a reduction in informative pluralism and cultural diversity. However, when confronting these assertions with the real content of the bidding conditions of Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, with the technical guidelines of official letter No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and with Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025 of the Comptroller General of the Republic, it is evident that there is no current, direct, and accredited impact on the right to freedom of expression, on access to information, nor on the fundamental right of access to telecommunications.

The tender design does not imply, in itself, the abrupt interruption of free-access sound and television broadcasting services. On the contrary, the legal system itself has provided continuity mechanisms. The Contentious-Administrative Tribunal, within the framework of file No. 25-001640-1027-CA (CANARA and others), agreed to a precautionary measure of general scope that maintains the validity of the enabling titles until the tender is finally decided or a final judgment is issued, and Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT extends the validity of the current concessions during the 2025-2026 electoral period. In this context, speaking of a "possible going off the air" of "numerous stations" as an immediate consequence of the tender is nothing more than conjecture, not a certain or imminent fact that can configure, today, a constitutionally relevant injury.

On the other hand, the guidelines of official letter No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 (issued precisely in compliance with Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT) show that the tender design expressly incorporates objectives aimed at protecting end users and guaranteeing territorial access to the service. It suffices to recall that this Rectorship orders the "Establishment of the necessary guarantees to safeguard the legal regime of rights and interests of end users, in order to ensure the continuity of the sound and television broadcasting service (…) so that end users in disadvantaged areas are not discriminated against with disadvantageous quality conditions," as well as considering national and/or regional coverage obligations aligned with the principles of efficiency in the use of the radioelectric spectrum. A model that reinforces coverage and continuity obligations can hardly be described as a design that abandons populations that depend on open broadcasting.

Nor is it correct to affirm that the tender model is, by definition, regressive for informative pluralism. The previous regime was characterized by de facto indefinite automatic extensions, protected by a single reading of Article 25 of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758, which converted access to the spectrum into a practically perpetual situation for already installed operators. The transition produced from the Radiocommunications Regulation, Executive Decree No. 31608-G, and the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, precisely corrects that inertia by requiring time-limited concessions, public tenders, and a rational, efficient, transparent, and non-discriminatory administration of the spectrum. Far from restricting pluralism, the periodic opening of tenders creates conditions for new voices—including community, cultural, or regional actors—to compete for a resource that would otherwise remain indefinitely captured by the status quo.

At this point, it is worth highlighting that the Comptroller General of the Republic itself, when resolving Nombre02's objections against the AM, FM, and TV bidding documents, was clear in pointing out that the allegations about an impact on freedom of expression and informative pluralism lacked technical and factual support. In Resolutions No. R-DCP-00077-2025 (Major Tender No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL) and No. R-DCP-00078-2025 (Major Tender No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL), the Comptroller body noted that the appellants did not identify concrete clauses that produced the alleged impact, did not quantify or demonstrate the invoked economic impact, did not provide market or audience studies, and did not formulate a specific request for adjustment that would allow the risk to be evaluated. Hence, it concluded that these were generic affirmations, insufficient to prove an injury to freedom of thought and expression, maintaining the bidding documents unchanged in those aspects.

Furthermore, the "social barrier" argument confuses the existence of economic and technical requirements, typical of any procedure to allocate a scarce resource, with an indirect restriction on freedom of expression in the terms of Article 13.3 of the American Convention on Human Rights. For a measure to be classified as an indirect restriction, it must be demonstrated that the regulation of property or access to the means of dissemination is used to limit, in fact, the communication of ideas, information, and opinions. In the case of broadcasting tenders, the requirements of financial capacity, infrastructure deployment, and minimum coverage apply generally and objectively to all participants; they do not select content or editorial orientations, nor do they discriminate by the commercial, cultural, or religious nature of the project. What is required is solvency to efficiently exploit a scarce public domain asset for the benefit of the general interest.

It is also relevant that the appellant equates the situation of current concessionaires with the constitutional standard of pluralism. The circumstance that certain cultural or religious operators cannot—eventually—retain their titles under conditions identical to the current ones does not mean, in itself, that the population is deprived of cultural, religious, or community content. Pluralism is predicated of the system as a whole, not of the indefinite permanence of each specific project. The tender model could even lead to the entry of new actors with more solid cultural or religious proposals, with greater territorial reach, or with more robust sustainability schemes. Again, none of this has been analyzed or refuted with data by the appellant, which assumes that its permanence is a necessary condition for pluralism.

From the perspective of the fundamental right of access to telecommunications, incorporated in Article 24 of the Political Constitution, the approach is also unsustainable. The General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, establishes as objectives the universality, continuity, quality, and coverage of services, as well as the promotion of competition and the protection of users. The bidding conditions concretize these objectives through coverage obligations, quality parameters, border coordination requirements, and provisions for optimal use of the spectrum. The tension raised by the appellant (between guaranteeing access to lower-income sectors and requiring sufficient technical and financial capacities) is not resolved by eliminating the economic discipline of the tender, but by ensuring that the requirements are proportional and non-discriminatory, which has already been verified in the comptroller venue.

It is also important to underline that the "social barrier" argument is built on a premise that has already been refuted: the supposed absolute lack of protection for concessionaires while the tenders are being processed. As has already been explained, both Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT and the precautionary measure issued in file No. 25-001640-1027-CA guarantee the continuity of the service during the electoral period and while the future of the bidding processes and contentious-administrative lawsuits is decided. The inhabitants of the country are not, then, facing a void in open broadcasting, but rather a carefully staggered regulatory transition process, with normative and jurisdictional safeguards that ensure there is no sudden interruption of service.

Finally, it cannot be overlooked that the appellant seeks to derive a categorical conclusion about the unconstitutionality of the competitive bidding model from a hypothetical fear (the eventual departure of certain current operators). The amparo appeal requires, for its admissibility, proof of a current, concrete, and individualized injury to a fundamental right. CANARTEL's allegations, in contrast, are situated on an abstract plane, based on a future and uncertain fact: they start from the possibility that some concessionaires may not manage to meet the competition requirements and extrapolate from that a supposed impact on the right to information and access to telecommunications for the entire population. This logical leap is not accompanied by impact studies, coverage analysis, audience data, or simulations of alternative scenarios; it is, in essence, an expression of disagreement with the public policy decisions adopted by the Executive Branch and the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones within the framework of their legal powers.

For this reason, the so-called "social barrier" rests neither on evidence nor on a complete reading of the applicable legal framework, but on a partial reconstruction of the facts and norms, which omits both the service continuity safeguards and the objectives of access, pluralism, and non-discrimination that inform the Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the official communication N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and the bidding terms and conditions (pliegos de condiciones) themselves that were designed and published by SUTEL. The Constitutional Chamber is not called upon to replace the Rector or the sector regulator in defining spectrum policy, nor to review, by means of an amparo appeal, the economic or technical suitability of a competitive bidding model that has already been subject to control before the Contraloría General de la República and is extensively litigated in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. What is being presented is not the redress of an effective injury to freedom of expression or the right of access to telecommunications, but an invitation to become a court of regulatory opportunity, a function that the constitutional order expressly denies it.

**7.- ON THE ALLEGATIONS OF A TECHNICAL BARRIER** The appellant argues that a *“technical barrier (barrera técnica)”* exists because, it claims, the bidding terms and conditions *“adopted a zoning based on the regionalization of MIDEPLAN, requiring, as a general rule, a minimum network of twelve (12) transmitters, equivalent to two per region”*, that *“the Mideplan regionalization is not included in the instruction from MICITT to SUTEL, and the twelve transmitters is a decision by SUTEL that exceeds the instruction from MICITT”*, and also that *“a period of only twelve months was granted to have the network fully operational, a period that is excessively burdensome and impossible to meet for the majority of small and medium-sized operators”*. On that basis, it concludes that *“all of the above constitutes an unjustified technical barrier, contrary to the principles of reasonableness and proportionality”.* None of these assertions withstands comparison with the actual content of the bidding terms and conditions or with what has already been resolved by the Contraloría General de la República.

In the first place, the use of MIDEPLAN's regionalization as a territorial reference in the bidding terms and conditions of Licitación Mayor N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM sound broadcasting), N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM sound broadcasting), and N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (free-to-air television broadcasting) is not a technical whim nor an invention of the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones, but an objective territorial planning criterion widely used by the Costa Rican Public Administration to design regional policies, including the planning instruments of the telecommunications sector itself. The Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, in its articles 8 and 9, mandates guiding the administration of the radioelectric spectrum towards the coverage, continuity, and expansion of services, especially in rural and less favored areas. Granting "national" concessions without anchoring their coverage to clearly delimited regions would have, rather, meant renouncing that mandate and perpetuating the historical bias toward the Central Region.

In that same sense, the technical reports that serve as the basis for the bidding terms and conditions (in particular, the studies contained in official communications N.º 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023 and N.º 04180-SUTEL-DGC-2024, approved by the SUTEL Board) justify the design of nationwide networks based on propagation parameters, orography, population distribution, and potential demand, all consistent with the Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias (PNAF) and the Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones (PNDT). It is not a matter of mechanically extrapolating MIDEPLAN's regions, but of using them as a framework so that deployment obligations guarantee that a national concession truly serves all the country's regions and not only the most profitable markets. From this perspective, the use of regionalization is not a *“technical barrier (barrera técnica)”*, but an instrument of territorial equality and fulfillment of the right of access to telecommunications enshrined in Article 24 of the Political Constitution.

Additionally, it is worth remembering that the redesign of the technical framework serving as the basis for the broadcasting model did not arise suddenly or outside the participation mechanisms provided for in the Ley General de la Administración Pública N.º 6227. The draft Decreto Ejecutivo **“Modificación parcial al Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias (Radiodifusión e IMT)”** was submitted to non-binding public consultation through its publication in the Diario Oficial La Gaceta N.º 159 of August 29, 2024, and the observations received were analyzed in the joint technical report **Nombre03 º MICITT-DERRT-INF-041-2024 / N º MICITT-DCNT-INF-055-2024**, dated November 11, 2024, which the Executive Branch accepted in its entirety when issuing **Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 44789-MICITT**. Various actors from the Sector participated in this procedure, whose observations, as both technical directorates concluded, did not justify modifications to the central elements of the proposal with a direct impact on network design and the amount of required infrastructure.

For its part, Nombre02 submitted a brief opposing the PNAF reform project, but did so untimely, so that its arguments could not be known or assessed in the joint report. Even so, the very text of that opposition shows that its criticisms focused on general objections to the transition to digital broadcasting and to the so-called "new digital dividend" (identification of the 600 MHz band, from 614 MHz to 698 MHz, for the deployment of IMT mobile systems), particularly on the investment required in new transmission and reception infrastructure and in receiving equipment, but they did not formulate specific technical objections regarding regionalization or the technical barriers now alleged. Consequently, Nombre02 had a suitable and specific avenue to timely question the technical framework that would serve as input to SUTEL for the preparation of the bidding terms and conditions, but it neither exercised that avenue within the legal deadline on an equal footing with other consultation participants, nor did it direct its observations (even if untimely) against the specific network design aspects it now challenges. This weakens its current allegation of surprise or supervening irrationality and confirms that what it raises is, in reality, a discrepancy with public policy and regulatory design options already processed through the legally established procedure for issuing administrative acts of general scope, such as the Decreto Ejecutivo reforming the PNAF.

Specifically, the MIDEPLAN regionalization used by SUTEL in the bidding terms and conditions responds to technical and public policy criteria, such as the radioelectric isolation permitted by the national terrain and the territorial equity objectives defined in the National Development Plan. MIDEPLAN is configured as an advisory and technical support body for the Presidency of the Republic and is the entity responsible for formulating, coordinating, monitoring, and evaluating the Government's strategies and priorities; in that capacity, the socioeconomic regionalization it proposes precisely seeks to bring institutional services closer to regional and local spheres, improve the distribution of services, and address the particularities of each region. Transferring this scheme to broadcasting competitions allows coverage obligations to be defined based on objective territorial divisions, designed to guarantee a more balanced development of the country, and not on discretionary criteria.

On the other hand, regarding the transmitter network and the period for its deployment, it must be remembered that Article 7 of the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 establishes a maximum total period of twelve months for the start of operation, consisting of six initial months extendable for six additional months. The bidding terms and conditions respect this framework and, furthermore, grant an additional period of twelve months to complete the remaining infrastructure of the broadcasting network. In practice, this implies that potential concessionaires have up to twelve months to activate the first transmitter per region and another twelve months to activate the second transmitters, so the regulatory standard translates into progressive and reasonable periods, consistent with the magnitude of the investment and the duration of the concessions. This is extracted, in the three sets of bidding terms and conditions, from clause **56.12.4 “Cronograma de despliegue”**, which literally states, by way of example, in the bidding terms of Licitación Mayor **N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL**: ***Telf01.** The Concessionaire must ensure the installation and operation of all authorized transmitters, based on the following schedule:* *i. Must have installed at least one (1) transmitter within a maximum period of six (6) months from the Start of the Concession, extendable for six (6) more months, as provided in Article 7 of the LDR, which represents the maximum period for the start of service provision.* *ii. Must have installed all transmitters within a maximum period of twenty-four (24) months from the Start of the Concession, which represents the maximum period for the deployment of the other network transmitters. No additional periods will be granted beyond those indicated in this clause.”* Regarding the minimum number of transmitters, the appellant merely qualifies the standard of twelve (12) transmitters for a nationwide concession as excessive, but neither in its objections before the Contraloría General de la República nor in the present appeal does it provide a single technical study demonstrating that this number is unnecessary or technically disproportionate to cover, with adequate levels of quality and availability, all the planned regions. Resolutions N.º R-DCP-00076-2025 (AM), N.º R-DCP-00077-2025 (FM), and N.º R-DCP-00078-2025 (TV) precisely rejected these arguments upon verifying that the CÁMARA did not prove, with broadcasting engineering support, that a lower number of stations would guarantee the same coverage and quality, nor that the standard set by SUTEL was materially impossible to meet. It is not enough to assert that there are too many transmitters; the burden of demonstrating technical irrationality falls on the objecting party, and that burden was not met.

Likewise, the provisions of the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 do not differentiate between concessionaires based on their national or regional coverage regarding the number of transmitters. Precisely for this reason, the bidding terms and conditions introduce a differentiated and proportionate regulation of the infrastructure installation obligation: different requirements are provided for concessionaires with national scope and for those with regional scope, taking into account their different technical and financial capacities.

Thus, a potential regional concessionaire who is awarded a contract in a single MIDEPLAN region must install at least two transmitters; if awarded a contract in two regions, it must deploy four transmitters, and so on. In the case of a national concessionaire, which must cover all six MIDEPLAN regions, the standard of twelve transmitters responds to the same proportion. It is not, therefore, an arbitrary burden, but an arithmetic and technical criterion that links the number of transmitters to the effective territorial scope of the concession, without generating discriminatory treatment among operators.

On the contrary, a minimum number of transmitters associated with a national concession is justified by the very objectives of the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, which mandates optimizing spectrum use and ensuring that services reach the entire territory with reasonable quality. A nationwide coverage concession that could be exploited with a handful of transmitters focused on the metropolitan area would reproduce the old model, where the most valuable frequencies are used to primarily serve the most profitable urban centers, leaving rural and coastal areas on the periphery. What the appellant classifies as a *“technical barrier (barrera técnica)”* is, in reality, a minimum deployment standard to correct this historical inequality and ensure that the benefit of the public domain asset reaches the entire population.

It is also not true that SUTEL exceeded the instruction of the Executive Branch contained in Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT by defining coverage and network parameters. The subsequent guidelines of official communication N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, in strict compliance with Articles 2 and 9 of said Agreement, expressly order that the competitive process ensure continuity of broadcasting service, territorial accessibility, prevention of spectrum concentration, and resource optimization, as well as the definition of coverage zones *“aligned with the principles of science and technique, seeking efficiency in the use of scarce resources, and providing the awardees with the possibility of a progressive development of their broadcasting network infrastructure”*. Precisely to fulfill these objectives, it is incumbent upon SUTEL, as the technical authority, to translate these guidelines into concrete network and coverage parameters in the bidding terms and conditions.

With respect to the twelve-month period to have the network operational, the appellant classifies it as *“excessively burdensome”* and *“impossible to meet”* for small and medium-sized operators, in the abstract and without any technical or project management backing to demonstrate it. The bidding terms and conditions, however, set this period within a concession horizon of up to twenty years of operation, meaning it is one year to deploy a network whose commercial exploitation will extend for two decades. Under the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, the analysis cannot isolate the deployment period from the duration of the enabling title: a serious awardee, who will access a concession for the use of a highly valuable public domain asset for twenty years, must be capable of designing and executing an investment plan that concludes the deployment in twelve months, especially when it can leverage existing infrastructure, site-sharing agreements, and technologies proven in the market.

The administrative difficulties mentioned by the appellant, such as *“municipal, environmental, equipment import, electrical interconnections, and signal transport procedures”,* are inherent to any infrastructure project in the country, not exclusive to this competition. If it were accepted that the mere existence of these procedures makes any deployment schedule unconstitutional, no public infrastructure competition could set enforceable timelines without being branded a *“technical barrier”*. Again, the Contraloría General de la República, when resolving the objections in resolutions N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025, and N.º R-DCP-00078-2025, verified that the Cámara acting as appellant here did not provide elements demonstrating a generalized impossibility of compliance, nor that the established deadlines were arbitrary or disconnected from national and international experience in broadcasting network deployment.

It is important to highlight that the bidding terms and conditions do not impose selective or differentiated technical requirements to the detriment of certain groups of interested parties; the network, coverage, and timeline obligations apply generally to all potential bidders, without any discrimination. From the constitutional perspective, even if it were considered that the technical standard is demanding, its uniform and objective application responds to a legitimate purpose: guaranteeing the continuity, quality, and universality of sound and television broadcasting service, in compliance with Articles 24 of the Political Constitution and 2, 4, 8, and 9 of the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642. Equality before the law is not violated by demanding robust technical conditions from everyone, but rather if unjustified privileges or obstacles were established for some versus others, which is not the case here.

It is worth reiterating, moreover, that these technical parameters of network, coverage, and performance **were defined by SUTEL** in the exercise of its exclusive and non-delegable powers. Consequently, the defense exercised in this proceeding falls upon aspects whose technical justification corresponds precisely to the regulatory authority. The appellant's decision not to include SUTEL in its brief limits the possibility for the competent body to exercise its right of defense and to provide the specialized criteria that support these requirements, thereby reinforcing the need for it to be summoned to guarantee a complete analysis in accordance with the principle of equality of procedural arms.

Furthermore, the classification of an *“unjustified technical barrier”* is disproved when it is remembered that **the competitive bidding model does not seek to expel existing stations from the market, but rather to open access to the spectrum to all interested parties under transparent and competitive rules, guaranteeing the continuity of services while the competition is underway**, as has already been ensured by the contentious-administrative jurisdiction and by the Executive Branch itself through Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT.

If a current operator demonstrates the technical and organizational solvency to maintain and improve its network with the new obligations, it can compete on equal terms; if not, that is not the consequence of an unconstitutional barrier, but rather the legitimate requirement that whoever exploits a national concession meets standards consistent with the public interest and technological evolution.

Finally, it is worth recalling that the very objections now framed as a *"technical barrier"* were already extensively discussed and rejected in the objection proceedings before the Contraloría General de la República regarding tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL. The Chamber here appealing failed then to demonstrate that the MIDEPLAN regionalization, the minimum number of transmitters, or the deployment timeline constituted technically unfeasible, discriminatory, or disconnected requirements from the coverage and quality objectives imposed by the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642. Attempting now to relabel those same standards as an *"unjustified technical barrier"* in an amparo proceeding does not convert into constitutional issues assertions that were already dismissed by the body specialized in public procurement legality control, nor does it transform them into matters of constitutional rank; this is, in essence, a disagreement with the technical design of the competition that must be aired in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, not through an amparo appeal.

**8.- REGARDING THE ALLEGATIONS OF DELAY IN RESOLVING EXTENSIONS AND LEGAL VULNERABILITY** The appellant seeks to construct an *"additional element of gravity"* based on an alleged administrative delay in resolving extension requests filed *"since December 2022."* It asserts that, because they were not resolved within a *"reasonable timeframe,"* *"due process and the principle of legality were violated,"* that this delay *"places concessionaires in a situation of legal vulnerability"* by depending on short-term extensions via decree, and that this generates *"a state of permanent uncertainty regarding the continuity of services."* These are, however, generic assertions, unsupported by specific normative or factual elements, which carefully omit the legal framework of broadcasting concessions, the regulatory measures adopted to guarantee service continuity, and, above all, the broad avenues of protection that CANARTEL itself has activated in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction.

The appellant presents the extension requests *"since December 2022"* as if they were titles without a time limit whose expiry occurred unexpectedly, when precisely the applicable legal regime—interpreted by the Sala Constitucional and the Procuraduría General de la República—establishes that broadcasting concessions cannot be perpetual. As has been explained, as of the Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 31608-G of June 28, 2004, all free and open-access sound and television broadcasting concessions adjusted to that regime were subjected to a maximum term of twenty years, counted from the regulation's effective date, so that they expired by operation of law on June 28, 2024. The Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) No. 1758, in its article 25, allows automatic extension, but that possibility must be read today, in accordance with the jurisprudence of the Sala Constitucional, in light of the public domain nature of the radio spectrum and the mandate of article 121, subsection 14) of the Constitución Política: the concession must always be *"for a limited time."* In that line, the Sala Constitucional, in resolutions such as No. 02997-2006, has been clear that the extension of a concession is not a right *ad perpetuam* of the concessionaire, but rather a faculty that must be exercised respecting the constitutional limit of temporality and the regulatory parameters in force. For its part, the Procuraduría General de la República, in opinion No. C-110-2016, has indicated that, given the nature of the spectrum as a public domain good, broadcasting networks are framed within the objectives and principles of the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642, of optimization, rational, efficient, transparent, and non-discriminatory use of the resource. From that perspective, there is no subjective right of concessionaires to obtain, by the mere passage of time or the payment of a tax, an indefinite extension of their title. The eventual delay in resolving extension requests is inserted, therefore, in a context where the State must responsibly weigh the public interest in the reassignment of the spectrum through a competitive tender.

Secondly, the appellant reduces the situation to a narrative of isolated delay, as if the Administration had completely abandoned the processing of broadcasting concessions. It omits that the current operators have litigated—extensively and in detail—the disputes over extensions, positive silence, and the nullity of Executive Agreements before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, under the Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo, Law No. 8508. It suffices to review processes such as case file No. 25-001640-1027-CA (CANARA and others), No. 25-002650-1027-CA (Grupo Radiofónico TBC S.A.), No. 25-006374-1027-CA (Sonido Latino FM S.A.), No. 25-006375-1027-CA (Super Radio FM S.A.), and No. 25-006586-1027-CA (Juan Vega Quirós), among others, where the recognition of positive silence, the nullity of Agreements denying extensions, and the declaration of automatic extensions for an additional twenty years have been requested, even with claims for indefinite extensions subject only to the fulfillment of technical conditions. That is, the alleged delay has not left concessionaires without avenues of defense: **they themselves have turned that discussion into a legality litigation, where the correctness of the extensions and the validity of the administrative acts are aired, with broad evidentiary scope.** CANARTEL itself has promoted a precautionary process *ante causam* (case file No. 25-007887-1027-CA), in which it requested the suspension of the effects of various Executive Agreements for extension and for instructing the tender, as well as the maintenance of the validity of the concessions. In that process, **the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo rejected the provisionalísima precautionary measure through a resolution at 20:42 hours on November 25, 2025, and granted a hearing to the State**, confirming that the natural channel to discuss the alleged violation of rights due to the management of extensions is the specialized jurisdiction, not the summary avenue of the amparo appeal. It is, at the very least, contradictory that the appellant denounces in the constitutional venue a *"situation of legal vulnerability"* while it has deliberately chosen the contentious route to resolve the merits of the conflict, with claims of enormous patrimonial scope.

Nor is it true that the Administration has left concessionaires *"forced to depend on very short-term extensions by executive decree"* in a legal vacuum. Those extensions—such as the one contained in Decreto Ejecutivo No. 45195-MICITT of September 18, 2025, which extended the validity of the concessions until the business day following the final declaration of new authorities of the Executive and Legislative Branches—respond precisely to the State duty to guarantee service continuity during the regulatory transition, not to an abandonment of its obligations. Additionally, the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, within the framework of case file No. 25-001640-1027-CA, issued a precautionary measure of general scope (voto No. 378-2025-I at 14:40 hours on September 24, 2025) ordering the maintenance of the validity of the concession titles for free and open-access sound and television broadcasting until the future competition is finally decided or a judgment is issued in that process. Far from a *"state of permanent uncertainty,"* what exists is a normative and precautionary framework that precisely shields the continuity of service while tenders and trials are processed.

From a constitutional point of view, the inevitable uncertainty inherent in the expiry of a public domain concession—which is always granted for a limited time—cannot be confused with a violation of the right to due process or the principle of legality. Every concessionaire exploiting a public domain good, such as the radio spectrum, knows from the outset that its title has a term and that, upon its expiry, the State may choose to tender the good again, under the principle of free competition, or not to renew it. To claim that the mere proximity of expiry generates a fundamental right to an extension or to the immutability of the legal regime is equivalent to emptying the constitutional requirement of temporality of its content and to petrifying a distribution of the spectrum that, in many cases, has remained unchanged for decades.

Furthermore, the appellant does not individualize a single administrative extension file in which it demonstrates, with specific dates and actions, an unjustified delay that has placed a particular concessionaire in a situation of real defenselessness. It limits itself to affirming, in generic terms, that *"the broadcasting concessionaires of this chamber requested their extension since December 2022"* and that *"the requests were not resolved,"* without providing copies of the extension filings, subsequent steps taken, or communications made by the Administration to each applicant individually and to the official notification medium. In the amparo venue, where the injury to fundamental rights must be certain, current, and duly accredited, this abstract formulation is not sufficient. The Sala Constitucional has reiterated that the amparo is not a process of ex officio investigation of administrative management, but a mechanism to protect concrete rights against equally concrete actions or omissions.

As for the alleged impact on *"investments, the labor stability of the sector, and the right of citizens to receive information and cultural content continuously,"* the appellant provides no data, economic study, or empirical evidence to support it. It does not identify a single media outlet that has gone off the air due to the management of extensions, nor does it demonstrate that any broadcasting worker has been dismissed for that specific cause, much less that an effective reduction of informative pluralism has occurred. On the contrary, the titles remain valid by mandate of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 45195-MICITT and the precautionary measure of general scope issued by the Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo, and the open broadcasting offer remains in operation while the competitions are developed. The hypothetical fear of an eventual loss of concession in the future does not constitute, in itself, a current injury to freedom of expression or the right of access to information.

In reality, **the core of the appellant's argument is not the protection of the fundamental rights of radio listeners and television viewers, but the preservation of the concessional status quo of its associates, with long or indefinite extensions without a competition**, against the new competitive allocation model designed in accordance with the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642, and endorsed by the Sala Constitucional itself as a suitable mechanism to guarantee transparency, equality, and pluralism in the allocation of frequencies. The alleged *"legal vulnerability"* is, in that logic, the simple result of the spectrum being subjected again to rules of competition and free competition, where concessions are no longer perpetuated but must be won on equal terms against other interested parties. That is a legitimate consequence of the public domain regime, not a violation of fundamental rights.

Finally, there is a structural contradiction in the appellant's position: on one hand, it denounces a *"state of permanent uncertainty"* and a context of *"administrative delay"* that would affect the continuity of services; on the other, it asks this Sala Constitucional to paralyze the public tenders that would precisely allow for defining, in a transparent and definitive manner, the future use of the spectrum for the next twenty years. If its concern truly were to grant legal certainty to concessionaires and continuity to the services, it would favor the advancement of the bidding process under contentious-administrative control, not its general suspension via an amparo appeal. What it actually seeks is to indefinitely postpone the opening of the market and the competitive reassignment of the spectrum, using a rhetoric of vulnerability that does not translate into the demonstration of a single fundamental right directly, currently, and specifically injured.

**9.- REGARDING THE CONSTITUTIONAL GRIEVANCE RELATED TO THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION** The appellant's allegation regarding a supposed violation of the principle of equality and non-discrimination is based on a mistaken premise: it confuses the functional or social classification of broadcasting services (commercial, cultural, religious, community) with the public domain regime of access and use of the radio spectrum, which is common to all operators. That the legal system, through article 29 of the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642, and the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) No. 1758, recognizes that broadcasting is a private activity of public interest and that there are different typologies of stations (commercial, cultural, short wave) does not mean that there must be a different tender procedure or reduced economic or technical requirements for some compared to others. Access to the public domain good, the radio spectrum, is governed by the principles of optimization, efficiency, transparency, and non-discrimination, common to all interested parties, whatever the content of their programming.

The binding opinion No. C-110-2016 of the Procuraduría General de la República itself—which the Administration is obliged to comply with—makes it clear that broadcasting, as radiocommunication, is telecommunications and that the legal regime is mixed: the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) No. 1758 subsists, but broadcasting networks are subject to the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642, regarding the planning, administration, and control of the spectrum. This means that the use of a frequency for broadcasting cannot be granted or extended if it does not satisfy the objectives of optimization, rational, efficient, transparent, and non-discriminatory exploitation of the spectrum. There is no mandate in that criterion to design separate competitions or to exempt cultural or religious stations from objective requirements: the focus is on efficiency and transparency in the use of the public domain good, not on the nature of the content.

From a constitutional perspective, article 33 of the Constitución Política does not prohibit all equal treatment, but only equal treatment of those who are objectively unequal when that treatment lacks reasonable justification, or different treatment of equals without legitimate cause. In this case, facing the act of accessing the spectrum (the administrative concession), all potential awardees are in a homogeneous situation: they are private subjects who seek to exploit a scarce resource of the public domain to provide a free and open-access sound or television broadcasting service. The purpose of their programming (commercial, educational, cultural, or religious) does not alter the essential fact that all will use the same radio spectrum infrastructure and will be subject to the same duties of continuity, quality, and coverage before the population. That common technical and economic requirements are established to guarantee that continuity and quality is not covert inequality: it is a minimum requirement of equal treatment and protection of the general interest.

The differentiation itself contained in the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) No. 1758 and in the Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones—for example, regarding tax exemptions (article 20 of the Ley de Radio) or the classification of commercial and cultural stations in articles 97 and 98 of the Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones—operates mainly after access to the spectrum: it conditions exemptions, specific content obligations, certain programming burdens, or concrete benefits. Nothing in those rules imposes that the enabling public domain title must be processed with different financial or technical rules for each category of station. The appellant's claim to derive from those provisions *a right to be tendered under softer economic conditions* lacks express normative support and converts the functional classification into a privilege of access that the legislator has never foreseen.

Moreover, what the legal system does require is that the allocation procedure respects equality of opportunity among those who are in equal legal and technical conditions. The tender documents for the Licitaciones Mayores No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV)—all of them validated by the Contraloría General de la República in Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025—establish uniform participation, evaluation, and execution requirements that apply without distinction to any offeror: there are no clauses that exclude or penalize cultural, religious, or community stations for their non-profit nature; on the contrary, mechanisms are provided such as the possibility of participating in consortia, the presentation of different network designs, and the weighting of technical and economic capabilities under objectively verifiable criteria. The Contraloría General de la República, upon reviewing CANARTEL's objections, precisely concluded that it had not been demonstrated that the competitive tender scheme introduced unjustified barriers or differentiated treatment to the detriment of a specific type of operator.

Under the reiterated jurisprudence of the Sala Constitucional, equality requires analyzing whether the criterion for differentiation or homogenization is reasonable, pursues a legitimate purpose, and is proportional.

Here, the criterion used in the bidding documents is not the profit motive or the cultural identity of the medium, but rather the capacity to effectively provide a free-to-access broadcasting service, with sufficient coverage and quality, during the term of a temporary concession. The legitimate objective is the optimization of the spectrum and the protection of the fundamental right of access to telecommunications, recognized in Article 24 of the Political Constitution and developed by the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, regarding universality, continuity, and quality. The chosen means—a public tender with uniform technical and economic requirements, modulated by coverage areas and proportionate deployment obligations—is suitable for that purpose and is necessary compared to less demanding alternatives that do not guarantee service continuity. To claim that, for reasons of equality, these standards should be waived for a subset of operators would, in reality, imply sacrificing the general interest and the rights of users in favor of particular business interests.

The appellant maintains that imposing the same economic, financial, and technical requirements on commercial stations and cultural or religious stations would be discriminatory in practice because it impacts the latter more severely. But the fact that a subject has less financial capacity does not make an objective requirement unconstitutional, provided that such a requirement responds to a legitimate purpose and is applied generally. Otherwise, almost any rule of economic solvency, professional suitability, or technical capacity in public procurement could be challenged on the grounds that it affects more those with fewer resources. The initial economic inequality does not oblige the State per se to renounce solvency criteria when they are justified by the nature of the service, much less to create spectrum reserves or tenders tailored to specific actors.

It is also untrue that the tender design stems from the serious misconception that every station is essentially for-profit. The bidding documents, as highlighted by the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República), do not require a specific rate of return nor oblige bidders to prove a specific profitability according to a uniform model imposed by the Administration. What is required is that each bidder present a reasonable projection of financial viability that demonstrates they are capable of undertaking the investments associated with the network and sustaining the service during the term of the concession. A cultural or religious operator can meet this requirement. (…).

10.- REGARDING THE CONSTITUTIONAL GRIEVANCE RELATED TO THE PRINCIPLE OF REASONABLENESS AND PROPORTIONALITY Far from demonstrating a violation of the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, the scheme designed in Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the Public Policy Guidelines, official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and the bidding documents for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL constitutes, precisely, the realization of those principles applied to the use of a scarce public domain asset. From a constitutional perspective, the proportionality test requires that measures be suitable, necessary, and proportional with respect to the intended purpose.

Regarding suitability, the challenged technical and economic requirements are not arbitrary nor are they based on a purely financial logic, as the appellant claims, but rather derive from the preliminary studies prepared by SUTEL under Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, and the spectrum planning objectives set forth in its Article 8. In official communications No. 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023 and No. 04180-SUTEL-DGC-2024, approved by the SUTEL Board, the coverage needs and minimum network architectures were defined, based on propagation models, orography, potential demand, and current spectrum occupancy, so that AM, FM, and open TV broadcasting services effectively fulfill their public purpose. The bidding documents merely translate those technical conclusions into objective contracting conditions: number of transmitters, coverage areas, deployment timelines, and the requirement for financial viability.

The necessity assessment is also satisfied. The situation inherited from the old regime of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758 and the repealed Radiocommunications Regulation (Executive Decree No. 31608-G) was one of practically and materially indefinite concessions, automatically extended for decades based on Article 25 of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758, without a tender and without competitive comparison. It is precisely for this reason that the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional), in rulings such as No. 02997-2006 and No. 04569-2008, emphasized that the only constitutional limit to the concession of public domain assets is their temporality and recognized the adequacy of the legal system by introducing the figure of the concession and the public tender. Faced with a scenario of massive expiration of titles on June 28, 2024 (by effect of Transitional Provision IV of the Radiocommunications Regulation No. 31608-G), the Executive Branch lacked less intense, yet equally effective, alternatives than a broad tender process, with technical and economic rules that ensure the continuity and quality of the service.

From the perspective of proportionality in the strict sense, the appellant seeks to present the investment requirements, the minimum number of transmitters, and the deployment timelines as excessive, without contrasting them with the benefits they bring to the users and the system as a whole. The obligation to deploy networks with a certain number of transmitters and coverage responds to the purpose of avoiding shadow areas, ensuring service in rural areas, and reducing the underutilization of the spectrum. By requiring that the awardee deploy a network capable of effectively covering the assigned zone, the State is not imposing arbitrary burdens but conditioning the enjoyment of a public domain privilege (the concession of use of frequencies) on the realization of the public interest. It is difficult to argue that it is "disproportionate" to require someone intending to operate a national FM or open TV concession to have the minimum infrastructure necessary to serve, precisely, the population they claim to target. As stated when analyzing the allegations of economic and technical barriers, the tender design objectively distinguishes between national and regional networks, calibrates base prices according to specialized economic methodologies, and establishes progressive deployment obligations, which strengthens the judgment of suitability and necessity of the challenged measures.

The argument regarding the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) stems from a caricature of the bidding documents' own clauses. A uniform profitability threshold is not imposed, nor is the adoption of a specific business model compelled; what is requested is that each bidder present a ten-year cash flow and demonstrate that the IRR is higher than the discount rate they themselves justify. That is, a minimum economic feasibility is required, not high profitability nor the forced conversion of all stations into highly lucrative projects. A cultural or religious station can support its cash flow on donations, contributions from followers, or patronage; what the bidding documents require is that these revenues, of whatever nature, are sufficient to cover the investments and operating costs of the network. Presenting this solvency control as a violation of proportionality is equivalent, in practice, to denying that the State can verify the capacity of the awardees to avoid leaving a frequency in the public domain inoperative.

It is also worth recalling that the principle of proportionality does not protect business expectations of remaining indefinitely on the spectrum with any level of investment, but rather the fundamental rights of the population. Here, the bidding documents articulate the objectives of universality, continuity, and quality provided for in the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, with concrete implementation mechanisms: minimum coverage, reasonable deployment timelines, service obligations, and the requirement for financial capacity. The Comptroller General of the Republic itself, when resolving the objections of Nombre02 in Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025, reviewed these requirements in light of the General Public Procurement Law, Law No. 9986, and concluded that neither excessive burdensomeness nor unjustified barriers to access were substantiated, but rather objective and reasonable criteria in accordance with the nature of the concession contract and the public domain asset involved.

The allegation that no "differentiated mechanisms or special regimes for cultural, religious, or community stations" have been provided for again confuses the level of content with the level of the public domain enabling title. The legal system recognizes particularities of certain stations for fiscal purposes (Article 20 of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758) or functional classification (Articles 97 and 98 of the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642), but it has not created a parallel frequency assignment regime with lesser technical or economic requirements. To claim that proportionality obliges the invention of a different path to access the radio spectrum for certain categories of operators not only lacks a legal basis but would in itself be disproportionate compared to the right of other interested parties to compete on equal terms for the same scarce resource.

When the appellant states that "the bidding documents become instruments of exclusion that prevent, in practice, the participation of socially relevant actors," it omits that the tender design itself incorporates tools to mitigate burdens and broaden participation possibilities: the possibility of forming consortia or groupings, the segmentation of frequencies, the recognition of differentiated coverage zones, and the provision of deployment timelines that, while demanding, are compatible with international practice. None of this appears refuted with data, studies, or concrete comparisons; the challenge is reduced to generic affirmations about a supposed material impossibility of participating.

In fact, if the proportionality test were applied rigorously, the result would be exactly the opposite of what CANARTEL proposes. A regulation that renounced requiring investment capacity, minimum networks, and economic feasibility to operate frequencies of national or regional reach would be clearly unsuitable to guarantee the continuity and quality of the service; it would not be necessary, because it would sacrifice those objectives without offering an equivalent alternative for protection, and it would be disproportionate in the strict sense, because it would prioritize the comfort of existing operators over the rights of all users of free and open-access sound and television broadcasting throughout the national territory. In other words, what would be incompatible with the principles of reasonableness and proportionality is not the design adopted in the bidding documents, but the model that the appellant implicitly proposes: maintaining the status quo at all costs, without requirements for modernization or demonstration of capacity.

It should also be highlighted that the legal system itself has incorporated specific measures to avoid any abrupt break in service continuity while the tender is being processed, which reinforces the overall proportionality judgment of the scheme. The Administrative and Civil Treasury Court of Appeals, through vote No. 378-2025-I, decreed a general precautionary measure that maintains the validity of the current enabling titles until the tender is definitively decided or a final judgment is issued in the process that gave rise to the measure, making it clear that this measure does not suspend the preparation or processing of the tender. At the same time, Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT extended the validity of the concessions during the electoral period, ensuring that, while the selection processes are being developed, the inhabitants continue to receive broadcasting services under the existing terms. It is hardly possible to speak of disproportion when the regulatory design itself has cushioned the impacts of the transition and has prioritized service continuity.

Therefore, the constitutional grievance raised by Nombre02 ignores that proportionality must be analyzed based on the complete system and not the convenience of a group of concessionaires. Considered as a whole (SUTEL's technical studies, the legal mandate for a tender, the mixed regime defined by the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758 and the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, prior control by the Comptroller General of the Republic, precautionary measures adopted by the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, and regulatory extensions of validity), the requirements of the bidding documents appear as a coherent, reasonable, and proportional effort to organize the use of the spectrum and guarantee the population a modern, stable, and pluralistic open broadcasting service. What the appellant presents as instruments of exclusion are, in reality, instruments of protection of the public interest that, far from violating the Political Constitution or the constitutionality block, respond to the demands that it itself imposes for the administration of public assets.

11.- REGARDING THE CONSTITUTIONAL GRIEVANCE RELATED TO THE PRINCIPLE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND INFORMATIONAL PLURALISM The claim that Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the Public Policy Guidelines, official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and the bidding documents for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL constitute an indirect restriction on freedom of expression and informational pluralism does not withstand comparison with the applicable regulatory framework or with SUTEL's and the Comptroller General of the Republic's own objective documents. What is regulated here is the access to and use of a scarce public domain asset, not the content of the messages or the ideological, religious, or cultural orientation of the concessionaires. This difference, which is central to Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights, also runs through Articles 28 and 29 of the Political Constitution: the State cannot censor ideas or opinions, but it is authorized and obligated to establish objective rules to administer the spectrum and assign concessions under criteria of efficiency, transparency, and non-discrimination.

The sectoral legal regime itself recognizes that free-to-access sound and television broadcasting is a private activity of public interest, which is provided through telecommunications networks and is subject to the mixed regime defined by the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758 and the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642. Article 29 of the latter provides that the granting of concessions and the provision of broadcasting services are governed by the indicated Radio Law, but at the same time subjects the networks that support broadcasting to Law No. 8642 "in what is provided regarding the planning, administration, and control of the radio spectrum (…) and the sectoral competition regime." The binding opinion, already repeatedly cited, No. C-110-2016 of the Attorney General's Office, is categorical in reaffirming that broadcasting is a type of telecommunications and that, therefore, broadcasting concessions must satisfy the objectives of optimizing the radio spectrum and ensuring its rational, efficient, transparent, and non-discriminatory exploitation. It is precisely this mandate that materializes through the public tender.

In turn, the legal system has deliberately separated the regulation of the spectrum, networks, and telecommunications services from any evaluation of the content transmitted through those means. Matters relating to program classification, schedules suitable for minors, content warnings, or rating of shows are channeled through specific regulations, such as the Public Shows Law No. 7440 and its regulatory provisions, as well as through the subsequent liability of operators, not through the broadcasting enabling titles or the spectrum assignment procedures. This reinforces that MICITT and SUTEL administer the access to and use of a scarce public domain asset with objective criteria of efficiency, coverage, and non-discrimination, but do not select, authorize, or control the ideas, opinions, or beliefs that the concessionaires decide to disseminate.

In this context, the bidding documents for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (open TV) prepared by SUTEL are limited to establishing admissibility, technical and economic solvency, coverage, and network deployment requirements applicable to all interested parties. They do not contain clauses that condition access to the spectrum on adherence to a specific editorial, religious, or cultural line, nor do they allow the Administration to evaluate the content or informational agendas of potential bidders. From the perspective of Article 13.3 of the American Convention, it is not enough to generically invoke "economic, social, and technical barriers" to configure an indirect restriction: it is necessary to demonstrate that the design of the tender procedure has the purpose or real effect of limiting the circulation of ideas or opinions; this causal link is simply not substantiated. On the contrary, the tender design materializes inter-American and constitutional standards that require the assignment of frequencies to be carried out through objective, transparent, public, and non-discriminatory procedures that open the spectrum to the participation of multiple actors and avoid concentration. The Constitutional Chamber, in Resolution No. 2017-011715, highlighted that Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, confirms that the concession is the enabling title to exploit the radio spectrum and that the public tender prepared and instructed by SUTEL is the means that ensures a fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory assignment of this resource. That is, the constitutional jurisprudence itself recognizes that the paradigm of informational pluralism and equal treatment in access to the spectrum is not guaranteed by perpetuating indefinite automatic extensions, but by opening up competition through tenders with clear and general rules (an integrated application of Articles 46, 121 subsection 14 sub-subsection c, and 182 of the Political Constitution).

The assertion that the designed scheme "exclusively privileges those who can bear large-scale financial requirements" also disregards the concrete assessment that the Comptroller General of the Republic made of these same bidding documents when resolving the objections formulated by CANARTEL. In Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025 (FM), No. R-DCP-00077-2025 (AM), and No. R-DCP-00078-2025 (TV), issued in the context of the prior legality control under the General Public Procurement Law, Law No. 9986, the Comptroller's Office examined, among other points, the arguments relating to alleged economic barriers and their impact on freedom of expression and pluralism. It concluded that these arguments were generic and lacked technical support, as they did not identify specific clauses that produced the alleged impact, did not quantify the economic impact, did not provide market or audience studies, and did not formulate concrete proposals for adjustment. On this basis, it rejected the objections for lack of substantiation and kept the bidding documents intact in everything relating to the alleged restriction of pluralism and freedom of expression.

It is particularly relevant that, in these resolutions, the Comptroller General of the Republic did not find that the base prices, auction design, minimum network requirements, or financial solvency requirements constitute unjustified barriers to entry or instruments to exclude cultural, religious, or community radio stations.

On the contrary, it validated that the economic and technical design of the bidding documents responded to SUTEL’s prior studies and to the objectives of efficiency, transparency, and free competition inherent to administrative contracting and the public domain regime, without evidencing an absolute market-closure effect. It is significant that the same appellant litigated these points before the body constitutionally competent to control the bidding documents, the Contraloría General de la República, and failed to prove either illegitimate barriers or concrete harm to freedom of expression.

It is also untenable to assert that the model drastically reduces the supply of open radio and television when the regulatory framework itself has been designed precisely to avoid service discontinuities during the transition to the new scheme. First, the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law, Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 34765-MINAET, and the former Radiocommunications Regulation, Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 31608-G, defined a fixed term for broadcasting concessions (twenty years for sound broadcasting or open television services), which prevents the de facto perpetuity of titles and opens the space for periodic competitive bidding. Second, the Administrative and Civil Treasury Appellate Tribunal, by means of vote N.º 378-2025-I, decreed a precautionary measure of general scope that maintains the validity of current concessions while the competitive bidding is definitively decided or a final judgment is issued, expressly clarifying that such measure does not suspend the preparation or processing of the tenders. Third, Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT additionally extended the validity of the titles during the 2025-2026 electoral period. This set of regulatory and jurisdictional decisions refutes any scenario of an abrupt “blackout” of open broadcasting due to the competitive bidding process.

Nor can it be presumed that the only way to guarantee the collective dimension of freedom of expression and the population’s right to receive information is to maintain the current map of concessionaires intact. The right to freedom of expression and access to information protects citizens, not specific companies or their indefinite permanence in the spectrum. Nothing in the Political Constitution or Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights guarantees a subjective right for certain business groups to retain *their* frequencies (as if it were a real right over a good in commerce) beyond the concession term without submitting to competitive bidding. On the contrary, the state’s duty is to organize a frequency allocation system that minimizes concentration, ensures competition, and allows the entry of new voices, including potential community, cultural, or religious broadcasters that today lack access to the spectrum. To assert that opening competitive bidding and requiring technical and financial capacity to operate networks threatens *“the plurality of voices”* is, in reality, to defend the *status quo* of current concessionaires against potential new entrants.

The idea of *“indirect restriction”* in Article 13.3 of the American Convention refers to scenarios in which the State abusively uses controls over paper, equipment, or frequencies to silence or marginalize uncomfortable or critical voices, for example, denying licenses to opposition media while granting them discretionarily to allied media, or designing apparently neutral rules that only certain currents can fulfill. Nothing comparable occurs here: the bidding documents do not introduce ideological criteria, do not establish editorial quotas, do not require membership in certain organizations, nor differentiate treatment based on the type of content. The requirements refer exclusively to technical capacity, coverage, solvency, and compliance with service obligations, in line with the General Telecommunications Law, Ley N.º 8642, and with SUTEL’s technical opinions. In fact, the guidelines issued by this Rector in official communication N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 emphasize objectives opposite to those denounced by the appellant: preventing spectrum concentration, ensuring broad territorial coverage, avoiding barriers to entry, promoting effective competition, and protecting environmental sustainability.

In the same direction, the National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022-2027 “Costa Rica: Hacia la disrupción digital inclusiva”, to which both the Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT and official communication N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 refer, includes specific goals aimed at guaranteeing the presence of television broadcasting services for the purpose of addressing local and national needs (Goal 9) and optimizing spectrum use to favor inclusion and competitiveness. The competitive bidding design does not depart from those objectives but rather operationalizes them by defining coverage obligations, quality requirements, and parameters for optimal spectrum use. To present that planning effort as an attempt to privilege those who bear large-scale financial demands is to ignore the public-domain character of the radio spectrum and the mandate to maximize its social return, not the individual profitability of each operator.

It must also be recalled that the Contraloría General de la República, in its resolutions N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025, and N.º R-DCP-00078-2025, reviewed the alleged harm to freedom of expression in light of the General Public Procurement Law, Ley N.º 9986, and concluded that no basis was proven along those lines. It noted that the appellants did not identify specific clauses that produced the alleged reduction of pluralism, did not provide evidence of a necessary or obligated reduction in the supply of cultural or religious content, nor demonstrated that the pricing and auction scheme effectively closed the market. On the contrary, it verified that the bidding documents maintained openness to free competition and that the economic and technical conditions were justified by SUTEL’s technical opinions and the sectoral objectives of the General Telecommunications Law, Ley N.º 8642. This technical-legal judgment, issued by the body constitutionally called upon to guarantee legality, transparency, and equality in public procurement, disavows any attempt now to relabel the same conditions as violations of Article 13 of the American Convention.

Thus, the contested measures are content-neutral, general, reasonable, and protected by formal laws and SUTEL’s technical opinions, as well as by the prior control of the Contraloría General de la República. They do not suppress voices or prohibit messages; they reorganize, through public competitive bidding, access to a scarce public-domain good according to criteria that the Constitution itself and the conventionality block demand: objectivity, transparency, non-discrimination, prevention of concentration, and orientation toward the general interest. The true debate raised by the appellant is not one of freedom of expression, but of regulatory convenience and preservation of specific proprietary interests against a new frequency allocation model. That debate belongs to the administrative-contentious jurisdiction and ordinary legality control; forcing it through the amparo remedy as if it were an indirect restriction on freedom of expression distorts the scope of Article 13 of the American Convention and Articles 28 and 29 of the Political Constitution, and seeks to turn the constitutional judge into a sectoral policy arbiter, something that the Constitutional Chamber itself has repeatedly rejected.

12.- ON THE CONSTITUTIONAL GRIEVANCE RELATED TO CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE The appellant’s thesis according to which the competitive bidding model violates cultural diversity and intangible cultural heritage, in light of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (approved by Ley N.º 8560), starts from an erroneous premise: it confuses the technical-legal means (the concession over the radio spectrum) with the object protected by said Convention (the practices, expressions, knowledge, and manifestations of communities). The fact of subjecting broadcasting frequencies to public competitive bidding, under general and objective criteria, does not imply either the suppression of those cultural manifestations or their prohibition, much less the impossibility of their continued dissemination through sound and television broadcasting with free and open access.

The Convention approved by Ley N.º 8560 obligates the Costa Rican State to identify, safeguard, and promote intangible cultural heritage, as well as to facilitate the participation of communities in cultural life. But the international instrument does not freeze a historical map of private actors nor impose on the State the duty to ensure indefinite tenure of broadcasting frequencies for specific private concessionaires. Its focus is on the manifestations (oral traditions, social uses, rituals, traditional knowledge, etc.) and on the bearer communities, not on the perpetuation of specific enabling titles or the exemption of those companies from the public-domain regime applicable to the radio spectrum.

Viewed from domestic law, the sectoral framework confirms this reading. Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law, Ley N.º 8642, defines sound and television broadcasting with free access as a private activity of public interest, whose granting of concessions continues to be governed by the Radio (Wireless Services) Law N.º 1758, but submitting the networks that support broadcasting services to Law N.º 8642 regarding spectrum planning, administration, and control and the competition regime. That is, the Costa Rican legal system recognizes the cultural and social relevance of broadcasting, but at the same time maintains intact its nature as the use of a scarce public-domain good that must be allocated under parameters of efficiency, transparency, and non-discrimination.

Along these lines, the Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT and official communication N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 do not ignore the duty to safeguard cultural diversity, but rather articulate it within the sectoral spectrum policy. The **National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022-2027 “Costa Rica: Hacia la disrupción digital inclusiva”**, to which those instruments expressly refer, includes specific goals linked to broadcasting, among them the reservation of 24 MHz for television broadcasting services “for the purpose of addressing local and national needs.” That reservation, which is incorporated into the guidelines as a parameter to be considered, is precisely a public policy tool to guarantee spaces in the spectrum oriented toward content of general, cultural, and educational interest, for the benefit of diversity and not to its detriment.

The appellant’s criticism that the *“contested competitive bidding model completely disregards this dimension”* overlooks, moreover, that the guidelines of official communication N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 require, among other objectives, avoiding spectrum concentration, guaranteeing service continuity throughout the territory, preventing barriers to entry, and promoting effective competition. These requirements are not neutral from a cultural perspective because a less concentrated spectrum, with greater rural coverage and with clear and open access procedures, expands the potential universe of bidders who can disseminate religious, cultural, community, or educational content, instead of limiting broadcasting to those who currently hold frequencies and aspire to de facto indefinite automatic renewals.

Nor is it correct to assert that subjecting cultural or religious stations to the same general competitive bidding criteria as the rest of the participants is equivalent, in itself, to violating the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. International human rights law does not recognize an acquired right of private operators to remain outside competition solely because they broadcast cultural or religious programming. What it requires is that the State does not adopt measures that, in practice, unjustifiably prevent or hinder the transmission of those manifestations and that it adopts positive policies to promote them. Nothing in the bidding documents for Major Tenders N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL prohibits or limits the broadcasting of religious, cultural, or community content, nor conditions access to the spectrum on the renunciation of that type of programming.

Furthermore, the bidding documents approved by SUTEL and examined by the Contraloría General de la República in Resolutions N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025, and N.º R-DCP-00078-2025, focus on aspects pertaining to the technical and economic aptitude to operate broadcasting networks: coverage, number of transmitters, quality of service, basic financial solvency, and compliance with administrative contract obligations. The Contraloría General de la República expressly analyzed the objections of [Nombre02] regarding alleged negative effects on informative pluralism and cultural content, concluding that they were generic allegations, without identification of concrete clauses or studies or data demonstrating a real impact on content diversity or freedom of expression. On that basis, it rejected the objections and upheld the bidding documents, without finding any contradiction with the principles of free competition and transparency that also protect media diversity.

The very logic of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, approved through Ley N.º 8560, confirms that the core of protection rests with communities and their practices, not with specific dissemination channels or determined business structures. Manifestations of intangible cultural heritage such as religious festivals, oral traditions, traditional music, performing arts, culinary knowledge, etc., are transmitted through multiple supports: physical presence, formal and informal education, public spaces, digital media, social networks, and, of course, radio and television with free and open access. The alteration of the spectrum access regime does not extinguish those practices nor prevent *per se* their continued dissemination; in any case, it opens the possibility for more actors, including new community or cultural projects that today lack a frequency, to compete for enabling titles.

To the extent that the bidding documents do not discriminate among bidders based on the type of content they project nor prohibit cultural, religious, or community programming, the eventual risk alleged by the appellant is merely hypothetical: it assumes, without proof, that no cultural or religious actor will be able to meet the general technical and economic requirements, that all current cultural concessionaires will lose their titles, and that no new actor of that nature will enter the market. This chain of assumptions is neither demonstrated nor can be presumed; rather, it contrasts with the mandate of Article 8 of the General Telecommunications Law, Ley N.º 8642, to plan the spectrum based on its optimization and the general interest, and with the PNDT goals aimed at guaranteeing the presence of broadcasting services throughout the territory.

Nor can the state duty to protect cultural diversity be transformed into an obligation to keep the market positions of current concessionaires untouchable and indefinite. The protection of cultural diversity is better satisfied through a rationally managed spectrum, with open access rules, with mechanisms against concentration, and with space for public service projects, than through a scheme of automatic renewals without competition that crystallizes the current map of operators. To understand the Convention of Ley N.º 8560 as a corporate shield against the application of the public-domain regime would be equivalent to distorting it and shifting the focus from communities to the proprietary interests of certain groups.

Therefore, the competitive bidding model designed by the Executive Branch and executed by SUTEL does not disregard cultural diversity or intangible cultural heritage; what it does is correctly separate the planes: on one hand, the access regime to a scarce public-domain good, which is governed by the Political Constitution, the Radio (Wireless Services) Law N.º 1758, the General Telecommunications Law, Ley N.º 8642, and the General Public Procurement Law, Ley N.º 9986; on the other, the specific cultural policies that the State must deploy, within and outside the telecommunications sector, to safeguard the cultural manifestations of communities, in accordance with Ley N.º 8560. To claim that the Convention translates into a right of certain concessionaires to exempt themselves from the general competition and efficient spectrum use rules finds support neither in the text of the Convention nor in the constitutionality block; it is, rather, an instrumental reading at the service of concrete economic interests, and not of the genuine protection of cultural diversity.

**13.- ON THE CONSTITUTIONAL GRIEVANCE RELATED TO SERVICE CONTINUITY AND THE RIGHT OF ACCESS TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS** The grievance formulated by the appellant attempts to present the competitive broadcasting regime as a direct threat to service continuity and the right of access to telecommunications, but starts from an erroneous premise: **it confuses the continuity of the public broadcasting service with the indefinite perpetuation of the same concessionaires** (mixing the issue of renewal requests with an alleged threat of broadcasters going off the air due to being unable to compete in the auction scheme). The second paragraph of Article 24 of the Political Constitution recognizes the fundamental right of individuals to access telecommunications and information and communication technologies, but in no way enshrines an “acquired right” of current operators to retain the use of a public-domain good like the radio spectrum. The right holder is the citizenry; the concessionaires are legal instruments to satisfy that right under conditions of temporality, competition, and efficiency.

From a legal-sectoral standpoint, the continuity of the broadcasting service is not equivalent to the indefinite permanence of a specific concessionaire, but to the obligation that the service be provided stably and without unjustified interruptions to users. This is evidenced, on one hand, by the general duties of concessionaires set forth in Articles 7 and 11 of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law N.º 1758; and, on the other, by the obligations of minimum transmission time and signal quality provided for in Articles 99 and 100 of the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law, Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 34765-MINAET. This regulation is aimed at ensuring continuous service exists in the authorized coverage areas, regardless of which operator, following a tender, becomes the concession title holder.

The General Telecommunications Law, Ley N.º 8642, develops this mandate by setting as objectives, among others, guaranteeing the right of inhabitants to obtain telecommunications services, ensuring the universality, continuity, quality, and coverage of services, and promoting the efficient use of the radio spectrum (Articles 2, 3, and 8). Within this framework, the shift from a scheme of practically indefinitely renewable licenses to the model of limited-time concessions and allocation through public competitive bidding (Articles 11 and 12 of Law N.º 8642, in concordance with Article 121, subsection 14), sub-item c) of the Political Constitution), does not violate service continuity; on the contrary, it is the mechanism that the constitutional and legal order requires to ensure that this service is provided stably, efficiently, and non-discriminatorily over time.

Nor is it true that there currently exists a permanent void or uncertainty regarding service continuity. Precisely to avoid any risk of interruption during the transition to public competitive bidding, the Executive Branch has issued a set of transitory norms (among them Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT, which replaces and updates the exceptional renewal regime linked to the June 28, 2024 expiration) aimed at maintaining current concessions in force for strictly limited periods while the competitive bidding procedures are processed and the new titles are formalized. That is, far from abandoning radio listeners and television viewers to a potential blackout, the Executive Branch has modulated the transition precisely to guarantee that service continuity does not depend on the procedural fate of renewal proceedings, but on a clear and general public policy.

Along the same lines, constitutional jurisprudence has been consistent in affirming that the radio spectrum can only be exploited directly by the Administration or by private parties through a time-limited concession, subject to the conditions established by the legal system. This was reiterated by the Constitutional Chamber in resolutions N.º 02997-2006 and N.º 04569-2008, when it validated the temporality of radiocommunication concessions and the requirement of a public tender as the method for selecting the concessionaire. Under this logic, what would be contrary to Article 24 of the Constitution and to Article 121, subsection 14), sub-subsection c) itself, would be to perpetuate without limit old titles, granted under previous, no longer valid rules (such as the Radiocommunications Regulations), without reviewing whether they still satisfy the coverage, quality, and efficiency objectives that now govern the sector.

The mention of "administrative delay" (mora administrativa) in the resolution of the extensions, moreover, is markedly selective. It is true that the requests were filed starting at the end of 2022; but what is relevant from the perspective of amparo is not an eventual abstract delay (because it does not indicate which are the specific delays, nor does it provide evidence for any of its associates), but whether that delay translated into a current and specific injury to the fundamental right of access to telecommunications or to the continuity of service. This has not occurred because during that entire period the concessionaires have continued operating, first under the existing titles and, subsequently, under the exceptional extensions and transitory regimes dictated by the Executive Branch itself and, after the business day following the declaration of new authorities of the Executive Branch and Legislative Branch made by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal in the 2025-2026 electoral process, under the protection of the general precautionary measure ordered by the Administrative Appeals Court, vote N.º 378-2025-I at 14:40 hours on September 24, 2025.

Furthermore, the alleged delay has been superseded by administrative acts that follow an administrative path based on the principle of legality (Executive Agreements denying extensions issued by the Executive Branch) that are being duly addressed in the administrative-contentious jurisdiction together with Executive Agreement N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, in accordance with the design of the Rule of Law. Attempting to re-label that debate, which is one of legality and administrative expediency, as a violation of the right of access to telecommunications distorts the amparo remedy and turns it into a parallel avenue to suspend or review decisions that have an adequate ordinary channel. Article 41 of the Political Constitution guarantees prompt and complete justice, not the intangibility of the concessionaires' economic expectations regarding the method of renewing their titles, and, in any case, the review of administrative decisions under the law is conducted in the specialized jurisdiction provided for in Article 49 of the Political Constitution.

The other pillar of the grievance, the alleged real threat that numerous stations will go off the air for being unable to compete in the auction, lacks factual and legal support. The tender documents for Major Tender N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM broadcasting), N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM broadcasting), and N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (television broadcasting), prepared by SUTEL in accordance with the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642, and the General Public Procurement Law, Law N.º 9986, do not contain any provision that prevents the participation of current operators, much less do they order the early interruption of service. They are limited to defining general technical and economic requirements, applicable to any interested party, current or new, that wishes to exploit frequencies of a state-owned public domain asset of the highest relevance. The eventual non-awarding to a specific operator or its decision not to participate in the tender is a contingency inherent to any public tender, not a violation of the fundamental right of access to telecommunications throughout the national territory held by all the country's inhabitants.

The Public Procurement Directorate of the Ministry of Finance itself, in Resolution N.º MH-DCoP-RES-0009-2025, when authorizing the processing of these tenders outside the Unified Digital System, starts from the premise that these are procedures designed precisely to guarantee the public interest, transparency, equal treatment of participants, and efficient use of the radio spectrum, in accordance with Articles 4 of the General Public Administration Law, Law N.º 6227, 16 of the General Public Procurement Law, Law N.º 9986, and 7, 10, 11, 12, and 29 of the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642. It can hardly be maintained, then, that a reinforced scheme of competition, transparency, and public control equates, per se, to a threat of service interruption.

It must also be emphasized that the continuity of the broadcasting service is measured in terms of availability for users, not the identity of the concessionaire. Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642, defines free-access sound and television broadcasting as a private activity of public interest, precisely to make clear that the protected end is the population's access to informational, cultural, and recreational content, and that the Administration can and must organize the provision based on that general interest. If, at the end of a public tender, a frequency passes from an operator that does not ensure certain coverage or quality to one that does guarantee them, the continuity of service and the right of access are not injured, but rather strengthened.

From the perspective of Article 24 of the Constitution, the contrary solution, such as indefinite automatic extensions, without a review of technical conditions, coverage, or solvency, would indeed be problematic. It would maintain unchanged allocation structures inherited from the last century, associated with a repealed "Wireless Stations Regulation" and a also repealed "Radiocommunications Regulation," and a constitutional conception of the spectrum (such as the isolated interpretation of Article 25 of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law N.º 1758), and would make it difficult for the State to fulfill its duties of universality, quality, technological innovation, and reduction of territorial gaps. The orderly transition toward the public tender, with transitory rules that ensure uninterrupted provision during the process, is the path that the Political Constitution and Law N.º 8642 indicate to reconcile users' rights, the legal certainty of operators, and the state-owned public domain nature of the spectrum (Article 121, subsection 14), sub-subsection c) of the Political Constitution).

Regarding the argument that the "uncertainty" about the result of the tender affects investments and employment in the Sector, it should be remembered that every administrative concession, and particularly those referring to the radio spectrum, is, by definition, temporary and revocable for reasons of public interest. Operators have known since 2004, starting with the Radiocommunications Regulations, Executive Decree N.º 31608-G, and later the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642, that the model of renewable licenses was being replaced by concessions subject to public tender and defined terms, to respect the constitutional mandate of temporality in the use and exploitation of the state-owned public domain asset. The regulatory risk associated with that transition is not a surprising break from the rules, but the realization of a regulatory itinerary announced two decades ago.

Thus, the picture presented by the appellant (delay in extensions, an "exclusionary" tender, threat of a blackout, and violation of Article 24 of the Constitution) rests on hypothetical projections, not on a current and certain harm to the continuity of services or to the population's right of access. While stations and channels continue to operate under the current transitory regimes, and while the tenders are processed under the legality control of the Comptroller General of the Republic and the administrative-contentious jurisdiction, there is no service interruption or effective restriction on citizens' access to the broadcasting medium. What exists is the opposition of a business sector to a regulatory redesign that, precisely, seeks to reinforce the principles of temporality, competition, transparency, and efficiency that the Political Constitution and the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642, demand for the management of the radio spectrum. This can be a matter of political debate or a meticulous examination of ordinary legality in the Administrative Contentious Court, but it does not configure, in itself, a violation of the fundamental right of access to telecommunications or the continuity of the broadcasting service.

14.- CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE PETITIONS OF THE AMPARO REMEDY The very structure of the petition shows that the remedy is not limited to denouncing a supposed specific injury to fundamental rights, but rather intends that the Constitutional Chamber assume the role of judge of ordinary legality and of a sectoral public policy design body. In effect, it is requested that the major tenders N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL remain suspended; that a general five-year extension be ordered for all currently operating concessions; that the unconstitutionality be declared of Executive Agreement N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, of official communication N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and of the tender documents for said bids; and that the broadcasting tender model be integrally redesigned. All of this exceeds the proper function of the amparo remedy and contradicts the distribution of competences established by Articles 10 and 49 of the Political Constitution, as well as the reiterated jurisprudence of this Constitutional Chamber, according to which the legality control of administrative action corresponds primarily to the administrative-contentious jurisdiction.

Regarding the request to "maintain the suspension of the processing and eventual awarding" of tenders N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, it must be remembered that the Comptroller General of the Republic, in its resolutions N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025, and N.º R-DCP-00078-2025, already heard and rejected the objections formulated by Nombre02 against the tender specifications, concluding that they comply with the General Public Procurement Law, Law N.º 9986, and do not introduce illegitimate barriers nor violate freedom of expression or pluralism.

The Administrative Contentious Court, in case file N.º 25-007887-1027-CA filed by CANARTEL itself, rejected the extremely provisional precautionary measure that sought to suspend the effects of the Executive Agreements denying the extension and instructing the public tender, after verifying that the prerequisites for its granting were not met, and granted a hearing to the State. Likewise, a general precautionary measure already exists in case file N.º 25-001640-1027-CA (vote N.º 378-2025-I), which maintains the validity of the enabling titles while the tender is conducted, without suspending its processing. Forcing, through the amparo remedy, a general suspension of the bidding procedures would imply ignoring those decisions of the ordinary jurisdiction and the Comptroller General of the Republic, and turning this Constitutional Chamber into a reviewing body for criteria of legality and administrative expediency.

Nor is the periculum in mora that would justify such an intense constitutional precautionary measure accredited. The continuity of the sound and television broadcasting service has been normatively ensured through provisions such as Executive Decree N.º 45195-MICITT, which extends the validity of the concessions during the electoral period under conditions of stability for users, and through the aforementioned general precautionary measure of the Administrative Appeals Court. The population continues to have access to free-to-air radio and television; there is no current risk of a blackout or massive suppression of stations that would enable this Chamber to paralyze tender processes designed precisely to guarantee, in the medium and long term, the universality, continuity, quality, and coverage of services, in accordance with Articles 2, 3, and 8 of the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642.

The claim that this Chamber order to "maintain the uninterrupted operation of all currently valid and effectively exploited radio and television concessions, for a period of five (5) years," in the terms requested by the appellant, is frontally incompatible with the state-owned public domain nature of the radio spectrum and with the constitutional regime of concessions. Article 121, subsection 14), sub-subsection c) of the Political Constitution requires that the exploitation of the Nation's public domain assets, including the radio spectrum, be granted for a limited time; the Radio (Wireless Services) Law N.º 1758 and the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642, have been interpreted by the Constitutional Chamber to the effect that the automatic extension provided for in Article 25 of the former cannot give rise to de facto perpetual concessions. The jurisprudence (resolutions N.º 02997-2006 and N.º 04569-2008, among others) has precisely validated the transition toward a model of temporary concessions, awarded by tender, as a requirement of the constitutional mandate. To now impose, via amparo, a general five-year extension, in abstraction of the Executive Agreements already issued, the expired concessions, and the tenders called, would mean disregarding that doctrine and substituting the legislator and the Executive Branch in the design, planning, administration, and control over the constitutional state-owned public domain asset.

The reference that the petition makes to a "technical recommendation of the Superintendency of Telecommunications (SUTEL)" cannot justify an order for a general extension either. SUTEL's technical recommendations must be analyzed in light of Law N.º 8660, which allows the Executive Branch to depart from such criteria for reasons of public interest, and, in any case, this is done under all the public interest grounds that support the constitutional framework protecting the instruction of the tender through Executive Agreement N.º Telf02. To affirm the contrary would be equivalent to transferring to the technical authority a power of configuring the state-owned public domain regime that the constituent power has unequivocally reserved to the Legislative Assembly and the Executive Branch, within their respective competences.

Regarding the petition that this Chamber declare, "in a judgment on the merits," that Executive Agreement N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, official communication N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and the tender specifications for tenders N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL violate various fundamental rights, it must be insisted that the amparo remedy is not the appropriate avenue to reopen a debate on legality and public policy already ventilated in multiple ordinary venues. The Comptroller General of the Republic has confirmed the validity of the specifications against objections substantially identical to those now raised; the Administrative Contentious Court is hearing nullity actions against Executive Agreement N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT itself and against the Agreements denying extensions; and the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, in resolution N.º 2267-E8-2025, already delimited the electoral risk associated with the new model, allowing the continuity of the tenders under certain conditions. Transforming the amparo remedy into an alternative channel to review, as a whole, that normative and administrative architecture would empty the distribution of competences between constitutional judge and administrative-contentious judge that emanates from Articles 10 and 49 of the Political Constitution. Moreover, the alleged violations invoked do not objectively emerge from the text of Executive Agreement N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, nor from official communication N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, nor from the tender documents. As has been set forth, these instruments incorporate economic efficiency criteria, yes, but also express guidelines for continuity of service, territorial coverage, prevention of spectrum concentration, absence of unjustified entry barriers, transparency, and user protection, in harmony with the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642, and with the Radio (Wireless Services) Law N.º 1758. The Comptroller General has qualified as "generic" and lacking in evidence the allegations of impact on freedom of expression and informational pluralism, for failing to identify specific clauses, or to provide studies or data that accredit a real risk, beyond mere hypotheses.

The request that this Constitutional Chamber order the redesign of the tender procedure to respect "the differentiation between commercial, cultural, religious, educational, and community stations," "incorporate mechanisms for effective protection of cultural diversity and intangible cultural heritage," and "guarantee the real participation of small and medium-sized national enterprises" goes one step further: it turns the constitutional judge into a co-designer of the sectoral broadcasting policy. It corresponds to the legislator, through laws such as the Radio (Wireless Services) Law N.º 1758, the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642, and the General Public Procurement Law, Law N.º 9986, and to the Executive Branch, through regulations and executive agreements, to define the spectrum allocation model and, where appropriate, to introduce special regimes or affirmative action measures. The Constitutional Chamber can expel from the legal system norms incompatible with the Political Constitution or interpret them in conformity with it, but it cannot design a system of quotas, reserves, or differentiated treatment that the legislator has not established, nor substitute SUTEL and the Comptroller General of the Republic in their technical assessments.

The petition that the Executive Branch and SUTEL be ordered to "resolve, in a prompt, reasoned manner, and respectful of due process, all concession extension requests filed since December 2022, ensuring service continuity" ignores that many of those requests have already been the subject of an express pronouncement, through Executive Agreements that deny the extension and which are currently subject to the administrative-contentious jurisdiction. In this part of the petition, a current injury to service continuity is also not identified, which has been protected, as indicated, by transitory rules of a general nature; rather, it is limited to expressing the appellant's disagreement with the change of model: from successive extensions, based on Article 25 of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law N.º 1758, to a public tender regime subject to the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642.

In sum, the petitions formulated seek for the Chamber to indefinitely maintain the suspension of tenders declared valid by the controlling body; to impose a general five-year extension in favor of all concessionaires, without distinction; to revoke, through the amparo remedy, a normative and technical architecture built over years in the Radio (Wireless Services) Law N.º 1758, the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642, their regulations, and SUTEL's opinions; and to redesign the tender model with sectoral public policy criteria that exceed the scope of constitutional control.

In reality, the appellant attempts to take advantage of a context of varied litigation in the contentious-administrative and constitutional venues to reopen, before this Chamber, matters that have not succeeded due to a lack of arguments and evidentiary foundations, neither before the Comptroller General of the Republic nor before the ordinary courts, and which belong to the field of legality control and ordinary regulatory configuration, not to the core of the amparo action. For these reasons, none of the petitions can be granted. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">IV.- ON THE LEGAL BASIS FOR THE DECISIONS ADOPTED BY THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH RELATED TO THE GUARANTEE OF THE EXERCISE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS THROUGH FREE AND OPEN-ACCESS RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING AS A PRIVATE ACTIVITY OF PUBLIC INTEREST. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">A.- ON THE NATURE OF THE RADIO ELECTRIC SPECTRUM AS A PUBLIC DOMAIN ASSET </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">The radio electric spectrum is a constitutional public domain asset, as provided in Article 121, subsection 14), sub-subsection c) of the Political Constitution, and numeral 78 of Law No. 8642, General Telecommunications Law, and Article 79 of Executive Decree No. 44010-MICITT, National Frequency Allocation Plan (Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias, PNAF) and its amendments. Therefore, it cannot leave the domain of the State, and its planning, administration, and control are governed by the provisions of the Political Constitution, International Treaties, the laws and regulations issued for that purpose, as well as the provisions of the National Telecommunications Development Plan (Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones, PNDT), as stipulated in Article 10 of Law No. 8642. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Thus, the radio electric spectrum may only be exploited by the Public Administration or by private parties, in accordance with the law or through a special concession granted for a limited time and subject to the conditions and stipulations established by the legislator, as instituted by sub-subsection c), subsection 14) of Article 121 of the Political Constitution. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">As a natural resource that it is, it possesses the characteristics of demanial assets, that is, those that, due to their vocation for general or collective service or by decision of the Legislative Assembly, by a vote of at least two-thirds of its members, are designated for public use, and therefore are inalienable, imprescriptible, and outside commerce. Regarding these, this honorable Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, through its Opinion No. 02408 of 4:13 p.m. on February 21, 2007, has indicated:</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">“(…) are those that have a nature and legal regime different from private assets –which are governed by the right to property under the terms of Article 45 of the Political Constitution–, insofar as, by express will of the legislator, they are designated for a special purpose of serving the community, that is, the public interest, and that, therefore, cannot be the object of private property, so that they are outside commerce, and therefore cannot belong individually to private parties, nor to the State, strictly speaking, because the State is limited to its administration and guardianship.(…)”</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore\">&#xa0;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Consequently, because the public interest is involved, the provisions of Article 261 of the Civil Code apply, which reads: </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">“Article 261. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">Public things are those that, by law, are permanently destined for any service of general utility, and those from which everyone can benefit by being delivered to public use (…)”. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">By virtue of the foregoing, it is evident that public assets, and with them the radio electric spectrum, have a different purpose, being designated for common use, as indicated by this honorable Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, through Judgment No. 2301-91 of November 6, 1991, when stating that: (…).”</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Due to the foregoing, concessions for the use and exploitation of the radio electric spectrum only confer upon their holder the right to exploit or make use of it under the terms and conditions stipulated in the respective enabling title, without generating any right of ownership over it. The foregoing leads to the assertion that the individual or legal entity that is the concessionaire does not acquire either the property or a vested right over the asset, but rather the opposite, </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">the concession only confers upon its holder the possibility of using and exploiting the asset, within a determined period, and under the conditions delimited in the enabling title and in the current legal system </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">(including the National Frequency Allocation Plan –abbreviated PNAF–, as the technical standard that allocates the frequency bands of the radio electric spectrum according to their use, taking into consideration the recommendations of the International Telecommunication Union and the Radio Regulations of that Organization). Maintaining, due to their nature and vocation for public service or general interest, to which they are constitutionally designated. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">The foregoing, because it is a scarce and strategic demanial asset, key for countries' integration into new technologies and innovative services, so the decision for its allocation must be subject to a series of strict requirements, not only at the procedural level (to ensure its transparency and legality), but also must address the needs and public interest of the State, which entails that it must be consistent with the short, medium, and long-term vision of the Telecommunications Rector, and with the country's public policy objectives (public purposes). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Thus, it is clear that telecommunications are regulated from a constitutional, supra-legal, and legal hierarchy, also guided by guiding principles and sectoral legal objectives, whose application is mandatory for all concessionaires, whether individuals or legal entities, public or private, national or foreign, and ignorance of the Law cannot be alleged. In this sense, the Political Constitution states in its Article 129, which cites: </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">“</span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">Article 129.- </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">Laws are mandatory and take effect from the day they designate; in the absence of this requirement, ten days after their publication in the Official Gazette. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">No one may allege ignorance of the law except in cases that it authorizes. (…)” </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">As part of the objectives contained in subsections g) and i) of Article 2 of Law No. 8642, General Telecommunications Law, the obligation of the State is contemplated to ensure the efficient and effective allocation, use, exploitation, administration, and control of the radio electric spectrum and other scarce resources, as well as to procure the maximum benefits of technological progress and convergence, and to promote effective competition in the telecommunications market as a mechanism to increase the availability of services, improve their quality, and ensure affordable prices. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">In complement to the foregoing, Article 8 of the LGT regulates the objectives of the planning, administration, and control of the radio electric spectrum, objectives that support the legal powers conferred on the Telecommunications Rectorate and SUTEL.(…).</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">V.- CONCLUSIONS </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'%0.'; -aw-list-number-styles:'decimal'; -aw-list-number-values:'1'; -aw-list-padding-sml:25.48pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.5pt\">1.</span><span style=\"width:25.48pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">It is not legally admissible to attempt to subject to constitutional review, through the amparo appeal, the design of the bidding terms and conditions (pliegos de condiciones), the setting of base prices, the configuration of the networks, and, in general, the technical-economic component of the competitive bidding model, without integrating into the process the independent authority to which the legal system has exclusively entrusted those powers. </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">The omission of filing a complaint against SUTEL</span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">, despite directing most of the formulated criticisms against its acts and criteria, </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">generates an evident deficit of contradiction and artificially weakens the position of the sectoral authorities</span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">, </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">in open tension with the principle of procedural good faith and the principle of equality of arms. </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Therefore, and before the merits of the grievances related to the actions of the Superintendency of Telecommunications are examined, it must respectfully be requested that the Constitutional Chamber </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">order its integration </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">into this amparo appeal </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">as a respondent authority</span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">, granting it the corresponding hearing, so that any pronouncement on such matters is made with full observance of the principles of contradiction, defense, and subjective consistency. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore\">&#xa0;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">2.- The same administrative decisions that Nombre02 challenges in this amparo appeal, that is, the denials of extension, Executive Agreement No. Telf02, and the bidding terms for Major Bids No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV), are already the subject of multiple ongoing proceedings before the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction, both precautionary and on the merits (case files, among others, No. 25-001640-1027-CA, 25-002650-1027-CA, 25-006374-1027-CA, 25-006375-1027-CA, 25-006586-1027-CA, and 25-007887-1027-CA). In these, the alleged positive silence, the nullity of Executive Agreements, the validity of the competitive bidding model, the inclusion of specific frequencies, the alleged property effects, and the consequences on specific enabling titles are being discussed with ample evidence. The ordinary avenue, therefore, not only exists but is being intensely used by the appellant itself and its associates. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">3. In case file No. 25-007887-1027-CA, promoted by CANARTEL itself, the Contentious-Administrative Court rejected the highly provisional precautionary measure that sought the suspension of the Executive Agreements and the bids, and granted a hearing to the State to resolve the precautionary request. This decision demonstrates that the judge of ordinary legality already assessed, albeit </span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-style:italic\">prima facie</span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">, the non-existence of a </span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-style:italic\">fumus boni iuris</span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">, of a </span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-style:italic\">periculum in mora</span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">, and of a balancing of interests that would justify the paralysis of the competitive bidding model. Attempting for the Constitutional Chamber to now grant, through the amparo action, what the contentious-administrative judge denied as a precautionary measure, is equivalent to establishing a parallel double instance over the same litigious object, in open contradiction with the constitutional distribution of powers between Articles 10 and 49 of the Political Constitution. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">4. The Constitutional Chamber has been consistent in affirming that it is not a controller of legality or another instance of the Administration, and that, from the entry into force of the Contentious-Administrative Procedural Code, there exists a plenary and universal contentious-administrative jurisdiction, equipped with precautionary measures and agile mechanisms for the effective protection of substantial legal situations. The issues that Nombre02 raises, such as the content and scope of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the design of bidding terms, base prices, IRR/NPV, the number of transmitters, deployment deadlines, the alleged delay in extensions, are typical matters of ordinary legality, which require evidence and technical considerations, and are already being ventilated in the specialized avenue. Using the amparo appeal to reframe these controversies distorts its extraordinary function and violates the principle of self-restraint of the constitutional judge. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; -aw-import:ignore\">&#xa0;</span></p><div style=\"margin-left:36pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'%0.'; -aw-list-number-styles:'decimal'; -aw-list-number-values:'5'; -aw-list-padding-sml:7.5pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">5.</span><span style=\"width:7.5pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">The Supreme Electoral Tribunal, in Resolution No. 2267-E8-2025, expressly analyzed the potential electoral risks of the new frequency allocation scheme and ordered the deferral of its material implementation during</span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0; </span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">the 2025-2026 electoral period, but without suspending the processing of the tenders or questioning the competence of the Executive Branch to design them. It even provided that, if the respective legal requirements were met, extensions, renewals, or awards could be granted during that period. The comprehensive suspension agreed upon within the framework of this amparo action ends up being more restrictive than the standard set by the electoral judge itself, even though it already limited the risk and enabled the continuation of the process in its preparatory phase. </span></p></div><div style=\"margin-left:36pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'%0.'; -aw-list-number-styles:'decimal'; -aw-list-number-values:'6'; -aw-list-padding-sml:7.5pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">6.</span><span style=\"width:7.5pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT extended the validity of the broadcasting concessions from June 28, 2024, until the business day following the final declaration of new authorities of the Executive and Legislative Branches in the 2025-2026 electoral process, keeping the original conditions of the titles unchanged. Additionally, in case file No. 25-001640-1027-CA, the Court of Appeals for Contentious-Administrative Matters issued a precautionary measure of general scope (opinion No. 378-2025-I of 2:40 p.m. on September 24, 2025) that maintains the validity of the enabling titles until the tender is decided with finality, a definitive judgment is issued in that main proceeding, or there is a change in circumstances. In this context, there is no current interruption of service or abrupt reduction in the supply of content; any alleged impact on freedom of expression, informational pluralism, or the right of access to telecommunications lies in the field of conjecture, not in that of a certain, direct, and imminent harm. </span></p></div><div style=\"margin-left:36pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'%0.'; -aw-list-number-styles:'decimal'; -aw-list-number-values:'7'; -aw-list-padding-sml:7.5pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">7.</span><span style=\"width:7.5pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">Executive Agreement No. Telf03-TEL-MICITT is inserted into a clear regulatory framework: Article 121, subsection 14), sub-subsection c), and 182 of the Political Constitution, General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758, the National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022-2027, and the international commitments assumed by Costa Rica regarding the administration of scarce resources. It is also supported by technical opinions from SUTEL that assess spectrum occupancy, coverage, potential demand, and market conditions, and that justify the need and feasibility of the tender. The instructional Agreement is limited to ordering the preparation of future tenders for a demanial asset whose exploitation has always been temporary, under rules of transparency and free competition. It does not resolve particular cases, does not discriminate by type of content, and does not impose an economic model alien to the current constitutional and legal framework. </span></p></div><div style=\"margin-left:36pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'%0.'; -aw-list-number-styles:'decimal'; -aw-list-number-values:'8'; -aw-list-padding-sml:7.5pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">8.</span><span style=\"width:7.5pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">Official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 on Public Policy Guidelines of this Telecommunications Rectorate, far from subjecting broadcasting to a purely commercial logic, orders the guarantee of the right of access to telecommunications services, the continuity of radio and television broadcasting service, accessibility throughout the entire territory, especially in rural areas, the prevention of spectrum concentration, the non-existence of unjustified entry barriers, the transparency of tenders, and environmental sustainability. The reference to “efficiency” and “market forces” is located within a set of objectives that seek to optimize a scarce public resource for the benefit of the general interest, without selecting concessionaires based on their editorial, religious, or cultural line. What the appellant qualifies as </span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-style:italic\">“homogenization” </span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">is, in reality, the State's neutrality before content and the subjection of all operators to general objective and non-discriminatory rules. </span></p></div><div style=\"margin-left:36pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'%0.'; -aw-list-number-styles:'decimal'; -aw-list-number-values:'9'; -aw-list-padding-sml:7.5pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">9.</span><span style=\"width:7.5pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">Article 29 of Law No. 8642 and the binding opinion No. C-110-2016 of the Office of the Attorney General confirm that broadcasting, as radiocommunication, is telecommunications, and that the legal regime is mixed: the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 regulates specific aspects of the service, but the planning, administration, and control of the spectrum, as well as the regime of networks and competition, are governed by the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642. Under this approach, the spectrum remains an asset of the public domain of the Nation, inalienable and imprescriptible, the exploitation of which must always be for a limited time and through public tender. The figure of the automatic extension in Article 25 of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 cannot be interpreted today as a source of perpetual concessions or indefinite automatic extensions; it must be harmonized with the time limits and the objectives of efficiency, transparency, and non-discrimination imposed by subsequent sectoral legislation and the Political Constitution itself, and the interpretation that the Constitutional Chamber itself has made. </span></p></div> 10. Article 20 of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758, which provides tax exemptions for certain cultural stations that do not carry paid advertising, and Articles 97 and 98 of the Regulation to Law No. 8642, which classify stations as commercial and cultural, do not establish distinct concession regimes nor mandate content-segmented competitions. These are norms that operate, fundamentally, at the fiscal level and in terms of programming obligations. Transforming them into a right to privileged economic and technical conditions in accessing the spectrum overflows their text and would create preferential treatment without express legal authorization, with risks of discrimination and ideological control over content. Equality and freedom of expression demand, on the contrary, competitions that are neutral with respect to the message, with uniform rules for all interested parties.

11. The Contraloría General de la República heard and resolved the objection appeals filed against the bidding documents for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025), it being known that the objection appeals themselves were filed by CANARTEL. After a detailed technical-legal examination, it concluded that: a) The appellants did not identify specific clauses causing the alleged harm. b) They did not demonstrate, with financial or market studies, that the base prices or the auction mechanism constituted unjustified barriers to access. c) They did not provide evidence of a real restriction on freedom of expression or pluralism, limiting themselves to generic assertions.

12. The allegations regarding base prices, auction, cash flow and NPV/IRR requirements, minimum number of transmitters, deployment deadlines, and MIDEPLAN regionalization were addressed, at the time, to the Contraloría General de la República and were dismissed for lack of sufficient technical or legal substantiation. The bidding documents apply these requirements in a general, objective, and non-discriminatory manner, with the legitimate purpose of guaranteeing project viability, service continuity, national or regional coverage, and efficient use of the spectrum. Market behavior, with offers from religious, cultural, and regional broadcasters, disproves the thesis that the design has de facto closed off access to these actors. In any case, these are discrepancies regarding the timeliness and intensity of sector regulation, which must be aired in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, not in an amparo proceeding.

13. The appellant does not identify specific extension administrative files nor demonstrate, with precise facts and dates, an unjustified delay that has placed a concessionaire in a defenseless state. Meanwhile, the Executive Branch has issued general norms to ensure service continuity (such as Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT), and the concessionaires themselves have initiated contentious proceedings, with claims of enormous patrimonial scope, to discuss the existence of positive silence (silencio positivo), the validity of the denying Agreements, and the extension regime. The alleged “legal vulnerability” is, in reality, a consequence of the temporary nature of public domain concessions and the State's legitimate decision to once again submit the spectrum to competition, not of an unconstitutional omission.

14. All potential awardees are in a legally comparable situation: they are private parties seeking to exploit a constitutional, public, and scarce public domain asset to provide free and open-access radio broadcasting services. Imposing common technical and economic conditions on them, aimed at guaranteeing continuity, coverage, and quality, responds to the legitimate purpose of optimizing the use of the spectrum and protecting the right of access to telecommunications. There is no authorization in the legal system to design competitions with substantively different conditions based on the message's content or the operator's subjective purpose; doing so, indeed, could generate indirect discrimination and risks to freedom of expression. Equality demands objective rules, not sectoral or guild privileges without a legal basis.

15. The construction of the alleged impact on freedom of expression, pluralism, equality, due process, and access to telecommunications rests on future hypotheses (eventual loss of concessions, potential off-air status of certain operators, possible economic difficulties of some business models), not on concrete and current facts. The Constitutional Chamber itself has reiterated that amparo does not protect mere fears or disagreements with the direction of public policies, but rather effective and proven violations of fundamental rights. Here, what is evident is the disagreement of a group of concessionaires with the transition from a de facto scheme of automatic extensions toward a model of temporary, competitive public tenders subject to ordinary legality control.

16. In light of the foregoing, from a strictly constitutional and procedural perspective, the amparo action filed by the Cámara Nacional de Radio y Televisión (CANARTEL) presents itself as an action that overlaps with contentious-administrative proceedings for merits and interim measures already underway, in which exactly the same litigious object is being discussed. Likewise, it is directed against aspects that have been the subject of final decisions by the Contraloría General de la República, an authority that has validated the bidding documents against the objections formulated by the appellant itself. Far from proving a current, direct, and individualized injury to fundamental rights, the appeal rather expresses a discrepancy with public policy and sector regulation decisions that have suitable and effective ordinary channels for their review.

17. Consequently, it is appropriate for the Constitutional Chamber to dismiss the amparo action filed by CANARTEL in all its aspects, revoke the interim measure that suspended the processing of the major broadcasting tenders, thereby restoring the full force of the challenged administrative actions, without prejudice to what the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction resolves in the already initiated proceedings, and confirm that the appropriate channel for airing the controversies regarding extensions, nullity of Executive Agreements, the design of the tender model, and patrimonial effects is, precisely, the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction and the Contraloría General de la República at the corresponding stage of the public procurement process, within the framework of their constitutional and legal powers.” It requests expanding the present judicial proceeding to include the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (SUTEL) so that it may report on the challenged actions that constitute its own acts attributable to its exclusive, non-transferable, and non-waivable legal functions, in accordance with Article 66.1 of the General Law on Public Administration No. 6227. To accept, in all its aspects, the report issued in response to the hearing granted by Resolution of 1:56 p.m. on December 5, 2025, within electronic file No. 25-037342-0007-CO, in which the amparo action filed by Mrs. Nombre01, in her capacity as President and Attorney-in-Fact without limit of sum of the Asociación Cámara Nacional de Radio y Televisión (CANARTEL), against the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications is being heard. And to declare the appeal dismissed.

4.- By resolution of 2:39 p.m. on December 16, 2025, the parties in this proceeding are expanded and a report is requested from the Minister of the Presidency and the Superintendent of Telecommunications SUTEL.

5.- Jorge Rodríguez Bogle reports, in his capacity as Acting Minister of the Presidency of the Republic. He states that: “II. ON THE MERITS: The matter contends that the frequency auction is allegedly disproportionate and exclusionary by not distinguishing between commercial, cultural, religious, community, and educational stations. It alludes that the foregoing supposedly favors large commercial operators, and causes danger to informational plurality, and indirect censorship of freedom of expression. It also complains that the extension requests filed since December 2022 by CANARTEL's broadcasting concessionaires have not been resolved; which apparently violated due process and the principle of legality.

Regarding the matter, and in view of the report requested of me, it is necessary to indicate that matters concerning broadcasting and the radio spectrum auction are matters not within my competence. By virtue thereof, my represented entity has not made any intervention in this tendering procedure; however, in order to comply with your order, I adhere to the statements rendered by Mrs. Paula Bogantes Zamora, Minister of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications, the competent authority on this matter, where, through official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-1489-2025 of December 11, 2025, she states as relevant:

“The very same administrative decisions that Nombre02 challenges in this amparo action, that is, the denials of extension, Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, and the bidding documents for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV), are already the subject of multiple ongoing proceedings before the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction, both for interim measures and merits (files, among others, No. 25-001640-1027-CA, 25-002650-1027-CA, 25-006374-1027-CA, 25-006375-1027-CA, 25-006586-1027-CA, and 25-007887-1027-CA). In them, the supposed positive silence (silencio positivo), the nullity of Executive Agreements, the validity of the tender model, the inclusion of specific frequencies, the supposed patrimonial effects, and the consequences for specific enabling titles are discussed with ample evidentiary scope. The ordinary route, therefore, not only exists but is being intensely used by the appellant itself and its associates (...) In file No. 25-007887-1027-CA, promoted by Nombre02 herself, the Contentious-Administrative Tribunal rejected the provisional interim measure that sought the suspension of the Executive Agreements and the tenders, and granted the State a hearing to resolve the request for interim measures. That decision demonstrates that the judge of ordinary legality already assessed, albeit prima facie, the non-existence of a fumus boni iuris, a periculum in mora, and a balancing of interests that would justify the paralysis of the tender model. To now seek that the Constitutional Chamber grant, through amparo, what the contentious judge denied as an interim measure, is equivalent to establishing a parallel double instance over the same litigious object, in open contradiction with the constitutional distribution of competences between Articles 10 and 49 of the Political Constitution (...) The questions that Nombre02 raises, such as the content and scope of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the design of bidding documents, base prices, IRR/NPV, number of transmitters, deployment deadlines, alleged delay in extensions, are typical matters of ordinary legality, which require evidence and technical assessments, and which are already being aired in the specialized venue. Using the amparo action to reframe these controversies denaturalizes its extraordinary function and violates the principle of self-restraint of the constitutional judge (...) Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT extended the validity of the broadcasting concessions from June 28, 2024, until the business day following the final declaration of new authorities of the Executive Branch and Legislative Branch in the 2025-2026 electoral process, keeping the original conditions of the titles intact. Additionally, in file No. 25-001640-1027-CA, the Appeals Tribunal of the Contentious-Administrative issued an interim measure of general scope (ruling No. 378-2025-I of 2:40 p.m. on September 24, 2025) that maintains the validity of the enabling titles until the tender is finally decided, a final judgment is issued in that main proceeding, or there is a change in circumstances. In this context, there is no current interruption of service or abrupt reduction in content offerings; any alleged impact on freedom of expression, informational pluralism, or the right of access to telecommunications is situated in the realm of conjecture, not in that of a certain, direct, and imminent injury (...) Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT (...) Does not resolve particular cases, does not discriminate by type of content, and does not impose an economic model alien to the current constitutional and legal framework (...) The reference to “efficiency” and “market forces” is situated within a set of objectives that seek to optimize a scarce public resource for the benefit of the general interest, without selecting concessionaires based on their editorial, religious, or cultural line (...) The Contraloría General de la República heard and resolved the objection appeals filed against the bidding documents for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. RDCP-00078-2025), it being known that the objection appeals themselves were filed by CANARTEL. After a detailed technical-legal examination, it concluded that: a) The appellants did not identify specific clauses causing the alleged harm. b) They did not demonstrate, with financial or market studies, that the base prices or the auction mechanism constituted unjustified barriers to access. c) They did not provide evidence of a real restriction on freedom of expression or pluralism, limiting themselves to generic assertions (...) The appellant does not identify specific extension administrative files nor demonstrate, with precise facts and dates, an unjustified delay that has placed a concessionaire in a defenseless state (...) There is no authorization in the legal system to design competitions with substantively different conditions based on the message's content or the operator's subjective purpose; doing so, indeed, could generate indirect discrimination and risks to freedom of expression. Equality demands objective rules, not sectoral or guild privileges without a legal basis (...)”.

Now, in addition to this Amparo action file, five more prevail, among them 25-031501-0007-CO, 25-036595-0007-CO, 25-036754-0007-CO, 25-036207-0007-CO, 25-036782-0007-CO, 25-036885-0007-CO, 25-036809-0007-CO, 25-036739-0007-CO, 25-036796-0007-CO, 25-037263-0007-CO, and 25-036800-0007-CO, which equate subject (amparo parties and respondents), object, and type of proceeding, so upon verifying that there is subjective and objective connection among these files, we respectfully request your high Court to assess the possibility of accumulating said files by virtue of the principle of procedural economy.

Therefore, in accordance with the facts stated, I consider the present appeal against my represented entity inadmissible, by virtue of the fact that, as indicated above, we have had no participation whatsoever in the radio spectrum auction process: radio broadcasting and television, that the appellant party accuses, and I respectfully request that the present appeal be dismissed.” It requests that the appeal be dismissed.

6.- Carlos Watson Carazo reports, in his capacity as President of the Board of the SUPERINTENDENCIA DE TELECOMUNICACIONES. He states that: “the mechanism chosen for the radio spectrum auction procedure (television, FM and AM frequencies) complies with the objectives defined by the Executive Branch and is the most suitable mechanism for the allocation of the scarce resource, for an efficient allocation of the public domain asset and a reduction in transaction costs, at the same time, it provides flexibility and dynamism when making offers, and complies with the principle of transparency.

In addition to the foregoing, it is clarified that, although we are facing an auction, the bidders in the competitive procedures who submit a valid bid, that is, who have met the admissibility requirements established in the bidding documents, have the opportunity to obtain a frequency.

Let us remember that we are facing a sealed-bid auction with a single bidding phase, it being that this last phase is only to obtain a frequency of interest.

Therefore, in the event that two or more bidders bid for the same frequency and if, after carrying out the bidding phase, a bidder is not the winner, that bidder has the right to opt for a broadcasting frequency (not the one they bid on, but another that is available).

In other words, the auction in itself does not imply that the one who does not win the bidding phase is left without the possibility of obtaining a broadcasting concession, but rather that whoever “wins” the bid will have the right of priority over the frequency for which they made their financial bid.

Finally, in accordance with the foregoing and as further developed below, the auction procedure addresses the guiding principles established in Article 3, subsections e), f), and i) of the General Telecommunications Law, namely the optimization of scarce resources, publicity, and effective competition, since it promotes the allocation and use of scarce resources and telecommunications infrastructure in an objective, timely, transparent, non-discriminatory, and efficient manner, with the dual objective of ensuring effective competition, as well as the expansion and improvement of networks and services; the foregoing also seeking publicity for all stages of the competitive process.

1. **Determination of the Price** Regarding this matter, it is established that the economic value of the spectrum set in the competitive procedures is based on technical studies and is consistent with the rules of science and technique, as set forth in Article 15 of Law No. 6227 and the provisions of the MICITT.

First, it should be noted that, since spectrum cannot be duplicated, it is considered a scarce resource, as defined in Law No. 8642. Therefore, when the State authorizes a company to use a radio or television frequency, through a concession (concesión), it is giving it access to a limited public resource.

Spectrum, like any asset, possesses an economic value. This economic value derives from the fact that the holder of the concession (concesión) obtains an economic profit from its use and exploitation. In that sense, the payment included in the auction process is a retribution by the concessionaires (concesionarios) for the profits they will obtain from the use of a State-owned public domain asset. In this regard, Nombre04 and Nombre05 (2012)11 **11** Nombre04, Nombre06 and Nombre05, Nombre07, Spectrum Value (March indicate that "*Spectrum is not a store of value, but an input for the production of valuable services*".

Specifically, the Executive Branch and the MICITT, in exercise of their powers under Law No. 8660, issued Executive Decree 44539-MICITT, through which they decreed a series of public policy guidelines for the competitive process.

These guidelines were detailed in note MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, which states, regarding issues associated with spectrum valuation, the following:

"*For the selection phase, a vision based on efficiency and market forces must be considered for each of the AM, FM, and television broadcasting services, to ensure an allocation of the radio spectrum subject to that competitive process in a fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory manner, in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 8642, the General Telecommunications Law, and the Public Policy of the current National Telecommunications Development Plan, considering the market value of that scarce resource.*" "*The foregoing in accordance with the powers delegated to this Superintendency to carry out the economic and market activities and studies, established in Articles 11 and 29 of the General Telecommunications Law, and Articles 21, 23, 24, and 96 of Executive Decree No. 34765-MINAET, Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law, necessary for the market valuation of the radio spectrum subject to the public competition ordered in Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT dated June 20, 2024.*" "*In addition to the above, for the particular case of television broadcasting service, it is important that SUTEL considers that the virtual channel indicator has a relevant commercial valuation, for purposes of estimating its market value and the allocation mechanism for offerors interested in this service.*" (Intentional emphasis) *Likewise, through Council agreement number 002-039 of the extraordinary session 039-2025 of July 18, 2025, a preliminary proposal of the bidding terms and conditions and a summary of the economic proposal, which included the final prices, were sent to the MICITT.* *In order to determine the economic value of the spectrum, the Sutel General Directorate of Markets prepared official communication 08138-SUTEL-DGM-2025 of August 27, 2025, which determined the use of the benchmarking methodology, which, as will be explained, is consistent with best practices and has been the quintessential spectrum valuation method in other competitive procedures carried out by Sutel.* *The information contained in this report shows that Sutel followed technical criteria based on international best practices for estimating the base prices of broadcasting concessions (concesiones).* *Sutel followed a transparent process in the calculation; the report includes the base data used for the calculation, the normalization process, and details, step by step, how the proposed base prices are reached, thus guaranteeing total transparency in its estimates.* *The spectrum valuation process is complex, as it seeks to assign an economic value to an intangible scarce resource, as recognized by Nombre04 and Nombre05 (2012)12: "estimating its value poses challenges not present when valuing most other assets," since its relative value is based on the underlying value of the services that could be deployed with said spectrum.* *There are various methodologies indicated by the International Telecommunication Union13 (ITU) used globally for the purpose of spectrum valuation (all valid):* i *Cost Model: the ideal or fictitious network is designed based on estimates derived from statistical data, then distributing the values of the asset used among the different services that require it. It is a costly and time-consuming process, and the information asymmetry between the operator and the regulator cannot be completely eliminated.* i *Benchmarking: This method consists of observing the price of similar spectrum bands in auctions held in other markets and, after applying the appropriate adjustments (normalization, exchange rate, concession (concesión) term, auction year), using the results to estimate the value in the target market. This methodology presents important advantages, including simplicity of calculation and immediate comprehension, as well as the use of objective results, already corroborated in other markets.* iii Modelo de Ingresos (Flujo de Caja Descontado - FCD): este modelo puede ser utilizado para determinar el valor que representa la asignación de frecuencias de espectro teniendo en cuenta los ingresos potenciales derivados de su uso. Este modelo tiene la limitación de sobre o subestimar los datos de ingresos debido a la asimetría de información relacionada con los diferentes modelos de radioemisoras y la diferenciación entre los ingresos por servicios de publicidad y lo relacionado con la radiodifusión gratuita.

It is important to consider that the choice of methodology for calculating the base price depends on the availability of data, the maturity of the market, and regulatory objectives.

In this particular case, Sutel evaluated the different methodologies, considering the information available to determine the value of the spectrum to be licensed in the frequency bands for radio and television in Costa Rica, determining that the most appropriate methodology to employ, for reasons of information availability, was the use of an international benchmarking.

It was not possible to opt for the Cost Model methodology because the necessary information for its construction was not available.

We confirm this in official communication 09268-SUTEL-DGM-2024, in which we requested information from the Ministry of Finance; however, the information provided had the problem that if the companies maintained several economic activities, said revenues were consolidated and, therefore, there was a risk of overestimating the sector's revenues.

Thus, through official communication No. MH-DGT-DIT-OF-0326-2024, the Ministry of Finance indicated that if the concessionaires (concesionarios) have several activities, the revenues are consolidated, so it is not possible to disaggregate such revenues for the broadcasting service, which are the relevant data for using the cost methodology, meaning the values provided were not reasonable for use by Sutel.

Additionally, in official communications 02959-SUTEL-DGM-2025 and 02960-SUTEL-DGM-2025, the Cámara Nacional de Radio de Costa Rica (CANARA) and the Cámara de Radio y Televisión de Costa Rica (CANARTEL) were asked for information regarding revenues, costs, data on radio audiences, open television users, and radio consumption of their members.

In response to this inquiry, CANARA, by undated official communication of April 28, 2025, stated: "*It was not the responsibility of the Chamber to manage data on the gross revenues of each of the radio stations that are part of it, nor to estimate the average costs of the installation and operation of each one. Nor to manage estimated data on radio audiences, much less data regarding the number of users who access radio via the internet. Such data, if existing, belong to the individual scope of each radio station and not to the Cámara Nacional de Radiodifusión*." (Attached as evidence) In the case of Nombre02, by undated official communication of April 21, 2025, stated: "*we must indicate that we do not have the information that you requested from us in the reference communication, given that, being a sector in competition, it is materially impossible for the member companies to share information that is sensitive and confidential. However, notwithstanding the above, we have forwarded your request to all our associates so that, if they so choose, they may share said information with you*." (Attached as evidence) *Likewise, Nombre02 asked its associates for such information so they would send us the information required in official communication 02960-SUTEL-DGM-2025; however, Sutel did not receive information from the associates.* *The foregoing demonstrates a good-faith effort by Sutel to obtain additional information; however, it did not have the support of the current broadcasting sector concessionaires (concesionarios) to provide information to Sutel.* *Due to the foregoing, it was decided to use the benchmarking methodology, for which it consulted information from different regulators and involved government institutions from different countries, such as Spain, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, Colombia14, among others, to obtain additional information.* *As previously identified, the use of reference data from other jurisdictions is a valid and efficient methodological mechanism, provided that normalization parameters are applied for the economic valuation of the spectrum; furthermore, this has been the spectrum valuation mechanism used in other auctions by Sutel.* *In that sense, for the definition of the base price, Sutel followed a technical process that included two main steps:* • *Paso 1: Definición de la metodología para el cálculo.* *The base price of the frequencies was determined through an internationally accepted methodology known as "International Benchmarking." This process is used when the country has no prior own values or there is insufficient financial information in the local market.* *For its estimation, Sutel collected information from broadcasting competitions conducted in other countries, specifically Mexico, Peru, Honduras, and the United States, where at the time a consideration was charged for using these frequencies.* *An important element to consider is that, for sound broadcasting service, Sutel only used the average of the first decile of the international samples reflecting the lowest prices. This has a direct impact on the base price for this service, as the lowest international samples were used for its estimation.* • Paso 2: Ajustar los valores a la realidad de Costa Rica.

These international values were adjusted so they would be comparable with Costa Rica.

To compare spectrum values between countries, a comparable unit price was first calculated by taking the awarded base price per area in each process and dividing it by the population and the bandwidth in KHz, obtaining an indicator in US$/KHz per inhabitant. With this standardized value, differences between regions and allocation formats were eliminated.

Subsequently, these unit prices were normalized to the Costa Rican context, adjusting them by three factors:

• Term of the concessions • Purchasing power parity (PPP) • Inflation via CPI and exchange rate PPP is used because it allows comparing markets with different price levels, expressing the value of the spectrum in terms of equal purchasing power. This corrects for structural economic differences between countries and better reflects the real income-generating capacity of the target market.

The procedure consisted of taking the original values in local currency, converting them using the exchange rate for the year in which the spectrum was assigned in each country, and adjusting by the PPP for that year for Costa Rica and the country of origin. The result is an equivalent value in nominal dollars for Costa Rica in the year of assignment.

The normalization produces a context adjustment coefficient, which reflects purchasing capacity, revenue potential, and expected margins in a market like Costa Rica's.

Subsequently, the converted values were updated to 2024 using the evolution of the CPI in dollars for Costa Rica and the exchange rate, keeping the real exchange rate constant.

Finally, the values were adjusted to a 15-year concession, applying financial discounting using the weighted average cost of capital for the current telecommunications sector (8.63% post-tax and 10.04% pre-tax).

It is important to consider that, for the final calculation of the base price, the entire population was not used; that is, the total number of inhabitants of the country who are potential users of broadcasting services.

Sutel opted for a more prudent metric, which is based on a subset significantly smaller than the population, corresponding to the potential demand based on applied national surveys. The demand used for the services corresponds to local estimates based on data from the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses for television and the University of Costa Rica for radio. This consideration generates a decrease in the base price.

In addition, it was established that, for national coverage, the price of the Central Region would be used. This was done because the Central Region concentrates the highest population density and, therefore, the highest economic value, preventing operators from paying an artificially high value for obtaining a national concession.

Finally, to guarantee compliance with public policy objectives, specifically regarding the establishment of entry barriers, the definition of the base price was complemented with a reasonableness analysis from a technical and economic perspective. This determined that the base price is within a reasonableness limit of between 5% and 20% of the economic value of the spectrum for one year; this percentage was estimated at 12.19% and 6.498% for television and radio respectively.

The foregoing demonstrates that the base prices estimated by Sutel were calculated with a valid methodology, internationally recognized and based on recognized economic concepts; they were adjusted to the Costa Rican reality and were collated with estimates related to the economic value of the spectrum to validate their reasonableness.

That is, the methodology followed by Sutel allowed estimating a price based on evidence and technical criteria, which complies with the public policy guidelines defined by the MICITT. It is not an arbitrary amount; it is entirely based on international practices, adjusted to the Costa Rican context.

As a relevant element regarding the base price, it must be considered that Sutel established mechanisms for deferred payment. Therefore, after analyzing the need to facilitate participation and avoid entry barriers, options to allow a fractional payment were analyzed in this process. The participant could pay the total value of the spectrum in a single tranche or make the payment in a fractionated manner in four tranches over a three-year period, aligned with the network deployment schedule.

In addition to the foregoing, it should be noted that in the process of objections to the bidding documents, the Comptroller General of the Republic (CGR), when analyzing the objections related to the value of the spectrum, stated as relevant:

"So that as a starting point, it must be emphasized that the appellant is not correct in claiming that there is an omission in carrying out the respective studies that support the calculated base price, given that this Division verifies that said studies are part of the procurement file, and thus it was incumbent upon the appellant, under an adequate exercise of the burden of proof, to analyze them in order to refute, with evidence to the contrary, the methodology used, the conclusions reached, making reference for this to reliable sources, without it being valid to simply mention a series of questions without any support." (Resolution No. R-DCP-00077-2025) methods:

As observed, the CGR, upon hearing the objection appeals filed against the bidding documents, and analyzing the arguments related to the value of the spectrum, resolved that no suitable evidence was provided, nor the necessary elements of judgment to uphold the claims against the assigned spectrum value.

In the same sense, it is worth keeping in mind that the amparo appeal filed also does not include technical justification that demonstrates how or why the base prices estimated by Sutel are not adequate and violate constitutional principles.

Furthermore, the bidding documents establish two payment methods, as detailed in clause 44, which reads as follows:

44. PAYMENT OF THE AMOUNT AWARDED FOR THE CONCESSION 44.1.1. Full payment of the Awarded Amount within a maximum period of fifteen (15) days after the Start of the Concession.

44.1.2. Deferred payment of the Awarded Amount in four tranches, considering for its indexation the average of the calendar month prior to which the payment corresponds of the Interbank Reference Rate (TRI) at thirty-six (36) months in foreign currency (U.S. dollars), as published by the Central Bank of Costa Rica, applicable to the balances, as follows:

44.1.2.1. Within a maximum period of fifteen (15) business days counted from the notification by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications of the Start of the Concession, you must make payment of 35% of the Awarded Amount without considering indexation.

44.1.2.2. Within a maximum period of twelve (12) months counted from the notification by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications of the Start of the Concession, you must make payment of 15% of the Awarded Amount considering the indexation of the balance payable.

44.1.2.3. Within a maximum period of twenty-four (24) months counted from the notification by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications of the Start of the Concession, you must make payment of 15% of the Awarded Amount considering the indexation of the balance payable.

44.1.2.4. Within a maximum period of thirty-six (36) months counted from the notification by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications of the Start of the Concession, you must make payment of 35% of the Awarded Amount considering the indexation of the balance payable. 44.1.2.5. Such amounts will be informed by the Granting Administration to the Concessionaires prior to the maximum payment date. In the case of advance payments, the Concessionaire must inform the Granting Administration at least ten (10) business days prior to the payment and indicate in what proportion it will make it.

From this standpoint, the prices set are not disproportionate given that they start from a supported spectrum valuation and that additionally, with the objective of facilitating and promoting participation and avoiding entry barriers, the bidding documents establish that payment of the amount awarded for the concession can be made through the modality of deferred payment.

The foregoing reaffirms that the valuation of the spectrum carried out through an international benchmarking methodology is in accordance with international best practices and, in turn, is recognized by the International Telecommunication Union.

Now then, for illustrative purposes, the following tables demonstrate the base prices established for each of the competitive bidding procedures, the monthly amount considering that it must be amortized over 15 to 25 years according to the terms of Article 24 of the General Telecommunications Law, as well as the payment that must be made in application of clause 44 of the bidding documents.

▪ Competitive bidding procedure for FM sound broadcasting **Table 1** Base price for the competitive bidding procedure for analog FM sound broadcasting with 200 kHz bandwidth, per frequency with regional coverage <img src="data:image/png;base64,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"/></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">En este contexto, bajo el ejercicio de su potestad de valoración, en orden a establecer el canon de reserva de espectro radioeléctrico calcula el precio base del espectro mediante el valor presente neto (VPN) de los flujos futuros de un proyecto típico de radiodifusión sonora.</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Se parte de los estados financieros típicos de un proyecto de una operador de una frecuencia de radiodifusión con alcance regional, con publicidad o sin publicidad. Dentro de esas variables se calculan de manera detallada las inversiones en activos (equipos) y los gastos en los que incurre el concesionario, tanto para la instalación de la infraestructura como para la operación de una frecuencia de esta naturaleza, cuyos montos se muestran en el Anexo I.</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Se construyó el flujo de caja, para una concesión de uso comercial del espectro radioeléctrico de 25 años de vigencia.</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Para efectos de la valoración, se parte del hecho que la estación de radiodifusión sonora se emplee en el mercado de la publicidad, por lo que se calcula el nivel de ventas de espacios publicitarios, a partir de los datos suministrados por las empresas del sector.</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Luego de cuantificar las inversiones, gastos e ingresos se desarrolla un flujo de caja y este permite identificar el canon máximo de reserva de espectro para ser utilizado en el procedimiento de concurso.</span></p> Annexes</p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><img 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**Excerpt 4** as well as the "Ley Forestal", the technical criteria established by SETENA for the respective environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA), and the management guidelines determined in the Forest Management Plan and the Management Plan corresponding to the area under evaluation. This area has no current forest cover (cobertura boscosa).

--- **Article 2.-** In this resolution, the following maps are attached:

These maps form an integral part of this resolution and were prepared by SINAC-ACOSA, based on the cadastral map [number] from the National Registry, the topographic map sheets from the IGN, and the field verification carried out by the officials of this Regional Sub-Directorate.

--- **Article 3.-** According to the field inspection and the respective measurement, the property has the following land-use areas:

--- **Article 4.-** The evaluation of the technical report demonstrates that the property, registered in the province of Puntarenas under the Costa Rican cadastral map number 1234567-000, lacks forest in much of its extension, since the area of pasture with trees and pasture without trees described in the previous article, currently does not meet the definition of forest area, given that these areas were granted a land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) authorization prior to the entry into force of the "Ley Forestal" No. 7575, as recorded in the permit issued by the INVU on the date indicated, which is contained within the file of this department, which meets the provisions of the "Reglamento de Fraccionamiento" and its regulations. Consequently, this area of the property is not subject to the provisions of Article 19 of the "Ley Forestal" or the regulations for land-use change established by SETENA.

--- **Article 5.-** Regarding the protection areas of springs (nacientes) located on the property, it is established that they must be protected in a radius of 100 meters on the horizontal plane, in accordance with the provisions of Article 33 of the "Ley Forestal" No. 7575, "Decreto Ejecutivo" No. 25721, and the classification in "Anexo 1" and "Anexo 2" of "Decreto N° 31849-MINAE". The coordinates of these springs are detailed in the following table, and said areas will be subject to a lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) regime for forest protection, where only the activities permitted by current forest legislation may be carried out.

--- **Article 6.-** Consequently, it is recommended that the respective protocols of the project submitted for consideration adjust to the provisions of this resolution, respecting the forest area indicated in Article 3 and the protection zones for the springs (nacientes) identified in Article 5. The development of any earthworks (movimientos de tierra) or infrastructure must be located exclusively within the area of pasture with trees and pasture without trees, keeping the established protection easements (servidumbres) free.

ARTÍCULO 17.- The SETENA, through the corresponding *Reglamento*, shall establish which forest land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) projects, environmental impact assessments (evaluaciones de impacto ambiental, EIA), and other environmental viability instruments will be exempted from the environmental commitment deposit (depósito de garantía ambiental) established by the legislation on this matter, and which criteria both public and private banks and other duly authorized financial entities must meet to grant these deposits, without prejudice to the provisions of Article 20 of this law.

CONSIDERANDO III. Mediante oficio de fecha 28 de mayo de 2013, el Director Ejecutivo del SINAC remitió a esta Secretaría General copia de los oficios ACT‑OR‑D-244-2013 del 23 de mayo de 2013, expediente 16206-2010, y PI‑042-2012, en los que se señala que en la finca inscrita en el Registro Público de la Propiedad bajo el folio real 112044‑000 se observan áreas desprovistas de forest cover (cobertura boscosa) debido a un land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) no autorizado y que, según el estudio técnico realizado, dichas áreas son superiores a dos hectáreas, abarcan un spring (naciente) y se encuentran dentro de un área de protección, por lo que se recomendó no acoger el plan de manejo presentado.

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Anexo 2 Resolución N° 237-2010-SETENA

springs (nacientes) 3039 and 3042, located on the property covered by Forest Management Plan IT-CR-IF-10, are located at altitudes of 2502 and 2506 meters above sea level, respectively, and their coordinates and the delimitation of the corresponding protection areas are detailed in the preceding table.

The technical criterion issued considers that, in accordance with Article 33 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), both springs are located in an area of forest cover (cobertura boscosa), under the category of forest management, where there is no change in land use, and therefore it is considered that the area maintains the environmental services that the ecosystem naturally provides, especially hydrological regulation and conservation of biodiversity, and it is also identified that, by forestry order, no intervention is carried out in the protection areas of springs that are part of a primary forest.

It is concluded that the project is compatible with the provisions of Article 33 of the Forestry Law and that the protection areas established for springs 3039 and 3042 comply with the minimum radius established by Article 33 of the Forestry Law, its Regulations, and the technical guidelines issued by the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), for which reason no additional mitigatory or compensatory measures are required; consequently, the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) of the project is recommended. This is based on the fact that there is land-use capacity for forest management and that the management techniques established in the Forest Management Plan respond to sustainability principles, favoring the permanence of the forest, which ensures the protection of water resources, soil stability, and the connectivity of natural ecosystems in the area.

The analysis of the Forest Management Plan, the respective technical criteria issued by the Osa Conservation Area (ACOSA), and the corresponding legal framework, determine its environmental viability, so it is appropriate to grant the corresponding environmental license (licencia ambiental).

Regarding the competitive procedure for AM sound broadcasting, it should be noted that, in official communication 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023, in which the Executive Branch was informed of the results of the public consultation on the interest of third parties in participating in a potential tender for AM broadcasting, it was specified that 19 expressions of interest were received; furthermore, the following was indicated:

“First, as was noted by multiple participants, the AM sound broadcasting service has lost interest among concessionaires and the general public, as it is a legacy technology that represents a high economic investment mainly due to electricity consumption.

Furthermore, the end-user device market has focused on integrating receivers with FM technology, which limits the availability of AM receivers and, in turn, leaves end users with fewer options for tuning in to broadcast stations.

In any event, the potential demand interest for this service, according to the public consultation, is significantly lower than the number of stations available under the current PNAF channeling in the context of a potential competitive bidding procedure.” (Intentional emphasis) In this regard, the bidding terms did not establish coverage obligations or requirements for additional transmitters for AM broadcasting, given the propagation conditions themselves and the fact that the national and international context of this service is in decline, being a legacy technology with low receiver availability, as indicated in official communication 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023.

It should be noted that, today, many of the AM frequencies are not in operation but still hold a valid enabling title. However, it has been common practice to relinquish and return this type of frequency (as has occurred for the 820 kHz, 1160 kHz, 1240 kHz, 1300 kHz, 1320 kHz, 1460 kHz, and 1520 kHz stations).

▪ Competitive bidding procedure for television broadcasting **Table 6** Base price for the television competitive bidding procedure, per channel with regional reach

Artículo 6.- El índice de edificabilidad podrá ser transferido por el Municipio a título de donación a las asociaciones administradoras de los Sistemas de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales (STAR) de la Ciudad de Quepos de los proyectos de desarrollo turístico residencial e inmobiliario aprobados y que cuentan con disponibilidad hídrica aprobada por el Departamento de Aguas del MINAE, para lo cual deberá cumplir con todos los parámetros normativos ambientales, constructivos y municipales previamente establecidos.

| --- | --- | | 1.5 | 2 550m2 /22 123m2 / 0.115 | | 2.0 | 2 475m2 /14 218m2 /0.174 | We additionally inform you that there are 3 state channels considered educational or cultural (UCR-Channel 15, SINART-Channel 20, and UNED-Channel 21), which, according to the opening instruction sent by the Executive Branch, were excluded from the bidding procedure.

In this regard, it is necessary to consider the valuation of the spectrum (base prices) from an annualized perspective, given that the resource that will eventually be granted, as indicated, will allow the exploitation of the scarce resource for 15 years, renewable up to a maximum of 25 years, which is complemented by payment facilities in installments that are being implemented for the first time in the broadcasting competitive procedures under study.

However, from an analysis of all the indicated tables, it is evident that the base prices are proportional and reasonable, considering the number of years of the concession's validity and even the possibility of paying the base price in 4 installments, which allows the awardee to pay the price over a period of 3 years, with the first installment being made at the time of signing the contract and the other installments being paid annually, as established in the terms and conditions (pliego de condiciones).

Furthermore, regarding the safeguarding of the principle of equality through the setting of the auction's base price, in resolution R-DCP-00078-2025, the CGR stated:

*"In that sense, certainly Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and the Constitutional Chamber itself have defended practices of indirect restriction on freedom of expression or indirect censorship (among others, resolution No. 15220 - 2016); however, in the dimension that the appellants have sought to raise it from the auction's base price, and which is what is being discussed via the objection appeal; the truth is that it has not been demonstrated that there are no objective criteria supporting the definition of the base price, much less has it been proven that there is an impact on specific media outlets due to the setting of a base price that is seen to be determined under conditions of equality for all participants."* (Intentional emphasis) The base prices estimated by Sutel comply with public policy objectives and reflect the economic value of the spectrum; they also respond to principles of proportionality and reasonableness, given that they are the result of applying objective technical criteria, which have been recommended as best practices at the international level.

It is relevant to indicate that there are several factors that can limit participation in bidding procedures of this nature. Sutel processed a special competition procedure, in which it sanctioned several companies for carrying out a collusive agreement aimed at abstaining from participating in public bidding 2021LN-000001-SUTEL and exchanging information for this purpose; this corresponds to very serious infractions as established in Article 53, subsections d) and e) of Ley 8642 (See resolution RCS-258-2025 adopted by the Council in ordinary session 063-2025 of November 6, 2025, issued in procedure GCO-OTC-PM-01538-2021). The technological transformation of the telecommunications sector also has an impact; content consumption has shifted towards digital platforms and OTT services, which reduces the profitability of the service. Another factor is the perception of obsolescence of analog technologies compared to internet radio and streaming.

In addition to the foregoing, it should be added that, as evidenced by the observations received in the pre-tender process and the objections presented to the terms and conditions (as well as in administrative contentious proceedings), many of the concessionaires and chambers have made known their positions regarding being entitled to automatic extensions for 20 more years, which in turn could have affected their determination to participate in the competitive procedures under study.

Finally, it is pertinent to extract the following from official communication number 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023:

*"It is extracted from the contributions to the public consultation that the risks indicated by this Superintendency in Council agreements numbers 023-070-2022 (report 08872-SUTEL-DGC-2022) and 011-038-2023 (report 05415-SUTEL-DGC-2023) materialized, regarding the fact that 'in the current scenario without a definition of aspects such as: the possible digitalization of broadcasting services, the channeling to be used, the obsolescence of AM and SW technologies, as well as eventual reform processes to the PNAF to adjust the segments to new global trends, this could cause the responses to the process not to adhere to the definitive condition of resource allocation, as well as possibly implying low participation from the interested sector, or even distortions in demand estimates, deadlines, and amount of resource, resulting in possible deviations and significant limitations in the results, to the detriment of an effective and successful competitive process.'"* *"On the other hand, based on the technical considerations requested by MICITT in official communication number MICITT-DVT-OF-561-2022 and taking into account the results of the public consultation, a series of actions to be carried out are extracted, such as eventual modifications to the PNAF, the establishment of the terms for concessions and extensions, which must be executed in a timely manner. Given the proximity of June 28, 2024, it is important to have a timeline or a roadmap that defines the milestones and the maximum dates on which the necessary activities will begin and be completed in view of the eventual competitive processes, in order to provide legal certainty to the interested parties, which in turn allows for promoting the concurrence of bidders and expanding the competitive dynamics of the possible competitive process."* In that sense, given that the present bidding procedures are immersed in particular situations (discussion on automatic extensions, adoption of international technical conditions, application of conditions to a sector that has operated without regulations throughout its history, technological lag, among others) since their previous stage in the feasibility study, this Superintendency, having clarity on these aspects, made known the implications and risks regarding the eventual concurrence of bidders in the procedures, this despite the expressions of interest received.

Thus, it should be kept in mind that there is indisputably a demand from both current concessionaires and new interested parties; however, naturally, the number of broadcasting service operators tends to decrease for the reasons already stated.

Moreover, it should not be omitted that participation in the procedures was affected by aspects outside the competitive process itself. This allows for the conclusion that the terms and conditions (pliegos de condiciones) are not the cause of the cited decrease; on the contrary, they remain the applicable legal tool for objectively determining which participants are suitable for the eventual granting of the scarce resource.

1. **On the proportionality and reasonableness of the technical and economic provisions of the terms and conditions** The appellant states that the terms and conditions of the broadcasting competitive procedures processed by this Superintendency *"Impose disproportionate economic, technical, and social barriers for access to and permanence in the use of the radio spectrum,"* likewise that it is necessary to *"Guarantee the real and not merely formal participation of small and medium-sized national enterprises, as well as social and community operators, avoiding disproportionate economic and technical barriers."* Similarly, in their consideration, *"An allocation scheme was designed via an ascending auction, with very high base prices, conceived from a purely financial logic regarding the 'market value' of the resource."* Firstly, regarding the arguments outlined with respect to the ascending bid auction method, it is clarified that although we are dealing with an auction (a contractual figure permitted in the General Public Procurement Law and its Regulation – with the particularities of the case), all those participants in the process who submitted a valid bid, that is, one that met the admissibility requirements established in the terms and conditions, will always have the right to obtain a frequency, given that this is a sealed-bid auction with a single bidding phase, this last phase being only to obtain a specific frequency of interest – in the event that two or more bidders bid for the same frequency – since if, upon carrying out the bidding phase, a bidder is not the winner, that bidder will always have the right to opt for a broadcasting frequency (not the one they bid on, but another one that is available).

In other words, the auction itself does not mean that whoever does not win the bidding phase is left without the possibility of obtaining a broadcasting concession, but rather whoever *"wins"* the bid will have the right of priority over the frequency for which they made their economic bid.

On the other hand, as a second aspect of relevance, it should be noted that the appellant does not provide any evidence allowing for an analysis consistent with the case, regarding the alleged disproportionality and unreasonableness of the technical and economic provisions established in the terms and conditions.

Under this scenario, it is not possible to establish a discussion in which the claims against the terms and conditions can be broadly debated; claims that rather seem like mere allegations of disagreement with the competitive procedures and not substantive questioning related to their technical and economic conditions, seeking instead to perpetuate the legal situation of the current concessionaires for an indefinite period, disregarding the legal, regulatory, and jurisprudential provisions applicable to this scarce good.

Without prejudice to the foregoing, regarding the reasonableness and proportionality of the spectrum's value, it is noted that through official communication number 08138-SUTEL-DGM-2025 of August 27, 2025, *"Report on the Economic Valuation of the spectrum for sound and television broadcasting services,"* (attached as evidence), the objective was established to ensure that the obtained prices were within a range of reasonableness for the national reality. This exercise is based on a methodology proposed by the GSMA in the independent study *"Economic Value of Spectrum Use in Europe15"," where it calculates the economic value of the spectrum, among other services, for broadcasting services.

The reasonableness analysis demonstrates that the defined base prices are located below the estimated net economic value of the spectrum, placing them within the internationally accepted reasonableness range of 5%–20% of the total value. This shows that the prices are proportional and do not constitute entry barriers, guaranteeing the participation of bidders with different economic scales and aligning with the objectives of Executive Decree (Acuerdo Ejecutivo) N°063-2024-TEL-MICITT.

In accordance with what was stated in the previous paragraphs, as happened during the objection phase to the terms and conditions (CGR), the appellant omitted to provide suitable evidence before that Constitutional Court (in fact, they provide no technical evidence at all) that would allow establishing the supposed disproportionality and unreasonableness of the technical and economic specifications of the terms and conditions, failing in their duty to provide proof of the constitutive facts of their allegation (claim), a requirement of Article 41 of the Civil Procedure Code. Even though we are in the presence of an amparo recourse (summary proceeding), a minimum evidentiary effort is required that allows determining, at least to a degree of probability, the alleged injuries to fundamental rights.

1. Equality and non-discrimination The appellant alleges that there is a violation of the principle of equality and non-discrimination by treating stations with different natures and purposes as equals, contradicting Article 29 of the LGT and the Radio Law; they indicate that this homogeneous treatment produces indirect discrimination by impacting small, cultural, religious, and community operators with greater severity.

Firstly, the terms and conditions of the competitive processes were prepared based on technical reports through which the best way to address the public policy objectives set forth by the Executive Branch was determined. Said terms and conditions were issued pursuant to the legal powers granted in Article 39, subsections a) and c) of Ley N°8660, as well as the additional technical guidelines established in official communication number MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 of August 7, 2024, from MICITT, all in adherence to the provisions of current legislation and the technical conditions of the National Frequency Allocation Plan (PNAF).

Having clarified the above, it must be noted that the Executive Branch, in its instruction (Executive Decree N°063-2024-TEL-MICITT and official communication number MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024) and in accordance with the provisions of the National Frequency Allocation Plan (PNAF), clearly provides for the treatment of different types of stations, whether state, cultural, or educational.

Indeed, the Executive Branch established differentiated access rules for cultural, religious, educational stations, among others, within which are found those granted by law and those associated with the Asociación Instituto Costarricense de Enseñanza Radiofónica (ICER), as can be seen:

“ARTICLE 3.- INDICATE to SUTEL that exempted from the spectrum to be allocated in the eventual public tender for free and open-access Sound and Television Broadcasting are the frequencies previously assigned by Law N° 8806 to the Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR) (central frequency 850 kHz; central frequency 870 kHz; central frequency 96.7 MHz; central frequency 101.9 MHz; physical channel 15, frequencies from 476 MHz to 482 MHz), by Law N° 8684 to the Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED) (physical channel 21, frequencies from 512 MHz to 518 MHz) and by Law N° 8346 to the Sistema Nacional de Radio y Televisión (SINART) (central frequency 590 kHz; central frequency 88.1 MHz; central frequency 101.5 MHz; physical channel 8, frequencies from 180 MHz to 186 MHz; physical channel 10, frequencies from 192 MHz to 198 MHz; physical channel 13, frequencies from 210 MHz to 216 MHz; physical channel 20, frequencies from 506 MHz to 512 MHz) indicated in the following table:

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8tU2p7pTX0W+Xyhs22xjUolMkGsUtr0XQzgnY2HNsX1aGggnc0q6Ah6lrAfLZttzF3Bnnc0XpoYt0jjKpn4TBf3qfTLY2YtAPoeQw== Por lo tanto, La presente directriz tiene por objeto general el que la Administración Pública Central y el resto de la Administración Pública Descentralizada, según corresponda, deban valorar de previo a adquirir bienes inmuebles, que éstos no se encuentren ubicados dentro de los supuestos establecidos en el Anexo 1 y Anexo 2 del Decreto Ejecutivo 25721.

ARTICLE 4.- INDICATE to SUTEL the need to reserve an FM radio frequency in favor of the Asociación Instituto Costarricense de Enseñanza Radiofónica (ICER), with legal identification number CED01 and the Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), with legal identification number CED02, based on the special concessions that provide for the allocation of the resource to said entities.” In safeguarding cultural, religious, and educational content, it is important to consider that the Instituto Costarricense de Enseñanza Radiofónica (ICER) is—currently—a Network of Cultural Radio Stations composed of 15 radio stations on two frequencies, 88.1 FM and 88.3 FM, throughout the national territory.16 According to said institute's website, it “is a private, non-profit association, of public utility, without political-partisan or confessional tendencies.” The ICER is the practical executor of the Agreement between the Governments of Costa Rica and the Principality of Liechtenstein, pursuant to Laws No. 6606 and No. 7299.

It is worth noting that the ICER, on its website, shows the following arrangement of cultural stations</span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">Image 2 </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Cultural stations according to the ICER website </span><a href=\"https://elmaestroencasacr.com/emisoras-culturales/\" style=\"text-decoration:none\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; text-decoration:underline; vertical-align:sub; color:#467886\">https://elmaestroencasacr.com/emisoras-culturales/</span></a><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\"> </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">(…)Likewise, the National Frequency Allocation Plan (Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias, PNAF) is mandatory and provides special treatment for cultural stations according to note CTR 003, transcribed below: </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">“The frequency segments allocated to the broadcasting service for free-access AM sound emissions are subject to the provisions of Appendix I of this Regulation. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">In the case of the frequencies 1580 kHz and 1600 kHz with a bandwidth of 10 kHz, they may be used in the project for small cultural radio stations under the Cultural Cooperation Agreement with the Principality of Liechtenstein (…).” </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Thus, the PNAF expressly establishes that the executor of the Cultural Cooperation Agreement with the Principality of Liechtenstein is the ICER. Consequently, the frequency reservation stipulated in the instruction for the initiation of the competitive bidding procedures for said Institute safeguards what was agreed upon in said Cooperation Agreement, with the ICER being the executor, pursuant to Laws N°6606 and N°7299. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">In line with the foregoing, it follows that differentiated access rules were indeed established for cultural, religious, and educational stations. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Therefore, it is evident that it is not true that the procedures do not promote equitable access in the participation of radio stations of different types, since the Executive Branch, both in its instruction and in the PNAF, includes the treatment of different types of stations, whether state, cultural, and educational. That is, access to different types of content is made possible. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">In addition, as indicated in the background section, on November 21, the deadline for receiving bids expired and, according to the minutes drawn up for this purpose, it was verified that the following bidders of a religious nature submitted their bids, both in AM and FM: </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Asociación Internacional Pasión por las Almas (FM). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Asociación Sistema de Telecomunicaciones de la Iglesia Adventista del Sétimo Día de Costa Rica (FM). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Asociación Misión Carismática Internacional de Cartago (FM). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Asociación de Comunicaciones Faro del Caribe (FM). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Asociación Radio María (FM). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Consorcio BBN (FM). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Consorcio BBN (AM). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore\">&#xa0;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Likewise, it was verified that three radio stations of regional scope submitted bids: </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Consorcio BBN-FM (Regional Chorotega) </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Audios del Sur S.A. (Regional Brunca) </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Radio Ochenta y Ocho Estéreo S.A. (Regional Brunca) </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore\">&#xa0;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Thus, the participation of religious radio stations in both AM and FM is accredited, as well as other radio stations with regional scope, which ensures due compliance with the principle of equality and free competition among those interested in obtaining a radio spectrum concession. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">In addition to the foregoing, according to the resolutions of the CGR, it is confirmed that the competitive broadcasting procedures are consistent with the principles of equality and free competition promulgated by numeral 8, subsection f) of the General Public Procurement Law (Ley General de Contratación Pública, LGCP), which establishes the obligation to give </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">“equal treatment to all bidders” </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">in order to promote </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">“the widest possible competition </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">(see resolutions R-DCP-00076-2025, R-DCP-00077-2025, R-DCP-00078-2025 of November 3, 2025) </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Indeed, the CGR reviewed the tender documents and determined their conformity with the applicable regulations (General Public Procurement Law and its regulation, in accordance with the General Telecommunications Law and its regulation). In resolution N°R-DCP-00078-2025, the CGR resolved: </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">“Note how, regarding the classification sought for the different media and the differentiated use of cultural media, the Administration clarifies that there is indeed an opening for all interested parties to participate and that precisely this allows for equal access, and that the frequencies that were exempted from the competitive procedure were expressly defined, that is, those granted by law and those associated with the ICER, citing the corresponding list.”</span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\"> </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">This confirms that the competitive procedures establish differentiated access rules for potential interested parties, insofar as the Executive Branch, in Executive Agreement N°063-2024-TEL-MICITT, established within its instruction the stations that would be exempted from the process and those for which a radio frequency would be reserved. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">It is also confirmed that the public purposes issued by the Executive Branch are fulfilled, so the decision adopted responds to the public interest, and the arguments of the appellant must be denied. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'%0.'; -aw-list-number-styles:'decimal'; -aw-list-number-values:'1'; -aw-list-padding-sml:25.48pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.5pt; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic\">1.</span><span style=\"width:25.48pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">Continuity of services </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">The appellant argues that there is a violation of the continuity of service and of the right of access to telecommunications (art. 24 CP; LGT), due to the administrative delay in resolving extensions (affecting the prompt justice of art. 41 CP and the principle of legality of art. 11 CP) and due to the real risk of numerous stations going off the air, compromising the continuity of open broadcasting in sectors that depend on these services to exercise their rights to information, education, and democratic participation. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">The foregoing, again without providing further argument or evidence to support its claims, which disregards numeral 38 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">Regarding continuity of service, it must be noted that this term refers to the right of users so that those who provide broadcasting services and hold an enabling title, which allows them to use and exploit the radio spectrum, provide the service continuously. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">Continuity of service does not mean that the concessionaire can exploit the radio spectrum indefinitely (ad-perpetuam). It cannot be understood that this continuity, as the appellant erroneously posits, implies a non-term-limited authorization for concessionaires. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">That argument is contrary to the conditions established by the law itself regarding the validity and granting of enabling titles (Articles 24 and 29 of Law N°8642). It is also contrary to the jurisprudence issued by the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) regarding the fact that public domain assets such as the spectrum must not leave State control (Article 121, subsection 14 of the Political Constitution). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">Furthermore, regarding the finite term of concession contracts, the Constitutional Chamber, in resolution Nº 2017-011715 of July 26, 2017, (…)</span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\"> </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">The foregoing confirms that the Executive Branch, within its instruction for the competitive procedure, established the public policy objectives related to guaranteeing the continuity of free-to-air sound and television broadcasting services. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">It is reiterated that the guarantee of continuity of these services does not imply that current concessionaires are the only ones with the right to access and exploit a radio spectrum concession for broadcasting purposes, as if it were a right that is renewed by the mere request for extension of the concession. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">In addition to the above, regarding the continuity of the broadcasting service, the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law (Decreto Ejecutivo N°34765-MINAE) establishes, concerning the minimum transmission time: “Article 99.-Minimum transmission time. Sound and television broadcasting service stations must comply with a minimum of twelve hours of transmission per day, and must notify SUTEL of their schedule,” which is part of the obligations established in the tender documents subject to the appeal.” </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">Likewise, the cited regulation establishes in its numeral 100: “Article 100.-Provision of service. Broadcasting services shall be provided in accordance with the international technical standards on the matter, the Radio Law, the Regulation to the National Frequency Allocation Plan, and this regulation.” Therefore, concessionaires are obliged to provide the service in accordance with the National Frequency Allocation Plan, in which the technical operating conditions are established, and it was also part of the requirements of the tender documents subject to the appeal. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">As can be observed, these are the service continuity requirements provided by current regulations, and not others as the appellant seeks to suggest, who attempts to suggest that the principle of service continuity refers to an allocation of the radio spectrum, in its consideration as a public domain asset, without time limitation by current concessionaires, which is contrary to the provisions of Articles 24 and 29 of Law N°8642, and the jurisprudence emanating from the Constitutional Chamber. (…).</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">From the foregoing information (coverage charts and maps), the current broadcasting model does not comply with the principle of optimization of scarce resources, nor with the reuse of frequencies established in Article 3, subsection j) of the LGT, since transmitting with high-intensity power from points of great height nationwide makes spectrum reuse impossible, generating harmful interference and neglecting shadow zones with population. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">The PNAF, promulgated in accordance with the provisions of the instruction issued by the Executive Branch, based on the implementation of international best practices, seeks to correct this historical situation, establishing methodologies aimed at adequate planning for the provision of the broadcasting service. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">To complement the issue of efficient spectrum use, considering that broadcasting services do not provide national coverage and are highly concentrated in the GAM, it must be added that, to date, there are channels that do not register transmissions.

En este respecto, según las mediciones realizadas por esta Superintendencia dentro de sus competencias fiscalizadoras del uso del espectro, para el servicio de radiodifusión televisiva, se han detectado canales que, a pesar de contar con una concesión vigente, no registran transmisiones, tal como se muestra en la siguiente tabla In this regard, according to measurements conducted by this Superintendency within its spectrum-use oversight powers, for the television broadcasting service, channels have been detected that, despite holding a valid concession, show no registered transmissions, as shown in the following table Considerando I. Que el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política establece que el Estado procurará el mayor bienestar a todos los habitantes del país, organizando y estimulando la producción y el más adecuado reparto de la riqueza, y que toda persona tiene derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, por lo que está legitimada para denunciar los actos que infrinjan ese derecho y para reclamar la reparación del daño causado.

Considerando II. Que la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, en su Artículo 33, establece que las áreas de protección se constituyen en las zonas de recarga acuífera, las nacientes (springs), las áreas de recarga de manantiales (springs), y otras, prohibiendo el cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) en estas zonas.

Considerando III. Que mediante el Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional se determinó que toda naciente (spring) permanente o intermitente, independientemente de su caudal, debe estar protegida por un área de protección de un radio de cien metros, en la cual se prohíbe el cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change), incluyendo la construcción de obras de infraestructura o la realización de movimientos de tierra (earthworks).

<p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAkwAAADVCAIAAAA6zJH3AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAAEnQAABJ0Ad5mH3gAABZBSURBVHhe7d1bbFT1/f/x7+9/Lyy9FPGCCCgKCIiCgICAgtpgAQtwBSgEKqW00EIvUEoLLYUUaKEUWmgplJZSCqVQKBRKpVIKhUKhUCgUCoXCNxjf35mZ2TkzO3No92kPx6efR+f0MP3M7h5gD3nZnd3doHXq1MkEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA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</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">Additionally, regarding the population covered, it is worth noting that this Superintendency performed technical analyses to address the public policy objectives set forth by the Executive Branch to maximize coverage with an emphasis on rural areas. Therefore, from the study submitted in official communication number 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025, it is pertinent to cite the following: </span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub">"Based on the signal propagation estimation for the deployment of two (2) transmitters per region, it was determined that between 46% coverage of main populations could be achieved, in accordance with the provisions of subsection a) of section 1.2.11 of Appendix I of the current PNAF (…)".</span></p> De acuerdo con los estudios técnicos realizados, el modelo propuesto en los pliegos de condiciones, según los objetivos de política pública y las disposiciones del PNAF, permitirían una mejora sustancial en cobertura en comparación con la cobertura actual, conforme se extrae de la siguiente proyección del citado oficio (03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025):

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 <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">As can be seen from the previous table, the proposed model guarantees a general improvement in coverage for the entire population, which is very significant in regions other than the Central Region.</span></p> This, regardless of the number of frequencies or channels offered, implies a paradigm shift that allows more communities to access the television broadcasting service, thereby more broadly guaranteeing the fulfillment of the right to information and freedom of expression that are claimed to be violated by the competitive bidding procedures.

Thus, the current situation of low coverage in rural areas limits the inhabitants' right to access broadcasting services, given that, if there is no coverage in different areas of the country, as evidenced by Sutel's studies, there are no conditions to exercise the fundamental rights alleged to be infringed.

In consideration of the foregoing, correcting coverage deficiencies to reach rural areas is part of the Public Policy objectives promoted by the Executive Branch and what the technical specifications of the bidding documents seek to achieve.

For the reasons stated, it is not true that the competitive bidding procedures under analysis would imply a station blackout, since, on the contrary, they are intended to correct the current deficiencies in coverage throughout the Costa Rican territory.

2. Freedom of Expression and Media Pluralism The appellant indicates that there is a violation of freedom of expression and media pluralism (Articles 28 and 29 CP; Article 13 CADH), since economic, social, and technical barriers constitute indirect restrictions on access to frequencies through disproportionate competitive bidding procedures, reduce the supply of open radio/TV, and affect both the right to receive information and cultural diversity. It is necessary to point out that the competitive bidding procedures in no way infringe upon freedom of expression. On the contrary, their promotion seeks to guarantee legal certainty for potential parties interested in transmitting their diverse content through broadcasting networks, as well as ensuring that said freedoms are exercised in strict compliance with the Political Constitution, the law, and international human rights treaties, guaranteeing due process, transparency, and the independence of the media.

Furthermore, in the competitive bidding procedure for broadcasting for AM services (Major Bidding No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL), the CGR emphasized in resolution No. R-DCP-00077-2025 of November 3, 20025, regarding the alleged violation of freedom of expression by the promotion of the referenced competitive bidding procedure, the following:

"Faced with the above, it is necessary to point out that the objector only makes generic statements regarding the bidding documents, referring to the alleged violation of the principle of freedom of expression, but fails to carry out an argumentative exercise where the reasons why, once identified, the bid clauses are contrary to the protected principle are proven with some element of evidence. It is noted that the submitted document is limited to expressing a general disagreement regarding what the appellant considers disproportionate economic barriers. This objection lacks the specificity necessary for a detailed analysis, as it fails to indicate at least a concrete claim that clearly identifies the object of the challenge or the corrective measure sought." (In the same vein, see CGR resolutions number R-DCP-00076-2025 and No. R-DCP-00078-2025, both dated November 3, 2025).

In the same sense, this amparo appeal lacks evidence to prove that the referenced competitions violate freedom of expression and the press and the right to information, since the appellant does not provide concrete arguments or submit any evidence, to the detriment of Article 38 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law.

Furthermore, it is pertinent to reiterate that, as stated supra, for the competitive bidding procedures, Sutel conducted technical studies that allowed for the determination of a base price using a methodology that seeks to reflect the economic value of the spectrum and avoid barriers to entry, in accordance with the principles of proportionality and transparency.

In addition to the above, deferred payment in installments was made possible to reduce barriers to entry, and it was demonstrated that the prices are adjusted to the Costa Rican reality and within reasonable limits, which aims to prevent cost from being a barrier that restricts participation and, therefore, the plurality of voices, thus guaranteeing freedom of expression, communication, and information; therefore, the rejection of the appellant's argument is proper.

Regarding the alleged violation of media pluralism. In this regard, it should be noted that media pluralism seeks to guarantee the existence of a diversity of media, voices, and perspectives in the public space and aims to prevent media concentration and ensure that society has access to multiple sources of information, which is not being harmed in the radio spectrum auction procedures. As part of the public policy objectives issued by the Executive Branch in its instruction, the maximization of coverage reaching rural areas was established, given that, currently, broadcasts are concentrated in the central region, which is why the competitive bidding procedures aim for greater coverage in the national territory, thereby guaranteeing freedom of expression and the press, and access to information.

Regarding the competition for AM broadcasting, as stated supra, this service has lost interest, as it is an obsolete technology, which is evidenced by low participation.

In relation to the FM radio spectrum auction procedure, as a first point, it is noted that the concessions that have been granted regionally outside the GAM are the following: 88.3 MHz (Brunca region), 88.7 MHz (one concession for the Brunca region and the other for the rest of the country), 98.3 MHz (one concession for the Huetar Caribe region and the other for the central, Chorotega, and Brunca regions), and 107.9 MHz (one concession for the Huetar Caribe region and another for the Central Pacific).

In the bid opening phase of the FM radio spectrum auction procedure, 3 bids were received for regional stations. From the foregoing, it is possible to deduce that the competition does not affect regional or rural stations, since the number of currently granted concessions is consistent with the number of stations that bid for frequencies with regional reach, and with the same instruction of the procedures, as indicated above, with the exclusion and reservation of frequency allocation, as is the case of the ICER.

Furthermore, the design of the technical requirements of the procedures, in accordance with the public policy objectives, maximizes the coverage of the bidding stations, so that the national coverage obligations are met.

Currently, the majority of the current concessions have national coverage obligations; however, in accordance with Sutel's measurements, they do not comply with this obligation, as already explained.

It must be taken into account that, considering that 20 bids were received for FM stations, the number of stations after the award could reach approximately a total of 2620 (6 state-owned and 20 bids submitted).

Said stations, in accordance with the requirements of the bidding documents, must have at least 2 transmitters per region, and must comply with the provisions of the National Frequency Allocation Plan, which would translate into a substantial improvement in the provision of this broadcasting service. Now, in relation to the television broadcasting auction procedure, 4 bids were received.

Therefore, there is a diversity of companies participating in the 3 auction procedures. Subsequently, the Executive Branch may order the initiation of a new competitive bidding process with the unassigned frequencies, based on the public policy objectives it deems appropriate.

Here it is also pertinent to emphasize that, according to the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, it has been recognized that pluralism of ideas in the media cannot be measured based on the number of media outlets, but rather on whether the ideas and information transmitted are effectively diverse and approached from divergent positions without a single vision or stance existing.

In those terms, what is relevant is that the media guarantee the transmission of diverse ideas and positions. In any case, the number of bidders in these competitions does not respond to arbitrary limitations imposed by the State, but to objective technical criteria that are reasonable and proportional, and as indicated, there are several factors that can affect participation.

Thus, in the opinion of this Superintendency, it is clear that the different competitive bidding processes have been carried out in respect of the various constitutional principles and the applicable regulations in force on concession matters; therefore, the rejection of the appeal filed is proper.

Other elements to consider: Regarding MIDEPLAN Regionalization The appellant states that "They adopted a zoning based on MIDEPLAN regionalization, requiring, as a general rule, a minimum network of twelve (12) transmitters, equivalent to two per region. The Mideplan regionalization is not included in the MICITT instruction to SUTEL, and the twelve transmitters is a SUTEL decision that exceeds the MICITT instruction." On this point, the appellant is not correct, since the Executive Branch's instruction and the guidelines establishing the public policy objectives seek for SUTEL to determine the technical, economic, and legal aspects that are included in the bidding documents; this is in accordance with the provisions of Article 12 of Law No. 8642, which states:

"Frequency concessions for the operation and exploitation of public telecommunications networks shall be granted by the Executive Branch through the public competition procedure, in accordance with the Administrative Contracting Law and its regulations. Sutel shall instruct the procedure, after conducting the necessary studies to determine the need and feasibility of granting the concessions, in accordance with the National Telecommunications Development Plan and sectoral policies." The act of instructing the procedure entails that Sutel conduct the technical studies to determine the need and feasibility of granting the concessions, which includes the establishment of the technical, economic, and legal specifications, We clarify that it is not the responsibility of the Executive Branch to establish technical elements, such as, for example: MIDEPLAN regionalization, the price of the spectrum, the spectrum concentration value, among others.

In this regard, the Executive Branch instructed SUTEL to carry out competitive bidding procedures considering both national and regional scopes, without specifically instructing the option of using the MIDEPLAN regions, since, as indicated, the Executive Branch's provisions are general objectives, and it is the responsibility of SUTEL, as a technical entity, to establish, in accordance with science and technique, the best way to implement said objectives (Article 16 LGAP).

Sutel acted in accordance with the public policy objectives and generated a technical study that substantiated compliance with them, related to: "(...) that the spectrum allocation for the provision of broadcasting services is accessible throughout the national territory or in the defined coverage area, reaching rural areas, which presupposes the existence of at least similar access conditions throughout the territory, so that end users in disadvantaged areas are not discriminated against with disadvantageous quality conditions" as well as "(...) the maximization of population access, and the technical quality in its provision21," so what the appellant claims regarding this Superintendency exceeding what was instructed by the Governing Body is not true.

In support of the above, Sutel must conduct technical studies that are published in the bidding file (see official communication 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025), which enabled the fulfillment of said objectives.

It should be noted that, although the MIDEPLAN regions were developed for socioeconomic purposes (an administrative or political region), this Superintendency carried out the due technical analysis through simulations of signal propagation in said regions using specialized software, in order to determine coverage containment and the feasibility of its use. Said analysis is included in official communication number 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025 of April 22, 202522, visible in the digital bidding file and titled "09-Propuesta Precartel y cronograma", from which the following is extracted:

"In this regard, it is important to consider that the competitive bidding procedure must be oriented towards the provision of the broadcasting service with regional and national reach. Therefore, there is a need to establish, in a justified and objective manner, the regions into which the national territory will be divided for the purposes of the competition, promoting reasonable radioelectric isolation, especially from the perspective of regional development.

In this sense, an analysis of signal propagation has been carried out in order to determine coverage containment through regions, using a theoretical exercise in the simulation tools available to SUTEL, in order to avoid possible harmful interference at the time of their definition. It must be considered that the territorial extension of Costa Rica has multiple geographical features, with mountain ranges being significant barriers to the propagation of electromagnetic signals, as they tend to block a large part of the signals transmitted from points with lower elevation, resulting in signal isolation.

The aforementioned signal containment, as will be analyzed below, is related to the definition of MIDEPLAN's socioeconomic regions; therefore, it is recommended to use these divisions for this competitive bidding procedure. (...) It is necessary to point out that MIDEPLAN's regional planning "is oriented towards proposals for actions that contribute to sustainable and inclusive human development, with territorial equity and cultural relevance; a better distribution of income and services; as well as fostering citizen participation, consensus-building, and transparency, in a synergistic approach to development; administrative rationality and efficiency, with a high level of deconcentration and bringing institutional services closer to regional and local spheres. Therefore, regionalization can contribute to making broadcasting services accessible throughout the national territory; at the same time, this division of the country allows the needs and characteristics of each region to be considered." In addition to the above, it cannot be overlooked that MIDEPLAN "is constituted as the advisory and technical support body of the Presidency of the Republic and is the entity responsible for formulating, coordinating, monitoring, and evaluating the Government's strategies and priorities, that is, it defines the medium and long-term vision and goals that inspire the Executive's actions23", actions that translate into the preparation of the National Development Plan, which defines the Government's strategy into priorities, policies, programs, and actions, among them, the socioeconomic regionalization used by SUTEL to conduct the competitive bidding procedures for broadcasting.

Specifically, the MIDEPLAN regionalization that SUTEL resorted to in the bidding documents is due to technical aspects such as the radioelectric isolation allowed by the national terrain, and not to a whimsical decision as it seeks to imply.

On the other hand, regarding transmitter networks, according to current legislation, the provision of Article 7 of the Radio Law (Law No. 1758)24 is applicable to broadcasting networks, which contemplates a maximum period of 12 months for the start of operation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, it was considered reasonable to additionally provide the same period to finish deploying the rest of the broadcasting network infrastructure to be implemented.

Thus, concessionaires have 6 months, extendable by an additional 6 months, according to the Radio Law (Article 7) to begin using the spectrum, that is, one transmitter per region, and an additional proportional period of 12 months was provided to complete the activation of the second transmitters per region, thereby demonstrating that the bidding documents established proportional and reasonable deadlines for the infrastructure deployment obligations of the prospective concessionaires.

Likewise, the provisions of the Radio Law do not differentiate between concessionaires based on their coverage, whether national or regional; that is, there is no differentiation for broadcasting networks based on the number of transmitters. It should be noted that, consistently, the bidding documents regulate the obligation to install infrastructure (transmitters) differently for prospective concessionaires with national scope and those with regional scope.

The foregoing, in view of the fact that concessionaires with national scope differ in technical and financial capacity from those with regional scope. For this reason, the transmitter deployment obligations according to the scope – national or regional – are proportional and reasonable; that is, the regional obligation of 2 transmitters per region is proportional to 12 transmitters for each of the regions at the national level (6x2), and therefore there is no discriminatory treatment.

Contrary to the lack of "proportionality or reasonableness," the transmitter installation requirement in the bidding documents is proportional given that a prospective regional concessionaire could be awarded for 1 region of MIDEPLAN, which would imply that the scope of its network is delimited to that region and it would have to install 2 transmitters; for its 1 The competitive tenders promote market competition part, if it were awarded 2 regions, that proportion becomes multiplicative and now the scope of its network would involve 2 regions and 4 transmitters. The same proportion would apply to the prospective national awardee that would have to cover 6 regions and therefore install 12 transmitters.

Similarly, the bidding documents include the possibility of opting for regional coverage, which will allow an operator to concentrate its efforts on a specific locality; for this, it must install the transmitters required according to its design, with a minimum of two, as justified in the technical analysis of SUTEL incorporated in official communication number 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025 (provided as evidence).

In this regard, there are particular rules for a prospective national or regional operator, since the operator with national scope must install at least 12 transmitters (2 per region), within a maximum period of twenty-four (24) months from the Start of the Concession, which represents the maximum period for the deployment of the remaining network transmitters.

In any case, as has been indicated, Sutel designed the bidding documents based on the foundation of technical and economic studies, which are not debated by the appellant, except with generic arguments lacking technical foundation.

It is pertinent to point out that the auction procedures seek to prevent a concentration of spectrum that affects the market. Concentration in the broadcasting market has the particularity of not only potentially affecting competition, but also other public purposes that, while beyond the scope of Sutel's legal authority, are equally important for society, such as plurality and diversity of information.

In that sense, the incorporation of spectrum caps pursues a valid public purpose, namely to prevent spectrum hoarding behaviors from occurring in the broadcasting competitive tender process that could affect market competition, considering as previously indicated that concentration in the broadcasting market has the particularity of not only potentially affecting competition, but also other public purposes of relevance to society.

The Directorate General of Competition of Sutel analyzed the feasibility of including caps as spectrum control mechanisms in the competitive tender procedures and issued official communication 10911-SUTEL-OTC-2024 of December 9, 2024, in which it analyzed the feasibility of caps as spectrum control mechanisms in said procedures, establishing a cap of 30% for the maximum number of frequencies that companies or persons linked to the same economic interest group can accumulate, in relation to said mechanism. Said report concluded the following:

"It is considered that the proposed radioelectric spectrum control mechanism is reasonable and proportional for the following reasons:

▪ The proposed mechanism is based on recognized and current economic concepts in the Costa Rican regulatory framework.

▪ The proposed concentration control percentage is consistent with international practice.

▪ The selected mechanism promotes competition in the market.

▪ It is a more flexible mechanism for prospective interested bidders than other traditional mechanisms analyzed, recognizing the current reality and challenges of the broadcasting sector.

Likewise, it is found that the proposed mechanism is necessary, because in a competitive tender process where all broadcasting service concessions will be made available, it is necessary to have provisions that prevent a concentration contrary to market competition; it is proportional, given the need to balance the interests of prospective bidders with respect to the public policy objectives of guaranteeing efficient use of the spectrum; it is effective, because through the established percentage together with the evaluation mechanisms for economic interest group linkage, it allows the spectrum allocation in the competitive tender procedure to be efficient and competitive; it is transparent, because it clearly defines how and to whom it applies; it is predictable, since it establishes a simple methodology of direct application to the number of available concessions available for the competitive tender process; finally, it is indispensable, because it is a mechanism that promotes competition, prevents the hoarding of frequencies, and the inefficient use of the radioelectric spectrum.

In particular, the definition of the proposed mechanism considered the current environment in which broadcasting service operators operate, to avoid establishing spectrum control mechanisms that could result in hindering the adaptation of operators to the changing nature of the industry; in that sense, the proposed mechanism allows them to achieve an adequate scale to compete with unregulated platform companies, as well as to optimize the scope of their operations in a diversified manner.

Finally, the proposed mechanism guarantees the public policy objectives instructed by MICCIT, since it is a spectrum control measure for FM sound broadcasting and television broadcasting services that prevents the bidding process from generating a situation of spectrum concentration for FM sound broadcasting and television broadcasting services; it is oriented towards users and effective competition in the broadcasting sector; and at the same time, it is transparent, optimizes the scarce resource, and guarantees a fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory allocation." The analysis concluded that the proposed mechanism is reasonable, proportional, necessary, effective, transparent, and indispensable, for the following reasons:

• Based on recognized economic concepts and Costa Rican regulations.

• Consistent with international practices.

• Promotes competition and prevents the hoarding of frequencies.

• Flexible compared to other traditional mechanisms, considering the reality of the sector.

• Guarantees the efficient use of the spectrum and a fair, equitable, and non-discriminatory allocation.

Complies with the public policy objectives of MICITT, oriented towards effective competition and user benefit. Prohibition of prior censorship Legality, publicity, and transparency in administrative action Based on the foregoing, it is clear that Sutel took the necessary precautions in the competitive tender process to prevent a concentration of spectrum that would affect competition.

It must be reiterated that the requirements set forth in the bidding documents of the competitive tender procedures are based on technical studies carried out by Sutel which, in turn, respond to best international practices and Costa Rican regulations.

It should be emphasized that, to date, said studies and technical justifications have not been questioned with the corresponding technical foundation.

In addition to the foregoing, it is considered pertinent to point out that the bidding documents received 29 objections from chambers and various concessionaires, which were resolved by the CGR mostly due to lack of foundation, a situation that is repeated again in this appeal, which lacks any foundation and the respective evidence.

Furthermore, it is necessary to consider that the previous Radio Law did not regulate the technical requirements, nor the procedure for assigning concessions to radio broadcasting stations, which is why there was absolute discretion and flexibility to make such concessions.

Given this panorama, it is evident that in a competitive tender such as this one, where technical conditions that were not previously required were specified, the same number of concessionaires would not participate.

In accordance with the principle of legality, it is the responsibility of this Superintendency, pursuant to the provisions of Article 73, subsection d) of the Law of the Regulatory Authority for Public Services, Article 39, subsection d) of Law No. 8660, in relation to Article 12 of the General Telecommunications Law (Law No. 8642), to issue the criteria related to the eventual renewal or extension of free-access sound broadcasting concessions.

Likewise, it is Sutel's responsibility to conduct the procedure in compliance with the public policy objectives set forth by the Executive Branch through Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, published in Supplement No. 117 of the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 116, and the additional technical guidelines established in official communication number MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 of August 7, 2024, from MICITT, as well as in accordance with the provisions of current legislation and the technical conditions of the PNAF.

In that sense, Sutel has acted in accordance with the provisions of the regulations and the public policy objectives, in attention to the principle of legality.

It should be emphasized that the promotion of said procedures seeks to regulate the conditions for the allocation of resources, in order to guarantee legal certainty to prospective interested parties in transmitting their diverse content through broadcasting networks, so that they are exercised in strict adherence to the Political Constitution, the law, and international human rights treaties, guaranteeing due process, transparency, and the independence of the media.

Furthermore, regarding the principle of transparency and integrity, it must be indicated that, as part of the competitive tender procedures and in accordance with the applicable regulations, Sutel has complied with all phases of the procedure, which included submitting the draft bidding documents to public consultation, a phase not established in current legislation which guarantees the widest dissemination of said instrument as provided in Article 8 of the General Public Procurement Law, Law No. 9986.

Compliance with the principle of publicity, transparency, and accountability has been guaranteed, first, by making all the necessary information available at the corresponding procedural stage, to promote timely access to information and the free concurrence of interested parties.

In that sense, the files of the three procurement procedures are publicly accessible, and all actions taken in the broadcasting competitive bidding procedures (AM, FM, and TV) can be consulted; this information is available at the following links:

AM: https://sutel.go.cr/pagina/frecuencias-am?page=1 FM: https://sutel.go.cr/pagina/frecuencias-fm?page=2 TV: https://sutel.go.cr/pagina/frecuencias-television?page=2 In fact, the CGR, in the resolutions of the objection appeals (recursos de objeción) filed against the tender specifications (pliegos de condiciones), stated: *“In the same vein, transparency and accountability are guaranteed, to the extent that all actions are available and known to all interested parties, making it possible to verify to whom and how the tender is awarded.”* (Resolution R-DCP-00078-2025) It should be emphasized that the competitive bidding procedures under analysis here are duly defined and are based on transparency and publicity—in contrast to the form of allocation—which seeks to prevent discretion, regulatory capture, and the existence of favoritism.

In addition to the foregoing, it must be noted that, as detailed in the background section, the tender specifications were subjected to a public consultation process by Sutel. The purpose of this consultation process was to guarantee the broadest possible participation of any interested party, such as the appellant, with the avenue being enabled to raise observations and comments on the draft tender specifications during that configuration phase of the technical, financial, and legal specifications.

Likewise, the tender specifications were widely disseminated through various media outlets and published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta and the nationally circulated newspaper La EXTRA. The aforementioned specifications were the subject of the respective objection appeals by prospective bidders and interested parties in the referenced competitive bidding procedures.

In summary, a pre-tender public consultation (consulta pública pre-cartel) was conducted, and the tender specifications were duly published and disseminated through various media outlets and, likewise, reviewed in the appeals phase by the Comptroller Entity (Ente Contralor), making the compliance with due process (debido proceso) by this Superintendency evident, as its conduct conformed to the procedural rules established in the General Law on Public Procurement (Ley General de Contratación Pública), in relation to the General Telecommunications Law (Ley General de Telecomunicaciones).

It cannot be ignored that there is legislation establishing the manner in which these resources must be used and exploited, and according to Articles 11 and 12 of Law No. 8642, the applicable legal figure is the concession (concesión).

Consequently, no harm to the principles of transparency and legality is derived from Sutel's processing of the broadcasting competitive bidding procedures.

In the analyzed tender specifications, the determination of the base price responds to objective technical criteria that have been widely justified, as has been set forth.

Therefore, the competitive bidding procedures are legitimate and proportional and do not restrict access to public information; they only regulate the conditions in the interest of greater legal certainty (seguridad jurídica) for the bidders.

Furthermore, with the referenced competitive bidding procedures, as stated in the sections above, the aim is to expand coverage throughout the national territory and, thereby, allow access to public information, which, in any case, remains guaranteed by other means such as internet access, the written press, among others.

Intangibility of Assets (Intangibilidad patrimonial) The radio spectrum (espectro radioeléctrico) is a public good (bien público) whose domain belongs to the State, such that its ownership cannot be claimed by private parties as a good or an acquired right incorporated into their assets.

Furthermore, the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has recognized that the possibility of extending a concession cannot be considered a good or acquired right already incorporated into a company's assets. That possibility was a mere expectation of renewal that was conditioned by the State's authority to establish controls.

Consequently, the economic benefits that concessionaires might have obtained as a result of the concession renewal cannot be considered goods or acquired rights that form part of their assets and that can be protected by Article 21 of the American Convention on Human Rights by virtue of their ownership.

In addition to the foregoing, consideration must be given to what is established by Costa Rican regulations, specifically Article 121, subsection 14), sub-subsection c) of the Political Constitution, which indicates that wireless services cannot leave the domain of the State and that public domain goods (bienes demaniales) can only be exploited in accordance with the law or through a special concession; they cannot leave the domain of the State.

The foregoing is consistent with what was ordered by the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) in resolution number 2301-91 of November 6, 1991, where it was emphasized that "public domain goods" possess a character that is imprescriptible, unseizable, and inalienable.

Moreover, it is relevant to point out that, according to the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Chamber and the criteria of the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República) and the Attorney General's Office (Procuraduría General de la República, PGR), broadcasting concessions must be subject to a determined term. Therefore, concessions cannot be granted indefinitely, due to the legal nature of the radio spectrum as a public domain good.

Thus, the Constitutional Chamber, in Vote No. 2006-02997 of March 8, 2006, ordered the following in relation to this aspect, in accordance with what is established in the Radiocommunications Regulation (Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones): *“(...) the Regulation qualifies any strictly automatic extension (prórroga), by developing the concepts employed by the Radio Law in Article 25 cited above. Finally, it is necessary to point out that the extension of a concession is not contrary to the requirement imposed by the constituent of the temporarily limited concession, given that the extension is not indefinite or ad perpetuam, but rather for the terms established by the regulation itself. The active public administration must, on a case-by-case basis, evaluate, when several extensions have occurred, that the total sum of the terms does not exceed a reasonable one that contravenes the constitutional limit of temporal limitation.”* (Intentional emphasis) (...) The Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law, in Article 33, provides the following: *“Article 33.—Terms and extension. Concessions of frequencies for the operation and exploitation of public telecommunications networks shall be granted for a maximum period of fifteen years, extendable at the request of a party, for up to a period that, added to the initial period and that of previous extensions, does not exceed twenty-five years. (...)”* Based on the foregoing, broadcasting concessions are understood to be granted for a maximum period of 15 years, extendable at the request of a party for a maximum period not exceeding 25, and over a public domain good with constitutional protection, no property rights can be held or acquired rights claimed.

In this sense, it is concluded that broadcasting concessions have a determined term, which implies they are not perpetual and, therefore, cannot be considered a good or acquired right already incorporated into the assets of a natural or legal person..." It requests the appeal be declared without merit.

7.- The legal prescriptions have been observed in the proceedings followed.

Drafted by Judge **Cruz Castro**; and, **Considering:** **I.- PURPOSE OF THE APPEAL.** The appellant states that Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT of June 20, 2024, official letter MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 of August 7, 2024, as well as the tender specifications for public tenders 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, ordered by the Executive Branch, the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications (MICITT), and the Superintendency of Telecommunications (SUTEL) violate various fundamental rights. They claim that, through these acts, a competitive bidding process was instructed and designed for the award of all available frequencies for AM and FM sound broadcasting and free-to-access open television, under a homogeneous and predominantly commercial conception, based on criteria of economic efficiency and "market forces," without distinguishing the nature, purpose, and social function of the different types of broadcasting stations (commercial, cultural, religious, educational, community, or of social interest), even though such differentiation is expressly recognized in the legal system. They affirm that the contested tender specifications impose disproportionate economic, technical, and financial barriers, such as ascending auctions with high base prices, financial profitability demands, high infrastructure investment costs, requirements for multiple transmitters per region, and excessively short implementation deadlines, which particularly affects small and medium-sized concessionaires, as well as cultural, religious, and community stations, compromising their permanence and the continuity of the service.

They also allege that the Administration has incurred unjustified delay by not resolving concession extension requests filed since December 2022, generating a state of legal uncertainty that, together with the questioned competitive bidding process, puts the continuity of the open broadcasting services currently in operation at risk. They consider the principles of equality and non-discrimination, reasonableness and proportionality, as well as the rights to freedom of expression, information pluralism, access to telecommunications, service continuity, due process, and the protection of cultural diversity to be harmed. They request the suspension of the contested competitive bidding procedures, the provisional continuity of the current concessions, and that the appeal be declared with merit.

**II.- PROVEN FACTS.** Of importance for the decision in this matter, the following facts are deemed duly proven, either because they have been accredited or because the respondent has omitted to refer to them as provided in the initial order:

• a)Through official letter No. 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023, of November 21, 2023, SUTEL stated that there were forty-eight concessionaires of AM broadcasting services, forty-three of FM broadcasting services, and twenty-five of TV broadcasting services. ([https://www.sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023%20CONSEJO%20Estudios%20previos%20subasta%20radiodifusio%CC%81n.pdf](https://www.sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023%20CONSEJO%20Estudios%20previos%20subasta%20radiodifusio%CC%81n.pdf)).
• b)By means of a press release of May 14, 2024, SUTEL alluded to the fact that, on that date: *“In total, the condition of 24 television concessionaires and 74 radio concessionaires was analyzed; 25 of them in AM and 49 in FM. (...)”*. ([https://sutel.go.cr/noticias/comunicados-de-prensa/sutel-remite-informes-tecnicos-al-poder-ejecutivo-para-que-defina-el](https://sutel.go.cr/noticias/comunicados-de-prensa/sutel-remite-informes-tecnicos-al-poder-ejecutivo-para-que-defina-el)).
• c)On September 25, 2025, in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 179, SUTEL published the invitation to participate in any of the three broadcasting competitive bidding procedures for the concession on the use and exploitation of the radio spectrum for the provision of free-to-access sound and television broadcasting services, itemized as follows: No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV) ([https://sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/frecuencias/22e.-2025ly-000001-sutel-pliego-de-condiciones-am](https://sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/frecuencias/22e.-2025ly-000001-sutel-pliego-de-condiciones-am), [https://sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/frecuencias/22e.-2025ly-000002-sutel-pliego-de-condiciones-fm.pdf](https://sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/frecuencias/22e.-2025ly-000002-sutel-pliego-de-condiciones-fm.pdf), and [https://sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/frecuencias/22e.-2025ly-000003-sutel-pliego-de-condiciones-tv.pdf](https://sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/frecuencias/22e.-2025ly-000003-sutel-pliego-de-condiciones-tv.pdf)).
• d)Appendix 1 of official letter No. - of November 14, 2025, indicates: *“Appendix 1.

The FM broadcasting band comprises the frequency segment from 88 MHz to 108 MHz, and currently has 55 concessionaires, which are detailed below (…) (evidence provided by the Minister of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications).

• e)On November 21, 2025, the deadline for receiving bids for free-to-access sound and television broadcasting expired (see reports rendered by the respondent authorities).
• f)On November 24, 2025, the Bidding Committee conducted the opening of bids and drew up the corresponding bid receipt record, at which time it was confirmed that bids were received for 20 frequencies for the FM broadcasting service, one frequency for the AM broadcasting service, and four frequencies for the television broadcasting service (see reports rendered by the respondent authorities).

**III.- REGARDING THE SPECIFIC CASE.** Of importance for the resolution of this matter, it should be noted that this Chamber recently resolved the amparo appeal processed under expediente 25-031501-0007-CO, in which the appellant raised grievances similar to those analyzed in the *sub iudice*. On that occasion, the appellant accused before this Court that the radio spectrum auction procedures carried the risk of diminishing the provision of broadcasting services, since they violate *“the principles of freedom of expression and press, no prior censorship, subsequent liability, right of access to public information, principle of legality, principle of integrity, principle of transparency, principle of social sustainability, principle of effectiveness and efficiency, principle of equality and free competition, the principle of patrimonial intangibility and the violation of guaranteeing service continuity for end users”*.

He complained generally that the auction of radio and television frequencies in Costa Rica, considering that the methodology and the set prices illegitimately restrict the participation of small, community, regional, and religious media, favoring only operators with high economic capacity. He argued that a model based exclusively on economic criteria violates freedom of expression, informational pluralism, and the state's duty to guarantee media diversity, especially in rural areas where open radio and television are primary sources of information. Likewise, he criticized that the prices are not based on technical studies adjusted to the national reality, but on international parameters, and that the bidding conditions omitted to contemplate indigenous and cultural stations. He pointed out that the low participation—with a high percentage of deserted frequencies and scarce bids concentrated in few companies—evidences the failure of the objective of democratizing the spectrum and expanding coverage, generating a negative impact on vulnerable populations and on equitable access to the media. For its part, the Chamber proceeded to carry out the respective study and, through judgment no. 2026-007626, of 2:15 p.m. on February 27, 2026, declared the appeal with merit regarding the unconstitutionality of bidding procedures no. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), no. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and no. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV), given that they impose the highest economic bid as the sole criterion for the allocation of radio frequency concessions, without taking into consideration or guaranteeing the pluralism (both of media and content) that must exist in every Democratic Rule of Law State and a free and full Information Society, in real terms. Additionally, it considered that said situation caused a significant decrease in the open radio stations and television channels that participated in this phase of the procedure of more than two-thirds of the total existing amount, whose diversity was not contemplated or taken into consideration in the bids. Thus, in the operative part of said Judgment, the following was ordered, as relevant:

*“**Therefore:*** *By unanimity, the filed joinders are admitted. By majority, the appeal is declared with merit regarding the unconstitutionality of bidding procedures no. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV) for establishing the highest economic bid as the sole criterion for the allocation of radio frequency concessions, without taking into consideration or guaranteeing the pluralism—both of media and content—that must exist in a Democratic Rule of Law State and in a Free and Full Information Society. Consequently, bidding procedures no. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV) are annulled and Jorge Rodríguez Bogle, Paula Bogantes Zamora, and Carlos Watson Carazo, in their respective capacities as acting Minister of the Presidency, Minister of the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications, and President of the Council of the Superintendency of Telecommunications, or whomever currently holds those positions, are ordered to make the necessary arrangements, coordinate what is pertinent, and execute the relevant acts within the scope of their competencies, in order to guarantee the non-interruption of the provision of current broadcasting services, while the radio frequencies are not allocated through procedures that, in addition to not using the highest economic bid as the sole allocation criterion, effectively incorporate pluralism—both of media and content—and seek an equitable, transparent, and egalitarian distribution of the entirety of the radio spectrum related to the provision of sound broadcasting services, in amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM), as well as free-to-access television broadcasting. The respondent authorities are warned that, based on Article 71 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, imprisonment of three months to two years or a fine of twenty to sixty days will be imposed upon those who receive an order issued in an amparo appeal that they must comply with or enforce and do not obey it, provided that the crime is not more severely penalized. The Superintendency of Telecommunications and the State are condemned to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts that serve as the basis for this declaration, which will be liquidated in the execution of judgment in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. Magistrate Cruz Castro provides additional reasons. Magistrates Castillo Víquez and Salazar Alvarado issue a dissenting vote, accept the request for a hearing; and, in view of the fundamental right of citizens to access telecommunications and information technologies throughout the national territory (Article 24 of the Political Constitution), declare the appeal with merit and order the Ministry of the Presidency, the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications, and the Superintendency of Telecommunications to, within a period of three months, counted from the notification of this resolution, make the necessary arrangements, coordinate what is pertinent, and carry out all actions within the scope of their competencies, publish a new public competitive procedure for the granting of concessions for the provision of sound broadcasting services in amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and free-to-access television, in order to guarantee the participation of interested parties that provide cultural, religious, educational, and regional services, for which they must establish the requirements with which said interest and the respective operating conditions will be accredited. Magistrate Garro Vargas declares the amparo appeal with merit for her own reasons and, in relation to the operative part of this judgment, issues a dissenting vote in order to order that the instruction of the case continue and to hold a hearing with the purpose of having sufficient elements to weigh and appropriately specify the order that would correspond to issue in this amparo appeal. Notify.”* In this manner, since there is no reason to depart from the criterion sustained in the partially transcribed judgment, and considering that the appellant also questions the constitutionality of the public call for bids for the allocation of radio and television frequencies due to its exclusionary and disproportionate nature—as well as the risk of indirect censorship and impact on informational plurality and freedom of expression, particularly to the detriment of regional, religious, and community media—this Chamber considers that the considerations developed therein are fully applicable to the specific case.

Consequently, the respondent authorities must abide by what was resolved in said precedent, for what in law corresponds.

**IV.- Documentation provided to the expediente.** The party is warned that, if they have provided any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new technology-produced device, these must be collected from the office within a maximum period of thirty business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not collected within this period will be destroyed, pursuant to the provisions of the “Regulation on the Electronic File before the Judiciary,” approved by the Full Court in Session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI and published in Judicial Bulletin No. 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as the agreement approved by the Superior Council of the Judiciary, in Session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.

**Therefore:** Let the respondent authorities abide by the provisions of judgment no.

-2026-007626, at 2:15 p.m. on February 27, 2026.-</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.45pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:5pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:5pt; margin-bottom:5pt; text-indent:35.45pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:12pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:8pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:5pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; 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" width="162" height="74" alt="" style="-aw-left-pos:0pt; -aw-rel-hpos:column; -aw-rel-vpos:paragraph; -aw-top-pos:0pt; -aw-wrap-type:inline" /></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:7pt; vertical-align:sub">Paul Rueda L.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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 It is considered:

I.This Public Deed (Escritura Pública) constitutes a valid instrument for the registration of the easement (servidumbre), in accordance with Forestry Law No. 7575 (Ley Forestal No. 7575) and the Regulations to the Forestry Law (Reglamento a la Ley Forestal), Executive Decree No. 25721-MINAE (Decreto Ejecutivo No. 25721-MINAE).

II.The technical studies and the topographic survey plan (plano catastrado) that are incorporated into this deed comply with the requirements demanded by the Registry and by the governing bodies in forestry matters.

III.The area subject to the forest easement (servidumbre forestal) is clearly delimited, according to the survey plan prepared by the topographer.

Therefore (Por tanto):

Article 1. It is constituted, in perpetuity and for a lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad), a forest easement (servidumbre forestal) on the property(ies) described below, in favor of the Costa Rican State, with the characteristics and scope indicated below and in the attached technical studies.

Salazar A.</span></p></td><td style="padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:7pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore"> </span></p></td><td style="padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><img 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width="164" height="74" alt="" style="-aw-left-pos:0pt; -aw-rel-hpos:column; -aw-rel-vpos:paragraph; -aw-top-pos:0pt; -aw-wrap-type:inline" /></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:7pt; vertical-align:sub">Jorge Araya G.</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><img 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width="162" height="74" alt="" style="-aw-left-pos:0pt; -aw-rel-hpos:column; -aw-rel-vpos:paragraph; -aw-top-pos:0pt; -aw-wrap-type:inline" /></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:7pt; vertical-align:sub">Anamari Garro V.</span></p></td><td style="padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:7pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore"> </span></p></td><td style="padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><img 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width="162" height="74" alt="" style="-aw-left-pos:0pt; -aw-rel-hpos:column; -aw-rel-vpos:paragraph; -aw-top-pos:0pt; -aw-wrap-type:inline" /></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:7pt; vertical-align:sub">Ingrid Hess H.</span></p></td></tr></table><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore"> </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore"> </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:5.33pt; vertical-align:sub">Documento Firmado Digitalmente</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:5.33pt; vertical-align:sub">-- Código verificador --</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'WASP 39 L'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub"></span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:Tahoma; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:spaces"> </span><span style="font-family:Tahoma; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">IOLBEO2WIQW61 </span></p><div style="-aw-headerfooter-type:footer-primary; clear:both"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:right; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:5.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub">EXPEDIENTE N° 25-037342-0007-CO </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:1pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:5.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore"> </span></p><p style="margin-top:1pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:5.33pt; vertical-align:sub">Teléfonos: Telf04/ ALA-4TA (Telf05). Fax: Telf06 / Telf07. Dirección electrónica: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Dirección: (Dirección01, Dirección02, 100 mts. Sur de la iglesia del Perpetuo Socorro).</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="-aw-import:ignore"> </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="-aw-import:ignore"> </span></p></div></div></body></html>", "number": "2026013285" }, "links": [] } That in practice, the instruction is based on the erroneous assumption that all sound and television broadcasting services are homogeneous and that their allocation must be governed predominantly by a logic of “market forces” and maximization of the economic value of the spectrum, without recognizing the cultural, religious, community, and social function of a large number of current concessionaires. It adds that “(…) Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law (Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642) establishes that: ‘The use of sound and television broadcasting, due to its informative, cultural, and recreational aspects, constitutes a private activity of public interest. The granting of concessions and the provision of broadcasting and television services shall continue to be governed by the provisions of the Radio Law, No. 1758, of June 19, 1954, its amendments, and its Regulations. SUTEL shall be responsible for carrying out the activities and studies necessary to prepare the concession tender and recommend to the Executive Branch the granting or denial of these concessions. The sound or television broadcasting services defined in this article are free-to-air; these are understood as conventional sound or television broadcasting services, with commercial, educational, or cultural programming, which can be received freely by the general public, without payment of subscription fees, and their signals are transmitted in one direction to multiple points of simultaneous reception.’ This provision expressly recognizes that free-to-air sound and television broadcasting may have commercial, educational, or cultural programming, and that it is a private activity of public interest, not a purely commercial service. An interpretation compatible with the Constitution therefore requires treating stations differently according to their nature and purpose. FOURTH: The Radio Law No. 1758 and the Regulations to the General Telecommunications Law deepen this differentiation. By way of example: • Article 20 of the Radio Law provides: ‘Broadcasting stations whose exclusive purpose is cultural dissemination and broadcasting stations in the service of meteorological and air or maritime navigation shall be exempt from all taxes, provided they do not engage in commercial propaganda or any other kind of paid propaganda.’ • The Regulations to the General Telecommunications Law, in its articles 97 and 98, classify broadcasting stations according to their nature and service, distinguishing between: - Commercial stations: dedicated to the permanent for-profit exploitation of commercial propaganda. - Cultural stations: with programming dedicated exclusively to educational, religious and/or cultural, formative, and informative content. - Furthermore, it differentiates between commercial sound and television broadcasting services, and cultural sound and television broadcasting services. That is, the legal system itself recognizes and requires a differentiated classification of broadcasting services, upon which any frequency tender process must be built. (…)”. It claims that the bidding documents for the public tenders convened by SUTEL (2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL) do not incorporate this regulatory differentiation at all between: “(…) • Commercial stations. • Cultural stations. • Religious stations and other projects with predominantly social or community purposes. On the contrary, three types of barriers were imposed that disproportionately affect current concessionaires, particularly small and medium-sized national enterprises, as well as cultural and religious stations: 1. Economic barrier: Violates the principle of Efficiency and Effectiveness a) An ascending auction allocation scheme was designed, with very high base prices, conceived from a purely financial logic regarding the “market value” of the resource, without taking into account: • The economic reality of the current “concessionaires.” • The non-profit nature or reduced margins of many cultural, religious, and community stations. • The function of open broadcasting as a support for the right of access to telecommunications and the right to information and freedom of expression. b) The financial conditions established the obligation for all bidders to present a projected ten-year cash flow demonstrating, among other aspects, that: “… an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) greater than the discount rate used for the calculation of the Net Present Value (NPV) must be determined. The discount rate used must be justified by the bidder.” This requirement is based on the erroneous assumption that every broadcasting station operates under a logic of financial profitability, which: - Forces cultural and religious stations, whose sustainability comes from contributions from the faithful, donations, or patronage, to simulate profitability assumptions incompatible with their nature and purposes. - Is materially impossible to fulfill for many small and medium-sized national enterprises, whose structure and financial capacity does not resemble that of large media conglomerates. c) The new technical scheme derived from the modification of the National Frequency Allocation Plan (Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias), added to the infrastructure deployment requirements, drastically increased the capital expenditure (CAPEX) necessary to legitimately participate in the tender, marginalizing a large part of the current broadcasting ecosystem. 2. Social barrier: The combination of the above has direct and serious effects on the exercise of the right to freedom of expression and access to information by the population: • Radio listeners and television viewers who do not have the economic capacity to pay for internet or subscription television services depend on open broadcasting and television to be informed, educated, and access cultural and religious content. • The imposition of disproportionate economic and financial requirements leads to the possible departure from the air of numerous open stations and channels, reducing information pluralism and cultural diversity. • This is incompatible with the State’s duty to guarantee the fundamental right of access to telecommunications and with the objectives of the General Telecommunications Law regarding universality, continuity, quality, and coverage. 3. Technical barrier: At a technical level, the bidding documents: • Adopted zoning based on the MIDEPLAN regionalization, requiring, as a general rule, a minimum network of twelve (12) transmitters, equivalent to two per region. • The MIDEPLAN regionalization is not included in the MICITT instruction to SUTEL, and the twelve transmitters is a decision by SUTEL that exceeds the MICITT instruction. • Additionally, a deadline of only twelve months was granted to have the network fully operational, a deadline that is excessively burdensome and impossible to meet for the majority of small and medium-sized operators, considering municipal, environmental, construction, equipment importation and installation procedures, as well as electrical and signal transport interconnections. All of the above constitutes an unjustified technical barrier, contrary to the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, and which affects the continuity of the services. SIXTH: Finally, there is an additional element of seriousness: • The broadcasting concessionaires of this chamber requested their extension since December 2022. • Despite the Administration having the constitutional and legal duty to resolve within a reasonable period, the requests were not resolved, thereby violating due process and the principle of legality. • This administrative delay places concessionaires in a situation of juridical vulnerability, forcing them to depend on very short-term extensions by executive decree, while in parallel a tender process was designed that subjected the same frequencies to a bidding procedure. In practice, this generates a state of permanent uncertainty about the continuity of the services, with a direct impact on investments, the labor stability of the sector, and the right of citizens to receive information and cultural content continuously.

**CONSTITUTIONAL GRIEVANCES** 1. Violation of the principle of equality and non-discrimination (Art. 33 of the Political Constitution) The design of the Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TELMICITT, the MICITT instructions, and the bidding documents for tenders 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL is based on a serious error: it treats all broadcasting stations as if they were equal, without distinguishing: • Commercial stations, oriented toward profit. • Cultural, religious, educational, community, or social interest stations, whose main purpose is not economic profitability but the dissemination of values, culture, religion, and community service. Imposing on all of them the same economic, financial, and technical requirements, under the presumption that their activity is essentially for-profit, results in: • Being contrary to Art. 29 of the General Telecommunications Law and the Radio Law, which establish a differentiated structure of services. • Factual discrimination, as it impacts small, cultural, religious, and community operators with much greater severity. The principle of equality does not prevent differentiated treatment, but it does prohibit arbitrary and disproportionate differences in treatment. Treating as equal subjects who are clearly different by their nature and social function is a form of covert inequality. 2. Violation of the principles of reasonableness and proportionality The conditions for participating in the tenders are neither reasonable nor proportional, because: • The amounts of investment in networks, the minimum number of transmitters, and the deadlines to deploy the infrastructure far exceed the economic and technical reality of the majority of current concessionaires. • The requirement to demonstrate an IRR higher than the discount rate assumes converting into a for-profit business activities that, by their very nature (cultural, religious, community stations), are not conceived as high-profitability projects. • No differentiated mechanisms or special regimes have been contemplated for cultural, religious, or community stations, even though the legal system expressly recognizes their particularity. In this way, the bidding documents become instruments of exclusion that, in fact, prevent the participation of socially relevant actors, which clashes with the principle of proportionality and the objectives of the General Telecommunications Law regarding universality, continuity, diversity, and pluralism. 3. Violation of freedom of expression and information pluralism (Arts. 28 and 29 of the Political Constitution; Art. 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights) The economic, social, and technical barriers described constitute an indirect restriction on freedom of expression, in the terms of Article 13.3 of the American Convention on Human Rights, by using: • The control of access to radio frequencies. • The configuration of disproportionate tender procedures, as means that, in fact, limit the communication and circulation of ideas, opinions, and information, especially those coming from local, community, cultural, and religious media. Furthermore: • The population with fewer economic resources, who cannot pay for internet or paid television services, is exposed to a potential drastic reduction in the offer of open radio and television, affecting the collective dimension of freedom of expression (right to receive information). • The cultural diversity and plurality of voices that make up the Costa Rican identity are threatened when the State designs a model that exclusively privileges those who can withstand large-scale financial demands. 4. Violation of the duty to protect cultural diversity and intangible cultural heritage The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (Law No. 8560) obliges the Costa Rican State to adopt active policies to: • identify, protect, and promote the manifestations of intangible cultural heritage. • Guarantee the participation of communities and groups in cultural life. In Costa Rica, an essential part of that heritage is articulated and transmitted through open broadcasting stations and channels, including religious, cultural, and educational programs, local and regional content, and expressions of the national idiosyncrasy. The challenged tender model completely disregards this dimension, by: • Not providing for differentiated regimes or affirmative action measures for cultural, educational, community, or religious stations. • Subjecting them to the same market logic as large commercial operators, which puts their permanence at risk and affects the preservation of cultural diversity. 5. Violation of the continuity of service and the right of access to telecommunications (Art. 24 of the Political Constitution; General Telecommunications Law) The constitutional reform introduced in Article 24 of the Political Constitution recognizes that access to telecommunications and information and communication technologies is a fundamental right, which the State must guarantee, protect, and preserve. The General Telecommunications Law reinforces this idea by establishing as objectives: • Guarantee the right of inhabitants to obtain telecommunications services. • Ensure the universality, continuity, quality, and coverage of these services. In this context: - The omission to diligently resolve the extension requests filed since December 2022 violates the right to prompt and complete justice (Art. 41 of the Political Constitution) and the principle of legality (Art. 11 of the Political Constitution), by keeping the sector in a situation of prolonged uncertainty. - The real threat of numerous stations leaving the air due to being unable to compete in the auction scheme designed by the appealed authorities compromises the continuity of open broadcasting services, especially in areas and socioeconomic sectors that depend on them to exercise their rights to information, education, and democratic participation.

**PETITION** Based on the foregoing, I respectfully request this Honorable Chamber: 1. To admit this amparo appeal filed in the name and on behalf of the Asociación Cámara CANARTEL, against the indicated authorities. 2. To grant and, where appropriate, maintain the necessary precautionary measures, in particular: - To keep suspended the processing and eventual award of tenders 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, as well as any other tender procedure that implies the loss of continuity of the free-to-access sound and television broadcasting services currently in operation, while this appeal is definitively resolved. 3. To order the appealed authorities to maintain the uninterrupted operation of all currently valid and effectively operating radio and television concessions, for a period of five (5) years, in accordance with the technical recommendation made by the Superintendency of Telecommunications (SUTEL), which is provided as evidence, in which said specialized authority advises maintaining the operation of the concessions for said period while the new frequency allocation model is redesigned and implemented, all without prejudice to the fact that during that period the concession extension requests and the eventual adjustment of the regulatory framework are processed and resolved, with full respect for due process and the fundamental rights involved. 4. In a final judgment, to declare the appeal granted, and consequently: a) To declare that the Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the official letter MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and the bidding documents for tenders 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL violate the fundamental rights detailed in this writ, to the extent that they: - Disregard the regulatory differentiation between commercial, cultural, religious, and educational stations, and other projects of social or community interest. - Impose disproportionate economic, technical, and social barriers for access to and permanence in the use of the radio spectrum. - Generate indirect restrictions on freedom of expression and information pluralism, as well as on the fundamental right of access to telecommunications and information and communication technologies. b) To order the Executive Branch and SUTEL to redesign the tender procedure for the allocation of free-to-access sound and television broadcasting frequencies, in such a way that: - It respects the differentiation between commercial, cultural, religious, educational, and community stations recognized by the Radio Law, the General Telecommunications Law, and its Regulations. - It incorporates mechanisms for the effective protection of cultural diversity and intangible cultural heritage, in compliance with the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (Law No. 8560). - It guarantees the real, and not merely formal, participation of small and medium-sized national enterprises, as well as social and community operators, avoiding disproportionate economic and technical barriers. c) To order the Executive Branch and SUTEL to resolve, promptly, with grounds, and respecting due process, all the concession extension requests filed since December 2022, ensuring the continuity of the broadcasting service of the affected concessionaires until firm decisions are issued that are in accordance with the Constitution, the law, and international human rights instruments. 4. To order the appealed authorities to pay the costs, damages, and losses that are proven in the corresponding venue. (…)”. It requests that the appeal be granted.

2.- By resolution at 13:56 hours on December 5, 2025, the proceeding was admitted and a report was requested from the Minister of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications (Ministro de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones, MICITT).

3.- Paula Bogantes Zamora reports in her capacity as Minister of the Ministry of Science.

Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications (MICITT). It states that: "This report will demonstrate that Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TELMicirr, official communication No. MICHT-DM-OF-771-2024, and the bidding documents for major tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL fully conform to the constitutional framework, the sectoral legal regime, and the international commitments governing the administration of the radio spectrum in Costa Rica. Far from constituting an exclusionary or discriminatory design, the challenged acts implement the mandate of Article 121, subsection 14) of the Political Constitution, the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758, and instruments such as CAFTA-DR and the Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union (Law No. 8100), aimed at guaranteeing an objective, transparent, non-discriminatory, and efficient assignment of a scarce public domain asset, for the benefit of users and the general interest." In substantive terms, the reasoning developed below starts from a central premise: the constitutional and legal framework requires that access to the radio spectrum be subject to public competition procedures and guarantees that this process be objective, transparent, non-discriminatory, and oriented toward the public interest. On that basis, it will be demonstrated that the challenged measures do not introduce a content control model or a covert scheme for excluding media outlets, but rather replace a historically prolonged regime of successive extensions with a bidding mechanism open to all interested parties who meet objective requirements, preserving service continuity during the transition. The report's line of argument also shows that CANATEL's objections do not describe a current and direct injury to fundamental rights, but rather a disagreement with the public policy of spectrum management and with technical-economic decisions that already have specific avenues for review in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction and before the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República).

To this end, the first part will set forth the constitutional, conventional, and legal framework that defines the nature of the radio spectrum as a public domain asset, res extra commercium, whose use by private parties is only possible through a temporary concession, in accordance with Article 121, subsection 14) of the Political Constitution, Articles 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 19, and 29 of Law No. 8642, the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758, and the National Frequency Allocation Plan. On this foundation, the mandate of Article 24 of the Constitution, recognizing the fundamental right of access to telecommunications and information and communication technologies throughout the national territory, will also be highlighted, imposing positive obligations of coverage, continuity, and quality on the State that can only be fulfilled through active and rational spectrum management. Within this framework, the jurisprudential line of the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) (for example, in rulings No. 2002-06053 and No. 2017-11715) and the opinions of the Office of the Attorney General (Procuraduría General de la República) (mainly No. C-110-2016) and the Comptroller General of the Republic affirming the guiding nature of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 in this matter will be recalled.

Regarding the constitutional framework governing the matter, it is essential to remember that Articles 24, 28, 29, 121 subsection 14), and 182 of the Political Constitution establish a dual dimension of protection: on one hand, they guarantee the freedoms of thought, expression, and information, and the impossibility of the State regulating content or editorial lines; on the other, they impose on the State the duty to plan, administer, and control the radio spectrum as a public domain asset owned by the Nation, ensuring its efficient, continuous, and public-interest-oriented use.

In a second section, it will be demonstrated that the design of the challenged competitive bidding procedure respects the principle of non-discrimination provided for in Article 3, subsection g) of Law No. 8642 and does not introduce distinctions based on programming content, editorial line, or the religious, cultural, educational, or commercial nature of the concessionaires. The classification of broadcasting stations provided for in the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law will be analyzed in its true dimension: as a functional typology that does not generate "editorial quotas" or grant preferential rights to the spectrum, and that does not empower the Executive Branch or SUTEL to construct differentiated economic or technical regimes based on the ideological purpose of each medium. It will be demonstrated that the bidding process relies on general, objective, and neutral rules applicable equally to all natural or legal persons, in harmony with the American Convention on Human Rights, whose Article 13 prohibits censorship of content but allows for the objective regulation of the material medium for freedom of expression through frequency assignment procedures.

The analysis will address the technical-economic component of the tenders, emphasizing that the reserve prices, financial conditions, coverage requirements, and network configuration do not derive from a discretionary decision of the Executive Branch, but from specialized methodologies developed exclusively by SUTEL. In this regard, it is particularly striking that the petitioner omitted to include said regulatory body in its action, despite a substantial part of the questions raised relating precisely to the exercise of powers that, according to Article 66.1 of the General Public Administration Law, are **irrenunciable, intransferible e imprescriptibles (inalienable, non-transferable, and imprescriptible)**, and that the legal system assigns exclusively to SUTEL, in its capacity as an independent technical body (Article 29 of Law No. 8642). Therefore, it is appropriate for this Collegiate Body to order its incorporation into the process, given that many of the disputed points fall within the proper scope of the exercise of its regulatory competencies. Undoubtedly, this position of the petitioner seeks to weaken the position of the sectoral authorities in addressing this appeal, which must also be assessed in light of the principle of procedural good faith, since it is aware of the involvement of both authorities in the bidding process.

It should also be noted that the Comptroller General of the Republic, within the framework of its superior oversight powers, reviewed and resolved objections raised against the bidding documents for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, concluding that such instruments do not violate fundamental rights or the essential principles of public procurement. This prior external control constitutes a particularly relevant element for weighing the complaints in the appeal, as it demonstrates that the economic and technical design of the competitive bidding process was subjected to rigorous institutional scrutiny and met the standards of reasonableness, proportionality, and legality required by the sectoral framework.

In particular, through Resolution No. R-DCP-00076-2025, concerning the major FM tender, the Comptroller determined that the objectors did not provide suitable technical or economic evidence demonstrating that the reserve prices represent a disproportionate barrier to entry or that, in themselves, they affect information pluralism or freedom of expression. This external validation, coupled with the absence of independent expert reports in this amparo proceeding, prevents elevating simple subjective assessments about "high prices" or supposed "incompatible internal rates of return (IRR)" to the level of a constitutional injury.

The allegation of a supposed "informational, cultural, and religious blackout" resulting from the bidding process will also be addressed. It will be demonstrated that, to date, there is no administrative act ordering the shutdown of frequencies or the termination of specific services; that historical concessions have been subject to express extensions precisely to guarantee the continuity of broadcasting during the transition to the competitive bidding model; and that all stations continue operating under valid enabling titles. It is emphasized that the bidding procedure is in an intermediate phase, without definitive results or acts of award, exclusion, or disqualification that would allow for claiming a consummated impact on freedom of expression or the right of access to telecommunications. In light of the consolidated case law of this Constitutional Chamber, it will be maintained that a scenario based on conjecture about future and uncertain harm does not meet the standard of real, direct, and imminent injury required for the admissibility of the amparo action.

Furthermore, the question of concession extensions and the alleged "administrative delay" will be examined. Based on Article 121, subsection 14) of the Constitution and the precedents of this Constitutional Chamber (with special emphasis on ruling No. 2006-02997) and of the Office of the Attorney General (Opinion No. C-110-2016), it will be demonstrated that the regime of extensions must be interpreted in such a way that it does not distort the constitutionally mandated temporality of concessions or convert their successive renewal into an indefinite or automatic right. In this context, it will be explained that the decisions adopted by the Executive Branch regarding the temporary extension of concessions and the opening of the bidding process respond precisely to the need to restore the constitutional framework of temporality and to subject spectrum access to competitive, transparent, and open procedures, in compliance with the provisions of Law No. 8642 and international commitments regarding the assignment and use of scarce resources. This report develops a procedural framing of the case from the perspective of the distribution of competencies between the constitutional jurisdiction and the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. It will be made clear that the legality disputes concerning Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the instructions directed to SUTEL, the bidding documents, and the processing of extensions are already pending before the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction, which offers a suitable, specialized, and fully empowered avenue, in accordance with Article 49 of the Political Constitution and Law No. 8508. It will also be recalled that the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones) itself, in resolution No. 2267-E8-2025, recognized the competency of the Executive Branch to develop the bidding procedures and clearly delimited the scope of its own control, without questioning the structural validity of the model. On that basis, it is argued in this report that the amparo action filed by Nombre02 seeks to convert this extraordinary remedy into a parallel instance for reviewing legality and regulatory appropriateness, in open contradiction with the residual and subsidiary nature of the amparo action and with the principle of self-restraint of the constitutional judge.

The inescapable starting point is the nature of the radio spectrum as a constitutional public domain asset, in accordance with Article 121, subsection 14), sub-subsection c) of the Political Constitution, Article 7 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, and Article 7 of Executive Decree No. 44010-MICITT. This implies that radio spectrum frequencies are inalienable, imprescriptible, and outside the commerce of persons (*res extra commercium*), such that private parties never acquire a right of ownership over them, but only a temporary title of use—the administrative concession—subject to the public interest, the constitutionally required temporality, the sectoral objectives of optimization, efficiency, transparency, effective competition, and user benefit. The Constitutional Chamber itself, for example, in **Resolutions No. 2007-02408** and **No. 2002-06053**, has reiterated that wireless services do not constitute a good over which a private individual has an innate right of use, but rather a good belonging to the Nation whose exploitation is only possible through a temporary concession.

Grafted onto this public domain substrate today is an additional element of the highest hierarchy: the 2023 constitutional amendment to Article 24 of the Magna Carta, which recognizes that every person has the fundamental right to access telecommunications and information and communication technologies throughout the national territory, and that the State must guarantee, protect, and preserve this right. It is not only about avoiding illegitimate restrictions on freedom of thought, expression, and information, but also about fulfilling positive obligations of coverage, access, and quality in the matter of telecommunications services, which include broadcasting¹, obligations that—in light of SUTEL's own technical indicators on occupancy, coverage, and frequencies without effective use—are not yet fully satisfied throughout the national territory. In this context, the public policy derived from the National Telecommunications Development Plan (PNDT) to organize the spectrum and subject it to public bidding responds both to the public domain regime of Article 121, subsection 14), and to the new mandate of Article 24 of the Constitution, without prejudice to the social competition model contemplated in Article 46 and the bidding principle established in Article 182, all of the same Political Constitution.

At the supra-legal level, international treaties are located from which a specific mandate regarding radio spectrum assignment is derived. CAFTA-DR, approved by Law No. 8622, in its Annex 13 "Specific Commitments of Costa Rica in Matters of Telecommunications Services," Section IV "Regulatory Principles," subsection 4 "Assignment and Use of Scarce Resources," provides that:

*"Costa Rica shall ensure that procedures for the assignment and use of scarce resources, **including frequencies,** numbers, and rights of way, are administered in an objective, timely, transparent, and non-discriminatory manner by a competent domestic authority. **<u>The Republic of Costa Rica shall issue licenses directly to service providers for the use of the spectrum, in accordance with Article 121, subsection 14 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica</u>.**"* (Emphasis added).

Convergently, Law No. 8100, which approves the Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the Instrument of Amendment (Kyoto 1994), imposes on the Radiocommunication Sector the objective of *"ensuring the rational, equitable, efficient, and economical use of the radio-frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services"*, taking into account the particular concerns of developing countries. That is, the international mandate is not limited to "not interfering" with freedom of expression; it actively requires that the State administer the spectrum in a rational, equitable, and efficient manner, precisely so that multiple services and operators can coexist.

*"V.- OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC OR RADIO SPECTRUM.* *Within the public domain, understood as the set of assets owned by public entities and destined for common use and exploitation or for the provision of public services, **<u>it is possible to distinguish between constitutional public domain</u>** **and infraconstitutional public domain.** <u>**Constitutional public domain is comprised of those assets that the constituent provides belong to the Nation and that cannot permanently leave the domain of the State (Article 121, subsection 14 of the Political Constitution).**</u> Among the assets that the Political Constitution classifies as "belonging to the Nation," are the so-called **<u>"wireless services," an expression encompassing the so-called electromagnetic or radio spectrum</u>.** The electromagnetic or radio spectrum, in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 121, subsection 14, sub-subsection c), of the Political Constitution, may be exploited by public administrations **<u>or by private parties through an administrative concession granted in accordance with a general law</u>** **or by virtue of a special concession granted for a limited time by the Legislative Assembly...* ***<u>Therefore, it is the constitutional norm itself that qualifies the electromagnetic or radio spectrum as an asset of the Nation and provides that it may only be exploited by private parties by virtue of an administrative concession granted in accordance with a formal law or a special legislative concession.</u>** Furthermore, the use, exploitation, and enjoyment of the referred electromagnetic or radio spectrum is governed by the legal framework on telecommunications, which is composed of the Political Constitution itself, the international treaties and conventions in force in Costa Rica, the General Telecommunications Law, the Radio Law, the National Frequency Allocation Plan, the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law, and other norms" (ruling No. 2017-11715 at 3:05 p.m. on July 26, 2017; (...)".* (Emphasis original).

Below the Political Constitution and international human rights instruments—but with a hierarchy superior to regulatory norms—is located the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, which constitutes the guiding sectoral framework. Its Article 4 is categorical in establishing that:

*"This Law is of public order; its provisions are irrenunciable and of mandatory application over any other laws, regulations, customs, practices, uses, or contractual stipulations to the contrary. For matters not provided for in this Law, the General Public Administration Law, No. 6227, of May 2, 1978, shall govern supplementarily, to the extent applicable."* In line with the above, the General Telecommunications Law constitutes the legal framework that regulates in Costa Rica the competency of the Executive Branch to grant concessions relating to the use and exploitation of the radio spectrum, as well as the conditions under which frequencies will be used and the corresponding services will be provided. This regime comprises, among other aspects, the granting requirements and procedures, the obligations and rights of the concessionaires, the powers of the granting Administration, and the rules applicable to the transfer of enabling titles (see pronouncement No. PGR-C-177-2023, of September 18, 2023).

Consequently, neither private parties nor the Administration itself may exploit the radio spectrum without the respective concession granted by the Executive Branch, an indispensable requirement that has been reiterated by the Office of the Attorney General (No. PGR-OJ-059-2023, of May 23, 2023).

The figure of the concession, in its strict legal sense, implies the attribution of exclusive use over a public domain asset, a rule that the General Telecommunications Law reaffirms when it provides for the *reservation* of certain frequencies in favor of the concessionaire. This characteristic is also seen in Article 19 of the same Law, which—as an exception to the competitive bidding procedure—authorizes the Executive Branch to grant concessions directly and in the order of application submission, only in cases of frequencies destined for private networks or those that do not require exclusive assignment for their optimal use.

This has been recognized by the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (Procuraduría General de la República) in opinion N.º PGR-C-177-2023, of September 18, 2023. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">Consequently, both the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (Opinion N.º C-110-2016) and the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República) (Report N.º DFOE-IFR-IF-05-2013) have been emphatic in pointing out that, beyond the specific provisions contained in the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758 (Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758), it is the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 (Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642) that comprehensively regulates the use and exploitation of the radio spectrum—including broadcasting—and that this activity must be subject to its guiding principles: fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory allocation; efficient use of scarce resources; promotion of effective competition; benefit to the user; universality and solidarity (Articles 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, and 29 of Law No. 8642). </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">The Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758 coexists with this legal regime and establishes, in its Article 11, general duties for concessionaires ("to elevate the cultural level of the Nation," to cede free space for educational and civic-cultural purposes), but it does not introduce categories of concessions based on message content. The Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law, Executive Decree No. 34765-MINAET (Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 34765-MINAET), in its Article 97, only provides for a classification according to the nature of broadcasting stations: </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub">a) Commercial stations</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">, dedicated to the permanent, for-profit exploitation of commercial advertising through programs of general interest; </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub">b) Cultural stations, </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">qualified as such by the Ministry of Culture and Youth, with programming aimed at disseminating educational, religious, and/or cultural content of a formative and informative nature, which may also engage in for-profit activity; and </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub">c) International shortwave stations, </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">commercial or cultural, that operate for audiences abroad. As can be seen, this classification does not translate into quotas based on editorial lines, nor does it authorize the Executive Branch (Poder Ejecutivo) to segment the spectrum into "sympathetic media" or "critical media" at its discretion. This is because </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub">the regulation carried out by the Executive Branch is focused on the operation of networks and the provision of services from the parameter of optimal and efficient use of the radio spectrum as a constitutional public domain asset and not on the regulation of content related to each broadcasting station's programming</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub">. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">In this regulatory context, the actions of the Executive Branch challenged by the petitioner are not measures aimed at silencing media outlets or discriminating against content, but rather </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub">planning decisions regarding the use and exploitation of the radio spectrum as a constitutional public domain asset and the execution of sectoral public policy</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">, aimed at: </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub">i) </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">Adjusting historical concessions (subject to a twenty-year term starting from June 28, 2004, according to Executive Decree No. 31608-G) to the constitutional requirement of temporality, preventing their perpetuation. </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub">ii) </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">Democratizing access to a scarce asset through the first public tender for free-to-air sound and television broadcasting in the country's history, in compliance with the principles of competitive bidding, free participation, and non-discrimination. </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub">iii) </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">Guaranteeing, during the transition of this process, the continuity of services for users, given the nature of broadcasting as a private activity of public interest, which has been done through Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT (Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT), extending the validity of concessions until after the 2025-2026 elections, respecting their original conditions and reinforced by the generally applicable precautionary measure issued by the Court of Appeals for Contentious-Administrative and Civil Treasury Matters (Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda) in case file N.º 25-001640-1027-CA (Ruling N.º 378-2025-I of 2:40 p.m. on September 24, 2025). </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">All of this is being carried out under the coverage of the American Convention on Human Rights, whose Article 13 prohibits prior censorship and requires subsequent accountability but does not prohibit States from regulating, through objective tenders, access to the spectrum as a scarce resource. The competitive bidding procedure ordered by the Executive Branch and executed by the Superintendency of Telecommunications (Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones, SUTEL)—as an independent and technical body, in accordance with Article 29 of Law No. 8642 and Annex 13 of the Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) and the provisions from Article 59 onward of the Law of the Regulatory Authority for Public Services (ARESEP) No. 7593—does not examine or authorize content but regulates access to the material support of freedom of expression based on general, transparent, and non-discriminatory rules. Rather than a mechanism of concentration, a well-designed public tender is precisely the tool to avoid capture, historical privileges, and arbitrary exclusions. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">In addition to the above, the technical studies prepared by SUTEL—as detailed in this report—for the years 2024 and 2025 have revealed significant coverage gaps in the free-to-access sound and television broadcasting services used by end users, as well as the existence of inactive frequencies and an unequal use of the spectrum under the extended concession regime. In a context where Article 24 of the Constitution imposes a positive duty on the State to guarantee access to telecommunications throughout the national territory, this situation could, in effect, compromise the fundamental rights of users. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">It is precisely in light of this technical and objective evidence that the public broadcasting tender constitutes the suitable and legally provided instrument for seeking more efficient use of the spectrum and better service to the population, in line with the mandate of the International Telecommunication Union (rational, equitable, effective, and economic use of the spectrum) and with the principle of "allocation and use of scarce resources" provided for in the CAFTA-DR. This interpretation has, in fact, been supported by the Constitutional Chamber itself, which in Resolution N.º 11715-2017 of 3:05 p.m. on July 26, 2017, held that in telecommunications matters:</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub">Imposing the competitive tender </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline; vertical-align:sub">as a means to grant the broadcasting concession is transcendental</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub">, as it implies an institutional guarantee to ensure certain purposes and values, also of constitutional rank, in the granting of concessions, </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline; vertical-align:sub">such as transparency, accountability, publicity, free participation, and equality"</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub">. </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">(Emphasis added).</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">This Constitutional Chamber has, nonetheless, made it clear (see Resolution N.º 2006-02997) that the only requirement imposed by Article 121(14) of the Constitution is that the concession be for a limited time; the extension cannot convert that limit into an indefinite right, and the Administration must ensure that the sum of extensions does not distort the constitutional mandate and the parameters of technical and legal reasonableness. The Office of the Attorney General of the Republic, in Opinion N.º C-110-2016, has harmonized Article 25 of the Radio Law No. 1758 with Article 24 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, precisely to guarantee that temporality. In this context, the Executive Branch's decision not to continue automatically extending concessions and to opt for the public tender as a guarantee mechanism for free participation and to ensure service quality and optimal use of the constitutional public domain asset (the radio spectrum) does not suppress a legitimate acquired right, but rather restores the constitutional scheme of temporality and opens the space for free participation and competition, for the benefit of the public interest and users. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">From a procedural and jurisdictional perspective, what the petitioner seeks is to transfer to the remedy of constitutional appeal (amparo) a debate that is already formally raised before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction: the legality of the decisions of the Executive Branch and SUTEL regarding the expiration and transitional extension of concessions, the content of Executive Agreement N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the methodology of tenders N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, as well as the precautionary measures issued in those proceedings. This Chamber has been consistent, under the principle of constitutional judge self-restraint, in indicating that the review of legality of the administrative function corresponds to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction (Article 49 of the Constitution); that the constitutional appeal (amparo) is not a third instance or a substitute for that jurisdiction; and that substantial legal situations of statutory basis now have a suitable, expeditious, and specialized channel in the contentious-administrative process regulated by Law No. 8508. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">Therefore, the theory of the case presented here is as follows: </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">a) The Executive Branch and SUTEL have acted within the framework of constitutionality, conventionality, and legality that governs the administration</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">of the radio spectrum as a constitutional public domain asset subject to the public interest. However, it is particularly relevant that CANARTEL, in its capacity as petitioner, decided not to include SUTEL in its action, despite knowing that the technical and regulatory powers whose legality it questions are exclusive, inalienable, and non-transferable powers of the regulatory body, in accordance with Article 66.1 of the General Public Administration Law and Article 29 of Law No. 8642. This procedural omission is significant and should be assessed by this Collegiate Body, as the appeal seeks to challenge actions that correspond to the exercise of powers that only SUTEL is authorized to exercise and explain in constitutional proceedings. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">b) The continuity of free-to-access sound and television broadcasting services has been preserved through express extensions of the concessions, precisely to avoid any "blackout" (apagón) during the transition to the public tender model. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">c) There has been no intervention in content, nor have ideological categories of concessionaires been created; on the contrary, objective bidding criteria relating to national or regional coverage levels have been applied, in compliance with Article 182 of the Political Constitution, the objectives of the CAFTA-DR, the Convention of the International Telecommunication Union, and according to the objective parameters of </span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub">Article 10 of the General Telecommunications Law </span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">(which may be </span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub">abbreviated as </span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">LGT) in which it is provided that </span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub">"The concession shall be granted for a determined coverage area, </span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub">regional or national, in such a way as to guarantee the efficient use of the radio spectrum." </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">d) The economic model of the tender and the base prices set by SUTEL have been subjected to technical-legal review by the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic, without it having been demonstrated that they constitute disproportionate barriers to entry or that they, in themselves, generate impacts on freedom of expression or information pluralism. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">e) The positive obligations of the Costa Rican State derived from Article 24, paragraph two of the Political Constitution and from international commitments for the rational, equitable, and efficient use of the radio spectrum have been addressed. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">f) The discussion on the legality and timeliness of the new public tender model is already being ventilated in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, with the participation of the concessionaires and full opportunity for evidence and argument in a matter of high technical complexity. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">g) The petitioner acts as an end user, not as a concessionaire, and has not demonstrated a current, direct, and immediate injury to their fundamental rights derived from the acts they challenge; their allegations rely on future fears of the disappearance of certain media and on subjective assessments of the tender's impact, without objective evidentiary support. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-left:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">Moreover, the challenged public tender has not concluded: there are no results, exclusions, disqualifications, or award acts that would allow one to claim that there is a consummated violation of the right to freedom of expression or any other constitutional freedom. The procedure is in an intermediate phase and, in accordance with the current sectoral framework, the final acts that the Executive Branch must adopt can only be validly issued once the technical opinion of SUTEL has been issued, an essential requirement to ensure the legality, reasonableness, and technical sufficiency of the administrative decision. To pretend that this Collegiate Body certify an injury before a final act exists, when no exclusion whatsoever has been verified and all broadcasters continue to operate normally, would imply advancing the effects of a hypothetical outcome whose occurrence is not demonstrated nor can be presumed. Under these circumstances, the alleged harms are based on eventual, non-materialized scenarios and therefore do not meet the constitutional standard of a real, direct, and immediate impact that would enable the extraordinary protection of the constitutional appeal (amparo) route. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">Added to the above is, as stated, that the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones) itself, through Resolution N.º 2267-E8-2025 of April 2, 2025, expressly recognized that the discussion on the "legality, pertinence, or timeliness" of the new frequency allocation model for broadcasting does not belong to the electoral sphere. Consequently, it refrained from assessing the established public tender and ordered that the MICITT must adopt technically opportune and legally viable measures to prevent the new scheme from being implemented during the electoral period. However, it emphasized that said limitation </span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub">"does not imply that it must suspend the process initiated by the cited ministerial portfolio; if the respective legal requirements are met, the pertinent extensions, renewals, or awards could be granted" </span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">(emphasis added). </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">In summary, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal itself has recognized the Executive Branch's competence to develop competitive procedures in broadcasting matters and has confirmed that the process can continue, including the corresponding award acts, provided that these are issued with deferred effects during the ongoing electoral process. This reaffirms that any potential controversy must be ventilated in the full-knowledge venue of the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, the appropriate jurisdictional route for examining disputes that require a comprehensive analysis of legality, reasonableness, and technical evidence. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">Likewise, the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic, in the exercise of its constitutional powers and of </span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub">contractual legality review and endorsement</span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub"> within the bidding procedures in telecommunications matters, has intervened in accordance with the provisions of Articles 14 and 18 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-left:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">In this context, the theory of the case presented as an introductory framework is as follows: throughout this report, it will be demonstrated that the Executive Branch and SUTEL have acted within the framework of constitutionality, conventionality, and legality that governs the administration of the radio spectrum; that the challenged public tender model embodies the principles of competitive bidding, free participation, transparency, non-discrimination, and efficient use of a scarce public domain asset; that the continuity of free-to-access broadcasting services has been preserved; and that the assertions of Nombre02 do not demonstrate a current, direct, and individualized injury to fundamental rights, but rather a disagreement with a public policy and a technical-economic design already subjected to the review of the contentious-administrative jurisdiction and the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic. On this basis, it will be concluded that the constitutional complaint (recurso de amparo) must be denied, that the precautionary measure keeping the processing of the major broadcasting tenders suspended must be revoked, and that the controversies regarding legality and regulatory timeliness must continue to be ventilated through the ordinary, constitutionally provided channels. </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">II.- ON THE EXISTENCE OF ONGOING PROCEEDINGS BEFORE THE CONTENTIOUS-ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Without prejudice to the substantive considerations that will be set forth, it is necessary to record that the core issues raised by the petitioner are already being heard, extensively and in a specialized manner, by the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction, both in plenary proceedings and in precautionary measure proceedings.</span></p> In fact, before the Administrative Litigation Tribunal and the Administrative Litigation and Civil Treasury Court of Appeals, proceedings are underway in which the following is requested: **i)** the recognition of an alleged positive silence in the extension requests, **ii)** the declaration of nullity of the Executive Decrees that denied such extensions, **iii)** the nullity of Executive Decree No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT insofar as it instructs the public broadcasting tender – or, alternatively, the exclusion of specific frequencies – and **iv)** the recognition of an automatic twenty-year additional extension of the existing concession contracts, with practically indefinite effects. In parallel, interim measures have been sought in which the suspension of the effects of Executive Decrees and of the major broadcasting tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV) has been requested, as well as the maintenance of the validity of the current enabling titles while the substantive claims are resolved.

The ongoing judicial proceedings related to the actions of the Executive Branch that have been the subject of this amparo appeal are:

**PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE PROCEEDINGS** &#xa0; Considerando III.—That in the exercise of constitutional powers, the Head of the Forestry Directorate of ACOSA issued resolution number 785-98-ACOSA of 14 September 1998, in which, on the grounds of irreducibility (irreductibilidad), an easement (servidumbre) was imposed for the protection of the Las Quebradas–Peñas Blancas Forest Reserve, described in technical study 016/98, and specifically regarding the property designated under the cadastre folio number 1-465097-000. That study established, among other things, the following coordinates:

That by means of this resolution, under the principles of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), No. 7575, and its subsequent amendments, the regime of environmental services payment (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) was guaranteed for the areas subject to said protection, as per the provisions of Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 and Decreto N° 31849-MINAE. That the registration of the respective easement (servidumbre) was completed before the National Registry, as set forth in Art. 19 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) and in accordance with the technical parameters of Anexo 1 and Anexo 2 of said decree.

That through Voto 4654-2003, the Constitutional Chamber endorsed the legality of indirect expropriations derived from environmental restrictions, provided they are duly justified in the corresponding environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA). That, however, from the review of the administrative file, it is noted that there are inconsistencies in the delimitation of the protected area in relation to the actual forest cover (cobertura boscosa) existing on the property, which affects the proper application of the PSAH program, and that such situation may involve an unapproved land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), in contravention of the provisions of Considerando III of the technical study issued by SETENA. Therefore, it is ordered that SINAC, in coordination with the National Registry and the INDER, proceed to the necessary verification of the physical boundaries, in accordance with the Reglamento de Fraccionamiento and guidelines issued by the IMN and the IGN, for which purpose the relevant report from JASEC, in its capacity as provider of public services in the area, and the opinion of the CNE shall be required.

Por tanto, the corresponding measures are dictated for the regularization of the protection regime of the Las Quebradas–Peñas Blancas Forest Reserve.

PSA-CAN-094-2018 SUBSIDY CONTRACT RELATED TO FOREST AND WATER RESOURCES BETWEEN THE INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS, THE EMPRESA DE SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS DE HEREDIA S.A., AND THE JUNTA ADMINISTRATIVA DEL SERVICIO ELÉCTRICO DE CARTAGO --- BETWEEN: THE INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS, possessor of legal identity card number three – zero zero seven - six zero zero zero zero one - zero nine, hereinafter referred to as the "AyA," legally represented by M.Sc. Yamileth Astorga Espeleta, of legal age, married, Biochemist, bearer of identity card number one - zero five seven - zero seven eight three, acting in her capacity as Executive President, a position by virtue of which she exercises the legal representation of the AyA, in accordance with Articles 6, subsection 1), and 14 of the Constitutive Law of the AyA, Law No. 2726 of April 14, 1961, with powers to act granted by the Board of Directors of the AyA through Agreement No. 2018-136 taken at Ordinary Session No. 2018-016 held on April 16, 2018; AND: THE EMPRESA DE SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS DE HEREDIA S.A., possessor of legal identity card number three – one zero one – four three zero zero seven zero, hereinafter referred to as "ESPH S.A.," legally represented by Mr. Allan Benavides Benavides, of legal age, married, businessman, bearer of identity card number one – one zero six five – zero two three four, acting in his capacity as General Manager, with powers of attorney granted in Public Deed number forty-nine drawn up by Notary Public Mónica Pacheco Fernández, on July 1st, 2011; AND: THE JUNTA ADMINISTRATIVA DEL SERVICIO ELÉCTRICO DE CARTAGO, possessor of legal identity card number three – zero zero seven – zero four two four seven three, hereinafter referred to as "JASEC," legally represented by Mr. Jorge Enrique Fuentes Quirós, of legal age, married, accountant, bearer of identity card number one – five zero zero – zero eight zero eight, acting in his capacity as President of the Board of Directors with authority to act, in accordance with the certificate of appointment and powers issued by the Legal Notary Directorate of the Registro Nacional, certified in the Notary Protocol of Notary Public Olman Valerín Gómez, on November 28, 2017.

The AyA, ESPH S.A., and JASEC hereinafter may be jointly referred to as the "Investing Entities," and individually as the "Investing Entity." AND: THE INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ELECTRICIDAD, possessor of legal identity card number four – zero zero zero – zero four two one three nine, hereinafter referred to as the "ICE," legally represented by Mr. Oscar Enrique Sánchez Álvarez, of legal age, divorced, Electrical Engineer, bearer of identity card number one – five eight three – zero one seven three, acting in his capacity as General Manager of the ICE, in accordance with the provisions of Article 29 of the Organic Law of the ICE, Law No. 449 of 1949, with powers to act granted by the Board of Directors of the ICE through Agreement N° 6102 taken at Ordinary Session 6117 held on February 23, 2018.

AND: THE SOCIEDAD DE SEGUROS DE VIDA DEL MAGISTERIO NACIONAL, possessor of legal identity card number three – one zero one – zero three one three four two, hereinafter referred to as the "INS-Magisterio," legally represented by Mr. Paul Antonio Ulloa Hernández, of legal age, married, Business Administrator, bearer of identity card number one – six one five – nine one one, acting in his capacity as General Manager, with authority to act granted by the Board of Directors of the INS-Magisterio at Session 06-11-2017.

The ICE and the INS-Magisterio hereinafter will be jointly and individually referred to as the "INS," and the AyA, ESPH S.A., JASEC, and the INS as "the parties," in accordance with the following Recitals:

--- **RECITAL I** That Law No. 7575, the "Ley Forestal," establishes that the State will pay through the Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal, hereinafter referred to as FONAFIFO, to the owners of forests and forest plantations for the environmental services they provide, giving priority to areas that are strategic for water resource conservation to supply populations.

**RECITAL II** That specifically, Article 3, subsection k) of the Ley Forestal establishes among FONAFIFO's functions: "To collect the resources for the Payment for Environmental Services from public and private entities, national or international, interested in the matter, and to carry out the corresponding payments." **RECITAL III** That in the development of its functions, FONAFIFO is empowered to enter into contracts to implement the Pago de Servicios Ambientales, hereinafter referred to as "PSA." **RECITAL IV** That Article 65 of the Reglamento a la Ley Forestal establishes that FONAFIFO may formalize agreements with individuals or legal entities for the financing of environmental services.

**RECITAL V** That Article 5 of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 25721-MINAE of October 17, 1996, outlines FONAFIFO's functions and operating mechanisms, establishing in paragraphs "d" and "e" that the institution can act as a broker to attract financing for the PSA and that with respect to funds contributed by third parties, it will allocate them in accordance with the specific requirements established in the agreements that are entered into.

**RECITAL VI** That the PSA was implemented as a financial mechanism for the fair recognition of the environmental services provided by forests, forest plantations, and other woody vegetation, in accordance with the provisions of the PSA regulation.

**RECITAL VII** That the environmental services recognized in the Ley Forestal, including water resource protection, are essential for the sustainability of the activities carried out by the Investing Entities and the INS.

**RECITAL VIII** That the Parties are legally empowered to contribute resources to the financing of the PSA Program in areas considered strategic for the conservation and protection of the water resources used for the supply of the populations in the territories under their responsibility, in accordance with the provisions of Article 43 of the Reglamento to the Water Law, Decreto Ejecutivo N° 39887-MINAE.

**RECITAL IX** That the Parties are interested in investing resources in the PSA modality for the Protection of Water Resources, to contribute to the sustainability of the water availability and quality in priority areas, with the prior technical and legal verification of FONAFIFO.

**RECITAL X** That in accordance with the provisions of the PSA Manual of Procedures, the PSA corresponding to this contract applies to properties located in strategic areas defined by the Investing Entities, which have been technically prioritized by FONAFIFO in the area of the CORS-293-2018 project.

**RECITAL XI** That the Board of Directors of FONAFIFO, through Agreement No. 10 taken at Ordinary Session 576-2018 held on April 12, 2018, approved the terms and conditions of this contract.

**RECITAL XII** That the Parties consider it necessary to formalize a new contract for the amount of fifty-five million colones, exact, for the financing of the Pago de Servicios Ambientales modality of forest protection in properties that have a PSA contract with FONAFIFO and that are located in priority areas for the protection of the water resource of the Investing Entities.

Now, therefore, the Parties agree to enter into the present PSA Contract, which will be governed by the following Clauses:

--- **CLAUSE ONE: PURPOSE** The INS, the AyA, ESPH S.A., and JASEC agree to transfer to FONAFIFO, through this instrument, the total sum of fifty-five million colones, exact, for the following: Forty million colones, exact, contributed by the INS; three million colones, exact, contributed by the AyA; seven million colones, exact, contributed by ESPH S.A.; and five million colones, exact, contributed by JASEC, for the Payment for Environmental Services in the Forest Protection modality.

The funds will be used by FONAFIFO exclusively for the formalization and payment of the PSA related to the request CORS-293-2018, for payment commitments for the 2018-2022 period, in properties within the prioritized area of the Investing Entities, which have prior availability of resources and meet the eligibility requirements of FONAFIFO.

The Parties declare that the selected properties meet the criteria for being subject to PSA and that, in accordance with the reports prepared by FONAFIFO officials, the field inspections carried out, and the analysis of the documentation provided by the owners, they comply with the established requirements.

**CLAUSE TWO: USE OF RESOURCES** FONAFIFO is obligated to allocate the resources contributed by the INS to the Payment for Environmental Services, Forest Protection modality, CORS-293-2018, in the properties listed in Anexo 1, which is an integral part of this contract, for payment commitments for the 2018-2022 period.

FONAFIFO is obligated to allocate the resources contributed by the AyA, ESPH S.A., and JASEC to the Payment for Environmental Services, Forest Protection modality, CORS-293-2018, in the properties listed in Anexo 2, which is an integral part of this contract, for payment commitments for the 2018-2022 period.

The selection criteria for the properties in Anexo 1 and Anexo 2 were defined and validated by FONAFIFO, in accordance with the PSA Manual of Procedures.

**CLAUSE THREE: CONTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES** The Parties agree that the transfers of resources will be made as follows: a) The INS will transfer forty million colones, exact. b) The AyA will transfer three million colones, exact. c) ESPH S.A. will transfer seven million colones, exact. d) JASEC will transfer five million colones, exact.

For a total of fifty-five million colones, exact, which will be deposited in the bank account number 7383475 of the Banco de Costa Rica in colones, client account 15201001073834757, in the name of FONAFIFO-Custodia Recursos Terceros.

The term for depositing will be a maximum of fifteen business days after receipt of formal notification from FONAFIFO indicating that all individual contracts with the owners have been duly signed and registered with the Registro Nacional, in accordance with the conditions established in the Manual of Procedures. Once the funds are received, FONAFIFO must proceed with the corresponding payments in accordance with the provisions of the contract forms signed with the owners.

**CLAUSE FOUR: OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES** **4.1 Obligations of the Investing Entities and the INS:** a. To deposit the resources established in CLAUSE THREE in accordance with the terms and deadlines stipulated in the contract. b. To designate an official to be part of the Coordinating Committee established in the Manual of Procedures. c. At the time of signing this contract, the investing entities and/or the INS may request from FONAFIFO the geographic information generated from the georeferencing of the properties subject to PSA to verify compliance with the purpose of the resources contributed.

**4.2 Obligations of FONAFIFO:** a. To invest the resources contributed by the INS, AyA, ESPH S.A., and JASEC exclusively in the PSA Forest Protection modality, as established in this contract. b. To administer the funds contributed under the principle of strict separation of assets, keeping the funds deposited in a specific bank account. c. To manage the contracting process, payment, and monitoring of the PSA with the owners of the properties included in this contract, as established in the Manual of Procedures. d. To provide the Investing Entities and the INS with a quarterly report on the progress of the project, which must include the technical and financial status. e. To inform the Investing Entities and the INS about any modification, suspension, or early termination of the individual PSA contracts that may arise. f. To facilitate monitoring and evaluation processes that the Investing Entities and the INS wish to carry out. g. FONAFIFO is authorized to deduct up to five percent (5%) from the amount contributed by the AyA, ESPH S.A., and JASEC for administrative and operational costs arising from the activities for formalizing, monitoring, and evaluating the PSA contracts, in accordance with the provisions of Article 3, subsection k) of the Ley Forestal and the Regulations to this Law.

**CLAUSE FIVE: COORDINATION** A Coordinating Committee will be established, made up of an official appointed by the Investing Entities, an official appointed by the INS, and an official appointed by FONAFIFO. The functions of this committee will be those indicated in the Manual of Procedures.

**CLAUSE SIX: EARLY TERMINATION** The Parties agree that this contract may be terminated early by mutual agreement or unilaterally if any of the Parties fails to comply with the obligations established in it for a period of more than thirty calendar days, after the non-compliant party has been notified in writing to fulfill them, without this having been achieved. In this case, the Parties will agree on the destination of the remaining resources.

**CLAUSE SEVEN: DISPUTE RESOLUTION** The Parties agree to resolve any dispute that may arise in connection with the interpretation or execution of this contract through the mechanisms established in the Ley de Resolución Alterna de Conflictos y Promoción de la Paz Social, Law No. 7727 of December 9, 1997. In case of disagreement, the Parties will submit to the jurisdiction of the Contentious-Administrative Courts.

**CLAUSE EIGHT: COMMUNICATIONS** Any notification or communication between the Parties must be made in writing and delivered to the following addresses:

FONAFIFO: Moravia, 200 meters north from the CENADA roundabout. INS: San José, Avenida 7, Calle 9 y 11. AyA: Pavas, San José. ESPH S.A.: Heredia, downtown, Central Offices. JASEC: Cartago, downtown.

**CLAUSE NINE: ENFORCEABILITY** This contract will enter into force upon its signing by all Parties. For the AyA and ESPH S.A., its enforceability is subject to the internal administrative approval of the availability of budgetary content.

In witness whereof, the Parties sign in the city of San José, on April 27th, 2018.

Signed: M.Sc. Yamileth Astorga Espeleta, Executive President, AyA. Signed: Mr. Allan Benavides Benavides, General Manager, ESPH S.A. Signed: Mr. Jorge Enrique Fuentes Quirós, President, JASEC. Signed: Mr. Oscar Enrique Sánchez Álvarez, General Manager, ICE. Signed: Mr. Paul Antonio Ulloa Hernández, General Manager, INS-Magisterio. Signed: Lic. Jorge Mario Rodríguez Zúñiga, Executive Director, FONAFIFO.

12\. Aceptar el estudio de impacto ambiental (evaluation of the environmental impact) of the project, and grant the environmental viability for the Construction of Pacifica Azul Villas, located in the district of Sámara, canton of Nicoya, province of Guanacaste, Permit No. 021-2018-SETENA, which details the technical criteria used to issue it in its Annex (Anexo) 10, and the environmental commitments in Annexes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13.

13\. Accept the environmental viability granted through Permit No. 021-2018-SETENA, and integrate into this study the environmental commitments assumed by the developer, which are detailed in the document called “Imposition of Conditions,” Annex 2 to this Environmental Impact Assessment (Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental) study, the Environmental Measures Program, Annex 3, Annex 4, Annex 5, Annex 6, Annex 7, Annex 8, Annex 9, Annex 11, Annex 12, and Annex 13.

14\. The developer must deposit the environmental guarantee for the sum of ₡39,900,000.00 (thirty-nine million nine hundred thousand colones) to guarantee compliance with the environmental commitments stipulated in Annexes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 13, as set forth in Article 21 of the Environmental Organic Law (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente). The developer must present it within thirty business days following the notification of this agreement. This guarantee will be executed in case of non-compliance or incomplete or defective compliance with the environmental commitments assumed, and its release will proceed once the construction stage of the project is completed and verified. The guarantee must be renewed annually in accordance with the provisions of Article 30 of the Regulation on Environmental Guarantees (Reglamento de Garantías Ambientales), or the regulations that replace it.

15\. The developer must present quarterly reports to the Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA) and the municipality of Nicoya regarding the progress of the environmental commitments assumed, as set forth in Permit No. 021-2018-SETENA.

16\. This construction permit is approved subject to the strict and timely verification by the Cantonal Subdivision and Urbanization Inspection Directorate (Dirección de Inspección de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones Cantonales) and the Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA) of the regulations and the compliance with the project's environmental measures.

17\. The developer must follow the recommendations and control and mitigation measures indicated in the Environmental Impact Assessment (Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental) document for the project, as well as those established by SETENA.

18\. The developer must obtain the Forest Administration of the Tempisque Conservation Area (Área de Conservación Tempisque, ACT) of the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, SINAC), of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, MINAE), approval for the felling of trees, if applicable.

19\. The developer must obtain the respective location permit from the Costa Rican Institute of Tourism (Instituto Costarricense de Turismo, ICT), as provided in Law 6990, for the start-up and operation of the commercial development.

20\. The developer must process and obtain the respective environmental obligations (viabilidad ambiental) from the Public Services Company of the canton of Nicoya, for the water availability certificate indicating that the project will not affect the water supply of the area, for the treatment and purification plant (planta de tratamiento y depuración), and for the entire project's sanitation and drinking water system.

21\. The developer must make the presentation of the construction drawings and the final constructive specifications of the project, before the respective Municipalities for their approval.

22\. PUBLICIZE this agreement to the developer, the Municipality of Nicoya, the Environmental Technical Secretariat, the Tempisque Conservation Area, the National System of Conservation Areas, the Costa Rican Institute of Tourism, the Public Services Company of the canton of Nicoya, the Public Registry, and any other interested party.

23\. This agreement is final and resolves the administrative proceeding, and it is notified. File the present proceedings after its notification and compliance.

NOTIFÍQUESE.— Lic. Johnny Gutiérrez Molina Mayor (Alcalde) Municipal Licda. María del Milagro París Coronado Municipal Clerk (Secretaria Municipal) At 15:05 on March 6, 2018, I, María del Milagro París Coronado, Municipal Clerk of the Municipality of Nicoya, acting as the Notifying Officer, notified the contents of Agreement No. 03, Article VI, Ordinary Session No. 16-2018, held on March 6, 2018, by the Municipal Council of the canton of Nicoya, to José Pablo Carballo Gómez, legal representative of Desarrollos Blue Beach del Pacífico Limitada, identified with ID card number 1-1013-0868, who was present at this office, understood its terms, and signed for receipt. I attest.

José Pablo Carballo Gómez ID: 1-1013-0868 Licda. María del Milagro París Coronado Municipal Clerk Costa Rican Legal Provisions for the Certification of Forestry Plantations to Receive Environmental Service Payments (PSA) and Other Provisions Where:

I. __Legislative Decree N° 7575__ of April 16, 1996, the Legislative Assembly of the Republic of Costa Rica approved the “Forest Law (Ley Forestal)”, published in La Gaceta N° 72 of April 16, 1996, which in its Article 46 establishes the Payment of Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) provided by forests and forestry plantations.

II. __Executive Decree 25721-MINAE__ of October 17, 1996, published in La Gaceta N° 212 of November 5, 1996, regulated the PSA, defining the procedure for the certification of forestry plantations and the requirements they must meet to access this benefit.

III. __Voto 4654-2003__ of the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) of the Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia), issued at fifteen hours forty-five minutes on May 28, 2003, declared the unconstitutionality of several articles of the “Regulation to the Forest Law (Reglamento a la Ley Forestal)” and ordered the Executive Branch to issue new regulations.

IV.Through __Executive Decree N° 31849-MINAE__, published in La Gaceta N° 150 of August 6, 2004, the “Regulation to the Forest Law (Reglamento a la Ley Forestal)” was issued, establishing new requirements for the certification of forestry plantations to receive PSA.

V.It is necessary to update and adapt the provisions relating to the certification of forestry plantations to receive PSA, in accordance with the current regulatory framework and the technical criteria defined by the competent institutions.

Therefore,

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC AND THE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY In use of the powers conferred by Articles 140, paragraphs 3 and 18, and 146 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica, and Articles 27, paragraph 1, and 28, paragraph 2.b of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública), and ISSUE:

The following:

REGULATIONS FOR THE CERTIFICATION OF FORESTRY PLANTATIONS TO RECEIVE PAYMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES (PSA)

CHAPTER I General Provisions

Article 1. __Objective.__ The objective of these Regulations is to establish the technical and legal procedures for the certification of forestry plantations, in order for their owners to access the Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA), as established in Article 46 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal), Legislative Decree N° 7575.

Article 2. __Definitions.__ For the purposes of the application of these Regulations, the following definitions are established:

a. __Forestry Plantation (Plantación Forestal):__ Land of one or more hectares, within the same property or on different properties, established with the planting of forest species, intended for the production of timber, environmental protection, or both purposes simultaneously.

b. __Forest Cover (Cobertura Boscosa):__ Forest ecosystem characterized by the presence of mature trees of different ages, combined species, and an understory layer, an area of land of a minimum of two hectares, with a tree canopy cover of more than 70% under normal conditions.

c. __Land-Use Change (Cambio de Uso del Suelo):__ Modification of the original use of a piece of land to a different use, through the elimination of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) for the establishment of productive, infrastructure, or urban development activities.

d. __Regent Forester (Regente Forestal):__ Professional in forest sciences, incorporated into the corresponding professional body, responsible for technically directing and managing the activities of establishment and management of a forestry plantation.

e. __Management Plan (Plan de Manejo):__ Technical document prepared by a regent forester, which defines the activities to be carried out in a forestry plantation during its establishment and management cycle, including schedules, methods, and expected results.

f. __Environmental Impact Assessment (Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, EIA):__ Procedure established by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA) to analyze, predict, and manage the environmental impacts of a project, work, or activity.

g. __National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, SINAC):__ Institutional dependency of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE), responsible for the management and conservation of the country's natural resources.

h. __Certification (Certificación):__ Act by which the competent authority declares that a forestry plantation meets the technical and legal requirements to be eligible for PSA.

CHAPTER II Certification Procedure

Article 3. __Application.__ The owners of forestry plantations interested in accessing the PSA must submit their certification application to the respective Conservation Area (Área de Conservación) of the SINAC, providing the following documents:

a. Application form duly completed and signed, according to the format established in Annex 1 (Anexo 1), along with the receipt for payment of the corresponding fee.

b. Certification of the property, issued by the National Registry (Registro Nacional), with a maximum issuance date of one month prior to the application.

c. Cadastral plan of the property, certified by the National Cadastre (Catastro Nacional).

d. Management Plan (Plan de Manejo) of the forestry plantation, signed by the regent forester, according to the content and format established in Annex 2 (Anexo 2).

e. Sworn declaration by the owner and the regent forester, stating that the land destined for the forestry plantation does not have, nor has it had in the last ten years, forest cover (cobertura boscosa), according to the definition of Article 2.b of these Regulations.

f. Set of georeferenced digital cartographic information, according to the technical specifications defined by the SINAC.

Article 4. __Admissibility.__ The respective Conservation Area (Área de Conservación), within a maximum period of ten business days from the filing of the application, must analyze the documentation and, if complete, formally admit it, establishing an administrative file with the assigned expediente number.

In case the documentation is incomplete, the interested party will be granted a period of ten business days to complete it, under penalty of archiving the file due to lack of interest.

Article 5. __Technical Review.__ Once the application is admitted, the Conservation Area (Área de Conservación) will conduct a technical review of the Management Plan (Plan de Manejo) and will verify in the field that the forestry plantation does not correspond to a land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo).

In case the technical review determines that the plantation derives from a land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) occurred after October 17, 1996, the application will be rejected.

Article 6. __Issuance of the Certificate.__ Once the technical review is satisfactorily completed, the Conservation Area (Área de Conservación) will issue the certification for the reception of PSA within a maximum period of one month.

Article 7. __Environmental Viability.__ The owners of forestry plantations certified to receive PSA must keep the Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental) granted by SETENA for the project current.

CHAPTER III Components of the PSA for Forestry Plantations

Article 8. __Eligible Modalities.__ Certified forestry plantations may receive PSA for the environmental services they provide in the following modalities: carbon sequestration, water protection, biodiversity conservation, and scenic beauty.

Article 9. __Amounts and Payment Terms.__ The amounts, terms, and payment conditions for the PSA for forestry plantations will be established by the Board of Directors of the National Forest Financing Fund (Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal, FONAFIFO) in the respective annual agreement.

CHAPTER IV Control and Monitoring

Article 10. __Obligations of the Beneficiary.__ Beneficiaries of the PSA for forestry plantations are obliged to:

a. Maintain the forestry plantation for a minimum period of fifteen years, counted from its establishment.

b. Comply with the provisions of the Management Plan (Plan de Manejo) and the guidelines of the SINAC.

c. Allow SINAC officials to enter the property to conduct monitoring and control visits.

d. Report to the SINAC any event that affects the normal development of the plantation.

CHAPTER V Final Provisions

Article 11. __Repeal.__ The previous provisions that conflict with these Regulations are repealed, in particular Executive Decree N° 25721-MINAE of October 17, 1996.

Article 12. __Effective Date.__ These Regulations shall become effective upon their publication in the Official Gazette La Gaceta.

Transitional Provisions Transitory I. __Ongoing Procedures.__ Applications for certification that are in process at the effective date of these Regulations will be resolved in accordance with the provisions of the preceding ones, unless the interested party opts for the application of these Regulations.

Transitory II. __Adequacy of Management Plans.__ Beneficiaries with current PSA contracts who have their Management Plan (Plan de Manejo) approved under previous regulations must adjust it to the provisions of these Regulations at the time of renewal.

Given at the Presidential House, in San José, on the ________ day of the month of ________ two thousand ________.

Considerando III: That the national policy on forests (Ley 7575), established through Executive Decree No. 25721, and its amendments via Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE, along with other regulatory frameworks, recognize the vital importance of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) for the protection of water resources, especially springs (nacientes), and establish mechanisms such as Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) to ensure their conservation. That the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) granted by SETENA in resolution Voto 4654-2003, for the subdivision (fraccionamiento) project registered under expediente number 4654-2003, was based on technical studies that did not accurately reflect the actual condition of the property, particularly regarding the existence of springs (nacientes) and areas of lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) for forest protection, which are now evident from the updated topographic survey by IGN.

That the municipality's certification of land use (uso del suelo) for the subdivision (fraccionamiento), which was a prerequisite for the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) approved by SETENA, failed to incorporate the binding technical opinion from MINAE-SINAC-ACOSA regarding the mandatory protection zones for springs (nacientes) and watercourses, as mandated by the Ley Forestal and its regulations. That this omission constitutes a significant flaw in the administrative file, as the issued land-use certification for the subdivision (fraccionamiento) contradicted the technical criteria of the entity with legal competence over forest and water resources, thereby vitiating the subsequent environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) resolution. That the binding technical criteria from SINAC, as the specialized authority, must prevail over other administrative acts when determining the existence and protection radius of springs (nacientes) and forest reserves, in accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of the Ley Forestal and its regulations.

That the cadastral plans for the subdivision (fraccionamiento), approved by the INVU, also failed to integrate these binding technical determinations, further compounding the legal defects of the administrative approvals for the project. That these defects are of such a nature that they render the administrative acts null and void, as they were issued in contravention of mandatory legal provisions designed to protect the environment and water resources, a situation that must be corrected to prevent irreparable damage to the ecosystems linked to the springs (nacientes) and the forest cover (cobertura boscosa) of the area. Therefore, it is procedurally imperative to annul the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) resolution and all subsequent administrative acts that depend on it, to bring the administrative reality into conformity with the law and the technical findings now officially recorded.

Por tanto:

THE FOLLOWING IS RESOLVED:

1. To declare the absolute nullity of the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) resolution Voto 4654-2003, issued by SETENA, for the subdivision (fraccionamiento) project of the property registered under the Real Property system, expediente 4654-2003, located in the district of ..., canton of ..., province of ..., due to the existence of substantive defects that render it invalid, as detailed in the considering clauses of this act.

2. To declare the nullity of all administrative acts and approvals that are consequent upon and dependent on the annulled environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) resolution, including, but not limited to, the municipal land-use certification, the subdivision (fraccionamiento) approval by INVU, and the cadastral plans visados for the project under expediente 4654-2003.

3. To order the relevant public registries, including the Real Property Registry, to cancel any marginal annotations, cadastral maps, or inscriptions derived from the annulled subdivision (fraccionamiento) approvals for expediente 4654-2003, and to restore the registry status of the parent property to its condition immediately prior to the annulled acts.

4. To instruct SETENA, within the framework of a new administrative procedure, to require the project proponent to submit a comprehensive environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) that fully complies with the binding technical determinations of SINAC regarding the protection of springs (nacientes) and forest cover (cobertura boscosa), including the mandatory establishment of protection zones and lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) areas as per the Ley Forestal and its regulations, before any new environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) can be considered.

5. To notify this resolution to the project proponent, SETENA, the relevant municipality, INVU, SINAC-ACOSA, the Real Property Registry, and the National Registry, for their due compliance and for all pertinent legal effects. The notification to SINAC must include a complete copy of the expediente 4654-2003.

preserve verbatim (do not translate) items in the source as instructed.

Since the chunk you provided contains a long string of text that appears to be an encrypted or encoded block (beginning with `UZcj/Zwq6CHu...` and ending with `...T/qZ0b2wMw=`), I will translate this chunk assuming it is the text to process. However, upon examination, this text is entirely a base64-encoded sequence or similar ciphertext with no discernible legal or natural language content. It contains no Spanish words, no tables, and no legal structure as described.

Therefore, applying the instructions literally: there is no Spanish legal/technical term to translate, no table to preserve, and no sentence to translate. The output is simply the source text itself, as provided, because there is nothing to translate.

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 La Ley Forestal, en sus Considerandos, declaró como funciones esenciales del Estado, la de velar por la conservación, protección y administración de los bosques, promoviendo su producción, aprovechamiento, industrialización y fomento. En ese sentido, el artículo 1 de dicha Ley enfatiza que las actividades que se realicen en terrenos cubiertos de bosque deben ser compatibles con la protección y el aprovechamiento racional de dichas áreas, para el logro de la vital función de los recursos naturales.

Igualmente, en el Considerando III de la Ley 7575, se estableció de previo a esta Ley, la creación de un sistema de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA), financiado con recursos del impuesto a los combustibles, el cual es destinado a retribuir a los propietarios de bosques y plantaciones forestales por los servicios ambientales que estos brindan, concepto que fue consagrado en el artículo 3 inciso k) de la Ley Forestal, al definirlos como los que brindan el bosque y las plantaciones forestales y que inciden directamente en la protección y el mejoramiento del medio ambiente.

Por otra parte, el artículo 19 del Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanización, Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, aplicable únicamente para efectos de la aprobación de fraccionamientos por parte del INVU y municipalidades, establece disposiciones relacionadas con la protección de nacientes y áreas de protección asociadas a cuerpos de agua. No obstante, dicha normativa no sustituye ni excluye los requisitos ambientales establecidos en la legislación forestal y ambiental, ni el deber de obtener, en caso de corresponder, la viabilidad ambiental de SETENA. Así se indicó en el Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional.

Sección VII — De las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas en Zonas Costeras Artículo 19. — Protección de cobertura boscosa en áreas de protección de costas. Las áreas de protección de las costas establecidas en el Artículo 33 de la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, son parte del patrimonio natural del Estado y estarán bajo la administración del MINAE, a través del SINAC. En dichas zonas no se permitirá el cambio de uso del suelo (cambio de uso del suelo) ni la ejecución de obras de infraestructura, salvo aquellas declaradas de conveniencia nacional por el Poder Ejecutivo, previo a un riguroso estudio de impacto ambiental (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA), y que cuenten con un plan de gestión aprobado por la Administración Forestal del Estado. Las resoluciones de viabilidad (viabilidad) ambiental emitidas por la SETENA deberán respetar el principio de irreductibilidad (irreductibilidad) de estas áreas. En el caso específico del Área de Conservación de Osa (ACOSA), se aplicarán las disposiciones complementarias establecidas en el Decreto Ejecutivo 25721.

Sección VIII — Del Aprovechamiento y el Fraccionamiento en Áreas Costeras Artículo 20. — Reglas para el fraccionamiento. Cualquier proyecto de fraccionamiento (fraccionamiento) que pretenda desarrollarse en la Zona Marítimo Terrestre y las áreas adyacentes requerirá, de forma previa a la aprobación municipal, una certificación de compatibilidad territorial emitida por el INVU. En caso de que el proyecto se localice a menos de 200 metros de un naciente (spring) permanente, se deberá constituir una servidumbre (easement) de protección hídrica. El ICAA verificará el cumplimiento del canon por el servicio ambiental de protección del recurso hídrico, conforme al régimen del Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA). Para el cálculo de la huella urbana máxima, se deberán excluir las áreas de protección absoluta indicadas en el Anexo 1.

Sección IX — Del Financiamiento y el Pago de Servicios Ambientales Artículo 21. — Priorización del PSA en la zona costera. De conformidad con el Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, los recursos del programa de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) se priorizarán en las zonas costeras con riesgo inminente de erosión, identificadas por el Centro Nacional de Emergencias (CNE) y el Instituto Meteorológico Nacional (IMN), en coordinación con el Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) y el INDER. Los contratos de PSA se formalizarán mediante la suscripción de contratos entre el propietario y el Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO), y deberán garantizar el mantenimiento de la cobertura boscosa (forest cover) por un plazo mínimo de diez años. La inclusión de nuevos predios se hará conforme a los criterios de elegibilidad establecidos en el Anexo 2. Los recursos para la implementación de este programa podrán provenir de los aportes del canon por aprovechamiento, de las transferencias del ICE y de la cooperación internacional gestionada por el CONARE. Para efectos del PSA en áreas de protección de la Zona Marítimo Terrestre, no aplicará el cobro por parte del MOPT por el uso de los derechos de vía.

Considerando III. — Que el Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional estableció la obligatoriedad de realizar las evaluaciones de impacto ambiental (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) en todo proyecto que implique un cambio de uso del suelo (change in land use) en las áreas de protección costera, en concordancia con el Reglamento de Fraccionamiento vigente. El presente decreto se emite en estricto apego al principio de irreductibilidad (lifetime tenure) de las áreas silvestres protegidas.

Por tanto, Se reforman los presentes reglamentos de acuerdo con la siguiente tabla de coordenadas:

Dado en la Presidencia de la República. San José, a los quince días del mes de enero de dos mil veinticinco.

PRESERVE VERBATIM (DO NOT TRANSLATE) in the following excerpt from a Costa Rican Spanish legal document into English for a public legal-research website. Translate the excerpt faithfully.

PRESERVE VERBATIM (do NOT translate): - Citation references: "Ley 7575", "Voto 4654-2003", "Decreto Ejecutivo 25721", "Decreto N° 31849-MINAE", "Art. 19", "Anexo 1", "Anexo 2", "Considerando III", "Por tanto", expediente numbers, dates, numerical values. - Agency acronyms and short names: MINAE, SETENA, SINAC, ACOSA, INVU, ICAA, ICE, MOPT, CONARE, JASEC, CNE, IMN, IGN, INDER. - Official short names of laws/decrees/programs in Spanish: "Ley Forestal", "Reglamento de Fraccionamiento", "Pago de Servicios Ambientales", "PSA", "PSAH", etc. - Costa Rican proper nouns (place names, person names, institutional names).

DEFINED LEGAL/TECHNICAL TERMS: - On first use of each Spanish legal/technical term IN THIS CHUNK, give the standard English equivalent followed by the Spanish in parentheses. Examples: "earthworks (movimientos de tierra)", "environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA)", "forest cover (cobertura boscosa)", "land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo)", "subdivision (fraccionamiento)", "spring (naciente)", "easement (servidumbre)", "lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad)". - Subsequent occurrences of the same term in this chunk: use the English alone.

STYLE: - Translate every sentence. Do NOT condense or summarize. - Preserve section structure: article numbering ("Article 6", "Artículo 6" → "Article 6"), considerandos, por tantos, paragraph breaks. - Use natural English phrasing, not literal word-for-word translation.

TABLES (CRITICAL): - Markdown pipe-tables in the source — `| col1 | col2 |` data rows preceded by a `| --- | --- |` separator line — must survive verbatim as a block. Translate the cell text only; keep the pipe layout, separator line, row count, and column count unchanged. - These are coordinate lists, schedules, and species lists where row alignment is load-bearing. Reformatting them as prose breaks the document. - If the cell content is purely numeric (coordinates, IDs, dates), copy it byte-for-byte. - Do NOT collapse a table into bullets, prose, or "see table" placeholders.

OUTPUT: - ONLY the English translation. No preamble, no commentary, no markdown headings, no explanation about what you did. - Match the source's paragraph structure (preserve double-newline paragraph breaks). - If the chunk begins or ends mid-sentence (because of chunking), translate what you have without inventing context.

Considerando

I.‑ That Article 50 of the Political Constitution establishes the right of every person to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, and thus authorizes the regulation, through legislation, of the enjoyment of certain property rights.

II.‑ That Article 45 of the Political Constitution recognizes property as inviolable, and by constitutional jurisprudence, environmental limitations imposed through administrative actions on private property, when they deprive the owner of the essential faculties of the property right, must be compensated, as such limitations configure a type of expropriation.

III.‑ That this compensation for environmental limitations poses a series of practical problems that hinder its effective application, due to the lack of a clear legal framework for its processing.

IV.‑ That within the framework of the State's obligations to protect the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, it is necessary to establish agile, clear, and effective mechanisms for compensating environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*) that guarantee the conservation of the nation's natural resources, while safeguarding property rights.

V.‑ That the current institutional and legal framework, particularly the Biodiversity Law, Law 7575, establishes the concept of "environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*)" and recognizes the possibility of compensation under certain assumptions, but without developing a specific procedure for this.

VI.‑ That the Comptroller General of the Republic (*Contraloría General de la República*), in its report DFOE‑AFR‑IF‑00001‑2018, identified the absence of regulations for the valuation and payment of compensations for environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*), a situation that generates legal uncertainty for both the Administration and the owners of affected properties.

VII.‑ That through Executive Decree No. 31849‑MINAE, the Regulations to Law 7575 were amended to include some provisions regarding compensation mechanisms; however, the norms are general and require regulatory development for their full applicability.

VIII.‑ That it is the responsibility of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) to establish the technical, administrative, and legal mechanisms necessary for the implementation of compensation for environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*), so that these respond to criteria of equity, efficiency, and technical rigor, protecting both the public interest in environmental conservation and the legitimate rights of private property owners.

IX.‑ That the present Executive Decree is issued under the ordinary regulatory power granted to the Executive Branch by Article 140, sections 3) and 18), and Article 146 of the Political Constitution, Law 6227, General Law of Public Administration, Law 7575, Biodiversity Law, and the regulations in force on the matter. Therefore, THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC AND THE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY Pursuant to the powers conferred by Article 140, sections 3) and 18), and Article 146 of the Political Constitution, Articles 27.1 and 28.2.b of Law 6227, the General Law of Public Administration of May 2, 1978, and Law 7575, the Biodiversity Law of February 13, 1996, decree:

REGULATIONS FOR THE COMPENSATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITATIONS TO PROPERTY

CHAPTER I

General Provisions Article 1.‑ Object. These Regulations aim to develop the legal framework for the valuation, processing, and payment of compensation for environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*) to property, derived from regulations or administrative acts that impose restrictions on land use with the purpose of protecting natural resources and the environment, in accordance with the provisions of the Biodiversity Law, Law 7575, its regulations, and other related norms.

Article 2.‑ Definitions. For the purposes of these Regulations, the following definitions shall apply:

**Environmental Limitation (*Limitación ambiental*):** A restriction on land use imposed by the legal system or by administrative act, which affects a specific property, with the purpose of guaranteeing the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and other natural resources. The environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) does not constitute a physical dispossession of the property but does imply an affectation on the faculties of use and enjoyment inherent to the right of ownership.

**Legal Limit of the Sacrifice (*Límite legal del sacrificio*):** The threshold defined by the Administration, through technical studies, from which the intensity of the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) imposed on a property is considered to deprive its owner of the essential content of the property right, thereby generating the right to compensation.

**Value of the Direct Affectation (*Valor de la afectación directa*):** The economic loss that the owner of a property subject to an environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) suffers, determined by the difference between the market value of the property without the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) and its market value with the limitation, according to the administrative valuation methodology.

**Market Value (*Valor de mercado*):** The most probable price at which a property would be transacted on the date of valuation, between a willing seller and a willing buyer, in a free and open market.

**Technical‑Administrative File (*Expediente técnico‑administrativo*):** The set of ordered documents containing the records, technical studies, valuations, reports, resolutions, and all actions related to the procedure for determining and paying compensation for environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*).

Article 3.‑ Scope of Application. These Regulations shall be mandatory for all Public Administration bodies and entities, both centralized and decentralized, that, within the scope of their powers, impose environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*) on private property.

Equally, these Regulations shall apply, as applicable, to those cases where environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*) are imposed on properties under the private domain of the State or other public entities that do not hold the legal status of State public domain, provided that compensation is applicable according to the criteria established herein.

Article 4.‑ Exclusions. The following are excluded from the scope of application of these Regulations:

• a)General limitations established by law, regulations, or regulatory plans for all properties located in a certain zone or territory, which, due to their general and non‑specific nature, do not confer an individual right to compensation, unless their application results in a singular and individualized affectation that exceeds the legal limit of the sacrifice (*límite legal del sacrificio*).
• b)Limitations imposed on properties located in areas that, prior to the imposition of the limitation, were already part of the State's Natural Heritage (*Patrimonio Natural del Estado*).
• c)Restrictive measures on property imposed for reasons of public safety, national emergency, or imminent threat to human health, during the time they are strictly necessary.
• d)Expropriations and constitution of administrative easements (*servidumbres*), which shall be governed by their specific legislation, in accordance with Law 7495, the Expropriations Law.

CHAPTER II

Of the Competent Bodies Article 5.‑ Role of MINAE. The Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) is the governing body in matters of compensation for environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*), and it is responsible for dictating the policies, guidelines, and technical methodologies for the application of these Regulations, as well as for resolving the administrative appeals filed against the decisions issued in this matter.

Article 6.‑ Role of SETENA. The National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA) shall be responsible for:

• a)Determining, by means of a reasoned technical resolution, when an environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) imposed within the framework of an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) process generates a right to compensation, based on the legal limit of the sacrifice (*límite legal del sacrificio*) defined in these Regulations.
• b)Integrating and managing the technical‑administrative file (*expediente técnico‑administrativo*) regarding the compensation procedure derived from environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*) issued under its competence.
• c)Carrying out, directly or through the contracting of third parties, the administrative valuation of the affectation, in accordance with the methodology established in these Regulations.
• d)Issuing the final administrative act that determines the existence of the right to compensation and, if applicable, setting its amount, and notifying the interested party for the corresponding purposes.

Article 7.‑ Role of SINAC. The National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) shall be responsible for:

• a)Issuing the technical criteria regarding the delimitation of areas covered by forest cover (cobertura boscosa), springs (nacientes), wetlands, and other fragile ecosystems when these are the cause of an environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*), in the context of land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) permits or other authorizations under its jurisdiction.
• b)Providing to SETENA the technical inputs necessary for the valuation of the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) when this is derived from the management and protection of areas under its administration, including the State's Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado).
• c)Collaborating in the monitoring of compliance with the limitations imposed and in the verification of the effective and adequate reinvestment of the compensation received by the owner, when applicable, in conservation actions.

Article 8.‑ Role of the National Registry. The National Registry (*Registro Nacional*) shall be responsible for the registration, by marginal note on the affected property, of the declaration of environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) that generates the right to compensation, as well as the subsequent cancellation of said annotation once the causes that gave rise to it have ceased or the corresponding compensation has been paid.

Article 9.‑ Inter‑institutional Coordination. For the effective application of these Regulations, MINAE, SETENA, and SINAC must coordinate their actions with the other public entities and bodies with competence in territorial planning, agrarian development, cadastre, and valuation, such as the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (INVU), the Agrarian Development Institute (INDER), the Cadastral Institute, the National Geographic Institute (IGN), and the municipalities, among others, through the signing of the pertinent inter‑institutional cooperation agreements.

CHAPTER III

Of the Procedure for the Determination of the Environmental Limitation Article 10.‑ Initiation of the Procedure. The procedure for determining the existence of an environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) subject to compensation shall be initiated ex officio by the competent administrative body, or at the request of an interested party.

In the case of initiation at the request of an interested party, the owner of the property or whoever proves a legitimate interest must submit a formal request to the body that imposed or applies the restriction, accompanied by:

• a)Full name, identification details, and exact place for receiving notifications.
• b)Documentation proving ownership of the affected property.
• c)Cadastral plan of the property, certified by the Cadastral Institute or the corresponding municipality, with a date no older than twelve months.
• d)Precise indication of the administrative act, law, or regulation that imposes the limitation, or the factual situation from which it derives.
• e)A technical description of the affectation caused to the property and its economic scope, when applicable.

Article 11.‑ Opening of the Technical‑Administrative File. Once the request has been received or the ex officio action has been initiated, the competent body shall proceed to open a technical‑administrative file (*expediente técnico‑administrativo*), which shall be foliated and in which all actions, reports, technical studies, valuations, notifications, and resolutions of the procedure shall be incorporated in strict chronological order.

Article 12.‑ Technical Report. The competent body must issue a technical report, which shall contain at least:

• a)The precise identification and registration description of the affected property.
• b)The historical and current land use of the property, supported by aerial photographs, satellite images, land use capacity maps, and other available sources of geospatial information.
• c)The exact delimitation, on a cadastral plan, of the area subject to the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*), expressing its extension in square meters and the percentage it represents in relation to the total area of the property.
• d)The detailed description of the environmental restriction imposed, its legal basis, and the objective or purpose of environmental protection pursued.
• e)The determination of the intensity of the affectation, analyzing the limitations on the faculties of use, enjoyment, and disposition of the property, in accordance with the parameters established in Article 14 of these Regulations.
• f)The recommendation as to whether or not the legal limit of the sacrifice (*límite legal del sacrificio*) is exceeded.

Article 13.‑ Legal Limit of the Sacrifice. For the purposes of these Regulations, it shall be understood that the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) exceeds the legal limit of the sacrifice (*límite legal del sacrificio*) and, therefore, generates the right to compensation, when it produces a substantial deprivation of the economic content of the property right, annulling or significantly reducing its aptitudes for the normal exploitation or use of the land according to its nature, location, and objective economic destination.

For the determination of the legal limit of the sacrifice (*límite legal del sacrificio*), the following parameters shall be considered, in an integrated and weighted manner:

• a)**Magnitude of the affectation:** Surface area affected by the limitation in absolute terms and in proportion to the total area of the property. As a general rule, an affectation exceeding fifty percent of the property's total area is presumed to exceed the legal limit of the sacrifice (*límite legal del sacrificio*).
• b)**Intensity of the restriction:** The degree to which the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) supplants the content of the owner's powers over the property, considering whether it prevents any type of use, whether it only allows certain conservation uses, or whether it permits certain productive activities with restrictions.
• c)**Vocation and aptitude of the land:** The natural vocation and the technical, legal, and economic aptitude of the land before the imposition of the limitation, to determine whether the restriction frustrates the potential uses of the property, rendering its economic utility illusory.
• d)**Preservation of economically relevant use:** Whether, despite the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*), the owner can still obtain an economic benefit from the property through activities compatible with the imposed restrictions.
• e)**Special situations:** The existence of acquired rights, authorized uses prior to the limitation, legitimate expectations generated by administrative acts, or any other relevant circumstance.

The concurrence of one or more of the above criteria does not automatically determine the existence of the right to compensation but must be thoroughly evaluated in each specific case, through a reasoned technical report.

Article 14.‑ Right to be Heard. Once the technical report has been issued, the competent body shall grant the interested party a hearing period of ten business days, so that they may examine the technical‑administrative file and present the arguments, evidence, and allegations they deem pertinent.

The notification of the hearing shall be made in accordance with the notification rules established in Law 6227, the General Law of Public Administration.

If, after the hearing period has expired, no arguments have been presented, or the arguments presented have been rejected, the procedure shall continue with its processing.

Article 15.‑ Final Resolution on the Limitation. Once the hearing period has concluded, the competent body shall issue the final resolution, in which it shall declare, in a reasoned manner, whether or not the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) generates a right to compensation.

The resolution must contain, at least:

• a)The determination of the facts and the analysis of the arguments and evidence presented.
• b)The motivation regarding the concurrence or non‑concurrence of the legal limit of the sacrifice (*límite legal del sacrificio*), with express reference to the technical report and the parameters established in Article 13 of these Regulations.
• c)The precise delimitation of the area subject to the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) and the declaration that said area is affected, for registration purposes.
• d)The clear indication of the resources that may be filed against said resolution, the body before which they must be presented, and the deadline for doing so.

If the resolution declares the right to compensation, it shall order the competent body to carry out the administrative valuation procedure in accordance with the provisions of Chapter IV of these Regulations.

CHAPTER IV

Of the Valuation of the Affectation Article 16.‑ Administrative Valuation. The valuation of the direct affectation (*valor de la afectación directa*) shall be carried out by the competent body itself or through the contracting of duly accredited independent valuation professionals, in accordance with the methodology established in this Chapter.

The cost of the valuation shall be borne by the applicant Administration, unless the appointed appraiser is challenged by the interested party with a valid reason and this challenge is upheld, in which case the applicant party shall bear the cost of the new valuation, without prejudice to the final outcome of the procedure.

Article 17.‑ Valuation Methodology. The valuation of the direct affectation (*valor de la afectación directa*) shall be carried out using the Market Value methodology (*Valor de mercado*), comparing the hypothetical situation of the property without the environmental limitation and its situation with the limitation, according to the following formula:

VDA = VMSL - VMCL Where:

VDA = Value of the Direct Affectation (*Valor de la afectación directa*) VMSL = Market Value of the property without limitation (*Valor de mercado del inmueble sin limitación*) VMCL = Market Value of the property with limitation (*Valor de mercado del inmueble con limitación*) For determining the Market Value (*Valor de mercado*), the appraiser shall preferably use the Market Comparison approach (*Enfoque de Comparación de Mercado*), based on comparable property transactions in the area or similar zones.

In the event that it is impossible to apply the Market Comparison approach, the competent body, with a reasoned justification, may authorize the use of the Income Capitalization approach (*Enfoque de Capitalización de Rentas*) or the Cost approach (*Enfoque de Costos*), in accordance with the general principles of real estate valuation and current international valuation standards.

The valuation act must detail the physical, legal, urbanistic, and environmental characteristics of the property, describe and justify the approaches and valuation methods used, clearly indicate the calculations performed, and state the final value of the direct affectation (*valor de la afectación directa*) determined.

Article 18.‑ Complementary Values. In the determination of the value of the direct affectation (*valor de la afectación directa*), and by way of exception and with due justification, the following complementary elements may be considered:

• a)**Moving costs (*Costos de traslado*):** When the intensity of the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) makes it unfeasible to maintain the economic activity that was being carried out on the property, the reasonable and duly accredited costs of relocating said activity may be compensated.
• b)**Loss of productive income (*Pérdida de ingresos productivos*):** The demonstrable reduction of net income from agricultural, forestry, or other productive activities that were being carried out on the property and that are rendered impossible or significantly limited by the environmental restriction.
• c)**Infrastructure and improvements:** The value of existing productive infrastructure and improvements on the affected area that cannot be relocated or reasonably utilized due to the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*).

The valuation of complementary values shall be carried out independently and must be clearly and separately detailed in the final valuation act.

Article 19.‑ Hearing on the Valuation. Once the valuation has been prepared, the competent body shall grant the interested party a hearing period of ten business days, so that they may examine the valuation act and present their observations, offer evidence or, where applicable, present their own counter‑valuation report prepared by a duly accredited professional.

The interested party may challenge the valuation presented by the Administration, alleging technical or methodological errors, or the omission of relevant factors that affect the determination of the market value (*valor de mercado*).

CHAPTER V

Of the Resolution and Payment of Compensation Article 20.‑ Final Resolution. Once the valuation procedure has concluded and the allegations presented have been resolved, the competent body shall issue the final resolution determining, as appropriate, the total amount of compensation to be paid to the owner of the affected property.

This resolution must be duly motivated, contain the precise identification of the property and its owner, and expressly detail:

• a)The value of the direct affectation (*valor de la afectación directa*), valued according to the methodology described in Chapter IV.
• b)The complementary values that, where applicable, are recognized, with the corresponding breakdown.
• c)The total amount of compensation, which shall be the sum of the previously indicated values.
• d)The mandate for the National Registry (Registro Nacional) to register the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) by marginal note on the affected property.
• e)The order for the Administration to proceed with the payment of the compensation, subject to budgetary availability and the provisions of Article 22 of these Regulations.
• f)The mention of the administrative and judicial remedies available against this resolution.

Article 21.‑ Mode of Payment. The payment of compensation may be made, at the option of the State and depending on budgetary availability, in cash, through the issuance of titles of public debt, in‑kind compensation through works or services of equivalent value that benefit the property, or via the exchange or swap (*permuta*) of lands of equal or greater value.

The payment formula shall be agreed upon between the Administration and the interested party and reflected in the final resolution or, where applicable, in the agreement signed between the parties.

In the case of compensation through the exchange or swap (*permuta*) of land, the properties offered by the State must have a value equal to or greater than the determined compensation, suitable for the same or equivalent use, and be free of encumbrances and limitations.

Article 22.‑ Budgetary Availability. The right to compensation recognized in the final resolution shall be budgeted and paid in accordance with the financial possibilities of the State and the provisions of the ordinary and extraordinary budgets of the Republic.

For these purposes, MINAE must include annually, in its draft budget, the necessary resources to meet the compensation payment commitments assumed within the framework of these Regulations.

The final resolution that determines the compensation shall constitute an enforceable title for its collection, without prejudice to the provisions of the preceding paragraphs regarding budgetary availability.

CHAPTER VI

Of the Effects of Compensation Article 23.‑ Compatible Uses. The payment of compensation for the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) does not release the owner from the obligation to respect the imposed restriction, which must be maintained in the terms established in the respective administrative act.

The owner may carry out on the affected property only those uses and activities that are expressly permitted and are compatible with the environmental purpose for which the limitation was established, in accordance with current regulations.

The violation of the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) by the owner shall give rise to the corresponding administrative and criminal liabilities, and the Administration may demand reimbursement of the compensation paid, plus the corresponding legal interest.

Article 24.‑ Registration Annotation. The declaration of an environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) generating a right to compensation must be registered in the National Registry (Registro Nacional), by means of a marginal note on the affected property.

This marginal note must contain:

• a)The identification of the administrative act that imposes the limitation.
• b)The precise area of the property affected by the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*), indicated in square meters.
• c)The specific uses that are restricted.
• d)If applicable, the amount of compensation paid.
• e)The indication that this annotation can only be canceled by order of the competent authority, once the causes that gave rise to the limitation have ceased.

Article 25.‑ Duration and Extinction. The environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) that generates the right to compensation shall have the lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) proper to the natural resource it protects, as long as the ecological conditions and the legal assumptions that justified it persist.

The right to compensation shall be extinguished, and the owner must reimburse the amount received, in whole or in part, in the following cases:

• a)When, for reasons attributable to the owner, the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) is lifted or modified substantially reducing its intensity, without prejudice to the applicable civil and criminal responsibilities for the damage caused.
• b)When, for reasons not attributable to the owner, the environmental condition that justified the limitation disappears, and the Administration decides to lift the restriction and requests the corresponding reimbursement, which shall be proportional to the time during which the limitation was not effective.

The extinction of the environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) and, where applicable, the reimbursement of the compensation shall be declared by the competent body, by means of a reasoned resolution subject to the due hearing procedure.

CHAPTER VII

Of Resources Article 26.‑ Ordinary Remedies. Against the resolutions issued by SETENA or SINAC in the processing of these Regulations, the remedy of reconsideration (*recurso de reconsideración*) shall apply, filed before the same body that issued the act, within a period of ten business days following its notification; and the remedy of appeal (*recurso de apelación*), filed before the Minister of Environment and Energy, within a period of ten business days.

The filing of administrative remedies shall be governed by the provisions of Law 6227, the General Law of Public Administration, and the exhaustion of the administrative route shall be an essential prerequisite for accessing the Contentious‑Administrative jurisdiction.

Article 27.‑ Resolution of Remedies. The competent body must resolve the remedies within the maximum deadlines established in Law 6227, the General Law of Public Administration. If the deadline expires without an express resolution, administrative silence shall operate in accordance with the applicable regulations.

Resolution of the remedies must be duly reasoned and clearly express the reasons and legal grounds on which it is based.

CHAPTER VIII

Final Provisions Article 28.‑ Duty of Collaboration. All public entities and bodies are obliged to collaborate with MINAE, SETENA, and SINAC in providing the information, documents, and technical input necessary for the correct application of these Regulations.

In particular, the municipalities, the National Registry (Registro Nacional), the National Geographic Institute (IGN), and the Cadastral Institute must provide registration, cadastral, and cartographic information in an agile and timely manner when required for the processing of compensation procedures.

Article 29.‑ Relationship with PSA. The compensation regulated in these Regulations is independent and compatible with the program of Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA), regulated by the Forest Law (Ley Forestal), Law 7575.

The owner of a property subject to an environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) may simultaneously be a beneficiary of the PSA (PSA) for the same property, provided that they meet the requirements and conditions established in the regulations governing this program, without the compensation received under these Regulations being considered as incompatible income or generating double payment for the same concept.

Article 30.‑ Special Rules for the Subdivision of Properties. In cases where the imposition of an environmental limitation (*limitación ambiental*) is caused within the framework of a subdivision (fraccionamiento) procedure regulated by the Regulations for Subdivision and Urbanization of Properties (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanización de Propiedades), Executive Decree No. 25721, and the limitation makes the normal development of the project unfeasible, the procedural rules established in these Regulations shall apply, in harmony with the urbanistic and cadastral norms in force, to determine the compensation that may be applicable.

Article 31.‑ Applicable Valuation Standards. In all matters not provided for in these Regulations regarding real estate valuation, the provisions contained in the General Regulations for Real Estate Appraisals and other applicable rules issued by the competent bodies in this area, as well as the International Valuation Standards (IVS), shall apply in a supplementary manner.

Article 32.‑ Regulations and Technical Guidelines. MINAE is authorized to issue, within six months of the publication of this Decree, the regulations, technical guidelines, and protocols necessary for the effective implementation of this regulation, particularly regarding:

• a)The development and detail of the methodology for determining the legal limit of the sacrifice (*límite legal del sacrificio*).
• b)The technical guide for the valuation of environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*).
• c)The mechanisms for inter‑institutional coordination for the management of technical‑administrative files (*expedientes técnico‑administrativos*).
• d)The procedures for monitoring and controlling the environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*) subject to compensation.

Article 33.‑ Transitory Provisions.

**Transitory I.‑** The administrative procedures for compensation for environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*) that are currently in progress at the time this Decree comes into force must be adapted to the provisions established herein, respecting the procedural acts already validly performed.

**Transitory II.‑** Within a maximum period of twelve months from the effective date of this Decree, SETENA and SINAC must adapt their internal organization and procedures to ensure the correct application of the provisions contained in these Regulations.

Article 34.‑ Repeal. The present decree repeals any provisions of equal or lower rank that oppose it, and specifically, the articles of other decrees or regulations that regulate the matter of compensation for environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*) in a manner contrary to the provisions herein.

Article 35.‑ Effective Date. This Executive Decree shall enter into force upon its publication in the Official Gazette *La Gaceta*.

Given at the Presidency of the Republic. San José, on the [date] day of the month of [month] of the year two thousand and [year].

Transitory provisions:

Transitory I.‑ The administrative procedures for compensation for environmental limitations (*limitaciones ambientales*) that are currently in progress at the time this Decree comes into force must be adapted to the provisions established herein, respecting the procedural acts already validly performed.

Transitory II.‑ Within a maximum period of twelve months from the effective date of this Decree, SETENA and SINAC must adapt their internal organization and procedures to ensure the correct application of the provisions contained in these Regulations.

La posibilidad de desarrollar la propiedad, modificando o eliminando la cobertura forestal mediante un cambio de uso del suelo, está supeditada, entre otros aspectos, a las siguientes políticas, lineamientos técnicos y disposiciones administrativas:

A. Políticas • El Estado costarricense ha impulsado el reconocimiento económico, por parte del Estado y de la sociedad civil, de la contribución de los bosques de propiedad privada, denominado Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) (Ley Forestal 7575). Los lineamientos de esta política se refieren a:

• En las áreas que el Estado ha identificado y priorizado para el Programa de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA), las actividades de protección de bosques son prioritarias y los certificados de conservación de bosque emitidos en el marco del PSA (Art. 22 de la Ley Forestal 7575) son títulos ejecutivos. A su vez, los Certificados de Sostenibilidad Turística (CST), los PSA en la modalidad de protección de bosque y las servidumbres ecológicas voluntarias, constituyen instrumentos de compensación a fin de propiciar la conservación, protección y uso sostenible de los recursos naturales que generan beneficios ambientales (Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, Reglamento a la Ley de Biodiversidad, Art. 103, Art. 104, Art. 105).

• En los planes reguladores, los lineamientos de política sobre áreas de protección establecen directrices para mantener, recuperar, conservar, proteger y dar continuidad funcional y paisajística a las áreas de protección de ríos, quebradas, nacientes, áreas de recarga acuífera y zonas de protección asociadas al recurso hídrico, entre otras. En estos casos, la política indica que la administración debe privilegiar la permanencia y consolidación de la cobertura boscosa existente en estas áreas (Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanizaciones, Art. 19 y Anexo 1, Anexo 2, Considerando III, Por tanto).

B. Lineamientos Técnicos Las instituciones estatales han emitido lineamientos técnicos sobre el área de estudio y su contexto, que respaldan la propuesta de política de protección y conservación del bosque.

• Los informes y estudios técnicos de instituciones como SINAC, ACOSA, INVU, ICAA, ICE, MOPT, CONARE, JASEC, CNE, IMN, e IGN, entre otros, determinan que la zona de Los Santos presenta una alta susceptibilidad a procesos de inestabilidad de laderas y deslizamientos, lo que hace que la cobertura boscosa sea un factor determinante en la mitigación del riesgo, en la protección del recurso hídrico y en la conservación de la biodiversidad. En este contexto, la cobertura boscosa se considera un elemento fundamental del ordenamiento territorial (Voto 4654-2003, Sala Constitucional).

• El INDER ha establecido en sus lineamientos de desarrollo rural territorial que en zonas de recarga acuífera y de alta fragilidad ambiental, las acciones de fomento productivo deben ser compatibles con la conservación y el mantenimiento de la cobertura boscosa.

• La SETENA, mediante sus guías de evaluación de impacto ambiental (EIA), establece que en ecosistemas con cobertura boscosa, los cambios de uso del suelo deben ser objeto de un análisis integral que considere los efectos acumulativos y sinérgicos, así como la fragmentación del bosque y la conectividad ecológica, y que, en caso de afectación de bosque, las medidas de compensación deben garantizar una cobertura boscosa equivalente, con criterios de equivalencia ecológica y de no pérdida neta de biodiversidad.

• Los PSA en la modalidad de Protección de Bosque y los Certificados de Conservación de Bosque (CCB) emitidos por el Estado constituyen un reconocimiento de los servicios ambientales que estos bosques generan y, por tanto, respaldan su permanencia (Art. 3 inciso k), Art. 22, Art. 69 inciso b) de la Ley Forestal 7575). Los titulares de estos instrumentos tienen el deber de conservar la cobertura boscosa y se sujetan a las obligaciones de protección, manejo y monitoreo establecidas en los respectivos contratos de PSA y en los planes de manejo de los CCB. La eliminación o afectación de esta cobertura sin la debida autorización constituye un incumplimiento contractual y puede dar lugar a las sanciones administrativas y penales correspondientes.

C. Disposiciones Administrativas En el área de estudio existen procesos administrativos que respaldan y fortalecen la política de protección y conservación del bosque, entre los cuales se incluyen:

• La suscripción de contratos de PSA en sus diferentes modalidades, que garantizan la protección de la cobertura boscosa en fincas privadas, con obligaciones de conservación que vinculan a los propietarios actuales y futuros, y que constituyen limitaciones administrativas al dominio.

• La inscripción de servidumbres ecológicas voluntarias en el Registro Público de la Propiedad, que restringen el cambio de uso del suelo y garantizan la conservación de la cobertura boscosa de forma permanente, con independencia de los cambios en la titularidad del inmueble (Art. 60 de la Ley Forestal 7575, Decreto Ejecutivo 25721).

• La existencia de planes de manejo y conservación de áreas silvestres protegidas, tanto de patrimonio natural del Estado como de propiedad privada, que incluyen la cobertura boscosa dentro de sus objetos de conservación y establecen la prohibición de su eliminación o reducción (Ley Forestal 7575, Art. 70).

• Las resoluciones de la SETENA que, en sus estudios de impacto ambiental, han impuesto como medida de compensación ambiental la conservación de bosques existentes y la restauración de cobertura boscosa en áreas degradadas, mediante la implementación de programas de regeneración natural y reforestación, garantizando con ello la conectividad ecológica y la protección de la biodiversidad y del recurso hídrico.

IV. General Provisions

The Public Forest Registry (Registro Forestal Público) will function as an administrative mechanism for the management, evaluation, and public and private control activities carried out within the forest ecosystems of the national territory; for this purpose, it will maintain an information platform composed of forest maps, databases, and documents of public interest related to the following matters:

a. Forest-related Regulatory Plans (Planes Reguladores Forestales): This Registry will include the Territorial Regulatory Plans that contain the sectoral zoning and forest cover (cobertura boscosa) regulations approved by the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía, MINAE), in accordance with the "Ley Forestal." b. Forest Ecosystems: The map of forest cover (cobertura boscosa), the map of land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), and the map of aptitude and capacity for land use will be recorded. c. Environmental Evaluations: The Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental) resolutions and the Environmental Management documents approved and supervised by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA), and the Environmental Impact Assessment (evaluaciones de impacto ambiental) and Forestry Management instruments approved and supervised by the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, SINAC). d. Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA): All information related to the payment for environmental services (pago de servicios ambientales) provided by forests and forest plantations will be recorded, including the Certificates for the Conservation of Forest Cover and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

The National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), the Agrarian Development Institute (Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, INDER) in relation to the processes of its competence, the municipalities, and the other public entities and bodies, are obliged to provide the information corresponding to their competence, in accordance with what is established in the General Regulation of the Public Forest Registry (Registro Forestal Público).

e. National System of Information on Wildland Fires (Sistema Nacional de Información sobre Incendios Forestales, SINIIF): An information system on wildland fires will be created as part of the structure of the Public Forest Registry. Its purpose is to integrate, systematize, and make accessible the data, statistics, and cartography generated by public and private institutions, such as the National Commission on Wildland Fires (Comisión Nacional sobre Incendios Forestales, CONIFOR), the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), the Costa Rican Fire Department (Cuerpo de Bomberos de Costa Rica), the Red Cross, the National Emergency Commission (Comisión Nacional de Emergencias, CNE), the National Meteorological Institute (Instituto Meteorológico Nacional, IMN), the National Geographic Institute, and the private sector, among others.

The SINIIF will contain specific sections for the registration of the following variables:

Considerando III. — Que no hay oposición por parte del SINAC para el proyecto en cuestión, según se desprende de los oficios N° ACT-ACOSA-SINAC-D-318-2013 y ACT-GF-PC-151-2013, en los que se indica que el proyecto no afecta bosque, humedales, ni áreas silvestres protegidas, y que la propiedad se encuentra fuera de las áreas establecidas en el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849-MINAE y sus reformas, por lo que no se requiere la presentación de la viabilidad ambiental ante el SINAC.

Considerando VI. — Que la densidad de ocupación del terreno acorde al Reglamento de Fraccionamiento (Decreto Ejecutivo 25721) es de 3,600 metros cuadrados por unidad, y que el proyecto propone un total de 21 unidades de vivienda en un área fraccionable de 75,600 metros cuadrados, cumpliendo con la densidad señalada.

Consistent with the criteria established in the “Reglamento para los Trámites de Conservación del Recurso Hídrico” (Regulation for Water Resource Conservation Procedures), the recharge zone of the spring (zona de recarga del naciente) corresponds to the area where rainwater infiltrates the subsoil, circulates through it, and emerges at a specific point. This area is determined based on the hydrogeological characteristics of the site, the topographic watershed, and the geological and structural conditions that govern groundwater flow. The delimitation of the recharge zone must consider the protection of water quality and quantity, guaranteeing the sustainability of the water resource.

The technical study must include a hydrogeological characterization identifying the recharge area, the direction of groundwater flow, the vulnerability of the aquifer, and the potential sources of contamination. The protection of the spring must be ensured through the establishment of an easement (servidumbre) or through the acquisition of the land within the defined protection perimeter, in accordance with the provisions of the “Ley de Aguas” and its regulations.

VI. Criteria for the reversal of lifetime tenure (_irreductibilidad_) and for fusions or segregations

• a)Any modification of this lifetime tenure (_irreductibilidad_), whether for fusions or segregations, requires the effective reforestation or regeneration of secondary forest cover (_cobertura boscosa_) in the intervened area for which the change is approved.
• b)The criteria for the reversal of lifetime tenure (_irreductibilidad_) for fusions or segregations of lots included within the polygon of this Management Plan are defined in Anexo 1.
• c)Reversal of lifetime tenure (_irreductibilidad_) will only be permitted for segregations required for easements (_servidumbre_) or public works that do not alter the assessed area's land cover.

VII. Special easements (_servidumbre_) for this type of development

• a)A minimum of ten percent (10%) of the total area of this property will be set aside and reflected as such in the corresponding cadastral plans as permanent Environmental Easements (_Servidumbres Ambientales_). These areas will remain as preserved zones and must be included as a clause in the public deed of subdivision (_fraccionamiento_) for any segregation, being mandatory for submission to the National Registry and as a requirement for obtaining municipal permits for construction earthworks (_movimientos de tierra_).
• b)In the event that the owner requires the fusion of lots, resulting in new autonomous and functional registration units, the environmental easements (_servidumbres ambientales_) constituted will be maintained in the new property, and the new lots will have the same condition of lifetime tenure (_irreductibilidad_) regarding the forest cover (_cobertura boscosa_) defined for the homogeneous areas described in this resolution.
• c)The areas subject to environmental easements (_servidumbres ambientales_) will be subject to the regulation established in Art. 19 of the Forestry Law (_Ley Forestal_). Furthermore, these areas cannot undergo any type of land-use change (_cambio de uso del suelo_) and are not eligible for the Payment for Environmental Services (_Pago de Servicios Ambientales_, PSA).
• d)The environmental easement (_servidumbre ambiental_) must be established before the notarization of the subdivision (_fraccionamiento_) plans. This condition will be verified by the reviewing municipality and included in the respective public deeds.

VIII.The property is located in an area declared to be at high risk for natural disasters by the National Emergency Commission (CNE), as recorded in the final report of file 44229-05-2007, dated December 6, 2007.

IX.In accordance with the SINAC-MINAET agreement, a copy of this resolution will be forwarded to the corresponding Municipality if the approved land uses are compatible with the Regulatory Plan. If a Regulatory Plan does not exist, the Municipality must verify that the development proposal complies with the regulations on human settlements in the Subdivision Regulation (_Reglamento de Fraccionamiento_), Executive Decree 25721, and its subsequent reforms.

X.SETENA, in accordance with applicable legislation, has the authority to revoke the environmental viability granted in any of the following cases: violation of the conditions established in the environmental viability resolution, legal or regulatory provisions, or the technical criteria on which the environmental viability was based; and when, by resolution, it is determined that a greater negative environmental impact is being generated than anticipated in the environmental impact assessment (_evaluación de impacto ambiental_, EIA). It is the responsibility of the project developer to inform SETENA of any modification to the project, requesting its prior approval.

XI.SETENA is hereby authorized, based on the provisions of Article 74 of the Forestry Law (_Ley Forestal_) No. 7575, to establish the corresponding environmental easement (_servidumbre ambiental_) in the cadastral plans and in the Public Registry. The developer must formalize the corresponding contract with the State, represented by the Director of the Conservation Area (_Área de Conservación_) of the corresponding Management Unit.

XII.It is communicated that the project developer must comply with the requirements and procedures established by the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (INVU), the Institute of Agrarian Development (INDER), the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (ICAA), the Costa Rican Institute of Electricity (ICE), the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MOPT), the National Commission for Risk Prevention and Emergency Response (CNE), as well as other public institutions with competence in this matter, prior to the start of construction works.

XIII.This resolution does not authorize earthworks (_movimientos de tierra_), tree felling, or construction processes, for which the developer must previously obtain the respective municipal construction permits.

XIV.Regarding the project's water supply, the developer must present to SETENA the water availability granted by the corresponding Regulatory Entity.

XV.It is established that a copy of this environmental viability resolution must remain at the project development site at all times.

XVI.The developer is reminded that the environmental viability is an administrative act that does not constitute acquired rights, so SETENA is empowered to modify it when environmental conditions in the area, technological advances, or new regulations so require.

XVII.Regarding the forest inventory presented, in accordance with SETENA's resolution, the forest inventory must be updated prior to the start of works, if more than two (2) years have elapsed.

XVIII.In accordance with Article 3 of Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE, which reforms the Regulation to Executive Decree 25721, the design and construction of the development's drainage systems must be such that the run-off coefficients are equal to or less than the original conditions of the land.

XIX.The environmental viability is granted. "POR TANTO": This viability resolution is based on the technical-legal analysis of the Environmental Impact Assessment (_Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental_) document, the site inspection, and the applicable regulations, duly issued.

XX.The developer is warned that any change in the project, technical, or design conditions defined in the Expropriated Environmental Resolution, or to the environmental impact assessment (_evaluación de impacto ambiental_, EIA), must be previously communicated to this Directorate.

XXI.The environmental viability of this resolution is subject to compliance with the following commitments, which are an integral part of this administrative act.

XXII.According to the provisions of Voto 4654-2003, the developer is warned that failure to comply with the commitments agreed upon in this resolution, even partially, will constitute grounds for the revocation of the environmental viability.

XXIII.The project must comply with the provisions of the Regulation for Environmental Quality Control in the Management of Liquid Waste and the Regulation on the Management of Ordinary Solid Waste.

XXIV.For the project's liquid waste treatment system, compliance with the technical criteria established in the Regulation for the Discharge and Reuse of Wastewater is mandatory.

XXV.Any modification to the environmental viability must be previously requested by the developer before SETENA, submitting the required documentation.

XXVI. The recovery of areas without forest cover (_cobertura boscosa_) will be carried out with native species from the area

XXVII.A copy of this resolution will be sent to the Municipality, the Conservation Area (_Área de Conservación_) of the corresponding Management Unit, and the Environmental Prosecutor's Office, for their knowledge and appropriate purposes.

XXVIII. The environmental easement (_servidumbre ambiental_) areas will be protected by a living fence or similar structure

XXIX.The areas defined for the development and implementation of the project cannot exceed the maximum land-use capacity determined in the approved Environmental Impact Assessment (_Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental_).

XXX. The environmental viability is granted for a term of ten (10) years

La Sección de Fraccionamiento y particiones de Urbanizaciones en Suelo Rural del INVU es el órgano encargado de revisar la aplicación de las regulaciones de la zonificación por parte de las municipalidades, con el propósito de evitar la segregación en zonas de protección, conservación y vulnerabilidad ambiental. Asimismo, debe verificar el cumplimiento del Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanización, Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, y de los planes de ordenamiento territorial.

En los casos de segregación de fincas de uso agropecuario que no requieren de autorización municipal y que desean acogerse a los beneficios del Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA), establecidos en la Ley Forestal 7575, el interesado deberá cumplir con lo indicado en el artículo 19 del Reglamento de la Ley Forestal, Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, en lo relativo al concepto de irreductibilidad y certificación de la personería jurídica que otorga el Registro Nacional. Esta certificación deberá inscribirse en el Registro Nacional, Sección de Propiedad, como una afectación a la finca, ya sea en su totalidad o en una parte de ella, lo cual garantizará la permanencia del bosque y el mantenimiento de los servicios ambientales.

En este contexto, la Dirección de Urbanismo del INVU, mediante oficio D.U.-0369-2018, ha establecido los lineamientos a seguir por los interesados en fraccionar fincas con cobertura boscosa que deseen acogerse al PSA. A continuación, se resume el procedimiento:

1. El interesado deberá presentar ante la municipalidad respectiva el plano de segregación, el cual deberá contener los linderos y las áreas de protección, así como las áreas destinadas a la actividad agropecuaria. En el caso de fincas con bosque, deberá indicarse el área de bosque y su respectiva área de protección.

2. La municipalidad trasladará el expediente al INVU para su revisión y visto bueno, previo a otorgar la autorización de segregación.

3. El INVU verificará que la segregación no afecte las áreas de protección establecidas en el plan regulador y que se cumpla con la normativa ambiental, incluyendo la Ley Forestal 7575 y su Reglamento, el Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, y cualquier otra normativa aplicable.

4. En caso de que la finca cuente con cobertura boscosa y el interesado manifieste su intención de acogerse al PSA, el INVU exigirá la presentación de la certificación del Registro Nacional que acredite la personería jurídica de la finca, así como la nota de irreductibilidad correspondiente.

5. La nota de irreductibilidad deberá inscribirse en el Registro Nacional como una afectación sobre la finca, lo que garantiza la conservación del bosque y la continuidad de los servicios ambientales. Esta afectación puede ser total o parcial, según el área de bosque a conservar.

6. Una vez cumplidos estos requisitos, el INVU emitirá el visto bueno para que la municipalidad autorice la segregación.

| --- | --- | --- | --- | | X | Y | X | Y | | 345000.00 | 555000.00 | 345001.00 | 555001.00 | | 345100.00 | 555100.00 | 345101.00 | 555101.00 | | 345200.00 | 555200.00 | 345201.00 | 555201.00 | | 345300.00 | 555300.00 | 345301.00 | 555301.00 | | 345400.00 | 555400.00 | 345401.00 | 555401.00 | Es importante destacar que las áreas de protección de nacientes, ríos y quebradas, así como las zonas de alta pendiente y vulnerabilidad ambiental, no podrán ser objeto de segregación, de conformidad con lo establecido en el plan regulador y la normativa ambiental vigente.

En relación con los proyectos de fraccionamiento en suelo rural que deben someterse al proceso de evaluación de impacto ambiental (EIA) ante la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), se deberá adjuntar al expediente del INVU la viabilidad ambiental emitida por dicha entidad, en cumplimiento de la Ley 7575 y su Reglamento, el Decreto N° 31849-MINAE.

Finalmente, se recuerda que todo fraccionamiento en suelo rural deberá respetar los índices de ocupación y las áreas mínimas de finca establecidas en el plan regulador, y que cualquier cambio de uso del suelo deberá contar con la autorización de la municipalidad y el visto bueno del INVU, así como con los permisos ambientales correspondientes.

Considerando III: Que el Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA), adscrita al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), ha emitido criterio favorable para la viabilidad ambiental del proyecto, según consta en el expediente administrativo.

Por tanto, de conformidad con las consideraciones expuestas y la normativa citada, se emite la presente resolución.

Artículo 6 de la Ley Forestal (Ley 7575) establishes the principle of lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) on all land subject to the Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) program, specifically the forest protection modality (PSA Protección de Bosque) and the PSAH for Hojancha.

According to Voto 4654-2003, the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) approval granted by SETENA for the strategic infrastructure project of JASEC in the ACOSA conservation area must formally consider the environmental viability identified in Considerando III.

The Reglamento de Fraccionamiento defines subdivision (fraccionamiento) as any act that generates lots smaller than the minimum unit established by INVU, except when originating from a public entity such as the ICE, MOPT, or INDER. Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 and, subsequently, Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, updated the parameters for earthworks (movimientos de tierra), clearly stipulating in Annex 1 (Anexo 1) the limits for land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) in areas with forest cover (cobertura boscosa).

The report submitted by CONARE, with technical support from the IMN and the IGN, confirms that 100 meters of permanent spring (naciente) protection easement (servidumbre) are maintained, as established in Por tanto in accordance with the criteria of SINAC and the CNE.

ARTÍCULO 10.—LA ZONA MARÍTIMO TERRESTRE.

The maritime-terrestrial zone (zona marítimo terrestre) is constituted by the strip of land two hundred meters wide along the entire Atlantic and Pacific coastline of the Republic, measured horizontally from the ordinary high-water line (pleamar ordinaria), and the islands, islets, rocky peaks (peñascos), cays, and any other small natural formations that emerge in the sea.

For the purposes of this law, the maritime-terrestrial zone comprises the area covering the first fifty meters from the ordinary high-water line, called the public zone (zona pública), and the remaining one hundred and fifty meters, called the restricted zone (zona restringida) or, in the case of islands, their entire surface, with the exceptions established below in the transitory provisions of this law.

The islets, rocky peaks, and other small natural formations that, as a group or individually, measure more than two thousand square meters in area will not form part of this maritime-terrestrial zone and, instead, will be governed by the ordinary laws on the matter.

Ownership and domain of the maritime-terrestrial zone.

The maritime-terrestrial zone is an asset of the public domain and, therefore, is inalienable and imprescriptible. Ownership, use, and exploitation of it are subject to the provisions of this law, the respective special laws, and its regulatory provisions.

The public zone is neither susceptible to ownership nor to any other type or form of tenure on the part of private individuals, with the exception of those pre-existing that are regularized in Article 12 of this law.

Lands located outside the maritime-terrestrial zone.

For all legal purposes, the lands located outside the maritime-terrestrial zone will have the legal nature of private property (propiedad privada), unless the existence of a public domain easement (servidumbre) over them has been proven, or they have been incorporated into the National Wildlife Refuges, established, or to be established on land within the public domain.

The owner or titleholder of lands bordering the maritime-terrestrial zone must allow free transit within the first fifteen meters of the restricted zone, when there is no public road, and within the entire strip covered by said restricted zone, following the route indicated by the relevant authority, as long as there are no duly verified natural limitations or access approved by the respective municipality is not provided.

Artículo 90.- The environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) is the instrument for assessing the possible environmental impact of a work, activity, or project. It is the technical-scientific instrument of a preventive and integrated nature, which allows the SETENA, within the scope of its competence, to condition the design and execution of works, activities, or projects to the prevention, correction, mitigation, and compensation of the environmental impacts they may cause.

(Así reformado por el artículo 35 de la Ley 7554 del 4 de octubre de 1995) The document that grants the approval of the EIA shall be called the Environmental Viability License (Licencia de Viabilidad Ambiental). The environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) for the execution of the project must be obtained, in the case of private works, activities, or projects, prior to the granting of the construction permit by the respective municipality; and in the case of public works, activities, or projects of the Public Administration or carrying out activities, prior to the start of activities for the development of the project. The regulations to this law must establish which phase of the project is permitted as an activity for the development of projects of the Public Administration.

(Así reformado por el artículo 36 de la ley Nº 8834 del 3 de mayo del 2010) Article 91.- The proceedings before the SETENA, regarding the EIA, shall be governed by the rules provided for in Articles 308 and following of the General Public Administration Law, "Ley General de la Administración Pública".

Considerando III.—Que la Ley Forestal N.° 7575 del 5 de febrero de 1996, establece en su Artículo 33, la prohibición del cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) en terrenos cubiertos de bosque, así como la regulación para aquellos sometidos al régimen de pago de servicios ambientales (payment for environmental services, Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA).

Considerando IV.—Que la misma Ley 7575, en su Artículo 13, define el concepto de área de protección de nacientes (spring protection area), el cual es desarrollado reglamentariamente mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo N.° 31849-MINAE, Anexo 1, que establece los criterios técnicos para la delimitación de las zonas de protección absoluta y las áreas de restricción de uso.

Considerando V.—Que de conformidad con el Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional, la determinación de las áreas de protección debe realizarse en sede administrativa de manera técnica y fundamentada, observando los principios preventivos y precautorios que rigen en materia ambiental.

Considerando VI.—Que mediante oficio SINAC-ACOSA-D-123-2019, la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) y el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), en específico el Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA), emitieron el correspondiente estudio de cobertura boscosa (forest cover study) para el inmueble inscrito en el folio real matrícula 654321-000.

Por tanto:

Artículo 1.—Se aprueba el plano de fraccionamiento (subdivision plan) presentado por la empresa Desarrollos Verdes del Sur S.A., para el proyecto denominado "Residencial Bosques del Pacífico", ubicado en el distrito de Puerto Cortés, cantón de Osa, provincia de Puntarenas, sobre la finca matriz número 654321-000, siempre que se cumplan estrictamente las siguientes condiciones ambientales y técnicas:

• a)Deberá respetarse y mantenerse, con carácter de irreductibilidad (lifetime tenure), el área de protección absoluta de las nacientes (springs) identificadas en el Anexo 2 del estudio de SETENA, conforme a los siguientes puntos de coordenadas CRTM-05:

• b)Se prohíbe cualquier tipo de movimientos de tierra (earthworks) o construcciones dentro de la zona de retiro forestal y de la servidumbre (easement) de paso de aguas públicas, delimitadas en el Decreto N° 31849-MINAE.
• c)El desarrollador deberá cancelar la totalidad de los cánones por concepto de PSA al Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO), conforme a los contratos de PSAH suscritos para el área de bosque remanente dentro de la finca.
• d)El Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU) y el Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y de Arquitectos de Costa Rica (ICAA) no otorgarán las visaciones finales al proyecto hasta que el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE), la Municipalidad de Osa, el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes (MOPT), y la Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias (CNE) emitan sus dictámenes de disponibilidad de servicios, viabilidad ambiental y de gestión de riesgos, respectivamente. Esta condición deberá ser coordinada por el ente desarrollador ante la Junta Administradora del Servicio Eléctrico de Pérez Zeledón (JASEC), el Consejo Nacional de Rectores (CONARE) por medio de sus laboratorios especializados, y el Instituto Meteorológico Nacional (IMN) en lo relacionado con estudios hidrometeorológicos, así como con la colaboración técnica del Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) y el Instituto Nacional de Desarrollo Rural (INDER) en la demarcación de límites del territorio.

**Source:** MINAE / SINAC Resolution No. 1321-2007 **Purpose:** The purpose of this legal opinion is to analyze the technical reports regarding a possible cancellation of a Certificate of Forest Heritage (Certificado de Patrimonio Forestal, CPF).

**Location:** The application refers to plots 4564, 4565, and 4566, part of Farm 33121-000, in the Sacramento district, Alajuela canton, province of Cartago.

**Applicants:** Carmen María Romero Hernández, major, with identification number 1-359-875, and Bernardo José Jiménez Jiménez, major, with identification number 2-0443-691.

Subsequent analysis of the technical reports reveals the following considerations:

1. That the holder submitted a request for the cancellation of said CPFs in the indigenous territory of Bajo Chirripó, on property No. 3-31230-000, location map sheets Zeta 01, Zeta 02, and Zeta 03, topographic map sheets Siola 3845-I and Cabecera 3845-II, of the land registry map.

2. That the registry certifications do not record any limitations, except for an easement (servidumbre) recorded under entries 017 and 018, on plots 4564 and 4565 of Farm 33121-000.

3. That regarding the contested cancellation procedure, this is carried out when the owners wish.

4. That concerning the issue raised regarding whether a request for cancellation is possible, it should be emphasized that legally speaking, it is not possible to say that its processing is prohibited, except that what must be resolved is the technical feasibility or not of its execution, which is why the Technical Reports prepared must be evaluated.

Based on the above conditions, it is resolved:

R-017-2007-OT: To issue a technical opinion on the Cancellation of Forest Heritage Certificates (Certificados de Patrimonio Forestal, CPF). Known at 1:00 p.m. on April 20, 2007. — Isaac Díaz-Salazar. — 1 signature illegible. —

Considerando:

I.That the State has an essential obligation to guarantee the right of its inhabitants to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, and therefore must ensure the protection, conservation, and sustainable use of natural resources, particularly those of the State's Natural Heritage.

II.That State-owned forested areas are part of the State's Natural Heritage and, being assets in the public domain, are inalienable, unseizable, and imprescriptible.

III.That Law 7575, known as the "Ley Forestal," establishes the legal framework governing forest resources, including State Natural Heritage areas, and mandates the State to take necessary actions for their proper management, protection, and conservation.

IV.That Law 7575 empowers the Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) and its decentralized bodies, specifically the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), to exercise administrative control, guardianship, and surveillance over the State's forest heritage, including the recovery of lands that are part of said heritage when they are in the hands of private individuals without just title.

V.That Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, "Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanización del Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU)," establishes parameters for urban developments, including aspects related to the protection of natural areas and forest resources.

VI.That the technical studies in expediente No. 12345-2023-SETENA demonstrate that the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Monteverde (ADIM) has occupied a portion of the Zona Protectora Arenal-Monteverde, a State Natural Heritage area, with buildings and earthworks (movimientos de tierra) for tourism infrastructure, without having the required environmental viability or the corresponding administrative concession or easement (servidumbre) from the State.

VII.That the actions described constitute a land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) that eliminates forest cover (cobertura boscosa), thereby contravening the conservation purposes of the State Natural Heritage area and affecting environmental services.

VIII.That the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic, in its report DFOE-048-2022, warned about the proliferation of irregular occupations in State Natural Heritage areas and urged the competent institutions to exercise their conservation, control, and recovery powers fully and in a timely manner.

IX.That Voto 4654-2003 of the Constitutional Chamber established that the administrative authority has not only the power but the duty to act ex officio in the defense and recovery of public domain assets, which are inalienable and imprescriptible, and that the failure to act constitutes a violation of the principle of legality and a breach of public duties.

X.That the technical-administrative procedure for the recovery of State Natural Heritage lands does not require a judicial eviction order when it is verified that the occupant lacks any administrative title enabling lawful possession, and that the administration can exercise its self-tutelage power (potestad de autotutela) for the material recovery of the asset.

Por tanto:

GENERAL REGULATIONS IN COMPLIANCE WITH LAW N° 7575 --- **CHAPTER I** ...

**Article 6**—Of the fees for E7 certification and integrated procedures.

...

**Registry of Natural Areas—Certified Forest Stands.** The General Command of the Civil Guard, under the Public Force of the Ministry of Public Security, through its registration office for state-owned or administered forest resources within the SINAC perimeter, shall issue the corresponding certification of legal origin for timber products extracted from certified forest stands. The state, through SINAC, shall remain on the timber in these certified forest stands in accordance with the Forestry Law, while verifying compliance with the forest management plan and its regulations for the term specified in this Registry for certified forest stands. For the issuance of this certificate, the interested party must request SINAC to grant it and must have a certified forest stand (Cobertura Boscosa Certificada, CBFC) and the corresponding certification of origin.

--- **Expediente N° 18766-2006** ...

**Por tanto:** Considering the analysis of the file and the provisions of the Organic Environmental Law, the Forestry Law, and that the reported situation affects national heritage sites of the State, in compliance with the obligations established in the regulations of the General Comptroller of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República), it is resolved: To file a complaint with the Public Ministry, so that it may initiate the corresponding criminal investigation against the Municipality of Acosta, for the presumably illegal change of land use (cambio de uso del suelo) and the performance of earthworks (movimientos de tierra), without having the respective environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) granted by SETENA, on properties located in the protected area of the Cerros de Escazú and having authorized the corresponding construction permits. File an administrative sanctioning proceeding against the Municipality of Acosta, for the illegal authorization of construction permits and other municipal permits for the urbanization known as "Villas del Sol", which has executed earthworks and deforestation in the Cerros de Escazú Protected Zone without the respective environmental viability. Grant a period of ten business days to the investigated party to exercise its right of defense and offer the corresponding evidence, with the warning that, if it fails to do so, the proceeding will be resolved with the evidence included in the file. It is ordered to carry out a comprehensive technical inspection of the project, with the purpose of verifying the current state of the built works and the environmental damage caused, for which the corresponding technical report must be issued within a maximum period of one month. Notify the Municipality of Acosta, the developer, and the National Technical Secretariat (SETENA). Against this resolution, the corresponding appeals for revocation and appeal may be filed, which must be filed within three business days following its notification. NOTIFY.

--- **PENALTY SYSTEM**

--- **Article 19**—The granting of an environmental viability by SETENA for works, activities, or projects, does not exempt the developer from the obligation to obtain the corresponding municipal permits, under the terms of the Construction Law and the Subdivision Regulations (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento), among others. When a project is located within the boundaries of a protected wild area (Área Silvestre Protegida), it must have, prior to the issuance of the environmental viability by SETENA, the respective certification of environmental compatibility issued by the corresponding Regional or Subregional Directorate of the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC).

--- **SCHEDULE OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMMITMENTS**

--- **Considerando III**—That in Voto 4654-2003 of the Constitutional Chamber, the jurisprudential criteria were established regarding the obligation to carry out the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) in projects that involve the subdivision (fraccionamiento) of properties in areas of environmental fragility, such as the Cerros de Escazú Protected Zone, even when the zoning established in the Regulatory Plan is residential. That Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 and Decreto N° 31849-MINAE are applicable, as well as Anexo 1 and Anexo 2 of the EIA Regulations, issued by the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE), in which the activities that must submit to the EIA process are listed. That the technical criteria issued by MINAE, through the procedures of SETENA, the competent institutions such as INVU, ICAA, ICE, and MOPT must be considered, as well as the environmental viability issued by the National Commission of Emergencies (CNE) and the studies of the National Meteorological Institute (IMN) and the National Geographic Institute (IGN), in coordination with CONARE and JASEC. That it is the obligation of the developer, prior to the execution of the works, to obtain the corresponding permits from the Municipality, for which, the Municipal Office, based on the Urban Planning Law and its Regulations, in particular Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, must demand as a precondition the environmental viability granted by SETENA through the respective EIA. That the developer must also present the resolutions of INDER for the fractionation of agrarian properties, if applicable.

Considerando:

I.That the Forestry Law, No. 7575, of February 13, 1996, was published in La Gaceta No. 72, of April 16, 1996, and through Executive Decree No. 25721-MINAE, of October 17, 1996, published in La Gaceta No. 212, of November 5, 1996, its Regulations were issued, which establish that the present procedure is for the General Comptroller of the Republic.

II.That Article 18 of the Forestry Law establishes that "In public and private lands, areas of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) that are part of natural springs (nacientes) or that protect aquifers, located on terrain with slopes greater than thirty percent, determined as necessary by the State for water production and hydrological protection, shall be declared protection areas."

III.That Article 33 of the aforementioned law establishes that "The payment of environmental services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) is a recognition by the State for the protection and conservation of forests and forest plantations, for the environmental benefits they provide to society."

IV.That by means of Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE, of September 8, 2004, the Regulation of the Forestry Law was amended, establishing a procedure for the application of Article 18 of the Forestry Law, regarding the declaration of protection areas.

V.That the present request, registered under expediente No. XXX, was filed by Mr./Ms. XXX, owner of the property(ies) XXX, in order to obtain the declaration of a protection area for the forest on their property, and the respective payment of environmental services (PSA).

VI.That the corresponding technical study is contained in the SINAC-ACOSA-XXX report, where it is concluded that the property meets the technical and legal requirements established in Article 18 of the Forestry Law and its Regulations for the requested declaration.

VII.That the report determines a protection area of XXX hectares, as detailed in the technical report and the location map that are part of this expediente.

VIII.That the area to be declared as a protection area is located within the boundaries established in the Management Plan of the XXX Protected Area.

IX.That the present procedure has been carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Forestry Law, its Regulations, and the General Law of Public Administration.

Therefore:

1. To declare, as I do hereby declare, a protection area of XXX hectares, located on the property(ies) inscribed under the Real Property Folio Real system, number XXX, owned by Mr./Ms. XXX, according to the boundaries and technical specifications detailed in the SINAC-ACOSA-XXX report, which is an integral part of this resolution, and in compliance with the provisions of Article 18 of the Forestry Law.

2. The area declared a protection area shall be subject to a regime of lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad), and its use is limited to the conservation and protection of the water resource, in accordance with the technical criteria established in the aforementioned report.

3. The owner of the property is obligated to comply with the provisions of the forestry legislation and the technical recommendations of the SINAC-ACOSA-XXX report for the management and protection of the declared area.

4. The respective payment of environmental services (PSA) is authorized, in accordance with the provisions of Article 33 of the Forestry Law and its Regulations, for the protection area declared herein, subject to the procedures and budgetary availability of the State, through the National Forestry Financing Fund (FONAFIFO).

5. The present resolution shall be published in the official newspaper La Gaceta and registered in the corresponding section of the Real Property Registry, in accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of the Forestry Law.

6. Appeal may be filed against this resolution, in accordance with the provisions of the General Law of Public Administration.

7. The certified copy of this resolution shall be delivered to the interested party, SINAC, the corresponding Local Sub-Regional Office, and the National Registry.

—Notified.— Considerando III.—That the provisions of this regulation shall apply to any new project, work, or activity that must submit an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) to the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), as well as to those submitted to the Forestry Administration (Administración Forestal del Estado) for the processing of permits related to land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), when the property requesting the land-use change is located on terrain with slopes equal to or greater than thirty percent (30%), given the high risk generated for the area. Consequently, a prior environmental diagnosis (diagnóstico ambiental) prepared by the corresponding Regional Office of the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) will be required. The objective is to provide technical elements for the establishment of protective areas (áreas de protección), in order to protect soils, human lives, the environmental goods and services generated by these forests, and to prevent the obstruction of natural drainage, as well as to ensure the protection of water resources, biodiversity, landscape, and the connectivity of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) indicated in Article 30 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575 of April 16, 1996 and Article 33, subsection a), of the same law. Any project, work, or activity that alters or causes land-use change on terrain with slopes equal to or greater than thirty percent (30%) must comply with the protective area regulations established by the Forestry Law, the Subdivision Regulations (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento), and this regulation. To this end, the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), its affiliated agencies, and the Forestry Administration, as the entities responsible for environmental assessments, will require the petitioner to submit an analysis of the slope map (mapa de pendientes) and the hydrography (hidrografía) of the area, with the aim of establishing the necessary protective areas and the corresponding management and conservation measures for the forest and water resources affected by the project. The criteria related to the vulnerability of soil and water resources must be analyzed by the relevant bodies, specifically the National Groundwater, Irrigation, and Drainage Service (SENARA), the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (ICAA), and the National Emergency Commission (CNE), as established in Article 33, subsection a), of the Forestry Law No. 7575.

Considerando IV.—That this Regulation is a special regulation of the Forestry Law No. 7575 of April 16, 1996. The provisions related to protective areas must be observed for the processing of permits for land-use change in forests or forest lands, forest management plans, subdivision permits located in forest areas, and the environmental impact assessment process that SETENA carries out for any project, work, or activity that affects or causes land-use change on properties with slopes equal to or greater than thirty percent (30%). Consequently, the criteria derived from the analysis of slope and hydrography must be included in the corresponding resolution or, in the case of SETENA, in the environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) granted.

Considerando V.—That the Regulations for the Procedures of SETENA, Executive Decree No. 25721-MINAE of November 5, 1996, modified by Decreto N° 31849-MINAE of June 24, 2004, and its subsequent amendments, establish that any environmental impact assessment document submitted for review must indicate the designation of protective areas for the protection of water resources in accordance with Article 33 of the Forestry Law and its Regulations.

Considerando VI.—That in Voto 4654-2003, the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) ordered MINAE, SETENA, SINAC, the INVU, the ICAA, the ICE, the MOPT, CONARE, JASEC, the CNE, the IMN, and the IGN to coordinate joint actions to protect and conserve the aquifers and springs located in the northern zone of the Province of Cartago and in the sub-basins of the Reventazón River, which supply the aqueducts operated by the ICAA, the Municipalities, ASADAS, and CAARs, whose sustainability is threatened by land-use change. In the specific case of SETENA and SINAC for the granting of permits for construction projects, subdivisions, or land-use change that affect these water resources, among other environmental goods and services, until the corresponding Aquifer Protection Regulations (Reglamento de Protección de Acuíferos) are issued, the provisions of this Regulation must be observed.

Considerando VII.—That the provisions of this Regulation are not intended to replace the technical criteria and studies that SETENA, by law, must require for the issuance of an environmental feasibility license (licencia de viabilidad ambiental), nor the instruments established by the Forestry Law for the conservation of soil and water resources, but rather to complement, coordinate, and articulate the legal criteria established for the formulation of a comprehensive protection regime for these resources.

Considerando VIII.—That the procedure for establishing protective areas for the protection of water resources regulated herein considers three levels of protection based on the slope of the land and the vulnerability of the water resource, and modifies the protective areas established in Article 33 of the Forestry Law, setting degrees of protection established based on the slope of the land and the type of water body, such that an increase in the criterion of protection is established depending on the vulnerability of the water resource.

Por tanto,

DECREES:

Regulation for the Establishment of Protective Areas for the Protection of Water Resources on Terrain with Slopes Equal to or Greater Than Thirty Percent (30%) Article 1.—Objective. This Regulation establishes the technical criteria for the establishment of protective areas for the protection of water resources on lands with slopes equal to or greater than thirty percent (30%) throughout the national territory, as a measure to ensure the conservation of soil and water resources, human life, and the connectivity of forest cover. The purpose is to define the procedures and instruments for the delimitation of these protective areas by the Forestry Administration and SETENA, and to coordinate the actions corresponding to other public institutions related to the subject matter.

Article 2.—Scope of Application. These provisions shall apply to all public and private natural or legal persons who require permits for land-use change in forest areas for any type of project, work, or activity, or who submit an environmental impact assessment to SETENA when the property is located on terrain with slopes equal to or greater than thirty percent (30%). The provisions of this Regulation shall also apply to the granting of subdivision permits, construction permits, and permits for other activities in areas with these slope characteristics, for which the corresponding authorities must require the delimitation of protective areas established herein.

Article 3.—Definitions. For the purposes of this Regulation, the following definitions shall apply:

a. Slope (Pendiente): The degree of inclination of the terrain, expressed as a percentage (%), which relates the vertical distance to the horizontal distance.

b. Slope Map (Mapa de Pendientes): The cartographic representation of the terrain based on the categorization of its slopes, in accordance with the classification established in this Regulation.

c. Protective Area (Área de Protección): The space of the property established to protect soil and water resources, human life, and the connectivity of forest cover, in which the use of the land is restricted in accordance with the management category and the corresponding restrictions.

d. Water Resource (Recurso Hídrico): Surface and underground water bodies present in the area of influence of the project, work, or activity, including springs (nacientes), rivers, streams, lakes, lagoons, and aquifers.

e. Spring (Naciente): The point where groundwater naturally emerges to the surface, whether permanent or intermittent.

f. Easement (Servidumbre): A legal encumbrance imposed on a property for the benefit of another property or for public utility, which limits the property rights of the owner.

g. Lifetime Tenure (Irreductibilidad): The legal condition of a forest area designated as a protective area that renders it inalienable and imprescriptible, and its land use cannot be changed.

Article 4.—Slope Classification. For the purposes of this Regulation, the following slope classification is established:

Article 5.—Criteria for Determining Protective Areas for Water Resources. The determination of protective areas for the protection of water resources shall be made based on the combination of the following criteria:

a. The slope of the terrain, according to the classification established in Article 4 of this Regulation.

b. The type and hierarchy of the water body present in the area of influence of the project, work, or activity.

c. The vulnerability of the water resource, considering aspects such as its current and potential use for human consumption, its recharge, flow, and water quality.

d. The location of the project, work, or activity in relation to the water bodies and their recharge areas.

Article 6.—Protective Areas Based on Slope and Water Body Type. The protective areas for the protection of water resources on terrain with slopes equal to or greater than thirty percent (30%) shall be established according to the provisions of Annex 1, which forms an integral part of this Regulation. Annex 1 establishes three protection zones based on the combination of slope and the type of water body, which define the land uses permitted in each zone. For this purpose, the following protection levels are considered:

The delimitation of the protection levels on the affected property must be carried out in strict accordance with the distances and technical criteria defined in Annex 1 and must be represented on the slope map and the corresponding plan.

Article 7.—Procedures. For the processing of permits for land-use change, environmental impact assessments, and subdivision permits, among others, the applicant must submit to the corresponding authority a slope map and a hydrographic map of the property, both georeferenced. The Forestry Administration or SETENA, as appropriate, shall determine, based on the analysis of the submitted documentation and the corresponding field verifications, the delimitation of the protective areas in accordance with the provisions of this Regulation. The protective areas thus established shall be incorporated as easements or lifetime tenure areas, as appropriate, and must be annotated in the corresponding property registration.

Article 8.—Transitory Provisions. The procedures for the granting of permits for land-use change, environmental impact assessments, or subdivision permits that are in process at the time this Regulation comes into effect must be adapted to its provisions within a period of six months from its publication.

Article 9.—This Decree comes into effect upon its publication.

Cuarto: Que en el expediente se ha apersonado la señora Ruth Becherel Fallas, en calidad de propietaria registral de las fincas inscritas en el Registro Público, partido de Alajuela, matrículas de folio real 183655-000, 183656-000, 183657-000, 183658-000 y 183660-000, quien ha manifestado su oposición al proyecto alegando fundamentalmente la afectación del bosque y del recurso hídrico, habiendo señalado que el proyecto se encuentra ubicado en un área de recarga acuífera de la Sub-cuenca del Río Ciruelas, la cual es de suma importancia para la recarga del acuífero del mismo nombre y para el abastecimiento de agua potable para varias comunidades. Asimismo, indicó que el proyecto se localiza en una zona de alta fragilidad ambiental, con presencia de bosques y numerosas nacientes (springs), algunas de las cuales abastecen de agua a las poblaciones de El Coco y Sardinal.

Considerando V: Que la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), en su informe D1-5589-2018-SETENA de fecha 2 de mayo de 2018, visible a folios 199 a 207 del expediente administrativo, señaló que, según el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental presentado por el desarrollador, el proyecto implica la eliminación de cobertura boscosa (forest cover), la intervención de zonas de protección de nacientes (spring protection zones) y la realización de movimientos de tierra (earthworks) significativos, lo que podría generar un cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) incompatible con la vocación del terreno, que es predominantemente forestal, y con la fragilidad de los ecosistemas presentes en el área.

Considerando VI: Que la Dirección de Agua, mediante oficio DA-UCCA-345-2019 del 18 de junio de 2019, determinó que en las fincas propiedad de la aquí gestionante se localizan dos nacientes permanentes y una intermitente, las cuales dan origen al cauce de dominio público denominado Quebrada San Ramón, y que en los planos de catastro y en el plano de fraccionamiento (subdivision) presentado no se visualiza la respectiva área de protección, ni se establecen las servidumbres (easements) de paso para el mantenimiento y protección del citado cuerpo de agua, incumpliendo con ello lo dispuesto en los artículos 31, 33 y 34 de la Ley Forestal N° 7575 y los artículos 65, 66 y 67 del Reglamento a la Ley Forestal, Decreto Ejecutivo 25721-MINAE.

Artículo 6-Determinación del uso del suelo con PSAH o sin PSAH. De acuerdo a la clasificación de capacidad de uso de las tierras, contenida en el Decreto Ejecutivo 23214-MAG-MIRENEN, denominado "Metodología para la determinación de la capacidad de uso de las tierras de Costa Rica", al mapa de PSAH y al listado de especies forestales establecido en el Anexo 1, Anexo 2 y Anexo 3 del presente decreto, toda persona física o jurídica que pretenda establecer un proyecto de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA), deberá presentar ante el SINAC o la entidad autorizada por la Administración Forestal del Estado, según corresponda, el plan de manejo forestal o el plan de siembra de árboles en sistemas agroforestales y silvopastoriles, respectivamente, que contenga la siguiente información:

Artículo 7-Criterios de priorización para PSA. Para la priorización en el otorgamiento de los recursos del Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA), se aplicarán los siguientes criterios:

• a)Que el inmueble se ubique dentro de las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas establecidas en el artículo 32 de la Ley Forestal, las zonas de amortiguamiento de las mismas, los corredores biológicos interconectados y las áreas de importancia para la recarga de acuíferos.
• b)Que el inmueble se ubique en áreas de aptitud forestal o de protección según la clasificación de capacidad de uso de las tierras.
• c)Que se trate de proyectos de reforestación con fines de protección, conservación de bosque, regeneración natural, sistemas agroforestales y silvopastoriles.
• d)Que el inmueble se ubique en zonas declaradas de interés público por el Poder Ejecutivo, para la protección del recurso hídrico.
• e)Que se trate de proyectos presentados por organizaciones de base comunal, Asociaciones de Desarrollo Comunal, Centros Agrícolas Cantonales, organizaciones indígenas, asociaciones de productores agropecuarios y forestales legalmente constituidas, y organizaciones de mujeres y jóvenes.
• f)Que se trate de proyectos que promuevan la conectividad ecológica entre áreas silvestres protegidas.
• g)Que se trate de proyectos ubicados en las áreas establecidas en el mapa de PSAH y que se ajusten a lo dispuesto en el artículo 6 del presente decreto.

TRANSLATION:

--- 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 La información cartográfica del estudio contiene los usos del suelo, suelos, zonificación, altimetría e hidrografía.

**Zonificación (Zoning)** Se definen tres usos: Uso Comercial, Uso Residencial y Área de Protección, como se muestra en el Cuadro 16.

**Cuadro 16 - Zonificación del proyecto**

Artículo 6—The forest management plan and the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) for logging (aprovechamiento forestal) in forests (bosques) whose management was prohibited by this Law or the Regulations to the Forest Law (Ley Forestal), approved through Executive Decree (Decreto Ejecutivo) 25721, shall contain the terms under which these forests are gradually transformed from their current use to uses more in line with their protection and conservation objectives.

INAE Environmental Procedures (Voto 4654-2003)

Artículo 6.- Requisitos. Para el otorgamiento de la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental, el interesado deberá cumplir con los siguientes requisitos:

• a)Presentar el formulario de solicitud de viabilidad (licencia) ambiental, debidamente completado y firmado por el propietario registral o su representante legal, ante la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA).
• b)Adjuntar el documento de Evaluación Ambiental (EA) correspondiente, según la actividad, obra o proyecto a desarrollar, de conformidad con la categorización establecida en el Decreto Ejecutivo 31849-MINAE.
• c)Cancelar los derechos de trámite correspondientes, de acuerdo a lo dispuesto en el Anexo 2 del presente reglamento.
• d)Para actividades, obras o proyectos que requieran la presentación de un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (EsIA), adjuntar el comprobante de publicación en un diario de circulación nacional del extracto del EsIA, conforme lo establece el artículo 22 del presente Reglamento.
• e)Presentar la certificación de uso del suelo emitida por la Municipalidad del cantón donde se desarrollará la actividad, obra o proyecto.
• f)En el caso de actividades, obras o proyectos que se pretendan desarrollar dentro de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, deberá presentarse la autorización de uso emitida por el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC).

Article 6.- Requirements. For the granting of the environmental viability (license) (viabilidad (licencia) ambiental), the interested party must fulfill the following requirements:

• a)Submit the environmental viability (license) application form, duly completed and signed by the registered owner or their legal representative, before the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA).
• b)Attach the corresponding Environmental Assessment (Evaluación Ambiental, EA) document, according to the activity, work, or project to be developed, in accordance with the categorization established in Executive Decree 31849-MINAE.
• c)Pay the corresponding processing fees, in accordance with the provisions of Anexo 2 of this regulation.
• d)For activities, works, or projects that require the submission of an Environmental Impact Study (EsIA), attach proof of publication in a nationally circulated newspaper of the EsIA extract, as established in article 22 of this Regulation.
• e)Submit the land-use certification (certificación de uso del suelo) issued by the Municipality of the canton where the activity, work, or project will be developed.
• f)In the case of activities, works, or projects intended to be developed within Protected Wild Areas, the use authorization issued by the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) must be submitted.

Artículo 19.- Reglamento para la actividad de reconocimiento de la conectividad biológica para PSAH y lineamientos para la aplicación del Artículo 19 del Decreto N° 31849-MINAE.

Article 19.- Regulation for the biological connectivity recognition activity for PSAH and guidelines for the application of Article 19 of Decreto N° 31849-MINAE.

Costa Rica Forest Law, Article 33, Paragraph 1, The environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) must include, at a minimum, the following information:

Any project or activity requiring an EIA must comply with the guidelines established by SETENA.

We, the subscribers, legal representatives of ACOSA, SETENA, and the Municipality of Golfito, within the context of a joint process integrated for the regularization and approval of the PGMF X from July 2009, granted in favor of the Viques Piedra Del Sol development, located in the El Atrocho sector, Golfito district and canton, Puntarenas province, initially endorsed and subsequently denied by SINAC and CONAGEBIO, as established in Article 19 of the Ley Forestal, which authorizes the land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) of land with forest cover (cobertura boscosa) in compliance with the Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA), which would allow for the productive development of the property, an area that does not have the respective environmental viability granted by SETENA under file D1-9875-2012-SETENA, an entity that initially, via resolution 3249-2009-SETENA, granted the respective environmental viability, indicating that the project owner must obtain the respective permits, including the land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), simultaneously with the development to which the land is subject, this being a requirement set forth by the respective regulatory and planning instruments, which justified the official status of SETENA’s issuance, in accordance with the principle of legitimate expectations, and so that the Golfito Regulatory Plan, published in La Gaceta 98 of May 20, 2000, granted Forest and Tourist use to the property, for which it complied with the payment of PSAH, in accordance with the certification issued by FONAFIFO.

That the property borders a spring (naciente) and water bodies, for which the protection areas established in Article 33 of the Ley Forestal were considered, the corresponding technical studies having been carried out for the determination of those areas, which are identified in the survey map, Registration No. P-1828865-2006, and georeferenced in the mapping, coordinates according to Anexo 1, for the determination of which the technical team of SETENA, MINAE, and the Municipality of Golfito met, institutional consensus being obtained in order to regularize the land use of the property with forest cover (cobertura boscosa) as established in the accompanying plan. Regarding the area of the property, 47% corresponds to a protected area, as established in Anexo 2, the remaining 53% corresponding to the development that is intended to be carried out, which allows for the endowment of remaining forest cover (cobertura boscosa) equivalent to 35.84% of the total area. This instrument has the respective endorsement before CONAGEBIO according to file 41927, Official Letter SINAC-ACOSA-DT-331-2015 and 456, 500 and 475. The Municipal Council of Golfito, in session 26-2016, article 14 of March 1, 2016, endorsed said planning instrument, by means of Municipal Agreement No. 6133-2016, in accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of the Ley Forestal and in accordance with the provisions of Article 13 of the national legislation; establishing the respective easements (servidumbres), green areas, park and protection zones.

Artículo 6 — Environmental Feasibility Pre-Check (Prechequeo de Viabilidad Ambiental) Prior to the submission of the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) for the development activity, project, or work with significant environmental impact, SETENA, through its technical office, shall verify compliance with the environmental feasibility pre-check (Prechequeo de Viabilidad Ambiental) of the land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), when applicable under the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575, its regulations, and the guidelines established by the Forest Administration, in order to verify the maintenance of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) on the affected properties.

To comply with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the accredited environmental impact assessment consultant (consultor en evaluación de impacto ambiental) may request information from the respective Area of Conservation of SINAC. For this purpose, the Area of Conservation must provide, within a period of ten working days, a report of the current forest cover of the property, its net forest area, and the percentage of such coverage, based on the land-use capacity (capacidad de uso del suelo) study and the corresponding map in accordance with the regulation to the Forestry Law.

To effectively comply with what is established here, the provisions of Article 19 of this Regulation must be observed, without prejudice to the controls the Forest Administration establishes independently.

La combinación de factores socioeconómicos, políticos y ambientales presentes en la zona de estudio hace que la evaluación del impacto sobre el recurso hídrico sea un componente crítico del proceso de viabilidad ambiental. Específicamente, el cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) propuesto, que incluye extensos earthworks (movimientos de tierra) y la construcción de infraestructura vial, podría alterar significativamente los patrones de recarga de los acuíferos y la calidad del agua superficial. La viabilidad ambiental del proyecto está condicionada a la presentación de estudios hidrogeológicos detallados, los cuales deben demostrar que no se afectará la lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) de las áreas de protección de las springs (nacientes) identificadas en el Anexo 2 del estudio de impacto ambiental.

En este sentido, el análisis de la Sala Constitucional en el Voto 4654-2003 establece un precedente fundamental sobre la obligatoriedad de proteger las zonas de recarga acuífera, independientemente de que estas se encuentren en terrenos privados sujetos a procesos de subdivision (fraccionamiento). Por lo tanto, cualquier autorización de cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) o aprobación de un Reglamento de Fraccionamiento por parte del INVU debe ser consecuente con las directrices de protección del recurso hídrico emitidas por el MINAE y sus órganos adscritos, como el SINAC y el ACOSA. De igual forma, se debe verificar el estricto cumplimiento de las disposiciones contenidas en el Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 y sus reformas, especialmente en lo referente a la delimitación de las áreas de protección de nacientes y la imposición de las servidumbres (easements) correspondientes, las cuales deben quedar debidamente inscritas en el plano de catastro y en el Registro Público de la Propiedad.

Para la obtención de la viabilidad ambiental, la parte proponente deberá aportar una certificación del Departamento de Aguas del MINAE, o de la entidad competente como el SENARA, que acredite la no afectación de las nacientes y sus áreas de protección, conforme a los parámetros técnicos establecidos en el Anexo 1 del decreto citado. La omisión de estos requisitos técnicos y legales, en particular la falta de inscripción de las easements (servidumbres) de protección, constituiría un vicio esencial en el procedimiento de evaluación de impacto ambiental (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA), lo que daría lugar a la nulidad de la resolución de viabilidad que eventualmente pudiera ser otorgada por la SETENA.

Asimismo, es necesario considerar que el área del proyecto traslapa parcialmente con zonas catalogadas como de alta fragilidad ambiental en el mapa de cobertura boscosa (forest cover) del año 2005, elaborado por el IMN y el IGN. Esta condición obliga a la SETENA a ser particularmente rigurosa en el análisis de la pérdida de forest cover (cobertura boscosa) y su impacto sobre la conectividad ecológica y el ciclo hidrológico local. De conformidad con el Art. 19 de la Ley 7575, Ley Forestal, cualquier cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) que implique la corta de bosque requerirá, además de la aprobación del estudio de impacto ambiental, la autorización previa del SINAC, la cual deberá ser gestionada y obtenida de manera independiente a la viabilidad ambiental otorgada por la SETENA.

Aqueducts (acueductos) with a total length of 499 m, of which one viaduct will be constructed for the structural crossing of the rivers Barranca and Tárcoles. The National Route No. 27 – known as San José – Caldera – currently has its geometric finishing in the fork of the Barranca River; this existing road will be used until the junction of the San José – Caldera Road at the point where the toll barriers are defined.

Regarding the Camino a Tárcoles Copey sector, the road runs parallel to the Tárcoles River, located in an area where the geological conditions present sectors with significant fracturing and sloping strata. The current road has a series of interventions to reduce the risk of rock falls affecting vehicular circulation. The section to be expanded, Camino a Tárcoles Copey, is located between stations 1+300 and 3+050, for a total approximate length of 1750 m, with the sector between stations 2+650 and 3+080 being a critical zone due to geological instability. As detailed in the Geotechnical Study of the Project, Appendix E.1 in Annex 2, on the left side there is an unstable slope with great susceptibility to falls. The Rockfall Analysis is presented in Appendix E.2 of Annex 2: "Rockfall Analysis: E2.0 Study of Rockfall Impact Risk Estimation along the National Route No. 27 San José Caldera and E2.1 Camino a Tárcoles Supplementary Geotechnical Study", in order to evaluate the hazard of falling rocks on the road, developed by AL Ingeniería Consultores S.A.

The intervention of this sector is crucial for the proper development and efficiency of the project, ensuring the increase in capacity and safety of the San José–Caldera Road. The details of the new design to be developed in this sector are presented in the Final Engineering Designs, Anexo 1, Chapter 1: Project Report.

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 Artículo 29.- Requisitos de la solicitud. La solicitud de autorización para el cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) en terrenos bajo la Ley Forestal (Forestry Law) deberá presentarse ante la Administración Forestal del Estado (State Forestry Administration, AFE) correspondiente y contendrá, como mínimo, los siguientes requisitos:

• a)Nombre, calidades y domicilio del solicitante. b) Copia certificada de la escritura de propiedad del inmueble, debidamente inscrita en el Registro Público de la Propiedad. c) Plano catastrado del inmueble, emitido por el Catastro Nacional. d) Ubicación georreferenciada del área objeto del cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change). e) Estudio de capacidad de uso de las tierras, elaborado por un profesional en ciencias agrícolas o forestales incorporado al colegio profesional respectivo, que demuestre que el área es apta para la actividad propuesta. f) En caso de que el área cuente con cobertura boscosa (forest cover), se requerirá el respectivo estudio de impacto ambiental (environmental impact assessment, EIA) aprobado por la SETENA. g) Justificación técnica y legal de la necesidad del cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change). h) Comprobante de pago del canon correspondiente.

La AFE, en un plazo máximo de treinta días hábiles, deberá analizar la solicitud y resolverla mediante resolución fundada. Si la solicitud es aprobada, se procederá a la emisión del respectivo permiso, el cual deberá ser inscrito en el Registro Nacional de Cambio de Uso del Suelo (National Registry of Land-Use Change).

Considerando I.—Que el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política establece el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, obligando al Estado a garantizar, defender y preservar ese derecho. Considerando II.—Que la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, y sus reformas, establecen el Programa de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) como un mecanismo para reconocer los servicios ambientales que brindan los bosques y plantaciones forestales. Considerando III.—Que el Decreto Ejecutivo 25721-MINAE, Reglamento de la Ley Forestal, y sus reformas, regulan los procedimientos para el otorgamiento del PSA. Considerando IV.—Que mediante Voto 4654-2003, la Sala Constitucional dispuso que los recursos hídricos son bienes de dominio público y su protección es prioritaria, debiendo el Estado adoptar medidas como el PSA para garantizar su conservación. Por tanto, **EL MINISTRO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA** De conformidad con las facultades conferidas en los artículos 140, incisos 3) y 18), y 146 de la Constitución Política; la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley 7554; la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575; el Reglamento a la Ley Forestal, Decreto Ejecutivo 25721-MINAE; y el Decreto N° 31849-MINAE.

**RESUELVE:** **Artículo 1.—** Apruébase el presente instructivo para la aplicación del Programa de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) en la modalidad de Protección de Recurso Hídrico, de conformidad con lo establecido en la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, y el Reglamento a la Ley Forestal, Decreto Ejecutivo 25721-MINAE.

**Artículo 2.—** El presente instructivo será de aplicación obligatoria para las gestiones de PSA en protección de recurso hídrico que se tramiten ante el Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO) y las organizaciones autorizadas.

**Artículo 3.—** Podrán optar al PSA en protección de recurso hídrico los propietarios de terrenos con cobertura boscosa (bosques) que hayan demostrado encontrarse bajo un régimen de protección absoluta, en áreas consideradas prioritarias para la protección del recurso hídrico, según los criterios técnicos establecidos por el SINAC y el MINAE.

**Artículo 4.—** Los contratos de PSA en protección de recurso hídrico se otorgarán por un plazo de cinco años, con posibilidad de prórroga, sujeto a disponibilidad presupuestaria y al cumplimiento de las obligaciones contractuales por parte del beneficiario.

**Artículo 5.—** El monto del pago por hectárea para la modalidad de protección de recurso hídrico se establecerá anualmente mediante resolución administrativa de la Junta Directiva de FONAFIFO, de conformidad con las políticas y directrices del MINAE y considerando la disponibilidad de recursos financieros.

**Artículo 6.—** Serán consideradas áreas prioritarias para la aplicación del PSA en protección de recurso hídrico aquellas que cumplan con los siguientes criterios:

• a)Áreas ubicadas dentro de las zonas de captación de fuentes de abastecimiento de agua para consumo humano administradas por acueductos rurales, municipales, la ESPH, JASEC, y el AyA.
• b)Áreas declaradas como Zonas Protectoras mediante decreto ejecutivo, específicamente aquellas establecidas para la protección de nacientes (spring) y cursos de agua.
• c)Áreas silvestres protegidas bajo las categorías de manejo establecidas en la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley 7554, particularmente Reservas Biológicas y Parques Nacionales, en zonas de amortiguamiento.
• d)Áreas de importancia hídrica identificadas por el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) en sus planes de manejo y estrategias de conservación, incluyendo las Áreas de Conservación como ACOSA.
• e)Terrenos con cobertura boscosa en pendientes superiores al 30%, considerados críticos para la regulación hídrica y el control de la erosión, según los mapas oficiales del Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN).

**Artículo 7.—** Las obligaciones del beneficiario del PSA incluyen:

• a)Mantener la cobertura boscosa objeto del contrato, absteniéndose de realizar cualquier actividad que implique cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change), tala, o extracción de productos forestales.
• b)Permitir y facilitar las visitas de inspección y verificación por parte de funcionarios de FONAFIFO, SINAC, y otras autoridades competentes.
• c)Colaborar en la protección del área contra incendios forestales, la caza ilegal, y otros actos que atenten contra la integridad del ecosistema.
• d)Cumplir con las disposiciones del plan de manejo o plan de conservación aprobado para el área.
• e)Mantener vigentes las pólizas de seguro o garantías que, en su caso, sean requeridas por FONAFIFO.

**Artículo 8.—** La solicitud de PSA en protección de recurso hídrico deberá presentarse ante FONAFIFO o la organización autorizada, acompañada de los siguientes requisitos:

• a)Formulario de solicitud debidamente completado y firmado.
• b)Certificación registral del inmueble, con no más de tres meses de emitida, que acredite la titularidad del solicitante y la inexistencia de gravámenes que impidan la constitución de una servidumbre (easement) ecológica si fuere requerida, de conformidad con el Art. 19 del Reglamento a la Ley Forestal.
• c)Plano catastrado del inmueble, georreferenciado, en coordenadas oficiales del IGN, indicando el área exacta de cobertura boscosa propuesta para el contrato de PSA.
• d)Certificación del área de salud o del ente administrador del acueducto, cuando el área propuesta esté vinculada a una fuente de agua para consumo humano, indicando la viabilidad e importancia hídrica de la misma.
• e)Estudio de impacto ambiental (environmental impact assessment, EIA) o una constancia de viabilidad ambiental emitida por la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), cuando así se requiera conforme a la legislación vigente.
• f)Declaración jurada del solicitante en la que manifieste que no ha realizado cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) ni actividades prohibidas en el área objeto de la solicitud durante los últimos cinco años.

**Artículo 9.—** La verificación de campo y la evaluación técnica de las solicitudes serán realizadas por funcionarios del SINAC o por profesionales forestales debidamente acreditados e inscritos ante el MINAE, quienes emitirán un informe técnico vinculante para la aprobación o rechazo de la solicitud.

**Artículo 10.—** Para la formalización del contrato de PSA, el beneficiario deberá suscribir un contrato con FONAFIFO, en el cual se establecerán las partes, el objeto del contrato, las obligaciones de las partes, el plazo, el monto del pago y la forma de desembolso, las causales de rescisión, y las penalidades por incumplimiento, incluyendo la posibilidad de constituir una servidumbre (easement) ecológica de conformidad con la Ley Forestal.

**Artículo 11.—** El incumplimiento de las obligaciones contractuales por parte del beneficiario dará lugar a la rescisión del contrato y a la devolución de los montos recibidos, sin perjuicio de las responsabilidades civiles y penales a que hubiere lugar, de conformidad con la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, y demás normativa aplicable.

**Artículo 12.—** Las áreas sometidas al régimen de PSA en protección de recurso hídrico gozarán de la garantía de irreductibilidad (lifetime tenure) de la cobertura boscosa, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 33 de la Ley Forestal, lo cual implica la prohibición de realizar cualquier cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) en dichas áreas, a perpetuidad.

**Artículo 13.—** Rige a partir de su publicación en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta.

Dado en la Presidencia de la República, San José, a los veinticinco días del mes de abril de dos mil veinticuatro.

FRANZ TATTENBACH CAPRA Ministro de Ambiente y Energía Considerando III.—That the applicant has submitted a request for a land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) for the development of a hotel project, located in the district of Cóbano, canton of Puntarenas, province of Puntarenas, under file number [expediente number]. The project consists of the construction of hotel infrastructure, including rooms, a restaurant, a reception area, pools, and associated facilities, over a total land area of [numerical value] square meters.

Considerando IV.—That the technical report from the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), specifically the Térraba-Sierpe National Wetland Office, indicates that the proposed project is located within the maritime-terrestrial zone (zona marítimo-terrestre, ZMT), an area of public domain, and that the activity would generate negative impacts on the wetland ecosystem, including the alteration of mangroves and the natural drainage of the area.

Considerando V.—That the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), through resolution [Voto 4654-2003], established that any development within the maritime-terrestrial zone requires an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) and must obtain a feasibility of coastal land use (viabilidad de uso del suelo costero) from the respective municipality and the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (ICT).

Considerando VI.—That the map of aquifer vulnerability, prepared by the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA), classifies the area where the project is to be developed as having high vulnerability, which poses a risk of contamination to the coastal aquifer that supplies potable water to the communities of the area.

Considerando VII.—That the National Meteorological Institute (IMN), through report [report number], has identified that the zone is highly susceptible to flooding and sea-level rise due to climate change, which suggests a high risk for the infrastructure and users of the proposed project.

Therefore (Por tanto):

Article 1.—The environmental feasibility of the land-use change project for the hotel development in Cóbano is denied, due to the non-compliance with the technical and legal requirements established by the wetland's management plan and the regulations of the maritime-terrestrial zone.

Article 2.—The applicant is informed that, should they wish to appeal this decision, they may file a motion for reconsideration (recurso de revocatoria) before the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), or a hierarchical appeal (recurso de apelación) before the Minister of Environment and Energy (MINAE), within the terms established by the General Law of Public Administration, [Ley 7575].

Article 3.—This resolution is effective immediately upon its notification.

En aras de proteger los recursos forestales y de vida silvestre, se establecen las siguientes regulaciones con respecto a los cambios de uso del suelo (cambio de uso del suelo) y los movimientos de tierra (movimientos de tierra). En Considerando III de la presente resolución, se indicó que, de conformidad con el Voto 4654-2003, el Plan Regulador debe respetar la normativa ambiental. En el Anexo 1 se detallan las categorías de cobertura boscosa (cobertura boscosa) que deben ser protegidas. Por tanto, cualquier actividad que implique fraccionamiento (fraccionamiento) o movimientos de tierra deberá contar con la viabilidad ambiental de SETENA o un permiso del SINAC, cuando corresponda. La Ley Forestal, en su Art. 19, prohíbe el cambio de uso del suelo en terrenos con cobertura boscosa, salvo las excepciones contempladas en dicha ley. Las áreas de protección de nacientes (nacientes) deberán respetar las servidumbres (servidumbres) ecológicas correspondientes y mantener su irreductibilidad (lifetime tenure). La siguiente tabla muestra las coordenadas de los puntos de amarre del área de protección:

De igual manera, en el Anexo 2 se listan las especies de flora vedadas, las cuales gozan de protección absoluta:

Cualquier proyecto ante el INVU o el ICAA que requiera cambio de uso del suelo en estas zonas deberá presentar, adicionalmente al programa de manejo ambiental, un estudio de impacto ambiental (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) completo. El Programa de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) y el PSAH podrán ser aplicados en las zonas de recarga acuífera definidas por el plan.

Manuscript submitted as part of the File of Expropriation No. 04-000057-0647-CI of the First Civil Court of the First Judicial Circuit of the Civil Court of Greater Metropolitan Area, where the following is recorded with respect to the expropriation of land (terreno) based on the public interest (interés público) that forest cover (cobertura boscosa) represents.

The transfer of Land Registry Folio Real System No. 176510-003 (cited by appraiser A64397) is recorded as 5,000.00 m2 (square meters), recorded at the Registry as 5,000.00 m2.

The affected area according to Decreto N° 31849-MINAE Decreto N° 31849-MINAE published in La Gaceta No. 152 of August 9, 2004, titled "Official Declaration of the Alberto Manuel Brenes Biological Reserve, Management Category I, Absolute Zone." For such purposes, the Property Folio Real 176510-003 is recorded as belonging to the State (Estado) (shown in the Certified Cadastral Plan No. SJ-1487994-2005). The easement (servidumbre) of forest lands in private ownership, the use and management of which correspond to the State, is acquired, remaining with absolute protection and with lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad).

The total value of the property (inmueble) is ¢2,722,774.72. The value of the unaffected area, which is 4,678.74 m2, is ¢1,271,777.36. The total value of the affected area, which is 321.26 m2, is ¢87,320.69.

The value of the environmental services (Servicios Ambientales) of the 321.26 m2 was calculated based on the Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA), with an amount of ¢14,999.95/ha/year (colones per hectare per year), which was applied to calculate the value of the environmental service easement (servidumbre de servicios ambientales) of the affected forest area at a rate of 6% over its value, with a resulting liability of ¢1,201,699.97.

Subsequently, Expert Appraiser Celso Vargas Araya, code A64397, subtracts the value of the environmental services (servicios ambientales) of the affected area, which is ¢1,201,699.97, from the total value, which is $2,722,774.72 (sic) resulting in a value of the unaffected area of 4,678.74 m2 of $1,271,777.36 ($271.77/m2) sic; therefore, subtracting the value of the unaffected area, which is $1,271,777.36, from the total value of the property (inmueble), a value of the affected area remains for the 5.2590% of $1,450,997.36, which corresponds to $76,309.76.

Regarding the Environmental Services (Servicios Ambientales) of the State Forest Reserve: The Expert Celso Vargas Araya, code A64397, disregards that the payment to the owner must be made for the value of the land (terreno) recorded as forest (bosque) at the National Registry, deducting the value of the environmental services (Servicios Ambientales) from that value as established by the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República), for which the average value per square meter of the unaffected land (terreno) was $271.77/m2 with the characteristic that the property (inmueble) has forest land (terreno de bosque) according to land use capacity, location, proximity to roads with vehicular access, and has electrical power and telephones, as can be verified in the appraisal itself, concluding for the 321.26 m2 a total value of ¢453,774.74 which corresponds to the unaffected area indicated as 4,144.27 m2; but, regarding the affected area, he indicates that the land use regulation is forest land (terreno de bosque), use determined in the Field Study indicating that the feature (rasgo) is forest use generating a value of the Environmental Services (Servicios Ambientales) of ¢14,999.95/ha/year, and the value of the Environmental Services (Servicios Ambientales) of the forest land (terreno de bosque) was calculated as an easement (servidumbre) of Environmental Services (Servicios Ambientales) at a rate of 6% value of the land (terreno), for which in his March 19, 2009 appraisal, Expert Celso Vargas Araya established a total value of the Environmental Services (Servicios Ambientales) for the 321.26 m2 of affected area as an environmental services easement (servidumbre de servicios ambientales) of minus -¢1,201,699.97.

Regarding the characteristics of the Environmental Services (Servicios Ambientales), Expert Celso Vargas Araya identifies them as: Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions (Gases de Efecto Invernadero), Protection of water for urban, rural, or hydroelectric use, Protection of biodiversity for conservation, and provision of natural scenic beauty for tourism and scientific purposes.

Now, the Appraisal Unit of the Judicial Power, through the memo from the National Department of Appraisals of the Judicial Investigation Department (OIJ) of the Judicial Power, clarifies the following aspects:

A. The property (inmueble) has a resolution of the land registry plan (plano catastrado) SJ-1487994-2005 with an area of 5,000.00 m2, recording an affected area of 321.26 m2. B. According to the land registry plan (plano catastrado) and map sheets, the property (inmueble) presents three land uses (usos del terreno): pasture, secondary forest (bosque secundario), and primary forest (bosque primario). C. It is located within the Alberto Manuel Brenes Biological Reserve, according to the map of Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 Decreto Ejecutivo 25721. D. It presents forest cover (cobertura boscosa) in the affected and unaffected area. E. There is a hydric birth (naciente) within the property (inmueble), with its corresponding protection areas according to the map of Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 and the water birth (naciente) layer of the Water Directorate of MINAE.

The Expert Celso Vargas Araya reports that the property (inmueble) is registered as property Folio Real 176510-003, with an area of 5,000.00 m2 and an unaffected area of 4,678.74 m2 and an affected area of 321.26 m2.

Regarding the water birth (naciente) within this property (inmueble) and its protection areas, it was considered definitively recorded by Agreement No. 10 of the Ordinary Session No. 09-2010 of the Board of Directors of SINAC, held on June 22, 2010.

The effect of the Alberto Manuel Brenes Biological Reserve was created by Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 on September 30, 1996.

Artículo 4.- Para las especies exóticas y para las especies que, siendo nativas, se encuentren en la segunda categoría de amenaza a que se refiere el artículo 14 de la Ley Forestal, así como en los artículos 6 y 7 del Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, su aprovechamiento en todo el territorio nacional, para cualquier fin, requerirá de un estudio técnico que demuestre que no se compromete la viabilidad de la especie en el corto, mediano y largo plazo, ni se produce un impacto negativo significativo sobre otras especies o sobre los ecosistemas. Dicho estudio técnico deberá ser aprobado por el SINAC y por la Comisión Nacional para la Gestión de la Biodiversidad, y será requisito previo e indispensable para el otorgamiento de cualquier permiso, autorización, concesión o licencia. En el caso de especies nativas que se encuentren en la categoría de amenaza más crítica, según el artículo 14 de la Ley Forestal y los artículos 6 y 7 del Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, su aprovechamiento será excepcional y estará limitado exclusivamente a fines científicos o de conservación, debiendo contar además con las mismas autorizaciones indicadas en el párrafo anterior.

Artículo 5.- Para los efectos indicados en el inciso j) del artículo 4 de la Ley 7575, se establecen los siguientes valores de cobertura boscosa por tipo de bosque y por región, que deberán considerarse como los porcentajes mínimos de cobertura boscosa a mantener en las fincas privadas y en los territorios indígenas, para gozar de los beneficios del Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA).

Los porcentajes indicados en la tabla anterior serán verificados por el SINAC al momento de la presentación de la solicitud para ingresar al Programa de PSA. Cuando la cobertura boscosa existente en la finca sea inferior a los porcentajes aquí establecidos, el propietario podrá acogerse al PSA, siempre y cuando se comprometa, mediante un plan de manejo aprobado por el SINAC, a alcanzar dichos porcentajes en un plazo no mayor a diez años.

Artículo 6.- Para los efectos de la aplicación del artículo 18 de la Ley Forestal, se entenderá por "áreas de protección" las siguientes:

• a)Las áreas que bordean los nacientes permanentes, en un radio de cien metros medidos de forma horizontal. b) Una franja de quince metros en zona rural y de diez metros en zona urbana, medidas horizontalmente a ambos lados, en las riberas de los ríos, quebradas o arroyos, si el terreno es plano, y de cincuenta metros horizontales, si el terreno es quebrado. c) Una zona de cincuenta metros medida horizontalmente, a partir de la línea de pleamar ordinaria, en el caso de las costas del Océano Pacífico y del Mar Caribe, así como en el caso de islas, islotes y peñascos marítimos. d) Una zona de doscientos metros de ancho, a todo alrededor, medidos horizontalmente, en el borde de los lagos y lagunas. e) Las áreas que recarguen los acuíferos, previamente declaradas como tales por el MINAE, previo estudio técnico que así lo determine.

Las áreas de protección indicadas en los incisos anteriores constituyen parte integral de las fincas y se regirán por un régimen de irreductibilidad (lifetime tenure). No obstante, en estas áreas se podrán desarrollar actividades de ecoturismo y de investigación científica, siempre que no impliquen construcción de infraestructura permanente que genere impermeabilización del suelo, ni se comprometa el objeto de protección del recurso hídrico, previa autorización del SINAC. Para la determinación de las áreas de protección se deberán utilizar los mapas oficiales de la Serie de Hojas Cartográficas del Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) y los estudios de zonificación de acuíferos del SENARA.

Considerando III. That the Wetlands Convention establishes definitions, criteria, and guidelines to identify internationally important wetlands and to promote their conservation, sustainable use, and management, thus recognizing the great economic, social, and cultural value of these ecosystems, as well as their role in ecological processes and their importance as habitats for fauna and flora.

Considerando IV. That the General Assembly of the United Nations, on December 18, 1992, established February 2 as World Wetlands Day, commemorating the date of the adoption of the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance.

Considerando V. That the country has included the Damas Lagoon (Laguna de Damas) in the List of Wetlands of International Importance of the Ramsar Convention, being the first coastal wetland included in this international list, which demonstrates its ecological relevance at a national and international level.

Considerando VI. That the region where the wetland is located has witnessed a significant development of tourism activities, which has generated migratory movements from other areas of the country towards the coastal zone, also motivated by a rapid growth in foreign investment. This has triggered a speculative process in land acquisition and substantial changes in land use (cambio de uso del suelo).

Considerando VII. That Law 7575, the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), establishes the prohibition of land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) in areas of forest cover (cobertura boscosa), as well as the obligation to carry out an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA), prior to the execution of development activities.

Considerando VIII. That the inter-institutional oversight carried out in the affected zone revealed that the area presents high environmental fragility due to its ecological characteristics, in particular those related to the protection and conservation of the aquifer, the management of the recharge zones, and the protection of the biological diversity characteristic of tropical wetlands.

Considerando IX. That the environmental impact study for the construction project called "Residential Damas" (Residencial Damas), submitted to SETENA, was denied due to technical deficiencies and the high environmental impact that its execution would generate in the protected wetland zone.

Considerando X. That investigations carried out by state agencies have detected irregular activities such as illegal logging, earthworks (movimientos de tierra) without the corresponding permits, and the opening of access roads and internal streets within the protected area, without having the respective environmental viability granted by SETENA.

Por tanto.

THE CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE (SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA) Pursuant to the provisions of Articles 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25 of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional), resolves:

To declare WITH PLACE the action filed against the State, for violation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, recognized in Article 50 of the Political Constitution. Consequently, the following measures are ordered:

1. The Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) and the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), through the Osa Conservation Area (ACOSA), shall initiate all necessary actions, within the maximum peremptory term of ONE MONTH from the notification of this ruling, for the effective demarcation of the boundaries of the Damas Lagoon Wetland (Humedal Laguna Damas), in accordance with the technical parameters established in the Ramsar Convention, and shall proceed with the installation of visible physical milestones that identify and delimit, in the field, the protected area and its protection zones.

2. MINAE and the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA) shall abstain, within the scope of their powers, from granting environmental viability or approving environmental impact assessments (evaluaciones de impacto ambiental, EIA) for construction, division, or development projects, as well as land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), earthworks (movimientos de tierra), or logging activities, within the wetland and its buffer zone, which contravene the technical criteria established for the protection and conservation of the ecosystem, in accordance with the provisions of the Wetlands Convention and the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), Law 7575.

3. SETENA shall coordinate with the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (INVU) the immediate suspension of any authorization, permit, or license for subdivision (fraccionamiento) or development, as well as the suspension of construction works being executed within the wetland boundaries, until the applicable environmental viability is accredited in accordance with the technical criteria set forth in this ruling.

4. The Municipality of Quepos (Municipalidad de Quepos), within its territorial jurisdiction, shall refrain from granting construction permits, earthworks (movimientos de tierra), or land-use permissions (permisos de uso del suelo) for projects located within the territory of the Damas Lagoon Wetland and its protection zones, without the prior environmental viability granted by SETENA, and shall coordinate with the conservation area the regularization of the existing constructions.

5. The Attorney General's Office (Procuraduría General de la República) is hereby ordered to initiate, if applicable, the corresponding legal actions for the recovery of any state land areas that have been illegally occupied within the wetland boundaries, exercising the State's oversight and defense powers over its public domain assets.

6. The Public Ministry (Ministerio Público) shall investigate the possible commission of environmental crimes derived from the irregular activities reported in the zone, including illegal logging, unauthorized land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), and the execution of earthworks (movimientos de tierra) without permits, and shall establish the corresponding criminal responsibilities.

7. The Institute of Agrarian Development (INDER) shall coordinate a comprehensive regularization plan for land tenure in the zone, prioritizing the protection of the wetland and its ecological functions, and shall provide updated cadastral information to the competent environmental authorities for the effective zoning and management of the protected area.

8. The public officials from MINAE, SETENA, SINAC, ACOSA, INVU, the Municipality of Quepos, and any other institution are warned that non-compliance with what is ordered in this ruling shall result in criminal liability for the crime of disobedience to authority, as provided in Article 319 of the Penal Code, and that any act contrary to this ruling is of absolute nullity.

The voice of the magistrate (magistrado) ______ shall be added to the vote.

Vote 4654-2003.

CONSIDERANDO III. That according to the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) and the environmental feasibility granted by SETENA through Resolution No. 2377-2005-SETENA, the provisions of Article 19 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) and its Regulations, and the criteria of the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) through the Osa Conservation Area (ACOSA), the project does not affect forest cover (cobertura boscosa) areas or springs (nacientes), nor does it involve land-use changes (cambio de uso del suelo) that require payment for environmental services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA). The project must comply with the environmental commitments and mitigation measures established in the EIA, particularly regarding earthworks (movimientos de tierra) and the protection of water resources, including the establishment of the corresponding easements (servidumbres) and the guarantee of lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) of forested areas. The subdivision (fraccionamiento) must adhere to the provisions of the Subdivision Regulations (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento) and the guidelines issued by INVU, and the developer must present an updated cadastral plan certified by the National Geographic Institute (IGN) before the final approval.

POR TANTO. Based on the foregoing considerations, the environmental commitments contained in the EIA and the feasibility resolution of SETENA, and the technical criteria of SINAC-ACOSA, this municipality partially approves the requested subdivision (fraccionamiento), strictly subject to the conditions listed below.

Considerando III.— Necesidad de la declaratoria de interés público. El proyecto hidroeléctrico en desarrollo, ubicado en el cantón de Acosta, es fundamental para atender las necesidades energéticas nacionales, representando no solo un beneficio local sino un aporte significativo a la matriz energética del país, en concordancia con los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible y las políticas nacionales en materia de energía limpia que impulsa el Gobierno de la República. La construcción de esta infraestructura implica la realización de obras de gran envergadura, como la construcción de presas, túneles de conducción, casa de máquinas y líneas de transmisión, que necesariamente requieren de intervenciones en el terreno, incluyendo movimientos de tierra considerables y el establecimiento de servidumbres para el paso de tuberías y cables sobre predios de dominio privado. La viabilidad ambiental del proyecto fue analizada por la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), la cual, mediante la resolución N° 1234-2019-SETENA, otorgó la viabilidad ambiental al proyecto, estableciendo una serie de medidas de mitigación y compensación ambiental que deberán ser cumplidas de manera rigurosa. Dentro de estas medidas, se contempla la protección de las nacientes ubicadas en la zona de influencia del proyecto, así como la implementación de un programa de reforestación para asegurar la cobertura boscosa en las áreas de recarga acuífera, contribuyendo de esta manera a la conservación del recurso hídrico. Asimismo, se realizó la evaluación de impacto ambiental correspondiente, en estricto apego a lo dispuesto en la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley 7554, y su Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), Decreto Ejecutivo 31849-MINAE. Esta evaluación identificó los potenciales cambios de uso del suelo que podrían generarse, estableciendo las restricciones necesarias para evitar la fragmentación de ecosistemas y garantizar la conectividad biológica en la región de ACOSA. La declaratoria de interés público se fundamenta también en el artículo 19 de la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, que permite al Estado, previa demostración técnica de la conveniencia nacional, la autorización del cambio de uso del suelo en terrenos con cobertura boscosa. En el presente caso, los estudios técnicos presentados por el desarrollador, y debidamente revisados por el SINAC y el MINAE, demuestran fehacientemente que el beneficio energético nacional supera el valor ambiental de las áreas boscosas específicas que requieren ser intervenidas, siempre que se apliquen las compensaciones estipuladas en el Plan de Gestión Ambiental del proyecto y se realicen los pagos correspondientes al Programa de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA), en particular en su modalidad de Protección de Bosque, según los montos establecidos en el Decreto N° 31849-MINAE. Por tanto, se concluye que la declaratoria de interés público es un requisito indispensable y se encuentra plenamente justificada para el desarrollo del Proyecto Hidroeléctrico Acosta, en virtud de la necesidad nacional de energía renovable y del cumplimiento de todos los procedimientos legales y técnicos establecidos por el ordenamiento jurídico costarricense.

Al reconocerse que la tala del bosque que permite la regulación del recurso hídrico es una amenaza clara a la estabilidad y permanencia del agua destinada a los diferentes usos, se verificó la tala ilegal realizada por los denunciados en zonas aledañas a la naciente (spring) que abastece de agua a la comunidad de La Unión y la vulnerabilidad del derecho humano de acceso al agua potable, se concedió la medida cautelar (precautionary measure) de paralizar toda actividad de corta de árboles o cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) dentro de las zonas de protección (protection zones), se ordenó la creación de un plan remedial que tendría que ser aprobado por la Municipalidad de Buenos Aires, Ministerio de Salud, SINAC y el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, así como la conformación de una comisión interinstitucional para la recuperación del ecosistema, con la participación del SINAC, Municipalidad de Buenos Aires, Ministerio de Salud, AyA, INDER y MAG, así como la representación legal de la parte denunciada.

Se constata que las actividades de tala y quema ejecutadas por los denunciados, sin contar con los respectivos permisos, violentaron la normativa forestal (forestry regulations) al provocar la pérdida de cobertura boscosa (forest cover) en áreas de protección del recurso hídrico, situación que transgrede lo dispuesto en la Ley Forestal, la cual expresamente prohíbe la corta o eliminación de árboles en las áreas de protección, salvo que las mismas hayan sido previamente autorizadas por el SINAC, por motivos de manejo forestal sostenible.

INAT, ICT.

TRANSLATION:

Article 6.—Land-use changes (cambio de uso de suelo) or movable earthworks (movimiento de tierra). Prior to any activity involving a land-use change (cambio de uso de suelo) or movable earthworks (movimiento de tierra) that is going to be carried out on properties located in areas declared as Forest Reserve (Reserva Forestal) or Protective Zone (Zona Protectora) by Law 7575 and its amendments, as well as in areas established as biological corridors, the authorization of the corresponding regional sub-directorate of SINAC in accordance with Decree No. 31849-MINAE must be obtained, prior to the environmental feasibility that is required by SETENA, in accordance with Decree Executive 25721, except for the exceptions contained in said decree. Additionally, if the activity is to be carried out on Forest Lands (Terrenos Forestales) covered by forest (bosque), the authorization is in accordance with Article 19 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) and its Regulations.

Vote 4654-2003 Executive Decree 25721 Decree No. 31849-MINAE Art. 19 Annex 1 Annex 2 Recital III Therefore Article 6. The land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) in areas of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) shall only be authorized when the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) is approved by SETENA.

The subdivision (fraccionamiento) of properties with springs (nacientes) must respect the lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) areas established in the Forest Law (Ley Forestal), in accordance with the Regulation on Subdivision (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento).

ACOSA, INVU, ICAA, ICE, MOPT, CONARE, JASEC, CNE, IMN, IGN, and INDER shall coordinate with SINAC for the application of the Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA), including the PSAH, in all management categories defined in Annex 1 and Annex 2.

The PSA will be subject to the provisions of Article 19 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal), without prejudice to the easements (servidumbres) established in the respective management plans.

a coordinación no puede obviar la evaluación de impacto ambiental (environmental impact assessment, EIA) ni sustituir a la SETENA. Ahora bien, es importante destacar que el desarrollo de proyectos en zonas costeras, como es el caso que nos ocupa, conlleva una serie de requisitos y autorizaciones adicionales que deben ser obtenidos de manera independiente a la viabilidad ambiental.

El Reglamento para el Control de Fraccionamientos y Urbanizaciones (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento), Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, establece en su Art. 19 que toda persona física o jurídica que pretenda desarrollar un fraccionamiento (subdivision) deberá presentar, entre otros requisitos, el certificado de uso del suelo (certificado de uso del suelo) conforme a los planes reguladores. Asimismo, el Anexo 1 de dicho reglamento detalla los requisitos para la presentación de anteproyectos, incluyendo la necesidad de contar con la viabilidad ambiental de la SETENA, cuando corresponda, y la disponibilidad hídrica emitida por el ente competente. En el caso de ACOSA, la disponibilidad de recurso hídrico para un proyecto de esta naturaleza es un aspecto crítico, considerando la fragilidad de los acuíferos costeros.

De acuerdo con el Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional, el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado es un derecho fundamental, y la obligación del Estado de garantizar la protección de los recursos naturales, incluyendo el recurso hídrico y la cobertura boscosa (forest cover), es ineludible. Por tanto, la autorización de un fraccionamiento no puede realizarse sin la plena certeza de que no se afectarán las áreas de protección de nacientes (springs), ni se comprometerá la zona marítimo terrestre, ni se provocará un cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) no autorizado.

En el caso concreto del proyecto gestionado por el INVU, la ubicación del mismo, según los planos catastrados proporcionados por el IGN, colinda con áreas que, según el inventario del SINAC, presentan una cobertura boscosa significativa sujeta al Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA). Cualquier intervención que implique la corta de árboles o la alteración de la cobertura boscosa requerirá, además de la EIA, la obtención de los permisos correspondientes ante el MINAE, conforme a la Ley Forestal y su reglamento. La simple viabilidad ambiental de la SETENA no subsana la falta de estos permisos forestales.

Considerando I:

The institutions that make up the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) within the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) have, among their legally established functions, the responsibility to manage, conserve, and administer the wildlife that exists in the nation, both in State Heritage Natural Areas and in the rest of the national territory.

Considerando II:

Due to the devastation that Hurricanes César and Juana caused in the canton of Pérez Zeledón, the local authorities formed an ad-hoc commission composed of various public institutions and private companies, which, after the relevant technical studies, develops restoration and remediation projects that are of great interest to the community.

Considerando III:

SINAC-ACLA-P has been collaborating in the coordination for the establishment of the "Proyecto de Recuperación y Rehabilitación de la Cuenca del Río Buena Vista (Quebrada La Chanchera)", where the importance of protecting the forest dedicated to the protection of the basin to guarantee water availability for the communities supplied by the Rural Aqueducts of the Chánguena and Cuenca sectors has been clearly identified.

Por tanto,

1. To instruct the Technical Office of the ACOSA Conservation Area to approve, as it effectively does, the "Proyecto de Recuperación y Rehabilitación de la Cuenca del Río Buena Vista (Quebrada La Chanchera)", whose objective is the Regeneration of approximately 50 hectares, carried out in two stages, by means of the prohibition of land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), according to Forest Law No. 7575, its regulations, and the regulation established for this type of process.

2. It is taken as a legal basis for the implementation of this decree, in addition to the Forestry Law No. 7575, its regulations, and the regulation established for this type of process, Sections 1 and 22 of the Organic Law of the Environment and Voto 4654-2003 of the Constitutional Chamber, which, with respect to the principle of reasonableness, indicates the necessary connection between the factual grounds and the decision adopted, which in the case under study has been fully accredited by the Technical Report of ACOSA.

ProyectoHidroelectricoDiquis

VOTO 4654-2003 CONSIDERANDO III. By Judgment of the Constitutional Chamber, No. 4654-2003, from 4:30 p.m. on May 27, 2003, the action of unconstitutionality filed against Article 19 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), as well as the respective transitory provision, was dismissed. In this ruling, the Chamber determined that the prohibition on land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) in forested areas established in the Ley Forestal does not, in principle, violate the right to property. It also stated that this prohibition does not breach the principle of reasonableness, as long as it does not become absolute and the legislator establishes the means for the owner to obtain authorization for the development of activities that do not harm the environment, provided there is no incompatibility with the protection of the forest. The Chamber concluded that the regulation of Article 19 of the Ley Forestal is limited, and it was this lack of regulation that generated the unconstitutional situation, since it became an absolute prohibition without the possibility for the interested party to process the respective authorization for the development of an activity that does not harm the environment.

CONSIDERANDO XI. That the legal framework applicable to the present case involves Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE, known as the "Reglamento de la Ley Forestal", and the Regulations for the Procedure for the Environmental Impact Assessment (Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, EIA), which was established by Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE, published in La Gaceta No. 145 on July 28, 2004, and its amendments. Together, these regulations seek to ensure that activities, works, or projects that could potentially alter or destroy elements of the natural environment or generate residual, serious, and harmful impacts must undergo an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) process prior to their execution.

La Ley Forestal exige una evaluación de impacto ambiental (environmental impact assessment, EIA) para proyectos que puedan causar land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo). Según la normativa, la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) es la autoridad competente para revisar la EIA. Como se establece en el Voto 4654-2003, cualquier actividad que implique la remoción de forest cover (cobertura boscosa) requiere autorización previa.

En este caso, el proyecto involucra earthworks (movimientos de tierra) que podrían afectar varias springs (nacientes) ubicadas en la propiedad, cerca del sitio propuesto para la subdivision (fraccionamiento). Se debe constituir una easement (servidumbre) de protección para cada spring (naciente), con una lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) de al menos 10 metros de radio, de acuerdo con el Art. 19 del Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y el Decreto Ejecutivo 25721.

El Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), a través del Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA), llevó a cabo la inspección técnica y determinó que para la spring (naciente) identificada en el Anexo 1 se requiere una easement (servidumbre) de 15 metros, según el Decreto N° 31849-MINAE. Por su parte, el Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU) confirmó el cumplimiento de los requisitos para la subdivision (fraccionamiento).

Además, en el Considerando III del expediente administrativo número 12345-2023-MINAE, se menciona la existencia de un contrato de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) previo en la finca, ejecutado por el Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO), lo cual ratifica el alto valor de la forest cover (cobertura boscosa) del área. La Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias (CNE) y el Instituto Meteorológico Nacional (IMN) también emitieron criterios técnicos favorables, concluyendo que el proyecto es viable siempre que se respeten las easements (servidumbres) y se implementen las medidas de la EIA aprobada por SETENA. El Por tanto de la resolución acoge las medidas señaladas.

Considerando:

I.That Costa Rica's forest ecosystems provide invaluable environmental goods and services, among them, carbon fixation, hydrological regulation, biodiversity protection, and the preservation of scenic beauty, which are fundamental for achieving sustainable national development. In this regard, the State, through its environmental regulation, aims to ensure the conservation of these ecosystems in perpetuity, for which various mechanisms have been established, including the Program for the Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA), created by the Ley Forestal, Law 7575.

II.That the property of the petitioner, identified under the name Finca Las Brisas, located in the district of Bahía Drake, canton of Osa, province of Puntarenas, consists of various land uses, including primary forest, secondary forest in advanced regeneration stages, pasture areas, and areas with agricultural crops, which confer on the property characteristics of high ecological fragility.

III.That, according to the technical study carried out by the competent officials of the Area de Conservación Osa (ACOSA), under the supervision of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), it is determined that a portion of the aforementioned property, specifically the land registered under the Real Property Folio Number 5-123456-000, presents important areas of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) that are essential for the protection of water resources and the connectivity of the Osa Biological Corridor. Within the farm, several water springs (nacientes) are identified that supply the local aqueduct administered by the JASEC, making the conservation of these forested areas essential.

IV.That, by means of Executive Decree N° 31849-MINAE, the "Pago de Servicios Ambientales para la protección de recurso hídrico" was established as a specific sub-program, recognizing the priority of protecting forest ecosystems for the conservation of water sources destined for human consumption. The property meets the eligibility requirements established in said Decree and in the applicable joint resolution of the MINAE and the MAG.

V.That the present petition seeks the formal inclusion of the indicated areas in the PSA program, which requires the corresponding technical and legal endorsement from SINAC-ACOSA and eventually from the Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO). The pronouncements issued confirm the feasibility and technical suitability of the proposal.

Por tanto:

Based on the provisions of Articles 3, 22, 46, and 69 of the Ley Forestal, Law 7575; the requirements of the Reglamento a la Ley Forestal, Executive Decree 25721; and the regulatory framework created by Executive Decree N° 31849-MINAE; and in accordance with the technical criteria set forth in document D-ACOSA-045-2024, this office resolves:

1. To favorably endorse the inclusion of a total area of 85.5 hectares, distributed across the farm Finca Las Brisas (Real Property Folio Number 5-123456-000), in the Pago de Servicios Ambientales program, under the Protection of Water Resource modality (PSAH), for a period of ten (10) years with the principle of lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) of the forest cover (cobertura boscosa), in accordance with the technical specifications detailed in Anexo 1 of this resolution.

2. The areas subject to PSAH, defined by the coordinate table in Anexo 1, are ineligible for any type of land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo), earthworks (movimientos de tierra), or subdivision (fraccionamiento) that compromises the integrity of the forest, in accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of the Ley Forestal and the Reglamento de Fraccionamiento.

3. The management obligations include the maintenance of an easement (servidumbre) of conservation on the identified springs (nacientes), as georeferenced in Anexo 2.

4. The specific geographic delimitation of the approved areas is detailed in the following coordinate tables, referenced to the CR-SIRGAS system of the IGN:

5. The certification issued by this resolution is an indispensable prerequisite for the eventual formalization of the contract with FONAFIFO. The present act is final within the administrative venue. To be published and notified.

Verbatim to preserve: 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r4Dah1/DP/9fNoFCxWsmbNGuGwYduBu/ik+uFyWAdNi/ksFM6vtlnJ/K2HOeiWTOH7uhkkOcResRDyVQPtpctZutUckxHSOUvOxDSUkui1BpOF+hibLWPlcnOM55hhedCTsN8kS+fwcF3LfMPpzLJYwoplG1mzXR+FDp/TdleQTOreTossmQ+hw0ht5q6WpvPZse6iIG5Jftw9tBoL87mYrVrBSksj1I3msdwrgbIGIV513pyb1pnve09GL6Dw/RPcpbwhSwKNaYSeVmVEu5/pIJOlMvICj7L10D2CqxveKyPv5l2ylIrftoG0X3Cch4XVL3qFJE2ZhJ6dg6qZISbSPNiwikW7trDyRBgZtQWk+Z1h7xJTLNYtY/Wa5ZiaW7HJ4QmxVdWUxDtx5owjdxKKqHwtA0RZEpEXoiyJyBBlSf68XZakNFBXGkuExznO7tvHvsPnOOcZTWKl0HCVR+Pn7IF7WA7F7xtxkRST9fgctvv2s//IWc55PybA4zynncKILUolxN8Rp/DcZ5/9U0N5hj/ul09wxPURUTmxRLrd4MrDGDKrhJc05pMRfJVTxw+wb99ZzvrEk1rTJPz6TyfmwQn27T/E0bNueD24xMWLgUSVF5IRcofrThEk1jXRUJVGvJ9w7YiQliP2XHwYS1JFy6rOb6WZ+kwXTh/aL7xPeObFcZQT558QVVVFZfYjPG8dlZ3ff8aBa6GpZFf/yhCUgKQ6iSjPUxw5JIR35R5et49y+H4yJcI7m+oySfa/hL30XQdPcMIpkFBpT0bLs29Fkkui62UcA+LIK04i1kfI8yPSeF/lSmAgPtcOccQ/k3cP5EmXeEgm+L5dq3Q+Ow64+BJdVEVtSRTh985gd1R6/jSnveIFgXi+9EI5SRcG86naGR5W/QatacghyceD20J9Sn1xv3QStzfOF4T69jiV4rpqiiIdsL0YQNSvfWH4ToQyLAjG/c59PKUS03IWSskIsOf0wyhyX1lBXMiHsihC7tk+S//RE5z2jSVRJtTCtdpc0p/exPG0kLeHz3PufiSxZbVCHWqgLHwnWrNXYX0nhUJRlkT+SYiyJCJDlCX5825ZEhH5jUhS8bPqy8CLibJtQf7zEGTp6S4WbD3OlcjiN7aLEWVJRF6IsiQiQ5Ql+SPKksjfQ1PqKdYYTmeczhKOpr1z9tf/cqTrOj3lSUoKuTVv9iyKsiQiL0RZEpEhypL8EWVJ5O9BUhrKA2cnbgWnyzaiFXkTUZZE5IUoSyIyRFmSP6IsiYjIF1GWROSFKEsiMkRZkj+/W5aakwk5tIrVuy/hlyunYZeGHOJzs8mV7hcmF2rJDzrE6v0HuRjZsq/cb6KZhqp4gi7MxXDEDNTMrnC//Pd+p1VJissClHY4EVpZ3zJB+h9BFRn3V2Ow2x7P3Cp+a85JqhJ5bG/NojUu+L7vi7vXaX7CLe3ZGDnHU9P4vucaqCrKIyOy4D0TzP85NGdeZtv8bez2SqPgrausC+VbdptTM2az9NFzuZHQVB6L79nF6Fqe4Ub276/zoiyJyAtRlkRkiLIkf35/z1INFVnJJGfkyTbV/YdTH4XvLnOM1p/G/Vc2KP3jCGJxbwmzLBazPSDjPZ/Uv04NpcmnsB7fmyn7PIiIz/+VDWrfRilRdsP53vg4XqW1713M8PdRTvzlWfSZv4OrqaVvTDJ+F5KyMO7s0Ga80klulf6O8pSUUxgdSWxhdcsmum+jnvKMO5zYooPR6RByW87+q5DU5ZMWn0aGkO/v2pFG0lhETkRkyxdwUqopjr3I3mUzmesYQ750U+ffiShLIvJClCURGaIsyZ9/u2G4yodcNZ3BWKOD3Ej97X0+v48/KktCwxlzgJVd+qB5P6/l3O/lf4ks/SaqKIyxY63eUCYfftyyevr/NKTLOZRRlJ9F/m/edPlVRFkSkReiLInIEGVJ/rxVlhrzSHLbzybdo1zLl37d00xDlgt7921go+MNXDYZYrzmOPeyKqnLvovTzskM69OOH6bNZ4nJQLousueJdIipOZHg06ooCY3FD92603+jA07p5VTlenNu82QmmSxmjXB/t04jGb3sIjczwgiy1Ufh2w/480c/033lRbyykkl5sJ4VY3rQVQinnb4Nu4OyqX7L0E9zQylZj7axTqujrIH6odcIxm26xp2814dOXpOl2jhCrpmgOqQT7aXP/aDEzDPBpNU3tVqDp4HK7PNs7v8Zf/1/f+LjfhPQdUmkqjQc//N6zBn1Ez90HsOYpRe4nlJCjZBn9QX3uLF1KmN6/8gPPdRRtw8kubLgmSxNn8tik950aP8jPw20ZFloAY2SBmpy3HBYO4Lesnj0pNcUK7YF5bZaI+g50vD9uHdUlclDhLyfMAdD7W78oLvtmSw1pxLtOA+9Lu1pJ4TVcdkp7JPeDOVVWaqiLMOFq+uEsukifX9XuqhvZO+TTIpe70Fr8sZ+zGCm2UdSVXubY0M7McjqEDuNOvFjl94M2+LInWhfzi5ux18//BN/6TENffunpBY8FuKshtIQIb+6TGXypht4ZFdQ3xTKHRM9TBSHMrx7B9rPtOLA9jH0WWrDTrPetG/3I+2193A0WZoG6ZpHmUS5WbBwkpD2DgMYqHeIY1H5Qj7VUJZ8lVNmIxgizcOuCijuvUNAUS2NKSdYNmsZq90SyW0oItNzMSZ9OvKzcF87M1tuZtdSX3KNvf0Go+OZL/x3UE5h2BE2z+sl5EUHOoyeg4HDEyJLkwg7Z4mxlg7zVugwa3R7fpppwYYHieS8pedJlCUReSHKkogMUZbkz9t7lqopiDzLljVqWPrkCs1yBZk+W7DYspi9gQ+4t2QGsxbswjnhIa7rxzNq7ibsQpNICt/GsmFt+FjtGD7lFSRdHEqbLkYsfpxMTrITR836083MgTuJnhwx7kDb4cuxfhJNgs9eFmlMQ3HzHQIz3ThrNJnhc3ZwISZb1qApTlFi1skHPM14zN1to/h51mbOZFa+OpQiqaMs6TjrZ/Zioq0/KTkRBDgYMWPaeFTPhPJqP1BrWYol/JYJEzQXsu5+BMn5gXhsHMw3X89lXXTZK++QNJeQ9WQrFh16oiqIUnlpLI9O6DFxhDFLXMOJDb/AfsNZKFlc5E6aLy6LpjB2uiW7vYPwOq3BwBHzWesfi8+JEXzfdiyjzwWQnh/JvQ2d+LTvNs7lJeBmM4DO+sdxyswgOVCanoH0UT2NS9lrvRr1kTzcr4KC/iJ2eEUTF30Em+k/8dXMzYIs5ZNwYyad+2qh7x5Nbr4vly070VbjNB7VrzbmrWXpepIn19ZoMktvPxei0kh9soe1CoMZsvgs97NfW0GpyQNbQaj6nwihssaRnZ3/xIfTt2GXkEZK0DYWTu3FmGMPiQ/Zj6XqAMbt8iSu4BGuWzUYN3Up1g+iiAk6zKbZSqhYu/KowIebcwfTdYgha+9HklyaTcjxgbT9qhc9t7kTmx+F1y6hXDruwqEon/gbc5jcZQYaDkHEJd7j0ppJjJm8nG3et7m1SYOpGjYcD4kh4qYlSlO1mHvpKYnRuzEcZsj8a1EkPFrKtO6TGX3Mm4TkM2yd/BVtN3pSWHSWjV//wJTbaZRnOLJvXn+GWl3HOy2OENdV6BsoMd/hJveO6zC53xhmHXbnUeo9rm6YyGATG+xji3h9oxZRlkTkhShLIjJEWZI/7xqGa66MxP3YUrQXuBFSHIS7zTrWrL5NYHU4D1pkyclzB6bjVFA9/oj4qiYkkjT8t/emrYEtT0sfcH7GJ3y2LYCKpiZZr0/Oo03M76KE4c2bHFk+lGHrPIhsltCUf5/TS+Yww+w6D7Pvc3nBdMZIh+FSBMnYPJ4Bi3fjmlRCgxBOY8kFNncexeTLcVS+1tshkTTSUF9LXaM0LlWC8J1inek4ZtgGkdNyzzNe7Vkqa2qgrr5eCL9ZeK6eMh89+rU1YmVE6WtzW1qG4Tr1Rdszm+qsuxxbPp7hC50IqG+iqamIJI/V6C5dwOaLW1mpPJVx627gX9RAs+wdDTQKwhUp61nazpX8KqTrR9f4qdP5r5bsym2gqbGO2vpGmiRN1Bc94eam6QxTPM6N0ldlSVJwi6O6OmhvcuNxmRCKRCoXk+hhuA23lLtcMfyZb9bfJLWijubmRmrSd2P+xWg0fYtbQnjGKz1LJcJ7G+qpF97f2NxMc5UP14wUmbjwOO6Zr80fe12W2n9Ex1Mx1EmaqRPqi/2GPvQRJCg8+gSr5wxh8uEAYuKvsGn+dBSt7xEmy69coq7ORWHZWk6H3OKq/hCGLD+JX061IOhCPp0YRFvFnVwvqkHax1eXuReLNiNRdgvg+oYedJ7vSKBQB6RlnRd2nFWmU9A6bMdVGwVGD1Nk1ikv/DKKqamto14o28aEPS2yFMx9uwn8MmAFB4R6VSvkdaNQb2obG6l7LktO4STfMmRydy0WPZGurS6hudCPy+tUGadpxdqN85mtYcb+0EKhrCpIcTVh0sJVHAzJeaMXUJQlEXkhypKIDFGW5M875yxJikn13MZaEx3WOOxn1db5LL2bQlVzRIssbefC1cUoDFJD+2I4abLd+IuFBm4I3xidIKzkGvt7/YX/+stHfPzJJ3wiOz7ni+4zULe/wpF1oxi7PwDpXvjNBQ84s1SHGaavyVLSQ1zMh9H9s7/wwUcft4QhPbrS91QYFdJ9yV4gNJp10p6f0+zfso5DW5XR6P8Rf+ow9FdkKY2S+gRCrh/h2O4NHF01kA7fCvH+P1osf68sZVGe4sRuvc/5rz9/wEcv4iYcw3RYvssM1clKzNjrQ2RN60DenLNUG6BJl08WsUuQhIo8Ic37NrJ3mynLNb7jgz+3o/tbZKk54xKb1PXQ3uVNhCz8cuIdns1Zup10nROTvuPzjz7g44+f59tf+fSbESi6v5oTr8hScRUlqQ+5cWYLB3YasWTKL7T/76/53uzkr8rSjk8/ZfBN6awkQZZKQnCwEmRpU2tZ8iM84gwrlT7j//3lw1fza7wlxx9dx155GBM2XCKkUDrjqkWWDE/g2/LVYEPZeay++Jrh569xUKc93dbfJ1kaF+opjb+EjdFoJqy5Q0BWIH5ntVEZ05aPP/qRnxTXsNkvlewXPUteXFgzkB+193E7TyqszxHi/lyWboQSZa/BkH5bOV3Qckd1JA/3zkNDaSkW5iZoaSzFLlY6462S1NvzmSzKksg/GVGWRGSIsiR/3j3BW7pXlwfH902n3/gpqJut5lxKjdCePJelXTg93IPFRGWUj/gSU9lEc1Mi3jY9+UrfltDSh1xU+hs/HXlKeZPQmAu/3htqSiktKiU/3ePdspTzgCum059N8E4JwWfrZMasO8ydtArhF7zw676hnLKCMsrrpb/1W9FUSa6vJSrfjmbs9sscPuuMk+dJVs8by/Tjgc82633BS1na5+fJvT2T6a9rhsnOI+y+H0qcmwZ9vjJgefj7e5ZqBLE7sUmB8Rs9CJPGR9JIfbWQRiFPq1IvYq0xlXFrruFdUE9TQ4Us7WW1RUScfJssmWMT5cshze/53nQ/287ac+GhC1c2TGOo4jEcS17rWSpy5YShDlobnfArFsJvSuPJofF0N9iGa8oDrs3rTJcdd0itfLavWVNdKSUF5VRKy6IVL2XJlkvBl7E2mkRP5c0sO+eOh689dvpCGsyOcef1LxN/qyzF2LFG91nPUmzCNTavVEPloC+xguhKJA3UVZVQUlFFXf0jbrxNlqZs5VK+dLPbRioTtzH/6/FouT/m5qbedDFywLdGqHfN5WQHHWLZ/GlonA0kvUJIa1k1tU0VFMSeYP/0QYyysOWO5+YWWQrB8+wUuvRbyu74Imqk8SgvIL+0iqrnsnQrghTXeSj0UmehfyGNQv2tzbrDiSXTGKVrw4ZV80VZEvmXI8qSiAxRluTPu2VJoDGVsEvzmD5wFLOP+hEnNYdWsuSc4Iu7zTQmzlvHEZ9QQh9tZumIl3OWUq6O56eZy9jwIJzEWH9c9ikxY7QV+57cfbcsFQXjsVqNabpW2Iamkuq1EtV5BuidcudRTCRBN+ei1tOYlY/zqWnd8DeWk37bkBE9dFno/pSY8FvY20xiQq+BTNjiScwrU3VeytIBX2duWE5kzFxrzvuHE/7oJEcWdeTrj6ei453Hq6sjtJalfNmGuEFnzVGZtJQ1rk+IiLzDlR2qzFyxkXMRfngfUmeGgTlb7/jjc20BCkO1MbkVyoOjb5OlhWwKc2XrsE6M3HmbkLhAvC8vxGh8RzpP2sbprNdmwkjSCT1tjKbxPFbd8MH/0T6sZvxE21nP5iwluWjQT80My1tPSEiKwufMDKZ0Xcbu9FfDeSlLxznjf46NlorM3HYFjwh/HjqYoz3sF7432INjYrmsd+cFv0GWem26y9NkZ3ZZjmD8ZjeeZgbgtns+s1U2su1uCFHhNzi1dhpTrQ5xO+U+jm+TpbbjGHvqATEJtzm9qCft9C/woKyARGdjZvaejtpJT4JCb3Fq5TQmzFzLLkEwb2zURkHDhv0Pw4kNPMkuzdmo2dzAN2D7izlLiVE7sRykyMR9boTE3uLE3I58q3OJiIKXc5YqMm9xZOEQRqw/j1tEEN7XlqNnrIHFNWfu7dIXZUnkX44oSyIyRFmSP++VJWoojLLnwLH1HAovftZYNifyeOdCLGzO4JVdRV2uJ24HlZk8shc91MxZovMTn+naCrIknSuTTJi9Pjo9etCj1wAGqe1kX1whVfn+OBzUw/BCmGzidXPJY27uWs3CzXcJqiwg3WsrC5XHMHTteTzTk0jz2cJGxWEMloYzYiFmdxMpeWUITkoT9WWPcd8+VRCmPvQZr4XOjh1sstRG09qDoLrWPSo15D7aicW2HdiFZZGdchHb+eMY1VcIX20NB0/MZ8FwDQw8Mqh7ZRGhWsqSL7JXQYWVT6RzfwQxKIviyWVTTKb1pEeP4YzQ38XR4BxKJM3UF3rhukcVxRHCteGG6J/1J6KigHhHHcZvvEqgdD6REEpd2HKmD9rOqVxBAu5ZsnCkEI/BY5i2xJoDm3Qw0BXimfjmMgqSygj8z89FdWJvesyaj+WiaYxbbYdHVoUgeenEOVtiOkiQFiHfek3agFVkkUzOWiOpjMP31EqMFl3HMz+FmDtrMFXuK6RFkBiLLaxZo8Pstfu4Hl/86sTlZn+uTp+A2rUYquvucWrIEDQf5EsvUF8ew+2jysw+9pjUsmi8j6kzc7QGJqcDiS0IxsvOAJ2J0vwazRizY7JJ0ZXN4dy3nIPxYTdiSqRvapGl6Xos0B5Ar549GLD+ItdSn30N11SXQaTzQkyGC3nVbyzjFpzgdGyBoMG1lKfd5MLyqUyU1pceiigst+dGSolw/hzr56zH2iOZ/IYSsnzXsHhUf/oK9/VefoKLiWXUlzpxZMwETHwLBAGvoCjSjt2Ww4Vw+tFPwYSFjsHElKUScXYtK5bvwjFFGp9qISxrTLbswz7mzcU3RVkSkReiLInIEGVJ/rxfln6FxhLy4uKITiukvKFJaMDCuLO8G98sOCeIwD9ydWqR/zxaZMnoJH7/0JXO//mIsiQiL0RZEpEhypL8+btkqcITB1N1FIysOOh4G9dLK5g3YiTTzgdT/AdWOhYReYkoSyIiv4YoSyIyRFmSP3+XLFFFccJV7NfqoD1TAQWFJSy+8ISoqoY3hntERH4flaS5L0b7gDvRtdIFFv5zEWVJRF6IsiQiQ5Ql+fN3yRIVFREFptlEQVVBFRUVFRRJREFGRYhJQVlZlUlJZZ2xKVlBkbGRjX2RkX2RoYkxESkhIV2NiUWBlYV9eW15hVFFXVldfaVxUT29fS2hTSEgvQElIS0RMWkVgVXNxb21lZXJmWklETExBRFFSQkxIYVVFVm5yLw88S0xFRGpkdGRrX2ZeUlRVW2dvU1hFQGxcUlNZW2xsXlhAWEJQWkJTZGZqWm5TUE1WSkhSSVljX09Za397AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC Artículo 19—Suspensión de la irreductibilidad. Para los terrenos que estén sometidos al régimen de lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) del patrimonio natural del Estado según la Ley Forestal, se aplicará lo siguiente: la irreductibilidad únicamente se suspenderá para la realización de earthworks (movimientos de tierra) estrictamente necesarios para la construcción de la obra pública, siempre que se cuente con la environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) aprobada por la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) y la viabilidad ambiental emitida por el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC). En estos casos, no se requerirá el Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) por el área intervenida, siempre que se cumpla con la restitución de la forest cover (cobertura boscosa) en una proporción de 3 a 1, conforme a los lineamientos del Anexo 1 del presente Decreto Ejecutivo 25721. Esta suspensión temporal de la irreductibilidad no aplicará para proyectos privados de subdivision (fraccionamiento) con fines de vivienda, los cuales deberán acogerse a lo dispuesto en el Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanizaciones del Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU).

Para efectos del presente artículo, se entenderá como obra pública los proyectos ejecutados por el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE), el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes (MOPT), la Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias (CNE) y las municipalidades. En el caso específico de las obras de la Ruta 32, a cargo del Consejo Nacional de Vialidad (CONAVI), la suspensión de la irreductibilidad se regirá por lo establecido en el Considerando III del Decreto N° 31849-MINAE, siempre que no se trate de áreas declaradas como reserva absoluta. El Instituto de Desarrollo Rural (INDER) y el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (ICAA) también podrán acogerse a esta excepción para proyectos de infraestructura de abastecimiento de agua potable y saneamiento.

Las coordenadas oficiales de los puntos de captación del proyecto de la Junta Administradora de Servicios Eléctricos de Cartago (JASEC), autorizado mediante Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional, se indican en la siguiente tabla:

Estos puntos fueron verificados por el Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) y cuentan con el aval del Instituto Meteorológico Nacional (IMN) en cuanto a la no afectación del balance hídrico de la cuenca. El proyecto deberá mantener una easement (servidumbre) de protección de 100 metros a cada lado de los cauces de las springs (nacientes), de conformidad con el Art. 19 de la Ley de Aguas. La solicitud de suspensión de irreductibilidad para estos puntos específicos deberá presentarse ante el Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA) del SINAC, adjuntando el estudio técnico elaborado por el Consejo Nacional de Rectores (CONARE).

**Spatial Regulations of the Coastal Zone of the Osa Peninsula, Puntarenas Province** **I. Urban and Tourism Development Norms in the Terrestrial Maritime Zone and Adjacent Areas** The coastal area connecting the community of Carate with the area between Sirena, Rio Claro, and the border of ACLAP, hereinafter referred to as "the abutting area," shall be considered a high-fragility zone, as defined in **Article 50** of the **Urban Planning Law**, for which a Specific Plan involving a Territorial Environmental Assessment (EAE) and a Regional Environmental Assessment (ERA) shall first be required, according to what is established in **Executive Decree 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC**, "**General Regulations on the Procedures for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) (Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, EIA)**," **Annex 1**, and paragraphs b), ch), i), and l) of **Annex 2** issued by the agency responsible for the matter.

Once this Plan is granted, projects located within it must have environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) granted by **SETENA**, but not through the Specific Plan modality.

Any parcel division or grouping process in the defined "abutting area" shall comply with the minimum lot areas established in this Plan, as specified in the table below:

**II. Forest Cover and Protection Norms for Springs and Water Bodies** All lots resulting from any subdivision (fraccionamiento) process, for both residential and tourism-commercial uses, must maintain a minimum of 15% of the lot's total area with permanent forest cover (cobertura boscosa).

For the issuance of a construction permit, an environmental viability granted by **SETENA** is required.

The distance for construction and tree felling with respect to springs (nacientes), bodies of water, and rivers, established in **Article 33** of the **Forest Law (Ley Forestal)**, must be respected. The provisions of **Article 34** of the same **Forest Law** must also be complied with for all activities or projects in areas of slope and flight.

For projects located in urban areas, an available area of 15% will be applied for the conservation of springs and the protection of zone easements (servidumbres) designated for the protection of springs, as established in the **Regulations to the Land Subdivision and Urbanization Law (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento)** for both residential and tourism uses.

A mandatory forest reserve easement (servidumbre) and lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) are established for the aforementioned percentage of area.

Comisión Plenario II: File 169 D-

Such that it is identified by coordinates: starting from a delta formed by the Grande de Tárcoles River and the Pirrís River, it continues upstream along the Pirrís River to its confluence with the Blanco River, continues upstream along this river to its source (naciente) in the Cerro de la Muerte foothills, continuing along the 3,000-meter contour line to the Grande de Orosi River, from there downstream along this river to the confluence with the Virilla River, which forms the Grande de Tárcoles River, and along this river downstream to the starting delta. This area is delimited specifically for the application of Article 19 of this law, within the forested areas of the other properties located in this region. In such a way that the MINAE, in coordination with the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, must define this zone by executive decree (Decreto Ejecutivo), according to the respective land-use capacity studies. Furthermore, it is established that within the subregion to be delimited, only those areas that, according to scientific-technical studies conducted by public sector bodies with recognized expertise in the matter, are declared suitable for agricultural and livestock activities may be considered; areas that are identified as unsuitable for agricultural and livestock activities must be destined by their owners for forestry activities through natural forest regeneration or reforestation, for which they may be subject to the Environmental Services Payment (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) in accordance with the provisions of this law. Likewise, the agricultural and livestock activities permitted in this subregion, pursuant to the regulation indicated in the previous paragraph, may only be developed using techniques for the conservation and management of land, water, and biodiversity resources, with the requirement of prior presentation of an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) to the SETENA, for which purpose the MINAE will promote, through duly coordinated and targeted technical assistance programs, the use of technologies that ensure agricultural and livestock sustainability within the delimited zone." The Municipal Council of the Canton of Acosta, finding that the land is located within the established protection zone per Article 33 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal), as well as within the protection area of springs (nacientes), in accordance with Executive Decree 25721‑MINAE and its reforms, and for the reasons stated in the technical reports of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (ICAA) and the Municipality of Acosta, resolves:

WHAT IS STATED IN THE REPORT OF THE MAYOR Based on the considerations above, knowledge of the area and its forestry characteristics (características forestales), an assessment of the infiltration zones connected to the springs (nacientes), and the location of the properties marked with cadastral plans A‑936,172‑90 and A‑936,202‑90 adjacent to the River Agua Caliente and within the protected zone, the Municipal Council finds:

CONSIDERING I. That a direct threat to the springs (nacientes) has been verified, due to earthworks (movimientos de tierra) initiated within the property of the applicant, without the corresponding permits or an approved environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) from the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), which have caused landslides and exposed groundwater layers, compromising the integrity of the springs (nacientes) and the drinking water supply for the community.

A CONSIDERING:

I.That at the current stage, there is no evaluation with respect to the relationship that the project may have with protected areas of any type, which prevents analyzing compliance with regulations regarding the location of projects in relation to such areas, particularly in the case of forest reserves subject to Article 34 of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal), as well as determining possible impacts that may affect these protected areas.

II.That the Water Department of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (ICAA) indicates, among other things, that no measures are foreseen for the protection of springs (nacientes) located in other properties in the area, from which it is concluded that any aspect related to the environmental viability of the project would be deficient because all the physical and environmental elements involved have not been considered. There is no consideration regarding the use of river and surface waters with the purpose of supplying the project, and there is also no information regarding the quality or aptitude of the water to be supplied for human consumption, as required by the Regulation for the Quality of Drinking Water (Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable), Decreto Ejecutivo 32327-S. There is no clear definition regarding the water supply for the lots, nor regarding the construction of facilities for treatment and final disposal of ordinary and special wastewater, which does not allow for determining whether the capacity of the source to be used is sufficient.

III.That the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE), through the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) - Osa Conservation Area (ACOSA), indicates that the properties, given their characteristics and location, are sites of high importance for the protection of water resources, noting that they are located in an area declared of national interest due to the scarcity of water, emphasizing that the document must be consistent with what is established in the Regulatory Plan for the Coastal Zone for the recovery and availability of the area's water resource, according to the study conducted by the National Emergency Commission (CNE) and national universities, through the National Council of Rectors (CONARE). In addition, the need for a forest cover (cobertura boscosa) study and a forest inventory is recommended.

IV.That MINAE, through the National Meteorological Institute (IMN), indicates that the document should contain the geomorphological characterization, with greater detail of the slopes and physical characteristics present in the project area, in order to identify with certainty the threat levels present in the area, determine the level of risk for the proposed activities, and define the corresponding mitigation measures.

V.That the National Emergency Commission (CNE), states that the document must incorporate the technical opinion of the CNE on the threat of flooding due to river overflow and sea level rise, which must be issued by CNE, which is the competent institution in these matters, and must also include an analysis of the location of the project in relation to the flood zone delimited by Decree N° 31849-MINAE, with the aim of including the corresponding corrective or mitigation measures according to the findings in said analysis, as well as an analysis of the threat due to sea level rise, since the project is located in the Maritime Terrestrial Zone (Zona Marítimo Terrestre) and is therefore exposed to the effects of climate change.

VI.That the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (INVU) indicates that the project should comply with the conditions indicated in the Regulation for National and Urban Subdivisions (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento), for developments known as horizontal condominiums or gated communities, particularly compliance with Article 19 of the Regulation for National and Urban Subdivisions (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento).

VII.That INVU adds that there is some uncertainty regarding the name of the project, as there are several incongruent references in the document. On the one hand, the document refers to "OVAS DE COCAL" and the corresponding cadastral maps refer to "LOS COCOS DE COCAL." This confusion must be clarified.

VIII.That the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) document is incomplete and lacks relevant information, for which reason it is recommended to execute a complete earthworks (movimientos de tierra) plan, with geomorphological characterization of the terrain and definition of areas susceptible to landslides. Given the high level of deforestation of the properties, the possibility of establishing a payment for environmental services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) is recommended.

IX.That the legal representative of the developer was granted a maximum period of twenty working days to submit the document with the additions and corrections indicated in this report, a period that expired without using the right to correct the document.

THEREFORE:

The technical analysis of the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) document for the "OVAS DE COCAL" Project, file No. 53.641-1-003-11-C, is rejected.

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 From the "considerandos" (Whereas clauses) of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía, MINAE), and considering the legal and technical analysis of the Ministry of the Presidency (Ministerio de la Presidencia), the Institute of Municipal Development and Advisory (Instituto de Fomento y Asesoría Municipal, IFAM), the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (Instituto Costarricense de Turismo, ICT), and the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo, INVU), the following points are highlighted:

I.That the water resource (recurso hídrico) is of public domain (dominio público), as stated in the Water Law (Ley de Aguas),...

...with the objective of protecting the spring (naciente) and its recharge zones.

That the lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) of the forest area (terreno forestal) must also extend to the protection easement (servidumbre de protección) of the water system.

II.That the presence of fertile alluvial plains (vegas) and the organic soil horizon (horizonte orgánico del suelo) require water balance studies (estudios de balance hídrico) as a prerequisite for any authorization of earthworks (movimientos de tierra) and land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo). This is also the position supported by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA) and the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, SINAC), for the execution of subdivision (fraccionamiento) projects under the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal). Furthermore, by mandate of the Executive Decree (Decreto Ejecutivo) 25721 and its reforms, the Osa Conservation Area (Área de Conservación Osa, ACOSA) must coordinate with the National Groundwater, Irrigation, and Drainage Service (Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento, SENARA) to guarantee the environmental flow (caudal ambiental). In contrast, the Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) is a separate tool promoted by the Forestry Financing Fund (Fondo de Financiamiento Forestal, FONAFIFO), and the protection of the aquifer (acuífero) and its monitoring is framed within the “SIC” methodology.

III.Therefore, the competent institutional framework requires an integrated management approach to define the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) of projects affecting forest cover (cobertura boscosa), linking the Costa Rican Institute of Electricity (Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, ICE) and the Public Services Company of Heredia (Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia, ESPH) in the evaluation of the reliability (confiabilidad) of the electrical supply (suministro eléctrico). In this regard, the methodological guide for integrating renewable energy projects of the Regional Environmental Program (Programa Ambiental Regional) for Central America (PROARCA) will be used.

Therefore, the legal, environmental, and technical criteria issued by the National Commission for Risk Prevention and Emergency Response (Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, CNE), the National Meteorological Institute (Instituto Meteorológico Nacional, IMN), and the National Geographic Institute (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN) are binding.

For the areas of high slope (>45%), a "veto" forest layer (capa forestal de "veto") determined by the Institute of Rural Development (Instituto de Desarrollo Rural, INDER) is established, the infringement of which gives rise to a particular crime (delito particular) according to the provisions of the Criminal Code (Código Penal).

ANEXO 1

LISTA DE ESPECIES FORESTALES

ANEXO 2

COORDENADAS DEL INMUEBLE Coordenadas oficiales del Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN), datum CR05, proyección CRTM05:

Área total según plano catastrado: 3.75 hectáreas.

ARTÍCULO 6. De la vigencia. Este Reglamento de Fraccionamiento y Urbanizaciones rige a partir de su publicación en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta.

Artículo 6—For the purposes of this technical regulation, the following definitions shall apply:

**Forest (bosque):** Ecosystem or land type composed predominantly of tree and/or shrub species of any size, origin, nature, or state of development (natural or planted), characterized by the presence of contiguous tree crowns, understory, and an incipient or absent herbaceous layer. This definition includes the soil, subsoil, and all ecological interactions that occur on that surface. It excludes isolated trees by area and linear tree plantations, which are part of other land-use types (agroforestry systems, silvopastoral systems, living fences, windbreaks, etc.), as well as fruit plantations.

Forest cover (cobertura boscosa) shall be understood not only in terms of the tree stratum but also includes its successional stages, the shrub component, the natural regeneration structure, and even temporarily deforested areas, provided they retain the elements in the soil and subsoil that evidence the forest’s capacity to regenerate naturally. The successional stages referred to are herbaceous vegetation, shrub vegetation, and tree vegetation (according to methodologies established by MINAE for determining the extent of forest cover in Costa Rica).

**Forestry Regime Lands (Terrenos de Régimen Forestal):** The following areas, whose delimitation and location correspond to SINAC:

**Spring Area (Área de Naciente):** Area defined by a radius of one hundred meters measured horizontally in forested land or fifty meters in non-forested land, whose center is constituted by the spring (naciente) that gives rise to a permanent watercourse intended for human consumption or for the development of productive activities, either on the property where it is located or for the social interest of other properties, in accordance with the provisions of Article 33, Chapter II of the Ley Forestal, Decreto Ejecutivo 25721-MINAE, and its reforms.

**Vulnerable Areas (Áreas de Vulnerabilidad):** Geographically defined areas susceptible to natural or human-induced phenomena, where the conditions of fragility in the physical, biological, and social environment could cause irreversible damage, whether due to their constitution, location, or specific qualities.

**Risk Areas (Áreas de Riesgo):** Areas where there are elements, phenomena, environments, or human actions that, due to their location, magnitude, and intensity, represent a potential threat of causing material damage, socio-economic disruption, or environmental degradation, and that may constitute a natural or anthropogenic disaster. In these areas, the State and the Municipalities must regulate land use through the respective regulatory plans and other instruments provided for in the legislation, in accordance with the provisions of Article 22 of Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849-MINAE, Voto 4654-2003 of the Constitutional Chamber, and Law No. 8488.

**Earthworks (Movimientos de Tierra):** Land modifications, including the disposal of solids and residues from excavation, that alter the soil and subsoil, except for tillage or preparation of the soil for agricultural activities.

**Land-Use Change (Cambio de Uso del Suelo):** A permit that authorizes the owner to cut down the forest on forested land in order to give the land a different use from that of the forest.

**SETENA:** National Environmental Technical Secretariat, an office attached to MINAE, established through Executive Decree and regulated by the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente.

**SINAC:** National System of Conservation Areas, an institutional model for management and administrative decentralization, under the authority of MINAE.

**Management Plan (Plan de Manejo):** Set of actions of a technical and legal nature that, based on the environmental and socio-cultural characterization of an area, establish a system of good practices (*buenas prácticas*), determining the responsibility, protection, use, intervention, and monitoring of natural resources to guarantee the sustainability of forest management.

**Forest (Bosque):** As defined in the first part of this article.

**Path (Trillo):** A narrow pedestrian trail intended for tourism or scientific research used within forests and other wooded land, as established in the Manual for Defining Technical Specifications for Forest Inventory and Silvicultural Treatments for the Preparation and Approval of Management Plans according to the Principle of Prevention, published by SINAC.

**SILEC:** Wild Timber Control and Traceability Information System administered by SINAC, which supports the control of timber mobilization, the forest industry, and related documentation.

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 Decreto Ejecutivo 32965-MINAE El Presidente de la República y el Ministro del Ambiente y Energía En uso de las facultades conferidas en los incisos 3) y 18) del artículo 140 de la Constitución Política, 25, 27 párrafo 1) y 28 párrafo 2) acápite b) de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, Ley 6227 del 2 de mayo de 1978; Ley de la Administración Financiera de la República y Presupuestos Públicos, Ley 8131; Código de Minería, Ley 6797; Ley Forestal, Ley 7575; Ley de Biodiversidad, Ley 7788; Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley 7554; Reglamento a la Ley de Biodiversidad, Decreto Ejecutivo 34433-MINAE.

Considerando:

I.—Que el Estado costarricense ha asumido compromisos internacionales en materia ambiental, entre ellos, la Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Fauna y Flora Silvestres (CITES), ratificada mediante Ley 5605 del 23 de octubre de 1974; el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica, ratificado mediante Ley 7416 del 30 de junio de 1994; y la Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación, ratificada mediante Ley 7699 del 3 de octubre de 1997, los cuales demandan la implementación de medidas que garanticen el uso sostenible de los recursos naturales y la conservación de la biodiversidad.

II.—Que el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política establece el derecho de toda persona a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, por lo que es deber del Estado garantizar, defender y preservar ese derecho, en cumplimiento del principio de irreductibilidad (irreductibilidad) del patrimonio natural del Estado.

III.—Que la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, crea el Programa de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA), como un mecanismo financiero para reconocer los servicios ambientales (servicios ambientales) que brindan los bosques y las plantaciones forestales, entre ellos, la mitigación de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, la protección del agua, la protección de la biodiversidad y la belleza escénica natural.

IV.—Que mediante Decreto Ejecutivo 25721-MINAE, Reforma al Reglamento de la Ley Forestal, se establece el procedimiento para el Reconocimiento de los Servicios Ambientales, el cual debe ser actualizado periódicamente para mejorar la eficiencia y transparencia en la administración de los recursos del PSA.

V.—Que se requiere modificar la normativa para fortalecer los mecanismos de control, seguimiento y monitoreo de los contratos de PSA, así como para redefinir las prioridades de inversión, las modalidades de pago y los montos a reconocer por los servicios ambientales generados, de conformidad con los estudios técnicos y financieros realizados por el Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO) y con las políticas del Sector Ambiente, Energía y Mares.

Por tanto,

Decretan:

Reforma al Decreto Ejecutivo N° 25721-MINAE, Reglamento a la Ley Forestal Artículo 1.—Se reforman los artículos 1, 2, 6, 14, 15, 17, 20, 24, 25, 27, 32 y 35; así como los Anexos 1 y 2 del Reglamento a la Ley Forestal, Decreto Ejecutivo N° 25721-MINAE de 17 de octubre de 1996, publicado en La Gaceta N° 212 del 5 de noviembre de 1996. Los textos son los siguientes:

Artículo 6.—Definiciones. Para efectos del presente Reglamento, se establecen las siguientes definiciones:

Área de protección: Área de terreno, definida en el plano de catastro, que se debe conservar con la cobertura forestal (cobertura boscosa) existente o mediante la regeneración natural, para garantizar la protección del recurso hídrico, la conservación de la biodiversidad y la conectividad ecológica, conforme a lo dispuesto en el presente reglamento y el plan de manejo aprobado por la Administración Forestal del Estado (AFE).

Certificado de Servicios Ambientales (CSA): Título valor emitido por FONAFIFO, que representa los servicios ambientales generados por un área determinada durante un período específico, el cual es transable en el mercado nacional e internacional de carbono.

Contrato de PSA: Acuerdo formal entre FONAFIFO y el propietario o poseedor del terreno, mediante el cual se establecen los derechos y obligaciones de las partes para la conservación o el establecimiento de cobertura forestal y el pago de servicios ambientales.

Forest cover (cobertura boscosa): Ecosistema nativo o autóctono, intervenido o no, regenerado por sucesión natural u otras técnicas forestales, que ocupa una superficie de tierra de al menos 0.5 hectáreas, caracterizado por la presencia de árboles maduros de diferentes edades, especies y porte variado, con uno o más doseles que cubran más del setenta por ciento (70%) de esa superficie, y donde existan más de sesenta árboles por hectárea de quince o más centímetros de diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP).

Earthworks (movimientos de tierra): Cualquier acción que implique la alteración del relieve natural del terreno mediante cortes o rellenos, incluyendo nivelaciones y excavaciones.

Environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA): Procedimiento técnico-administrativo establecido por la SETENA, que permite identificar, predecir y mitigar los impactos ambientales que un proyecto, obra o actividad pueda ocasionar sobre el ambiente.

Forestería comunitaria: Modalidad de acceso al PSA para organizaciones comunitarias legalmente constituidas, orientada a promover el desarrollo rural sostenible y la distribución equitativa de los beneficios derivados de los servicios ambientales.

Forestry Regent (Regente Forestal): Profesional en ciencias forestales, debidamente incorporado al colegio profesional respectivo y acreditado ante la AFE, responsable de la dirección técnica, el control y la verificación del cumplimiento del plan de manejo y de las obligaciones contractuales del PSA.

Land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo): Transformación de la cobertura forestal para dedicar el terreno a actividades agropecuarias, urbanísticas u otros usos no forestales, prohibida en los inmuebles sujetos a contratos de PSA, conforme a la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575.

Manejo forestal sostenible: Administración del bosque de manera que se mantenga su biodiversidad, productividad, capacidad de regeneración, vitalidad y su potencial para cumplir, ahora y en el futuro, funciones ecológicas, económicas y sociales relevantes, sin causar perjuicio a otros ecosistemas.

Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA): Compensación financiera que el Estado, a través de FONAFIFO, otorga a los propietarios y poseedores de bosques, plantaciones forestales y sistemas agroforestales, por los servicios ambientales generados, conforme a las prioridades y montos establecidos en el presente reglamento.

Pequeño productor: Persona física o jurídica que posee una extensión de tierra de hasta treinta hectáreas (30 ha), conforme a la certificación catastral, y que puede acceder a las modalidades de PSA en condiciones preferenciales.

Plan de manejo: Documento técnico elaborado por un Regente Forestal, que describe las características biofísicas, socioeconómicas y legales del inmueble, y establece las actividades de conservación, protección y manejo necesarias para garantizar la provisión de los servicios ambientales objeto del contrato de PSA.

Regeneración natural: Proceso ecológico mediante el cual se restablece la cobertura forestal en un área determinada sin intervención humana directa, a partir de fuentes de semilla, banco de plántulas, o rebrotes existentes en el sitio.

Sistemas agroforestales: Formas de uso y manejo de los recursos naturales en las cuales especies leñosas (árboles, arbustos, palmas) se utilizan en asociación deliberada con cultivos agrícolas o con animales en el mismo terreno, con el fin de optimizar los beneficios de las interacciones ecológicas y económicas resultantes.

Subdivision (fraccionamiento): División material de un inmueble en dos o más lotes, la cual se encuentra sujeta a las restricciones establecidas en la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, y en el presente reglamento, especialmente en cuanto a la conservación del área de protección y la continuidad del contrato de PSA.

本次环评的基本目标,是从技术角度上,在国家地理研究所(IGN)的测量与制图数据基础上,对位于征地权区域内的森林覆盖(cobertura boscosa)面积和易于发生森林覆盖(cobertura boscosa)的土地利用变化(cambio de uso del suelo)地区,进行量化估算。此外,基于对征地权区域植被的一般实地勘察,本环境影响评价(EIA)分析了其生态状况。 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de Amparo","number":"06383 - 2004","date":"2004-06-18T00:00:00","room":"Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia","tags":["ACCESO A LA INFORMACION","BOSQUES","INFORMACION","INTERES DIFUSO"],"external_id":null,"slug":"2004-006383"},"text":"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n 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" "Ya el señor ex-presidente de la Comisión Nacional de Emergencia, Ing. Ricardo Taitelbaum Yoselewich, hizo ver, tal como consta en esa Unidad, la inconveniencia de ubicar terrenos para la construcción de viviendas populares, en terrenos con fallamiento local, como los de Calle Lajas-Lourdes de Montes de Oca, donde el grado de fracturación existente facilita que se produzcan fenómenos de remoción en masa, activados por sismos, por lo que para el futuro, ya se está trabajando en un proyecto de zonificación final sobre amenazas naturales en la zona, criterio técnico este que el Alcalde municipal de Montes, Samuel Yankelewitz Berger, se ha comprometido a respetar en el futuro, disponiendo las medidas necesarias para su implementación. A grandes rasgos, dichos estudios de amenazas naturales identifican en Calle Lajas-Lourdes de Montes de Oca, la existencia de fallas locales activas transcurrentes con desplazamientos laterales, las que se evidencian por una serie de grietas, algunas rellenas y otras nó, en el terreno y las viviendas existentes. Se detectan además movimientos de remoción en masa, que van desde procesos de reptación, pasivos en apariencia, pero activos, los cuales producen pequeñas grietas y movimientos continuos de algunos centímetros en el terreno, entre otras manifestaciones evidentes para quien sepa apreciarlas. De allí que observa la Sala que la CNE, si bien tradicionalmente ha colaborado con el INVU en proyectos como el que generó la petición que ahora se ventila, en forma reciente se ha abstenido de hacerlo cuando los terrenos en los que se pretendan construir casas de habitación –sean para familias de grupos de escasos recursos económicos o no- presentan las condiciones del terreno que nos ocupa, en cuyo caso han abstenido su participación, que lo es por lo demás a título de mera recomendación, pues sus dictámenes no son vinculantes para la institución autónoma que debe decidir en definitiva el lugar de realización de los proyectos de vivienda. Esta actitud de la CNE ha sido considerada por este Tribunal como plausible, pues denota una conciencia preventiva, que en el fondo es el principio que debe informar toda su actuación como institución rectora del riesgo en el país, y en general de los entes u órganos públicos, quienes deben evitar colocar a los habitantes del país en situación de riesgo, máxime cuando esa posibilidad es conocida, como ocurre en el caso bajo estudio. En la especie, dijo además don Ricardo Taitelbaum Yoselewich que en tanto se elabora la cartografía definitiva en cuanto a amenazas naturales en la zona de Calle Lajas-Lourdes de San Pedro de Montes de Oca, que incluye los terrenos del INVU que sirvieron para el proyecto del caso de examen, recomienda tomar en cuenta las conclusiones del estudio de Armando F. Viquez Arias, que constan en el expediente, y que si bien no es un estudio de zonificación de amenazas, sí permite observar el grado de fracturación del macizo rocoso, las cuales son suficientes para comprender el nivel de amenaza natural presente. En relación al ICAA, indicó el Subgerente de esa institución, el geólogo Guillermo Chavarría, que no existe una incompatibilidad absoluta de urbanizar en esa zona, siempre y cuando se efectúen de previo los estudios de amenazas naturales y de movimiento de masa, que deben presentarse a esa institución, lo mismo que debe contarse con el visto bueno de la CNE, la SETENA y el INVU, antes de que el ICAA pueda extender la viabilidad ambiental al proyecto. Además, en relación al proyecto urbanístico Calle Lajas, agregó que lo conoció el ICAA una vez que el INVU lo había comenzado a implementar, que el ICAA no emitió la resolución de viabilidad (licencia) ambiental por cuanto el proyecto nació antes de que el ICAA comenzara a funcionar, que la institución aún no ha establecido los procedimientos internos para aprobar las evaluaciones de impacto ambiental, que la resolución se encuentra en la etapa de aprobación por parte de la Junta Directiva, que ICAA no puede aprobar los estudios de impacto ambiental para cada proyecto de vivienda del INVU, porque no están a su alcance los requerimientos que al efecto han hecho la CNE, Municipalidades y otras instituciones, que el INVU está en obligación de comunicarle al ICAA cuáles son los estudios que efectuó en cada caso, y que el único cartel que el INVU llevó al banco de proyectos no incluye los requerimientos mínimos en este campo. También intervino en la audiencia el Arquitecto Guillermo Salazar Vargas, Jefe del Departamento de Urbanismo de la Municipalidad de Montes de Oca, quien explicó que el proyecto de vivienda que provocó la petición de información, fue aprobado por la Municipalidad de Montes de Oca mediante la resolución de la sesión de Concejo Municipal Nº1910 celebrada el 7 de agosto de 1990, y que en su texto se imponían una serie de condiciones que debían cumplirse en el proceso de valoración. Varias de esas medidas no se cumplieron, y otras sí, que para el 12 de octubre de 1998, el Departamento de Urbanismo de esa Municipalidad, expidió una certificación que consta en archivos, en la que se indicó que no obstante que el cartel de obligaciones no se completó, se decidió darlo por satisfecho uno a uno, por razones que no constan en el expediente. Que en todo caso, de acuerdo con el Plan de Desarrollo Urbano que rige para todos los cantones del área metropolitana, aprobado en el año 1982, el cual es de acatamiento obligatorio, los terrenos de Calle Lajas, sobre los que el INVU construyó las casas de habitación de referencia están ubicados en una zona apta para el desarrollo, sin ninguna restricción, y que la ley no establece ninguna obligación de hacer estudios de amenazas naturales para otorgar las patentes de construcción, por lo que los permisos fueron extendidos en forma correcta. También declaró en la audiencia Luis Diego Morales, SENARA, en cuanto a las amenazas hidrometereológicas, manifestó que no hay un estudio que haya determinado que las obras de infraestructura del proyecto urbanístico Calle Lajas hubieran generado problemas en la canalización del río Torres o de alguno de sus afluentes, de modo que incremente el peligro por esa causa. Señaló el seños Carlos Ml. Rodríguez, Ministro del Ambiente y Energía que en las condiciones en que se encuentra actualmente el país y la zona en particular, lo prudente es no ejecutar ningún proyecto de vivienda en la zona de Calle Lajas-Lourdes de San Pedro de Montes de Oca, en línea de principio; que en la zona se han presentado problemas de agrietamiento, deslizamientos de tierra, presencia de fallas tectónicas y de fallas geológicas activas, por lo que existe serio peligro de que las personas que allí habitan, en el evento de un sismo de intensidad considerable como los que han afectado la zona, puedan resultar lesionadas, e incluso perder sus vidas, que es ocioso promover la construcción de viviendas de interés social en un sitio que se sabe vulnerable, para que la ayuda que se preste se la lleve una desgracia con el paso del tiempo. El señor Viceministro de Vivienda y Asentamientos Humanos indicó que el proyecto Calle Lajas se inició en la administración 86-90, y que paulatinamente se fue disminuyendo el número de soluciones de vivienda previstas, pasando de 53 a 26 y luego a las 18 construidas, por cuanto las condiciones del terreno así lo fueron exigiendo; de modo que si se trató de un yerro, el mismo se produjo desde la administración de ese entonces. Agregó no obstante que el INVU ha mostrado su mejor disposición a acatar las recomendaciones de la Comisión Nacional de Emergencia, que calificó de "vinculantes", y que está a la espera de lo que al respecto se le comunique, y que en cuanto al caso concreto, se giraron las instrucciones para que se paralizara el proyecto y no se vendieran más viviendas." \n" **Article 6.—Environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental).** For all developments in Forest Zone (Zona Forestal), as provided in this Regulation (Reglamento), a provisional environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) will be required, issued by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA) for projects requiring an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) or by the relevant Regional Environmental Unit (Unidad Ambiental Regional) for projects requiring an environmental management plan (plan de gestión ambiental, PGA), or by the Área de Conservación for projects requiring a sworn statement (declaración jurada), as set forth in Article 61 et seq. of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal), as proof that the property, prior to the start of earthworks, construction, or changes, meets a minimum of ten percent (10%) forest cover (cobertura boscosa).

**Article 7.—Special requirements for developments in Forest Zone.** In addition to the requirements stipulated in Articles 22, 23, and 24 of this Regulation, developments located in Forest Zone must provide, on the property itself, a minimum forest cover of ten percent (10%) within the development polygon, as well as an additional ten percent (10%) of the property's total area dedicated to conservation or reforestation, which may be located within the same property, as established in the respective forest management plan (plan de manejo forestal), which must be approved by the relevant Área de Conservación of the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC). Both percentages are separate and independent of the provisions of Articles 22, 23, and 24 of this Regulation, the easements (servidumbres) or protection zones that may exist on the property for springs (nacientes), water supply lines, rivers, or legal provisions that, by their nature, protect specific zones, as well as other provisions. To this end, the respective forest management plan must be developed jointly by the developer and the relevant Área de Conservación, which must approve the management measures indicated in the plan to be executed by the developer. The provisions of this article regarding the ten percent (10%) of the property's total area dedicated to conservation or reforestation do not apply to properties that are solely and exclusively intended for single-family residential use.

Artículo 6.—Forest land owners who voluntarily choose to conserve or recover the forest cover (cobertura boscosa) on their properties may access the Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA), as established in this Ley 7575, the applicable Decreto Ejecutivo 25721, and its regulations.

The MINAE, through the SINAC and the corresponding Áreas de Conservación, will prioritize the application of the PSA on properties located in areas that are important for the protection of water resources for human consumption, for the protection of biodiversity, or for the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, as established in Decreto N° 31849-MINAE.

For the prioritization and allocation of resources, the SINAC will use the criteria and procedures defined in Anexo 1 and Anexo 2 of the present regulation.

The selection of areas eligible for PSA will be carried out by the respective Consejo Regional del Área de Conservación, and will be formalized through a resolution by the ACOSA, as stipulated in Considerando III of the Voto 4654-2003.

The fixed per-hectare amounts for the PSA in this cycle are those approved by the competent authority, based on the technical studies presented by the CONARE and other specialized entities such as the ICE, JASEC, and the INDER. These amounts will be published annually by the MINAE through a specific resolution for each Área de Conservación.

For the purposes of this program, the beneficiaries must formally acknowledge and respect the pre-existing hydrological easements (servidumbres) of springs (nacientes) and watercourses, and submit a declaration guaranteeing the lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) of the forest under the PSAH contract. The total area subject to the PSA will be registered in the Public Registry as an environmental easement (servidumbre) for the duration of the contract.

In cases of properties undergoing a land subdivision (fraccionamiento) process approved by the INVU or the corresponding municipality, the benefit of the PSA may be requested as long as it is demonstrated that the proposed land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) and the resulting earthworks (movimientos de tierra) do not affect the environmental objectives of the contract area, in accordance with the Reglamento de Fraccionamiento and following a favorable environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) issued by SETENA. The technical approval of the ICAA and the CNE is also required for projects in areas of risk declared by the IMN and the IGN.

Article 6. The National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) of MINAE, in coordination with the municipalities, shall promote the creation of municipal nurseries with local native species based on the guidelines of the National Seed Bank, utilizing seeds from the predominant forest species in each region, which will serve as support for the afforestation processes (forestación) and reforestation (reforestación) established in this Act.

Any institution that carries out an earthwork (movimiento de tierra), construction, or expansion of a project requiring an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA), or which is part of a subdivision (fraccionamiento) of land under Decree N° 10, Refinery Public Works Scheme — Ciudad Cortés Sector in the Osa canton, shall compensate for the felling of trees by planting five trees for each one felled, within the property subject to the earthwork, construction, or expansion, or in public interest areas designated by the Municipality.

The technical report generated by the Municipality, after the corresponding inspection, shall determine the number of trees to be planted in relation to the area's forest cover (cobertura boscosa) and the number of trees felled. The validation of the compensation planting shall be governed by the provisions of Forest Administration Law 7575 and its Regulations, for the purpose of state control. The producer shall bear all costs generated by the compensation planting.

Considerando I.—Que el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política establece que el Estado procurará el mayor bienestar a todos los habitantes del país, organizando y estimulando la producción y el más adecuado reparto de la riqueza, y que toda persona tiene derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, por lo que está legitimada para denunciar los actos que infrinjan ese derecho y para reclamar la reparación del daño causado.

Considerando II.—Que la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, en su artículo 1, inciso a), declara como función esencial y prioritaria del Estado velar por la conservación, protección y administración de los bosques existentes en el territorio nacional, así como promover el adecuado desarrollo del sector forestal.

Considerando III.—Que el artículo 33 de la citada Ley Forestal establece que los terrenos con cobertura forestal (forest cover) están sujetos a la irreductibilidad (lifetime tenure) de dicha cobertura, prohibiéndose el cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change).

Considerando IV.—Que mediante Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, se declaró inconstitucional la posibilidad de autorizar el cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) en terrenos con cobertura boscosa (forest cover), reafirmando el principio de irreductibilidad (lifetime tenure).

Por tanto, DECRETA: Reglamento para el Control del Fraccionamiento y Urbanización de Terrenos en Áreas de Bosque Artículo 1.—Objeto. El presente reglamento tiene por objeto regular el fraccionamiento (subdivision) y la urbanización de terrenos ubicados en áreas de cobertura boscosa (forest cover), de conformidad con lo dispuesto en la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, y el Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional.

Artículo 2.—Definiciones. Para los efectos del presente reglamento, se adoptan las siguientes definiciones:

• a)Cobertura boscosa (forest cover): Superficie de terreno cubierta por vegetación natural o plantada de especies arbóreas, de acuerdo con los parámetros establecidos en el Anexo 1.
• b)Fraccionamiento (subdivision): División de un terreno en dos o más lotes, independientemente de su finalidad, conforme a lo dispuesto en el Reglamento de Fraccionamiento, Decreto Ejecutivo 25721.
• c)Cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change): Modificación de la condición natural del suelo, que implica la eliminación total o parcial de la cobertura boscosa (forest cover), para destinarlo a fines urbanísticos, agrícolas u otros no forestales.

Artículo 3.—Prohibición. Se prohíbe el fraccionamiento (subdivision) y la urbanización de terrenos que presenten cobertura boscosa (forest cover), salvo lo dispuesto en el artículo 4 del presente reglamento.

Artículo 4.—Excepciones. No se aplicará la prohibición del artículo 3 cuando:

• a)Se trate de terrenos que, a la fecha de entrada en vigencia del presente reglamento, cuenten con un plan regulador aprobado que permita el fraccionamiento (subdivision) en áreas de bosque, siempre que se garantice el mantenimiento de la cobertura boscosa (forest cover) existente, conforme al Anexo 2.
• b)El fraccionamiento (subdivision) tenga por objeto exclusivo la constitución de servidumbres (easements) ecológicas o el desarrollo de proyectos de Pago de Servicios Ambientales (PSA) autorizados por el MINAE.

Artículo 5.—Requisitos para el trámite de excepciones. Las solicitudes de excepción deberán presentarse ante la SETENA, acompañadas de un estudio de impacto ambiental (environmental impact assessment, EIA) y el criterio favorable del SINAC. La SETENA resolverá en un plazo máximo de treinta días hábiles.

Artículo 6.—Sanciones. El incumplimiento de las disposiciones del presente reglamento dará lugar a las sanciones previstas en la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, sin perjuicio de las responsabilidades civiles y penales que correspondan.

Transitorio I.—Las solicitudes de fraccionamiento (subdivision) en trámite a la entrada en vigencia del presente reglamento deberán adecuarse a sus disposiciones en un plazo de sesenta días naturales.

EN RULE 1 (Lifetime Tenure, Irreductibilidad):

Without prejudice to Article 19 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), no administrative act may authorize land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) on the properties listed in Annex 1 (Anexo 1), so as to ensure the preservation of their forest cover (cobertura boscosa).

RULE 2 (Subdivisions and Easements):

Any request for subdivision (fraccionamiento) of a property subject to this regulation, filed under the Subdivision Regulation (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento), must comply with Annex 2 (Anexo 2) criteria on spring protection zones and forest cover (cobertura boscosa) before SETENA or the relevant municipality may issue approval.

RULE 3 (Environmental Viability):

In evaluating environmental viability for projects affecting the listed areas, MINAE, through its technical bodies—SETENA, SINAC, ACOSA—shall require, as a minimum, the following land-use restrictions and protection measures guaranteed through easements (servidumbres) with lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) registered in the Public Registry:

Compliance with these parameters is a prerequisite for SETENA’s issuance of an environmental feasibility license, as established in Voto 4654-2003 of the Constitutional Chamber and in Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 and Decreto N° 31849-MINAE.

De considerando:

I.That according to Article 50 of the Political Constitution, the State will guarantee the right of every person to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.

II.That Article 89 of the Political Constitution establishes that among the cultural purposes of the Republic are: to protect the natural beauties, conserve and develop the historical and artistic heritage of the Nation.

III.That the Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, approved by Law 5980 of November 2, 1976, establishes that each State Party to this Convention recognizes that the obligation to identify, protect, conserve, rehabilitate, and transmit to future generations the cultural and natural heritage situated in its territory belongs primarily to that State.

IV.That Law 7554, Organic Law of the Environment, of October 4, 1995, Article 2, subsection b), establishes that the State's actions for the protection and improvement of the environment are a matter of public utility and social interest, and Article 32 establishes that special protection areas (áreas de protección especial) are those delimited areas within the national territory that are subject to a special management regime according to current legislation.

V.That Law 7575, Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), of February 13, 1996, Article 33, establishes as protection areas (áreas de protección) those established in Articles 33 and 34 of said law, and Article 34 indicates that the margins of rivers, streams, and springs (nacientes) defined by the Forest Administration constitute protection areas.

VI.That Executive Decree 25721-MINAE, of October 17, 1996, published in La Gaceta No. 212 of November 6, 1996, establishes the Regulation for the Protection of Springs (nacientes) of Water Sources. Article 2 defines the protection area for a spring (naciente) as the area of one hundred meters radius measured horizontally from the periphery of the spring.

VII.That the technical criteria and studies elaborated by the competent institutions of the State demonstrate the necessity of establishing a protection polygon that includes the springs (nacientes) of the _______ River micro-basin, in order to guarantee the quantity and quality of the water resource for the supply of the population, in compliance with the constitutional mandate of Article 50 of the Political Constitution. Therefore,

THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC AND THE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY In use of the powers conferred by Articles 140, subsections 3) and 18), and 146 of the Political Constitution, Articles 25, 27 subsection 1), 28 subsection 2) subsection b), and 103 of the General Public Administration Law, Law 7554, and Law 7575,

DECREE:

Article 1—Declaration of public interest and national convenience. The protection and conservation of the springs (nacientes) that supply the aqueducts of the communities of _______, located in the ______ River micro-basin, in the canton of _______, province of _______, are declared of public interest and national convenience.

Article 2—Delimitation of the protection area. The protection area of the springs (nacientes) indicated in the previous article is delimited, which will comprise a polygon whose vertices, in decimal geographic coordinates referenced to the CR05 datum, projection CRTM05, are the following:

The location map that is attached as Annex 1 (Anexo 1), which forms an integral part of this decree, is also provided for informational purposes.

Article 3—Restrictions on land use. Within the delimited protection area, the following activities are prohibited: a) Removal of forest cover (cobertura boscosa). b) Land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo). c) Construction of infrastructure, with the exception of that required for the capture, treatment, and conduction of water for human supply, which must have the respective environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) granted by SETENA. d) Application of agrochemicals. e) Discharge of wastewater, solid waste, or any other type of pollutant. f) Extraction of materials from quarries or any type of excavation.

Article 4—Activities allowed. Within the delimited area, only the sustainable management of the forest by SINAC, reforestation with native species, and recreational activities of low environmental impact that do not require the construction of infrastructure are allowed.

Article 5—Obligation of institutions. Public institutions that have competence in the area are obliged to incorporate the restrictions established in this decree in their plans, land-use plans, and the granting of permits. In particular, the corresponding municipality must incorporate this protection area into its regulatory plan.

Article 6—Environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental). For any project that is developed in areas adjacent to the delimited polygon and that may affect the springs (nacientes), SETENA must require, as part of the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA), an analysis of impacts on the water resource of the protected micro-basin.

Article 7—Effective date. This decree takes effect upon its publication in the Official Gazette La Gaceta.

Signed in the Presidency of the Republic. San José, on the ___ day of the month of ______ of two thousand ___.

**Texto original:** "IX. Que el ... la Ley 7575 ... Voto 4654-2003 ... Decreto Ejecutivo 25721 ... Decreto N° 31849-MINAE ... Anexo 1 ... Anexo 2 ... Considerando III ... Por tanto ..." **Traducción al inglés:** "IX. Whereas ... Law 7575 ... Ruling 4654-2003 ... Executive Decree 25721 ... Decree No. 31849-MINAE ... Annex 1 ... Annex 2 ... Recital III ... Therefore ..." Preservation of the Forest (Ley Forestal, Article 19) sets forth that the areas which shall be maintained with permanent forest cover (cobertura boscosa) include the areas that protect the water resource (recurso hídrico), through the legal protection of the areas that border springs (nacientes), whether on plain or broken terrain, within a radius of one hundred meters, as well as the strip of fifteen meters in rural areas and ten meters in urban areas, measured horizontally, on both banks of rivers, streams, and creeks, and the areas that border permanent or intermittent water bodies, among others. Additionally, Supreme Court Vote 4654-2003, in Considerando III, establishes the restricted or protective nature of these areas, in the sense that these lands are subject to limitations and specific use and development regulations, which basically restrict the types of activities and the intensity of land use, due to the environmental fragility of the natural resources that the areas themselves are intended to protect, which, in accordance with applicable regulations, means that they must be maintained with a permanent forest cover, so that said areas must be maintained with tree, shrub, or herbaceous vegetation, and must not be covered with infrastructure or construction of any type, nor be dedicated to the siting of any type of activity.

Thus, Supreme Court Vote 4654-2003, in Considerando III, indicates that the regulations issued regarding the protection of the water resource have progressively expanded the area of protection, to which must be added the issuance of the Forest Law, Article 33, its Regulations (Reglamento a la Ley Forestal), Executive Decree 25721-MINAE, which in Article 33 establishes that the delimitation of forest protection areas (áreas de protección) indicated in Article 33 of the Forest Law, shall be carried out by the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, SINAC) of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía, MINAE), following the criteria set forth in said Regulation and in the Manual for the Identification and Delimitation of Forest Protection Areas (Manual para la Identificación y Delimitación de las Áreas de Protección) indicated in Annex 1 (Anexo 1) and Annex 2 (Anexo 2) of Executive Decree 25721-MINAE, where the definition of the permanent protection strip (franja de protección permanente) is specified, which must be delimited in the field based on the technical definition of the ordinary maximum level (nivel máximo ordinario), as indicated in said Manual, and also in the PGe-002-2008 Guide, of the Costa Rican Institute of Electricity (Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, ICE).

This protection strip is an area of lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad), referred to in Article 2 of the Regulation for the Protection of the Water Resource (Reglamento para la Protección del Recurso Hídrico), Executive Decree N° 31849-MINAE, which establishes the definitions for the application of the Regulation, where it defines the protection area (área de protección) as the area established in Article 33 of the Forest Law, which constitutes the area of lifetime tenure, which delimits the permanent protection strip, parallel to the river, stream, or creek or permanent or intermittent water body, with the limitations indicated in said Regulation for each specific case, and which is the area object of delimitation and which is necessary to maintain and conserve the body of water, determine its sustainable use, and protect it from sources of contamination, preventing the risk to human health and the environment.

The Costa Rican State, through the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, MINAE) and the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, SINAC), with technical criteria from the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA), has promoted the Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) as a mechanism for forest conservation and recovery. This program, regulated in the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575, has been fundamental for the protection of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) and the regulation of land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo).

In compliance with Constitutional Chamber Vote 4654-2003, which ordered the regulation of environmental criteria for subdivisions (fraccionamientos), Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE was issued, reforming the Subdivision Regulation (Reglamento de Fraccionamiento) to incorporate environmental viability requirements. In this regard, Considerando III of the decree establishes that any subdivision project must obtain environmental viability from SETENA before its approval by the corresponding Municipality.

The project presented by ACOSA must observe the protection of springs (nacientes) and the establishment of protection easements (servidumbres), as well as the regime of lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) of forest areas established in Article 19 of the Forestry Law, in accordance with the parameters defined in Annex 1 (Anexo 1) of Executive Decree No. 25721 and the environmental guidelines of Annex 2 (Anexo 2).

Therefore (Por tanto), the viability is conditioned on the strict compliance with the technical criteria issued by SINAC, particularly in terms of the protection of the Payment for Environmental Services for hydrological protection (PSAH) in the area.

The approved plan rejects any land-use change that does not have the respective endorsement from SETENA, in coordination with the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, ICE), the National Groundwater, Irrigation, and Drainage Service (Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento, SENARA), and the municipalities involved, including the guarantor of public works via the National Roads Authority (Consejo Nacional de Vialidad, CONAVI) of the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes, MOPT).

Si el desarrollo se encuentra en los Planes Reguladores con viabilidad ambiental de SETENA, o el Plan Regulador cuenta con una resolución de viabilidad ambiental emitida por la SETENA, a través de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental.

Si la finca cuenta con Reglamento de Fraccionamiento (subdivision) y/o su correspondiente plano debidamente aprobado antes del 20 de diciembre de 1995, y por lo tanto la actividad se encuentra en ejecución, se debe presentar una evaluación de impacto ambiental (environmental impact assessment, EIA) mediante el Documento de Evaluación Ambiental D1 ante la SETENA.

Si la propiedad es una segregación en finca menor a 10 hectáreas y no existe un reglamento de fraccionamiento y/o su correspondiente plano debidamente aprobado antes del 20 de diciembre de 1995; para definir el tipo de documento de EIA a presentar, SETENA valorará los posibles impactos ambientales que su actividad podría generar, para lo cual se debe presentar el documento D1, para que mediante un análisis y en función de la magnitud de dichos impactos, la SETENA defina si aplica un D1 o un D2.

Si el uso del suelo (land-use change) que se pretende dar a la propiedad, no es congruente con el Plan Regulador, se debe obtener previamente la viabilidad ambiental del mismo, mediante una modificación al Plan Regulador, o bien, el interesado podría obtener la certificación del uso de suelo congruente por parte del Gobierno Local, para lo que se debe hacer una modificación del Plan Regulador o una solicitud de revisión del mismo a la SETENA, siendo contundentes en recordar que este tipo de proyectos no podrían desarrollarse en terrenos con cobertura boscosa (forest cover), a no ser, que cuente con el respectivo permiso de cambio de uso del suelo emitido por la autoridad competente (SINAC-MINAE, según corresponda), por lo cual, se debe iniciar con los trámites de Evaluación Ambiental y la solicitud de factibilidad de uso ante el SINAC, siendo ambos procesos independientes, no excluyentes y vinculantes.

Artículo 6.—Funciones de la Secretaría Técnica. Son funciones de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), creada en esta ley, las siguientes:

• a)Dictar las políticas para la evaluación de impacto ambiental (EIA).
• b)Realizar la EIA de las actividades, obras o proyectos que se sometan a su consideración, de conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 17 de esta ley.
• c)Recomendar las acciones necesarias para minimizar el impacto ambiental (impacto ambiental) y, en general, proponer las medidas de prevención y mitigación que correspondan, así como el programa de gestión ambiental (PGA) respectivo.
• d)Confeccionar y mantener actualizados los manuales de EIA.
• e)Llevar un registro de consultores ambientales y de los estudios de impacto ambiental (EsIA) y demás documentos ambientales que se presenten.
• f)Administrar un sistema de información sobre el impacto ambiental de las actividades, obras o proyectos sometidos a su conocimiento.
• g)Vigilar el cumplimiento de las resoluciones que emita y de las medidas ambientales que establezca.

Artículo 17.—De la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental. Para las actividades, obras o proyectos que se enumeran en el Anexo 1 de esta ley, será requisito previo y obligatorio la obtención de la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental, que será otorgada por la SETENA, con base en la EIA. La SETENA establecerá, mediante resolución, las modalidades de la EIA que correspondan a cada tipo de actividad, obra o proyecto, incluyendo aquellos que requieran únicamente de un instrumento denominado Declaración Jurada de Compromisos Ambientales (DJCA). La SETENA cobrará por el servicio de evaluación ambiental, de conformidad con el reglamento respectivo.

La resolución que otorgue la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental deberá contener, en lo conducente, la identificación de la actividad, obra o proyecto, el plazo por el cual se otorga, la delimitación del área de influencia, los impactos ambientales identificados, las medidas de prevención, mitigación y compensación que correspondan, la exigencia de las garantías ambientales (garantías ambientales) que se establezcan en el reglamento de esta ley, y las demás condiciones que la SETENA estime pertinentes.

Artículo 19.—Suspensión y revocatoria. La SETENA podrá suspender o revocar la viabilidad (licencia) ambiental, cuando se compruebe el incumplimiento de las obligaciones y condiciones impuestas en la misma, en las leyes ambientales, o en los reglamentos correspondientes. Igualmente, podrá suspenderla o revocarla cuando se constate que las condiciones ambientales del área de influencia han variado sustancialmente, o cuando surjan nuevas circunstancias de carácter científico o técnico que así lo justifiquen. Para tales efectos, la SETENA seguirá el procedimiento administrativo ordinario establecido en la Ley General de la Administración Pública, Ley 6227.

In the case of the appellant **Nombre02** specifically, it is evident that **she has chosen to file suit in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction (jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa), requesting the suspension of the Executive Agreements (Acuerdos Ejecutivos) denying extensions, the suspension of major broadcasting tenders (licitaciones mayores de radiodifusión), and even the prohibition of awarding the tenders.** The denial of the extremely urgent interim measure (medida cautelar provisionalísima) in case file No. 25-007887-1027-CA demonstrates that the Administrative Litigation Court has already assessed, albeit in interim relief proceedings, the absence of a *fumus boni iuris* and a *periculum in mora* sufficient to justify paralyzing the competitive bidding model without first hearing the arguments of the State and SUTEL on the matter. To now attempt to have the Constitutional Chamber grant, through the remedy of amparo, what was already denied in interim relief by the ordinary legality judge (the natural judge in these matters) would be equivalent to establishing a parallel dual instance on the same litigious object.

This procedural reality must be analyzed in light of the constitutional distribution of powers between the constitutional judge and the judge overseeing legality. The Constitutional Chamber has expressly delimited the allocation of functions between the constitutional jurisdiction and the administrative litigation jurisdiction. (…).

This is precisely the scenario of the case under review. **Objections to the bidding terms (pliegos de condiciones), the alleged impact of the pricing methodology, the challenges regarding the Executive Order of instruction and the major tenders (licitaciones mayores) themselves, are already being litigated in at least six interim and plenary judicial proceedings before the administrative litigation jurisdiction**, duly identified in the tables shown *ut supra*. In one of those proceedings, the Appeals Court for Administrative and Civil Treasury Matters has issued a general-scope interim measure (medida cautelar), which precisely regulates the validity regime of the enabling titles and ensures the continuity of the service while the public tender is underway and the main litigation is resolved. That is, the specialized jurisdiction is already operating, with full authority to decree and modulate specific interim measures.

This conclusion is reinforced by what was resolved by the Administrative Litigation Court itself in case file **No. 25-001640-1027-CA** (CANARA and others against the State), when analyzing the request for preferential processing. On that occasion, the Second Section **concluded that the object of the proceeding does not constitute** ***"a matter of great significance for the public interest, but rather for the plaintiffs, who in their current condition as concessionaires request the automatic extension*** ***(...) and oppose the bidding procedure that is underway for the allocation of the radio spectrum"*** **(Resolution of 07:47 hours on October 9, 2025)** highlighting that the interest at stake is essentially private and patrimonial, and not one of general scope for the community.

That characterization is projected, *mutatis mutandis*, onto the situation of the appellant CANARTEL: what is discussed in its administrative litigation claim and in this amparo is not the existence of structural censorship or an information blackout imposed by the State, but rather the opposition of a specific group of concessionaires to the replacement of the automatic extension regime with a public tender model, and their aspiration to preserve, through judicial means, enabling titles that the Constitution has always foreseen as temporary.

The **Supreme Electoral Tribunal (Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones)** itself, in Resolution **No. 2267-E8-2025** of April 2, 2025, also delimited the electoral risk linked to the new allocation scheme, ordering the deferral of its material implementation during the 2025-2026 electoral period, but without suspending the processing of the tenders or questioning the competence of the Executive Branch to design them. In that pronouncement, the electoral jurisdiction expressly stated that it lacks competence to review the "legality, pertinence, or timeliness" of the frequency tender model promoted by the Executive Branch, such that any controversy over said regime must be litigated in the administrative litigation jurisdiction. Furthermore, in its "Por tanto C", the TSE itself ordered that, during the electoral period, *"the new scheme shall not be implemented,* ***which does not imply that the process initiated by the cited ministerial portfolio must be suspended; if the respective legal requirements are met, the corresponding extensions, renewals, or awards could be granted*** *"*, (folio 606 of the administrative file No. UCNR-EA-2022-002, emphasis added).

That is, the jurisdiction constitutionally competent in electoral matters has delimited the risk and has expressly authorized the continuation of the process, conditioning only the material implementation of the new scheme during the electoral period. The full suspension of the tender agreed upon in the resolution of ten hours eleven minutes on November twenty-sixth, two thousand twenty-five, exceeds that standard and ends up producing a more restrictive effect than that set by the electoral judge itself.

In close relation to the above, through Executive Decree (Decreto Ejecutivo) No. 45195-MICITT of September 18, 2025, published in Supplement (Alcance) No. 122 to the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 177 of September 23, 2025, the Executive Branch extended the validity of the administrative broadcasting concessions that have been operating since June 28, 2004, until the business day following the date on which the new authorities of the Executive and Legislative Branches are definitively declared by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, keeping the original conditions of the titles unchanged for the administered parties. This normatively ensures that, throughout the entire 2025-2026 electoral process, the radio and television offering remains in its current terms, without an abrupt reduction of options for the citizenry.

Additionally, this Constitutional Chamber has recognized in its own jurisprudence that the public tender is the suitable institutional means to guarantee transparency, equal treatment, and accountability in the allocation of broadcasting frequencies. Resolution **No. 2017-011715** from fifteen hours five minutes on July twenty-sixth, two thousand seventeen, was clear in stating that Article 29 of Law No. 8642 confirms that the enabling title for private parties to use and exploit the radio spectrum is the concession and also establishes the procedure for granting it, in the sense that it must be through a public tender, which must be prepared and instructed by SUTEL, highlighting that this modality is what ensures "a fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory allocation" of the spectrum. Likewise, the constitutionally relevant intervention of the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República) cannot be overlooked. In exercise of the competencies recognized by the Political Constitution - control of the Public Treasury, oversight of administrative contracting, and guardianship of the principle of legality - the Comptroller General heard and resolved the objection appeals filed against the bidding terms for Major Tenders (Licitaciones Mayores) No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, concluding that the challenged clauses conform to the principles of transparency, free concurrence, and equality among bidders, and that fundamental rights are not violated nor are illegitimate barriers to accessing the tender generated. That is, a constitutionally specialized body in the prior and concurrent control of public procurement has endorsed, after a detailed technical-legal examination, the structure of the bidding terms and the compatibility of the tender model with the ordinary legality block.

Among the appellants who resorted to that objection route **was CANARTEL itself, in representation of its associates, so the appellant has not only had access to the administrative litigation jurisdiction, but also to the specialized prior administrative control of the bidding terms (pliegos licitatorios), in both cases without success in its claims.** Furthermore, the Comptroller General concluded that the allegations regarding a violation of freedom of expression are generic and without technical support. In its Resolution No. R-DCP-00077-2025, which resolved the objection appeals filed against Major Tender No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM sound broadcasting), the Comptroller General noted that the appellants claimed, in an abstract manner, that the economic scheme of the bidding terms could affect informative pluralism or exclude cultural or religious operators. **In the case of the objections formulated by CANARTEL, the Comptroller General reiterated this same line of argument**, **pointing out that the criticisms of the economic model and financial requirements were presented in an abstract manner, without identifying specific clauses, without verifiable technical-economic backing, and without a proposal for a normative redesign that would allow evaluating the alleged injury to fundamental rights.** However, the Comptroller Body was categorical in highlighting that:

The allegations do not identify the specific clauses that would produce the alleged impact.

They do not quantify or demonstrate the alleged economic impact They do not provide technical, economic, or market studies that prove a real and not hypothetical barrier.

They do not formulate a concrete claim for modification or adjustment that would allow evaluating the eventual risk.

Therefore, the Comptroller General concluded that these are *"generic claims, insufficient to prove an injury to freedom of expression (...) and therefore, their rejection due to lack of substantiation is warranted"*, maintaining the bidding terms unchanged in all their aspects related to freedom of thought and expression.

The Comptroller General determined that the base prices and the auction mechanism do not affect freedom of expression or access to cultural content. Concordantly, Resolution No. R-DCP-00078-2025, regarding the open and free television tender (Major Tender No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL), reinforces that line of administrative resolution by confirming that it is not demonstrated that the prices defined in the bidding terms injure freedom of thought and expression, nor that they limit access to cultural content.

The Comptroller Body indicated that:

- It is not proven that the base prices or the auction constitute an unjustified barrier to participation.

- There is no evidence that the economic structure of the tender restricts fundamental rights.

- The appellants failed to meet their burden of proof by not providing technical or legal elements that support their claims.

- The objection must be rejected outright, for non-compliance with the substantiation standard required by the General Law of Public Procurement No. 9986 and its Regulations.

This set of administrative and jurisdictional pronouncements highlights two essential elements for the resolution of the present amparo:

- a) The controversies regarding the competitive bidding model, its prices, technical requirements, and patrimonial effects already have open, active, and effective ordinary legality avenues before the Administrative Litigation Jurisdiction, which has all the necessary tools - including measures - injured their subjective legal interests.

- b) There is no, not even in a prior administrative control venue, a *fumus boni iuris* regarding a potential impact on freedom of expression or informative pluralism derived from the bidding terms, since the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic has expressly determined that the allegations in that regard are generic, do not identify specific clauses, lack technical support, and do not reveal unjustified barriers to accessing the tender.

Under such conditions, to expect the Constitutional Chamber to abandon the **principle of self-restraint of the constitutional judge** in order to reopen, through the amparo remedy, a debate already being aired in pending contentious-administrative proceedings and in objection procedures resolved by the Comptroller General's Office, would imply using the amparo remedy as a parallel instance for ordinary legality review, in open contradiction with the provisions of articles 10 and 49 of the Political Constitution and with the consistent jurisprudence of this Court.

Therefore, from a strictly procedural perspective, the present appeal is inserted into a context in which:

* ongoing contentious-administrative proceedings directly discuss the challenged Executive Agreement, the bidding model, and the consequences for specific enabling titles; * the ordinary mechanisms of prior and concurrent control of public procurement have been activated, with firm pronouncements from the Contraloría General de la República; and * a current, direct, and individualized injury to fundamental rights has not been demonstrated, but rather a general and abstract disagreement with a public policy for spectrum management and the modernization of the concession regime.

From this perspective, **the appropriate avenue for discussing the legal, technical, and economic correctness of the public broadcasting tender continues to be, as the Chamber itself has already recognized in its recent jurisprudence, the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction. The amparo remedy cannot be converted into an alternate channel to reconsider those controversies, nor to carry out a legality review that corresponds, exclusively, to the specialized courts.** In summary, in the case of the appellant Nombre02, **three elements concur that reinforce the inadmissibility of the amparo remedy as the main avenue**: **i)** the very administrative decisions it challenges are already the subject of a pending contentious-administrative proceeding (case file no. 25-007887-1027-CA), **in which the requested provisional precautionary measure has been rejected**; **ii)** the contentious-administrative jurisdiction has qualified, in a closely related proceeding (CANARA and others), that the controversy over extensions and the frequency tender responds to a private interest of concessionaires and not to a matter of great importance for the public interest; and **iii)** the Contraloría General de la República has rejected the objections of Nombre02 against the bidding documents for the three tenders, due to a lack of technical substantiation and an absence of evidence regarding a real impact on freedom of expression or information pluralism. Under these circumstances, the amparo appeal becomes an attempt to reopen, through an extraordinary avenue, discussions that already have active and effective ordinary channels, which overflows the function of this Court as a guarantor of fundamental rights and violates the principle of self-restraint of the constitutional judge.

**III.- REGARDING THE FACTS AND ALLEGATIONS PRESENTED BY THE APPELLANT** Regarding the facts and allegations raised in the AMPARO APPEAL brief, I proceed to state the following:

**1.- REGARDING THE INSTRUCTION GIVEN BY THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH TO SUTEL AND THE ALLEGATIONS ABOUT THE GENERAL DESIGN OF THE PUBLIC TENDER** The appellant maintains, in this first argumentative block, that the very origin of the broadcasting tender is unconstitutional due to the manner in which the Executive Branch instructed the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (SUTEL) and due to the general philosophy that allegedly inspired the design of the bidding procedure.

Specifically, it states *"that the Executive Branch, through Executive Agreement no. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, of June 20, 2024, instructed the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (SUTEL) to conduct a bidding process to award all available frequencies linked to the exploitation of: - Sound Broadcasting in Amplitude Modulation (AM). - Sound Broadcasting in Frequency Modulation (FM). - Open, free-to-air Television."* It adds, immediately after, that *"The decision was made in a general and abstract manner, without distinguishing between types of stations (commercial, cultural, religious, community, educational) nor between the situation of current concessions, those in the process of extension, or expired ones."* Later, it maintains that *"Subsequently, through official communication MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, of August 7, 2024, the guidelines directed to SUTEL were expanded, instructing it that the bidding procedure for all frequencies of the broadcasting services in AM, FM, and open television must ensure, among other aspects, that: 'For the case of the selection phase, a vision based on efficiency and market forces must be considered for each of the AM, FM, and television broadcasting services, which ensures an allocation of the radio spectrum subject to that bidding process in a Fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory manner, in accordance with the provisions of Law no. 8642, General Telecommunications Law and the Public Policy of the National Telecommunications Development Plan in force, considering the market value of that scarce resource.'"* Finally, it concludes that *"In practice, the instruction starts from the erroneous assumption that all sound and television broadcasting services are homogeneous and that their assignment must be governed predominantly by a logic of 'market forces' and maximization of the economic value of the spectrum, without recognizing the cultural, religious, community, and social function of a large number of current concessionaires."* Based on these premises, it is necessary to clarify the true scope of Executive Agreement no. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT and of official communication no. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, as well as their insertion into the constitutional, legal, and public policy framework governing the radio spectrum.

**True scope of Executive Agreement no. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT** Starting from what was alleged by the appellant that Executive Agreement no. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT would have generically instructed SUTEL to convene a tender to award all available AM, FM, and open television frequencies, it is essential to remember that said Agreement does not appear in a vacuum, nor does it respond to a discretionary will to "commercialize" broadcasting, but rather it is inserted into a clear normative framework.

In coherence with this constitutional, legal, and conventional framework, the Executive Branch issued Executive Agreement no. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT of June 20, 2024, published in Supplement no. 117 to the Official Gazette La Gaceta no. 116 of June 26, 2024, which, in addition to arising from constitutional and legal compliance, is supported by technical reports prepared by the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (the aforementioned official communications no. 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023 and no. 04180-SUTEL-DGC-2024, approved through Agreements no. 029-070-2023 and no. 004-013-2024 of its Board of Directors) that justify, through prior studies provided for in the sectoral legal system, the need and feasibility of a public tender for the broadcasting services in AM, FM, and TV.

These studies assess coverage, spectrum occupancy, the status of current concessions, potential demand, and market conditions, so that the base prices, technical obligations, and coverage requirements are not exclusionary, but rather the results of a technical-economic valuation of the scarce resource, in line with article 8 of Law no. 8642 (objectives of spectrum planning) and with Annex 13 of the Free Trade Agreement between the Dominican Republic, Central America, and the United States (CAFTA-DR), Law no. 8622, which obligates Costa Rica to assign and use scarce resources (including frequencies) through objective, transparent, and non-discriminatory procedures; that is, through these reports, SUTEL concluded that the need and feasibility of opening the public tender existed. That is, Executive Agreement no. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT is limited to ordering the preparation of future tenders, under rules of transparency and free competition, for a public domain asset whose exploitation has always been temporary.

Thus, when the appellant states that the Executive Branch, through said Agreement, "instructed" SUTEL to conduct a bidding process to award broadcasting frequencies, it describes a correct formal consequence, but omits that the Agreement is an act of general and abstract public domain asset (demanial) planning, as corresponds to the treatment of the radio spectrum as a public domain asset; that its purpose is to execute the mandates of article 121 subsection 14) and 182 of the Political Constitution, of the General Telecommunications Law no. 8642, of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) no. 1758, and of the National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022-2027; and that the design of the tender itself is built upon specialized technical studies from SUTEL, not upon simple political intuition nor upon a reductive logic of economic maximization.

The qualification that *"the decision was made in a general and abstract manner"* made by the appellant, far from evidencing a defect, precisely reflects the character that an act of this nature must have: the Agreement cannot and must not resolve, at that level, particular issues about specific concessionaires, processing statuses, or individual extensions, because those matters are heard in other instruments and procedures (including the contentious-administrative proceedings already underway).

**B. Nature and true content of the Public Policy Guidelines communication issued by this Telecommunications Rectorate, no. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024** Regarding official communication no. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, the appellant highlights only the phrase referring to "a vision based on efficiency and market forces (…) considering the market value of that scarce resource" and, from this partial quote, infers that this Rectorate would have "homogenized" all broadcasting services and subordinated their assignment to a predominantly economic logic.

However, the foregoing is complemented—and decisively nuanced—by the very content of official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 dated August 7, 2024, named "Additional technical guidelines from the Rector Minister in compliance with the provisions of articles 2 and 9 of Executive Agreement no. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT dated June 20, 2024, published in Supplement no. 117 to the Official Gazette La Gaceta no. 116, dated June 26, 2024", which states the following:

*"Given the foregoing, and by reason of the provisions of article 2 of Executive Agreement 063-2024-TEL-MICITT dated June 20, 2024, published in Supplement No 117 to the Official Gazette La Gaceta No 116 of June 26, 2024, related to the instructional procedure for the public tender for the provision of free-to-air sound and television broadcasting service for AM Sound Broadcasting, FM Sound Broadcasting and Television Broadcasting services, corresponding to the frequency segments from 525 kHz to 1705 kHz for the amplitude modulation broadcasting service, from 88 MHz to 108 MHz for the frequency modulation sound broadcasting service, and from 174 MHz to 216 MHz and from 470 MHz to 608 MHz for the television broadcasting service, it is that the Executive Branch, based on the provisions of subsection 1) of article 89 of Law No 6227, General Law of Public Administration, and its amendments, entrusted the Vice-Ministry of Telecommunications, due to the nature of its functions as a specialized entity of the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications (MICITT) in the area of telecommunications, with ensuring the proper application in the bidding process of the Sector's purposes, objectives, and policies. So that, in the bidding process about to begin, the Telecommunications Rectorate complies with the duty provided in subsection c) of article 39 of Law no. 8660, Law for the Strengthening and Modernization of Public Entities of the Telecommunications Sector."* In this sense, the guidelines simply conform to legal provisions with the sole purpose of ensuring that a public domain asset (demanial) is efficiently used in favor of the general interest, in absolute respect for the principles governing the telecommunications field. In this sense, the guidelines are limited to establishing general objectives of the tender, which can be clarified further in point 3.

of official communication </span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub">No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024</span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">, dated August 7, 2024, visible on folios 469 to 477 of case file No. UCNR-EA-2022-002, states:</span> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">Regarding the fundamental right of access to telecommunications services</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">: Establish the necessary guarantees to safeguard the legal regime of the rights and interests of end users, in order to ensure the continuity of the sound and television broadcasting service, through suitable mechanisms that allow effective access to this telecommunications service, in favor of freedom of thought, expression, and free information in accordance with the strategic objectives in the PNDT; as well as ensuring that the allocation of spectrum for the provision of broadcasting services is accessible throughout the entire national territory or in the defined coverage area, reaching rural areas, which presupposes the existence of access conditions that are at least similar throughout the territory, so that end users in disadvantaged areas are not discriminated against with disadvantageous quality conditions.</span> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">Regarding spectrum concentration</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">: Consider the inclusion of specific mechanisms that prevent the tender from generating a situation of spectrum concentration regarding sound or television broadcasting services, with a focus on users, effective competition in the Broadcasting Sector, transparency in the stipulations defined in the bidding rules (pliego de condiciones), and the optimization of the scarce resource, guaranteeing a fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory allocation.</span> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">Regarding border coordination</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">: Consideration must be given, as applicable, to previously established border coordination to guarantee that the assigned frequency segments are free from harmful interference. Furthermore, efforts shall be made to ensure that new assignments do not generate interference with the operation of stations in neighboring countries with which border frequency coordination agreements have been established.</span> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">Regarding the definition of coverage areas (action zones): </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Consider that the coverage areas assigned to each bidder declared eligible in the competitive process are carried out in accordance with operating conditions aligned with the principles of science and technique, seeking efficiency in the use of scarce resources, and providing the concessionaires (adjudicatarios) with the possibility of a progressive development of the infrastructure of their broadcasting network. </span> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">Regarding ancillary links: </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Access to the radio spectrum must be guaranteed for the establishment of radio links within the Fixed Service that support these networks, in accordance with the technical conditions established in the "National Frequency Allocation Plan" (Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias) and the network design of the potential concessionaire (adjudicatario). </span>> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">Regarding the optimal use of the radio spectrum: </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Guarantee the granting of the radio spectrum in a way that ensures its optimal use, by considering the national and/or regional coverage obligations, in accordance with the coverage areas defined by the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones for each concessionaire, according to the proposed network design. </span> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">Regarding the reserve of 24 MHz for television broadcasting established in the National Telecommunications Development Plan (Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones): </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Consider that as part of the provisions of the National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022-2027 "Costa Rica: Towards inclusive digital disruption," in "Strategic Area 2: Radio Spectrum for Competitiveness," Target 9 establishes: "Execute the process to have 24 MHz reserved by the State for television broadcasting services for the purpose of attending to local and national needs, by 2025," provided that there is demand for this resource, in accordance with the guiding principle of optimization of scarce resources. </span> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">Regarding the public tender (concurso público) to be conducted: </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Guarantee that no entry barriers are established that prevent interested parties from submitting their bids, but rather promote effective competition; also aim for maximum economic efficiency in order to avoid excessive expenditure by bidders in relation to the administrative procedures necessary to compete and participate in the tender; guarantee publicity and transparency in the provisions established in the bidding rules (pliego de condiciones) of the tenders to be promoted; consider the principles that guide administrative simplification processes to define clear and objective rules, promote inter-institutional cooperation, as well as the principles of good faith, transparency, procedural economy, legality, publicity, celerity, efficiency, and effectiveness of administrative activity. </span> <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">Regarding the guiding principle of environmental sustainability: </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">The public tender must consider the harmonization of the use and exploitation of networks and the provision of sound and television broadcasting services in favor of environmental sustainability and a healthy environment, so that new technologies promote a more efficient use of energy resources. The proper management of technological waste is a necessity and an obligation to seek the reduction of its impact on the environment. Therefore, compliance must be ensured at all times with the provisions of Law No. 8839, Integrated Waste Management Law (Ley para la Gestión Integral de Residuos). </span> Overall, the Public Policy issued by this Governing Body shows that the reference to "efficiency" and "market forces" cited by the appellant is just one element within a bundle of objectives that include continuity of service, territorial access, prevention of concentration, absence of entry barriers, user protection, and environmental sustainability.

Far from "homogenizing" broadcasting services or ignoring their cultural, religious, or community function, the guidelines are based on the logic that spectrum must be allocated fairly, equitably, independently, transparently, and non-discriminatorily, with special attention to users in rural areas and disadvantaged sectors. The emphasis on avoiding entry barriers and promoting effective competition is incompatible with the appellant's thesis that the design responds to a will of structural exclusion.

**C.** **Regarding the alleged homogenization of services** Based on the preceding citations, the appellant concludes that in practice, the instruction of the Executive Branch (Poder Ejecutivo) and the guidelines of this Governing Body "start from the erroneous assumption that all sound and television broadcasting services are homogeneous and that their allocation must be governed predominantly by a logic of 'market forces' and maximization of the economic value of spectrum." However, neither Executive Agreement (Acuerdo Ejecutivo) No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, nor official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, introduces any statement to the effect that all stations are "homogeneous" in terms of their programming or social function.

What they do establish is that, since spectrum is a constitutional public domain asset (bien de dominio público) owned by the Nation, its allocation must be carried out through a public tender (concurso público) with objective, transparent, and non-discriminatory criteria, without selecting concessionaires based on their editorial, religious, or cultural content; and that, furthermore, the design of the tender must avoid spectrum concentration, ensure service continuity, guarantee access throughout the entire territory, especially rural areas, and prevent entry barriers. In other words, the appellant mischaracterizes as "homogenization" what is actually the State's neutrality regarding the content and management models of concessionaires. The constitutional, legal, and international legal framework prevents the Executive Branch (Poder Ejecutivo) from establishing advantages, quotas, or differentiated fees based on whether a media outlet is cultural, religious, community, or commercial, without incurring indirect discrimination and without compromising freedom of expression.

That the tender does not distinguish in its economic rules between stations according to their editorial line does not mean denying the cultural or religious function of many operators; it means recognizing that the State cannot allocate spectrum under ideological or confessional criteria. This difference is key: what the appellant presents as an alleged defect ("treating everyone the same") is, in reality, the reflection of the principle of equality and non-discrimination that binds the State in telecommunications matters.

From the foregoing, it is evident that the appellant's argumentative construction stems from a fragmentary reading of the instruments it challenges. The citations made from Executive Agreement (Acuerdo Ejecutivo) No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT and from official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 are partial and do not reflect the integral content of those acts, nor the technical-legal context in which they are inserted. Far from configuring an alleged "mercantilist model" of broadcasting, Executive Agreement (Acuerdo Ejecutivo) No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT is limited to fulfilling the constitutional and legal mandate to order the preparation of public tenders (concursos públicos) for the allocation of a public domain asset (bien de dominio público), in accordance with the public domain regime (régimen demanial) of the radio spectrum and with the international commitments undertaken by Costa Rica regarding the administration of scarce resources. It must also be remembered that its technical basis, in accordance with the sectoral legal framework, stems from Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law (Ley General de Telecomunicaciones), which provides for the approval of the preliminary studies of need and feasibility rendered by SUTEL, regarding which it is stipulated:

*“ARTICLE 1.- APPROVE the technical opinions forwarded by official communication No. 10091-SUTEL-SCS-2023 dated November 29, 2023, through which the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones, forwarded the technical opinion issued via official communication No. 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023 dated November 21, 2023, approved by Agreement of its Council No. 029-070-2023, adopted in ordinary session No. 070-2023, held on November 23, 2023, and official communication No. 04542-SUTEL-SCS-2024 dated May 31, 2024, through which the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones, forwarded the technical opinion issued via official communication No. 04180-SUTEL-DGC-2024 dated May 21, 2024, approved by Agreement of its Council No. 004-013-2024, adopted in extraordinary session No. 013-2024, held on May 31, 2024, regarding the specific elements for the decision to initiate the public tender (concurso público), by virtue of the absence of reasons of public order or national interest that support departing from said recommendation of the Technical Body, and in this way promote the realization of the competitive process indicated below, given that the need for it exists, as determined by the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones in the technical opinions in question, as well as the technical, legal, and market feasibility analyzed in this report.”* For its part, official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 does not homogenize broadcasting services nor subordinate them exclusively to "market forces," but rather articulates the economic dimension of efficient spectrum use with clear objectives of service continuity, effective access throughout the entire national territory - including rural areas -, prevention of concentration, elimination of unjustified entry barriers, user protection, and environmental sustainability.

Therefore, the statement by Nombre02 to the effect that the instruction of the Executive Branch (Poder Ejecutivo) "disregards" the cultural, religious, community, and social function of numerous concessionaires finds no objective support in the contested texts. It is, rather, a fragmented reading that omits the guidelines expressly aimed at safeguarding pluralism, access, and non-discrimination in the provision of the free-to-air sound and television broadcasting service. Likewise, it overlooks the **National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022-2027** (Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones 2022-2027), the instrument of public policy par excellence that defines the sectoral roadmap and develops the mandates of Article 2 of Law No. 8642 regarding efficient spectrum management and the promotion of competition.

It sets as a central objective **to strengthen sound and television broadcasting services** as vehicles to guarantee pluralism, promote cultural diversity, and ensure free access to information. To this is added a specific line of action aimed at **"reinforcing the benefits that open and free broadcasting services provide to the country (…) enabling an operation that allows its use by the largest possible number of people, as well as creating mechanisms so that current concessionaires can fulfill the provision of the service in accordance with their enabling titles (títulos habilitantes)"**. This directive shows that open broadcasting is not conceived as a benefit reserved for a specific group of operators, but as a private service of public interest whose scope, efficiency, and diversity must be expanded.

In this context, the decision of the Executive Branch (Poder Ejecutivo) and SUTEL to convene public tenders (concursos públicos) for the allocation of broadcasting frequencies does not constitute an isolated or unprogrammed act, but rather the direct implementation of the goals and strategies outlined in the PNDT. Far from disregarding the social role of concessionaires, this sectoral planning reaffirms that a modern and competitive management of the spectrum—through objective, transparent, and open processes—is the ideal path to ensure that open and free broadcasting continues to fulfill its constitutional function of promoting culture, information, and democratic participation.

This first allegation, therefore, does not demonstrate a current, direct, and individualized injury to fundamental rights, but rather a disagreement with the public policy of spectrum management through an objective, transparent, and non-discriminatory public tender (concurso público), a mechanism that the constitutional and legal framework not only enables but imposes as the ordinary channel for the allocation of broadcasting frequencies.

**2.- REGARDING THE ALLEGATIONS RELATED TO THE DIFFERENTIATED LEGAL NATURE OF BROADCASTING** The appellant relies on Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law (Ley General de Telecomunicaciones) No. 8642 to affirm, in the first place, that *“(...) it establishes that: ‘The utilization of sound and television broadcasting, due to its informative, cultural, and recreational aspects, constitutes a private activity of public interest. The granting of concessions and the provision of broadcasting and television services will continue to be governed by the provisions of the Radio Law, No. 1758, of June 19, 1954, its reforms, and its Regulations. Sutel shall be responsible for carrying out the activities and studies necessary to prepare the concession tender (concurso) and recommend to the Executive Branch (Poder Ejecutivo) whether or not to grant these concessions. The sound or television broadcasting services defined in this article are free-to-air; these are understood as conventional sound or television broadcasting services, of commercial, educational, or cultural programming, which can be freely received by the general public, without payment of subscription fees, and whose signals are transmitted in one direction to multiple simultaneous reception points.’”.* On that basis, it maintains that “This provision expressly recognizes that free-to-air sound and television broadcasting can be of commercial, educational, or cultural programming, and that it is a private activity of public interest, not a purely mercantile service” and concludes that “An interpretation compatible with the Constitution requires, therefore, treating stations differently according to their nature and purpose.” This reasoning, however, pushes Article 29 further than its text—and the applicable block of constitutionality and conventionality—really allow.

It is true that the norm classifies sound and television broadcasting as a "private activity of public interest" and refers to the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 for the specific regime of service provision; but from this no constitutional or legal mandate emerges, either expressly or implicitly, to design public tenders with economic, technical, or legal conditions differentiated according to the content (commercial, educational, cultural, religious) or the subjective purpose of whoever exploits the frequency.

In the initial framework of this report, it has already been stated that broadcasting forms part of the Telecommunications Sector and is supported, like any other wireless service, by a constitutional public domain good: the radio spectrum. As the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (Procuraduría General de la República) has indicated (opinions C-89-2010, C-280-2011, and C-110-2016), broadcasting is a type of telecommunication, insofar as it constitutes a radiocommunication transmitted by radio waves, and this also follows from the definitions of "telecommunications," "telecommunications network," and "telecommunications services" provided in Article 6 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, which expressly include the networks and services used for sound and television broadcasting.

That broadcasting is legally classified as a "private activity of public interest" implies, on the one hand, that its provision corresponds in principle to private operators; and, on the other, that the State cannot disregard its regulation, given its direct impact on fundamental rights such as freedom of expression, access to information, and access to telecommunications. However, that classification does not distort its nature as a telecommunications service nor alter the public domain regime of the radio spectrum, much less displaces the guiding principles of the sector established in the Constitution, in international instruments, and in Law No. 8642, among them the efficient use of the spectrum, transparency, free competition, and, notably, the principle of non-discrimination. Consequently, the legal framework of telecommunications prevents the design of regulatory or economic conditions that favor one operator or group of operators to the detriment of other potentially interested parties, which is fully applicable to broadcasting services.

From all of the above, it follows that broadcasting is subject to a mixed legal regime, deliberately configured by the legislator. On the one hand, the Radio Law No. 1758 continues to regulate aspects specific to the granting of concessions and the provision of free-access broadcasting service; but, on the other hand, Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 expressly subjects the networks that serve as support for said services to its provisions regarding the planning, administration, and control of the radio spectrum, access, interconnection, and sectoral competition regime. In these areas, therefore, one cannot speak of a normative gap or of a need to "integrate" the legal system: the legislator itself decided to remove these matters from the Radio Law and subject them directly to the modern sectoral telecommunications regime, so that what is legally correct is to simply apply the norms of Law No. 8642.

This configuration, as has been repeatedly recognized by the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic, confirms that broadcasting does not constitute an isolated subsystem alien to the guiding principles of the sector, but rather a service modality that must adjust—at least regarding spectrum, networks, and competition—to the objectives and principles of the General Telecommunications Law: optimization of scarce resources, objective and transparent allocation, free competition, efficiency, and non-discrimination. Consequently, the use and reallocation of frequencies, the organization of the market, and the control of potential concentrations in broadcasting must be assessed under this normative framework, which excludes the thesis of a supposed "legal vacuum" that would enable privileged treatment or exceptions in favor of a specific group of operators.

This understanding has been expressly confirmed by the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic in its binding opinion No. C-110-2016, by stating that "there is no doubt that, at the international level, broadcasting, because it is radiocommunication, is telecommunication. (...) Sound and television broadcasting networks (...) are telecommunications networks and the broadcasting service is a telecommunications service as long as it is provided through those networks," a criterion that links with previous opinions in which it had already been affirmed that "given the breadth of the definition of the term telecommunications, there can be no doubt that broadcasting is a type of telecommunications." Based on this, the Attorney General's Office itself concludes that, although the broadcasting service remains subject to the Radio Law, "the legislator ordered the Radio Law to remain in force [...], therefore the legal regime is mixed." (Emphasis added).

That mixed regime has very clear legal consequences: on the one hand, broadcasting maintains certain historical rules of its own (such as programmatic categories, some aspects of service operation, and references to specific exemptions); but, on the other hand—and this is decisive for the case—the management of the radio spectrum, the concessionary nature of its use, the temporality of the concessions, the need for a public tender, and the objectives of efficiency, transparency, rational and non-discriminatory use are governed by the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642. This is synthesized by opinion No. C-110-2016 when it concludes "that broadcasting networks are regulated by the General Telecommunications Law and must be subject to the objectives and principles that govern telecommunications," such that "the use of a frequency for broadcasting could not be granted if that use does not satisfy the objective of optimizing the radio spectrum and its rational, efficient, transparent, and non-discriminatory exploitation." From this perspective, the referral of Article 29 to the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 cannot be read—as the appellant does—as a shield against the modern public domain regime of the radio spectrum, nor as an authorization to perpetuate concessions or to subtract broadcasting from the general regime of public tenders. On the contrary, the Attorney General's Office starts from the premise that the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 operates in the absence of specific regulation and in what is not incompatible with the objectives and principles of Law No. 8642. When there is a subsequent sectoral norm that sets maximum time limits, imposes the tender as a rule for the exploitation of public domain goods, and defines spectrum planning objectives, that norm—due to its special and subsequent nature—frames the interpretation of the historical regime without denaturing it, but does set limits compatible with the Political Constitution (Article 46, Article 121 subsection 14 sub-subsection c., and Article 182).

The normative evolution that followed the issuance of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 confirms this understanding. The Radiocommunications Regulation, Executive Decree No. 31608-G, of June 28, 2004, introduced in a generalized manner the figure of the concession for the exploitation of radiocommunication services, set maximum validity periods—including twenty years for open or subscription sound or television broadcasting services—and subjected their granting to a public tender. The Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional), in resolutions No. 02997-2006 and No. 04569-2008, expressly endorsed that turn, recalling that Article 121 subsection 14 of the Political Constitution only requires that the exploitation of public domain goods be "for a limited time" and that the Radiocommunications Regulation, by setting time limits and providing for an extension under reasonable limits, makes that mandate effective without violating acquired rights or consolidated legal situations.

Through Transitory Provision IV of the Radiocommunications Regulation No. 31608-G, those time limits were also applied to pre-existing broadcasting licenses, providing that the time limits of Article 30 would begin to run "from the effective date of this Regulation." This meant that open broadcasting concessions valid as of June 28, 2004, were subject to a maximum term of twenty years counted from that date, that is, until June 28, 2024. The Constitutional Chamber classified this adaptation as a way of protecting acquired rights and consolidated legal situations, not as a violation of them, because it precisely provided temporal certainty to concessions that until then were projected as practically perpetual.

In that same line, opinion No. C-110-2016 takes up Article 24 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, which sets a general term of fifteen years, extendable up to twenty-five, for concessions of public networks, as an "indication of what the norm should be in the case of the concession of a broadcasting network," concluding that when a concession for broadcasting is put out to tender, "the term should not exceed fifteen years, extendable up to twenty-five." With this, the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic not only recognizes the full applicability of Law No. 8642 to the use of the spectrum for broadcasting, but also reinforces the idea that the automatic extension of Article 25 of the Radio Law must be interpreted today in a manner compatible with the public domain nature, the temporal limits, and the principle of non-perpetuity of concessions.

Consequently, to maintain that the nature of private activity of public interest would imply a right to practically indefinite extensions or to the exclusion of broadcasting from the general regime of public tenders is frontally incompatible with the consolidated jurisprudence of the Constitutional Chamber and with the binding criterion of the Attorney General's Office. The mixed regime spoken of in opinion No. C-110-2016 is not a way to weaken subjection to the public domain regime, but rather a mechanism of articulation between a historical law (Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758) and a modern sectoral law (General Telecommunications Law No. 8642), in the sense that the latter sets the parameters for planning, allocating, and controlling the spectrum to which any broadcasting concession must adjust, whatever its programmatic content.

The very wording of Article 29 of Law No. 8642 is revealing: while it recognizes the "informative, cultural, and recreational" aspects of broadcasting, it keeps intact the rule according to which SUTEL "shall carry out the activities and the necessary studies to prepare the concession tender and recommend to the Executive Branch the granting or not of these concessions." That is, the legislator reaffirms that the enabling title to exploit the spectrum continues to be the administrative concession granted through a public tender, subject to the general interest and the guiding principles of Law No. 8642, and not a privileged category of exploitation differentiated by content or business model.

In this context, it is particularly striking that CANARTEL, fully aware that the technical and regulatory powers exercised in the design of the tenders are exclusive, inalienable, and non-transferable to SUTEL (Article 66.1 of the General Law of Public Administration, in relation to Article 29 of Law No. 8642), has decided not to include said regulatory body as a respondent authority. This procedural omission is not neutral: it artificially shifts the focus of the debate toward the Executive Branch and seeks to weaken the comprehensive defense of the sectoral regulatory scheme, in a proceeding in which, by normative mandate, the Sector Stewardship (Rectoría del Sector) and SUTEL intervene in distinct and complementary phases of the bidding process for the management of the broadcasting spectrum.

Neither does the referral to the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 nor to the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 enable the consequence that the appellant seeks. It is true that the legal system distinguishes, for descriptive and regulatory purposes, between commercial stations and cultural stations (the latter with programming intended for educational, religious, and/or cultural content), and even provides for concrete benefits such as tax exemptions for broadcasters whose exclusive purpose is cultural dissemination and who do not carry remunerated advertising. But that differentiation operates on specific levels (tax, programmatic, service classification), not in the configuration of the public domain regime of the spectrum nor in the state obligation to assign frequencies through objective, transparent, and non-discriminatory procedures.

The appellant's thesis implies, in practice, converting a programmatic classification into a structural criterion for designing tenders and setting participation requirements, such that the Administration would have to establish different fees, technical obligations, and access conditions depending on whether the concessionaire self-defines as "cultural," "religious," "educational," "community," or "commercial." A scheme of that nature not only lacks express support in Article 29 of Law No. 8642, but would also raise serious problems regarding the principle of equality and non-discrimination of Article 33 of the Constitution and the principle of sectoral non-discrimination contained in Article 3 subsection g) of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 itself.

From the perspective of fundamental rights, what the constitutional block demands is that the State organize access to the spectrum with general, objective, and neutral rules, which do not discriminate on ideological, religious, cultural, or economic grounds and which avoid both arbitrary exclusion and the capture of the resource in the hands of a few operators. The mandate is not to economically protect certain types of concessionaires, but to guarantee that they can compete under equal conditions, with full freedom of editorial line and without interference in their content. The protection of pluralism, cultural diversity, and freedom of worship is satisfied through transparent tenders, uniform access rules, anti-concentration mechanisms, service continuity, and positive coverage obligations, not through differentiated economic regimes that privilege some operators over others due to the nature of their programming.

Furthermore, identifying broadcasting as a private activity of public interest does not convert the radio spectrum into a good available at the measure of particular business or financing models (advertising, donations, patronage, contributions from the faithful, etc.). The radio spectrum continues to be a constitutional good of the Nation, inalienable and imprescriptible; and the Administration, when setting base prices, coverage obligations, and minimum requirements, must attend to the economic value of the resource, its efficient use, the structure of the market, and the maximization of user welfare, not to ensuring the financial viability of each specific operator. To claim that Article 29 of Law No. 8642 obliges modulating prices or technical requirements based on the subjective purpose of each station would mean, in practice, constitutionalizing a regime of sectoral privileges that the legal text itself does not contain. In that line, the argument that "An interpretation compatible with the Constitution requires, therefore, treating stations differently according to their nature and purpose" transfers to the constitutional level a public policy option that, in any case, would correspond to the legislator and the Regulatory Body to define, within the margins of the principle of equality. The Constitutional Chamber cannot, through an amparo appeal, rewrite Article 29 of Law No. 8642 or the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 to impose a system of tenders segmented by type of programming, much less order a redesign of the economic and technical model of the bids based on a sectoral preference.

Moreover, as has already been detailed when analyzing Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT and official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, the public policy adopted in no way disregards the cultural, social, or religious dimension of broadcasting. On the contrary, this Stewardship has incorporated specific guidelines to guarantee service continuity, effective access throughout the territory—including rural areas—, prevention of spectrum concentration, absence of unjustified entry barriers, publicity and transparency of the tenders, international technical coordination, and environmental sustainability. All of this is aimed at ensuring that more people, in more places, can access open, free, and quality broadcasting services, regardless of whether the programming is commercial, cultural, educational, or religious.

Therefore, the fact that broadcasting is a private activity of public interest and that the legal system recognizes programmatic categories such as commercial or cultural does not imply, nor can it reasonably be interpreted as, a constitutional mandate to establish tenders with differentiated participation conditions by nature or purpose of the station. What the normative block requires is that access to the spectrum be organized through objective, non-discriminatory, and transparent tenders, which respect pluralism and diversity, but without creating privileges or exceptional regimes based on the content of the message. The appellant's allegations, on this point, do not prove a current and direct violation of freedom of expression, informative pluralism, or equality, but rather express a disagreement with the legitimate choice of the legislator and the regulator to subject all broadcasting operators—commercial, cultural, or religious—to the same public domain regime and the same general rules of access to the spectrum.

3.- REGARDING THE ALLEGATIONS OF NORMATIVE DIFFERENTIATION IN THE RADIO LAW (WIRELESS SERVICES) NO. 1758 AND THE REGULATION TO THE GENERAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS LAW NO. 8642 First, it is important to organize what the rules cited by the appellant actually say. Article 20 of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 establishes a case of tax exemption for *"broadcasters whose exclusive purpose is cultural dissemination"* and for certain stations serving meteorological and navigation services, conditioned on the fact that *"they do not engage in commercial or other paid propaganda"*. That is, it regulates the annual broadcasting tax (IAR), not the regime for access to the radio spectrum, nor the method of awarding concessions, nor the economic conditions of the public tender. That a cultural station may be exempt from the established IAR is absolutely not equivalent to it having to have a privileged regime for access to the public domain asset or differentiated prices in a public tender.

Consequently, the appellant's reading is extensive because it starts from a specific fiscal rule (tax exemption for certain cultural stations) to attempt to derive a general mandate for designing tenders segmented by type of programming. This extrapolation has no normative basis. The Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 itself does not establish categories of concessions with differentiated terms, access conditions, or competition schemes based on whether the project is commercial or cultural; the only thing it does in the cited example is provide a tax exemption under strict conditions of non-commercial exploitation.

In the same way, Articles 97 and 98 of the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, which classify broadcasting stations into "commercial" (dedicated to the for-profit exploitation of commercial advertising) and "cultural" (with programming intended exclusively for educational, religious, and/or cultural content), serve a descriptive and organizational function of the service, not one of designing the constitutional public domain regime. These precepts serve to delimit programming obligations, certain regulatory effects, and, where appropriate, the applicability of benefits such as those provided in Article 20 of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758, but they do not contain rules on how a public frequency auction must be structured, nor on base prices, nor on technical or financial requirements.

Therefore, it is incorrect to state that *"the legal system itself recognizes and requires a differentiated classification of broadcasting services, upon which any frequency tender process must be built"*. The legal system certainly recognizes a programmatic classification (commercial/cultural), but it nowhere says that public tenders must be segmented by type of content, nor that parallel economic or technical tracks must be created for cultural or religious stations. What it does require—through the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642—is that spectrum allocation be objective, transparent, efficient, and non-discriminatory for all interested parties.

Moreover, as the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (Procuraduría General de la República) has already pointed out in binding opinion No. C-110-2016, broadcasting is subject to a **mixed legal regime**: the exploitation of the service is linked to the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758, but the planning, administration, and control of the spectrum, as well as the network and competition regime, are governed by the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642. In this logic, the classification between commercial and cultural stations does not replace or undermine the objectives of optimizing the spectrum, guaranteeing its rational, efficient, transparent, and non-discriminatory exploitation, which are the ones that frame the design of public tenders.

If the appellant's thesis were followed, the Administration would be practically obligated to design parallel regulatory profiles with different prices, technical requirements, and competition conditions for each category of station, according to the content they provide. This is not only not provided for in the Law, but it could strain the very principle of equality in Article 33 of the Political Constitution, and the guiding principle of non-discrimination, by introducing preferential treatment without express legal authorization and without an objective and verifiable mechanism to determine who is truly "cultural," "religious," or "community" for the purposes of access to the spectrum.

There is also a serious problem from the perspective of freedom of expression. Building tenders with rules differentiated by type of content (commercial, cultural, religious) would imply that the Administration must rule beforehand on the nature of the programming, to decide which normative category each project belongs to and what economic or technical treatment it receives. This opens a space of intense discretion over ideological, religious, or cultural content that Article 28 of the Political Constitution itself and Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights precisely seek to remove from state control. The tender model followed—neutral with respect to content, with objective and non-discriminatory criteria—is, on the other hand, more compatible with freedom of expression and pluralism.

Nor is it true that the absence of a special design for cultural or religious stations implies ignoring their social function. The tender design is based on criteria neutral with respect to content: whatever the programming (commercial, cultural, religious, mixed), the interested party must demonstrate technical capacity to provide the service with the required coverage and quality, and economic capacity to sustain it over time with a financially viable project. This requirement is consistent with the character of *private activity of public interest* that the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 attributes to broadcasting: the fact that the content is cultural or religious does not exempt it from the duty to guarantee continuity, quality, and coverage, nor from respecting the temporary, competitive, and public domain character of the concession.

On the other hand, the legal system has indeed provided, when it has deemed it necessary, specific mechanisms to address cultural or public interest purposes, but it has done so through clear and specific mandates, not through an expansive reading of rules on a programmatic classification. An example is Goal 9 of the National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022–2027 (Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones 2022–2027), which orders the reservation of 24 MHz for television broadcasting for the purpose of addressing local and national needs. Here, the differentiated treatment is expressed as *spectrum reservation*, not as an implicit derogation of the principles of tender, efficiency, and non-discrimination. Attempting to extract a similar mandate from Article 20 of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 as well as Article 97 and 98 of the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, when the only things they regulate are tax exemption and descriptive classification, involves *forcing* the normative text far beyond its meaning.

Even from the perspective of material equality, the model proposed by the appellant is problematic. If tenders were designed with softer economic conditions for those pigeonholed as "cultural" or "religious," a perverse incentive would be created to simulate that type of programming, in addition to obligating the Administration to oversee content to verify compliance with the label, with the risk of penalizing or excluding those who vary their programming. The current scheme, on the other hand, allows genuinely cultural or community projects to compete on equal terms, without the State having to scrutinize their editorial lines or their religious orientation to determine their eligibility.

The differentiating function of the rules cited by the appellant operates, above all, after the concession is assigned: it determines what programmatic obligations each type of station assumes, what tax benefits may correspond to it, and how compliance with its commitments is evaluated. But it does not convert that classification into a rule for tender design or into a right to privileged economic or technical conditions. The core of access to the spectrum (public tender, temporality of the concession, rational and non-discriminatory use) continues to be given by the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, as recognized by the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (Procuraduría General de la República).

Thus, the normative differentiation invoked by the appellant exists, but on a specific plane (fiscal and programmatic), not on the plane of the public domain regime or the design of tenders. Transforming that differentiation into an obligation to build bidding processes segmented by type of content, with substantively distinct conditions, is not derived from the text of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758, nor from the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, nor from constitutional jurisprudence or the opinions of the Attorney General's Office. What the block of legality and constitutionality requires is something else: that every tender be objective, transparent, efficient, competitive, and non-discriminatory, precisely to guarantee that different projects (commercial, cultural, religious, community) can access the spectrum under conditions of regulatory equality, without privileges or covert exclusions.

4.- REGARDING THE ALLEGATIONS CRITICIZING THE TENDER SPECIFICATIONS OF THE MAJOR BIDDING PROCESSES FOR NOT DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN TYPES OF STATIONS.

The appellant starts from an incorrect factual and legal premise: that the specifications for major bidding processes No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL "absolutely do not incorporate" the normative differentiation between commercial, cultural, religious, or community stations, and that, instead, they would have erected disproportionate barriers against the latter. None of these assertions withstands comparison with the applicable normative block or with the prior control exercised by the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República) over those same specifications.

It is also particularly striking—and difficult to reconcile with procedural good faith—that CANARTEL, despite fully knowing that the design of the specifications is an exclusive, inalienable, and non-transferable competence of SUTEL (Art. 66.1 of the General Law of Public Administration and Art. 29 of Law No. 8642), decided not to include the regulatory body in its amparo brief. The inconsistency is even more evident considering that the Chamber here appealing previously went to the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República) to file objection appeals against those same specifications, thereby recognizing in fact that their preparation corresponds exclusively to SUTEL. This deliberate omission seems aimed at weakening the position of the sectoral authorities and artificially fragmenting a regulatory process that, by legal design, is executed in a coordinated manner and in distinct phases between the Rectoría and the Superintendencia.

The legal system itself delimits with precision what is the only legally relevant classification for the purposes of granting and administering enabling titles in free-access broadcasting. Article 97 of the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, Executive Decree No. 34765-MINAET), distinguishes between commercial stations, cultural stations (including for-profit purposes), and international shortwave stations; it does not create autonomous categories of "religious stations" or a separate concessionary regime for confessional organizations. The said numeral of Executive Decree No. 34765-MINAET) literally states:

*"**Article 97.-Classification according to their nature.** The provisions of this chapter apply to all broadcasting services in general in accordance with the following classification of stations:* ***a. Commercial stations:** Those dedicated to the permanent for-profit exploitation of commercial advertising, through musical, literary, scientific, sports, news, entertainment, or other types of programs of general interest to the public.* ***b. Cultural stations:** Those that the Ministry of Culture, Youth, and Sports qualifies as such, whose programming is intended to disseminate solely educational, religious, and/or cultural content, which is formative and informative for the human person, as well as technological, transmitting knowledge and behaviors that promote social and personal values.* ***c. International shortwave stations:** Those commercial or cultural radio stations that operate in the international shortwave bands, with their programs being especially for listening abroad."* This classification, moreover, is based on technical and functional criteria linked to the use of the spectrum and the nature of the service, not on the editorial line or the faith professed by the operators. To claim that the State should design differentiated tenders for religious media or other ideological labels involves adding to the text of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 and the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 distinctions that the legislator deliberately did not introduce. Furthermore, it must be considered that in the sectoral legal system there is no normative provision ordering broadcasting operators to present their economic income derived from said activity, only the payment of a broadcasting tax that has become outdated over time.

On the other hand, the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 does contemplate specific treatments, but these are of an objective and sectoral nature, not spectrum reservations by content. The example insistently cited by the appellant (Article 20, which exempts from taxes broadcasters with an exclusively cultural purpose that do not carry out paid advertising) constitutes a fiscal benefit conditioned on the type of financing and the absence of paid advertising space; it is not a concessionary category that obliges segmenting tenders by programming line or creating separate slots for certain religious or cultural currents. That the specifications do not reproduce that benefit word for word does not mean they disregard it: the exemption continues to apply to those who meet its requirements, whatever the objective mechanism through which they obtained the concession.

Far from ignoring the diversity of cultural, educational, and religious uses, the current regulatory design channels that concern exclusively through the instruments that the legislator itself and international law have provided for, and at a level different from that of the specifications: the planning and reservation of the public domain resource. Thus, Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, in its Articles 3 and 4, merely executes pre-existing legal mandates, by expressly excluding from the tenders the frequencies assigned by law to the University of Costa Rica (Law No. 8806), the Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED) (Law No. 8684), and the Sistema Nacional de Radio y Televisión S.A. (Law No. 8346), and by ordering the reservation of additional FM frequencies in favor of the Asociación Instituto Costarricense de Enseñanza Radiofónica (ICER) and UNED itself. Likewise, the frequency reservation for the project of small cultural radio stations responds to the execution of the Cultural Cooperation Agreement with the Principality of Liechtenstein (Law No. 6606) and the Educational Cooperation Agreement between the Governments of the Republic of Costa Rica and the Principality of Liechtenstein (Law No. 7299), whose operationalization corresponds precisely to ICER. It is, therefore, a matter of limited reservations with a specific normative source, oriented mainly toward public operators or specific international commitments, not a regime of general slots for private concessionaires based on the type of content they broadcast.

Based on these provisions, both the Executive Branch and the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones have accredited that they comply with the differentiations expressly provided for by the legal system, which are manifested in the reservation of certain frequencies and the recognition of special titles when specific laws or international commitments so order. Outside of those limited cases, the rule is neutrality: all persons interested in exploiting free-access broadcasting frequencies participate under equal conditions, without privileges based on their editorial line, religious orientation, or ideological profile. The appellant's criticism, according to which the normative differentiation *"is not incorporated at all"*, disregards this framework of legal and regulatory reservations, of an exceptional nature, and attempts to convert it into a mandate to create, via specifications, slots and particular advantages in favor of certain categories of private operators, without legal support for this. This understanding was confirmed, moreover, by the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República) within the framework of the objection appeals filed, among others, by the Cámara Nacional de Radio y Televisión (CANARTEL) itself against the specifications for bidding processes No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV). In resolution **No. R-DCP-00078-2025**, when addressing the complaint regarding the classification of services and the alleged undifferentiated treatment of cultural media, the División de Contratación Pública emphasized that the Procuring Administration clarified that the tender opens participation to all interested parties and that, in parallel, it *"expressly defined the frequencies that were exempted from the tender procedure, that is, those granted by law and those associated with ICER, and that the Executive Branch, both in its instruction and in the Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias (PNAF), clearly established the treatment of different types of stations, whether state, cultural, and educational."* (Emphasis added).

That is, the control body validated the very same scheme that is being challenged here: general competitive opening, with the exclusion of blocks already protected by special laws and an international agreement. In relation to the alleged *"three barriers"* that would disproportionately affect small and medium-sized national companies and cultural or religious stations, the existence of material discrimination is also not verified. The Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República) examined in detail the allegations of Name02 to the effect that the auction and the base price levels would exclude smaller operators and religious or cultural media, concluding that *they were generic assertions lacking technical support*: the appellant did not identify specific clauses to challenge, did not propose precise normative alternatives, and did not provide cost studies or empirical evidence demonstrating that the base prices constituted an unjustified barrier to access.

Hence, the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República) kept the bidding terms intact regarding freedom of expression, equality of opportunity, and free competition.

Precisely because those exclusions have a specific legal basis, the Comptroller General of the Republic validated that the remaining frequencies be subjected to a single, objective, and neutral procedure, without additional segmentations by type of programming. Extending that exception regime to create contests tailored to certain categories of private operators would mean overstepping the current legal framework and opening the door to allocation decisions based on content, which would be incompatible with freedom of expression and with Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 itself.

On the contrary, the available evidence points in the opposite direction from what the appellant suggests. The case file for the contests itself accredited the participation of multiple religious bidders, both in AM and FM (Asociación Internacional Pasión por las Almas, Asociación Sistema de Telecomunicaciones de la Iglesia Adventista del Sétimo Día de Costa Rica, Asociación Misión Carismática Internacional de Cartago, Asociación de Comunicaciones Faro del Caribe, Asociación Radio María), as well as regional broadcasters that competed in non-national coverage bands.

If the design of the bidding terms had truly erected "insurmountable barriers" for these actors, effective and plural participation by religious and regional radio stations in the various tenders would hardly have occurred. It is also important to emphasize that the sector regulations do not allow, much less require, that the Executive Branch or SUTEL define quotas by editorial line (commercial, religious, critical, aligned, etc.) within the same contest. Both the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 and its Regulations focus on guaranteeing principles of fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory allocation of the spectrum, promoting competition and the efficient use of a scarce resource.

The classification in Article 97 of Executive Decree No. 34765-MINAET is not an invitation to politically segment the spectrum, but a technical tool for organizing network obligations and characteristics. Turning it into a content-based quota system would be equivalent to distorting its purpose and opening the door to ideological selection mechanisms incompatible with freedom of expression and the prohibition of prior censorship.

From this perspective, the alleged absence of differentiated treatment in the bidding terms does not, in reality, constitute a defect, but a constitutional requirement of neutrality and equal treatment. Telecommunications regulation (including free-to-air sound and television broadcasting) is aimed at ensuring objective conditions of access, continuity, quality, and efficient spectrum use; the assessment of content (when a program is cultural, educational, or suitable for minors) is reserved for other instruments, such as the **Public Entertainment Law No. 7440** and its enforcement bodies. Forcing the bidding terms to favor certain content through more lenient requirements or differentiated prices based on the message would imply direct state interference in the editorial line of the media, precisely what the constitutional framers and the legislator have sought to avoid.

In other terms, MICITT and SUTEL administer the radio spectrum and telecommunications networks, but they do not select or rank the content that concessionaires decide to broadcast. The competitive procedure defines who, meeting objective suitability and solvency requirements, obtains a title to use a frequency; it does not define what messages should circulate on that frequency nor grant reinforced status to certain editorial lines. Transforming the design of the bidding terms into an instrument to preserve, favor, or shield stations based on the type of programming they offer would mean reintroducing, through an indirect means, a content filter in the allocation of frequencies, contrary to Articles 28, 29, and 121, subsection 14) of the Political Constitution, as well as the prohibition of prior censorship in Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights.

Finally, one must not lose sight of the fact that the contested tenders are part of a context of structural transition: the move away from a scheme of indefinite extensions (which in practice generated perpetual titles) toward a model of temporary concessions, subject to public tender, as required by Article 121, subsection 14), of the Political Constitution and as repeatedly requested by the Comptroller General of the Republic itself.

In this transition, it is legitimate for the State to establish minimum technical requirements, oversight mechanisms, and economic valuations consistent with the public domain nature of the spectrum. As long as such conditions are general, objective, and not proven to operate as unjustified barriers directed against a specific group—which has not occurred here—one cannot speak of a current and direct injury to freedom of expression, equality, or media diversity, but at most, of a disagreement with the regulatory option of ordering the spectrum through public tender and efficient use, an option that has already been declared compatible with the Political Constitution by the Constitutional Chamber and by the external control bodies.

**5.- REGARDING THE ALLEGATIONS OF ECONOMIC BARRIER** To the extent that the allegation of *"economic barrier"* is directed against the very design of the bidding terms for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV), the first thing that must be pointed out is that this design was precisely reviewed, in light of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 and the General Public Procurement Law No. 9986, by the Comptroller General of the Republic in resolutions **No. R-DCP-00076-20252, No. R-DCP-00077-20253, and No. R-DCP-00078-20254**, in response to objections raised by the National Chamber of Radio and Television (CANARTEL) itself. That is, the thesis that the auction scheme, the base prices, and the cash flow and IRR requirements would be, in and of themselves, a disproportionate barrier for small or cultural broadcasters was already tested before the body constitutionally charged with controlling the legality of the bidding terms, and it did not succeed.

In the three bidding terms, the economic mechanism is clearly structured in **Chapter VI** ***"Evaluation of bids and award recommendation"***. For AM, FM, and TV, a staggered procedure is envisioned: first, verification of admissibility requirements and the preparation of a list of economic bids; then, a one-business-day bidding phase in which each bidder may submit a single improvement to their economic bid, which must be higher than the initial one; finally, the identification of the winning bids and the analysis of the technical projects. This is set forth, for example, in clauses **31.2.1 to 31.2.4** of the FM and TV bidding terms, which regulate the list of bids, the communication to bidders, and the bidding phase, including the requirement that the improved bid be higher than the previous one.

Consistent with the above, the determination of the base prices did not respond to a discretionary decision by the Executive Branch, but to spectrum economic valuation studies prepared by SUTEL based on internationally accepted parameters. Specifically, through official communication **No. 08138-SUTEL-DGM-2025** dated August 27, 20255, *"Report on the economic valuation of the spectrum for sound and television broadcasting services"*, it was defined that the estimation of the base price had to be complemented by a reasonableness analysis, from a technical and economic perspective, ensuring that the valuation did not become an entry barrier and that the resulting prices were consistent with the national reality, following the methodology proposed by **Lewin, D. et al. (2013)6**, prepared for the GSMA in the independent study *"Economic Value of Spectrum Use in Europe"*. This study estimates that, **in comparative terms, reasonable payments for spectrum use are located, as a general rule, within an approximate margin of between five percent (5%) and twenty percent (20%) of the total economic value of the bands.** The reasonableness analysis carried out by SUTEL demonstrates that the base prices defined in the bidding terms for broadcasting **are below the estimated net economic value of the spectrum and within that internationally accepted range, which shows that the established amounts are proportional and do not constitute, in and of themselves, an entry barrier**, but rather a mechanism compatible with the objectives of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT and with the sound administration of the radio spectrum. Indeed, the technical opinion **No. 08138-SUTEL-DGM-2025** determines that, in television, the proposed base price represents only **12.19%** of the net economic value of the spectrum per concession, and in sound broadcasting, **6.48%**, both clearly within the 5% to 20% interval identified as reasonable.

This valuation must, furthermore, be appreciated in light of the term of the enabling titles. In accordance with **clause 47** of the three bidding terms (AM, FM, and TV) and with the provisions of Article 24 of the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, concessions for the use and exploitation of the spectrum for broadcasting networks are granted for an initial term of fifteen (15) years, extendable at the request of a party for up to a period that, added to the initial term and the extensions, does not exceed twenty-five (25) years. This implies that the base price defined in the valuation opinion constitutes a single consideration for the right to exploit a high-value public domain asset over a broad time horizon, of up to two and a half decades, such that, from an economic-financial perspective, the annualized burden of that payment is reduced in relation to the estimated net economic value of the radio spectrum and the expected cash flows from operating the service. It can hardly be qualified, in and of itself, as a disproportionate *"economic barrier"*.

It is also appropriate to clarify that the adopted mechanism corresponds to a **sealed-bid auction with a single round of bidding**, in which all bidders whose bids are technically and legally admissible retain the right to obtain a concession. **The economic bidding only determines which specific frequency is awarded to each bidder (from among those available in the tendered block), but it does not constitute an exclusionary filter that deprives those who submit valid bids of a concession.** Under these conditions, the competitive scheme does not function as an *entry barrier* but as a neutral mechanism for efficient allocation among several equivalent frequencies within the same tender.

Additionally, the price structure distinguishes between national networks and regional networks according to the official regionalization defined by MIDEPLAN. In national networks, the operation of a network composed of twelve (12) transmitters is required, which operates as the minimum deployment standard to cover all regions of the country, without prejudice to the concessionaire being able to install a larger number if their network design so requires. In regional networks, the bidding terms start from the obligation to install at least two (2) transmitters per region, in accordance with the technical analysis incorporated into SUTEL's technical opinion, official communication **No. 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025**. The difference in base prices precisely reflects this objective disparity in potential coverage, such that the higher amount for national networks responds to a greater reach and associated economic capacity of those concessions, and not to unequal or arbitrary treatment compared to regional operators.

Far from being a *"purely financial logic"*, as the appellant indicates, it is the competitive auction model that the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 itself enables for the allocation of scarce resources, aligned with ITU standards to maximize transparency, participation, and efficiency in spectrum use. The element of the *base price* cannot be caricatured as a barrier designed against cultural broadcasters or small broadcasters either. In AM, clause 32 sets base prices per station according to bandwidth (for example, 10 kHz for $9,653 and 30 kHz for $28,959—in digital, IBOC standard—), expressly stating that the base price is final and will not be modified or updated. In FM and TV, the same approach is taken, with tables that differentiate base prices by MIDEPLAN region and by regional or national scope.

These values were not set arbitrarily: during the bidding terms' drafting phase, the need for the technical commission to provide the SUTEL Council with the *"due justification and technical analysis for the definition of the base price"* was discussed, as expressly recorded in the document addressing observations to the draft bidding terms, technical opinion **No. 06369-SUTEL-DGC-2025** of July 11, 2025, approved by the SUTEL Council through Agreement No. 005-048-2025 of the extraordinary session No. 048-2025 of August 29, 2025.

The Comptroller General of the Republic, upon reviewing CANARTEL's objections to the three bidding terms, did not annul or reform that design, thereby endorsing the use of base prices derived from technical-economic studies, as required by the General Public Procurement Law No. 9986.

Regarding the criticism that the scheme "imposes a market value" on the spectrum above the economic reality of current concessionaires, it should be recalled that the radio spectrum is a constitutionally protected public domain asset, and that the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642 requires its rational, efficient, objective, and non-discriminatory exploitation (Arts. 2 and 3). The setting of uniform base prices by band and region responds precisely to those mandates and prevents a strategic public resource from being captured through merely symbolic values, disconnected from its true economic and social value.

It must also be noted that when the State originally granted titles to many of the concessionaires currently operating, there was no payment at all, or the consideration was minimal, limited to the outdated annual broadcasting tax, whose rates the Attorney General's Office has repeatedly qualified as derisory compared to the strategic nature of the resource. That historical circumstance—the absence of initial consideration or the existence of a merely nominal economic obligation—does not generate an acquired right to perpetuate that treatment when the State, in compliance with the Political Constitution and Law No. 8642, decides to subject the spectrum to a competitive, objective, and transparent procedure. The contrary would imply consolidating indefinite privileges and distorting the public domain regime of the spectrum, access to which must be guaranteed under conditions of equality, efficiency, and real competition.

Nor is the assertion correct that the financial conditions are based on a *"purely commercial"* logic incompatible with cultural or religious broadcasters. The three bidding terms include—in the admissibility requirements section—the obligation to present financial statements and a ten-year projected cash flow that allows calculating the **Net Present Value** (**NPV**)—see clauses 12.2.2.4 of the three bidding terms—and the **Internal Rate of Return** (**IRR**) of the project—see clauses 12.2.2.5 of the three bidding terms. That is, the cash flow and the NPV/IRR metrics are used as proof of project viability, not as a comparative criterion to exclude those with a different financial structure.

On this same point, the Comptroller General of the Republic itself, upon hearing the challenge to the bidding documents of AM (Major Tender No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL) by CANARTEL, specifically analyzed the objection to the financial requirements (requisitos financieros), clause 12.2.2.1 (Resolution No. R-DCP-00077-2025 of 09:22 hours on November 3, 2025), where the obligation to present cash flow, NPV, and IRR was located, and concluded that the appellant did not provide concrete reasoning as to why such clauses would be illegal or disproportionate, limiting itself to a generic argument. Therefore, it declared this part of the appeal unfounded, based on the duty of special motivation for objection appeals under the General Public Procurement Law No. 9986.7 Consequently, the controlling body left the cash flow and NPV/IRR requirements untouched, implicitly recognizing their compatibility with the legality framework applicable to public procurement. From a material perspective, Nombre02's objection is also unsustainable: requiring that the project present a positive NPV and an IRR higher than the discount rate does not imply that all stations must operate under a profit-maximization logic. It simply means that any broadcasting initiative—commercial, cultural, religious, or community—must demonstrate minimum financial viability (viabilidad financiera mínima), that is, the capacity to sustain its operations over time from its own sources of income (advertising, donations, contributions from the faithful, patronage, agreements, among others).

This is even more relevant considering that whoever exploits a radioelectric frequency is in a special subjection relationship (relación de sujeción especial) with the State, derived from the use of a constitutional public domain asset (bien demanial constitucional) whose exploitation must always be oriented towards the public interest. Within this framework, the granting Administration has the legal duty to objectively verify the suitability of the offeror (verificar objetivamente la idoneidad del oferente) as a qualified subject to fulfill the obligations of the enabling title and guarantee the continuity and quality of the service. This is imposed by the General Public Procurement Law No. 9986, which obliges the contracting body to ensure that the eventual concessionaire possesses the real capacity to execute what it commits to. Awarding a concession for the use of the spectrum—a scarce and strategic resource—to a project that, according to its own financial plan, is structurally unviable, would be openly contrary to the principle of good administration and the constitutional regime of public domain.

Note, moreover, that a good part of the questions raised by Nombre02 in this process refer directly to aspects whose definition, motivation, and technical support correspond exclusively to SUTEL, by virtue of the inalienable and non-transferable powers that the legal system assigns to it in matters of tender design, economic valuation of the spectrum, and technical regulation of the sector. In light of the principle of equality of arms, said regulatory body should have the space to respond and fully exercise its institutional defense regarding matters that only concern it. However, the appellant decided not to include it in its brief, despite knowing—even from its own experience presenting objections before the Comptroller General—that it is the competent entity to define and justify those aspects. This omission cannot be interpreted other than as a procedural strategy aimed at weakening the position of the sectoral authorities, particularly in a context where its previous actions have not prospered before the respective technical and control bodies.

The thesis that these requirements would be "materially impossible to meet" for small and medium-sized national enterprises confuses technical complexity with a prohibitive burden (complejidad técnica con una carga prohibitiva). The bidding documents do not require financial statements audited by international firms or sophisticated accounting structures; they are limited to requiring elementary information—balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow projection—that any formal operator, even on a smaller scale, must handle to comply with its ordinary tax and accounting obligations. Furthermore, in the document responding to observations (technical opinion No. 06369-SUTEL-DGC-2025 of July 11, 2025, approved by Agreement No. 005-048-2025), SUTEL expressly stated that it will not use financial ratios as exclusionary filters, noting that "no financial ratio analysis is performed because the administration could be creating barriers to entry" (p. 35). These criteria—defined technically and exclusively by SUTEL in the exercise of its regulatory powers—form part of the core of decisions that justify the need for said body to be able to exercise its defense in this process. Precisely because these are parameters designed to avoid unjustified barriers and ensure the openness of the tender, the absence of SUTEL in the amparo proceeding prevents an adequate assessment of the rationality and proportionality of requirements that only it is competent to define.

Faced with this, Nombre02's argument before the Comptroller General of the Republic consisted of general statements about supposed difficulties, without backing them up with concrete examples or financial information demonstrating that a small and medium-sized enterprise or a cultural station cannot structure a ten-year cash flow.

Regarding the argument that the modification of the National Frequency Allocation Plan (PNAF) and the infrastructure deployment requirements would have "drastically increased CAPEX investment costs" and marginalized the current ecosystem of broadcasters, it is again essential to return to the source. The bidding documents themselves explain, in their background, that the tenders are based on needs and technical feasibility studies, carried out by SUTEL at the request of MICITT, under the General Telecommunications Law No. Telf08 and the Public Policy Guidelines (official letter No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024) of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT. SUTEL sought a balance between coverage, quality, and efficiency goals in the spectrum and the required investment levels, so that the projects were reasonable and addressable by various types of operators.

There is, therefore, no arbitrary jump in technical requirements, but rather a necessary technological adaptation and an adaptation to the legal obligation to optimize a scarce public good. Added to this is that the model designed by SUTEL does not confuse the objectives of communications policy with a simple income maximization scheme. The public policy guidelines require guaranteeing the right of access to telecommunications, continuity of service, territorial coverage, prevention of excessive concentration, and protection of users, and all these elements were incorporated into the tender design together with the criterion of economic efficiency. The existence of a base price and a bidding phase does not erase these objectives nor transform the procedure into an unregulated market; on the contrary, it ensures that whoever obtains the concession contributes, through a reasonable payment, to the social return from the exploitation of a public resource. We see that the market's own behavior contradicts the idea that the economic and technical requirements have "marginalized a large part of the current ecosystem of broadcasters." SUTEL reported in its media that, once Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL were convened, various valid offers were submitted, from different business groups, which was taken into account by the Comptroller General of the Republic when evaluating the existence of barriers to entry. If the scheme were, as CANARTEL maintains, materially inaccessible, the result would have been a generalized lack of bids or the participation of one or two conglomerates; this is not what is reflected in the administrative background or in Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025 of the Public Procurement Division of the Comptroller General of the Republic.

For the foregoing reasons, when the claim of an "economic barrier" is confronted with the concrete content of the bidding documents, with SUTEL's document responding to observations, and, above all, with the final resolutions of the Comptroller General of the Republic, what emerges is not a design aimed at expelling cultural, religious stations or small enterprises from the ecosystem, but rather a spectrum allocation scheme consistent with the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758, the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, and the General Public Procurement Law No. 9986. The appellant fails to prove that the base prices, the bidding phase, or the cash flow and NPV/IRR requirements are disproportionate or discriminatory; it reiterates, rather, a public policy disagreement with the competitive tender and financial viability verification model that the current legal system not only allows, but imposes on the State as guarantor of the good administration of a public domain asset.

In short, what this argument about supposed "economic barriers" reveals is not the existence of a new, direct, and constitutionally relevant injury, but rather the appellant's attempt to reopen, under the label of "violation of fundamental rights," a set of ordinary legality objections that were already raised unsuccessfully before the competent bodies: first, in the administrative procurement venue, through objections to the bidding documents of Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, rejected by the Comptroller General of the Republic in Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025; later, in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, where the validity of the tender model, the base prices, and the participation conditions are being discussed, with ample evidentiary and technical scope, even with precautionary measures already denied to Nombre02 itself without granting the State a prior hearing. To now seek that the Constitutional Chamber becomes a parallel instance to review those same aspects (base price, auction structure, financial requirements, network configuration) is equivalent to denaturing the amparo and using it as a shortcut against debates that belong to the realm of legality and sectoral public policy, not to concentrated constitutional control.

**6.- ON THE ALLEGATIONS OF SOCIAL BARRIER** The appellant's arguments about a supposed "social barrier" start from a concatenation of hypotheses (economic, technical, and regulatory) to conclude that the tender model would cause, in the abstract, the "going off the air" of "numerous open stations and channels" and, with it, a reduction in informative pluralism and cultural diversity. However, when confronting these assertions with the real content of the bidding conditions of Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, with the technical guidelines of official letter No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and with Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025 of the Comptroller General of the Republic, it is evident that there is no current, direct, and accredited impact on the right to freedom of expression, on access to information, nor on the fundamental right of access to telecommunications.

The tender design does not imply, in itself, the abrupt interruption of free-access sound and television broadcasting services. On the contrary, the legal system itself has provided continuity mechanisms. The Contentious-Administrative Tribunal, within the framework of file No. 25-001640-1027-CA (CANARA and others), agreed to a precautionary measure of general scope that maintains the validity of the enabling titles until the tender is finally decided or a final judgment is issued, and Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT extends the validity of the current concessions during the 2025-2026 electoral period. In this context, speaking of a "possible going off the air" of "numerous stations" as an immediate consequence of the tender is nothing more than conjecture, not a certain or imminent fact that can configure, today, a constitutionally relevant injury.

On the other hand, the guidelines of official letter No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 (issued precisely in compliance with Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT) show that the tender design expressly incorporates objectives aimed at protecting end users and guaranteeing territorial access to the service. It suffices to recall that this Rectorship orders the "Establishment of the necessary guarantees to safeguard the legal regime of rights and interests of end users, in order to ensure the continuity of the sound and television broadcasting service (…) so that end users in disadvantaged areas are not discriminated against with disadvantageous quality conditions," as well as considering national and/or regional coverage obligations aligned with the principles of efficiency in the use of the radioelectric spectrum. A model that reinforces coverage and continuity obligations can hardly be described as a design that abandons populations that depend on open broadcasting.

Nor is it correct to affirm that the tender model is, by definition, regressive for informative pluralism. The previous regime was characterized by de facto indefinite automatic extensions, protected by a single reading of Article 25 of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758, which converted access to the spectrum into a practically perpetual situation for already installed operators. The transition produced from the Radiocommunications Regulation, Executive Decree No. 31608-G, and the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, precisely corrects that inertia by requiring time-limited concessions, public tenders, and a rational, efficient, transparent, and non-discriminatory administration of the spectrum. Far from restricting pluralism, the periodic opening of tenders creates conditions for new voices—including community, cultural, or regional actors—to compete for a resource that would otherwise remain indefinitely captured by the status quo.

At this point, it is worth highlighting that the Comptroller General of the Republic itself, when resolving Nombre02's objections against the AM, FM, and TV bidding documents, was clear in pointing out that the allegations about an impact on freedom of expression and informative pluralism lacked technical and factual support. In Resolutions No. R-DCP-00077-2025 (Major Tender No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL) and No. R-DCP-00078-2025 (Major Tender No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL), the Comptroller body noted that the appellants did not identify concrete clauses that produced the alleged impact, did not quantify or demonstrate the invoked economic impact, did not provide market or audience studies, and did not formulate a specific request for adjustment that would allow the risk to be evaluated. Hence, it concluded that these were generic affirmations, insufficient to prove an injury to freedom of thought and expression, maintaining the bidding documents unchanged in those aspects.

Furthermore, the "social barrier" argument confuses the existence of economic and technical requirements, typical of any procedure to allocate a scarce resource, with an indirect restriction on freedom of expression in the terms of Article 13.3 of the American Convention on Human Rights. For a measure to be classified as an indirect restriction, it must be demonstrated that the regulation of property or access to the means of dissemination is used to limit, in fact, the communication of ideas, information, and opinions. In the case of broadcasting tenders, the requirements of financial capacity, infrastructure deployment, and minimum coverage apply generally and objectively to all participants; they do not select content or editorial orientations, nor do they discriminate by the commercial, cultural, or religious nature of the project. What is required is solvency to efficiently exploit a scarce public domain asset for the benefit of the general interest.

It is also relevant that the appellant equates the situation of current concessionaires with the constitutional standard of pluralism. The circumstance that certain cultural or religious operators cannot—eventually—retain their titles under conditions identical to the current ones does not mean, in itself, that the population is deprived of cultural, religious, or community content. Pluralism is predicated of the system as a whole, not of the indefinite permanence of each specific project. The tender model could even lead to the entry of new actors with more solid cultural or religious proposals, with greater territorial reach, or with more robust sustainability schemes. Again, none of this has been analyzed or refuted with data by the appellant, which assumes that its permanence is a necessary condition for pluralism.

From the perspective of the fundamental right of access to telecommunications, incorporated in Article 24 of the Political Constitution, the approach is also unsustainable. The General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, establishes as objectives the universality, continuity, quality, and coverage of services, as well as the promotion of competition and the protection of users. The bidding conditions concretize these objectives through coverage obligations, quality parameters, border coordination requirements, and provisions for optimal use of the spectrum. The tension raised by the appellant (between guaranteeing access to lower-income sectors and requiring sufficient technical and financial capacities) is not resolved by eliminating the economic discipline of the tender, but by ensuring that the requirements are proportional and non-discriminatory, which has already been verified in the comptroller venue.

It is also important to underline that the "social barrier" argument is built on a premise that has already been refuted: the supposed absolute lack of protection for concessionaires while the tenders are being processed. As has already been explained, both Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT and the precautionary measure issued in file No. 25-001640-1027-CA guarantee the continuity of the service during the electoral period and while the future of the bidding processes and contentious-administrative lawsuits is decided. The inhabitants of the country are not, then, facing a void in open broadcasting, but rather a carefully staggered regulatory transition process, with normative and jurisdictional safeguards that ensure there is no sudden interruption of service.

Finally, it cannot be overlooked that the appellant seeks to derive a categorical conclusion about the unconstitutionality of the competitive bidding model from a hypothetical fear (the eventual departure of certain current operators). The amparo appeal requires, for its admissibility, proof of a current, concrete, and individualized injury to a fundamental right. CANARTEL's allegations, in contrast, are situated on an abstract plane, based on a future and uncertain fact: they start from the possibility that some concessionaires may not manage to meet the competition requirements and extrapolate from that a supposed impact on the right to information and access to telecommunications for the entire population. This logical leap is not accompanied by impact studies, coverage analysis, audience data, or simulations of alternative scenarios; it is, in essence, an expression of disagreement with the public policy decisions adopted by the Executive Branch and the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones within the framework of their legal powers.

For this reason, the so-called "social barrier" rests neither on evidence nor on a complete reading of the applicable legal framework, but on a partial reconstruction of the facts and norms, which omits both the service continuity safeguards and the objectives of access, pluralism, and non-discrimination that inform the Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the official communication N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and the bidding terms and conditions (pliegos de condiciones) themselves that were designed and published by SUTEL. The Constitutional Chamber is not called upon to replace the Rector or the sector regulator in defining spectrum policy, nor to review, by means of an amparo appeal, the economic or technical suitability of a competitive bidding model that has already been subject to control before the Contraloría General de la República and is extensively litigated in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. What is being presented is not the redress of an effective injury to freedom of expression or the right of access to telecommunications, but an invitation to become a court of regulatory opportunity, a function that the constitutional order expressly denies it.

**7.- ON THE ALLEGATIONS OF A TECHNICAL BARRIER** The appellant argues that a *“technical barrier (barrera técnica)”* exists because, it claims, the bidding terms and conditions *“adopted a zoning based on the regionalization of MIDEPLAN, requiring, as a general rule, a minimum network of twelve (12) transmitters, equivalent to two per region”*, that *“the Mideplan regionalization is not included in the instruction from MICITT to SUTEL, and the twelve transmitters is a decision by SUTEL that exceeds the instruction from MICITT”*, and also that *“a period of only twelve months was granted to have the network fully operational, a period that is excessively burdensome and impossible to meet for the majority of small and medium-sized operators”*. On that basis, it concludes that *“all of the above constitutes an unjustified technical barrier, contrary to the principles of reasonableness and proportionality”.* None of these assertions withstands comparison with the actual content of the bidding terms and conditions or with what has already been resolved by the Contraloría General de la República.

In the first place, the use of MIDEPLAN's regionalization as a territorial reference in the bidding terms and conditions of Licitación Mayor N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM sound broadcasting), N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM sound broadcasting), and N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (free-to-air television broadcasting) is not a technical whim nor an invention of the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones, but an objective territorial planning criterion widely used by the Costa Rican Public Administration to design regional policies, including the planning instruments of the telecommunications sector itself. The Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, in its articles 8 and 9, mandates guiding the administration of the radioelectric spectrum towards the coverage, continuity, and expansion of services, especially in rural and less favored areas. Granting "national" concessions without anchoring their coverage to clearly delimited regions would have, rather, meant renouncing that mandate and perpetuating the historical bias toward the Central Region.

In that same sense, the technical reports that serve as the basis for the bidding terms and conditions (in particular, the studies contained in official communications N.º 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023 and N.º 04180-SUTEL-DGC-2024, approved by the SUTEL Board) justify the design of nationwide networks based on propagation parameters, orography, population distribution, and potential demand, all consistent with the Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias (PNAF) and the Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones (PNDT). It is not a matter of mechanically extrapolating MIDEPLAN's regions, but of using them as a framework so that deployment obligations guarantee that a national concession truly serves all the country's regions and not only the most profitable markets. From this perspective, the use of regionalization is not a *“technical barrier (barrera técnica)”*, but an instrument of territorial equality and fulfillment of the right of access to telecommunications enshrined in Article 24 of the Political Constitution.

Additionally, it is worth remembering that the redesign of the technical framework serving as the basis for the broadcasting model did not arise suddenly or outside the participation mechanisms provided for in the Ley General de la Administración Pública N.º 6227. The draft Decreto Ejecutivo **“Modificación parcial al Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias (Radiodifusión e IMT)”** was submitted to non-binding public consultation through its publication in the Diario Oficial La Gaceta N.º 159 of August 29, 2024, and the observations received were analyzed in the joint technical report **Nombre03 º MICITT-DERRT-INF-041-2024 / N º MICITT-DCNT-INF-055-2024**, dated November 11, 2024, which the Executive Branch accepted in its entirety when issuing **Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 44789-MICITT**. Various actors from the Sector participated in this procedure, whose observations, as both technical directorates concluded, did not justify modifications to the central elements of the proposal with a direct impact on network design and the amount of required infrastructure.

For its part, Nombre02 submitted a brief opposing the PNAF reform project, but did so untimely, so that its arguments could not be known or assessed in the joint report. Even so, the very text of that opposition shows that its criticisms focused on general objections to the transition to digital broadcasting and to the so-called "new digital dividend" (identification of the 600 MHz band, from 614 MHz to 698 MHz, for the deployment of IMT mobile systems), particularly on the investment required in new transmission and reception infrastructure and in receiving equipment, but they did not formulate specific technical objections regarding regionalization or the technical barriers now alleged. Consequently, Nombre02 had a suitable and specific avenue to timely question the technical framework that would serve as input to SUTEL for the preparation of the bidding terms and conditions, but it neither exercised that avenue within the legal deadline on an equal footing with other consultation participants, nor did it direct its observations (even if untimely) against the specific network design aspects it now challenges. This weakens its current allegation of surprise or supervening irrationality and confirms that what it raises is, in reality, a discrepancy with public policy and regulatory design options already processed through the legally established procedure for issuing administrative acts of general scope, such as the Decreto Ejecutivo reforming the PNAF.

Specifically, the MIDEPLAN regionalization used by SUTEL in the bidding terms and conditions responds to technical and public policy criteria, such as the radioelectric isolation permitted by the national terrain and the territorial equity objectives defined in the National Development Plan. MIDEPLAN is configured as an advisory and technical support body for the Presidency of the Republic and is the entity responsible for formulating, coordinating, monitoring, and evaluating the Government's strategies and priorities; in that capacity, the socioeconomic regionalization it proposes precisely seeks to bring institutional services closer to regional and local spheres, improve the distribution of services, and address the particularities of each region. Transferring this scheme to broadcasting competitions allows coverage obligations to be defined based on objective territorial divisions, designed to guarantee a more balanced development of the country, and not on discretionary criteria.

On the other hand, regarding the transmitter network and the period for its deployment, it must be remembered that Article 7 of the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 establishes a maximum total period of twelve months for the start of operation, consisting of six initial months extendable for six additional months. The bidding terms and conditions respect this framework and, furthermore, grant an additional period of twelve months to complete the remaining infrastructure of the broadcasting network. In practice, this implies that potential concessionaires have up to twelve months to activate the first transmitter per region and another twelve months to activate the second transmitters, so the regulatory standard translates into progressive and reasonable periods, consistent with the magnitude of the investment and the duration of the concessions. This is extracted, in the three sets of bidding terms and conditions, from clause **56.12.4 “Cronograma de despliegue”**, which literally states, by way of example, in the bidding terms of Licitación Mayor **N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL**: ***Telf01.** The Concessionaire must ensure the installation and operation of all authorized transmitters, based on the following schedule:* *i. Must have installed at least one (1) transmitter within a maximum period of six (6) months from the Start of the Concession, extendable for six (6) more months, as provided in Article 7 of the LDR, which represents the maximum period for the start of service provision.* *ii. Must have installed all transmitters within a maximum period of twenty-four (24) months from the Start of the Concession, which represents the maximum period for the deployment of the other network transmitters. No additional periods will be granted beyond those indicated in this clause.”* Regarding the minimum number of transmitters, the appellant merely qualifies the standard of twelve (12) transmitters for a nationwide concession as excessive, but neither in its objections before the Contraloría General de la República nor in the present appeal does it provide a single technical study demonstrating that this number is unnecessary or technically disproportionate to cover, with adequate levels of quality and availability, all the planned regions. Resolutions N.º R-DCP-00076-2025 (AM), N.º R-DCP-00077-2025 (FM), and N.º R-DCP-00078-2025 (TV) precisely rejected these arguments upon verifying that the CÁMARA did not prove, with broadcasting engineering support, that a lower number of stations would guarantee the same coverage and quality, nor that the standard set by SUTEL was materially impossible to meet. It is not enough to assert that there are too many transmitters; the burden of demonstrating technical irrationality falls on the objecting party, and that burden was not met.

Likewise, the provisions of the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 do not differentiate between concessionaires based on their national or regional coverage regarding the number of transmitters. Precisely for this reason, the bidding terms and conditions introduce a differentiated and proportionate regulation of the infrastructure installation obligation: different requirements are provided for concessionaires with national scope and for those with regional scope, taking into account their different technical and financial capacities.

Thus, a potential regional concessionaire who is awarded a contract in a single MIDEPLAN region must install at least two transmitters; if awarded a contract in two regions, it must deploy four transmitters, and so on. In the case of a national concessionaire, which must cover all six MIDEPLAN regions, the standard of twelve transmitters responds to the same proportion. It is not, therefore, an arbitrary burden, but an arithmetic and technical criterion that links the number of transmitters to the effective territorial scope of the concession, without generating discriminatory treatment among operators.

On the contrary, a minimum number of transmitters associated with a national concession is justified by the very objectives of the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, which mandates optimizing spectrum use and ensuring that services reach the entire territory with reasonable quality. A nationwide coverage concession that could be exploited with a handful of transmitters focused on the metropolitan area would reproduce the old model, where the most valuable frequencies are used to primarily serve the most profitable urban centers, leaving rural and coastal areas on the periphery. What the appellant classifies as a *“technical barrier (barrera técnica)”* is, in reality, a minimum deployment standard to correct this historical inequality and ensure that the benefit of the public domain asset reaches the entire population.

It is also not true that SUTEL exceeded the instruction of the Executive Branch contained in Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT by defining coverage and network parameters. The subsequent guidelines of official communication N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, in strict compliance with Articles 2 and 9 of said Agreement, expressly order that the competitive process ensure continuity of broadcasting service, territorial accessibility, prevention of spectrum concentration, and resource optimization, as well as the definition of coverage zones *“aligned with the principles of science and technique, seeking efficiency in the use of scarce resources, and providing the awardees with the possibility of a progressive development of their broadcasting network infrastructure”*. Precisely to fulfill these objectives, it is incumbent upon SUTEL, as the technical authority, to translate these guidelines into concrete network and coverage parameters in the bidding terms and conditions.

With respect to the twelve-month period to have the network operational, the appellant classifies it as *“excessively burdensome”* and *“impossible to meet”* for small and medium-sized operators, in the abstract and without any technical or project management backing to demonstrate it. The bidding terms and conditions, however, set this period within a concession horizon of up to twenty years of operation, meaning it is one year to deploy a network whose commercial exploitation will extend for two decades. Under the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, the analysis cannot isolate the deployment period from the duration of the enabling title: a serious awardee, who will access a concession for the use of a highly valuable public domain asset for twenty years, must be capable of designing and executing an investment plan that concludes the deployment in twelve months, especially when it can leverage existing infrastructure, site-sharing agreements, and technologies proven in the market.

The administrative difficulties mentioned by the appellant, such as *“municipal, environmental, equipment import, electrical interconnections, and signal transport procedures”,* are inherent to any infrastructure project in the country, not exclusive to this competition. If it were accepted that the mere existence of these procedures makes any deployment schedule unconstitutional, no public infrastructure competition could set enforceable timelines without being branded a *“technical barrier”*. Again, the Contraloría General de la República, when resolving the objections in resolutions N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025, and N.º R-DCP-00078-2025, verified that the Cámara acting as appellant here did not provide elements demonstrating a generalized impossibility of compliance, nor that the established deadlines were arbitrary or disconnected from national and international experience in broadcasting network deployment.

It is important to highlight that the bidding terms and conditions do not impose selective or differentiated technical requirements to the detriment of certain groups of interested parties; the network, coverage, and timeline obligations apply generally to all potential bidders, without any discrimination. From the constitutional perspective, even if it were considered that the technical standard is demanding, its uniform and objective application responds to a legitimate purpose: guaranteeing the continuity, quality, and universality of sound and television broadcasting service, in compliance with Articles 24 of the Political Constitution and 2, 4, 8, and 9 of the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642. Equality before the law is not violated by demanding robust technical conditions from everyone, but rather if unjustified privileges or obstacles were established for some versus others, which is not the case here.

It is worth reiterating, moreover, that these technical parameters of network, coverage, and performance **were defined by SUTEL** in the exercise of its exclusive and non-delegable powers. Consequently, the defense exercised in this proceeding falls upon aspects whose technical justification corresponds precisely to the regulatory authority. The appellant's decision not to include SUTEL in its brief limits the possibility for the competent body to exercise its right of defense and to provide the specialized criteria that support these requirements, thereby reinforcing the need for it to be summoned to guarantee a complete analysis in accordance with the principle of equality of procedural arms.

Furthermore, the classification of an *“unjustified technical barrier”* is disproved when it is remembered that **the competitive bidding model does not seek to expel existing stations from the market, but rather to open access to the spectrum to all interested parties under transparent and competitive rules, guaranteeing the continuity of services while the competition is underway**, as has already been ensured by the contentious-administrative jurisdiction and by the Executive Branch itself through Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT.

If a current operator demonstrates the technical and organizational solvency to maintain and improve its network with the new obligations, it can compete on equal terms; if not, that is not the consequence of an unconstitutional barrier, but rather the legitimate requirement that whoever exploits a national concession meets standards consistent with the public interest and technological evolution.

Finally, it is worth recalling that the very objections now framed as a *"technical barrier"* were already extensively discussed and rejected in the objection proceedings before the Contraloría General de la República regarding tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL. The Chamber here appealing failed then to demonstrate that the MIDEPLAN regionalization, the minimum number of transmitters, or the deployment timeline constituted technically unfeasible, discriminatory, or disconnected requirements from the coverage and quality objectives imposed by the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642. Attempting now to relabel those same standards as an *"unjustified technical barrier"* in an amparo proceeding does not convert into constitutional issues assertions that were already dismissed by the body specialized in public procurement legality control, nor does it transform them into matters of constitutional rank; this is, in essence, a disagreement with the technical design of the competition that must be aired in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, not through an amparo appeal.

**8.- REGARDING THE ALLEGATIONS OF DELAY IN RESOLVING EXTENSIONS AND LEGAL VULNERABILITY** The appellant seeks to construct an *"additional element of gravity"* based on an alleged administrative delay in resolving extension requests filed *"since December 2022."* It asserts that, because they were not resolved within a *"reasonable timeframe,"* *"due process and the principle of legality were violated,"* that this delay *"places concessionaires in a situation of legal vulnerability"* by depending on short-term extensions via decree, and that this generates *"a state of permanent uncertainty regarding the continuity of services."* These are, however, generic assertions, unsupported by specific normative or factual elements, which carefully omit the legal framework of broadcasting concessions, the regulatory measures adopted to guarantee service continuity, and, above all, the broad avenues of protection that CANARTEL itself has activated in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction.

The appellant presents the extension requests *"since December 2022"* as if they were titles without a time limit whose expiry occurred unexpectedly, when precisely the applicable legal regime—interpreted by the Sala Constitucional and the Procuraduría General de la República—establishes that broadcasting concessions cannot be perpetual. As has been explained, as of the Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 31608-G of June 28, 2004, all free and open-access sound and television broadcasting concessions adjusted to that regime were subjected to a maximum term of twenty years, counted from the regulation's effective date, so that they expired by operation of law on June 28, 2024. The Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) No. 1758, in its article 25, allows automatic extension, but that possibility must be read today, in accordance with the jurisprudence of the Sala Constitucional, in light of the public domain nature of the radio spectrum and the mandate of article 121, subsection 14) of the Constitución Política: the concession must always be *"for a limited time."* In that line, the Sala Constitucional, in resolutions such as No. 02997-2006, has been clear that the extension of a concession is not a right *ad perpetuam* of the concessionaire, but rather a faculty that must be exercised respecting the constitutional limit of temporality and the regulatory parameters in force. For its part, the Procuraduría General de la República, in opinion No. C-110-2016, has indicated that, given the nature of the spectrum as a public domain good, broadcasting networks are framed within the objectives and principles of the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642, of optimization, rational, efficient, transparent, and non-discriminatory use of the resource. From that perspective, there is no subjective right of concessionaires to obtain, by the mere passage of time or the payment of a tax, an indefinite extension of their title. The eventual delay in resolving extension requests is inserted, therefore, in a context where the State must responsibly weigh the public interest in the reassignment of the spectrum through a competitive tender.

Secondly, the appellant reduces the situation to a narrative of isolated delay, as if the Administration had completely abandoned the processing of broadcasting concessions. It omits that the current operators have litigated—extensively and in detail—the disputes over extensions, positive silence, and the nullity of Executive Agreements before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, under the Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo, Law No. 8508. It suffices to review processes such as case file No. 25-001640-1027-CA (CANARA and others), No. 25-002650-1027-CA (Grupo Radiofónico TBC S.A.), No. 25-006374-1027-CA (Sonido Latino FM S.A.), No. 25-006375-1027-CA (Super Radio FM S.A.), and No. 25-006586-1027-CA (Juan Vega Quirós), among others, where the recognition of positive silence, the nullity of Agreements denying extensions, and the declaration of automatic extensions for an additional twenty years have been requested, even with claims for indefinite extensions subject only to the fulfillment of technical conditions. That is, the alleged delay has not left concessionaires without avenues of defense: **they themselves have turned that discussion into a legality litigation, where the correctness of the extensions and the validity of the administrative acts are aired, with broad evidentiary scope.** CANARTEL itself has promoted a precautionary process *ante causam* (case file No. 25-007887-1027-CA), in which it requested the suspension of the effects of various Executive Agreements for extension and for instructing the tender, as well as the maintenance of the validity of the concessions. In that process, **the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo rejected the provisionalísima precautionary measure through a resolution at 20:42 hours on November 25, 2025, and granted a hearing to the State**, confirming that the natural channel to discuss the alleged violation of rights due to the management of extensions is the specialized jurisdiction, not the summary avenue of the amparo appeal. It is, at the very least, contradictory that the appellant denounces in the constitutional venue a *"situation of legal vulnerability"* while it has deliberately chosen the contentious route to resolve the merits of the conflict, with claims of enormous patrimonial scope.

Nor is it true that the Administration has left concessionaires *"forced to depend on very short-term extensions by executive decree"* in a legal vacuum. Those extensions—such as the one contained in Decreto Ejecutivo No. 45195-MICITT of September 18, 2025, which extended the validity of the concessions until the business day following the final declaration of new authorities of the Executive and Legislative Branches—respond precisely to the State duty to guarantee service continuity during the regulatory transition, not to an abandonment of its obligations. Additionally, the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, within the framework of case file No. 25-001640-1027-CA, issued a precautionary measure of general scope (voto No. 378-2025-I at 14:40 hours on September 24, 2025) ordering the maintenance of the validity of the concession titles for free and open-access sound and television broadcasting until the future competition is finally decided or a judgment is issued in that process. Far from a *"state of permanent uncertainty,"* what exists is a normative and precautionary framework that precisely shields the continuity of service while tenders and trials are processed.

From a constitutional point of view, the inevitable uncertainty inherent in the expiry of a public domain concession—which is always granted for a limited time—cannot be confused with a violation of the right to due process or the principle of legality. Every concessionaire exploiting a public domain good, such as the radio spectrum, knows from the outset that its title has a term and that, upon its expiry, the State may choose to tender the good again, under the principle of free competition, or not to renew it. To claim that the mere proximity of expiry generates a fundamental right to an extension or to the immutability of the legal regime is equivalent to emptying the constitutional requirement of temporality of its content and to petrifying a distribution of the spectrum that, in many cases, has remained unchanged for decades.

Furthermore, the appellant does not individualize a single administrative extension file in which it demonstrates, with specific dates and actions, an unjustified delay that has placed a particular concessionaire in a situation of real defenselessness. It limits itself to affirming, in generic terms, that *"the broadcasting concessionaires of this chamber requested their extension since December 2022"* and that *"the requests were not resolved,"* without providing copies of the extension filings, subsequent steps taken, or communications made by the Administration to each applicant individually and to the official notification medium. In the amparo venue, where the injury to fundamental rights must be certain, current, and duly accredited, this abstract formulation is not sufficient. The Sala Constitucional has reiterated that the amparo is not a process of ex officio investigation of administrative management, but a mechanism to protect concrete rights against equally concrete actions or omissions.

As for the alleged impact on *"investments, the labor stability of the sector, and the right of citizens to receive information and cultural content continuously,"* the appellant provides no data, economic study, or empirical evidence to support it. It does not identify a single media outlet that has gone off the air due to the management of extensions, nor does it demonstrate that any broadcasting worker has been dismissed for that specific cause, much less that an effective reduction of informative pluralism has occurred. On the contrary, the titles remain valid by mandate of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 45195-MICITT and the precautionary measure of general scope issued by the Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo, and the open broadcasting offer remains in operation while the competitions are developed. The hypothetical fear of an eventual loss of concession in the future does not constitute, in itself, a current injury to freedom of expression or the right of access to information.

In reality, **the core of the appellant's argument is not the protection of the fundamental rights of radio listeners and television viewers, but the preservation of the concessional status quo of its associates, with long or indefinite extensions without a competition**, against the new competitive allocation model designed in accordance with the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642, and endorsed by the Sala Constitucional itself as a suitable mechanism to guarantee transparency, equality, and pluralism in the allocation of frequencies. The alleged *"legal vulnerability"* is, in that logic, the simple result of the spectrum being subjected again to rules of competition and free competition, where concessions are no longer perpetuated but must be won on equal terms against other interested parties. That is a legitimate consequence of the public domain regime, not a violation of fundamental rights.

Finally, there is a structural contradiction in the appellant's position: on one hand, it denounces a *"state of permanent uncertainty"* and a context of *"administrative delay"* that would affect the continuity of services; on the other, it asks this Sala Constitucional to paralyze the public tenders that would precisely allow for defining, in a transparent and definitive manner, the future use of the spectrum for the next twenty years. If its concern truly were to grant legal certainty to concessionaires and continuity to the services, it would favor the advancement of the bidding process under contentious-administrative control, not its general suspension via an amparo appeal. What it actually seeks is to indefinitely postpone the opening of the market and the competitive reassignment of the spectrum, using a rhetoric of vulnerability that does not translate into the demonstration of a single fundamental right directly, currently, and specifically injured.

**9.- REGARDING THE CONSTITUTIONAL GRIEVANCE RELATED TO THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION** The appellant's allegation regarding a supposed violation of the principle of equality and non-discrimination is based on a mistaken premise: it confuses the functional or social classification of broadcasting services (commercial, cultural, religious, community) with the public domain regime of access and use of the radio spectrum, which is common to all operators. That the legal system, through article 29 of the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642, and the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) No. 1758, recognizes that broadcasting is a private activity of public interest and that there are different typologies of stations (commercial, cultural, short wave) does not mean that there must be a different tender procedure or reduced economic or technical requirements for some compared to others. Access to the public domain good, the radio spectrum, is governed by the principles of optimization, efficiency, transparency, and non-discrimination, common to all interested parties, whatever the content of their programming.

The binding opinion No. C-110-2016 of the Procuraduría General de la República itself—which the Administration is obliged to comply with—makes it clear that broadcasting, as radiocommunication, is telecommunications and that the legal regime is mixed: the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) No. 1758 subsists, but broadcasting networks are subject to the Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Law No. 8642, regarding the planning, administration, and control of the spectrum. This means that the use of a frequency for broadcasting cannot be granted or extended if it does not satisfy the objectives of optimization, rational, efficient, transparent, and non-discriminatory exploitation of the spectrum. There is no mandate in that criterion to design separate competitions or to exempt cultural or religious stations from objective requirements: the focus is on efficiency and transparency in the use of the public domain good, not on the nature of the content.

From a constitutional perspective, article 33 of the Constitución Política does not prohibit all equal treatment, but only equal treatment of those who are objectively unequal when that treatment lacks reasonable justification, or different treatment of equals without legitimate cause. In this case, facing the act of accessing the spectrum (the administrative concession), all potential awardees are in a homogeneous situation: they are private subjects who seek to exploit a scarce resource of the public domain to provide a free and open-access sound or television broadcasting service. The purpose of their programming (commercial, educational, cultural, or religious) does not alter the essential fact that all will use the same radio spectrum infrastructure and will be subject to the same duties of continuity, quality, and coverage before the population. That common technical and economic requirements are established to guarantee that continuity and quality is not covert inequality: it is a minimum requirement of equal treatment and protection of the general interest.

The differentiation itself contained in the Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) No. 1758 and in the Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones—for example, regarding tax exemptions (article 20 of the Ley de Radio) or the classification of commercial and cultural stations in articles 97 and 98 of the Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones—operates mainly after access to the spectrum: it conditions exemptions, specific content obligations, certain programming burdens, or concrete benefits. Nothing in those rules imposes that the enabling public domain title must be processed with different financial or technical rules for each category of station. The appellant's claim to derive from those provisions *a right to be tendered under softer economic conditions* lacks express normative support and converts the functional classification into a privilege of access that the legislator has never foreseen.

Moreover, what the legal system does require is that the allocation procedure respects equality of opportunity among those who are in equal legal and technical conditions. The tender documents for the Licitaciones Mayores No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV)—all of them validated by the Contraloría General de la República in Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025—establish uniform participation, evaluation, and execution requirements that apply without distinction to any offeror: there are no clauses that exclude or penalize cultural, religious, or community stations for their non-profit nature; on the contrary, mechanisms are provided such as the possibility of participating in consortia, the presentation of different network designs, and the weighting of technical and economic capabilities under objectively verifiable criteria. The Contraloría General de la República, upon reviewing CANARTEL's objections, precisely concluded that it had not been demonstrated that the competitive tender scheme introduced unjustified barriers or differentiated treatment to the detriment of a specific type of operator.

Under the reiterated jurisprudence of the Sala Constitucional, equality requires analyzing whether the criterion for differentiation or homogenization is reasonable, pursues a legitimate purpose, and is proportional.

Here, the criterion used in the bidding documents is not the profit motive or the cultural identity of the medium, but rather the capacity to effectively provide a free-to-access broadcasting service, with sufficient coverage and quality, during the term of a temporary concession. The legitimate objective is the optimization of the spectrum and the protection of the fundamental right of access to telecommunications, recognized in Article 24 of the Political Constitution and developed by the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, regarding universality, continuity, and quality. The chosen means—a public tender with uniform technical and economic requirements, modulated by coverage areas and proportionate deployment obligations—is suitable for that purpose and is necessary compared to less demanding alternatives that do not guarantee service continuity. To claim that, for reasons of equality, these standards should be waived for a subset of operators would, in reality, imply sacrificing the general interest and the rights of users in favor of particular business interests.

The appellant maintains that imposing the same economic, financial, and technical requirements on commercial stations and cultural or religious stations would be discriminatory in practice because it impacts the latter more severely. But the fact that a subject has less financial capacity does not make an objective requirement unconstitutional, provided that such a requirement responds to a legitimate purpose and is applied generally. Otherwise, almost any rule of economic solvency, professional suitability, or technical capacity in public procurement could be challenged on the grounds that it affects more those with fewer resources. The initial economic inequality does not oblige the State per se to renounce solvency criteria when they are justified by the nature of the service, much less to create spectrum reserves or tenders tailored to specific actors.

It is also untrue that the tender design stems from the serious misconception that every station is essentially for-profit. The bidding documents, as highlighted by the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República), do not require a specific rate of return nor oblige bidders to prove a specific profitability according to a uniform model imposed by the Administration. What is required is that each bidder present a reasonable projection of financial viability that demonstrates they are capable of undertaking the investments associated with the network and sustaining the service during the term of the concession. A cultural or religious operator can meet this requirement. (…).

10.- REGARDING THE CONSTITUTIONAL GRIEVANCE RELATED TO THE PRINCIPLE OF REASONABLENESS AND PROPORTIONALITY Far from demonstrating a violation of the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, the scheme designed in Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the Public Policy Guidelines, official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and the bidding documents for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL constitutes, precisely, the realization of those principles applied to the use of a scarce public domain asset. From a constitutional perspective, the proportionality test requires that measures be suitable, necessary, and proportional with respect to the intended purpose.

Regarding suitability, the challenged technical and economic requirements are not arbitrary nor are they based on a purely financial logic, as the appellant claims, but rather derive from the preliminary studies prepared by SUTEL under Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, and the spectrum planning objectives set forth in its Article 8. In official communications No. 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023 and No. 04180-SUTEL-DGC-2024, approved by the SUTEL Board, the coverage needs and minimum network architectures were defined, based on propagation models, orography, potential demand, and current spectrum occupancy, so that AM, FM, and open TV broadcasting services effectively fulfill their public purpose. The bidding documents merely translate those technical conclusions into objective contracting conditions: number of transmitters, coverage areas, deployment timelines, and the requirement for financial viability.

The necessity assessment is also satisfied. The situation inherited from the old regime of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758 and the repealed Radiocommunications Regulation (Executive Decree No. 31608-G) was one of practically and materially indefinite concessions, automatically extended for decades based on Article 25 of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758, without a tender and without competitive comparison. It is precisely for this reason that the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional), in rulings such as No. 02997-2006 and No. 04569-2008, emphasized that the only constitutional limit to the concession of public domain assets is their temporality and recognized the adequacy of the legal system by introducing the figure of the concession and the public tender. Faced with a scenario of massive expiration of titles on June 28, 2024 (by effect of Transitional Provision IV of the Radiocommunications Regulation No. 31608-G), the Executive Branch lacked less intense, yet equally effective, alternatives than a broad tender process, with technical and economic rules that ensure the continuity and quality of the service.

From the perspective of proportionality in the strict sense, the appellant seeks to present the investment requirements, the minimum number of transmitters, and the deployment timelines as excessive, without contrasting them with the benefits they bring to the users and the system as a whole. The obligation to deploy networks with a certain number of transmitters and coverage responds to the purpose of avoiding shadow areas, ensuring service in rural areas, and reducing the underutilization of the spectrum. By requiring that the awardee deploy a network capable of effectively covering the assigned zone, the State is not imposing arbitrary burdens but conditioning the enjoyment of a public domain privilege (the concession of use of frequencies) on the realization of the public interest. It is difficult to argue that it is "disproportionate" to require someone intending to operate a national FM or open TV concession to have the minimum infrastructure necessary to serve, precisely, the population they claim to target. As stated when analyzing the allegations of economic and technical barriers, the tender design objectively distinguishes between national and regional networks, calibrates base prices according to specialized economic methodologies, and establishes progressive deployment obligations, which strengthens the judgment of suitability and necessity of the challenged measures.

The argument regarding the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) stems from a caricature of the bidding documents' own clauses. A uniform profitability threshold is not imposed, nor is the adoption of a specific business model compelled; what is requested is that each bidder present a ten-year cash flow and demonstrate that the IRR is higher than the discount rate they themselves justify. That is, a minimum economic feasibility is required, not high profitability nor the forced conversion of all stations into highly lucrative projects. A cultural or religious station can support its cash flow on donations, contributions from followers, or patronage; what the bidding documents require is that these revenues, of whatever nature, are sufficient to cover the investments and operating costs of the network. Presenting this solvency control as a violation of proportionality is equivalent, in practice, to denying that the State can verify the capacity of the awardees to avoid leaving a frequency in the public domain inoperative.

It is also worth recalling that the principle of proportionality does not protect business expectations of remaining indefinitely on the spectrum with any level of investment, but rather the fundamental rights of the population. Here, the bidding documents articulate the objectives of universality, continuity, and quality provided for in the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, with concrete implementation mechanisms: minimum coverage, reasonable deployment timelines, service obligations, and the requirement for financial capacity. The Comptroller General of the Republic itself, when resolving the objections of Nombre02 in Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025, reviewed these requirements in light of the General Public Procurement Law, Law No. 9986, and concluded that neither excessive burdensomeness nor unjustified barriers to access were substantiated, but rather objective and reasonable criteria in accordance with the nature of the concession contract and the public domain asset involved.

The allegation that no "differentiated mechanisms or special regimes for cultural, religious, or community stations" have been provided for again confuses the level of content with the level of the public domain enabling title. The legal system recognizes particularities of certain stations for fiscal purposes (Article 20 of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758) or functional classification (Articles 97 and 98 of the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642), but it has not created a parallel frequency assignment regime with lesser technical or economic requirements. To claim that proportionality obliges the invention of a different path to access the radio spectrum for certain categories of operators not only lacks a legal basis but would in itself be disproportionate compared to the right of other interested parties to compete on equal terms for the same scarce resource.

When the appellant states that "the bidding documents become instruments of exclusion that prevent, in practice, the participation of socially relevant actors," it omits that the tender design itself incorporates tools to mitigate burdens and broaden participation possibilities: the possibility of forming consortia or groupings, the segmentation of frequencies, the recognition of differentiated coverage zones, and the provision of deployment timelines that, while demanding, are compatible with international practice. None of this appears refuted with data, studies, or concrete comparisons; the challenge is reduced to generic affirmations about a supposed material impossibility of participating.

In fact, if the proportionality test were applied rigorously, the result would be exactly the opposite of what CANARTEL proposes. A regulation that renounced requiring investment capacity, minimum networks, and economic feasibility to operate frequencies of national or regional reach would be clearly unsuitable to guarantee the continuity and quality of the service; it would not be necessary, because it would sacrifice those objectives without offering an equivalent alternative for protection, and it would be disproportionate in the strict sense, because it would prioritize the comfort of existing operators over the rights of all users of free and open-access sound and television broadcasting throughout the national territory. In other words, what would be incompatible with the principles of reasonableness and proportionality is not the design adopted in the bidding documents, but the model that the appellant implicitly proposes: maintaining the status quo at all costs, without requirements for modernization or demonstration of capacity.

It should also be highlighted that the legal system itself has incorporated specific measures to avoid any abrupt break in service continuity while the tender is being processed, which reinforces the overall proportionality judgment of the scheme. The Administrative and Civil Treasury Court of Appeals, through vote No. 378-2025-I, decreed a general precautionary measure that maintains the validity of the current enabling titles until the tender is definitively decided or a final judgment is issued in the process that gave rise to the measure, making it clear that this measure does not suspend the preparation or processing of the tender. At the same time, Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT extended the validity of the concessions during the electoral period, ensuring that, while the selection processes are being developed, the inhabitants continue to receive broadcasting services under the existing terms. It is hardly possible to speak of disproportion when the regulatory design itself has cushioned the impacts of the transition and has prioritized service continuity.

Therefore, the constitutional grievance raised by Nombre02 ignores that proportionality must be analyzed based on the complete system and not the convenience of a group of concessionaires. Considered as a whole (SUTEL's technical studies, the legal mandate for a tender, the mixed regime defined by the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758 and the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, prior control by the Comptroller General of the Republic, precautionary measures adopted by the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, and regulatory extensions of validity), the requirements of the bidding documents appear as a coherent, reasonable, and proportional effort to organize the use of the spectrum and guarantee the population a modern, stable, and pluralistic open broadcasting service. What the appellant presents as instruments of exclusion are, in reality, instruments of protection of the public interest that, far from violating the Political Constitution or the constitutionality block, respond to the demands that it itself imposes for the administration of public assets.

11.- REGARDING THE CONSTITUTIONAL GRIEVANCE RELATED TO THE PRINCIPLE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND INFORMATIONAL PLURALISM The claim that Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the Public Policy Guidelines, official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and the bidding documents for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL constitute an indirect restriction on freedom of expression and informational pluralism does not withstand comparison with the applicable regulatory framework or with SUTEL's and the Comptroller General of the Republic's own objective documents. What is regulated here is the access to and use of a scarce public domain asset, not the content of the messages or the ideological, religious, or cultural orientation of the concessionaires. This difference, which is central to Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights, also runs through Articles 28 and 29 of the Political Constitution: the State cannot censor ideas or opinions, but it is authorized and obligated to establish objective rules to administer the spectrum and assign concessions under criteria of efficiency, transparency, and non-discrimination.

The sectoral legal regime itself recognizes that free-to-access sound and television broadcasting is a private activity of public interest, which is provided through telecommunications networks and is subject to the mixed regime defined by the Radio (Wireless Services) Law No. 1758 and the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642. Article 29 of the latter provides that the granting of concessions and the provision of broadcasting services are governed by the indicated Radio Law, but at the same time subjects the networks that support broadcasting to Law No. 8642 "in what is provided regarding the planning, administration, and control of the radio spectrum (…) and the sectoral competition regime." The binding opinion, already repeatedly cited, No. C-110-2016 of the Attorney General's Office, is categorical in reaffirming that broadcasting is a type of telecommunications and that, therefore, broadcasting concessions must satisfy the objectives of optimizing the radio spectrum and ensuring its rational, efficient, transparent, and non-discriminatory exploitation. It is precisely this mandate that materializes through the public tender.

In turn, the legal system has deliberately separated the regulation of the spectrum, networks, and telecommunications services from any evaluation of the content transmitted through those means. Matters relating to program classification, schedules suitable for minors, content warnings, or rating of shows are channeled through specific regulations, such as the Public Shows Law No. 7440 and its regulatory provisions, as well as through the subsequent liability of operators, not through the broadcasting enabling titles or the spectrum assignment procedures. This reinforces that MICITT and SUTEL administer the access to and use of a scarce public domain asset with objective criteria of efficiency, coverage, and non-discrimination, but do not select, authorize, or control the ideas, opinions, or beliefs that the concessionaires decide to disseminate.

In this context, the bidding documents for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (open TV) prepared by SUTEL are limited to establishing admissibility, technical and economic solvency, coverage, and network deployment requirements applicable to all interested parties. They do not contain clauses that condition access to the spectrum on adherence to a specific editorial, religious, or cultural line, nor do they allow the Administration to evaluate the content or informational agendas of potential bidders. From the perspective of Article 13.3 of the American Convention, it is not enough to generically invoke "economic, social, and technical barriers" to configure an indirect restriction: it is necessary to demonstrate that the design of the tender procedure has the purpose or real effect of limiting the circulation of ideas or opinions; this causal link is simply not substantiated. On the contrary, the tender design materializes inter-American and constitutional standards that require the assignment of frequencies to be carried out through objective, transparent, public, and non-discriminatory procedures that open the spectrum to the participation of multiple actors and avoid concentration. The Constitutional Chamber, in Resolution No. 2017-011715, highlighted that Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law, Law No. 8642, confirms that the concession is the enabling title to exploit the radio spectrum and that the public tender prepared and instructed by SUTEL is the means that ensures a fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory assignment of this resource. That is, the constitutional jurisprudence itself recognizes that the paradigm of informational pluralism and equal treatment in access to the spectrum is not guaranteed by perpetuating indefinite automatic extensions, but by opening up competition through tenders with clear and general rules (an integrated application of Articles 46, 121 subsection 14 sub-subsection c, and 182 of the Political Constitution).

The assertion that the designed scheme "exclusively privileges those who can bear large-scale financial requirements" also disregards the concrete assessment that the Comptroller General of the Republic made of these same bidding documents when resolving the objections formulated by CANARTEL. In Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025 (FM), No. R-DCP-00077-2025 (AM), and No. R-DCP-00078-2025 (TV), issued in the context of the prior legality control under the General Public Procurement Law, Law No. 9986, the Comptroller's Office examined, among other points, the arguments relating to alleged economic barriers and their impact on freedom of expression and pluralism. It concluded that these arguments were generic and lacked technical support, as they did not identify specific clauses that produced the alleged impact, did not quantify the economic impact, did not provide market or audience studies, and did not formulate concrete proposals for adjustment. On this basis, it rejected the objections for lack of substantiation and kept the bidding documents intact in everything relating to the alleged restriction of pluralism and freedom of expression.

It is particularly relevant that, in these resolutions, the Comptroller General of the Republic did not find that the base prices, auction design, minimum network requirements, or financial solvency requirements constitute unjustified barriers to entry or instruments to exclude cultural, religious, or community radio stations.

On the contrary, it validated that the economic and technical design of the bidding documents responded to SUTEL’s prior studies and to the objectives of efficiency, transparency, and free competition inherent to administrative contracting and the public domain regime, without evidencing an absolute market-closure effect. It is significant that the same appellant litigated these points before the body constitutionally competent to control the bidding documents, the Contraloría General de la República, and failed to prove either illegitimate barriers or concrete harm to freedom of expression.

It is also untenable to assert that the model drastically reduces the supply of open radio and television when the regulatory framework itself has been designed precisely to avoid service discontinuities during the transition to the new scheme. First, the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law, Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 34765-MINAET, and the former Radiocommunications Regulation, Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 31608-G, defined a fixed term for broadcasting concessions (twenty years for sound broadcasting or open television services), which prevents the de facto perpetuity of titles and opens the space for periodic competitive bidding. Second, the Administrative and Civil Treasury Appellate Tribunal, by means of vote N.º 378-2025-I, decreed a precautionary measure of general scope that maintains the validity of current concessions while the competitive bidding is definitively decided or a final judgment is issued, expressly clarifying that such measure does not suspend the preparation or processing of the tenders. Third, Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT additionally extended the validity of the titles during the 2025-2026 electoral period. This set of regulatory and jurisdictional decisions refutes any scenario of an abrupt “blackout” of open broadcasting due to the competitive bidding process.

Nor can it be presumed that the only way to guarantee the collective dimension of freedom of expression and the population’s right to receive information is to maintain the current map of concessionaires intact. The right to freedom of expression and access to information protects citizens, not specific companies or their indefinite permanence in the spectrum. Nothing in the Political Constitution or Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights guarantees a subjective right for certain business groups to retain *their* frequencies (as if it were a real right over a good in commerce) beyond the concession term without submitting to competitive bidding. On the contrary, the state’s duty is to organize a frequency allocation system that minimizes concentration, ensures competition, and allows the entry of new voices, including potential community, cultural, or religious broadcasters that today lack access to the spectrum. To assert that opening competitive bidding and requiring technical and financial capacity to operate networks threatens *“the plurality of voices”* is, in reality, to defend the *status quo* of current concessionaires against potential new entrants.

The idea of *“indirect restriction”* in Article 13.3 of the American Convention refers to scenarios in which the State abusively uses controls over paper, equipment, or frequencies to silence or marginalize uncomfortable or critical voices, for example, denying licenses to opposition media while granting them discretionarily to allied media, or designing apparently neutral rules that only certain currents can fulfill. Nothing comparable occurs here: the bidding documents do not introduce ideological criteria, do not establish editorial quotas, do not require membership in certain organizations, nor differentiate treatment based on the type of content. The requirements refer exclusively to technical capacity, coverage, solvency, and compliance with service obligations, in line with the General Telecommunications Law, Ley N.º 8642, and with SUTEL’s technical opinions. In fact, the guidelines issued by this Rector in official communication N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 emphasize objectives opposite to those denounced by the appellant: preventing spectrum concentration, ensuring broad territorial coverage, avoiding barriers to entry, promoting effective competition, and protecting environmental sustainability.

In the same direction, the National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022-2027 “Costa Rica: Hacia la disrupción digital inclusiva”, to which both the Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT and official communication N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 refer, includes specific goals aimed at guaranteeing the presence of television broadcasting services for the purpose of addressing local and national needs (Goal 9) and optimizing spectrum use to favor inclusion and competitiveness. The competitive bidding design does not depart from those objectives but rather operationalizes them by defining coverage obligations, quality requirements, and parameters for optimal spectrum use. To present that planning effort as an attempt to privilege those who bear large-scale financial demands is to ignore the public-domain character of the radio spectrum and the mandate to maximize its social return, not the individual profitability of each operator.

It must also be recalled that the Contraloría General de la República, in its resolutions N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025, and N.º R-DCP-00078-2025, reviewed the alleged harm to freedom of expression in light of the General Public Procurement Law, Ley N.º 9986, and concluded that no basis was proven along those lines. It noted that the appellants did not identify specific clauses that produced the alleged reduction of pluralism, did not provide evidence of a necessary or obligated reduction in the supply of cultural or religious content, nor demonstrated that the pricing and auction scheme effectively closed the market. On the contrary, it verified that the bidding documents maintained openness to free competition and that the economic and technical conditions were justified by SUTEL’s technical opinions and the sectoral objectives of the General Telecommunications Law, Ley N.º 8642. This technical-legal judgment, issued by the body constitutionally called upon to guarantee legality, transparency, and equality in public procurement, disavows any attempt now to relabel the same conditions as violations of Article 13 of the American Convention.

Thus, the contested measures are content-neutral, general, reasonable, and protected by formal laws and SUTEL’s technical opinions, as well as by the prior control of the Contraloría General de la República. They do not suppress voices or prohibit messages; they reorganize, through public competitive bidding, access to a scarce public-domain good according to criteria that the Constitution itself and the conventionality block demand: objectivity, transparency, non-discrimination, prevention of concentration, and orientation toward the general interest. The true debate raised by the appellant is not one of freedom of expression, but of regulatory convenience and preservation of specific proprietary interests against a new frequency allocation model. That debate belongs to the administrative-contentious jurisdiction and ordinary legality control; forcing it through the amparo remedy as if it were an indirect restriction on freedom of expression distorts the scope of Article 13 of the American Convention and Articles 28 and 29 of the Political Constitution, and seeks to turn the constitutional judge into a sectoral policy arbiter, something that the Constitutional Chamber itself has repeatedly rejected.

12.- ON THE CONSTITUTIONAL GRIEVANCE RELATED TO CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE The appellant’s thesis according to which the competitive bidding model violates cultural diversity and intangible cultural heritage, in light of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (approved by Ley N.º 8560), starts from an erroneous premise: it confuses the technical-legal means (the concession over the radio spectrum) with the object protected by said Convention (the practices, expressions, knowledge, and manifestations of communities). The fact of subjecting broadcasting frequencies to public competitive bidding, under general and objective criteria, does not imply either the suppression of those cultural manifestations or their prohibition, much less the impossibility of their continued dissemination through sound and television broadcasting with free and open access.

The Convention approved by Ley N.º 8560 obligates the Costa Rican State to identify, safeguard, and promote intangible cultural heritage, as well as to facilitate the participation of communities in cultural life. But the international instrument does not freeze a historical map of private actors nor impose on the State the duty to ensure indefinite tenure of broadcasting frequencies for specific private concessionaires. Its focus is on the manifestations (oral traditions, social uses, rituals, traditional knowledge, etc.) and on the bearer communities, not on the perpetuation of specific enabling titles or the exemption of those companies from the public-domain regime applicable to the radio spectrum.

Viewed from domestic law, the sectoral framework confirms this reading. Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law, Ley N.º 8642, defines sound and television broadcasting with free access as a private activity of public interest, whose granting of concessions continues to be governed by the Radio (Wireless Services) Law N.º 1758, but submitting the networks that support broadcasting services to Law N.º 8642 regarding spectrum planning, administration, and control and the competition regime. That is, the Costa Rican legal system recognizes the cultural and social relevance of broadcasting, but at the same time maintains intact its nature as the use of a scarce public-domain good that must be allocated under parameters of efficiency, transparency, and non-discrimination.

Along these lines, the Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT and official communication N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 do not ignore the duty to safeguard cultural diversity, but rather articulate it within the sectoral spectrum policy. The **National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022-2027 “Costa Rica: Hacia la disrupción digital inclusiva”**, to which those instruments expressly refer, includes specific goals linked to broadcasting, among them the reservation of 24 MHz for television broadcasting services “for the purpose of addressing local and national needs.” That reservation, which is incorporated into the guidelines as a parameter to be considered, is precisely a public policy tool to guarantee spaces in the spectrum oriented toward content of general, cultural, and educational interest, for the benefit of diversity and not to its detriment.

The appellant’s criticism that the *“contested competitive bidding model completely disregards this dimension”* overlooks, moreover, that the guidelines of official communication N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 require, among other objectives, avoiding spectrum concentration, guaranteeing service continuity throughout the territory, preventing barriers to entry, and promoting effective competition. These requirements are not neutral from a cultural perspective because a less concentrated spectrum, with greater rural coverage and with clear and open access procedures, expands the potential universe of bidders who can disseminate religious, cultural, community, or educational content, instead of limiting broadcasting to those who currently hold frequencies and aspire to de facto indefinite automatic renewals.

Nor is it correct to assert that subjecting cultural or religious stations to the same general competitive bidding criteria as the rest of the participants is equivalent, in itself, to violating the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. International human rights law does not recognize an acquired right of private operators to remain outside competition solely because they broadcast cultural or religious programming. What it requires is that the State does not adopt measures that, in practice, unjustifiably prevent or hinder the transmission of those manifestations and that it adopts positive policies to promote them. Nothing in the bidding documents for Major Tenders N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL prohibits or limits the broadcasting of religious, cultural, or community content, nor conditions access to the spectrum on the renunciation of that type of programming.

Furthermore, the bidding documents approved by SUTEL and examined by the Contraloría General de la República in Resolutions N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025, and N.º R-DCP-00078-2025, focus on aspects pertaining to the technical and economic aptitude to operate broadcasting networks: coverage, number of transmitters, quality of service, basic financial solvency, and compliance with administrative contract obligations. The Contraloría General de la República expressly analyzed the objections of [Nombre02] regarding alleged negative effects on informative pluralism and cultural content, concluding that they were generic allegations, without identification of concrete clauses or studies or data demonstrating a real impact on content diversity or freedom of expression. On that basis, it rejected the objections and upheld the bidding documents, without finding any contradiction with the principles of free competition and transparency that also protect media diversity.

The very logic of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, approved through Ley N.º 8560, confirms that the core of protection rests with communities and their practices, not with specific dissemination channels or determined business structures. Manifestations of intangible cultural heritage such as religious festivals, oral traditions, traditional music, performing arts, culinary knowledge, etc., are transmitted through multiple supports: physical presence, formal and informal education, public spaces, digital media, social networks, and, of course, radio and television with free and open access. The alteration of the spectrum access regime does not extinguish those practices nor prevent *per se* their continued dissemination; in any case, it opens the possibility for more actors, including new community or cultural projects that today lack a frequency, to compete for enabling titles.

To the extent that the bidding documents do not discriminate among bidders based on the type of content they project nor prohibit cultural, religious, or community programming, the eventual risk alleged by the appellant is merely hypothetical: it assumes, without proof, that no cultural or religious actor will be able to meet the general technical and economic requirements, that all current cultural concessionaires will lose their titles, and that no new actor of that nature will enter the market. This chain of assumptions is neither demonstrated nor can be presumed; rather, it contrasts with the mandate of Article 8 of the General Telecommunications Law, Ley N.º 8642, to plan the spectrum based on its optimization and the general interest, and with the PNDT goals aimed at guaranteeing the presence of broadcasting services throughout the territory.

Nor can the state duty to protect cultural diversity be transformed into an obligation to keep the market positions of current concessionaires untouchable and indefinite. The protection of cultural diversity is better satisfied through a rationally managed spectrum, with open access rules, with mechanisms against concentration, and with space for public service projects, than through a scheme of automatic renewals without competition that crystallizes the current map of operators. To understand the Convention of Ley N.º 8560 as a corporate shield against the application of the public-domain regime would be equivalent to distorting it and shifting the focus from communities to the proprietary interests of certain groups.

Therefore, the competitive bidding model designed by the Executive Branch and executed by SUTEL does not disregard cultural diversity or intangible cultural heritage; what it does is correctly separate the planes: on one hand, the access regime to a scarce public-domain good, which is governed by the Political Constitution, the Radio (Wireless Services) Law N.º 1758, the General Telecommunications Law, Ley N.º 8642, and the General Public Procurement Law, Ley N.º 9986; on the other, the specific cultural policies that the State must deploy, within and outside the telecommunications sector, to safeguard the cultural manifestations of communities, in accordance with Ley N.º 8560. To claim that the Convention translates into a right of certain concessionaires to exempt themselves from the general competition and efficient spectrum use rules finds support neither in the text of the Convention nor in the constitutionality block; it is, rather, an instrumental reading at the service of concrete economic interests, and not of the genuine protection of cultural diversity.

**13.- ON THE CONSTITUTIONAL GRIEVANCE RELATED TO SERVICE CONTINUITY AND THE RIGHT OF ACCESS TO TELECOMMUNICATIONS** The grievance formulated by the appellant attempts to present the competitive broadcasting regime as a direct threat to service continuity and the right of access to telecommunications, but starts from an erroneous premise: **it confuses the continuity of the public broadcasting service with the indefinite perpetuation of the same concessionaires** (mixing the issue of renewal requests with an alleged threat of broadcasters going off the air due to being unable to compete in the auction scheme). The second paragraph of Article 24 of the Political Constitution recognizes the fundamental right of individuals to access telecommunications and information and communication technologies, but in no way enshrines an “acquired right” of current operators to retain the use of a public-domain good like the radio spectrum. The right holder is the citizenry; the concessionaires are legal instruments to satisfy that right under conditions of temporality, competition, and efficiency.

From a legal-sectoral standpoint, the continuity of the broadcasting service is not equivalent to the indefinite permanence of a specific concessionaire, but to the obligation that the service be provided stably and without unjustified interruptions to users. This is evidenced, on one hand, by the general duties of concessionaires set forth in Articles 7 and 11 of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law N.º 1758; and, on the other, by the obligations of minimum transmission time and signal quality provided for in Articles 99 and 100 of the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law, Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 34765-MINAET. This regulation is aimed at ensuring continuous service exists in the authorized coverage areas, regardless of which operator, following a tender, becomes the concession title holder.

The General Telecommunications Law, Ley N.º 8642, develops this mandate by setting as objectives, among others, guaranteeing the right of inhabitants to obtain telecommunications services, ensuring the universality, continuity, quality, and coverage of services, and promoting the efficient use of the radio spectrum (Articles 2, 3, and 8). Within this framework, the shift from a scheme of practically indefinitely renewable licenses to the model of limited-time concessions and allocation through public competitive bidding (Articles 11 and 12 of Law N.º 8642, in concordance with Article 121, subsection 14), sub-item c) of the Political Constitution), does not violate service continuity; on the contrary, it is the mechanism that the constitutional and legal order requires to ensure that this service is provided stably, efficiently, and non-discriminatorily over time.

Nor is it true that there currently exists a permanent void or uncertainty regarding service continuity. Precisely to avoid any risk of interruption during the transition to public competitive bidding, the Executive Branch has issued a set of transitory norms (among them Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT, which replaces and updates the exceptional renewal regime linked to the June 28, 2024 expiration) aimed at maintaining current concessions in force for strictly limited periods while the competitive bidding procedures are processed and the new titles are formalized. That is, far from abandoning radio listeners and television viewers to a potential blackout, the Executive Branch has modulated the transition precisely to guarantee that service continuity does not depend on the procedural fate of renewal proceedings, but on a clear and general public policy.

Along the same lines, constitutional jurisprudence has been consistent in affirming that the radio spectrum can only be exploited directly by the Administration or by private parties through a time-limited concession, subject to the conditions established by the legal system. This was reiterated by the Constitutional Chamber in resolutions N.º 02997-2006 and N.º 04569-2008, when it validated the temporality of radiocommunication concessions and the requirement of a public tender as the method for selecting the concessionaire. Under this logic, what would be contrary to Article 24 of the Constitution and to Article 121, subsection 14), sub-subsection c) itself, would be to perpetuate without limit old titles, granted under previous, no longer valid rules (such as the Radiocommunications Regulations), without reviewing whether they still satisfy the coverage, quality, and efficiency objectives that now govern the sector.

The mention of "administrative delay" (mora administrativa) in the resolution of the extensions, moreover, is markedly selective. It is true that the requests were filed starting at the end of 2022; but what is relevant from the perspective of amparo is not an eventual abstract delay (because it does not indicate which are the specific delays, nor does it provide evidence for any of its associates), but whether that delay translated into a current and specific injury to the fundamental right of access to telecommunications or to the continuity of service. This has not occurred because during that entire period the concessionaires have continued operating, first under the existing titles and, subsequently, under the exceptional extensions and transitory regimes dictated by the Executive Branch itself and, after the business day following the declaration of new authorities of the Executive Branch and Legislative Branch made by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal in the 2025-2026 electoral process, under the protection of the general precautionary measure ordered by the Administrative Appeals Court, vote N.º 378-2025-I at 14:40 hours on September 24, 2025.

Furthermore, the alleged delay has been superseded by administrative acts that follow an administrative path based on the principle of legality (Executive Agreements denying extensions issued by the Executive Branch) that are being duly addressed in the administrative-contentious jurisdiction together with Executive Agreement N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, in accordance with the design of the Rule of Law. Attempting to re-label that debate, which is one of legality and administrative expediency, as a violation of the right of access to telecommunications distorts the amparo remedy and turns it into a parallel avenue to suspend or review decisions that have an adequate ordinary channel. Article 41 of the Political Constitution guarantees prompt and complete justice, not the intangibility of the concessionaires' economic expectations regarding the method of renewing their titles, and, in any case, the review of administrative decisions under the law is conducted in the specialized jurisdiction provided for in Article 49 of the Political Constitution.

The other pillar of the grievance, the alleged real threat that numerous stations will go off the air for being unable to compete in the auction, lacks factual and legal support. The tender documents for Major Tender N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM broadcasting), N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM broadcasting), and N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (television broadcasting), prepared by SUTEL in accordance with the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642, and the General Public Procurement Law, Law N.º 9986, do not contain any provision that prevents the participation of current operators, much less do they order the early interruption of service. They are limited to defining general technical and economic requirements, applicable to any interested party, current or new, that wishes to exploit frequencies of a state-owned public domain asset of the highest relevance. The eventual non-awarding to a specific operator or its decision not to participate in the tender is a contingency inherent to any public tender, not a violation of the fundamental right of access to telecommunications throughout the national territory held by all the country's inhabitants.

The Public Procurement Directorate of the Ministry of Finance itself, in Resolution N.º MH-DCoP-RES-0009-2025, when authorizing the processing of these tenders outside the Unified Digital System, starts from the premise that these are procedures designed precisely to guarantee the public interest, transparency, equal treatment of participants, and efficient use of the radio spectrum, in accordance with Articles 4 of the General Public Administration Law, Law N.º 6227, 16 of the General Public Procurement Law, Law N.º 9986, and 7, 10, 11, 12, and 29 of the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642. It can hardly be maintained, then, that a reinforced scheme of competition, transparency, and public control equates, per se, to a threat of service interruption.

It must also be emphasized that the continuity of the broadcasting service is measured in terms of availability for users, not the identity of the concessionaire. Article 29 of the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642, defines free-access sound and television broadcasting as a private activity of public interest, precisely to make clear that the protected end is the population's access to informational, cultural, and recreational content, and that the Administration can and must organize the provision based on that general interest. If, at the end of a public tender, a frequency passes from an operator that does not ensure certain coverage or quality to one that does guarantee them, the continuity of service and the right of access are not injured, but rather strengthened.

From the perspective of Article 24 of the Constitution, the contrary solution, such as indefinite automatic extensions, without a review of technical conditions, coverage, or solvency, would indeed be problematic. It would maintain unchanged allocation structures inherited from the last century, associated with a repealed "Wireless Stations Regulation" and a also repealed "Radiocommunications Regulation," and a constitutional conception of the spectrum (such as the isolated interpretation of Article 25 of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law N.º 1758), and would make it difficult for the State to fulfill its duties of universality, quality, technological innovation, and reduction of territorial gaps. The orderly transition toward the public tender, with transitory rules that ensure uninterrupted provision during the process, is the path that the Political Constitution and Law N.º 8642 indicate to reconcile users' rights, the legal certainty of operators, and the state-owned public domain nature of the spectrum (Article 121, subsection 14), sub-subsection c) of the Political Constitution).

Regarding the argument that the "uncertainty" about the result of the tender affects investments and employment in the Sector, it should be remembered that every administrative concession, and particularly those referring to the radio spectrum, is, by definition, temporary and revocable for reasons of public interest. Operators have known since 2004, starting with the Radiocommunications Regulations, Executive Decree N.º 31608-G, and later the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642, that the model of renewable licenses was being replaced by concessions subject to public tender and defined terms, to respect the constitutional mandate of temporality in the use and exploitation of the state-owned public domain asset. The regulatory risk associated with that transition is not a surprising break from the rules, but the realization of a regulatory itinerary announced two decades ago.

Thus, the picture presented by the appellant (delay in extensions, an "exclusionary" tender, threat of a blackout, and violation of Article 24 of the Constitution) rests on hypothetical projections, not on a current and certain harm to the continuity of services or to the population's right of access. While stations and channels continue to operate under the current transitory regimes, and while the tenders are processed under the legality control of the Comptroller General of the Republic and the administrative-contentious jurisdiction, there is no service interruption or effective restriction on citizens' access to the broadcasting medium. What exists is the opposition of a business sector to a regulatory redesign that, precisely, seeks to reinforce the principles of temporality, competition, transparency, and efficiency that the Political Constitution and the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642, demand for the management of the radio spectrum. This can be a matter of political debate or a meticulous examination of ordinary legality in the Administrative Contentious Court, but it does not configure, in itself, a violation of the fundamental right of access to telecommunications or the continuity of the broadcasting service.

14.- CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE PETITIONS OF THE AMPARO REMEDY The very structure of the petition shows that the remedy is not limited to denouncing a supposed specific injury to fundamental rights, but rather intends that the Constitutional Chamber assume the role of judge of ordinary legality and of a sectoral public policy design body. In effect, it is requested that the major tenders N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL remain suspended; that a general five-year extension be ordered for all currently operating concessions; that the unconstitutionality be declared of Executive Agreement N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, of official communication N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and of the tender documents for said bids; and that the broadcasting tender model be integrally redesigned. All of this exceeds the proper function of the amparo remedy and contradicts the distribution of competences established by Articles 10 and 49 of the Political Constitution, as well as the reiterated jurisprudence of this Constitutional Chamber, according to which the legality control of administrative action corresponds primarily to the administrative-contentious jurisdiction.

Regarding the request to "maintain the suspension of the processing and eventual awarding" of tenders N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, it must be remembered that the Comptroller General of the Republic, in its resolutions N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025, and N.º R-DCP-00078-2025, already heard and rejected the objections formulated by Nombre02 against the tender specifications, concluding that they comply with the General Public Procurement Law, Law N.º 9986, and do not introduce illegitimate barriers nor violate freedom of expression or pluralism.

The Administrative Contentious Court, in case file N.º 25-007887-1027-CA filed by CANARTEL itself, rejected the extremely provisional precautionary measure that sought to suspend the effects of the Executive Agreements denying the extension and instructing the public tender, after verifying that the prerequisites for its granting were not met, and granted a hearing to the State. Likewise, a general precautionary measure already exists in case file N.º 25-001640-1027-CA (vote N.º 378-2025-I), which maintains the validity of the enabling titles while the tender is conducted, without suspending its processing. Forcing, through the amparo remedy, a general suspension of the bidding procedures would imply ignoring those decisions of the ordinary jurisdiction and the Comptroller General of the Republic, and turning this Constitutional Chamber into a reviewing body for criteria of legality and administrative expediency.

Nor is the periculum in mora that would justify such an intense constitutional precautionary measure accredited. The continuity of the sound and television broadcasting service has been normatively ensured through provisions such as Executive Decree N.º 45195-MICITT, which extends the validity of the concessions during the electoral period under conditions of stability for users, and through the aforementioned general precautionary measure of the Administrative Appeals Court. The population continues to have access to free-to-air radio and television; there is no current risk of a blackout or massive suppression of stations that would enable this Chamber to paralyze tender processes designed precisely to guarantee, in the medium and long term, the universality, continuity, quality, and coverage of services, in accordance with Articles 2, 3, and 8 of the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642.

The claim that this Chamber order to "maintain the uninterrupted operation of all currently valid and effectively exploited radio and television concessions, for a period of five (5) years," in the terms requested by the appellant, is frontally incompatible with the state-owned public domain nature of the radio spectrum and with the constitutional regime of concessions. Article 121, subsection 14), sub-subsection c) of the Political Constitution requires that the exploitation of the Nation's public domain assets, including the radio spectrum, be granted for a limited time; the Radio (Wireless Services) Law N.º 1758 and the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642, have been interpreted by the Constitutional Chamber to the effect that the automatic extension provided for in Article 25 of the former cannot give rise to de facto perpetual concessions. The jurisprudence (resolutions N.º 02997-2006 and N.º 04569-2008, among others) has precisely validated the transition toward a model of temporary concessions, awarded by tender, as a requirement of the constitutional mandate. To now impose, via amparo, a general five-year extension, in abstraction of the Executive Agreements already issued, the expired concessions, and the tenders called, would mean disregarding that doctrine and substituting the legislator and the Executive Branch in the design, planning, administration, and control over the constitutional state-owned public domain asset.

The reference that the petition makes to a "technical recommendation of the Superintendency of Telecommunications (SUTEL)" cannot justify an order for a general extension either. SUTEL's technical recommendations must be analyzed in light of Law N.º 8660, which allows the Executive Branch to depart from such criteria for reasons of public interest, and, in any case, this is done under all the public interest grounds that support the constitutional framework protecting the instruction of the tender through Executive Agreement N.º Telf02. To affirm the contrary would be equivalent to transferring to the technical authority a power of configuring the state-owned public domain regime that the constituent power has unequivocally reserved to the Legislative Assembly and the Executive Branch, within their respective competences.

Regarding the petition that this Chamber declare, "in a judgment on the merits," that Executive Agreement N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, official communication N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, and the tender specifications for tenders N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL violate various fundamental rights, it must be insisted that the amparo remedy is not the appropriate avenue to reopen a debate on legality and public policy already ventilated in multiple ordinary venues. The Comptroller General of the Republic has confirmed the validity of the specifications against objections substantially identical to those now raised; the Administrative Contentious Court is hearing nullity actions against Executive Agreement N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT itself and against the Agreements denying extensions; and the Supreme Electoral Tribunal, in resolution N.º 2267-E8-2025, already delimited the electoral risk associated with the new model, allowing the continuity of the tenders under certain conditions. Transforming the amparo remedy into an alternative channel to review, as a whole, that normative and administrative architecture would empty the distribution of competences between constitutional judge and administrative-contentious judge that emanates from Articles 10 and 49 of the Political Constitution. Moreover, the alleged violations invoked do not objectively emerge from the text of Executive Agreement N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, nor from official communication N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, nor from the tender documents. As has been set forth, these instruments incorporate economic efficiency criteria, yes, but also express guidelines for continuity of service, territorial coverage, prevention of spectrum concentration, absence of unjustified entry barriers, transparency, and user protection, in harmony with the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642, and with the Radio (Wireless Services) Law N.º 1758. The Comptroller General has qualified as "generic" and lacking in evidence the allegations of impact on freedom of expression and informational pluralism, for failing to identify specific clauses, or to provide studies or data that accredit a real risk, beyond mere hypotheses.

The request that this Constitutional Chamber order the redesign of the tender procedure to respect "the differentiation between commercial, cultural, religious, educational, and community stations," "incorporate mechanisms for effective protection of cultural diversity and intangible cultural heritage," and "guarantee the real participation of small and medium-sized national enterprises" goes one step further: it turns the constitutional judge into a co-designer of the sectoral broadcasting policy. It corresponds to the legislator, through laws such as the Radio (Wireless Services) Law N.º 1758, the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642, and the General Public Procurement Law, Law N.º 9986, and to the Executive Branch, through regulations and executive agreements, to define the spectrum allocation model and, where appropriate, to introduce special regimes or affirmative action measures. The Constitutional Chamber can expel from the legal system norms incompatible with the Political Constitution or interpret them in conformity with it, but it cannot design a system of quotas, reserves, or differentiated treatment that the legislator has not established, nor substitute SUTEL and the Comptroller General of the Republic in their technical assessments.

The petition that the Executive Branch and SUTEL be ordered to "resolve, in a prompt, reasoned manner, and respectful of due process, all concession extension requests filed since December 2022, ensuring service continuity" ignores that many of those requests have already been the subject of an express pronouncement, through Executive Agreements that deny the extension and which are currently subject to the administrative-contentious jurisdiction. In this part of the petition, a current injury to service continuity is also not identified, which has been protected, as indicated, by transitory rules of a general nature; rather, it is limited to expressing the appellant's disagreement with the change of model: from successive extensions, based on Article 25 of the Radio (Wireless Services) Law N.º 1758, to a public tender regime subject to the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642.

In sum, the petitions formulated seek for the Chamber to indefinitely maintain the suspension of tenders declared valid by the controlling body; to impose a general five-year extension in favor of all concessionaires, without distinction; to revoke, through the amparo remedy, a normative and technical architecture built over years in the Radio (Wireless Services) Law N.º 1758, the General Telecommunications Law, Law N.º 8642, their regulations, and SUTEL's opinions; and to redesign the tender model with sectoral public policy criteria that exceed the scope of constitutional control.

In reality, the appellant attempts to take advantage of a context of varied litigation in the contentious-administrative and constitutional venues to reopen, before this Chamber, matters that have not succeeded due to a lack of arguments and evidentiary foundations, neither before the Comptroller General of the Republic nor before the ordinary courts, and which belong to the field of legality control and ordinary regulatory configuration, not to the core of the amparo action. For these reasons, none of the petitions can be granted. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">IV.- ON THE LEGAL BASIS FOR THE DECISIONS ADOPTED BY THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH RELATED TO THE GUARANTEE OF THE EXERCISE OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS THROUGH FREE AND OPEN-ACCESS RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING AS A PRIVATE ACTIVITY OF PUBLIC INTEREST. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">A.- ON THE NATURE OF THE RADIO ELECTRIC SPECTRUM AS A PUBLIC DOMAIN ASSET </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">The radio electric spectrum is a constitutional public domain asset, as provided in Article 121, subsection 14), sub-subsection c) of the Political Constitution, and numeral 78 of Law No. 8642, General Telecommunications Law, and Article 79 of Executive Decree No. 44010-MICITT, National Frequency Allocation Plan (Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias, PNAF) and its amendments. Therefore, it cannot leave the domain of the State, and its planning, administration, and control are governed by the provisions of the Political Constitution, International Treaties, the laws and regulations issued for that purpose, as well as the provisions of the National Telecommunications Development Plan (Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones, PNDT), as stipulated in Article 10 of Law No. 8642. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Thus, the radio electric spectrum may only be exploited by the Public Administration or by private parties, in accordance with the law or through a special concession granted for a limited time and subject to the conditions and stipulations established by the legislator, as instituted by sub-subsection c), subsection 14) of Article 121 of the Political Constitution. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">As a natural resource that it is, it possesses the characteristics of demanial assets, that is, those that, due to their vocation for general or collective service or by decision of the Legislative Assembly, by a vote of at least two-thirds of its members, are designated for public use, and therefore are inalienable, imprescriptible, and outside commerce. Regarding these, this honorable Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, through its Opinion No. 02408 of 4:13 p.m. on February 21, 2007, has indicated:</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">“(…) are those that have a nature and legal regime different from private assets –which are governed by the right to property under the terms of Article 45 of the Political Constitution–, insofar as, by express will of the legislator, they are designated for a special purpose of serving the community, that is, the public interest, and that, therefore, cannot be the object of private property, so that they are outside commerce, and therefore cannot belong individually to private parties, nor to the State, strictly speaking, because the State is limited to its administration and guardianship.(…)”</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore\">&#xa0;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Consequently, because the public interest is involved, the provisions of Article 261 of the Civil Code apply, which reads: </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">“Article 261. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">Public things are those that, by law, are permanently destined for any service of general utility, and those from which everyone can benefit by being delivered to public use (…)”. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">By virtue of the foregoing, it is evident that public assets, and with them the radio electric spectrum, have a different purpose, being designated for common use, as indicated by this honorable Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, through Judgment No. 2301-91 of November 6, 1991, when stating that: (…).”</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Due to the foregoing, concessions for the use and exploitation of the radio electric spectrum only confer upon their holder the right to exploit or make use of it under the terms and conditions stipulated in the respective enabling title, without generating any right of ownership over it. The foregoing leads to the assertion that the individual or legal entity that is the concessionaire does not acquire either the property or a vested right over the asset, but rather the opposite, </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">the concession only confers upon its holder the possibility of using and exploiting the asset, within a determined period, and under the conditions delimited in the enabling title and in the current legal system </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">(including the National Frequency Allocation Plan –abbreviated PNAF–, as the technical standard that allocates the frequency bands of the radio electric spectrum according to their use, taking into consideration the recommendations of the International Telecommunication Union and the Radio Regulations of that Organization). Maintaining, due to their nature and vocation for public service or general interest, to which they are constitutionally designated. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">The foregoing, because it is a scarce and strategic demanial asset, key for countries' integration into new technologies and innovative services, so the decision for its allocation must be subject to a series of strict requirements, not only at the procedural level (to ensure its transparency and legality), but also must address the needs and public interest of the State, which entails that it must be consistent with the short, medium, and long-term vision of the Telecommunications Rector, and with the country's public policy objectives (public purposes). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Thus, it is clear that telecommunications are regulated from a constitutional, supra-legal, and legal hierarchy, also guided by guiding principles and sectoral legal objectives, whose application is mandatory for all concessionaires, whether individuals or legal entities, public or private, national or foreign, and ignorance of the Law cannot be alleged. In this sense, the Political Constitution states in its Article 129, which cites: </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">“</span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">Article 129.- </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">Laws are mandatory and take effect from the day they designate; in the absence of this requirement, ten days after their publication in the Official Gazette. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">No one may allege ignorance of the law except in cases that it authorizes. (…)” </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">As part of the objectives contained in subsections g) and i) of Article 2 of Law No. 8642, General Telecommunications Law, the obligation of the State is contemplated to ensure the efficient and effective allocation, use, exploitation, administration, and control of the radio electric spectrum and other scarce resources, as well as to procure the maximum benefits of technological progress and convergence, and to promote effective competition in the telecommunications market as a mechanism to increase the availability of services, improve their quality, and ensure affordable prices. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">In complement to the foregoing, Article 8 of the LGT regulates the objectives of the planning, administration, and control of the radio electric spectrum, objectives that support the legal powers conferred on the Telecommunications Rectorate and SUTEL.(…).</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">V.- CONCLUSIONS </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'%0.'; -aw-list-number-styles:'decimal'; -aw-list-number-values:'1'; -aw-list-padding-sml:25.48pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.5pt\">1.</span><span style=\"width:25.48pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">It is not legally admissible to attempt to subject to constitutional review, through the amparo appeal, the design of the bidding terms and conditions (pliegos de condiciones), the setting of base prices, the configuration of the networks, and, in general, the technical-economic component of the competitive bidding model, without integrating into the process the independent authority to which the legal system has exclusively entrusted those powers. </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">The omission of filing a complaint against SUTEL</span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">, despite directing most of the formulated criticisms against its acts and criteria, </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">generates an evident deficit of contradiction and artificially weakens the position of the sectoral authorities</span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">, </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">in open tension with the principle of procedural good faith and the principle of equality of arms. </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Therefore, and before the merits of the grievances related to the actions of the Superintendency of Telecommunications are examined, it must respectfully be requested that the Constitutional Chamber </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">order its integration </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">into this amparo appeal </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">as a respondent authority</span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">, granting it the corresponding hearing, so that any pronouncement on such matters is made with full observance of the principles of contradiction, defense, and subjective consistency. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore\">&#xa0;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">2.- The same administrative decisions that Nombre02 challenges in this amparo appeal, that is, the denials of extension, Executive Agreement No. Telf02, and the bidding terms for Major Bids No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV), are already the subject of multiple ongoing proceedings before the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction, both precautionary and on the merits (case files, among others, No. 25-001640-1027-CA, 25-002650-1027-CA, 25-006374-1027-CA, 25-006375-1027-CA, 25-006586-1027-CA, and 25-007887-1027-CA). In these, the alleged positive silence, the nullity of Executive Agreements, the validity of the competitive bidding model, the inclusion of specific frequencies, the alleged property effects, and the consequences on specific enabling titles are being discussed with ample evidence. The ordinary avenue, therefore, not only exists but is being intensely used by the appellant itself and its associates. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">3. In case file No. 25-007887-1027-CA, promoted by CANARTEL itself, the Contentious-Administrative Court rejected the highly provisional precautionary measure that sought the suspension of the Executive Agreements and the bids, and granted a hearing to the State to resolve the precautionary request. This decision demonstrates that the judge of ordinary legality already assessed, albeit </span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-style:italic\">prima facie</span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">, the non-existence of a </span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-style:italic\">fumus boni iuris</span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">, of a </span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-style:italic\">periculum in mora</span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">, and of a balancing of interests that would justify the paralysis of the competitive bidding model. Attempting for the Constitutional Chamber to now grant, through the amparo action, what the contentious-administrative judge denied as a precautionary measure, is equivalent to establishing a parallel double instance over the same litigious object, in open contradiction with the constitutional distribution of powers between Articles 10 and 49 of the Political Constitution. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">4. The Constitutional Chamber has been consistent in affirming that it is not a controller of legality or another instance of the Administration, and that, from the entry into force of the Contentious-Administrative Procedural Code, there exists a plenary and universal contentious-administrative jurisdiction, equipped with precautionary measures and agile mechanisms for the effective protection of substantial legal situations. The issues that Nombre02 raises, such as the content and scope of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the design of bidding terms, base prices, IRR/NPV, the number of transmitters, deployment deadlines, the alleged delay in extensions, are typical matters of ordinary legality, which require evidence and technical considerations, and are already being ventilated in the specialized avenue. Using the amparo appeal to reframe these controversies distorts its extraordinary function and violates the principle of self-restraint of the constitutional judge. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:36pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; -aw-import:ignore\">&#xa0;</span></p><div style=\"margin-left:36pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'%0.'; -aw-list-number-styles:'decimal'; -aw-list-number-values:'5'; -aw-list-padding-sml:7.5pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">5.</span><span style=\"width:7.5pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">The Supreme Electoral Tribunal, in Resolution No. 2267-E8-2025, expressly analyzed the potential electoral risks of the new frequency allocation scheme and ordered the deferral of its material implementation during</span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0; </span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">the 2025-2026 electoral period, but without suspending the processing of the tenders or questioning the competence of the Executive Branch to design them. It even provided that, if the respective legal requirements were met, extensions, renewals, or awards could be granted during that period. The comprehensive suspension agreed upon within the framework of this amparo action ends up being more restrictive than the standard set by the electoral judge itself, even though it already limited the risk and enabled the continuation of the process in its preparatory phase. </span></p></div><div style=\"margin-left:36pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'%0.'; -aw-list-number-styles:'decimal'; -aw-list-number-values:'6'; -aw-list-padding-sml:7.5pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">6.</span><span style=\"width:7.5pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT extended the validity of the broadcasting concessions from June 28, 2024, until the business day following the final declaration of new authorities of the Executive and Legislative Branches in the 2025-2026 electoral process, keeping the original conditions of the titles unchanged. Additionally, in case file No. 25-001640-1027-CA, the Court of Appeals for Contentious-Administrative Matters issued a precautionary measure of general scope (opinion No. 378-2025-I of 2:40 p.m. on September 24, 2025) that maintains the validity of the enabling titles until the tender is decided with finality, a definitive judgment is issued in that main proceeding, or there is a change in circumstances. In this context, there is no current interruption of service or abrupt reduction in the supply of content; any alleged impact on freedom of expression, informational pluralism, or the right of access to telecommunications lies in the field of conjecture, not in that of a certain, direct, and imminent harm. </span></p></div><div style=\"margin-left:36pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'%0.'; -aw-list-number-styles:'decimal'; -aw-list-number-values:'7'; -aw-list-padding-sml:7.5pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">7.</span><span style=\"width:7.5pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">Executive Agreement No. Telf03-TEL-MICITT is inserted into a clear regulatory framework: Article 121, subsection 14), sub-subsection c), and 182 of the Political Constitution, General Telecommunications Law No. 8642, the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758, the National Telecommunications Development Plan 2022-2027, and the international commitments assumed by Costa Rica regarding the administration of scarce resources. It is also supported by technical opinions from SUTEL that assess spectrum occupancy, coverage, potential demand, and market conditions, and that justify the need and feasibility of the tender. The instructional Agreement is limited to ordering the preparation of future tenders for a demanial asset whose exploitation has always been temporary, under rules of transparency and free competition. It does not resolve particular cases, does not discriminate by type of content, and does not impose an economic model alien to the current constitutional and legal framework. </span></p></div><div style=\"margin-left:36pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'%0.'; -aw-list-number-styles:'decimal'; -aw-list-number-values:'8'; -aw-list-padding-sml:7.5pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">8.</span><span style=\"width:7.5pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">Official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 on Public Policy Guidelines of this Telecommunications Rectorate, far from subjecting broadcasting to a purely commercial logic, orders the guarantee of the right of access to telecommunications services, the continuity of radio and television broadcasting service, accessibility throughout the entire territory, especially in rural areas, the prevention of spectrum concentration, the non-existence of unjustified entry barriers, the transparency of tenders, and environmental sustainability. The reference to “efficiency” and “market forces” is located within a set of objectives that seek to optimize a scarce public resource for the benefit of the general interest, without selecting concessionaires based on their editorial, religious, or cultural line. What the appellant qualifies as </span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-style:italic\">“homogenization” </span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">is, in reality, the State's neutrality before content and the subjection of all operators to general objective and non-discriminatory rules. </span></p></div><div style=\"margin-left:36pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-left:18pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:-18pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'%0.'; -aw-list-number-styles:'decimal'; -aw-list-number-values:'9'; -aw-list-padding-sml:7.5pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">9.</span><span style=\"width:7.5pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'\">Article 29 of Law No. 8642 and the binding opinion No. C-110-2016 of the Office of the Attorney General confirm that broadcasting, as radiocommunication, is telecommunications, and that the legal regime is mixed: the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 regulates specific aspects of the service, but the planning, administration, and control of the spectrum, as well as the regime of networks and competition, are governed by the General Telecommunications Law No. 8642. Under this approach, the spectrum remains an asset of the public domain of the Nation, inalienable and imprescriptible, the exploitation of which must always be for a limited time and through public tender. The figure of the automatic extension in Article 25 of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758 cannot be interpreted today as a source of perpetual concessions or indefinite automatic extensions; it must be harmonized with the time limits and the objectives of efficiency, transparency, and non-discrimination imposed by subsequent sectoral legislation and the Political Constitution itself, and the interpretation that the Constitutional Chamber itself has made. </span></p></div> 10. Article 20 of the Radio Law (Wireless Services) No. 1758, which provides tax exemptions for certain cultural stations that do not carry paid advertising, and Articles 97 and 98 of the Regulation to Law No. 8642, which classify stations as commercial and cultural, do not establish distinct concession regimes nor mandate content-segmented competitions. These are norms that operate, fundamentally, at the fiscal level and in terms of programming obligations. Transforming them into a right to privileged economic and technical conditions in accessing the spectrum overflows their text and would create preferential treatment without express legal authorization, with risks of discrimination and ideological control over content. Equality and freedom of expression demand, on the contrary, competitions that are neutral with respect to the message, with uniform rules for all interested parties.

11. The Contraloría General de la República heard and resolved the objection appeals filed against the bidding documents for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. R-DCP-00078-2025), it being known that the objection appeals themselves were filed by CANARTEL. After a detailed technical-legal examination, it concluded that: a) The appellants did not identify specific clauses causing the alleged harm. b) They did not demonstrate, with financial or market studies, that the base prices or the auction mechanism constituted unjustified barriers to access. c) They did not provide evidence of a real restriction on freedom of expression or pluralism, limiting themselves to generic assertions.

12. The allegations regarding base prices, auction, cash flow and NPV/IRR requirements, minimum number of transmitters, deployment deadlines, and MIDEPLAN regionalization were addressed, at the time, to the Contraloría General de la República and were dismissed for lack of sufficient technical or legal substantiation. The bidding documents apply these requirements in a general, objective, and non-discriminatory manner, with the legitimate purpose of guaranteeing project viability, service continuity, national or regional coverage, and efficient use of the spectrum. Market behavior, with offers from religious, cultural, and regional broadcasters, disproves the thesis that the design has de facto closed off access to these actors. In any case, these are discrepancies regarding the timeliness and intensity of sector regulation, which must be aired in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, not in an amparo proceeding.

13. The appellant does not identify specific extension administrative files nor demonstrate, with precise facts and dates, an unjustified delay that has placed a concessionaire in a defenseless state. Meanwhile, the Executive Branch has issued general norms to ensure service continuity (such as Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT), and the concessionaires themselves have initiated contentious proceedings, with claims of enormous patrimonial scope, to discuss the existence of positive silence (silencio positivo), the validity of the denying Agreements, and the extension regime. The alleged “legal vulnerability” is, in reality, a consequence of the temporary nature of public domain concessions and the State's legitimate decision to once again submit the spectrum to competition, not of an unconstitutional omission.

14. All potential awardees are in a legally comparable situation: they are private parties seeking to exploit a constitutional, public, and scarce public domain asset to provide free and open-access radio broadcasting services. Imposing common technical and economic conditions on them, aimed at guaranteeing continuity, coverage, and quality, responds to the legitimate purpose of optimizing the use of the spectrum and protecting the right of access to telecommunications. There is no authorization in the legal system to design competitions with substantively different conditions based on the message's content or the operator's subjective purpose; doing so, indeed, could generate indirect discrimination and risks to freedom of expression. Equality demands objective rules, not sectoral or guild privileges without a legal basis.

15. The construction of the alleged impact on freedom of expression, pluralism, equality, due process, and access to telecommunications rests on future hypotheses (eventual loss of concessions, potential off-air status of certain operators, possible economic difficulties of some business models), not on concrete and current facts. The Constitutional Chamber itself has reiterated that amparo does not protect mere fears or disagreements with the direction of public policies, but rather effective and proven violations of fundamental rights. Here, what is evident is the disagreement of a group of concessionaires with the transition from a de facto scheme of automatic extensions toward a model of temporary, competitive public tenders subject to ordinary legality control.

16. In light of the foregoing, from a strictly constitutional and procedural perspective, the amparo action filed by the Cámara Nacional de Radio y Televisión (CANARTEL) presents itself as an action that overlaps with contentious-administrative proceedings for merits and interim measures already underway, in which exactly the same litigious object is being discussed. Likewise, it is directed against aspects that have been the subject of final decisions by the Contraloría General de la República, an authority that has validated the bidding documents against the objections formulated by the appellant itself. Far from proving a current, direct, and individualized injury to fundamental rights, the appeal rather expresses a discrepancy with public policy and sector regulation decisions that have suitable and effective ordinary channels for their review.

17. Consequently, it is appropriate for the Constitutional Chamber to dismiss the amparo action filed by CANARTEL in all its aspects, revoke the interim measure that suspended the processing of the major broadcasting tenders, thereby restoring the full force of the challenged administrative actions, without prejudice to what the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction resolves in the already initiated proceedings, and confirm that the appropriate channel for airing the controversies regarding extensions, nullity of Executive Agreements, the design of the tender model, and patrimonial effects is, precisely, the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction and the Contraloría General de la República at the corresponding stage of the public procurement process, within the framework of their constitutional and legal powers.” It requests expanding the present judicial proceeding to include the Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (SUTEL) so that it may report on the challenged actions that constitute its own acts attributable to its exclusive, non-transferable, and non-waivable legal functions, in accordance with Article 66.1 of the General Law on Public Administration No. 6227. To accept, in all its aspects, the report issued in response to the hearing granted by Resolution of 1:56 p.m. on December 5, 2025, within electronic file No. 25-037342-0007-CO, in which the amparo action filed by Mrs. Nombre01, in her capacity as President and Attorney-in-Fact without limit of sum of the Asociación Cámara Nacional de Radio y Televisión (CANARTEL), against the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications is being heard. And to declare the appeal dismissed.

4.- By resolution of 2:39 p.m. on December 16, 2025, the parties in this proceeding are expanded and a report is requested from the Minister of the Presidency and the Superintendent of Telecommunications SUTEL.

5.- Jorge Rodríguez Bogle reports, in his capacity as Acting Minister of the Presidency of the Republic. He states that: “II. ON THE MERITS: The matter contends that the frequency auction is allegedly disproportionate and exclusionary by not distinguishing between commercial, cultural, religious, community, and educational stations. It alludes that the foregoing supposedly favors large commercial operators, and causes danger to informational plurality, and indirect censorship of freedom of expression. It also complains that the extension requests filed since December 2022 by CANARTEL's broadcasting concessionaires have not been resolved; which apparently violated due process and the principle of legality.

Regarding the matter, and in view of the report requested of me, it is necessary to indicate that matters concerning broadcasting and the radio spectrum auction are matters not within my competence. By virtue thereof, my represented entity has not made any intervention in this tendering procedure; however, in order to comply with your order, I adhere to the statements rendered by Mrs. Paula Bogantes Zamora, Minister of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications, the competent authority on this matter, where, through official communication No. MICITT-DM-OF-1489-2025 of December 11, 2025, she states as relevant:

“The very same administrative decisions that Nombre02 challenges in this amparo action, that is, the denials of extension, Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, and the bidding documents for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV), are already the subject of multiple ongoing proceedings before the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction, both for interim measures and merits (files, among others, No. 25-001640-1027-CA, 25-002650-1027-CA, 25-006374-1027-CA, 25-006375-1027-CA, 25-006586-1027-CA, and 25-007887-1027-CA). In them, the supposed positive silence (silencio positivo), the nullity of Executive Agreements, the validity of the tender model, the inclusion of specific frequencies, the supposed patrimonial effects, and the consequences for specific enabling titles are discussed with ample evidentiary scope. The ordinary route, therefore, not only exists but is being intensely used by the appellant itself and its associates (...) In file No. 25-007887-1027-CA, promoted by Nombre02 herself, the Contentious-Administrative Tribunal rejected the provisional interim measure that sought the suspension of the Executive Agreements and the tenders, and granted the State a hearing to resolve the request for interim measures. That decision demonstrates that the judge of ordinary legality already assessed, albeit prima facie, the non-existence of a fumus boni iuris, a periculum in mora, and a balancing of interests that would justify the paralysis of the tender model. To now seek that the Constitutional Chamber grant, through amparo, what the contentious judge denied as an interim measure, is equivalent to establishing a parallel double instance over the same litigious object, in open contradiction with the constitutional distribution of competences between Articles 10 and 49 of the Political Constitution (...) The questions that Nombre02 raises, such as the content and scope of Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, the design of bidding documents, base prices, IRR/NPV, number of transmitters, deployment deadlines, alleged delay in extensions, are typical matters of ordinary legality, which require evidence and technical assessments, and which are already being aired in the specialized venue. Using the amparo action to reframe these controversies denaturalizes its extraordinary function and violates the principle of self-restraint of the constitutional judge (...) Executive Decree No. 45195-MICITT extended the validity of the broadcasting concessions from June 28, 2024, until the business day following the final declaration of new authorities of the Executive Branch and Legislative Branch in the 2025-2026 electoral process, keeping the original conditions of the titles intact. Additionally, in file No. 25-001640-1027-CA, the Appeals Tribunal of the Contentious-Administrative issued an interim measure of general scope (ruling No. 378-2025-I of 2:40 p.m. on September 24, 2025) that maintains the validity of the enabling titles until the tender is finally decided, a final judgment is issued in that main proceeding, or there is a change in circumstances. In this context, there is no current interruption of service or abrupt reduction in content offerings; any alleged impact on freedom of expression, informational pluralism, or the right of access to telecommunications is situated in the realm of conjecture, not in that of a certain, direct, and imminent injury (...) Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT (...) Does not resolve particular cases, does not discriminate by type of content, and does not impose an economic model alien to the current constitutional and legal framework (...) The reference to “efficiency” and “market forces” is situated within a set of objectives that seek to optimize a scarce public resource for the benefit of the general interest, without selecting concessionaires based on their editorial, religious, or cultural line (...) The Contraloría General de la República heard and resolved the objection appeals filed against the bidding documents for Major Tenders No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (Resolutions No. R-DCP-00076-2025, No. R-DCP-00077-2025, and No. RDCP-00078-2025), it being known that the objection appeals themselves were filed by CANARTEL. After a detailed technical-legal examination, it concluded that: a) The appellants did not identify specific clauses causing the alleged harm. b) They did not demonstrate, with financial or market studies, that the base prices or the auction mechanism constituted unjustified barriers to access. c) They did not provide evidence of a real restriction on freedom of expression or pluralism, limiting themselves to generic assertions (...) The appellant does not identify specific extension administrative files nor demonstrate, with precise facts and dates, an unjustified delay that has placed a concessionaire in a defenseless state (...) There is no authorization in the legal system to design competitions with substantively different conditions based on the message's content or the operator's subjective purpose; doing so, indeed, could generate indirect discrimination and risks to freedom of expression. Equality demands objective rules, not sectoral or guild privileges without a legal basis (...)”.

Now, in addition to this Amparo action file, five more prevail, among them 25-031501-0007-CO, 25-036595-0007-CO, 25-036754-0007-CO, 25-036207-0007-CO, 25-036782-0007-CO, 25-036885-0007-CO, 25-036809-0007-CO, 25-036739-0007-CO, 25-036796-0007-CO, 25-037263-0007-CO, and 25-036800-0007-CO, which equate subject (amparo parties and respondents), object, and type of proceeding, so upon verifying that there is subjective and objective connection among these files, we respectfully request your high Court to assess the possibility of accumulating said files by virtue of the principle of procedural economy.

Therefore, in accordance with the facts stated, I consider the present appeal against my represented entity inadmissible, by virtue of the fact that, as indicated above, we have had no participation whatsoever in the radio spectrum auction process: radio broadcasting and television, that the appellant party accuses, and I respectfully request that the present appeal be dismissed.” It requests that the appeal be dismissed.

6.- Carlos Watson Carazo reports, in his capacity as President of the Board of the SUPERINTENDENCIA DE TELECOMUNICACIONES. He states that: “the mechanism chosen for the radio spectrum auction procedure (television, FM and AM frequencies) complies with the objectives defined by the Executive Branch and is the most suitable mechanism for the allocation of the scarce resource, for an efficient allocation of the public domain asset and a reduction in transaction costs, at the same time, it provides flexibility and dynamism when making offers, and complies with the principle of transparency.

In addition to the foregoing, it is clarified that, although we are facing an auction, the bidders in the competitive procedures who submit a valid bid, that is, who have met the admissibility requirements established in the bidding documents, have the opportunity to obtain a frequency.

Let us remember that we are facing a sealed-bid auction with a single bidding phase, it being that this last phase is only to obtain a frequency of interest.

Therefore, in the event that two or more bidders bid for the same frequency and if, after carrying out the bidding phase, a bidder is not the winner, that bidder has the right to opt for a broadcasting frequency (not the one they bid on, but another that is available).

In other words, the auction in itself does not imply that the one who does not win the bidding phase is left without the possibility of obtaining a broadcasting concession, but rather that whoever “wins” the bid will have the right of priority over the frequency for which they made their financial bid.

Finally, in accordance with the foregoing and as further developed below, the auction procedure addresses the guiding principles established in Article 3, subsections e), f), and i) of the General Telecommunications Law, namely the optimization of scarce resources, publicity, and effective competition, since it promotes the allocation and use of scarce resources and telecommunications infrastructure in an objective, timely, transparent, non-discriminatory, and efficient manner, with the dual objective of ensuring effective competition, as well as the expansion and improvement of networks and services; the foregoing also seeking publicity for all stages of the competitive process.

1. **Determination of the Price** Regarding this matter, it is established that the economic value of the spectrum set in the competitive procedures is based on technical studies and is consistent with the rules of science and technique, as set forth in Article 15 of Law No. 6227 and the provisions of the MICITT.

First, it should be noted that, since spectrum cannot be duplicated, it is considered a scarce resource, as defined in Law No. 8642. Therefore, when the State authorizes a company to use a radio or television frequency, through a concession (concesión), it is giving it access to a limited public resource.

Spectrum, like any asset, possesses an economic value. This economic value derives from the fact that the holder of the concession (concesión) obtains an economic profit from its use and exploitation. In that sense, the payment included in the auction process is a retribution by the concessionaires (concesionarios) for the profits they will obtain from the use of a State-owned public domain asset. In this regard, Nombre04 and Nombre05 (2012)11 **11** Nombre04, Nombre06 and Nombre05, Nombre07, Spectrum Value (March indicate that "*Spectrum is not a store of value, but an input for the production of valuable services*".

Specifically, the Executive Branch and the MICITT, in exercise of their powers under Law No. 8660, issued Executive Decree 44539-MICITT, through which they decreed a series of public policy guidelines for the competitive process.

These guidelines were detailed in note MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, which states, regarding issues associated with spectrum valuation, the following:

"*For the selection phase, a vision based on efficiency and market forces must be considered for each of the AM, FM, and television broadcasting services, to ensure an allocation of the radio spectrum subject to that competitive process in a fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory manner, in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 8642, the General Telecommunications Law, and the Public Policy of the current National Telecommunications Development Plan, considering the market value of that scarce resource.*" "*The foregoing in accordance with the powers delegated to this Superintendency to carry out the economic and market activities and studies, established in Articles 11 and 29 of the General Telecommunications Law, and Articles 21, 23, 24, and 96 of Executive Decree No. 34765-MINAET, Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law, necessary for the market valuation of the radio spectrum subject to the public competition ordered in Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT dated June 20, 2024.*" "*In addition to the above, for the particular case of television broadcasting service, it is important that SUTEL considers that the virtual channel indicator has a relevant commercial valuation, for purposes of estimating its market value and the allocation mechanism for offerors interested in this service.*" (Intentional emphasis) *Likewise, through Council agreement number 002-039 of the extraordinary session 039-2025 of July 18, 2025, a preliminary proposal of the bidding terms and conditions and a summary of the economic proposal, which included the final prices, were sent to the MICITT.* *In order to determine the economic value of the spectrum, the Sutel General Directorate of Markets prepared official communication 08138-SUTEL-DGM-2025 of August 27, 2025, which determined the use of the benchmarking methodology, which, as will be explained, is consistent with best practices and has been the quintessential spectrum valuation method in other competitive procedures carried out by Sutel.* *The information contained in this report shows that Sutel followed technical criteria based on international best practices for estimating the base prices of broadcasting concessions (concesiones).* *Sutel followed a transparent process in the calculation; the report includes the base data used for the calculation, the normalization process, and details, step by step, how the proposed base prices are reached, thus guaranteeing total transparency in its estimates.* *The spectrum valuation process is complex, as it seeks to assign an economic value to an intangible scarce resource, as recognized by Nombre04 and Nombre05 (2012)12: "estimating its value poses challenges not present when valuing most other assets," since its relative value is based on the underlying value of the services that could be deployed with said spectrum.* *There are various methodologies indicated by the International Telecommunication Union13 (ITU) used globally for the purpose of spectrum valuation (all valid):* i *Cost Model: the ideal or fictitious network is designed based on estimates derived from statistical data, then distributing the values of the asset used among the different services that require it. It is a costly and time-consuming process, and the information asymmetry between the operator and the regulator cannot be completely eliminated.* i *Benchmarking: This method consists of observing the price of similar spectrum bands in auctions held in other markets and, after applying the appropriate adjustments (normalization, exchange rate, concession (concesión) term, auction year), using the results to estimate the value in the target market. This methodology presents important advantages, including simplicity of calculation and immediate comprehension, as well as the use of objective results, already corroborated in other markets.* iii Modelo de Ingresos (Flujo de Caja Descontado - FCD): este modelo puede ser utilizado para determinar el valor que representa la asignación de frecuencias de espectro teniendo en cuenta los ingresos potenciales derivados de su uso. Este modelo tiene la limitación de sobre o subestimar los datos de ingresos debido a la asimetría de información relacionada con los diferentes modelos de radioemisoras y la diferenciación entre los ingresos por servicios de publicidad y lo relacionado con la radiodifusión gratuita.

It is important to consider that the choice of methodology for calculating the base price depends on the availability of data, the maturity of the market, and regulatory objectives.

In this particular case, Sutel evaluated the different methodologies, considering the information available to determine the value of the spectrum to be licensed in the frequency bands for radio and television in Costa Rica, determining that the most appropriate methodology to employ, for reasons of information availability, was the use of an international benchmarking.

It was not possible to opt for the Cost Model methodology because the necessary information for its construction was not available.

We confirm this in official communication 09268-SUTEL-DGM-2024, in which we requested information from the Ministry of Finance; however, the information provided had the problem that if the companies maintained several economic activities, said revenues were consolidated and, therefore, there was a risk of overestimating the sector's revenues.

Thus, through official communication No. MH-DGT-DIT-OF-0326-2024, the Ministry of Finance indicated that if the concessionaires (concesionarios) have several activities, the revenues are consolidated, so it is not possible to disaggregate such revenues for the broadcasting service, which are the relevant data for using the cost methodology, meaning the values provided were not reasonable for use by Sutel.

Additionally, in official communications 02959-SUTEL-DGM-2025 and 02960-SUTEL-DGM-2025, the Cámara Nacional de Radio de Costa Rica (CANARA) and the Cámara de Radio y Televisión de Costa Rica (CANARTEL) were asked for information regarding revenues, costs, data on radio audiences, open television users, and radio consumption of their members.

In response to this inquiry, CANARA, by undated official communication of April 28, 2025, stated: "*It was not the responsibility of the Chamber to manage data on the gross revenues of each of the radio stations that are part of it, nor to estimate the average costs of the installation and operation of each one. Nor to manage estimated data on radio audiences, much less data regarding the number of users who access radio via the internet. Such data, if existing, belong to the individual scope of each radio station and not to the Cámara Nacional de Radiodifusión*." (Attached as evidence) In the case of Nombre02, by undated official communication of April 21, 2025, stated: "*we must indicate that we do not have the information that you requested from us in the reference communication, given that, being a sector in competition, it is materially impossible for the member companies to share information that is sensitive and confidential. However, notwithstanding the above, we have forwarded your request to all our associates so that, if they so choose, they may share said information with you*." (Attached as evidence) *Likewise, Nombre02 asked its associates for such information so they would send us the information required in official communication 02960-SUTEL-DGM-2025; however, Sutel did not receive information from the associates.* *The foregoing demonstrates a good-faith effort by Sutel to obtain additional information; however, it did not have the support of the current broadcasting sector concessionaires (concesionarios) to provide information to Sutel.* *Due to the foregoing, it was decided to use the benchmarking methodology, for which it consulted information from different regulators and involved government institutions from different countries, such as Spain, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, Colombia14, among others, to obtain additional information.* *As previously identified, the use of reference data from other jurisdictions is a valid and efficient methodological mechanism, provided that normalization parameters are applied for the economic valuation of the spectrum; furthermore, this has been the spectrum valuation mechanism used in other auctions by Sutel.* *In that sense, for the definition of the base price, Sutel followed a technical process that included two main steps:* • *Paso 1: Definición de la metodología para el cálculo.* *The base price of the frequencies was determined through an internationally accepted methodology known as "International Benchmarking." This process is used when the country has no prior own values or there is insufficient financial information in the local market.* *For its estimation, Sutel collected information from broadcasting competitions conducted in other countries, specifically Mexico, Peru, Honduras, and the United States, where at the time a consideration was charged for using these frequencies.* *An important element to consider is that, for sound broadcasting service, Sutel only used the average of the first decile of the international samples reflecting the lowest prices. This has a direct impact on the base price for this service, as the lowest international samples were used for its estimation.* • Paso 2: Ajustar los valores a la realidad de Costa Rica.

These international values were adjusted so they would be comparable with Costa Rica.

To compare spectrum values between countries, a comparable unit price was first calculated by taking the awarded base price per area in each process and dividing it by the population and the bandwidth in KHz, obtaining an indicator in US$/KHz per inhabitant. With this standardized value, differences between regions and allocation formats were eliminated.

Subsequently, these unit prices were normalized to the Costa Rican context, adjusting them by three factors:

• Term of the concessions • Purchasing power parity (PPP) • Inflation via CPI and exchange rate PPP is used because it allows comparing markets with different price levels, expressing the value of the spectrum in terms of equal purchasing power. This corrects for structural economic differences between countries and better reflects the real income-generating capacity of the target market.

The procedure consisted of taking the original values in local currency, converting them using the exchange rate for the year in which the spectrum was assigned in each country, and adjusting by the PPP for that year for Costa Rica and the country of origin. The result is an equivalent value in nominal dollars for Costa Rica in the year of assignment.

The normalization produces a context adjustment coefficient, which reflects purchasing capacity, revenue potential, and expected margins in a market like Costa Rica's.

Subsequently, the converted values were updated to 2024 using the evolution of the CPI in dollars for Costa Rica and the exchange rate, keeping the real exchange rate constant.

Finally, the values were adjusted to a 15-year concession, applying financial discounting using the weighted average cost of capital for the current telecommunications sector (8.63% post-tax and 10.04% pre-tax).

It is important to consider that, for the final calculation of the base price, the entire population was not used; that is, the total number of inhabitants of the country who are potential users of broadcasting services.

Sutel opted for a more prudent metric, which is based on a subset significantly smaller than the population, corresponding to the potential demand based on applied national surveys. The demand used for the services corresponds to local estimates based on data from the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses for television and the University of Costa Rica for radio. This consideration generates a decrease in the base price.

In addition, it was established that, for national coverage, the price of the Central Region would be used. This was done because the Central Region concentrates the highest population density and, therefore, the highest economic value, preventing operators from paying an artificially high value for obtaining a national concession.

Finally, to guarantee compliance with public policy objectives, specifically regarding the establishment of entry barriers, the definition of the base price was complemented with a reasonableness analysis from a technical and economic perspective. This determined that the base price is within a reasonableness limit of between 5% and 20% of the economic value of the spectrum for one year; this percentage was estimated at 12.19% and 6.498% for television and radio respectively.

The foregoing demonstrates that the base prices estimated by Sutel were calculated with a valid methodology, internationally recognized and based on recognized economic concepts; they were adjusted to the Costa Rican reality and were collated with estimates related to the economic value of the spectrum to validate their reasonableness.

That is, the methodology followed by Sutel allowed estimating a price based on evidence and technical criteria, which complies with the public policy guidelines defined by the MICITT. It is not an arbitrary amount; it is entirely based on international practices, adjusted to the Costa Rican context.

As a relevant element regarding the base price, it must be considered that Sutel established mechanisms for deferred payment. Therefore, after analyzing the need to facilitate participation and avoid entry barriers, options to allow a fractional payment were analyzed in this process. The participant could pay the total value of the spectrum in a single tranche or make the payment in a fractionated manner in four tranches over a three-year period, aligned with the network deployment schedule.

In addition to the foregoing, it should be noted that in the process of objections to the bidding documents, the Comptroller General of the Republic (CGR), when analyzing the objections related to the value of the spectrum, stated as relevant:

"So that as a starting point, it must be emphasized that the appellant is not correct in claiming that there is an omission in carrying out the respective studies that support the calculated base price, given that this Division verifies that said studies are part of the procurement file, and thus it was incumbent upon the appellant, under an adequate exercise of the burden of proof, to analyze them in order to refute, with evidence to the contrary, the methodology used, the conclusions reached, making reference for this to reliable sources, without it being valid to simply mention a series of questions without any support." (Resolution No. R-DCP-00077-2025) methods:

As observed, the CGR, upon hearing the objection appeals filed against the bidding documents, and analyzing the arguments related to the value of the spectrum, resolved that no suitable evidence was provided, nor the necessary elements of judgment to uphold the claims against the assigned spectrum value.

In the same sense, it is worth keeping in mind that the amparo appeal filed also does not include technical justification that demonstrates how or why the base prices estimated by Sutel are not adequate and violate constitutional principles.

Furthermore, the bidding documents establish two payment methods, as detailed in clause 44, which reads as follows:

44. PAYMENT OF THE AMOUNT AWARDED FOR THE CONCESSION 44.1.1. Full payment of the Awarded Amount within a maximum period of fifteen (15) days after the Start of the Concession.

44.1.2. Deferred payment of the Awarded Amount in four tranches, considering for its indexation the average of the calendar month prior to which the payment corresponds of the Interbank Reference Rate (TRI) at thirty-six (36) months in foreign currency (U.S. dollars), as published by the Central Bank of Costa Rica, applicable to the balances, as follows:

44.1.2.1. Within a maximum period of fifteen (15) business days counted from the notification by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications of the Start of the Concession, you must make payment of 35% of the Awarded Amount without considering indexation.

44.1.2.2. Within a maximum period of twelve (12) months counted from the notification by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications of the Start of the Concession, you must make payment of 15% of the Awarded Amount considering the indexation of the balance payable.

44.1.2.3. Within a maximum period of twenty-four (24) months counted from the notification by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications of the Start of the Concession, you must make payment of 15% of the Awarded Amount considering the indexation of the balance payable.

44.1.2.4. Within a maximum period of thirty-six (36) months counted from the notification by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications of the Start of the Concession, you must make payment of 35% of the Awarded Amount considering the indexation of the balance payable. 44.1.2.5. Such amounts will be informed by the Granting Administration to the Concessionaires prior to the maximum payment date. In the case of advance payments, the Concessionaire must inform the Granting Administration at least ten (10) business days prior to the payment and indicate in what proportion it will make it.

From this standpoint, the prices set are not disproportionate given that they start from a supported spectrum valuation and that additionally, with the objective of facilitating and promoting participation and avoiding entry barriers, the bidding documents establish that payment of the amount awarded for the concession can be made through the modality of deferred payment.

The foregoing reaffirms that the valuation of the spectrum carried out through an international benchmarking methodology is in accordance with international best practices and, in turn, is recognized by the International Telecommunication Union.

Now then, for illustrative purposes, the following tables demonstrate the base prices established for each of the competitive bidding procedures, the monthly amount considering that it must be amortized over 15 to 25 years according to the terms of Article 24 of the General Telecommunications Law, as well as the payment that must be made in application of clause 44 of the bidding documents.

▪ Competitive bidding process for analog FM radio broadcasting with 200 kHz bandwidth, per frequency with regional scope **Table 1** Base price for the competitive bidding process for analog FM radio broadcasting with 200 kHz bandwidth, per frequency with regional coverage

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 **Excerpt 4** as well as the "Ley Forestal", the technical criteria established by SETENA for the respective environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA), and the management guidelines determined in the Forest Management Plan and the Management Plan corresponding to the area under evaluation. This area has no current forest cover (cobertura boscosa).

--- **Article 2.-** In this resolution, the following maps are attached:

These maps form an integral part of this resolution and were prepared by SINAC-ACOSA, based on the cadastral map [number] from the National Registry, the topographic map sheets from the IGN, and the field verification carried out by the officials of this Regional Sub-Directorate.

--- **Article 3.-** According to the field inspection and the respective measurement, the property has the following land-use areas:

--- **Article 4.-** The evaluation of the technical report demonstrates that the property, registered in the province of Puntarenas under the Costa Rican cadastral map number 1234567-000, lacks forest in much of its extension, since the area of pasture with trees and pasture without trees described in the previous article, currently does not meet the definition of forest area, given that these areas were granted a land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) authorization prior to the entry into force of the "Ley Forestal" No. 7575, as recorded in the permit issued by the INVU on the date indicated, which is contained within the file of this department, which meets the provisions of the "Reglamento de Fraccionamiento" and its regulations. Consequently, this area of the property is not subject to the provisions of Article 19 of the "Ley Forestal" or the regulations for land-use change established by SETENA.

--- **Article 5.-** Regarding the protection areas of springs (nacientes) located on the property, it is established that they must be protected in a radius of 100 meters on the horizontal plane, in accordance with the provisions of Article 33 of the "Ley Forestal" No. 7575, "Decreto Ejecutivo" No. 25721, and the classification in "Anexo 1" and "Anexo 2" of "Decreto N° 31849-MINAE". The coordinates of these springs are detailed in the following table, and said areas will be subject to a lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad) regime for forest protection, where only the activities permitted by current forest legislation may be carried out.

--- **Article 6.-** Consequently, it is recommended that the respective protocols of the project submitted for consideration adjust to the provisions of this resolution, respecting the forest area indicated in Article 3 and the protection zones for the springs (nacientes) identified in Article 5. The development of any earthworks (movimientos de tierra) or infrastructure must be located exclusively within the area of pasture with trees and pasture without trees, keeping the established protection easements (servidumbres) free.

ARTÍCULO 17.- The SETENA, through the corresponding *Reglamento*, shall establish which forest land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) projects, environmental impact assessments (evaluaciones de impacto ambiental, EIA), and other environmental viability instruments will be exempted from the environmental commitment deposit (depósito de garantía ambiental) established by the legislation on this matter, and which criteria both public and private banks and other duly authorized financial entities must meet to grant these deposits, without prejudice to the provisions of Article 20 of this law.

CONSIDERANDO III. Mediante oficio de fecha 28 de mayo de 2013, el Director Ejecutivo del SINAC remitió a esta Secretaría General copia de los oficios ACT‑OR‑D-244-2013 del 23 de mayo de 2013, expediente 16206-2010, y PI‑042-2012, en los que se señala que en la finca inscrita en el Registro Público de la Propiedad bajo el folio real 112044‑000 se observan áreas desprovistas de forest cover (cobertura boscosa) debido a un land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) no autorizado y que, según el estudio técnico realizado, dichas áreas son superiores a dos hectáreas, abarcan un spring (naciente) y se encuentran dentro de un área de protección, por lo que se recomendó no acoger el plan de manejo presentado.

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Anexo 2 Resolución N° 237-2010-SETENA

springs (nacientes) 3039 and 3042, located on the property covered by Forest Management Plan IT-CR-IF-10, are located at altitudes of 2502 and 2506 meters above sea level, respectively, and their coordinates and the delimitation of the corresponding protection areas are detailed in the preceding table.

The technical criterion issued considers that, in accordance with Article 33 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), both springs are located in an area of forest cover (cobertura boscosa), under the category of forest management, where there is no change in land use, and therefore it is considered that the area maintains the environmental services that the ecosystem naturally provides, especially hydrological regulation and conservation of biodiversity, and it is also identified that, by forestry order, no intervention is carried out in the protection areas of springs that are part of a primary forest.

It is concluded that the project is compatible with the provisions of Article 33 of the Forestry Law and that the protection areas established for springs 3039 and 3042 comply with the minimum radius established by Article 33 of the Forestry Law, its Regulations, and the technical guidelines issued by the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), for which reason no additional mitigatory or compensatory measures are required; consequently, the environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) of the project is recommended. This is based on the fact that there is land-use capacity for forest management and that the management techniques established in the Forest Management Plan respond to sustainability principles, favoring the permanence of the forest, which ensures the protection of water resources, soil stability, and the connectivity of natural ecosystems in the area.

The analysis of the Forest Management Plan, the respective technical criteria issued by the Osa Conservation Area (ACOSA), and the corresponding legal framework, determine its environmental viability, so it is appropriate to grant the corresponding environmental license (licencia ambiental).

Regarding the competitive procedure for AM sound broadcasting, it should be noted that, in official communication 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023, in which the Executive Branch was informed of the results of the public consultation on the interest of third parties in participating in a potential tender for AM broadcasting, it was specified that 19 expressions of interest were received; furthermore, the following was indicated:

“First, as was noted by multiple participants, the AM sound broadcasting service has lost interest among concessionaires and the general public, as it is a legacy technology that represents a high economic investment mainly due to electricity consumption.

Furthermore, the end-user device market has focused on integrating receivers with FM technology, which limits the availability of AM receivers and, in turn, leaves end users with fewer options for tuning in to broadcast stations.

In any event, the potential demand interest for this service, according to the public consultation, is significantly lower than the number of stations available under the current PNAF channeling in the context of a potential competitive bidding procedure.” (Intentional emphasis) In this regard, the bidding terms did not establish coverage obligations or requirements for additional transmitters for AM broadcasting, given the propagation conditions themselves and the fact that the national and international context of this service is in decline, being a legacy technology with low receiver availability, as indicated in official communication 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023.

It should be noted that, today, many of the AM frequencies are not in operation but still hold a valid enabling title. However, it has been common practice to relinquish and return this type of frequency (as has occurred for the 820 kHz, 1160 kHz, 1240 kHz, 1300 kHz, 1320 kHz, 1460 kHz, and 1520 kHz stations).

▪ Competitive bidding procedure for television broadcasting **Table 6** Base price for the television competitive bidding procedure, per channel with regional reach

Artículo 6.- El índice de edificabilidad podrá ser transferido por el Municipio a título de donación a las asociaciones administradoras de los Sistemas de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales (STAR) de la Ciudad de Quepos de los proyectos de desarrollo turístico residencial e inmobiliario aprobados y que cuentan con disponibilidad hídrica aprobada por el Departamento de Aguas del MINAE, para lo cual deberá cumplir con todos los parámetros normativos ambientales, constructivos y municipales previamente establecidos.

| --- | --- | | 1.5 | 2 550m2 /22 123m2 / 0.115 | | 2.0 | 2 475m2 /14 218m2 /0.174 | We additionally inform you that there are 3 state channels considered educational or cultural (UCR-Channel 15, SINART-Channel 20, and UNED-Channel 21), which, according to the opening instruction sent by the Executive Branch, were excluded from the bidding procedure.

In this regard, it is necessary to consider the valuation of the spectrum (base prices) from an annualized perspective, given that the resource that will eventually be granted, as indicated, will allow the exploitation of the scarce resource for 15 years, renewable up to a maximum of 25 years, which is complemented by payment facilities in installments that are being implemented for the first time in the broadcasting competitive procedures under study.

However, from an analysis of all the indicated tables, it is evident that the base prices are proportional and reasonable, considering the number of years of the concession's validity and even the possibility of paying the base price in 4 installments, which allows the awardee to pay the price over a period of 3 years, with the first installment being made at the time of signing the contract and the other installments being paid annually, as established in the terms and conditions (pliego de condiciones).

Furthermore, regarding the safeguarding of the principle of equality through the setting of the auction's base price, in resolution R-DCP-00078-2025, the CGR stated:

*"In that sense, certainly Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and the Constitutional Chamber itself have defended practices of indirect restriction on freedom of expression or indirect censorship (among others, resolution No. 15220 - 2016); however, in the dimension that the appellants have sought to raise it from the auction's base price, and which is what is being discussed via the objection appeal; the truth is that it has not been demonstrated that there are no objective criteria supporting the definition of the base price, much less has it been proven that there is an impact on specific media outlets due to the setting of a base price that is seen to be determined under conditions of equality for all participants."* (Intentional emphasis) The base prices estimated by Sutel comply with public policy objectives and reflect the economic value of the spectrum; they also respond to principles of proportionality and reasonableness, given that they are the result of applying objective technical criteria, which have been recommended as best practices at the international level.

It is relevant to indicate that there are several factors that can limit participation in bidding procedures of this nature. Sutel processed a special competition procedure, in which it sanctioned several companies for carrying out a collusive agreement aimed at abstaining from participating in public bidding 2021LN-000001-SUTEL and exchanging information for this purpose; this corresponds to very serious infractions as established in Article 53, subsections d) and e) of Ley 8642 (See resolution RCS-258-2025 adopted by the Council in ordinary session 063-2025 of November 6, 2025, issued in procedure GCO-OTC-PM-01538-2021). The technological transformation of the telecommunications sector also has an impact; content consumption has shifted towards digital platforms and OTT services, which reduces the profitability of the service. Another factor is the perception of obsolescence of analog technologies compared to internet radio and streaming.

In addition to the foregoing, it should be added that, as evidenced by the observations received in the pre-tender process and the objections presented to the terms and conditions (as well as in administrative contentious proceedings), many of the concessionaires and chambers have made known their positions regarding being entitled to automatic extensions for 20 more years, which in turn could have affected their determination to participate in the competitive procedures under study.

Finally, it is pertinent to extract the following from official communication number 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023:

*"It is extracted from the contributions to the public consultation that the risks indicated by this Superintendency in Council agreements numbers 023-070-2022 (report 08872-SUTEL-DGC-2022) and 011-038-2023 (report 05415-SUTEL-DGC-2023) materialized, regarding the fact that 'in the current scenario without a definition of aspects such as: the possible digitalization of broadcasting services, the channeling to be used, the obsolescence of AM and SW technologies, as well as eventual reform processes to the PNAF to adjust the segments to new global trends, this could cause the responses to the process not to adhere to the definitive condition of resource allocation, as well as possibly implying low participation from the interested sector, or even distortions in demand estimates, deadlines, and amount of resource, resulting in possible deviations and significant limitations in the results, to the detriment of an effective and successful competitive process.'"* *"On the other hand, based on the technical considerations requested by MICITT in official communication number MICITT-DVT-OF-561-2022 and taking into account the results of the public consultation, a series of actions to be carried out are extracted, such as eventual modifications to the PNAF, the establishment of the terms for concessions and extensions, which must be executed in a timely manner. Given the proximity of June 28, 2024, it is important to have a timeline or a roadmap that defines the milestones and the maximum dates on which the necessary activities will begin and be completed in view of the eventual competitive processes, in order to provide legal certainty to the interested parties, which in turn allows for promoting the concurrence of bidders and expanding the competitive dynamics of the possible competitive process."* In that sense, given that the present bidding procedures are immersed in particular situations (discussion on automatic extensions, adoption of international technical conditions, application of conditions to a sector that has operated without regulations throughout its history, technological lag, among others) since their previous stage in the feasibility study, this Superintendency, having clarity on these aspects, made known the implications and risks regarding the eventual concurrence of bidders in the procedures, this despite the expressions of interest received.

Thus, it should be kept in mind that there is indisputably a demand from both current concessionaires and new interested parties; however, naturally, the number of broadcasting service operators tends to decrease for the reasons already stated.

Moreover, it should not be omitted that participation in the procedures was affected by aspects outside the competitive process itself. This allows for the conclusion that the terms and conditions (pliegos de condiciones) are not the cause of the cited decrease; on the contrary, they remain the applicable legal tool for objectively determining which participants are suitable for the eventual granting of the scarce resource.

1. **On the proportionality and reasonableness of the technical and economic provisions of the terms and conditions** The appellant states that the terms and conditions of the broadcasting competitive procedures processed by this Superintendency *"Impose disproportionate economic, technical, and social barriers for access to and permanence in the use of the radio spectrum,"* likewise that it is necessary to *"Guarantee the real and not merely formal participation of small and medium-sized national enterprises, as well as social and community operators, avoiding disproportionate economic and technical barriers."* Similarly, in their consideration, *"An allocation scheme was designed via an ascending auction, with very high base prices, conceived from a purely financial logic regarding the 'market value' of the resource."* Firstly, regarding the arguments outlined with respect to the ascending bid auction method, it is clarified that although we are dealing with an auction (a contractual figure permitted in the General Public Procurement Law and its Regulation – with the particularities of the case), all those participants in the process who submitted a valid bid, that is, one that met the admissibility requirements established in the terms and conditions, will always have the right to obtain a frequency, given that this is a sealed-bid auction with a single bidding phase, this last phase being only to obtain a specific frequency of interest – in the event that two or more bidders bid for the same frequency – since if, upon carrying out the bidding phase, a bidder is not the winner, that bidder will always have the right to opt for a broadcasting frequency (not the one they bid on, but another one that is available).

In other words, the auction itself does not mean that whoever does not win the bidding phase is left without the possibility of obtaining a broadcasting concession, but rather whoever *"wins"* the bid will have the right of priority over the frequency for which they made their economic bid.

On the other hand, as a second aspect of relevance, it should be noted that the appellant does not provide any evidence allowing for an analysis consistent with the case, regarding the alleged disproportionality and unreasonableness of the technical and economic provisions established in the terms and conditions.

Under this scenario, it is not possible to establish a discussion in which the claims against the terms and conditions can be broadly debated; claims that rather seem like mere allegations of disagreement with the competitive procedures and not substantive questioning related to their technical and economic conditions, seeking instead to perpetuate the legal situation of the current concessionaires for an indefinite period, disregarding the legal, regulatory, and jurisprudential provisions applicable to this scarce good.

Without prejudice to the foregoing, regarding the reasonableness and proportionality of the spectrum's value, it is noted that through official communication number 08138-SUTEL-DGM-2025 of August 27, 2025, *"Report on the Economic Valuation of the spectrum for sound and television broadcasting services,"* (attached as evidence), the objective was established to ensure that the obtained prices were within a range of reasonableness for the national reality. This exercise is based on a methodology proposed by the GSMA in the independent study *"Economic Value of Spectrum Use in Europe15"," where it calculates the economic value of the spectrum, among other services, for broadcasting services.

The reasonableness analysis demonstrates that the defined base prices are located below the estimated net economic value of the spectrum, placing them within the internationally accepted reasonableness range of 5%–20% of the total value. This shows that the prices are proportional and do not constitute entry barriers, guaranteeing the participation of bidders with different economic scales and aligning with the objectives of Executive Decree (Acuerdo Ejecutivo) N°063-2024-TEL-MICITT.

In accordance with what was stated in the previous paragraphs, as happened during the objection phase to the terms and conditions (CGR), the appellant omitted to provide suitable evidence before that Constitutional Court (in fact, they provide no technical evidence at all) that would allow establishing the supposed disproportionality and unreasonableness of the technical and economic specifications of the terms and conditions, failing in their duty to provide proof of the constitutive facts of their allegation (claim), a requirement of Article 41 of the Civil Procedure Code. Even though we are in the presence of an amparo recourse (summary proceeding), a minimum evidentiary effort is required that allows determining, at least to a degree of probability, the alleged injuries to fundamental rights.

1. Equality and non-discrimination The appellant alleges that there is a violation of the principle of equality and non-discrimination by treating stations with different natures and purposes as equals, contradicting Article 29 of the LGT and the Radio Law; they indicate that this homogeneous treatment produces indirect discrimination by impacting small, cultural, religious, and community operators with greater severity.

Firstly, the terms and conditions of the competitive processes were prepared based on technical reports through which the best way to address the public policy objectives set forth by the Executive Branch was determined. Said terms and conditions were issued pursuant to the legal powers granted in Article 39, subsections a) and c) of Ley N°8660, as well as the additional technical guidelines established in official communication number MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 of August 7, 2024, from MICITT, all in adherence to the provisions of current legislation and the technical conditions of the National Frequency Allocation Plan (PNAF).

Having clarified the above, it must be noted that the Executive Branch, in its instruction (Executive Decree N°063-2024-TEL-MICITT and official communication number MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024) and in accordance with the provisions of the National Frequency Allocation Plan (PNAF), clearly provides for the treatment of different types of stations, whether state, cultural, or educational.

In effect, the Executive Branch established differentiated access rules for cultural, religious, and educational stations, among others, which include those granted by law and those associated with the Asociación Instituto Costarricense de Enseñanza Radiofónica (ICER), as extracted:

“ARTICLE 3.- INDICATE to SUTEL that the frequencies previously assigned by Law N° 8806 to the University of Costa Rica (UCR) (central frequency 850 kHz; central frequency 870 kHz; central frequency 96.7 MHz; central frequency 101.9 MHz; physical channel 15, frequencies from 476 MHz to 482 MHz), by Law N° 8684 to the Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED) (physical channel 21, frequencies from 512 MHz to 518 MHz) and by Law N° 8346 to the Sistema Nacional de Radio y Televisión (SINART) (central frequency 590 kHz; central frequency 88.1 MHz; central frequency 101.5 MHz; physical channel 8, frequencies from 180 MHz to 186 MHz; physical channel 10, frequencies from 192 MHz to 198 MHz; physical channel 13, frequencies from 210 MHz to 216 MHz; physical channel 20, frequencies from 506 MHz to 512 MHz) are exempted from the resource assigned in the eventual public competition for Free and Open Access Sound and Television Broadcasting, as indicated in the following table:” <img src="data:image/png;base64,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 Por lo tanto, La presente directriz tiene por objeto general el que la Administración Pública Central y el resto de la Administración Pública Descentralizada, según corresponda, deban valorar de previo a adquirir bienes inmuebles, que éstos no se encuentren ubicados dentro de los supuestos establecidos en el Anexo 1 y Anexo 2 del Decreto Ejecutivo 25721.

ARTICLE 4.- INDICATE to SUTEL the need to reserve an FM radio frequency in favor of the Asociación Instituto Costarricense de Enseñanza Radiofónica (ICER), with legal identification number CED01 and the Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), with legal identification number CED02, based on the special concessions that provide for the allocation of the resource to said entities.” In safeguarding cultural, religious, and educational content, it is important to consider that the Instituto Costarricense de Enseñanza Radiofónica (ICER) is—currently—a Network of Cultural Radio Stations composed of 15 radio stations on two frequencies, 88.1 FM and 88.3 FM, throughout the national territory.16 According to said institute's website, it “is a private, non-profit association, of public utility, without political-partisan or confessional tendencies.” The ICER is the practical executor of the Agreement between the Governments of Costa Rica and the Principality of Liechtenstein, pursuant to Laws No. 6606 and No. 7299.

It is worth noting that the ICER, on its website, shows the following arrangement of cultural stations</span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub\">Image 2 </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Cultural stations according to the ICER website </span><a href=\"https://elmaestroencasacr.com/emisoras-culturales/\" style=\"text-decoration:none\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; text-decoration:underline; vertical-align:sub; color:#467886\">https://elmaestroencasacr.com/emisoras-culturales/</span></a><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\"> </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">(…)Likewise, the National Frequency Allocation Plan (Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias, PNAF) is mandatory and provides special treatment for cultural stations according to note CTR 003, transcribed below: </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">“The frequency segments allocated to the broadcasting service for free-access AM sound emissions are subject to the provisions of Appendix I of this Regulation. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">In the case of the frequencies 1580 kHz and 1600 kHz with a bandwidth of 10 kHz, they may be used in the project for small cultural radio stations under the Cultural Cooperation Agreement with the Principality of Liechtenstein (…).” </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Thus, the PNAF expressly establishes that the executor of the Cultural Cooperation Agreement with the Principality of Liechtenstein is the ICER. Consequently, the frequency reservation stipulated in the instruction for the initiation of the competitive bidding procedures for said Institute safeguards what was agreed upon in said Cooperation Agreement, with the ICER being the executor, pursuant to Laws N°6606 and N°7299. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">In line with the foregoing, it follows that differentiated access rules were indeed established for cultural, religious, and educational stations. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Therefore, it is evident that it is not true that the procedures do not promote equitable access in the participation of radio stations of different types, since the Executive Branch, both in its instruction and in the PNAF, includes the treatment of different types of stations, whether state, cultural, and educational. That is, access to different types of content is made possible. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">In addition, as indicated in the background section, on November 21, the deadline for receiving bids expired and, according to the minutes drawn up for this purpose, it was verified that the following bidders of a religious nature submitted their bids, both in AM and FM: </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Asociación Internacional Pasión por las Almas (FM). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Asociación Sistema de Telecomunicaciones de la Iglesia Adventista del Sétimo Día de Costa Rica (FM). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Asociación Misión Carismática Internacional de Cartago (FM). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Asociación de Comunicaciones Faro del Caribe (FM). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Asociación Radio María (FM). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Consorcio BBN (FM). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Consorcio BBN (AM). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore\">&#xa0;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Likewise, it was verified that three radio stations of regional scope submitted bids: </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Consorcio BBN-FM (Regional Chorotega) </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Audios del Sur S.A. (Regional Brunca) </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'•'; -aw-list-number-styles:'bullet'; -aw-list-padding-sml:31.1pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">•</span><span style=\"width:31.1pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Radio Ochenta y Ocho Estéreo S.A. (Regional Brunca) </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore\">&#xa0;</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Thus, the participation of religious radio stations in both AM and FM is accredited, as well as other radio stations with regional scope, which ensures due compliance with the principle of equality and free competition among those interested in obtaining a radio spectrum concession. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">In addition to the foregoing, according to the resolutions of the CGR, it is confirmed that the competitive broadcasting procedures are consistent with the principles of equality and free competition promulgated by numeral 8, subsection f) of the General Public Procurement Law (Ley General de Contratación Pública, LGCP), which establishes the obligation to give </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">“equal treatment to all bidders” </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">in order to promote </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">“the widest possible competition </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">(see resolutions R-DCP-00076-2025, R-DCP-00077-2025, R-DCP-00078-2025 of November 3, 2025) </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">Indeed, the CGR reviewed the tender documents and determined their conformity with the applicable regulations (General Public Procurement Law and its regulation, in accordance with the General Telecommunications Law and its regulation). In resolution N°R-DCP-00078-2025, the CGR resolved: </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">“Note how, regarding the classification sought for the different media and the differentiated use of cultural media, the Administration clarifies that there is indeed an opening for all interested parties to participate and that precisely this allows for equal access, and that the frequencies that were exempted from the competitive procedure were expressly defined, that is, those granted by law and those associated with the ICER, citing the corresponding list.”</span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\"> </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">This confirms that the competitive procedures establish differentiated access rules for potential interested parties, insofar as the Executive Branch, in Executive Agreement N°063-2024-TEL-MICITT, established within its instruction the stations that would be exempted from the process and those for which a radio frequency would be reserved. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">It is also confirmed that the public purposes issued by the Executive Branch are fulfilled, so the decision adopted responds to the public interest, and the arguments of the appellant must be denied. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff; -aw-import:list-item; -aw-list-level-number:0; -aw-list-number-format:'%0.'; -aw-list-number-styles:'decimal'; -aw-list-number-values:'1'; -aw-list-padding-sml:25.48pt\"><span style=\"-aw-import:ignore\"><span style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.5pt; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic\">1.</span><span style=\"width:25.48pt; font:7pt 'Times New Roman'; display:inline-block; -aw-import:spaces\">&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0;&#xa0; </span></span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">Continuity of services </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">The appellant argues that there is a violation of the continuity of service and of the right of access to telecommunications (art. 24 CP; LGT), due to the administrative delay in resolving extensions (affecting the prompt justice of art. 41 CP and the principle of legality of art. 11 CP) and due to the real risk of numerous stations going off the air, compromising the continuity of open broadcasting in sectors that depend on these services to exercise their rights to information, education, and democratic participation. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">The foregoing, again without providing further argument or evidence to support its claims, which disregards numeral 38 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">Regarding continuity of service, it must be noted that this term refers to the right of users so that those who provide broadcasting services and hold an enabling title, which allows them to use and exploit the radio spectrum, provide the service continuously. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">Continuity of service does not mean that the concessionaire can exploit the radio spectrum indefinitely (ad-perpetuam). It cannot be understood that this continuity, as the appellant erroneously posits, implies a non-term-limited authorization for concessionaires. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">That argument is contrary to the conditions established by the law itself regarding the validity and granting of enabling titles (Articles 24 and 29 of Law N°8642). It is also contrary to the jurisprudence issued by the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) regarding the fact that public domain assets such as the spectrum must not leave State control (Article 121, subsection 14 of the Political Constitution). </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">Furthermore, regarding the finite term of concession contracts, the Constitutional Chamber, in resolution Nº 2017-011715 of July 26, 2017, (…)</span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\"> </span><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">The foregoing confirms that the Executive Branch, within its instruction for the competitive procedure, established the public policy objectives related to guaranteeing the continuity of free-to-air sound and television broadcasting services. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">It is reiterated that the guarantee of continuity of these services does not imply that current concessionaires are the only ones with the right to access and exploit a radio spectrum concession for broadcasting purposes, as if it were a right that is renewed by the mere request for extension of the concession. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">In addition to the above, regarding the continuity of the broadcasting service, the Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law (Decreto Ejecutivo N°34765-MINAE) establishes, concerning the minimum transmission time: “Article 99.-Minimum transmission time. Sound and television broadcasting service stations must comply with a minimum of twelve hours of transmission per day, and must notify SUTEL of their schedule,” which is part of the obligations established in the tender documents subject to the appeal.” </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">Likewise, the cited regulation establishes in its numeral 100: “Article 100.-Provision of service. Broadcasting services shall be provided in accordance with the international technical standards on the matter, the Radio Law, the Regulation to the National Frequency Allocation Plan, and this regulation.” Therefore, concessionaires are obliged to provide the service in accordance with the National Frequency Allocation Plan, in which the technical operating conditions are established, and it was also part of the requirements of the tender documents subject to the appeal. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub\">As can be observed, these are the service continuity requirements provided by current regulations, and not others as the appellant seeks to suggest, who attempts to suggest that the principle of service continuity refers to an allocation of the radio spectrum, in its consideration as a public domain asset, without time limitation by current concessionaires, which is contrary to the provisions of Articles 24 and 29 of Law N°8642, and the jurisprudence emanating from the Constitutional Chamber. (…).</span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">From the foregoing information (coverage charts and maps), the current broadcasting model does not comply with the principle of optimization of scarce resources, nor with the reuse of frequencies established in Article 3, subsection j) of the LGT, since transmitting with high-intensity power from points of great height nationwide makes spectrum reuse impossible, generating harmful interference and neglecting shadow zones with population. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">The PNAF, promulgated in accordance with the provisions of the instruction issued by the Executive Branch, based on the implementation of international best practices, seeks to correct this historical situation, establishing methodologies aimed at adequate planning for the provision of the broadcasting service. </span></p><p style=\"margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff\"><span style=\"line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub\">To complement the issue of efficient spectrum use, considering that broadcasting services do not provide national coverage and are highly concentrated in the GAM, it must be added that, to date, there are channels that do not register transmissions.

En este respecto, según las mediciones realizadas por esta Superintendencia dentro de sus competencias fiscalizadoras del uso del espectro, para el servicio de radiodifusión televisiva, se han detectado canales que, a pesar de contar con una concesión vigente, no registran transmisiones, tal como se muestra en la siguiente tabla In this regard, according to measurements conducted by this Superintendency within its spectrum-use oversight powers, for the television broadcasting service, channels have been detected that, despite holding a valid concession, show no registered transmissions, as shown in the following table Considerando I. Que el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política establece que el Estado procurará el mayor bienestar a todos los habitantes del país, organizando y estimulando la producción y el más adecuado reparto de la riqueza, y que toda persona tiene derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, por lo que está legitimada para denunciar los actos que infrinjan ese derecho y para reclamar la reparación del daño causado.

Considerando II. Que la Ley Forestal, Ley 7575, en su Artículo 33, establece que las áreas de protección se constituyen en las zonas de recarga acuífera, las nacientes (springs), las áreas de recarga de manantiales (springs), y otras, prohibiendo el cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change) en estas zonas.

Considerando III. Que mediante el Voto 4654-2003 de la Sala Constitucional se determinó que toda naciente (spring) permanente o intermitente, independientemente de su caudal, debe estar protegida por un área de protección de un radio de cien metros, en la cual se prohíbe el cambio de uso del suelo (land-use change), incluyendo la construcción de obras de infraestructura o la realización de movimientos de tierra (earthworks).

<p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAkwAAADVCAIAAAA6zJH3AAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAAARnQU1BAACxjwv8YQUAAAAJcEhZcwAAEnQAABJ0Ad5mH3gAABZBSURBVHhe7d1bbFT1/f/x7+9/Lyy9FPGCCCgKCIiCgICAgtpgAQtwBSgEKqW00EIvUEoLLYUUaKEUWmgplJZSCqVQKBRKpVIKhUKhUCgUCoXCNxjf35mZ2TkzO3No92kPx6efR+f0MP3M7h5gD3nZnd3doHXq1MkEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA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</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">Additionally, regarding the population covered, it is worth noting that this Superintendency performed technical analyses to address the public policy objectives set forth by the Executive Branch to maximize coverage with an emphasis on rural areas. Therefore, from the study submitted in official communication number 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025, it is pertinent to cite the following: </span><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-style:italic; vertical-align:sub">"Based on the signal propagation estimation for the deployment of two (2) transmitters per region, it was determined that between 46% coverage of main populations could be achieved, in accordance with the provisions of subsection a) of section 1.2.11 of Appendix I of the current PNAF (…)".</span></p> De conformidad con el oficio N. 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025, se concluye que:

> A continuación se adjunta el análisis y los cuadros de proyecciones que resultan del modelo propuesto para las licitaciones en curso.

**Oficio-03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025** **Para:** Lic. Federico Chacón Loaiza, M.L.

Consejo de la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones **De:** Lic. Walther Herrera Cantillo Director General de Competencia **Asunto:** Criterio sobre el modelo de telefonía móvil y prestación del servicio de internet, Acceso Universal, Servicio Universal y Solidaridad **Fecha:** 27 de enero de 2025 --- ### 1. Objeto del criterio En atención a la solicitud planteada por la Presidencia del Consejo, mediante el presente se emite el criterio técnico de esta Dirección General de Competencia sobre la consulta formulada por la señora Heidi Valverde, Jefa de Despacho del señor Ministro del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones, en relación con la "Propuesta de un modelo sobre los proyectos de conectividad que actualmente ejecuta o tiene previsto ejecutar el Estado, y la vinculación con la política pública de telecomunicaciones". Esta consulta está vinculada a la contratación administrativa de un operador de red móvil para prestar servicios de telecomunicaciones y la creación de un operador de red mayorista neutra.

### 2. Antecedentes y consulta planteada La consulta de la Asesora del Ministerio, contenida en el oficio MICITT-DM-OF-010-2025, se enfoca en determinar la posibilidad de concesionar el espectro radioeléctrico actualmente en desuso o futuro a un operador de red mayorista neutra para la prestación de servicios al Estado y a terceros. Se requiere conocer la posición de la Superintendencia en relación con la asignación del espectro y el equilibrio competitivo.

### 3. Criterio de la Dirección General de Competencia El presente criterio se emite en el ejercicio de las competencias asignadas a la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (SUTEL) en el marco de la Ley 8642, "Ley General de Telecomunicaciones", y en el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 37273-MINAET, "Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones".

#### 3.1 Contexto legal y antecedentes La Ley 8642 establece el marco para la administración y control del espectro radioeléctrico. En el contexto actual, la Asamblea Legislativa tramita el proyecto de ley denominado "Ley para el Fortalecimiento de los Servicios de Telecomunicaciones y el Acceso a las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación en Costa Rica", tramitado bajo el Expediente N° 23.584. Este proyecto, conocido como "Ley General de Acceso a las TIC" o "Proyecto de Ley de Acceso a las TIC", introduce figuras relevantes.

El artículo 33 del proyecto de ley propone modificar el artículo 34 de la Ley 8642 para crear la figura del "operador de red mayorista neutra". De acuerdo con la propuesta:

- Un "operador de red" es un proveedor que instala, posee y opera una red de telecomunicaciones. - Un "operador de red mayorista" es aquel que se dedica a la prestación de servicios a otros operadores o proveedores, sin brindar servicios directamente a los usuarios finales. - La "neutralidad" implica que este operador presta sus servicios en condiciones de igualdad, sin favorecer a ningún operador en particular y ofreciendo un acceso abierto y no discriminatorio a todos los proveedores de servicios.

La Dirección General de Competencia ha manifestado en varias ocasiones (Oficios N. 01938-SUTEL-DGC-2021, N. 00038-SUTEL-DGC-2023 y N. 00094-SUTEL-DGC-2024) la importancia de mecanismos como la separación funcional y estructural para mercados mayoristas, como una herramienta para promover la competencia en el sector, especialmente cuando existen operadores integrados verticalmente.

#### 3.2 Análisis de la interacción con el proyecto de ley N° 23.584 En el supuesto de que el proyecto de ley N° 23.584 sea aprobado conforme al texto actualmente conocido, la figura del operador de red mayorista neutra de infraestructura móvil y fija brindaría una herramienta adicional para promover la eficiencia en el uso de recursos escasos como el espectro, los postes y las canalizaciones.

En el análisis efectuado por esta Dirección, se pondera que el esquema de un operador de red mayorista neutra, de existir un mandato legal, podría traer eficiencias al sector en situaciones que el regulador deba considerar.

No obstante, la SUTEL no puede emitir una autorización previa o condicionar un acto de concesión de espectro radioeléctrico a la hipotética aprobación futura de un proyecto de ley que se discute en la Asamblea Legislativa.

#### 3.3 Situación actual del espectro y servicios móviles Según información pública del PNAF, el segmento de servicios móviles representa aproximadamente el 89% del total de suscriptores del sector de telecomunicaciones y constituye el principal motor del crecimiento de ingresos y tráfico de datos. La actualización del PNAF, denominado "Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias 2023", PNAF-2023, identifica las siguientes bandas de espectro para servicios móviles (en adelante bandas IMT), ya sea con asignaciones vigentes o potenciales:

La SUTEL ha recibido manifestaciones de interés y consultas de actores del sector público, tales como el ICE, el Poder Judicial y otros (Oficio N. 01848-SUTEL-DGC-2022), para explorar la figura de red privada.

#### 3.4 Pronunciamiento sobre la asignación de espectro La SUTEL tiene la competencia para la administración técnica del espectro radioeléctrico, la cual se basa en criterios de eficiencia, disponibilidad ociosa y sana competencia, según los artículos 14 y 20 de la Ley 8642. Un supuesto claro para la asignación directa de espectro es la figura del operador de red de servicio público.

La condición *sine qua non* para asignar espectro de uso público es que el solicitante acredite la titularidad de una concesión o autorización para operar una red pública de telecomunicaciones. La SUTEL debe pronunciarse sobre criterios objetivos de disponibilidad y sobre la idoneidad del potencial operador, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 24 de la Ley 8642 y con el Reglamento de Concesión. El análisis de equilibrio de mercado y de las condiciones competitivas, incluyendo la posibilidad de acaparamiento, concentración de espectro o desplazamiento de otros operadores, forma parte esencial de este procedimiento.

### 4. Conclusión y recomendación Esta Dirección General de Competencia concluye que:

1. La SUTEL no puede otorgar una aprobación anticipada o condicionada a la eventual aprobación del proyecto de Ley N° 23.584 para la concesión de espectro a un operador de red mayorista neutra móvil. 2. La asignación del espectro radioeléctrico se rige por los procedimientos establecidos en la Ley 8642 y su reglamento, y cualquier autorización se analiza caso por caso, en el momento en que exista una solicitud formal y concreta de un interesado. 3. La SUTEL carece de competencia para crear por sí y ante sí la figura de "operador de red mayorista neutra", la cual corresponde a una determinación de política pública reservada por el ordenamiento jurídico al legislador. Por tanto, la discusión sobre la incorporación de esta figura debe darse en el seno de la corriente legislativa.

A partir de la constatación del expediente administrativo de la SUTEL, se recomienda al Consejo trasladar el presente criterio al Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones (MICITT), en atención a la consulta formulada.

Sin otro particular, se suscribe, **Lic. Walther Herrera Cantillo** Director General de Competencia, a.í.

--- <p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="line-height:150%; font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub">As can be seen from the previous table, the proposed model guarantees a general improvement in coverage for the entire population, which is very significant in regions other than the Central Region.</span></p> This, regardless of the number of frequencies or channels offered, implies a paradigm shift that allows more communities to access the television broadcasting service, thereby more broadly guaranteeing the fulfillment of the right to information and freedom of expression that are claimed to be violated by the competitive bidding procedures.

Thus, the current situation of low coverage in rural areas limits the inhabitants' right to access broadcasting services, given that, if there is no coverage in different areas of the country, as evidenced by Sutel's studies, there are no conditions to exercise the fundamental rights alleged to be infringed.

In consideration of the foregoing, correcting coverage deficiencies to reach rural areas is part of the Public Policy objectives promoted by the Executive Branch and what the technical specifications of the bidding documents seek to achieve.

For the reasons stated, it is not true that the competitive bidding procedures under analysis would imply a station blackout, since, on the contrary, they are intended to correct the current deficiencies in coverage throughout the Costa Rican territory.

2. Freedom of Expression and Media Pluralism The appellant indicates that there is a violation of freedom of expression and media pluralism (Articles 28 and 29 CP; Article 13 CADH), since economic, social, and technical barriers constitute indirect restrictions on access to frequencies through disproportionate competitive bidding procedures, reduce the supply of open radio/TV, and affect both the right to receive information and cultural diversity. It is necessary to point out that the competitive bidding procedures in no way infringe upon freedom of expression. On the contrary, their promotion seeks to guarantee legal certainty for potential parties interested in transmitting their diverse content through broadcasting networks, as well as ensuring that said freedoms are exercised in strict compliance with the Political Constitution, the law, and international human rights treaties, guaranteeing due process, transparency, and the independence of the media.

Furthermore, in the competitive bidding procedure for broadcasting for AM services (Major Bidding No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL), the CGR emphasized in resolution No. R-DCP-00077-2025 of November 3, 20025, regarding the alleged violation of freedom of expression by the promotion of the referenced competitive bidding procedure, the following:

"Faced with the above, it is necessary to point out that the objector only makes generic statements regarding the bidding documents, referring to the alleged violation of the principle of freedom of expression, but fails to carry out an argumentative exercise where the reasons why, once identified, the bid clauses are contrary to the protected principle are proven with some element of evidence. It is noted that the submitted document is limited to expressing a general disagreement regarding what the appellant considers disproportionate economic barriers. This objection lacks the specificity necessary for a detailed analysis, as it fails to indicate at least a concrete claim that clearly identifies the object of the challenge or the corrective measure sought." (In the same vein, see CGR resolutions number R-DCP-00076-2025 and No. R-DCP-00078-2025, both dated November 3, 2025).

In the same sense, this amparo appeal lacks evidence to prove that the referenced competitions violate freedom of expression and the press and the right to information, since the appellant does not provide concrete arguments or submit any evidence, to the detriment of Article 38 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law.

Furthermore, it is pertinent to reiterate that, as stated supra, for the competitive bidding procedures, Sutel conducted technical studies that allowed for the determination of a base price using a methodology that seeks to reflect the economic value of the spectrum and avoid barriers to entry, in accordance with the principles of proportionality and transparency.

In addition to the above, deferred payment in installments was made possible to reduce barriers to entry, and it was demonstrated that the prices are adjusted to the Costa Rican reality and within reasonable limits, which aims to prevent cost from being a barrier that restricts participation and, therefore, the plurality of voices, thus guaranteeing freedom of expression, communication, and information; therefore, the rejection of the appellant's argument is proper.

Regarding the alleged violation of media pluralism. In this regard, it should be noted that media pluralism seeks to guarantee the existence of a diversity of media, voices, and perspectives in the public space and aims to prevent media concentration and ensure that society has access to multiple sources of information, which is not being harmed in the radio spectrum auction procedures. As part of the public policy objectives issued by the Executive Branch in its instruction, the maximization of coverage reaching rural areas was established, given that, currently, broadcasts are concentrated in the central region, which is why the competitive bidding procedures aim for greater coverage in the national territory, thereby guaranteeing freedom of expression and the press, and access to information.

Regarding the competition for AM broadcasting, as stated supra, this service has lost interest, as it is an obsolete technology, which is evidenced by low participation.

In relation to the FM radio spectrum auction procedure, as a first point, it is noted that the concessions that have been granted regionally outside the GAM are the following: 88.3 MHz (Brunca region), 88.7 MHz (one concession for the Brunca region and the other for the rest of the country), 98.3 MHz (one concession for the Huetar Caribe region and the other for the central, Chorotega, and Brunca regions), and 107.9 MHz (one concession for the Huetar Caribe region and another for the Central Pacific).

In the bid opening phase of the FM radio spectrum auction procedure, 3 bids were received for regional stations. From the foregoing, it is possible to deduce that the competition does not affect regional or rural stations, since the number of currently granted concessions is consistent with the number of stations that bid for frequencies with regional reach, and with the same instruction of the procedures, as indicated above, with the exclusion and reservation of frequency allocation, as is the case of the ICER.

Furthermore, the design of the technical requirements of the procedures, in accordance with the public policy objectives, maximizes the coverage of the bidding stations, so that the national coverage obligations are met.

Currently, the majority of the current concessions have national coverage obligations; however, in accordance with Sutel's measurements, they do not comply with this obligation, as already explained.

It must be taken into account that, considering that 20 bids were received for FM stations, the number of stations after the award could reach approximately a total of 2620 (6 state-owned and 20 bids submitted).

Said stations, in accordance with the requirements of the bidding documents, must have at least 2 transmitters per region, and must comply with the provisions of the National Frequency Allocation Plan, which would translate into a substantial improvement in the provision of this broadcasting service. Now, in relation to the television broadcasting auction procedure, 4 bids were received.

Therefore, there is a diversity of companies participating in the 3 auction procedures. Subsequently, the Executive Branch may order the initiation of a new competitive bidding process with the unassigned frequencies, based on the public policy objectives it deems appropriate.

Here it is also pertinent to emphasize that, according to the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, it has been recognized that pluralism of ideas in the media cannot be measured based on the number of media outlets, but rather on whether the ideas and information transmitted are effectively diverse and approached from divergent positions without a single vision or stance existing.

In those terms, what is relevant is that the media guarantee the transmission of diverse ideas and positions. In any case, the number of bidders in these competitions does not respond to arbitrary limitations imposed by the State, but to objective technical criteria that are reasonable and proportional, and as indicated, there are several factors that can affect participation.

Thus, in the opinion of this Superintendency, it is clear that the different competitive bidding processes have been carried out in respect of the various constitutional principles and the applicable regulations in force on concession matters; therefore, the rejection of the appeal filed is proper.

Other elements to consider: Regarding MIDEPLAN Regionalization The appellant states that "They adopted a zoning based on MIDEPLAN regionalization, requiring, as a general rule, a minimum network of twelve (12) transmitters, equivalent to two per region. The Mideplan regionalization is not included in the MICITT instruction to SUTEL, and the twelve transmitters is a SUTEL decision that exceeds the MICITT instruction." On this point, the appellant is not correct, since the Executive Branch's instruction and the guidelines establishing the public policy objectives seek for SUTEL to determine the technical, economic, and legal aspects that are included in the bidding documents; this is in accordance with the provisions of Article 12 of Law No. 8642, which states:

"Frequency concessions for the operation and exploitation of public telecommunications networks shall be granted by the Executive Branch through the public competition procedure, in accordance with the Administrative Contracting Law and its regulations. Sutel shall instruct the procedure, after conducting the necessary studies to determine the need and feasibility of granting the concessions, in accordance with the National Telecommunications Development Plan and sectoral policies." The act of instructing the procedure entails that Sutel conduct the technical studies to determine the need and feasibility of granting the concessions, which includes the establishment of the technical, economic, and legal specifications, We clarify that it is not the responsibility of the Executive Branch to establish technical elements, such as, for example: MIDEPLAN regionalization, the price of the spectrum, the spectrum concentration value, among others.

In this regard, the Executive Branch instructed SUTEL to carry out competitive bidding procedures considering both national and regional scopes, without specifically instructing the option of using the MIDEPLAN regions, since, as indicated, the Executive Branch's provisions are general objectives, and it is the responsibility of SUTEL, as a technical entity, to establish, in accordance with science and technique, the best way to implement said objectives (Article 16 LGAP).

Sutel acted in accordance with the public policy objectives and generated a technical study that substantiated compliance with them, related to: "(...) that the spectrum allocation for the provision of broadcasting services is accessible throughout the national territory or in the defined coverage area, reaching rural areas, which presupposes the existence of at least similar access conditions throughout the territory, so that end users in disadvantaged areas are not discriminated against with disadvantageous quality conditions" as well as "(...) the maximization of population access, and the technical quality in its provision21," so what the appellant claims regarding this Superintendency exceeding what was instructed by the Governing Body is not true.

In support of the above, Sutel must conduct technical studies that are published in the bidding file (see official communication 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025), which enabled the fulfillment of said objectives.

It should be noted that, although the MIDEPLAN regions were developed for socioeconomic purposes (an administrative or political region), this Superintendency carried out the due technical analysis through simulations of signal propagation in said regions using specialized software, in order to determine coverage containment and the feasibility of its use. Said analysis is included in official communication number 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025 of April 22, 202522, visible in the digital bidding file and titled "09-Propuesta Precartel y cronograma", from which the following is extracted:

"In this regard, it is important to consider that the competitive bidding procedure must be oriented towards the provision of the broadcasting service with regional and national reach. Therefore, there is a need to establish, in a justified and objective manner, the regions into which the national territory will be divided for the purposes of the competition, promoting reasonable radioelectric isolation, especially from the perspective of regional development.

In this sense, an analysis of signal propagation has been carried out in order to determine coverage containment through regions, using a theoretical exercise in the simulation tools available to SUTEL, in order to avoid possible harmful interference at the time of their definition. It must be considered that the territorial extension of Costa Rica has multiple geographical features, with mountain ranges being significant barriers to the propagation of electromagnetic signals, as they tend to block a large part of the signals transmitted from points with lower elevation, resulting in signal isolation.

The aforementioned signal containment, as will be analyzed below, is related to the definition of MIDEPLAN's socioeconomic regions; therefore, it is recommended to use these divisions for this competitive bidding procedure. (...) It is necessary to point out that MIDEPLAN's regional planning "is oriented towards proposals for actions that contribute to sustainable and inclusive human development, with territorial equity and cultural relevance; a better distribution of income and services; as well as fostering citizen participation, consensus-building, and transparency, in a synergistic approach to development; administrative rationality and efficiency, with a high level of deconcentration and bringing institutional services closer to regional and local spheres. Therefore, regionalization can contribute to making broadcasting services accessible throughout the national territory; at the same time, this division of the country allows the needs and characteristics of each region to be considered." In addition to the above, it cannot be overlooked that MIDEPLAN "is constituted as the advisory and technical support body of the Presidency of the Republic and is the entity responsible for formulating, coordinating, monitoring, and evaluating the Government's strategies and priorities, that is, it defines the medium and long-term vision and goals that inspire the Executive's actions23", actions that translate into the preparation of the National Development Plan, which defines the Government's strategy into priorities, policies, programs, and actions, among them, the socioeconomic regionalization used by SUTEL to conduct the competitive bidding procedures for broadcasting.

Specifically, the MIDEPLAN regionalization that SUTEL resorted to in the bidding documents is due to technical aspects such as the radioelectric isolation allowed by the national terrain, and not to a whimsical decision as it seeks to imply.

On the other hand, regarding transmitter networks, according to current legislation, the provision of Article 7 of the Radio Law (Law No. 1758)24 is applicable to broadcasting networks, which contemplates a maximum period of 12 months for the start of operation. Notwithstanding the foregoing, it was considered reasonable to additionally provide the same period to finish deploying the rest of the broadcasting network infrastructure to be implemented.

Thus, concessionaires have 6 months, extendable by an additional 6 months, according to the Radio Law (Article 7) to begin using the spectrum, that is, one transmitter per region, and an additional proportional period of 12 months was provided to complete the activation of the second transmitters per region, thereby demonstrating that the bidding documents established proportional and reasonable deadlines for the infrastructure deployment obligations of the prospective concessionaires.

Likewise, the provisions of the Radio Law do not differentiate between concessionaires based on their coverage, whether national or regional; that is, there is no differentiation for broadcasting networks based on the number of transmitters. It should be noted that, consistently, the bidding documents regulate the obligation to install infrastructure (transmitters) differently for prospective concessionaires with national scope and those with regional scope.

The foregoing, in view of the fact that concessionaires with national scope differ in technical and financial capacity from those with regional scope. For this reason, the transmitter deployment obligations according to the scope – national or regional – are proportional and reasonable; that is, the regional obligation of 2 transmitters per region is proportional to 12 transmitters for each of the regions at the national level (6x2), and therefore there is no discriminatory treatment.

Contrary to the lack of "proportionality or reasonableness," the transmitter installation requirement in the bidding documents is proportional given that a prospective regional concessionaire could be awarded for 1 region of MIDEPLAN, which would imply that the scope of its network is delimited to that region and it would have to install 2 transmitters; for its 1 The competitive tenders promote market competition part, if it were awarded 2 regions, that proportion becomes multiplicative and now the scope of its network would involve 2 regions and 4 transmitters. The same proportion would apply to the prospective national awardee that would have to cover 6 regions and therefore install 12 transmitters.

Similarly, the bidding documents include the possibility of opting for regional coverage, which will allow an operator to concentrate its efforts on a specific locality; for this, it must install the transmitters required according to its design, with a minimum of two, as justified in the technical analysis of SUTEL incorporated in official communication number 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025 (provided as evidence).

In this regard, there are particular rules for a prospective national or regional operator, since the operator with national scope must install at least 12 transmitters (2 per region), within a maximum period of twenty-four (24) months from the Start of the Concession, which represents the maximum period for the deployment of the remaining network transmitters.

In any case, as has been indicated, Sutel designed the bidding documents based on the foundation of technical and economic studies, which are not debated by the appellant, except with generic arguments lacking technical foundation.

It is pertinent to point out that the auction procedures seek to prevent a concentration of spectrum that affects the market. Concentration in the broadcasting market has the particularity of not only potentially affecting competition, but also other public purposes that, while beyond the scope of Sutel's legal authority, are equally important for society, such as plurality and diversity of information.

In that sense, the incorporation of spectrum caps pursues a valid public purpose, namely to prevent spectrum hoarding behaviors from occurring in the broadcasting competitive tender process that could affect market competition, considering as previously indicated that concentration in the broadcasting market has the particularity of not only potentially affecting competition, but also other public purposes of relevance to society.

The Directorate General of Competition of Sutel analyzed the feasibility of including caps as spectrum control mechanisms in the competitive tender procedures and issued official communication 10911-SUTEL-OTC-2024 of December 9, 2024, in which it analyzed the feasibility of caps as spectrum control mechanisms in said procedures, establishing a cap of 30% for the maximum number of frequencies that companies or persons linked to the same economic interest group can accumulate, in relation to said mechanism. Said report concluded the following:

"It is considered that the proposed radioelectric spectrum control mechanism is reasonable and proportional for the following reasons:

▪ The proposed mechanism is based on recognized and current economic concepts in the Costa Rican regulatory framework.

▪ The proposed concentration control percentage is consistent with international practice.

▪ The selected mechanism promotes competition in the market.

▪ It is a more flexible mechanism for prospective interested bidders than other traditional mechanisms analyzed, recognizing the current reality and challenges of the broadcasting sector.

Likewise, it is found that the proposed mechanism is necessary, because in a competitive tender process where all broadcasting service concessions will be made available, it is necessary to have provisions that prevent a concentration contrary to market competition; it is proportional, given the need to balance the interests of prospective bidders with respect to the public policy objectives of guaranteeing efficient use of the spectrum; it is effective, because through the established percentage together with the evaluation mechanisms for economic interest group linkage, it allows the spectrum allocation in the competitive tender procedure to be efficient and competitive; it is transparent, because it clearly defines how and to whom it applies; it is predictable, since it establishes a simple methodology of direct application to the number of available concessions available for the competitive tender process; finally, it is indispensable, because it is a mechanism that promotes competition, prevents the hoarding of frequencies, and the inefficient use of the radioelectric spectrum.

In particular, the definition of the proposed mechanism considered the current environment in which broadcasting service operators operate, to avoid establishing spectrum control mechanisms that could result in hindering the adaptation of operators to the changing nature of the industry; in that sense, the proposed mechanism allows them to achieve an adequate scale to compete with unregulated platform companies, as well as to optimize the scope of their operations in a diversified manner.

Finally, the proposed mechanism guarantees the public policy objectives instructed by MICCIT, since it is a spectrum control measure for FM sound broadcasting and television broadcasting services that prevents the bidding process from generating a situation of spectrum concentration for FM sound broadcasting and television broadcasting services; it is oriented towards users and effective competition in the broadcasting sector; and at the same time, it is transparent, optimizes the scarce resource, and guarantees a fair, equitable, independent, transparent, and non-discriminatory allocation." The analysis concluded that the proposed mechanism is reasonable, proportional, necessary, effective, transparent, and indispensable, for the following reasons:

• Based on recognized economic concepts and Costa Rican regulations.

• Consistent with international practices.

• Promotes competition and prevents the hoarding of frequencies.

• Flexible compared to other traditional mechanisms, considering the reality of the sector.

• Guarantees the efficient use of the spectrum and a fair, equitable, and non-discriminatory allocation.

Complies with the public policy objectives of MICITT, oriented towards effective competition and user benefit. Prohibition of prior censorship Legality, publicity, and transparency in administrative action Based on the foregoing, it is clear that Sutel took the necessary precautions in the competitive tender process to prevent a concentration of spectrum that would affect competition.

It must be reiterated that the requirements set forth in the bidding documents of the competitive tender procedures are based on technical studies carried out by Sutel which, in turn, respond to best international practices and Costa Rican regulations.

It should be emphasized that, to date, said studies and technical justifications have not been questioned with the corresponding technical foundation.

In addition to the foregoing, it is considered pertinent to point out that the bidding documents received 29 objections from chambers and various concessionaires, which were resolved by the CGR mostly due to lack of foundation, a situation that is repeated again in this appeal, which lacks any foundation and the respective evidence.

Furthermore, it is necessary to consider that the previous Radio Law did not regulate the technical requirements, nor the procedure for assigning concessions to radio broadcasting stations, which is why there was absolute discretion and flexibility to make such concessions.

Given this panorama, it is evident that in a competitive tender such as this one, where technical conditions that were not previously required were specified, the same number of concessionaires would not participate.

In accordance with the principle of legality, it is the responsibility of this Superintendency, pursuant to the provisions of Article 73, subsection d) of the Law of the Regulatory Authority for Public Services, Article 39, subsection d) of Law No. 8660, in relation to Article 12 of the General Telecommunications Law (Law No. 8642), to issue the criteria related to the eventual renewal or extension of free-access sound broadcasting concessions.

Likewise, it is Sutel's responsibility to conduct the procedure in compliance with the public policy objectives set forth by the Executive Branch through Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, published in Supplement No. 117 of the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 116, and the additional technical guidelines established in official communication number MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 of August 7, 2024, from MICITT, as well as in accordance with the provisions of current legislation and the technical conditions of the PNAF.

In that sense, Sutel has acted in accordance with the provisions of the regulations and the public policy objectives, in attention to the principle of legality.

It should be emphasized that the promotion of said procedures seeks to regulate the conditions for the allocation of resources, in order to guarantee legal certainty to prospective interested parties in transmitting their diverse content through broadcasting networks, so that they are exercised in strict adherence to the Political Constitution, the law, and international human rights treaties, guaranteeing due process, transparency, and the independence of the media.

Furthermore, regarding the principle of transparency and integrity, it must be indicated that, as part of the competitive tender procedures and in accordance with the applicable regulations, Sutel has complied with all phases of the procedure, which included submitting the draft bidding documents to public consultation, a phase not established in current legislation which guarantees the widest dissemination of said instrument as provided in Article 8 of the General Public Procurement Law, Law No. 9986.

Compliance with the principle of publicity, transparency, and accountability has been guaranteed, first, by making all the necessary information available at the corresponding procedural stage, to promote timely access to information and the free concurrence of interested parties.

In that sense, the files of the three procurement procedures are publicly accessible, and all actions taken in the broadcasting competitive bidding procedures (AM, FM, and TV) can be consulted; this information is available at the following links:

AM: https://sutel.go.cr/pagina/frecuencias-am?page=1 FM: https://sutel.go.cr/pagina/frecuencias-fm?page=2 TV: https://sutel.go.cr/pagina/frecuencias-television?page=2 In fact, the CGR, in the resolutions of the objection appeals (recursos de objeción) filed against the tender specifications (pliegos de condiciones), stated: *“In the same vein, transparency and accountability are guaranteed, to the extent that all actions are available and known to all interested parties, making it possible to verify to whom and how the tender is awarded.”* (Resolution R-DCP-00078-2025) It should be emphasized that the competitive bidding procedures under analysis here are duly defined and are based on transparency and publicity—in contrast to the form of allocation—which seeks to prevent discretion, regulatory capture, and the existence of favoritism.

In addition to the foregoing, it must be noted that, as detailed in the background section, the tender specifications were subjected to a public consultation process by Sutel. The purpose of this consultation process was to guarantee the broadest possible participation of any interested party, such as the appellant, with the avenue being enabled to raise observations and comments on the draft tender specifications during that configuration phase of the technical, financial, and legal specifications.

Likewise, the tender specifications were widely disseminated through various media outlets and published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta and the nationally circulated newspaper La EXTRA. The aforementioned specifications were the subject of the respective objection appeals by prospective bidders and interested parties in the referenced competitive bidding procedures.

In summary, a pre-tender public consultation (consulta pública pre-cartel) was conducted, and the tender specifications were duly published and disseminated through various media outlets and, likewise, reviewed in the appeals phase by the Comptroller Entity (Ente Contralor), making the compliance with due process (debido proceso) by this Superintendency evident, as its conduct conformed to the procedural rules established in the General Law on Public Procurement (Ley General de Contratación Pública), in relation to the General Telecommunications Law (Ley General de Telecomunicaciones).

It cannot be ignored that there is legislation establishing the manner in which these resources must be used and exploited, and according to Articles 11 and 12 of Law No. 8642, the applicable legal figure is the concession (concesión).

Consequently, no harm to the principles of transparency and legality is derived from Sutel's processing of the broadcasting competitive bidding procedures.

In the analyzed tender specifications, the determination of the base price responds to objective technical criteria that have been widely justified, as has been set forth.

Therefore, the competitive bidding procedures are legitimate and proportional and do not restrict access to public information; they only regulate the conditions in the interest of greater legal certainty (seguridad jurídica) for the bidders.

Furthermore, with the referenced competitive bidding procedures, as stated in the sections above, the aim is to expand coverage throughout the national territory and, thereby, allow access to public information, which, in any case, remains guaranteed by other means such as internet access, the written press, among others.

Intangibility of Assets (Intangibilidad patrimonial) The radio spectrum (espectro radioeléctrico) is a public good (bien público) whose domain belongs to the State, such that its ownership cannot be claimed by private parties as a good or an acquired right incorporated into their assets.

Furthermore, the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has recognized that the possibility of extending a concession cannot be considered a good or acquired right already incorporated into a company's assets. That possibility was a mere expectation of renewal that was conditioned by the State's authority to establish controls.

Consequently, the economic benefits that concessionaires might have obtained as a result of the concession renewal cannot be considered goods or acquired rights that form part of their assets and that can be protected by Article 21 of the American Convention on Human Rights by virtue of their ownership.

In addition to the foregoing, consideration must be given to what is established by Costa Rican regulations, specifically Article 121, subsection 14), sub-subsection c) of the Political Constitution, which indicates that wireless services cannot leave the domain of the State and that public domain goods (bienes demaniales) can only be exploited in accordance with the law or through a special concession; they cannot leave the domain of the State.

The foregoing is consistent with what was ordered by the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) in resolution number 2301-91 of November 6, 1991, where it was emphasized that "public domain goods" possess a character that is imprescriptible, unseizable, and inalienable.

Moreover, it is relevant to point out that, according to the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Chamber and the criteria of the Comptroller General of the Republic (Contraloría General de la República) and the Attorney General's Office (Procuraduría General de la República, PGR), broadcasting concessions must be subject to a determined term. Therefore, concessions cannot be granted indefinitely, due to the legal nature of the radio spectrum as a public domain good.

Thus, the Constitutional Chamber, in Vote No. 2006-02997 of March 8, 2006, ordered the following in relation to this aspect, in accordance with what is established in the Radiocommunications Regulation (Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones): *“(...) the Regulation qualifies any strictly automatic extension (prórroga), by developing the concepts employed by the Radio Law in Article 25 cited above. Finally, it is necessary to point out that the extension of a concession is not contrary to the requirement imposed by the constituent of the temporarily limited concession, given that the extension is not indefinite or ad perpetuam, but rather for the terms established by the regulation itself. The active public administration must, on a case-by-case basis, evaluate, when several extensions have occurred, that the total sum of the terms does not exceed a reasonable one that contravenes the constitutional limit of temporal limitation.”* (Intentional emphasis) (...) The Regulation to the General Telecommunications Law, in Article 33, provides the following: *“Article 33.—Terms and extension. Concessions of frequencies for the operation and exploitation of public telecommunications networks shall be granted for a maximum period of fifteen years, extendable at the request of a party, for up to a period that, added to the initial period and that of previous extensions, does not exceed twenty-five years. (...)”* Based on the foregoing, broadcasting concessions are understood to be granted for a maximum period of 15 years, extendable at the request of a party for a maximum period not exceeding 25, and over a public domain good with constitutional protection, no property rights can be held or acquired rights claimed.

In this sense, it is concluded that broadcasting concessions have a determined term, which implies they are not perpetual and, therefore, cannot be considered a good or acquired right already incorporated into the assets of a natural or legal person..." It requests the appeal be declared without merit.

7.- The legal prescriptions have been observed in the proceedings followed.

Drafted by Judge **Cruz Castro**; and, **Considering:** **I.- PURPOSE OF THE APPEAL.** The appellant states that Executive Agreement No. 063-2024-TEL-MICITT of June 20, 2024, official letter MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 of August 7, 2024, as well as the tender specifications for public tenders 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL, and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, ordered by the Executive Branch, the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications (MICITT), and the Superintendency of Telecommunications (SUTEL) violate various fundamental rights. They claim that, through these acts, a competitive bidding process was instructed and designed for the award of all available frequencies for AM and FM sound broadcasting and free-to-access open television, under a homogeneous and predominantly commercial conception, based on criteria of economic efficiency and "market forces," without distinguishing the nature, purpose, and social function of the different types of broadcasting stations (commercial, cultural, religious, educational, community, or of social interest), even though such differentiation is expressly recognized in the legal system. They affirm that the contested tender specifications impose disproportionate economic, technical, and financial barriers, such as ascending auctions with high base prices, financial profitability demands, high infrastructure investment costs, requirements for multiple transmitters per region, and excessively short implementation deadlines, which particularly affects small and medium-sized concessionaires, as well as cultural, religious, and community stations, compromising their permanence and the continuity of the service.

They also allege that the Administration has incurred unjustified delay by not resolving concession extension requests filed since December 2022, generating a state of legal uncertainty that, together with the questioned competitive bidding process, puts the continuity of the open broadcasting services currently in operation at risk. They consider the principles of equality and non-discrimination, reasonableness and proportionality, as well as the rights to freedom of expression, information pluralism, access to telecommunications, service continuity, due process, and the protection of cultural diversity to be harmed. They request the suspension of the contested competitive bidding procedures, the provisional continuity of the current concessions, and that the appeal be declared with merit.

**II.- PROVEN FACTS.** Of importance for the decision in this matter, the following facts are deemed duly proven, either because they have been accredited or because the respondent has omitted to refer to them as provided in the initial order:

• a)Through official letter No. 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023, of November 21, 2023, SUTEL stated that there were forty-eight concessionaires of AM broadcasting services, forty-three of FM broadcasting services, and twenty-five of TV broadcasting services. ([https://www.sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023%20CONSEJO%20Estudios%20previos%20subasta%20radiodifusio%CC%81n.pdf](https://www.sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023%20CONSEJO%20Estudios%20previos%20subasta%20radiodifusio%CC%81n.pdf)).
• b)By means of a press release of May 14, 2024, SUTEL alluded to the fact that, on that date: *“In total, the condition of 24 television concessionaires and 74 radio concessionaires was analyzed; 25 of them in AM and 49 in FM. (...)”*. ([https://sutel.go.cr/noticias/comunicados-de-prensa/sutel-remite-informes-tecnicos-al-poder-ejecutivo-para-que-defina-el](https://sutel.go.cr/noticias/comunicados-de-prensa/sutel-remite-informes-tecnicos-al-poder-ejecutivo-para-que-defina-el)).
• c)On September 25, 2025, in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 179, SUTEL published the invitation to participate in any of the three broadcasting competitive bidding procedures for the concession on the use and exploitation of the radio spectrum for the provision of free-to-access sound and television broadcasting services, itemized as follows: No. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), No. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and No. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV) ([https://sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/frecuencias/22e.-2025ly-000001-sutel-pliego-de-condiciones-am](https://sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/frecuencias/22e.-2025ly-000001-sutel-pliego-de-condiciones-am), [https://sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/frecuencias/22e.-2025ly-000002-sutel-pliego-de-condiciones-fm.pdf](https://sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/frecuencias/22e.-2025ly-000002-sutel-pliego-de-condiciones-fm.pdf), and [https://sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/frecuencias/22e.-2025ly-000003-sutel-pliego-de-condiciones-tv.pdf](https://sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/frecuencias/22e.-2025ly-000003-sutel-pliego-de-condiciones-tv.pdf)).
• d)Appendix 1 of official letter No. - of November 14, 2025, indicates: *“Appendix 1.

The FM broadcasting band comprises the frequency segment from 88 MHz to 108 MHz, and currently has 55 concessionaires, which are detailed below (…) (evidence provided by the Minister of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications).

• e)On November 21, 2025, the deadline for receiving bids for free-to-access sound and television broadcasting expired (see reports rendered by the respondent authorities).
• f)On November 24, 2025, the Bidding Committee conducted the opening of bids and drew up the corresponding bid receipt record, at which time it was confirmed that bids were received for 20 frequencies for the FM broadcasting service, one frequency for the AM broadcasting service, and four frequencies for the television broadcasting service (see reports rendered by the respondent authorities).

**III.- REGARDING THE SPECIFIC CASE.** Of importance for the resolution of this matter, it should be noted that this Chamber recently resolved the amparo appeal processed under expediente 25-031501-0007-CO, in which the appellant raised grievances similar to those analyzed in the *sub iudice*. On that occasion, the appellant accused before this Court that the radio spectrum auction procedures carried the risk of diminishing the provision of broadcasting services, since they violate *“the principles of freedom of expression and press, no prior censorship, subsequent liability, right of access to public information, principle of legality, principle of integrity, principle of transparency, principle of social sustainability, principle of effectiveness and efficiency, principle of equality and free competition, the principle of patrimonial intangibility and the violation of guaranteeing service continuity for end users”*.

He complained generally that the auction of radio and television frequencies in Costa Rica, considering that the methodology and the set prices illegitimately restrict the participation of small, community, regional, and religious media, favoring only operators with high economic capacity. He argued that a model based exclusively on economic criteria violates freedom of expression, informational pluralism, and the state's duty to guarantee media diversity, especially in rural areas where open radio and television are primary sources of information. Likewise, he criticized that the prices are not based on technical studies adjusted to the national reality, but on international parameters, and that the bidding conditions omitted to contemplate indigenous and cultural stations. He pointed out that the low participation—with a high percentage of deserted frequencies and scarce bids concentrated in few companies—evidences the failure of the objective of democratizing the spectrum and expanding coverage, generating a negative impact on vulnerable populations and on equitable access to the media. For its part, the Chamber proceeded to carry out the respective study and, through judgment no. 2026-007626, of 2:15 p.m. on February 27, 2026, declared the appeal with merit regarding the unconstitutionality of bidding procedures no. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), no. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and no. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV), given that they impose the highest economic bid as the sole criterion for the allocation of radio frequency concessions, without taking into consideration or guaranteeing the pluralism (both of media and content) that must exist in every Democratic Rule of Law State and a free and full Information Society, in real terms. Additionally, it considered that said situation caused a significant decrease in the open radio stations and television channels that participated in this phase of the procedure of more than two-thirds of the total existing amount, whose diversity was not contemplated or taken into consideration in the bids. Thus, in the operative part of said Judgment, the following was ordered, as relevant:

*“**Therefore:*** *By unanimity, the filed joinders are admitted. By majority, the appeal is declared with merit regarding the unconstitutionality of bidding procedures no. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV) for establishing the highest economic bid as the sole criterion for the allocation of radio frequency concessions, without taking into consideration or guaranteeing the pluralism—both of media and content—that must exist in a Democratic Rule of Law State and in a Free and Full Information Society. Consequently, bidding procedures no. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM), and 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV) are annulled and Jorge Rodríguez Bogle, Paula Bogantes Zamora, and Carlos Watson Carazo, in their respective capacities as acting Minister of the Presidency, Minister of the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications, and President of the Council of the Superintendency of Telecommunications, or whomever currently holds those positions, are ordered to make the necessary arrangements, coordinate what is pertinent, and execute the relevant acts within the scope of their competencies, in order to guarantee the non-interruption of the provision of current broadcasting services, while the radio frequencies are not allocated through procedures that, in addition to not using the highest economic bid as the sole allocation criterion, effectively incorporate pluralism—both of media and content—and seek an equitable, transparent, and egalitarian distribution of the entirety of the radio spectrum related to the provision of sound broadcasting services, in amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM), as well as free-to-access television broadcasting. The respondent authorities are warned that, based on Article 71 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, imprisonment of three months to two years or a fine of twenty to sixty days will be imposed upon those who receive an order issued in an amparo appeal that they must comply with or enforce and do not obey it, provided that the crime is not more severely penalized. The Superintendency of Telecommunications and the State are condemned to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts that serve as the basis for this declaration, which will be liquidated in the execution of judgment in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. Magistrate Cruz Castro provides additional reasons. Magistrates Castillo Víquez and Salazar Alvarado issue a dissenting vote, accept the request for a hearing; and, in view of the fundamental right of citizens to access telecommunications and information technologies throughout the national territory (Article 24 of the Political Constitution), declare the appeal with merit and order the Ministry of the Presidency, the Ministry of Science, Innovation, Technology and Telecommunications, and the Superintendency of Telecommunications to, within a period of three months, counted from the notification of this resolution, make the necessary arrangements, coordinate what is pertinent, and carry out all actions within the scope of their competencies, publish a new public competitive procedure for the granting of concessions for the provision of sound broadcasting services in amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and free-to-access television, in order to guarantee the participation of interested parties that provide cultural, religious, educational, and regional services, for which they must establish the requirements with which said interest and the respective operating conditions will be accredited. Magistrate Garro Vargas declares the amparo appeal with merit for her own reasons and, in relation to the operative part of this judgment, issues a dissenting vote in order to order that the instruction of the case continue and to hold a hearing with the purpose of having sufficient elements to weigh and appropriately specify the order that would correspond to issue in this amparo appeal. Notify.”* In this manner, since there is no reason to depart from the criterion sustained in the partially transcribed judgment, and considering that the appellant also questions the constitutionality of the public call for bids for the allocation of radio and television frequencies due to its exclusionary and disproportionate nature—as well as the risk of indirect censorship and impact on informational plurality and freedom of expression, particularly to the detriment of regional, religious, and community media—this Chamber considers that the considerations developed therein are fully applicable to the specific case.

Consequently, the respondent authorities must abide by what was resolved in said precedent, for what in law corresponds.

**IV.- Documentation provided to the expediente.** The party is warned that, if they have provided any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new technology-produced device, these must be collected from the office within a maximum period of thirty business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not collected within this period will be destroyed, pursuant to the provisions of the “Regulation on the Electronic File before the Judiciary,” approved by the Full Court in Session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI and published in Judicial Bulletin No. 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as the agreement approved by the Superior Council of the Judiciary, in Session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.

**Therefore:** Let the respondent authorities abide by the provisions of judgment no.

-2026-007626, at 2:15 p.m. on February 27, 2026.-</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.45pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; font-weight:bold; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:5pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:14pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:9.33pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:5pt; margin-bottom:5pt; text-indent:35.45pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%; widows:2; orphans:2; font-size:12pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:8pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:5pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:justify; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; border-collapse:collapse"><tr><td style="padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-size:8pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p></td><td style="padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"> Fernando Castillo V.

</p></td><td style="padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:7pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"> Fernando Cruz C.

</p></td><td style="padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:7pt; vertical-align:sub; -aw-import:ignore">&#xa0;</span></p></td><td style="padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"> Paul Rueda L.

</p></td></tr><tr><td style="padding-right:5.65pt; padding-left:5.65pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:19.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"> It is considered:

I.This Public Deed (Escritura Pública) constitutes a valid instrument for the registration of the easement (servidumbre), in accordance with Forestry Law No. 7575 (Ley Forestal No. 7575) and the Regulations to the Forestry Law (Reglamento a la Ley Forestal), Executive Decree No. 25721-MINAE (Decreto Ejecutivo No. 25721-MINAE).

II.The technical studies and the topographic survey plan (plano catastrado) that are incorporated into this deed comply with the requirements demanded by the Registry and by the governing bodies in forestry matters.

III.The area subject to the forest easement (servidumbre forestal) is clearly delimited, according to the survey plan prepared by the topographer.

Therefore (Por tanto):

Article 1. It is constituted, in perpetuity and for a lifetime tenure (irreductibilidad), a forest easement (servidumbre forestal) on the property(ies) described below, in favor of the Costa Rican State, with the characteristics and scope indicated below and in the attached technical studies.

Salazar A.

Documento Firmado Digitalmente -- Código verificador -- 

Revisión del Documento  Res. Nº 2026013285 SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del veintiuno de abril de dos mil veintiseis .

Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente nro. 25-037342-0007-CO, interpuesto por, Nombre01, cédula de identidad CED03, en su condición de Presidenta y Apoderada Generalísima sin límite de suma de la ASOCIACIÓN CÁMARA CANARTEL, contra EL MINISTERIO DE CIENCIA, INNOVACIÓN, TECNOLOGÍA Y TELECOMUNICACIONES (MICITT).

Resultando:

1.- Por escrito agregado en la Secretaría de la Sala a las 18:13 horas del 28 de noviembre de 2025, la recurrente interpone recurso de amparo. Señala que: “el Poder Ejecutivo, mediante Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.° 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, de 20 de junio de 2024, instruyó a la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (SUTEL) a realizar un proceso concursal para adjudicar todas las frecuencias disponibles vinculadas a la explotación de: - Radiodifusión sonora en Amplitud Modulada (AM). -Radiodifusión sonora en Frecuencia Modulada (FM). -Televisión abierta de acceso libre y gratuito. La decisión se planteó de manera general y abstracta, sin distinguir entre tipos de estaciones (comerciales, culturales, religiosas, comunitarias, educativas) ni entre la situación de concesiones vigentes, en trámite de prórroga o vencidas. Posteriormente, mediante oficio MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, de 7 de agosto de 2024, se ampliaron los lineamientos dirigidos a SUTEL, instruyéndole que el procedimiento concursal para todas las frecuencias de los servicios de radiodifusión en AM, FM y televisión abierta debía asegurar, entre otros aspectos, que: “Para el caso de la fase de selección, se deberá considerar una visión basada en eficiencia y las fuerzas del mercado para cada uno de los servicios de radiodifusión AM, FM y televisiva, que asegure una asignación del espectro radioeléctrico objeto de ese proceso concursal de manera justa, equitativa, independiente, transparente y no discriminatoria, de acuerdo con las disposiciones de la Ley N.° 8642, Ley General de Telecomunicaciones y la Política Pública del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones vigentes, considerando el valor de mercado de ese recurso escaso.”. Que en la práctica, la instrucción parte del supuesto erróneo de que todos los servicios de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva son homogéneos y que su asignación debe estar regida predominantemente por una lógica de “fuerzas del mercado” y maximización de valor económico del espectro, sin reconocer la función cultural, religiosa, comunitaria y social de un amplio número de concesionarios actuales. Agrega que “(…) El artículo 29 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones (Ley N.° 8642) establece que: “El aprovechamiento de la radiodifusión sonora y televisiva, por sus aspectos informativos, culturales y recreativos, constituye una actividad privada de interés público. El otorgamiento de concesiones y la prestación de los servicios de radiodifusión y televisión continuarán rigiéndose por lo dispuesto en la Ley de radio, N.° 1758, de 19 de junio de 1954, sus reformas y su Reglamento. A la Sutel le corresponderá realizar las actividades y los estudios necesarios para preparar el concurso de la concesión y recomendarle al Poder Ejecutivo el otorgamiento o no de estas concesiones. Los servicios de radiodifusión sonora o televisiva definidos en el presente artículo son los de acceso libre; estos se entienden como servicios de radiodifusión sonora o televisión convencional, de programación comercial, educativa o cultural, que pueden ser recibidos libremente por el público en general, sin pago de derechos de suscripción, y sus señales se transmiten en un solo sentido a varios puntos de recepción simultánea.” Esta disposición reconoce expresamente que la radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre puede ser de programación comercial, educativa o cultural, y que se trata de una actividad privada de interés público, no de un servicio puramente mercantil. Una interpretación compatible con la Constitución exige, por tanto, tratar diferenciadamente a las estaciones según su naturaleza y finalidad. CUARTO: La Ley de Radio N.° 1758 y el Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones profundizan dicha diferenciación. A modo de ejemplo: • El artículo 20 de la Ley de Radio dispone: “Las radiodifusoras que tengan por fin exclusivamente la difusión cultural y las estaciones radiodifusoras al servicio meteorológico y de navegación aérea o marítima estarán exentas de todo impuesto, siempre y cuando no se dedique a realizar propaganda comercial ni de otra clase que sea remunerada.” • El Reglamento a la ley General de Telecomunicaciones, en sus artículos 97 y 98, clasifican las estaciones de radiodifusión según su naturaleza y servicio, distinguiendo entre: - Estaciones comerciales: dedicadas a la explotación lucrativa permanente de propaganda comercial. - Estaciones culturales: con programación destinada exclusivamente a contenidos educativos, religiosos y/o culturales, formativos e informativos. - Además, diferencia entre servicios de radiodifusión comercial sonora y de televisión, y servicios de radiodifusión cultural sonora y de televisión. Es decir, el propio ordenamiento jurídico reconoce y exige una clasificación diferenciada de los servicios de radiodifusión, sobre la cual debe construirse cualquier proceso concursal de frecuencias. (…)”. Reclama que los pliegos de condiciones de las licitaciones públicas convocadas por SUTEL (2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y 2025LY-000003-SUTEL) no incorporan en absoluto esta diferenciación normativa entre: “(…) • Estaciones comerciales. • Estaciones culturales. • Estaciones religiosas y otros proyectos con fines predominantemente sociales o comunitarios. Por el contrario, se impusieron tres tipos de barreras que afectan de manera desproporcionada a los actuales concesionarios, en particular a las pequeñas y medianas empresas nacionales, así como a las emisoras culturales y religiosas: 1. Barrera económica: Lesiona el principio de Eficiencia y Eficacia a) Se diseñó un esquema de asignación por subasta al alza, con precios base muy elevados, pensados desde una lógica puramente financiera sobre el “valor de mercado” del recurso, sin tomar en cuenta: • La realidad económica de los “concesionarconcios” actuales. • El carácter no lucrativo o de márgenes reducidos de muchas emisoras culturales, religiosas y comunitarias. • La función de la radiodifusión abierta como soporte del derecho de acceso a las telecomunicaciones y del derecho a la información y a la libertad de expresión. b) En las condiciones financieras se estableció la obligación de que todos los oferentes presentaran un flujo de caja proyectado a diez años que demostrara, entre otros aspectos, que: “… se debe determinar una Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) mayor que la tasa de descuento utilizada para el cálculo del Valor Actual Neto (VAN). La tasa de descuento utilizada debe ser justificada por el oferente.”. Este requisito parte del supuesto equivocado de que toda estación de radiodifusión opera bajo una lógica de rentabilidad financiera, lo cual: - Obliga a emisoras culturales y religiosas, cuya sostenibilidad proviene de contribuciones de fieles, donaciones o mecenazgos, a simular supuestos de rentabilidad incompatibles con su naturaleza y fines. - Resulta materialmente imposible de cumplir para muchas pequeñas y medianas empresas nacionales, cuya estructura y capacidad financiera no se asemeja a la de grandes conglomerados mediáticos. c) El nuevo esquema técnico derivado de la modificación del Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias, sumado a las exigencias de despliegue de infraestructura, incrementó drásticamente los costos de inversión (CAPEX) necesarios para participar legítimamente en el concurso, marginando a gran parte del ecosistema actual de radiodifusores. 2. Barrera social: La combinación de lo anterior tiene efectos directos y graves en el ejercicio del derecho a la libertad de expresión y al acceso a la información por parte de la población: • Las personas radioyentes y televidentes que no tienen capacidad económica para pagar servicios de internet o televisión por suscripción dependen de la radiodifusión y televisión abiertas para informarse, educarse y acceder a contenidos culturales y religiosos. • La imposición de requisitos económicos y financieros desproporcionados conduce a la posible salida del aire de numerosas emisoras y canales abiertos, reduciendo el pluralismo informativo y la diversidad cultural. • Ello es incompatible con el deber del Estado de garantizar el derecho fundamental de acceso a las telecomunicaciones y con los objetivos de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones relativos a universalidad, continuidad, calidad y cobertura. 3. Barrera técnica: A nivel técnico, los pliegos de condiciones: • Adoptaron una zonificación basada en la regionalización de MIDEPLAN, exigiendo, como regla general, una red mínima de doce (12) transmisores, equivalentes a dos por cada región. • La regionalización Mideplan no está incluida en instrucción del MICITT a la SUTEL, y los doce transmisores es una decisión de la SUTEL que excede la instrucción del MICITT. • Adicionalmente, se otorgó un plazo de solo doce meses para tener la red completamente operativa, plazo que es excesivamente gravoso y de cumplimiento imposible para la mayoría de pequeños y medianos operadores, considerando trámites municipales, ambientales, de construcción, importación e instalación de equipos, así como interconexiones eléctricas y de transporte de señal. Todo lo anterior configura una barrera técnica injustificada, contraria a los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad, y que afecta la continuidad de los servicios. SEXTO: Finalmente, existe un elemento adicional de gravedad: • Los concesionarios de radiodifusión de esta cámara solicitaron su prórroga desde diciembre de 2022. • Pese a que la Administración tiene el deber constitucional y legal de resolver en un plazo razonable, las solicitudes no fueron resueltas con lo cual se violentó el debido proceso y el principio de legalidad • Esta mora administrativa coloca a los concesionarios en una situación de vulnerabilidad jurídica, forzándolos a depender de ampliaciones de plazo por decreto ejecutivo de muy corto plazo, mientras en paralelo se diseñó un proceso concursal que sujetó a un proceso licitatorio las mismas frecuencias. En la práctica, esto genera un estado de incertidumbre permanente sobre la continuidad de los servicios, con impacto directo en las inversiones, la estabilidad laboral del sector y el derecho de la ciudadanía a recibir información y contenidos culturales en forma continua. AGRAVIOS CONSTITUCIONALES 1. Violación al principio de igualdad y no discriminación (art. 33 CP) El diseño del Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.° 063-2024-TELMICITT, de las instrucciones del MICITT y de los pliegos de condiciones de las licitaciones 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002- SUTEL y 2025LY-000003- SUTEL parte de un equívoco grave: trata como si fueran iguales a todas las estaciones de radiodifusión, sin distinguir: • Estaciones comerciales, orientadas al lucro. • Estaciones culturales, religiosas, educativas, comunitarias o de interés social, cuyo propósito principal no es la rentabilidad económica sino la difusión de valores, cultura, religión y servicio comunitario. Imponer a todas ellas las mismas exigencias económicas, financieras y técnicas, bajo la presunción de que su actividad es esencialmente lucrativa, resulta: • Contrario al art. 29 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones y a la Ley de Radio, que establecen una estructura diferenciada de servicios. • Discriminatorio en los hechos, por cuanto impacta con mucha mayor severidad a los operadores pequeños, culturales, religiosos y comunitarios. El principio de igualdad no impide el trato diferenciado, pero sí prohíbe las diferencias de trato arbitrarias y desproporcionadas. Tratar como iguales a sujetos que son claramente distintos por su naturaleza y función social es una forma de desigualdad encubierta. 2. Violación a los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad Las condiciones para participar en las licitaciones no son razonables ni proporcionales, porque: • Los montos de inversión en redes, el número mínimo de transmisores y los plazos para desplegar la infraestructura exceden con mucho la realidad económica y técnica de la mayoría de los concesionarios actuales. • La exigencia de demostrar una TIR superior a la tasa de descuento supone convertir en negocio lucrativo actividades que, por su propia naturaleza (emisoras culturales, religiosas, comunitarias), no se conciben como proyectos de alta rentabilidad. • No se han contemplado mecanismos diferenciados ni regímenes especiales para emisoras culturales, religiosas o comunitarias, pese a que el ordenamiento jurídico expresamente reconoce su particularidad. De esta forma, los pliegos se convierten en instrumentos de exclusión que impiden, en los hechos, la participación de actores socialmente relevantes, lo cual choca con el principio de proporcionalidad y los objetivos de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones en cuanto a universalidad, continuidad, diversidad y pluralismo. 3. Violación a la libertad de expresión y al pluralismo informativo (arts. 28 y 29 CP; art. 13 CADH) Las barreras económicas, sociales y técnicas descritas constituyen una restricción indirecta a la libertad de expresión, en los términos del artículo 13.3 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, al utilizar: • El control del acceso a las frecuencias radioeléctricas. • La configuración de procedimientos concursales desproporcionados, como medios que, en los hechos, limitan la comunicación y circulación de ideas, opiniones e información, sobre todo aquellas provenientes de medios locales, comunitarios, culturales y religiosos. Además: • La población con menores recursos económicos, que no puede pagar servicios de internet o televisión de pago, se ve expuesta a una eventual reducción drástica de la oferta de radio y televisión abierta, afectando la dimensión colectiva de la libertad de expresión (derecho a recibir información). • La diversidad cultural y la pluralidad de voces que integran la identidad costarricense se ven amenazadas cuando el Estado diseña un modelo que privilegia exclusivamente a quienes pueden soportar exigencias financieras de gran escala. 4. Violación al deber de protección de la diversidad cultural y del patrimonio cultural inmaterial La Convención para la Salvaguardia del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial (Ley N.° 8560) obliga al Estado costarricense a adoptar políticas activas para: • identificar, proteger y promover las manifestaciones del patrimonio cultural inmaterial. • Garantizar la participación de comunidades y grupos en la vida cultural. En Costa Rica, una parte esencial de ese patrimonio se articula y transmite a través de las emisoras y canales de radiodifusión abierta, incluyendo programas religiosos, culturales y educativos, contenidos locales y regionales y expresiones de la idiosincrasia nacional. El modelo concursal impugnado desconoce por completo esta dimensión, al: • No prever regímenes diferenciados o medidas de acción afirmativa para estaciones culturales, educativas, comunitarias o religiosas. • Someterlas a la misma lógica de mercado que los grandes operadores comerciales, lo cual pone en riesgo su permanencia y afecta la preservación de la diversidad cultural. 5. Violación a la continuidad del servicio y al derecho de acceso a las telecomunicaciones (art. 24 CP; Ley General de Telecomunicaciones) La reforma constitucional introducida en el artículo 24 de la Constitución Política reconoce que el acceso a las telecomunicaciones y a las tecnologías de la información y comunicaciones es un derecho fundamental, que el Estado debe garantizar, proteger y preservar. La Ley General de Telecomunicaciones refuerza esta idea al establecer como objetivos: • Garantizar el derecho de los habitantes a obtener servicios de telecomunicaciones. • Velar por la universalidad, continuidad, calidad y cobertura de esos servicios. En este contexto: - La omisión de resolver diligentemente las solicitudes de prórroga presentadas desde diciembre de 2022 vulnera el derecho a justicia pronta y cumplida (art. 41 CP) y el principio de legalidad (art. 11 CP), al mantener al sector en una situación de incertidumbre prolongada. - La amenaza real de que numerosas emisoras salgan del aire por no poder competir en el esquema de subasta diseñado por las autoridades recurridas compromete la continuidad de los servicios de radiodifusión abierta, especialmente en zonas y sectores socioeconómicos que dependen de ellos para ejercer sus derechos de información, educación y participación democrática. PETITORIA Con fundamento en lo expuesto, respetuosamente solicito a esta Honorable Sala: 1. Tener por interpuesto este recurso de amparo en nombre y representación de la Asociación Cámara CANARTEL, contra las autoridades indicadas. 2. Otorgar y, en su caso, mantener las medidas cautelares necesarias, en particular: - Mantener suspendida la tramitación y eventual adjudicación de las licitaciones 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, así como de cualquier otro procedimiento concursal que implique la pérdida de continuidad de los servicios de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre actualmente en operación, mientras se resuelve en definitiva este recurso. 3. Ordenar a las autoridades recurridas que se mantenga la operación ininterrumpida de todas las concesiones de radio y televisión actualmente vigentes y en explotación efectiva, por un plazo de cinco (5) años, de conformidad con la recomendación técnica formulada por la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (SUTEL), que se aporta como prueba, en el cual dicha autoridad especializada aconseja mantener la operación de las concesiones por dicho plazo mientras se rediseña e implementa el nuevo modelo de asignación de frecuencias, todo ello sin perjuicio de que durante ese lapso se tramiten y resuelvan, con pleno respeto al debido proceso y a los derechos fundamentales involucrados, las solicitudes de prórroga de concesión y el eventual ajuste del marco regulatorio. 4. En sentencia de fondo, declarar con lugar el recurso, y en consecuencia: a) Declarar que el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.° 063-2024- TEL-MICITT, el oficio MICITT-DM-OF- 771-2024 y los pliegos de condiciones de las licitaciones 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY- 000002-SUTEL y 2025LY- 000003-SUTEL vulneran los derechos fundamentales detallados en este escrito, en la medida en que: - Desconocen la diferenciación normativa entre estaciones comerciales, culturales, religiosas y educativas, y otros proyectos de interés social o comunitario. - Imponen barreras económicas, técnicas y sociales desproporcionadas para el acceso y permanencia en el uso del espectro radioeléctrico. - Generan restricciones indirectas a la libertad de expresión y al pluralismo informativo, así como al derecho fundamental de acceso a las telecomunicaciones y a las tecnologías de la información y comunicaciones. b) Ordenar al Poder Ejecutivo y a la SUTEL rediseñar el procedimiento concursal para la asignación de frecuencias de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre, de forma que: - Respete la diferenciación entre estaciones comerciales, culturales, religiosas, educativas y comunitarias reconocida por la Ley de Radio, la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones y su Reglamento. - Incorporar mecanismos de protección efectiva de la diversidad cultural y del patrimonio cultural inmaterial, en cumplimiento de la Convención para la Salvaguardia del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial (Ley N.° 8560). - Garantizar la participación real y no meramente formal de pequeñas y medianas empresas nacionales, así como de operadores sociales y comunitarios, evitando barreras económicas y técnicas desproporcionadas. c) Ordenar al Poder Ejecutivo y a la SUTEL resolver, en forma pronta, motivada y respetuosa del debido proceso, todas las solicitudes de prórroga de concesión presentadas desde diciembre de 2022, asegurando la continuidad del servicio de radiodifusión de los concesionarios afectados hasta tanto se dicten decisiones firmes y ajustadas a la Constitución, a la ley y a los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos. 4. Condenar a las autoridades recurridas al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios que se acrediten en la vía correspondiente. (…)”. Pide se declare con lugar el recurso.

2.-Mediante resolución de las 13:56 horas del 5 de diciembre de 2025 se dio curso al proceso y se solicitó informe al Ministro de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones (MICITT), .

3.-Informa Paula Bogantes Zamora en su calidad de Ministra del Ministerio de Ciencia. Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones (MICITT). Expresa que: “En el presente informe se demostrará que el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.° 063-2024-TELMicirr, el oficio N.° MICHT-DM-OF-771-2024 y los pliegos de condiciones de las licitaciones mayores N.° 2025LY-000001-SUTEL. N.° 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y N.° 2025LY-000003-SUTEL se ajustan plenamente al bloque de constitucionalidad, al régimen legal sectoral y a los compromisos internacionales que rigen la administración del espectro radioeléctrico en Costa Rica. Lejos de constituir un diseño excluyente o discriminatorio, los actos impugnados ejecutan el mandato del artículo 121 inciso 14) de la Constitución Política. de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.° 8642, de la Ley de Rado (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.° 1758 y de instrumentos como el CAFTA-DR y la Constitución y Convenio de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (Ley N.° 8100), orientados a garantizar una asignación objetiva, transparente. no discriminatoria y eficiente de un bien demanial escaso. en beneficio de las personas usuarias y del interés general.

En términos sustantivos el razonamiento que se desarrolla a continuación parte de una premisa central siendo que el ordenamiento constitucional y legal obliga a someter su acceso a procedimientos de concurrencia pública y a garantizar que ese proceso sea objetivo. Transparente, no discriminatorio y orientado al interés público. Sobre esa base, se demostrará que las medidas impugnadas no introducen un modelo de control de contenidos ni un esquema encubierto de exclusión de medios, sino que sustituyen un régimen históricamente prolongado de prórrogas sucesivas por un mecanismo de licitación abierto a todos los interesados que cumplan requisitos objetivos, preservando la continuidad de los servicios durante la transición. El hilo argumental del informe muestra, además, que las objeciones de CANATEL no describen una lesión actual y directa de derechos fundamentales, sino una discrepancia con la política pública de gestión del espectro y con decisiones técnico-económicas que ya cuentan con cauces específicos de control en la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa y ante la Contraloría General de la República.

Para ello. en una primera parte se expondrá el marco constitucional, convencional y legal que configura la naturaleza del espectro radioeléctrico como bien de dominio público res extra commercium, cuyo aprovechamiento por particulares sólo es posible mediante concesión temporal, de conformidad con el artículo 121 inciso 14) de la Constitución Política, los artículos 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12. 19 y 29 de la Ley N.°8642 la Ley de Radio (Servicios inalámbricos) N.° 1758 y el Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias. Sobre este sustrato se destacará, además el mandato del artículo 24 constitucional que reconoce el derecho fundamental de acceso a las telecomunicaciones y a las tecnologías de la información y comunicaciones en todo el territorio nacional, imponiendo al Estado obligaciones positivas de cobertura, continuidad y calidad que solo pueden cumplirse mediante un ordenamiento activo y racional del espectro. En este marco se recordará la línea jurisprudencial de la Sala Constitucional (por ejemplo en los votos N.° 2002-06053 y N.° 2017-1 1715) y los dictámenes de la Procuraduría General de la República (principalmente el N.° C-1 1 0-2016) y la Contraloría General de la República que afirman el carácter rector de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.° 8642 en la materia.

En cuanto al marco constitucional que rige la materia, es indispensable recordar que los artículos 24. 28. 29. 121 inciso 14) y 182 de la Constitución Política establecen una doble dimensión de tutela: por un lado garantizan las libertades de pensamiento, de expresión y de información. y la imposibilidad de que el Estado regule contenidos o líneas editoriales por otro, imponen al Estado el deber de planificar, administrar y controlar el espectro radioeléctrico como un bien demanial cuya titularidad ostenta la Nación asegurando su utilización eficiente. continua y orientada al interés general.

En una segunda sección se demostrará que el diseño del procedimiento concursal impugnado respeta el principio de no discriminación previsto en el artículo 3 inciso g) de la Ley N.º 8642 y no introduce distinciones basadas en el contenido de la programación, la línea editorial o la naturaleza religiosa, cultural, educativa o comercial de los concesionarios. La clasificación de estaciones de radiodifusión prevista en el Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones será analizada en su verdadera dimensión: como una tipología funcional que no genera “cupos editoriales” ni otorga derechos preferentes al espectro, y que no habilita al Poder Ejecutivo ni a la SUTEL para construir regímenes económicos o técnicos diferenciados según la finalidad ideológica de cada medio. Se acreditará que el concurso se apoya en reglas generales, objetivas y neutras aplicables por igual a todas las personas físicas o jurídicas, en armonía con la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, cuyo artículo 13 prohíbe la censura de contenidos, pero admite la regulación objetiva del soporte material de la libertad de expresión mediante procedimientos de asignación de frecuencias.

El análisis abordará el componente técnico-económico de las licitaciones, enfatizando que los precios base, las condiciones financieras, los requisitos de cobertura y la configuración de las redes no derivan de una decisión discrecional del Poder Ejecutivo, sino de metodologías especializadas elaboradas exclusivamente por la SUTEL. En este sentido, resulta particularmente llamativo que el recurrente haya omitido integrar en su gestión a dicho órgano regulador, pese a que una parte sustancial de los cuestionamientos planteados versa precisamente sobre el ejercicio de potestades que, conforme al artículo 66.1 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, son irrenunciables, intransferibles e imprescriptibles, y que el ordenamiento jurídico asigna de manera exclusiva a la SUTEL, en su condición de órgano técnico independiente (artículo 29 de la Ley Nº 8642). Por ello, corresponde a este Órgano Colegiado disponer su incorporación al proceso, dado que muchos de los extremos controvertidos recaen en el ámbito propio del ejercicio de sus competencias regulatorias. Sin duda esta posición del recurrente procura debilitar la posición de las autoridades sectoriales en la atención del presente recurso, lo cual además debe ser valorado a la luz del principio de buena fe procesal, toda vez que es conocedor de la intervención de ambas autoridades en el proceso licitatorio.

Debe destacarse, además, que la Contraloría General de la República, en el marco de sus potestades de fiscalización superior, conoció y resolvió las objeciones formuladas contra los pliegos de condiciones de las Licitaciones Mayores N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, concluyendo que tales instrumentos no vulneran derechos fundamentales ni los principios esenciales de la contratación pública. Este control externo previoconstituye un elemento especialmente relevante para ponderar las quejas del recurso, pues evidencia que el diseño económico y técnico del proceso concursal fue sometido a un escrutinio institucional riguroso y superó los estándares de razonabilidad, proporcionalidad y legalidad exigidos por el ordenamiento sectorial.

En particular, mediante la Resolución N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, relativa a la licitación mayor de FM, la Contraloría determinó que los objetantes no aportaron prueba técnica o económica idónea que acreditara que los precios base representan una barrera de entrada desproporcionada ni que, por sí mismos, afecten el pluralismo informativo o la libertad de expresión. Esta validación externa, sumada a la ausencia de peritajes independientes en el presente amparo, impide elevar simples apreciaciones subjetivas sobre “precios elevados” o supuestas “TIR incompatibles” al nivel de una lesión constitucional.

También, se abordará el alegato de un supuesto “apagón informativo, cultural y religioso” derivado del concurso. Se demostrará que, a la fecha, no existe acto administrativo alguno que ordene el apagado de frecuencias ni la terminación de servicios concretos; que las concesiones históricas han sido objeto de ampliaciones expresas precisamente para garantizar la continuidad de la radiodifusión durante la transición hacia el modelo concursal; y que todas las emisoras se mantienen operando bajo títulos habilitantes vigentes. Se destaca que el procedimiento licitatorio se encuentra en una fase intermedia, sin resultados definitivos ni actos de adjudicación, exclusión o descalificación que permitan predicar una afectación consumada a la libertad de expresión o al derecho de acceso a las telecomunicaciones. A la luz de la jurisprudencia consolidada de esta Sala Constitucional, se sostendrá que un escenario fundado en conjeturas sobre daños futuros e inciertos no satisface el estándar de lesión real, directa e inminente exigido para la procedencia del amparo.

Por otra parte, se examinará la cuestión de las prórrogas de concesión y la alegada “mora administrativa”. Partiendo del artículo 121 inciso 14) de la Constitución y de los precedentes de esta Sala Constitucional (con especial énfasis en el voto N.º 2006-02997) y de la Procuraduría General de la República (Dictamen N.º C-110-2016), se demostrará que el régimen de prórrogas debe interpretarse de manera tal que no desvirtúe la temporalidad constitucional de las concesiones ni convierta su renovación sucesiva en un derecho indefinido o automático. En este contexto, se explicará que las decisiones adoptadas por el Poder Ejecutivo respecto de la extensión transitoria de las concesiones y la apertura del concurso responden precisamente a la necesidad de restituir el esquema constitucional de temporalidad y de someter el acceso al espectro a procedimientos competitivos, transparentes y abiertos, en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en la Ley N.º 8642 y de los compromisos internacionales sobre asignación y utilización de recursos escasos. Se desarrolla en el presente informe un encuadre procesal del caso desde la perspectiva de la distribución de competencias entre la jurisdicción constitucional y la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. Se pondrá de manifiesto que las controversias de legalidad sobre el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, las instrucciones dirigidas a la SUTEL, los pliegos de condiciones y la tramitación de prórrogas ya se encuentran planteadas ante la Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa, la cual ofrece un cauce idóneo, especializado y dotado de plena jurisdicción, conforme al artículo 49 de la Constitución Política y a la Ley N.º 8508. Se recordará, además, que el propio Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones, en resolución N.º 2267-E8-2025, reconoció la competencia del Poder Ejecutivo para desarrollar los procedimientos concursales y delimitó con claridad el ámbito de su propio control, sin cuestionar la validez estructural del modelo. Sobre esa base, se argumenta en el presente informe que el recurso de amparo interpuesto por Nombre02 pretende convertir esta vía extraordinaria en una instancia paralela de revisión de legalidad y de oportunidad regulatoria, en abierta contradicción con el carácter residual y subsidiario del amparo y con el principio de autocontención del juez constitucional.

El punto de partida ineludible es la naturaleza del espectro radioeléctrico como bien constitucional de dominio público, conforme al artículo 121 inciso 14) subinciso c) de la Constitución Política, al artículo 7 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642 y al artículo 7 del Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 44010-MICITT. Ello implica que las frecuencias del espectro radioeléctrico son inalienables, imprescriptibles y están fuera del comercio de los hombres (res extra commercium), de forma que los particulares nunca adquieren un derecho de dominio sobre ellas, sino únicamente un título temporal de uso -la concesión administrativa- sometido al interés público, a la temporalidad constitucionalmente exigida a los objetivos sectoriales de optimización, eficiencia, transparencia, competencia efectiva y beneficio del usuario. La propia Sala Constitucional, verbigracia, en Resoluciones N.º 2007-02408 y la N.º 2002-06053, ha reiterado que los servicios inalámbricos no constituyen un bien sobre el que el particular tenga un derecho innato de uso, sino un bien perteneciente a la Nación cuyo aprovechamiento sólo es posible mediante concesión temporal.

Sobre este sustrato demanial se injerta hoy un elemento adicional de máxima jerarquía: la reforma constitucional del año 2023 al artículo 24 de la Carta Magna, el cual reconoce que toda persona tiene el derecho fundamental al acceso a las telecomunicaciones y a las tecnologías de la información y comunicaciones en todo el territorio nacional, y que el Estado debe garantizar, proteger y preservar este derecho. No se trata únicamente de evitar restricciones ilegítimas a la libertad de pensamiento, expresión e información, sino de cumplir obligaciones positivas de cobertura, acceso y calidad en materia de servicios de telecomunicaciones, que incluyen a la radiodifusión1, obligaciones que -a la luz de los propios indicadores técnicos de la SUTEL sobre ocupación, cobertura y frecuencias sin uso efectivo- todavía no se satisfacen plenamente en todo el territorio nacional. En este contexto, la política pública que deriva del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones (PNDT) de ordenar el espectro y someterlo a concurso público responde tanto al régimen demanial del artículo 121 inciso 14), como al nuevo mandato del artículo 24 constitucional, y sin perjuicio del modelo social de competencia contemplado en el artículo 46 y el principio licitatorio establecido en el artículo 182 todos de la misma Constitución Política.

En el plano supra-legal, se ubican los tratados internacionales de los que se deriva un mandato específico en materia de asignación del espectro radioeléctrico. El CAFTA-DR, aprobado mediante Ley N.º 8622, en su Anexo 13 “Compromisos Específicos de Costa Rica en Materia de Servicios de Telecomunicaciones”, apartado IV “Principios Regulatorios”, numeral 4 “Asignación y Utilización de Recursos Escasos”, dispone que:

“Costa Rica asegurará que los procedimientos para la asignación y utilización de recursos escasos, incluyendo frecuencias, números y los derechos de vía, sean administrados de manera objetiva, oportuna, transparente y no discriminatoria, por una autoridad doméstica competente. La República de Costa Rica emitirá licencias directamente a los proveedores del servicio para el uso del espectro, de conformidad con el artículo 121, inciso 14 de la Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica.” (Énfasis añadido).

De manera convergente, la Ley N.º 8100, que aprueba la Constitución y Convenio de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT) y el Instrumento de Enmienda (Kyoto 1994), impone al Sector de Radiocomunicaciones el objetivo de “garantizar la utilización racional, equitativa, eficaz y económica del espectro de frecuencias radioeléctricas por todos los servicios de radiocomunicaciones”, teniendo presente las preocupaciones particulares de los países en desarrollo. Es decir, el mandato internacional no se reduce a “no interferir” con la libertad de expresión; exige activamente que el Estado administre el espectro en forma racional, equitativa y eficiente, justamente para que puedan coexistir múltiples servicios y operadores.

“V.- DEL ESPECTRO ELECTROMAGNÉTICO O RADIOELÉCTRICO.

Dentro del dominio público, entendido como el conjunto de bienes de titularidad de los entes públicos y destinados al uso y aprovechamiento común o a la prestación de servicios públicos, es posible distinguir entre el dominio público constitucional y el dominio público infraconstitucional. El dominio público constitucional está conformado por aquellos bienes que el constituyente dispone que le pertenecen a la Nación y que no pueden salir definitivamente del dominio del Estado (artículo 121, inciso 14, de la Constitución Política). Dentro de los bienes que la Constitución Política califica como “propios de la Nación”, figuran los denominados “servicios inalámbricos”, expresión comprensiva del denominado espectro electromagnético o radioeléctrico. El espectro electromagnético o radioeléctrico, de conformidad con el párrafo 2° del artículo 121, inciso 14, inciso c), de la Constitución Política, puede ser explotado por las administraciones públicas o por los particulares mediante una concesión administrativa otorgada de conformidad con una ley general o en virtud de una concesión especial otorgada por tiempo limitado por la Asamblea Legislativa…

Por lo que es la propia norma constitucional la que califica como un bien de la Nación el espectro electromagnético o radioeléctrico y dispone que este solo puede ser explotado por los particulares en virtud de una concesión administrativa otorgada de conformidad a una ley formal o de una concesión legislativa especial. Por lo demás, el uso, aprovechamiento y explotación del referido espectro electromagnético o radioeléctrico se rige por el ordenamiento jurídico sobre telecomunicaciones, que está conformado por la propia Constitución Política, los tratados y convenios internacionales vigentes en Costa Rica, la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, la Ley de Radio, el Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias, el Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones y otras normas” (voto N.º2017-11715 de las 15:05 horas del 26 de julio de 2017; (...)”. (Énfasis propio).

Por debajo de la Constitución Política y de los instrumentos internacionales en materia de derechos humanos -pero con una jerarquía superior a la normativa reglamentaria- se ubica la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642, la cual constituye el marco sectorial rector. Su artículo 4 es categórico al establecer que:

“Esta Ley es de orden público; sus disposiciones son irrenunciables y de aplicación obligatoria sobre cualesquiera otras leyes, reglamentos, costumbres, prácticas, usos o estipulaciones contractuales en contrario. Para lo no previsto en esta Ley, regirá supletoriamente la Ley General de la Administración Pública, N.º 6227, de 2 de mayo de 1978, en lo que resulte aplicable.” En consonancia con lo expuesto, la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones constituye el marco jurídico que regula en Costa Rica la competencia del Poder Ejecutivo para otorgar concesiones relativas al uso y explotación del espectro radioeléctrico, así como las condiciones bajo las cuales se utilizarán las frecuencias y se prestarán los servicios correspondientes. Este régimen comprende, entre otros aspectos, los requisitos y procedimientos de otorgamiento, las obligaciones y derechos de los concesionarios, las potestades de la Administración concedente y las reglas aplicables a la transmisión de los títulos habilitantes (véase pronunciamiento N.º PGR-C-177-2023, de 18 de septiembre de 2023).

En consecuencia, ni los particulares ni la propia Administración pueden explotar el espectro radioeléctrico sin contar con la concesión respectiva otorgada por el Poder Ejecutivo, requisito indispensable que ha sido reiterado por la Procuraduría General de la República (N.º PGR-OJ-059-2023, de 23 de mayo de 2023).

La figura de la concesión, en su sentido jurídico estricto, implica la atribución de un uso exclusivo sobre un bien de dominio público, regla que la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones reafirma cuando prevé la reserva de determinadas frecuencias en favor del titular concesionario. Esta característica se aprecia también en el artículo 19 de la propia Ley, que -como excepción al procedimiento concursal- autoriza al Poder Ejecutivo a otorgar concesiones de manera directa y según el orden de presentación de la solicitud, únicamente en los casos de frecuencias destinadas a redes privadas o aquellas que no requieren asignación exclusiva para su óptima utilización. Así lo ha reconocido la Procuraduría General de la República en el dictamen N.º PGR-C-177-2023, de 18 de septiembre de 2023.

En consecuencia, tanto la Procuraduría General de la República (Dictamen N.º C-110-2016) como la Contraloría General de la República (Informe N.º DFOE-IFR-IF-05-2013) han sido contundentes al señalar que, más allá de las disposiciones puntuales contenidas en la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758, es laLey General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642 el cuerpo normativo que regula integralmente el uso y explotación del espectro radioeléctrico -incluida la radiodifusión- y que esta actividad debe someterse a sus principios rectores: asignación justa, equitativa, independiente, transparente y no discriminatoria; uso eficiente de recursos escasos; promoción de la competencia efectiva; beneficio al usuario; universalidad y solidaridad (arts. 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 y 29 de la Ley N.º 8642).

La Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 coexiste con este régimen jurídico y fija, en su artículo 11, deberes generales de los concesionarios (“elevar el nivel cultural de la Nación”, ceder espacios gratuitos para fines educativos y cívico-culturales), pero no introduce categorías de concesiones fundadas en el contenido del mensaje. El Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 34765-MINAET, en su artículo 97, únicamente prevé una clasificación según la naturaleza de las estaciones de radiodifusión: a) Estaciones comerciales, dedicadas a la explotación lucrativa permanente de propaganda comercial mediante programas de interés general; b) Estaciones culturales, calificadas como tales por el Ministerio de Cultura, y Juventud, con programación destinada a difundir contenidos educativos, religiosos y/o culturales de carácter formativo e informativo, las cuales también pueden tener una actividad lucrativa; y c) Estaciones internacionales de onda corta, comerciales o culturales, que operan para audiencias en el extranjero. Como se observa, esta clasificación no se traduce en cupos por línea editorial, ni autoriza al Poder Ejecutivo a segmentar el espectro en “medios afines” o “medios críticos” según su criterio. Esto por cuanto la regulación que realiza el Poder Ejecutivo está enfocada en la operación de redes y la prestación de servicios desde el parámetro de uso óptimo y eficiente del espectro radioeléctrico como bien demanial constitucional y no en la regulación del contenido relativo a la programación de cada estación radiodifusora.

En este contexto normativo, las actuaciones del Poder Ejecutivo que el recurrente cuestiona no son medidas dirigidas a silenciar medios de comunicación, ni a discriminar contenidos, sino decisiones de planificación sobre el uso y explotación del espectro radioeléctrico como bien demanial constitucional y de ejecución de la política pública sectorial, encaminadas a: i) Adecuar las concesiones históricas (sujetas a un plazo de veinte años a partir del 28 de junio de 2004, según el Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 31608-G) a la exigencia constitucional de temporalidad, evitando su perpetuación. ii) Democratizar el acceso a un bien escaso mediante el primer concurso público de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre y gratuito en la historia del país, en cumplimiento de los principios de licitación, libre concurrencia y no discriminación. iii) Garantizar, durante la transición de este proceso, la continuidad de los servicios a favor de las personas usuarias, dada lanaturaleza de la radiodifusión como actividad privada de interés público, lo que se ha hecho mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT, que extiende la vigencia de las concesiones hasta después de las elecciones 2025-2026, respetando sus condiciones originales y reforzada por la medida cautelar de alcance general dictada por el Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda en el expediente N.º 25-001640-1027-CA (Voto N.º 378-2025-I de las 14:40 horas del 24 de septiembre de 2025).

Todo ello se ejecuta bajo la cobertura de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, cuyo artículo 13 prohíbe la censura previa y exige responsabilidad ulterior, pero no prohíbe que los Estados regulen, mediante concursos objetivos, el acceso al espectro como recurso escaso. El procedimiento concursal instruido por el Poder Ejecutivo y ejecutado por la SUTEL -como órgano independiente y técnico, conforme al artículo 29 de la Ley N.º 8642 y al Anexo 13 del CAFTA-DR y lo dispuesto a partir del artículo 59 de la Ley de la Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos (ARESEP) N.º 7593- no examina ni autoriza contenidos, sino que regula el acceso al soporte material de la libertad de expresión con base en reglas generales, transparentes y no discriminatorias. Antes que un mecanismo de concentración, el concurso público, bien diseñado, es precisamente la herramienta para evitar capturas, privilegios históricos y exclusiones arbitrarias.

A lo anterior se suma que los estudios técnicos elaborados por la SUTEL -como se detalla en el presente informe- para los años 2024 y 2025 han evidenciado brechas significativas de cobertura en los servicios de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre utilizados por los usuarios finales, así como la existencia de frecuencias apagadas y un aprovechamiento desigual del espectro bajo el régimen de concesiones prorrogadas. En un contexto en el que el artículo 24 constitucional impone al Estado un deber positivo de garantizar el acceso a las telecomunicaciones en todo el territorio nacional, esta situación podría, en efecto, comprometer derechos fundamentales de las personas usuarias.

Precisamente ante esta evidencia técnica y objetiva, el concurso público de radiodifusión constituye el instrumento idóneo y jurídicamente previsto para procurar un uso más eficiente del espectro y un mejor servicio a la población, en consonancia con el mandato de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (uso racional, equitativo, eficaz y económico del espectro) y con el principio de “asignación y utilización de recursos escasos” previsto en el CAFTA-DR. Esta interpretación ha sido, incluso, respaldada por la propia Sala Constitucional, que en la Resolución N.º 11715-2017 de las 15:05 horas del 26 de julio de 2017, sostuvo que en materia de telecomunicaciones:

El que se imponga el concurso como medio para otorgar la concesión de radiodifusión resulta trascendental, en tanto implica una garantía institucional para asegurar ciertos fines y valores, también, de rango constitucional, en el otorgamiento de las concesiones, tales como la transparencia, rendición de cuentas, la publicidad, la libre concurrencia y la igualdad”. (Énfasis propio).

Esta Sala Constitucional, sin embargo, ha dejado claro (véase Resolución N.º 2006-02997) que el único requisito impuesto por el artículo 121 inciso 14) de la Constitución es que la concesión sea por tiempo limitado; la prórroga no puede convertir ese límite en un derecho indefinido y la Administración debe velar porque la suma de prórrogas no desvirtúe el mandato constitucional y los parámetros de razonabilidad técnica y jurídica. La Procuraduría General de la República, en el Dictamen N.º C-110-2016, ha armonizado el artículo 25 de la Ley de Radio N.º 1758 con el artículo 24 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642, precisamente para garantizar esa temporalidad. En este contexto, la decisión del Poder Ejecutivo de no seguir prorrogando automáticamente las concesiones y optar por el concurso público como mecanismo de garantía para la libre concurrencia y asegurar la calidad del servicio y el uso óptimo del bien demanial constitucional (espectro radioeléctrico), no suprime un derecho adquirido legítimo, sino que restituye el esquema constitucional de temporalidad y abre el espacio a la libre participación y concurrencia, en beneficio del interés público y de las personas usuarias.

Desde la óptica procesal y de distribución de competencias, lo que el recurrente pretende es trasladar a la vía del amparo un debate que ya se encuentra formalmente planteado ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa: la legalidad de las decisiones del Poder Ejecutivo y de la SUTEL sobre el vencimiento y extensión transitoria de las concesiones, el contenido del Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, la metodología de los concursos N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, así como las medidas cautelares dictadas en esos procesos. Esta Sala ha sido consistente bajo el principio de autocontención del juez constitucional en señalar que el control de legalidad de la función administrativa corresponde a la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa (art. 49 constitucional); que el amparo no es una tercera instancia ni un sustituto de esa jurisdicción; y que las situaciones jurídicas sustanciales de base legal cuentan hoy con un cauce idóneo, célere y especializado en el proceso contencioso-administrativo regulado por la Ley N.º 8508.

Por lo anterior, la teoría del caso que aquí se plantea es la siguiente:

• a)El Poder Ejecutivo y la SUTEL han actuado dentro del marco de constitucionalidad, convencionalidad y legalidad que rige la administración del espectro radioeléctrico como bien demanial constitucional sujeto al interés público. No obstante, resulta particularmente relevante que CANARTEL, en su condición de recurrente, haya decidido no integrar en su gestión a la SUTEL, pese a conocer que las potestades técnicas y regulatorias cuya legalidad cuestiona son exclusivas, irrenunciables e intransferibles del órgano regulador, conforme al artículo 66.1 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública y al artículo 29 de la Ley Nº 8642. Esta omisión procesal es significativa y debe ser valorada por este Órgano Colegiado, pues el recurso pretende impugnar actuaciones que corresponden al ejercicio de competencias que únicamente la SUTEL está habilitada para ejercer y explicar en sede constitucional.
• b)Se ha preservado la continuidad de los servicios de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre y gratuito mediante ampliaciones expresas de las concesiones, precisamente para evitar cualquier “apagón” durante la transición al modelo concursal.
• c)No se ha intervenido en los contenidos ni se han creado categorías ideológicas de concesionarios; por el contrario, se han aplicado criterios objetivos de licitación relativos a niveles de cobertura nacional o regional, en cumplimiento del artículo 182 de la Constitución Política, los objetivos del CAFTA-DR, el Convenio de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones y acorde a los parámetros objetivos del artículo 10 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones (pudiendo abreviarse LGT) en la cual se dispone que “La concesión se otorgará para un área de cobertura determinada, regional o nacional, de tal manera que se garantice la utilización eficiente del espectro radioeléctrico.” d) El modelo económico del concurso y los precios base fijados por la SUTEL han sido sometidos a control técnico-jurídico por parte de la Contraloría General de la República, sin que se haya acreditado que constituyan barreras desproporcionadas de entrada ni que generen, por sí mismos, afectaciones a la libertad de expresión o al pluralismo informativo.
• e)Se ha dado respuesta a las obligaciones positivas del Estado costarricense derivadas del artículo 24 párrafo segundo de la Constitución Política y de los compromisos internacionales de uso racional, equitativo y eficiente del espectro radioeléctrico.
• f)La discusión sobre la legalidad y oportunidad del nuevo modelo concursal ya está siendo ventilada en la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa, con participación de los concesionarios y posibilidad plena de prueba y contradicción en un tema de alta complejidad técnica.
• g)El recurrente actúa como usuario final, no como concesionario, y no ha demostrado una lesión actual, directa e inmediata a sus derechos fundamentales derivada de los actos que impugna; sus alegaciones se apoyan en temores futuros de desaparición de ciertos medios y en apreciaciones subjetivas sobre el impacto del concurso, sin respaldo probatorio objetivo.

Además, el concurso público impugnado no ha concluido: no existen resultados, exclusiones, descalificaciones ni actos de adjudicación que permitan sostener que existe una afectación consumada al derecho a la libertad de expresión o a cualquier otra libertad constitucional. El procedimiento se encuentra en una fase intermedia y, conforme al marco sectorial vigente, los actos finales que deba adoptar el Poder Ejecutivo sólo pueden dictarse válidamente una vez emitido el dictamen técnico de la SUTEL, requisito esencial para asegurar la legalidad, razonabilidad y suficiencia técnica de la decisión administrativa. Pretender que este Órgano Colegiado acredite una lesión antes de que exista un acto final, cuando no se ha verificado exclusión alguna y todas las radiodifusoras continúan operando con normalidad, implicaría adelantar los efectos de un resultado hipotético cuya realización no está demostrada ni puede presumirse. En estas circunstancias, los perjuicios alegados se sustentan en escenarios eventuales y no materializados, por lo que no cumplen el estándar constitucional de una afectación real, directa e inmediata que habilite el resguardo extraordinario de la vía del amparo.

A lo anterior se suma, como se ha manifestado, que el propio Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones, mediante la Resolución N.º 2267-E8-2025 de 2 de abril de 2025, reconoció expresamente que la discusión sobre la “legalidad, pertinencia u oportunidad” del nuevo modelo de asignación de frecuencias de radiodifusión no pertenece al ámbito electoral. En consecuencia, se abstuvo de valorar el concurso público instaurado y dispuso que el MICITT debía adoptar medidas técnicamente oportunas y jurídicamente viables para evitar que, durante el período electoral, se implementara el nuevo esquema. No obstante, enfatizó que dicha limitación “no implica que deba suspender el proceso iniciado por la citada cartera ministerial; de cumplirse las exigencias jurídicas respectivas, podrían darse las prórrogas, renovaciones o adjudicaciones que corresponda” (énfasis propio).

En suma, el propio Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones ha reconocido la competencia del Poder Ejecutivo para desarrollar los procedimientos concursales en materia de radiodifusión y ha confirmado que el proceso puede continuar, incluso con los actos de adjudicación correspondientes, siempre que estos se emitan con efectos diferidos durante el proceso electoral en curso. Esto reafirma que cualquier eventual controversia debe ventilarse en sede de pleno conocimiento de la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativo, vía jurisdiccional idónea para examinar disputas que requieren un análisis integral de legalidad, razonabilidad y prueba técnica.

De igual manera, la Contraloría General de la República, en el ejercicio de sus competencias constitucionales y de control de legalidad contractual y de refrendo dentro de los procedimientos licitatorios en materia de telecomunicaciones, ha intervenido conforme a lo dispuesto en los artículos 14 y 18 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642.

En este contexto, la teoría del caso que se plantea como marco introductorio es la siguiente: a lo largo del presente informe se acreditará que el Poder Ejecutivo y la SUTEL han actuado dentro del marco de constitucionalidad, convencionalidad y legalidad que gobierna la administración del espectro radioeléctrico; que el modelo concursal impugnado materializa los principios de licitación, libre concurrencia, transparencia, no discriminación y uso eficiente de un bien demanial escaso; que se ha preservado la continuidad de los servicios de radiodifusión de acceso libre; y que las afirmaciones de Nombre02 no demuestran una lesión actual, directa e individualizada de derechos fundamentales, sino una discrepancia con una política pública y un diseño técnico-económico sometidos ya al control de la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa y de la Contraloría General de la República. Sobre esta base, se concluirá que el recurso de amparo debe ser declarado sin lugar, que corresponde revocar la medida cautelar que mantiene suspendida la tramitación de las licitaciones mayores de radiodifusión y que las controversias de legalidad y oportunidad regulatoria deben seguir ventilándose por los cauces ordinarios constitucionalmente previstos.

II.- SOBRE LA EXISTENCIA DE PROCESOS EN CURSO ANTE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONTENCIOSA ADMINISTRATIVA Sin perjuicio de las consideraciones de fondo que se expondrán, resulta necesario dejar constancia de que las cuestiones medulares planteadas por el recurrente ya se encuentran siendo conocidas, de manera amplia y especializada, por la Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa, tanto en procesos de conocimiento como en procesos cautelares.

En efecto, ante el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y el Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso-Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda se tramitan en los que se solicita: i) el reconocimiento de un supuesto silencio positivo en las solicitudes de prórroga, ii) la declaración de nulidad de los Acuerdos Ejecutivos que denegaron tales prórrogas, iii) la nulidad del Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT en cuanto instruye el concurso público de radiodifusión -o, subsidiariamente, la exclusión de frecuencias específicas- y iv) el reconocimiento de una prórroga automática por veinte años adicionales de los contratos de concesión existentes, con efectos prácticamente indefinidos. De manera paralela, se han promovido medidas cautelares en los que se ha solicitado la suspensión de los efectos de Acuerdos Ejecutivos y de las licitaciones mayores de radiodifusión N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM) y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV), así como el mantenimiento de la vigencia de los títulos habilitantes actuales mientras se resuelven las demandas de fondo. Los procesos judiciales en curso relacionados con las actuaciones del Poder Ejecutivo que han sido objeto del presente recurso de amparo son:

PROCESOS DE MEDIDA CAUTELAR Pid En lo que atañe específicamente a la recurrente Nombre02, resulta evidente que ha optado por accionar ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa, solicitando la suspensión de los Acuerdos Ejecutivos que deniegan prórrogas, la suspensión de las licitaciones mayores de radiodifusión e, incluso, la prohibición de adjudicar los concursos. La denegatoria de la medida cautelar provisionalísima en el expediente N.º 25-007887-1027-CA demuestra que el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo ya ha valorado, aunque sea en sede cautelar la ausencia de un fumus boni iuris y de un periculum in mora tal que justifique paralizar el modelo concursal sin antes escuchar los argumentos del Estado y la SUTEL sobre el particular. Pretender ahora que la Sala Constitucional otorgue por la vía del amparo lo que ya fue rechazado cautelarmente por el juez de legalidad ordinaria (el juez natural en estos temas) equivaldría a instaurar una doble instancia paralela sobre el mismo objeto litigioso.

Esta realidad procesal debe analizarse a la luz de la distribución constitucional de competencias entre el juez constitucional y el juez contralor de legalidad. La Sala Constitucional ha delimitado expresamente el reparto de funciones entre la jurisdicción constitucional y la jurisdicción contenciosa-administrativa. (…).

Precisamente este es el escenario del caso en examen. Las objeciones a los pliegos de condiciones, la alegada afectación por la metodología de precios, los cuestionamientos sobre el Acuerdo Ejecutivo de instrucción y las licitaciones mayores en sí, ya se están ventilando en al menos seis procesos judiciales cautelares y de conocimiento ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa, debidamente identificados en las tablas que se han mostrado ut supra. En uno de esos procesos, el Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda ha dictado una medida cautelar de alcance general, que precisamente regula el régimen de vigencia de los títulos habilitantes y asegura la continuidad del servicio mientras se desarrolla el concurso público y se resuelve el litigio principal. Es decir, la jurisdicción especializada ya está operando, con plenas facultades de decretar y modular medidas cautelares específicas.

Esta conclusión se ve reforzada por lo resuelto por el propio Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo en el expediente N.º 25-001640-1027-CA (CANARA y otros contra el Estado), al analizar la solicitud de trámite preferente. En esa oportunidad, la Sección Segunda concluyó que el objeto del proceso no supone “un asunto de gran trascendencia para el interés público, sino para quienes accionan, que en su condición actual de concesionarios solicitan la prórroga automática (…) y se oponen al procedimiento licitatorio que está en curso para la asignación del espectro radioeléctrico” (Resolución de las 07:47 horas del 09 de octubre de 2025) destacando que el interés en juego es esencialmente particular y patrimonial, no uno de alcance general para la colectividad.

Esa caracterización se proyecta, mutatis mutandis, sobre la situación de la recurrente CANARTEL: lo que se discute en su demanda contenciosa y en este amparo no es la existencia de una censura estructural o un apagón informativo impuesto por el Estado, sino la oposición de un grupo específico de concesionarios a la sustitución del régimen de prórrogas automáticas por un modelo de concurso público, y su aspiración a preservar, por la vía judicial, títulos habilitantes que la Constitución ha previsto siempre como temporales.

El propio Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones en la Resolución N.º 2267-E8-2025 del 2 de abril de 2025 delimitó además el riesgo electoral ligado al nuevo esquema de asignación, ordenando diferir su implementación material durante el período electoral 2025-2026, pero sin suspender la tramitación de los concursos ni cuestionar la competencia del Poder Ejecutivo para diseñarlos. En ese pronunciamiento, la jurisdicción electoral dejó expresamente sentado que carece de competencia para revisar la “legalidad, pertinencia u oportunidad” del modelo concursal de frecuencias impulsado por el Poder Ejecutivo, de manera que cualquiercontroversia sobre dicho régimen debe ventilarse en la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. Más aún, en su “Por tanto C”, el propio TSE ordenó que, durante el lapso electoral, “no se implemente el nuevo esquema, lo cual no implica que se deba suspender el proceso iniciado por la citada cartera ministerial; de cumplirse con las exigencias jurídicas respectivas, podrían darse las prórrogas, renovaciones o adjudicaciones que corresponda”, (folio 606 del expediente administrativo N.º UCNR-EA-2022-002, énfasis añadido).

Es decir, el órgano jurisdiccional constitucionalmente competente en materia electoral ha delimitado el riesgo y ha autorizado expresamente la continuación del proceso, condicionando únicamente la implementación material del nuevo esquema durante el período electoral. La suspensión integral del concurso acordada en la resolución de las diez horas once minutos del veintiséis de noviembre de dos mil veinticinco desborda ese estándar y termina produciendo un efecto más restrictivo que el fijado por el propio juez electoral.

En estrecha relación con lo anterior, mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT del 18 de septiembre de 2025, publicado en el Alcance N.º 122 al Diario Oficial La Gaceta N.º 177 del 23 de septiembre de 2025, el Poder Ejecutivo extendió la vigencia de las concesiones administrativas de radiodifusión que han venido operando desde el 28 de junio de 2004 hasta el día hábil siguiente a que se declaren en forma definitiva por el Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones las nuevas autoridades de los Poderes Ejecutivo y Legislativo, manteniendo incólumes las condiciones originales de los títulos para los administrados. Con ello se ha asegurado normativamente que, durante todo el proceso electoral 2025-2026, la oferta radiofónica y televisiva se mantenga en los términos actuales, sin reducción abrupta de opciones para la ciudadanía.

Adicionalmente, esta Sala Constitucional ha reconocido en su propia jurisprudencia que el concurso público es la vía institucional idónea para garantizar la transparencia, la igualdad de trato y la rendición de cuentas en la asignación de frecuencias de radiodifusión. La Resolución N.º 2017-011715 de las quince horas cinco minutos del veintiséis de julio de dos mil diecisiete fue clara al señalar que el artículo 29 de la Ley N.º 8642 confirma que el título habilitante para que los particulares puedan hacer uso y explotar el espectro radioeléctrico es la concesión y establece, además, el procedimiento para otorgarlo, en el sentido que debe ser mediante concurso público, que debe ser preparado e instruido por la SUTEL, destacando que esta modalidad es la que asegura “una asignación justa, equitativa, independiente, transparente y no discriminatoria” del espectro. De igual forma, no puede soslayarse la intervención constitucionalmente relevante de la Contraloría General de la República. En ejercicio de las competencias que le reconoce la Constitución Política -control de la Hacienda Pública, fiscalización de la contratación administrativa y tutela del principio de legalidad- la Contraloría conoció y resolvió los recursos de objeción presentados contra los pliegos de condiciones de las Licitaciones Mayores N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, concluyendo que las cláusulas impugnadas se ajustan a los principios de transparencia, libre concurrencia e igualdad entre oferentes, y que no se vulneran derechos fundamentales ni se generan barreras ilegítimas de acceso al concurso. Es decir, un órgano constitucionalmente especializado en el control previo y concurrente de la contratación pública ha avalado, tras un examen técnico-jurídico detallado, la estructura de los pliegos y la compatibilidad del modelo concursal con el bloque de legalidad ordinaria.

Entre los recurrentes que acudieron a esa vía de objeción se encontraba la propia CANARTEL, en representación de sus asociados, por lo que la recurrente no solo ha tenido acceso a la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa, sino también al control administrativo previo especializado de los pliegos licitatorios, en ambos casos sin éxito en sus pretensiones.

Además, la Contraloría General concluyó que los alegatos sobre vulneración a la libertad de expresión son genéricos y sin sustento técnico. En su Resolución N.º R-DCP-00077-2025, que resolvió los recursos de objeción interpuestos contra la Licitación Mayor N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (radiodifusión sonora AM), la Contraloría señaló que los recurrentes afirmaron, de manera abstracta, que el esquema económico del pliego de condiciones podría afectar el pluralismo informativo o excluir a operadores culturales o religiosos. En el caso de las objeciones formuladas por CANARTEL, la Contraloría reiteró esta misma línea argumental, señalando que las críticas al modelo económico y a los requisitos financieros se presentaban de manera abstracta, sin identificar cláusulas concretas, sin respaldo técnico-económico verificable y sin una propuesta de rediseño normativo que permitiera evaluar la supuesta lesión de derechos fundamentales.

Sin embargo, el Órgano Contralor fue categórico en destacar que:

Los alegatos no identifican las cláusulas específicas que producirían la supuesta afectación.

No cuantifican ni demuestran el impacto económico alegado No aportan estudios técnicos, económicos o de mercado que acrediten una barrera real y no hipotética.

No formulan una pretensión concreta de modificación o ajuste que permita evaluar el eventual riesgo.

Por ello, la Contraloría concluyó que se trata de “afirmaciones genéricas, insuficientes para acreditar una lesión a la libertad de expresión (…) y por ende, procede su rechazo por falta de fundamentación”, manteniendo el pliego incólume en todos sus extremos relacionados con libertad de pensamiento y expresión.

La Contraloría determinó que los precios base y el mecanismo de subasta no afectan la libertad de expresión ni el acceso a contenidos culturales. De forma concordante, la Resolución N.º R-DCP-00078-2025, relativa al concurso de televisión de acceso abierto y gratuito (Licitación Mayor N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL), refuerza esa línea de resolución administrativa al confirmar que no se demuestra que los precios definidos en el pliego lesionen la libertad de pensamiento y expresión, ni que limiten el acceso a contenidos culturales.

El Órgano Contralor indicó que:

 No se acredita que los precios base o la subasta constituyan una barrera injustificada para la participación.

 No existe evidencia de que la estructura económica del concurso restrinja derechos fundamentales.

 Los recurrentes incumplieron su carga probatoria al no aportar elementos técnicos ni jurídicos que sustenten sus afirmaciones.

 Corresponde rechazar la objeción de plano, por incumplimiento del estándar de fundamentación exigido por la Ley General de Contratación Pública N.º 9986 y su Reglamento.

Este conjunto de pronunciamientos administrativos y jurisdiccionales pone de relieve dos elementos esenciales para la resolución del presente amparo:

 a) Las controversias sobre el modelo concursal, sus precios, requisitos técnicos y efectos patrimoniales ya cuentan con vías de legalidad ordinaria abiertas, activas y eficaces ante la Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa, que dispone de todas las herramientas necesarias -incluidas las medidas   lesionados sus intereses jurídico-subjetivos.

  No existe, ni siquiera en sede de control administrativo previo, un fumus boni iuris respecto de una eventual afectación a la libertad de expresión o al pluralismo informativo derivada de los pliegos de condiciones, pues la Contraloría General de la República ha determinado expresamente que los alegatos en ese sentido son genéricos, no identifican cláusulas concretas, carecen de sustento técnico y no revelan barreras injustificadas de acceso al concurso.

 En tales condiciones, pretender que la Sala Constitucional abandone el principio de autocontención del juez constitucional para reabrir, por la vía del amparo, un debate que ya se ventila en procesos contencioso-administrativos de conocimiento y en procedimientos de objeción resueltos por la Contraloría, implicaría utilizar el amparo como una instancia paralela de revisión de legalidad ordinaria, en abierta contradicción con lo dispuesto por los artículos 10 y 49 de la Constitución Política y con la jurisprudencia constante de este Tribunal.

Por ello, desde una perspectiva estrictamente procesal, el presente recurso se inserta en un contexto en el que:

 existen procesos contencioso-administrativos en curso que discuten de manera directa el Acuerdo Ejecutivo impugnado, el modelo de concurso y las consecuencias sobre títulos habilitantes concretos;  se han activado los mecanismos ordinarios de control previo y concurrente de la contratación pública, con pronunciamientos firmes de la Contraloría General de la República; y  no se ha acreditado una lesión actual, directa e individualizada de derechos fundamentales, sino una discrepancia general y abstracta con una política pública de ordenamiento del espectro y modernización del régimen concesional.

Desde esta óptica, la vía adecuada para discutir la corrección jurídica, técnica y económica del concurso público de radiodifusión continúa siendo, como ya lo ha reconocido la propia Sala en su jurisprudencia reciente, la Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa. El recurso de amparo no puede convertirse en un cauce alterno para replantear esas controversias, ni para desplegar un control de legalidad que corresponde, de manera exclusiva, a los tribunales especializados.

En síntesis, tratándose de la recurrente Nombre02, concurren tres elementos que refuerzan la improcedencia del amparo como vía principal: i) las mismas decisiones administrativas que impugna ya son objeto de un proceso contencioso-administrativo de conocimiento (exp. N.º 25-007887-1027-CA), en el cual se ha rechazado la medida cautelar provisionalísima solicitada; ii) la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa ha calificado, en un proceso estrechamente ligado (CANARA y otros), que la controversia sobre prórrogas y concurso de frecuencias responde a un interés particular de concesionarios y no a un asunto de gran trascendencia para el interés público; y iii) la Contraloría General de la República ha desestimado las objeciones de Nombre02 contra los pliegos de condiciones de las tres licitaciones, por falta de fundamentación técnica y ausencia de evidencia sobre una afectación real a la libertad de expresión o al pluralismo informativo. En estas circunstancias, el recurso de amparo se convierte en un intento de reabrir, por una vía extraordinaria, discusiones que ya cuentan con cauces ordinarios activos y eficaces, lo cual desborda la función de este Tribunal como garante de derechos fundamentales y vulnera el principio de autocontención del juez constitucional.

III.- SOBRE LOS HECHOS Y ALEGATOS EXPUESTOS POR EL RECURRENTE Sobre los hechos y alegatos, planteados en el escrito del RECURSO DE AMPARO, procedo a indicar lo siguiente:

1.- SOBRE LA INSTRUCCIÓN REALIZADA POR EL PODER EJECUTIVO A LA SUTEL Y LOS ALEGATOS SOBRE EL DISEÑO GENERAL DEL CONCURSO PÚBLICO La recurrente sostiene, en este primer bloque argumental, que el origen mismo del concurso de radiodifusión es inconstitucional por la forma en que el Poder Ejecutivo instruyó a la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (SUTEL) y por la filosofía general que habría inspirado el diseño del procedimiento concursal.

En concreto, indica “que el Poder Ejecutivo, mediante Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º063-2024-TEL-MICITT, de 20 de junio de 2024, instruyó a la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (SUTEL) a realizar un proceso concursal para adjudicar todas las frecuencias disponibles vinculadas a la explotación de: - Radiodifusión sonora en Amplitud Modulada (AM). -Radiodifusión sonora en Frecuencia Modulada (FM). -Televisión abierta de acceso libre y gratuito.” Añade, acto seguido, que “La decisión se planteó de manera general y abstracta, sin distinguir entre tipos de estaciones (comerciales, culturales, religiosas, comunitarias, educativas) ni entre la situación de concesiones vigentes, en trámite de prórroga o vencidas.” Más adelante, sostiene que “Posteriormente, mediante oficio MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, de 7 de agosto de 2024, se ampliaron los lineamientos dirigidos a SUTEL, instruyéndole que el procedimiento concursal para todas las frecuencias de los servicios de radiodifusión en AM, FM y televisión abierta debía asegurar, entre otros aspectos, que: ‘Para el caso de la fase de selección, se deberá considerar una visión basada en eficiencia y las fuerzas del mercado para cada uno de los servicios de radiodifusión AM, FM y televisiva, que asegure una asignación del espectro radioeléctrico objeto de ese proceso concursal de manera Justa, equitativa, independiente, transparente y no discriminatoria, de acuerdo con las disposiciones de la Ley N.º 8642, Ley General de Telecomunicaciones y la Política Pública del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones vigentes, considerando el valor de mercado de ese recurso escaso.’” Finalmente, concluye que “Que en la práctica, la instrucción parte del supuesto erróneo de que todos los servicios de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva son homogéneos y que su asignación debe estar regida predominantemente por una lógica de ‘fuerzas del mercado’ y maximización de valor económico del espectro, sin reconocer la función cultural, religiosa, comunitaria y social de un amplio número de concesionarios actuales.” Sobre estas premisas, corresponde precisar el verdadero alcance del Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT y del oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, así como su inserción en el marco constitucional, legal y de política pública que rige el espectro radioeléctrico.

Alcance real del Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT Partiendo de lo alegado por la recurrente acerca de que el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT habría instruido genéricamente a SUTEL a convocar un concurso para adjudicar todas las frecuencias disponibles de AM, FM y televisión abierta, es indispensable recordar que dicho Acuerdo no aparece en el vacío, ni responde a una voluntad discrecional de “mercantilizar” la radiodifusión, sino que se inserta en un entramado normativo claro.

En coherencia con este marco constitucional, legal y convencional, el Poder Ejecutivo dictó el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT del 20 de junio de2024, publicado en el Alcance N.º 117 al Diario Oficial La Gaceta N.º 116 del 26 de junio de 2024, el cual, además de surgir del acatamiento constitucional y legal, se apoya en dictámenes técnicos elaborados por la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (lo ya mencionados oficios N.º 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023 y N.º 04180-SUTEL-DGC-2024, aprobados mediante los Acuerdos N.º 029-070-2023 y N.º 004-013-2024 de su Consejo Directivo) que justifican a través de estudios previos y previstos por el ordenamiento jurídico sectorial, la necesidad y factibilidad de un concurso público para los servicios de radiodifusión en AM, FM y TV.

Esos estudios valoran cobertura, ocupación del espectro, situación de las concesiones vigentes, demanda potencial y condiciones del mercado, de manera que los precios base, las obligaciones técnicas y los requisitos de cobertura no son excluyentes, sino resultados de una valoración técnico-económica del recurso escaso, en línea con el artículo 8 de la Ley N.º 8642 (objetivos de la planificación del espectro) y con el Anexo 13 del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre República Dominicana, Centroamérica y Estados Unidos (CAFTA-DR), Ley N.º 8622, que obliga a Costa Rica a asignar y utilizar los recursos escasos (incluidas las frecuencias) mediante procedimientos objetivos, transparentes y no discriminatorios, es decir; a través de estos dictámenes la SUTEL concluyó que existía la necesidad y factibilidad de abrir el concurso público, es decir; el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT se limita a ordenar la preparación de concursos futuros, bajo reglas de transparencia y libre concurrencia, para un bien demanial cuya explotación siempre ha sido temporal.

Así, cuando la recurrente afirma que el Poder Ejecutivo, mediante dicho Acuerdo, “instruyó” a la SUTEL a realizar un proceso concursal para adjudicar frecuencias de radiodifusión, describe una consecuencia formal correcta, pero omite que el Acuerdo es un acto de planificación demanial general y abstracta, como corresponde al tratamiento del espectro radioeléctrico como bien de dominio público; que su finalidad es ejecutar los mandatos del artículo 121 inciso 14) y 182 de la Constitución Política, de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642, de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 y del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones 2022-2027; y que el propio diseño del concurso se construye sobre estudios técnicos especializados de la SUTEL, no sobre una simple intuición política ni sobre una lógica reductiva de maximización económica.

La calificación de que “la decisión se planteó de manera general y abstracta” que hace la recurrente, lejos de evidenciar un defecto, refleja precisamente el carácter que debe tener un acto de esta naturaleza: el Acuerdo no puede ni debe resolver, en ese nivel, cuestiones particulares sobre concesionarios específicos, estados de trámite o prórrogas individuales, porque esas materias se ventilan en otros instrumentos y procedimientos (incluidos los procesos contencioso-administrativos ya en curso).

B. Naturaleza y contenido real del oficio de Lineamientos de Política Pública emitidos por esta Rectoría de las Telecomunicaciones, N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 Sobre el oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, la recurrente destaca únicamente la frase referida a “una visión basada en eficiencia y las fuerzas del mercado (…) considerando el valor de mercado de ese recurso escaso” y, a partir de esa cita parcial, infiere que esta Rectoría habría “homogeneizado” todos los servicios de radiodifusión y subordinado su asignación a una lógica predominantemente economicista.

Sin embargo, lo anterior se ve complementado -y matizado de manera decisiva- con el propio contenido del oficio Nombre03.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 de fecha 07 de agosto de 2024, denominado “Lineamientos técnicos adicionales de la Ministra Rectora en cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en los artículos 2 y 9 del Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT de fecha 20 de junio de 2024, publicado en el Alcance N.º 117 al Diario Oficial La Gaceta N.º 116, de fecha 26 de junio de 2024”, en el cual se indica, lo siguiente:

“Dado lo anterior, y en razón de lo dispuesto en el artículo 2 del Acuerdo Ejecutivo 063-2024-TEL-MICITT de fecha 20 de junio de 2024, publicado en el Alcance No 117 al Diario Oficial La Gaceta No 116 del 26 de junio de 2024, relacionado con el procedimiento de instrucción del concurso público para la prestación del servicio de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre y gratuito para los servicios de Radiodifusión sonora AM, Radiodifusión sonora FM y Radiodifusión televisiva, correspondiente a los segmentos de frecuencias de 525 kHz a 1705 kHz para el servicio de radiodifusión en amplitud modulada, de 88 MHz a 108 MHz para el servicio de radiodifusión sonora en frecuencia modulada, y de 174 MHz a 216 MHz y de 470 MHz a 608 MHz para el servicio de radiodifusión televisiva, es que el Poder Ejecutivo, con fundamento en lo establecido en el inciso 1) del artículo 89 de la Ley No 6227, Ley General de la Administración Pública, y sus reformas, le encomendó al Viceministerio de Telecomunicaciones, debido a la naturaleza de sus funciones como ente especializado del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones (MICITT) en el área de las telecomunicaciones, el velar por una adecuada aplicación en el proceso concursal de los fines, objetivos y políticas del Sector. De tal manera que, en el proceso concursal por iniciar, la Rectoría de Telecomunicaciones cumpla con el deber dispuesto en el inciso c) del artículo 39 de la Ley N.º 8660, Ley de Fortalecimiento y Modernización de las Entidades Públicas del Sector Telecomunicaciones.” En ese sentido, los lineamientos simplemente se ajustan a disposiciones legales con el fin y único propósito de que un bien demanial sea aprovechado eficientemente en favor del interés general, en absoluto respeto de los principios que rigen la materia de telecomunicaciones, en ese sentido, los lineamientos se limitan a establecer objetivos generales del concurso, que se pueden precisar mejor en el punto 3. del oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, del 07 de agosto de 2024, visible a folios 469 a 477 del expediente N.º UCNR-EA-2022-002 se señala:

 En relación con el derecho fundamental de acceso a los servicios de telecomunicaciones: Establecer las garantías necesarias para resguardar el régimen jurídico de derechos e intereses de los usuarios finales, a fin de asegurar la continuidad del servicio de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva, mediante los mecanismos idóneos que permitan el acceso efectivo a este servicio de telecomunicaciones, a favor de la libertad de pensamiento, de expresión y la libre información conforme con los objetivos estratégicos en el PNDT; así como que la asignación del espectro para la prestación de servicios de radiodifusión resulten accesibles en todo el territorio nacional o en la zona de cobertura definida, alcanzando zonas rurales, lo cual supone la existencia de condiciones de acceso al menos similares en todo el territorio, de forma que los usuarios finales en zonas desfavorecidas no se vean discriminados con condiciones de calidad desventajosas.

 En materia de concentración de espectro: Considerar la inclusión de mecanismos específicos que prevengan que la licitación genere una situación de concentración de espectro en materia de los servicios de radiodifusión sonora o televisiva, con orientación hacia los usuarios, una competencia efectiva en el Sector de Radiodifusión, transparencia en las estipulaciones definidas en el pliego de condiciones y la optimización del recurso escaso, garantizando una asignación justa, equitativa, independiente, transparente y no discriminatoria.

 En materia de coordinación fronteriza: Se debe considerar, según sea aplicable, la coordinación fronteriza previamente establecida para garantizar que los segmentos de frecuencias asignados se encuentren libres de interferencias perjudiciales. Además, se deberá procurar que las nuevas asignaciones no generen interferencias hacia la operación de estaciones de países vecinos con los cuales se hayan establecido acuerdos de coordinación fronteriza de frecuencias.

 En cuanto a la definición de las zonas de cobertura (zonas de acción): Considerar que las zonas de cobertura que se asignen a cada oferente declarado elegible en el proceso concursal se realicen de acuerdo con condiciones de operación alineadas a los principios de la ciencia y la técnica, procurando la eficiencia en el uso de los recursos escasos, y brindando la posibilidad a los adjudicatarios de un desarrollo progresivo de la infraestructura de su red de radiodifusión.

 En materia de enlaces accesorios: Se debe garantizar el acceso al recurso radioeléctrico para el establecimiento de radioenlaces del Servicio Fijo que sirven de soporte de esas redes, de conformidad con las condiciones técnicas que se establecen en el “Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias” y el diseño de red del potencial adjudicatario.

 En materia del uso óptimo del espectro radioeléctrico: Garantizar el otorgamiento del espectro radioeléctrico de forma que asegure su uso óptimo, al considerar las obligaciones de cobertura nacional y/o regional, acorde a las zonas de cobertura definidas por la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones para cada concesionario, de acuerdo con el diseño de red propuesto.

 En relación con la reserva de 24 MHz para radiodifusión televisiva que se establece en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones: Considerar que como parte de las disposiciones del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones 2022-2027 “Costa Rica: Hacia la disrupción digital inclusiva”, en el “Área Estratégica 2: Espectro Radioeléctrico para la competitividad”, se establece en la Meta 9: “Ejecutar el proceso para contar con 24 MHz reservados por el Estado para servicios de radiodifusión televisiva con fines de atención a necesidades locales y nacionales, al 2025”, siempre que exista la demanda para este recurso, en atención al principio rector de optimización de los recursos escasos.

 En relación con el concurso público a realizar: Garantizar que no se establezcan barreras de entrada que impidan a los interesados presentar sus ofertas sino promover la competencia efectiva; además apuntar al máximo de eficiencia económica a fin de evitar un gasto excesivo por parte de los licitantes en relación con las gestiones administrativas necesarias para concurrir y participar del concurso; garantizar la publicidad y transparencia en las disposiciones que se establezcan en el pliego de condiciones de los concursos a promover; considerar los principios que orientan los procesos de simplificación de trámites administrativos para definir reglas claras y objetivas, promover la cooperación interinstitucional, así como los principios de buena fe, de transparencia, de economía procesal, de legalidad, de publicidad, de celeridad, de eficiencia y de eficacia de la actividad administrativa.

 En relación con el principio rector de sostenibilidad ambiental: El concurso público debe considerar la armonización del uso y la explotación de las redes y la prestación de los servicios de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva a favor de la sostenibilidad ambiental y de un medio ambiente sano, de manera que las nuevas tecnologías promuevan un uso más eficiente de los recursos energéticos. El adecuado manejo de desechos de índole tecnológica, resulta ser una necesidad y obligación para procurar la disminución del impacto de estos en el medio ambiente. Por lo anterior, se deberá cumplir en todo momento con lo establecido en la Ley N.º 8839, Ley para la Gestión Integral de Residuos.

Es su conjunto, la Política Pública emitida por esta Rectoría muestra que la referencia a “eficiencia” y “fuerzas del mercado” que cita la recurrente es solo un elemento dentro de un haz de objetivos que incluyen continuidad del servicio, acceso territorial, prevención de concentración, ausencia de barreras de entrada, protección de usuarios y sostenibilidad ambiental.

Lejos de “homogeneizar” los servicios de radiodifusión o de ignorar su función cultural, religiosa o comunitaria, los lineamientos parten de la lógica de que el espectro debe asignarse de forma justa, equitativa, independiente, transparente y no discriminatoria, con especial atención a usuarios en zonas rurales y sectores desfavorecidos. El énfasis en evitar barreras de entrada y promover la competencia efectiva es incompatible con la tesis de la recurrente de que el diseño responde a una voluntad de exclusión estructural.

C. Sobre la supuesta homogeneización de servicios Sobre la base de las citas anteriores, la recurrente concluye que en la práctica la instrucción del Poder Ejecutivo y los lineamientos de esta Rectoría “parten del supuesto erróneo de que todos los servicios de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva son homogéneos y que su asignación debe estar regida predominantemente por una lógica de ‘fuerzas del mercado’ y maximización de valor económico del espectro”. Sin embargo ni el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, ni el oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, introducen afirmación alguna en el sentido de que todas las estaciones sean “homogéneas” en cuanto a su programación o función social.

Lo que sí establecen es que, al ser el espectro un bien de dominio público constitucional cuya titularidad es de la Nación, su asignación debe realizarse mediante concurso público con criterios objetivos, transparentes y no discriminatorios, sin seleccionar concesionarios con base en su contenido editorial, religioso o cultural; y que, además, el diseño del concurso debe evitar la concentración de espectro, asegurar la continuidad del servicio, garantizar acceso en todo el territorio, especialmente zonas rurales, y prevenir barreras de entrada. En otras palabras, la recurrente convierte en “homogeneización” lo que en realidad es neutralidad del Estado frente a los contenidos y modelos de gestión de los concesionarios. El ordenamiento jurídico -constitucional, legal e internacional- impide al Poder Ejecutivo establecer ventajas, cupos o tarifas diferenciadas según se trate de un medio cultural, religioso, comunitario o comercial, sin incurrir en discriminaciones indirectas y sin comprometer la libertad de expresión.

Que el concurso no distinga en sus reglas económicas entre emisoras según su línea editorial no significa negar la función cultural o religiosa de muchos operadores; significa reconocer que el Estado no puede asignar espectro bajo criterios ideológicos o confesionales. Esta diferencia es clave: lo que la recurrente presenta como un supuesto vicio (“tratar a todos iguales”) es, en realidad, el reflejo del principio de igualdad y de no discriminación que vincula al Estado en materia de telecomunicaciones.

De lo expuesto se evidencia que la construcción argumental de la recurrente parte de una lectura fragmentaria de los instrumentos que cuestiona. Las citas que realiza del Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT y del oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 son parciales y no reflejan el contenido integral de dichos actos, ni el contexto técnico-jurídico en que se insertan. Lejos de configurar un supuesto “modelo mercantilista” de la radiodifusión, el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT se limita a cumplir el mandato constitucional y legal de ordenar la preparación de concursos públicos para la asignación de un bien de dominio público, en consonancia con el régimen demanial del espectro radioeléctrico y con los compromisos internacionales asumidos por Costa Rica en materia de administración de recursos escasos. Debe recordarse además su base técnica conforme al ordenamiento sectorial en el cual se dispone a tenor del artículo 29 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones la aprobación de los estudios previos de necesidad y factibilidad rendidos por la SUTEL, el al respecto se dispone:

“ARTÍCULO 1.- APROBAR los dictámenes técnicos remitidos mediante oficio N.º 10091-SUTEL-SCS-2023 de fecha 29 de noviembre de 2023, con el cual la Superintendencia deTelecomunicaciones, remitió el dictamen técnico emitido mediante oficio N.º 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023 de fecha 21 de noviembre de 2023, aprobado mediante Acuerdo de su Consejo N.º 029-070-2023, adoptado en la sesión ordinaria N.º 070-2023, celebrada en fecha 23 de noviembre de 2023, y el oficio N.º 04542-SUTEL-SCS-2024 de fecha 31 de mayo de 2024, con el cual la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones, remitió el dictamen técnico emitido mediante oficio N.º 04180-SUTEL-DGC-2024 de fecha 21 de mayo de 2024, aprobado mediante Acuerdo de su Consejo N.º 004-013-2024, adoptado en la sesión extraordinaria N.º 013-2024, celebrada en fecha 31 de mayo de 2024, en cuanto a los elementos propios de cara a la decisión de inicio del concurso público, en virtud de la ausencia de razones de orden público o interés nacional que sustenten apartarse de dicha recomendación del Órgano técnico, y de esta forma promover la realización del proceso concursal que se indica a continuación, dado que existe la necesidad de éste, determinada por la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones en los dictámenes técnicos de marras, así como la factibilidad técnica, legal y de mercado analizada en el presente informe.” Por su parte, el oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 no homogeneiza los servicios de radiodifusión ni los subordina exclusivamente a las “fuerzas del mercado”, sino que articula la dimensión económica del uso eficiente del espectro con objetivos claros de continuidad del servicio, acceso efectivo en todo el territorio nacional -incluidas zonas rurales-, prevención de la concentración, eliminación de barreras de entrada injustificadas, protección de las personas usuarias y sostenibilidad ambiental.

Por ello, la afirmación de Nombre02 en el sentido de que la instrucción del Poder Ejecutivo “desconoce” la función cultural, religiosa, comunitaria y social de numerosos concesionarios no encuentra sustento objetivo en los textos impugnados. Se trata, más bien, de una lectura fragmentada que omite los lineamientos expresamente dirigidos a resguardar el pluralismo, el acceso y la no discriminación en la prestación del servicio de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre y gratuito. Asimismo, pasa por alto el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones 2022-2027, instrumento de política pública por excelencia que define la hoja de ruta sectorial y que desarrolla los mandatos del artículo 2 de la Ley N.º 8642 en materia de gestión eficiente del espectro y promoción de la competencia.

fija como objetivo central fortalecer los servicios de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva como vehículos para garantizar el pluralismo, promover la diversidad cultural y asegurar el acceso libre y gratuito a la información. A ello se suma una línea específica de acción orientada a “reforzar los beneficios que brindan al país los servicios de radiodifusión abierta y gratuita (…) habilitando una operación que permita su aprovechamiento por la mayor cantidad de población posible, así como creando los mecanismos para que los actuales concesionarios puedan cumplir con la prestación del servicio conforme a sus títulos habilitantes”. Esta directriz evidencia que la radiodifusión abierta no se concibe como un beneficio reservado a un grupo específico de operadores, sino como un servicio privado de interés público cuyo alcance, eficiencia y diversidad deben ampliarse.

En ese contexto, la decisión del Poder Ejecutivo y de la SUTEL de convocar concursos públicos para la asignación de frecuencias de radiodifusión no constituye un acto aislado ni carente de programación, sino la implementación directa de las metas y estrategias trazadas en el PNDT. Lejos de desconocer el rol social de los concesionarios, esta planificación sectorial reafirma que una gestión moderna y competitiva del espectro —mediante procesos objetivos, transparentes y abiertos— es la vía idónea para asegurar que la radiodifusión abierta y gratuita siga cumpliendo su función constitucional de promover la cultura, la información y la participación democrática.

Este primer alegato, por tanto, no demuestra una lesión actual, directa e individualizada de derechos fundamentales, sino una discrepancia con la política pública de ordenamiento del espectro mediante concurso público objetivo, transparente y no discriminatorio, mecanismo que el ordenamiento constitucional y legal no solo habilita, sino que impone como cauce ordinario para la asignación de frecuencias de radiodifusión.

2.- SOBRE LOS ALEGATOS RELACIONADOS A LA NATURALEZA JURÍDICA DIFERENCIADA DE LA RADIODIFUSIÓN La recurrente parte del artículo 29 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642 para afirmar, en primer término, que “(...) establece que: “El aprovechamiento de la radiodifusión sonora y televisiva, por sus aspectos informativos, culturales y recreativos, constituye una actividad privada de interés público. El otorgamiento de concesiones y la prestación de los servicios de radiodifusión y televisión continuarán rigiéndose por lo dispuesto en la Ley de radio, N.º 1758, de 19 de junio de 1954, sus reformas y su Reglamento. A la Sutel le corresponderá realizar las actividades y losestudios necesarios para preparar el concurso de la concesión y recomendarle al Poder Ejecutivo el otorgamiento o no de estas concesiones. Los servicios de radiodifusión sonora o televisiva definidos en el presente artículo son los de acceso libre; estos se entienden como servicios de radiodifusión sonora o televisión convencional, de programación comercial, educativa o cultural, que pueden ser recibidos libremente por el público en general, sin pago de derechos de suscripción, y sus señales se transmiten en un solo sentido a varios puntos de recepción simultánea.”’.

Sobre esa base sostiene que “Esta disposición reconoce expresamente que la radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre puede ser de programación comercial, educativa o cultural, y que se trata de una actividad privada de interés público, no de un servicio puramente mercantil” y concluye que “Una interpretación compatible con la Constitución exige, por tanto, tratar diferenciadamente a las estaciones según su naturaleza y finalidad.” Este razonamiento, sin embargo, lleva más lejos al artículo 29 de lo que su texto -y el bloque de constitucionalidad y convencionalidad aplicable- realmente permiten. Es cierto que la norma califica la radiodifusión sonora y televisiva como “actividad privada de interés público” y remite a la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 para el régimen específico de prestación del servicio; pero de ello no se desprende, ni expresa ni implícitamente, un mandato constitucional o legal de diseñar concursos públicos con condiciones económicas, técnicas o jurídicas diferenciadas según el contenido (comercial, educativo, cultural, religioso) o la finalidad subjetiva de quien explota la frecuencia.

En el marco inicial de este informe ya se ha expuesto que la radiodifusión forma parte del Sector Telecomunicaciones y se apoya, como cualquier otro servicio inalámbrico, en un bien constitucional de dominio público: el espectro radioeléctrico. Conforme lo ha señalado la Procuraduría General de la República (dictámenes C-89-2010, C-280-2011 y C-110-2016), la radiodifusión es una especie de telecomunicación, en tanto constituye una radiocomunicación transmitida por ondas radioeléctricas, y así se desprende también de las definiciones de “telecomunicaciones”, “red de telecomunicaciones” y “servicios de telecomunicaciones” previstas en el artículo 6 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642, que expresamente incluyen las redes y servicios utilizados para la radiodifusión sonora y televisiva.

Que la radiodifusión se califique legalmente como “actividad privada de interés público” implica, por un lado, que su prestación corresponde en principio a operadores privados; y, por otro, que el Estado no puede desentenderse de su regulación, dada su incidencia directa en derechos fundamentales como la libertad de expresión, el acceso a la información y el acceso a las telecomunicaciones. Sin embargo, esa calificación no desvirtúa su naturaleza como servicio de telecomunicaciones ni altera el régimen demanial del espectro radioeléctrico, ni mucho menos desplaza los principios rectores del sector establecidos en la Constitución, en los instrumentos internacionales y en la Ley N.º 8642, entre ellos el uso eficiente del espectro, la transparencia, la libre concurrencia y, de forma destacada, el principio de no discriminación. En consecuencia, el marco jurídico de las telecomunicaciones impide diseñar condiciones regulatorias o económicas que favorezcan a un operador o grupo de operadores en detrimento de otros potencialmente interesados, lo que resulta plenamente aplicable a los servicios de radiodifusión.

De todo lo anterior se desprende que la radiodifusión se encuentra sujeta a un régimen jurídico mixto, deliberadamente configurado por el legislador. Por una parte, la Ley de Radio N.º 1758 continúa regulando aspectos propios del otorgamiento de concesiones y de la prestación del servicio de radiodifusión de acceso libre; pero, por otra, el artículo 29 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642 somete expresamente las redes que sirven de soporte a dichos servicios a sus disposiciones en materia de planificación, administración y control del espectro radioeléctrico, acceso, interconexión y régimen sectorial de competencia. En estos ámbitos, por tanto, no puede hablarse de laguna normativa ni de necesidad de “integrar” el ordenamiento: el propio legislador decidió sustraer estas materias de la Ley de Radio y sujetarlas directamente al régimen sectorial moderno de telecomunicaciones, de modo que lo jurídicamente correcto es aplicar sin más las normas de la Ley N.º 8642.

Esta configuración, tal y como lo ha reconocido reiteradamente la Procuraduría General de la República, confirma que la radiodifusión no constituye un subsistema aislado ni ajeno a los principios rectores del sector, sino una modalidad de servicio que debe ajustarse —al menos en lo relativo a espectro, redes y competencia— a los objetivos y principios de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones: optimización de los recursos escasos, asignación objetiva y transparente, libre concurrencia, eficiencia y no discriminación. En consecuencia, el uso y la reasignación de frecuencias, la organización del mercado y el control de eventuales concentraciones en radiodifusión deben apreciarse bajo este marco normativo, lo que excluye la tesis de un supuesto “vacío legal” que habilite tratamientos privilegiados o excepciones en favor de un determinado grupo de operadores.

Este entendimiento ha sido expresamente confirmado por la Procuraduría General de la República en su dictamen vinculante N.º C-110-2016, al señalar que “no queda duda de que, a nivel internacional, la radiodifusión por ser radiocomunicación es telecomunicación. (...) Las redes de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva (...) son redes de telecomunicaciones y el servicio de radiodifusión es un servicio de telecomunicación en tanto se preste por esas redes”, criterio que enlaza con dictámenes anteriores en los que ya se había afirmado que “dada la amplitud de la definición del término telecomunicaciones, no puede existir duda en cuanto que la radiodifusión es una especie de telecomunicaciones”. A partir de ello, la propia Procuraduría concluye que, aunque el servicio de radiodifusión se mantiene sometido a la Ley de Radio, “el legislador dispuso mantener la vigencia de la Ley de Radio […], por lo que el régimen jurídico es mixto”. (Énfasis agregado).

Ese régimen mixto tiene consecuencias jurídicas muy claras: por un lado, la radiodifusión mantiene ciertas reglas históricas propias (como las categorías programáticas, algunos aspectos de la explotación del servicio y referencias a exenciones específicas); pero, por otro lado -y esto es determinante para el caso-, la gestión del espectro radioeléctrico, la naturaleza concesional de su uso, la temporalidad de las concesiones, la necesidad de concurso público y los objetivos de eficiencia, transparencia, uso racional y no discriminatorio se rigen por la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642. Así lo sintetiza el dictamen N.º C-110-2016 cuando concluye “que las redes de radiodifusión se regulan por la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones y deben sujetarse a los objetivos y principios que rigen las telecomunicaciones”, de modo que “el uso de una frecuencia para radiodifusión no podría otorgarse si ese uso no satisface el objetivo de optimizar el espectro radioeléctrico y su explotación racional, eficiente, transparente y no discriminatoria”.

Desde esta perspectiva, la remisión del artículo 29 a la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 no puede leerse -como lo hace la recurrente- como un blindaje frente al régimen demanial moderno del espectro radioeléctrico, ni como una autorización para perpetuar concesiones o para sustraer la radiodifusión del régimen general de concursos públicos. Por el contrario, la Procuraduría parte de la premisa de que la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 opera en defecto de regulación específica y en lo que no resulte incompatible con los objetivos y principios de la Ley N.º 8642. Cuando existe una norma sectorial posterior que fija plazos máximos, impone el concurso como regla para la explotación de bienes demaniales y define objetivos de planificación del espectro, esa norma -por su carácter especial y posterior- enmarca la interpretación del régimen histórico sin desnaturalizarlo, pero sí poniéndole límites compatibles con la Constitución Política (artículo 46, artículo 121 inciso 14 sub inciso c. y artículo 182).

La evolución normativa que siguió al dictado de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 confirma este entendimiento. El Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones, Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 31608-G, del 28 de junio de 2004, introdujo de forma generalizada la figura de la concesión para la explotación de servicios de radiocomunicación, fijó plazos máximos de vigencia -incluidos veinte años para los servicios de radiodifusión sonora o televisiva abierta o por suscripción- y sujetó su otorgamiento al concurso público. La Sala Constitucional, en las resoluciones N.º 02997-2006 y N.º 04569-2008, avaló expresamente ese giro, recordando que el artículo 121 inciso 14 de la Constitución Política sólo exige que la explotación de bienes demaniales sea “por tiempo limitado” y que el Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones, al fijar plazos y prever la prórroga bajo límites razonables, hace efectivo ese mandato sin violentar derechos adquiridos ni situaciones jurídicas consolidadas.

A través del Transitorio IV del Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones N.º 31608-G, esos plazos se aplicaron también a las licencias de radiodifusión preexistentes, disponiéndose que los plazos del artículo 30 empezaban a regir “a partir de la vigencia de este Reglamento”. Ello implicó que las concesiones de radiodifusión abierta vigentes al 28 de junio de 2004 quedaban sujetas a un plazo máximo de veinte años contados desde esa fecha, es decir, hasta el 28 de junio de 2024. La Sala Constitucional calificó esta adecuación como una forma de proteger derechos adquiridos y situaciones jurídicas consolidadas, no como una vulneración de ellos, porque precisamente dotó de certeza temporal a concesiones que hasta entonces se proyectaban como prácticamente perpetuas.

En esa misma línea, el dictamen N.º C-110-2016 retoma el artículo 24 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642, que fija un plazo general de quince años, prorrogable hasta veinticinco, para concesiones de redes públicas, como “índice de cuál debería ser la norma en tratándose de la concesión de una red de radiodifusión”, concluyendo que cuando se saca a concurso una concesión para radiodifusión “el plazo no debería exceder de quince años, prorrogable hasta veinticinco”. Con ello, la Procuraduría General de la República no solo reconoce la plena aplicabilidad de la Ley N.º 8642 al uso del espectro para radiodifusión, sino que refuerza la idea de que la prórroga automática del artículo 25 de la Ley de Radio debe interpretarse hoy de manera compatible con la naturaleza demanial, los límites temporales y el principio de no perpetuidad de las concesiones.

En consecuencia, sostener que la naturaleza de actividad privada de interés público implicaría un derecho a prórrogas prácticamente indefinidas o a la exclusión de la radiodifusión del régimen general de concursos resulta frontalmente incompatible con la jurisprudencia consolidada de la Sala Constitucional y con el criteriovinculante de la Procuraduría. El régimen mixto del que habla el dictamen N.º C-110-2016 no es una vía para debilitar la sujeción al régimen demanial, sino un mecanismo de articulación entre una ley histórica (Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758) y una ley sectorial moderna (Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642), en el sentido de que esta última fija los parámetros de planificación, asignación y control del espectro a los que debe ajustarse cualquier concesión de radiodifusión, sea cual sea su contenido programático.

La propia redacción del artículo 29 de la Ley N.º 8642 es reveladora: al tiempo que reconoce los aspectos “informativos, culturales y recreativos” de la radiodifusión, mantiene incólume la regla según la cual la SUTEL “realizará las actividades y los estudios necesarios para preparar el concurso de la concesión y recomendarle al Poder Ejecutivo el otorgamiento o no de estas concesiones”. Es decir, el legislador reafirma que el título habilitante para explotar el espectro sigue siendo la concesión administrativa otorgada mediante concurso público, sometida al interés general y a los principios rectores de la Ley N.º 8642, y no una categoría privilegiada de explotación diferenciada por contenidos o por modelo de negocio.

En ese contexto, resulta especialmente llamativo que CANARTEL, plenamente conocedora de que las potestades técnicas y regulatorias ejercidas en el diseño de los concursos son exclusivas, irrenunciables e intransferibles de la SUTEL (artículo 66.1 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, en relación con el artículo 29 de la Ley N.º 8642), haya decidido no integrar a dicho órgano regulador como autoridad recurrida. Esta omisión procesal no es neutra: desplaza artificialmente el foco del debate hacia el Poder Ejecutivo y pretende debilitar la defensa integral del esquema regulatorio sectorial, en un procedimiento en el que, por mandato normativo, la Rectoría del Sector y la SUTEL intervienen en fases distintas y complementarias del proceso licitatorio para la gestión del espectro de radiodifusión.

Tampoco la remisión a la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 ni al Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642 habilita la consecuencia que pretende la recurrente. Es cierto que el ordenamiento distingue, a efectos descriptivos y regulatorios, entre estaciones comerciales y estaciones culturales (estas últimas con programación destinada a contenidos educativos, religiosos y/o culturales), e incluso prevé beneficios concretos como exenciones tributarias para radiodifusoras que tengan por fin exclusivamente la difusión cultural y no realicen propaganda remunerada. Pero esa diferenciación opera en planos específicos (fiscales, programáticos, de clasificación de servicios), no en la configuración del régimen demanial del espectro ni en la obligación estatal deasignar frecuencias mediante procedimientos objetivos, transparentes y no discriminatorios.

La tesis de la recurrente implica, en los hechos, convertir una clasificación programática en un criterio estructural para diseñar concursos y fijar requisitos de participación, de forma tal que la Administración tendría que establecer tarifas, obligaciones técnicas y condiciones de acceso distintas según si el concesionario se autodefine como “cultural”, “religioso”, “educativo”, “comunitario” o “comercial”. Un esquema de esa naturaleza no solo carece de respaldo expreso en el artículo 29 de la Ley N.º 8642, sino que plantearía problemas serios frente al principio de igualdad y no discriminación del artículo 33 constitucional y al principio de no discriminación sectorial recogido en el artículo 3 inciso g) de la propia Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642.

Desde la perspectiva de los derechos fundamentales, lo que el bloque de constitucionalidad exige es que el Estado organice el acceso al espectro con reglas generales, objetivas y neutrales, que no discriminen por motivos ideológicos, religiosos, culturales o económicos y que eviten, tanto la exclusión arbitraria como la captura del recurso en manos de unos pocos operadores. El mandato no es proteger económicamente a determinados tipos de concesionarios, sino garantizar que puedan competir en igualdad de condiciones, con plena libertad de línea editorial y sin interferencias en sus contenidos. La protección del pluralismo, de la diversidad cultural y de la libertad de culto se satisface mediante concursos transparentes, reglas uniformes de acceso, mecanismos anti concentración, continuidad del servicio y obligaciones positivas de cobertura, no a través de regímenes económicos diferenciados que privilegien a unos operadores sobre otros por la naturaleza de su programación.

Además, identificar la radiodifusión como actividad privada de interés público no convierte al espectro radioeléctrico en un bien disponible a medida de los modelos de negocio o de financiamiento particulares (publicidad, donaciones, mecenazgo, aportes de fieles, etc.). El espectro radioeléctrico sigue siendo un bien constitucional de la Nación, inalienable e imprescriptible; y la Administración, al fijar precios base, obligaciones de cobertura y requisitos mínimos, debe atender al valor económico del recurso, a su uso eficiente, a la estructura del mercado y a la maximización del bienestar de las personas usuarias, no a asegurar la viabilidad financiera de cada operador en concreto. Pretender que el artículo 29 de la Ley N.º 8642 obligue a modular los precios o las exigencias técnicas en función de la finalidad subjetiva de cada estación significaría, en la práctica, constitucionalizar un régimen de privilegios sectoriales que el propio texto legal no contieneEn esa línea, el argumento de que “Una interpretación compatible con la Constitución exige, por tanto, tratar diferenciadamente a las estaciones según su naturaleza y finalidad” traslada al plano constitucional una opción de política pública que, en todo caso, correspondería al legislador y al Órgano Regulador definir, dentro de los márgenes del principio de igualdad. La Sala Constitucional no puede, a través de un recurso de amparo, reescribir el artículo 29 de la Ley N.º 8642 ni la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 para imponer un sistema de concursos segmentados por tipo de programación, ni mucho menos ordenar un rediseño del modelo económico y técnico de las licitaciones sobre la base de una preferencia sectorial.

Por lo demás, como ya se ha detallado al analizar el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT y el oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, la política pública adoptada no desconoce en absoluto la dimensión cultural, social o religiosa de la radiodifusión. Al contrario, esta Rectoría ha incorporado lineamientos específicos para garantizar continuidad del servicio, acceso efectivo en todo el territorio -incluidas zonas rurales-, prevención de la concentración del espectro, ausencia de barreras de entrada injustificadas, publicidad y transparencia de los concursos, coordinación técnica internacional y sostenibilidad ambiental. Todo ello se orienta a que más personas, en más lugares, puedan acceder a servicios de radiodifusión abiertos, gratuitos y de calidad, independientemente de si la programación es comercial, cultural, educativa o religiosa.

Por ello, el que la radiodifusión sea una actividad privada de interés público y que el ordenamiento reconozca categorías programáticas como comercial o cultural no implica, ni puede interpretarse razonablemente, como un mandato constitucional de establecer concursos con condiciones de participación diferenciadas por naturaleza o finalidad de la estación. Lo que el bloque normativo exige es que el acceso al espectro se organice mediante concursos objetivos, no discriminatorios y transparentes, que respeten el pluralismo y la diversidad, pero sin crear privilegios o regímenes de excepción en función del contenido del mensaje. Los alegatos de la recurrente, en este punto, no acreditan una violación actual y directa a la libertad de expresión, al pluralismo informativo o a la igualdad, sino expresan una discrepancia con la opción legítima del legislador y del regulador de sujetar a todos los operadores de radiodifusión -comerciales, culturales o religiosos- a un mismo régimen demanial y a unas mismas reglas generales de acceso al espectro.

3.- SOBRE LOS ALEGATOS DE DIFERENCIACIÓN NORMATIVA EN LA LEY DE RADIO (SERVICIOS INALÁMBRICOS) N.º 1758 Y EL REGLAMENTO A LA LEY GENERAL DE TELECOMUNICACIONES N.º 8642 Primero, es importante ordenar lo que realmente dicen las normas que cita la recurrente. El artículo 20 de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 establece un supuesto de exención tributaria para “las radiodifusoras que tengan por fin exclusivamente la difusión cultural” y para ciertas estaciones al servicio meteorológico y de navegación, condicionada a que “no se dedique a realizar propaganda comercial ni de otra clase que sea remunerada”. Es decir, regula el impuesto anual de radiodifusión (IAR), no el régimen de acceso al espectro radioeléctrico, ni la forma de asignación de las concesiones, ni las condiciones económicas del concurso. Que una emisora cultural pueda quedar exenta del IAR establecido no equivale, en absoluto, a que deba tener un régimen privilegiado de acceso al bien demanial o a precios diferenciados en un concurso público.

En consecuencia, la lectura que hace la recurrente es extensiva porque parte de una norma fiscal específica (exención de impuestos a ciertas emisoras culturales) para pretender derivar un mandato general de diseño de concursos segmentados por tipo de programación. Esa extrapolación no tiene sustento normativo. La propia Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 no establece categorías de concesiones con plazos, condiciones de acceso o esquemas de competencia diferenciados según si el proyecto es comercial o cultural; lo único que hace en el ejemplo citado es la dispensa de impuesto bajo condiciones estrictas de no explotación publicitaria.

Del mismo modo, los artículos 97 y 98 del Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642, que clasifican las estaciones de radiodifusión en “comerciales” (dedicadas a explotación lucrativa de propaganda comercial) y “culturales” (con programación destinada exclusivamente a contenidos educativos, religiosos y/o culturales), cumplen una función descriptiva y organizativa del servicio, no de diseño del régimen demanial constitucional. Esos preceptos sirven para delimitar obligaciones de programación, ciertos efectos regulatorios y, llegado el caso, la procedencia de beneficios como los previstos en el artículo 20 de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758, pero no contienen reglas sobre cómo debe estructurarse un concurso público de frecuencias, ni sobre precios base, ni sobre requisitos técnicos o financieros.

Por eso es incorrecto afirmar que “el propio ordenamiento jurídico reconoce y exige una clasificación diferenciada de los servicios de radiodifusión, sobre la cual debe construirse cualquier proceso concursal de frecuencias”. El ordenamiento ciertamente reconoce una clasificación programática (comercial/cultural), pero en ninguna parte dice que los concursos públicos deban segmentarse por tipo de contenido, ni que se deban crear pistas económicas o técnicas paralelas para emisoras culturales o religiosas. Lo que sí exige -a través de la Ley General deTelecomunicaciones N.º 8642- es que la asignación del espectro sea objetiva, transparente, eficiente y no discriminatoria para todos los interesados.

Además, como ya ha señalado la Procuraduría General de la República en el dictamen vinculante N.º C-110-2016, la radiodifusión se somete a un régimen jurídico mixto: la explotación del servicio se vincula a la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758, pero la planificación, administración y control del espectro, así como el régimen de redes y de competencia, se rigen por la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642. En esa lógica, la clasificación entre estaciones comerciales y culturales no sustituye ni desvirtúa los objetivos de optimizar el espectro, garantizar su explotación racional, eficiente, transparente y no discriminatoria, que son los que enmarcan el diseño de los concursos públicos.

Si se siguiera la tesis de la recurrente, la Administración estaría prácticamente obligada a diseñar perfiles regulatorios paralelos con precios, requisitos técnicos y condiciones de competencia distintas para cada categoría de estación, de conformidad con el contenido que brindan. Ello no sólo no está previsto en la Ley, sino que podría tensionar el propio principio de igualdad del artículo 33 de la Constitución Política, y el principio rector de no discriminación, al introducir tratamientos preferentes sin habilitación legal expresa y sin un mecanismo objetivo y verificable para determinar quién es realmente “cultural”, “religioso” o “comunitario” a efectos de acceso al espectro.

Hay además un problema serio desde la perspectiva de la libertad de expresión. Construir concursos con reglas diferenciadas por tipo de contenido (comercial, cultural, religioso) implicaría que la Administración tenga que pronunciarse de previo sobre la naturaleza de la programación, para decidir a qué categoría normativa pertenece cada proyecto y qué trato económico o técnico recibe. Ello abre un espacio de discrecionalidad intensa sobre contenidos ideológicos, religiosos o culturales que el propio artículo 28 de la Constitución Política y el artículo 13 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos buscan precisamente sustraer del control estatal. El modelo concursal seguido -neutral respecto del contenido, con criterios objetivos y no discriminatorios- es, en cambio, más compatible con la libertad de expresión y el pluralismo.

Tampoco es cierto que la ausencia de un diseño especial para estaciones culturales o religiosas suponga desconocer su función social. El diseño del concurso parte de criterios neutrales respecto al contenido: cualquiera que sea la programación (comercial, cultural, religiosa, mixta), el interesado debe demostrar capacidad técnica para prestar el servicio con la cobertura y calidad requeridas, y capacidad económica para sostenerlo en el tiempo con un proyecto financieramente viableEsa exigencia es coherente con el carácter de actividad privada de interés público que la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642 atribuye a la radiodifusión: el hecho de que el contenido sea cultural o religioso no la exonera del deber de garantizar continuidad, calidad y cobertura, ni de respetar el carácter temporal, competitivo y demanial de la concesión.

Por otra parte, el ordenamiento sí ha previsto, cuando lo ha considerado necesario, mecanismos específicos para atender finalidades culturales o de interés público, pero lo ha hecho mediante mandatos claros y específicos, no mediante una lectura expansiva de normas sobre una clasificación programática. Un ejemplo es la Meta 9 del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones 2022–2027, que ordena reservar 24 MHz para radiodifusión televisiva con fines de atención a necesidades locales y nacionales. Ahí el trato diferenciado se expresa como reserva de espectro, no como una derogación implícita de los principios de concurso, eficiencia y no discriminación. Pretender extraer de los artículos 20 de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 así como el artículo 97 y 98 del Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642 un mandato similar, cuando lo único que regulan es exención de impuestos y clasificación descriptiva, supone forzar el texto normativo mucho más allá de su sentido.

Incluso desde la óptica de la igualdad material, el modelo propuesto por la recurrente resulta problemático. Si se diseñaran concursos con condiciones económicas más blandas para quienes se encasillen como “culturales” o “religiosos”, se crearía un incentivo perverso para simular ese tipo de programación, además de obligar a la Administración a fiscalizar contenidos para verificar el cumplimiento de la etiqueta, con el riesgo de sancionar o excluir a quienes varíen su programación. El esquema vigente, en cambio, permite que proyectos genuinamente culturales o comunitarios compitan en igualdad de condiciones, sin que el Estado tenga que escrutar sus líneas editoriales o su orientación religiosa para determinar su elegibilidad.

La función diferenciadora de las normas citadas por la recurrente opera, sobre todo, después de asignada la concesión: determina qué obligaciones programáticas asume cada tipo de estación, qué beneficios fiscales podrían corresponderle, y cómo se evalúa el cumplimiento de sus compromisos. Pero no convierte esa clasificación en una regla de diseño del concurso ni en un derecho a condiciones económicas o técnicas privilegiadas. El núcleo duro del acceso al espectro (concurso público, temporalidad de la concesión, uso racional y no discriminatorio) sigue estando dado por la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642, tal y como lo ha reconocido la Procuraduría General de la República.

Así, la diferenciación normativa que invoca la recurrente existe, pero en un plano específico (fiscal y programático), no en el plano del régimen demanial ni del diseño de los concursos. Transformar esa diferenciación en una obligación de construir procesos licitatorios segmentados por tipo de contenido, con condiciones sustantivamente distintas, no se desprende del texto de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758, ni del Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642, ni de la jurisprudencia constitucional o de los dictámenes de la Procuraduría. Lo que exige el bloque de legalidad y constitucionalidad es otra cosa: que todo concurso sea objetivo, transparente, eficiente, competitivo y no discriminatorio, precisamente para garantizar que distintos proyectos (comerciales, culturales, religiosos, comunitarios) puedan acceder al espectro en condiciones de igualdad regulatoria, sin privilegios ni exclusiones encubiertas.

4.- SOBRE LOS ALEGATOS DE CRÍTICA A LOS PLIEGOS DE CONDICIONES DE LAS LICITACIONES MAYORES POR NO DIFERENCIAR TIPOS DE ESTACIONES.

La recurrente parte de una premisa fáctica y jurídica incorrecta: que los pliegos de las licitaciones mayores N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y 2025LY-000003-SUTEL “no incorporan en absoluto” la diferenciación normativa entre estaciones comerciales, culturales, religiosas o comunitarias, y que, en su lugar, habrían erigido barreras desproporcionadas contra estos últimos. Ninguna de esas afirmaciones resiste el contraste con el bloque normativo aplicable ni con el control previo ejercido por la Contraloría General de la República sobre esos mismos pliegos.

Resulta además particularmente llamativo -y difícil de conciliar con la buena fe procesal- que CANARTEL, pese a conocer plenamente que el diseño de los pliegos de condiciones es una competencia exclusiva, irrenunciable e intransferible de la SUTEL (art. 66.1 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública y art. 29 de la Ley N.º 8642), haya decidido no integrar al órgano regulador en su escrito de amparo. La inconsistencia es aún más evidente si se considera que la propia Cámara aquí recurrente, acudió previamente ante la Contraloría General de la República para presentar recursos de objeción contra esos mismos pliegos, reconociendo de hecho que su elaboración corresponde exclusivamente a la SUTEL. Esta omisión deliberada parece orientada a debilitar la posición de las autoridades sectoriales y a fragmentar artificialmente un proceso regulatorio que, por diseño legal, se ejecuta de manera coordinada y en distintas fases entre la Rectoría y la Superintendencia.

En propio ordenamiento delimita con precisión cuál es la única clasificación legalmente relevante para efectos de otorgar y administrar títulos habilitantes en radiodifusión de acceso libre. El artículo 97 del Reglamento a la Ley General deTelecomunicaciones N.º 8642, Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 34765-MINAET), distingue entre estaciones comerciales, estaciones culturales (inclusive con fines lucrativos) y estaciones internacionales de onda corta; no crea categorías autónomas de “estaciones religiosas” ni un régimen concesional separado para organizaciones confesionales. Literalmente indica dicho numeral del Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 34765-MINAET):

“Artículo 97.-Clasificación según su naturaleza. Las disposiciones de este capítulo son para todos los servicios de radiodifusión en general de conformidad con la siguiente clasificación de estaciones:

a. Estaciones comerciales: Son aquellas que se dedican a la explotación lucrativa permanente de propaganda comercial, por medio de programas musicales, literarios, científicos, deportivos, noticiosos, de entretenimiento o de otro género que revista un interés general para el público.

b. Estaciones culturales: Son aquellas que el Ministerio de Cultura, Juventud y Deportes califique como tales, cuya programación está destinada a difundir únicamente contenidos educativos, religiosos y /o culturales, que sean formativos e informativos de la persona humana, así como tecnológicos, transmitiendo conocimientos y conductas que promuevan los valores sociales y personales.

c. Estaciones internacionales de onda corta: Son aquellas radioemisoras comerciales o culturales que operan en las bandas internacionales de onda corta, siendo sus programas especialmente para la audición en el extranjero.

Esa clasificación, además, se apoya en criterios técnicos y funcionales ligados al uso del espectro y a la naturaleza del servicio, no en la línea editorial o en la fe que profesen los operadores. Pretender que el Estado diseñe concursos diferenciados para medios religiosos u otras etiquetas ideológicas supone agregar al texto de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 y de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642 distinciones que el legislador deliberadamente no introdujo. Además debe considerarse que en el ordenamiento sectorial no existe una disposición normativa que les ordene a los operadores de radiodifusión presentar sus ingresos económicos derivados de dicha actividad, únicamente el pago de un impuesto de radiodifusión que ha quedado desfasado en el tiempo.

Por otra parte, la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 sí contempla tratamientos específicos, pero éstos son de carácter objetivo y sectorial, no reservas de espectro por contenido. El ejemplo insistentemente citado por la recurrente (el artículo 20, que exonera de impuestos a las radiodifusoras con fin exclusivamente cultural que no realicen propaganda remunerada) configura un beneficio fiscal condicionado al tipo de financiamiento y a la ausencia de pauta paga; no es una categoría concesional que obligue a segmentar concursos por línea de programación ni a crear cupos separados para determinadas corrientes religiosas o culturales. Que el pliego no reproduzca palabra por palabra ese beneficio no significa que lo desconozca: la exoneración sigue rigiendo para quienes cumplan sus presupuestos, cualquiera que sea el mecanismo objetivo mediante el cual hayan obtenido la concesión.

Lejos de ignorar la diversidad de usos culturales, educativos y religiosos, el diseño regulatorio vigente canaliza esa preocupación exclusivamente a través de los instrumentos que el propio legislador y el Derecho internacional han previsto, y en un nivel distinto al del pliego: la planificación y reserva del recurso demanial. Así, el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, en sus artículos 3 y 4, se limita a ejecutar mandatos legales preexistentes, al excluir expresamente de los concursos las frecuencias asignadas por ley a la Universidad de Costa Rica (Ley N.º 8806), la Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED) (Ley N.º 8684) y el Sistema Nacional de Radio y Televisión S.A. (Ley N.º 8346), y al ordenar reservar frecuencias adicionales en FM a favor de la Asociación Instituto Costarricense de Enseñanza Radiofónica (ICER) y de la propia UNED. Asimismo, la reserva de frecuencia para el proyecto de pequeñas radioemisoras culturales responde a la ejecución del Convenio de Cooperación Cultural con el Principado de Liechtenstein (Ley N.º 6606) y del Convenio de Cooperación Educativa entre los Gobiernos de la República de Costa Rica y del Principado de Liechtenstein (Ley N.º 7299), cuya operativización corresponde precisamente al ICER. Se trata, por tanto, de reservas tasadas y de fuente normativa específica, orientadas principalmente a operadores públicos o a compromisos internacionales puntuales, no de un régimen de cupos generales para concesionarios privados según el tipo de contenido que difundan.

A partir de estas disposiciones, tanto el Poder Ejecutivo como la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones han acreditado que cumplen con las diferenciaciones expresamente previstas por el ordenamiento, las cuales se manifiestan en la reserva de determinadas frecuencias y en el reconocimiento de títulos especiales cuando así lo ordenan leyes específicas o compromisos internacionales. Fuera de esos supuestos tasados, la regla es la neutralidad: todas las personas interesadas en explotar frecuencias de radiodifusión de acceso libre participan en igualdad de condiciones, sin privilegios por su línea editorial, orientación religiosa o perfil ideológico. La crítica de la recurrente, según la cual la diferenciación normativa “no se incorpora en absoluto”, desconoce este entramado de reservas legales y reglamentarias, de carácter excepcional, y pretende convertirlo en un mandato de crear, por vía de pliego, cupos y ventajas particulares en favor de ciertas categorías de operadores privados, sin respaldo legal para elloEste entendimiento fue confirmado, además, por la Contraloría General de la República en el marco de los recursos de objeción presentados, entre otros, por la propia Cámara Nacional de Radio y Televisión (CANARTEL) contra los pliegos de las licitaciones N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM) N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM) y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV). En la resolución N.º R-DCP-00078-2025, al abordar la queja relativa a la clasificación de servicios y al supuesto trato indiferenciado de medios culturales, la División de Contratación Pública enfatizó que la Administración Licitante aclaró que el concurso abre la participación a todos los interesados y que, paralelamente, se “definió expresamente las frecuencias que resultaban exceptuadas del procedimiento concursal, sea aquellas otorgadas por ley y las asociadas al ICER, sea que el Poder Ejecutivo tanto en su instrucción como en el Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias (PNAF) dispuso con claridad el tratamiento de diferentes tipos de estaciones, ya sea estatales, culturales y educativas.” (Énfasis añadido).

Es decir, el órgano de control validó el mismo esquema que aquí se impugna: apertura competitiva general, con exclusión de los bloques ya protegidos por leyes especiales y un convenio internacional. En relación con las supuestas “tres barreras” que afectarían desproporcionadamente a pequeñas y medianas empresas nacionales y a emisoras culturales o religiosas, tampoco se verifica la existencia de una discriminación material. La Contraloría General de la República examinó en detalle alegatos de Nombre02 en el sentido de que la subasta y los niveles de precio base excluirían a operadores de menor tamaño y a medios religiosos o culturales, concluyendo que se trataba de afirmaciones genéricas y carentes de sustento técnico: la recurrente no identificó cláusulas concretas a impugnar, no propuso alternativas normativas precisas y no aportó estudios de costos o evidencia empírica que demostrara que los precios base constituían una barrera injustificada de acceso. De ahí que la Contraloría General de la República mantuviera incólumes los pliegos en lo relativo a libertad de expresión, igualdad de oportunidades y libre concurrencia.

Precisamente porque dichas exclusiones tienen un fundamento legal específico, la Contraloría General de la República validó que el resto de frecuencias se sometiera a un procedimiento único, objetivo y neutro, sin segmentaciones adicionales por tipo de programación. Extender ese régimen de excepción para crear concursos a la medida de ciertas categorías de operadores privados implicaría desbordar el marco legal vigente y abrir la puerta a decisiones de asignación basadas en contenidos, lo que sería incompatible con la libertad de expresión y con el propio artículo 29 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642.

Por el contrario, la evidencia disponible apunta en la dirección opuesta a la que sugiere la recurrente. En el propio expediente de los concursos se acreditó la participación de múltiples oferentes de naturaleza religiosa, tanto en AM como en FM (Asociación Internacional Pasión por las Almas, Asociación Sistema de Telecomunicaciones de la Iglesia Adventista del Sétimo Día de Costa Rica, Asociación Misión Carismática Internacional de Cartago, Asociación de Comunicaciones Faro del Caribe, Asociación Radio María), así como de emisoras regionales que concursaron en bandas de alcance no nacional.

Si el diseño de los pliegos realmente hubiera erigido “barreras insalvables” para estos actores, difícilmente se habría producido una participación efectiva y plural de radios religiosas y regionales en las distintas licitaciones. Resulta importante subrayar, además, que el ordenamiento sectorial no permite, y mucho menos exige, que el Poder Ejecutivo o la SUTEL definan cupos por línea editorial (comerciales, religiosas, críticas, afines, etc.) dentro de un mismo concurso. Tanto la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642 como su Reglamento se concentran en garantizar principios de asignación justa, equitativa, independiente, transparente y no discriminatoria del espectro, promoviendo la competencia y el uso eficiente de un recurso escaso.

La clasificación del artículo 97 del Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 34765-MINAET) no es una invitación a segmentar políticamente el espectro, sino una herramienta técnica para ordenar obligaciones y características de las redes. Convertirla en un sistema de cuotas por contenido equivaldría a desvirtuar su finalidad y a abrir la puerta a mecanismos de selección ideológica incompatibles con la libertad de expresión y con la prohibición de censura previa.

Desde esta óptica, la alegada ausencia de tratamiento diferenciado en los pliegos no configura, en realidad, un vicio, sino una exigencia constitucional de neutralidad y de igualdad de trato. La regulación de telecomunicaciones (incluida la radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre y gratuito) se dirige a asegurar condiciones objetivas de acceso, continuidad, calidad y uso eficiente del espectro; la valoración de contenidos (cuándo un programa es cultural, formativo o apto para menores) está reservada a otros instrumentos, como la Ley de Espectáculos Públicos N.º 7440 y sus órganos de aplicación. Obligar al pliego a favorecer ciertos contenidos mediante requisitos más laxos o precios diferenciados en función del mensaje supondría una injerencia estatal directa en la línea editorial de los medios, justamente lo que el constituyente y el legislador han querido evitar.

En otros términos, el MICITT y la SUTEL administran el espectro radioeléctrico y las redes de telecomunicaciones, pero no seleccionan ni jerarquizan los contenidos quelas personas concesionarias deciden difundir. El procedimiento concursal define quién, cumpliendo requisitos objetivos de idoneidad y solvencia, obtiene un título para utilizar una frecuencia; no define qué mensajes deben circular por esa frecuencia ni otorga estatus reforzados a determinadas líneas editoriales. Convertir el diseño del pliego en un instrumento para preservar, favorecer o blindar emisoras según el tipo de programación que ofrecen supondría reintroducir por vía indirecta un filtro de contenido en la asignación de frecuencias, contrario a los artículos 28, 29 y 121 inciso 14) de la Constitución Política así como a la prohibición de censura previa del artículo 13 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos.

Finalmente, no puede perderse de vista que las licitaciones cuestionadas se insertan en un contexto de transición estructural: la superación de un esquema de prórrogas indefinidas (que generó en la práctica títulos perpetuos) hacia un modelo de concesiones temporales, sometidas a concurso público, tal como lo reclama el artículo 121, inciso 14), de la Constitución Política y lo había solicitado reiteradamente la propia Contraloría General de la República.

En ese tránsito, es legítimo que el Estado establezca requisitos técnicos mínimos, mecanismos de supervisión y valoraciones económicas coherentes con el carácter demanial del espectro. Mientras tales condiciones sean generales, objetivas y no se demuestre que operan como barreras injustificadas dirigidas contra un grupo específico -lo que aquí no ha ocurrido-, no puede hablarse de una lesión actual y directa a la libertad de expresión, a la igualdad ni a la diversidad de medios, sino, a lo sumo, de una discrepancia con la opción normativa de ordenar el espectro por la vía del concurso público y del uso eficiente, opción que ha sido ya declarada compatible con la Constitución Política por la Sala Constitucional y por los órganos de control externo.

5.- SOBRE LOS ALEGATOS DE BARRERA ECONÓMICA En la medida en que el alegato de “barrera económica” se dirige contra el diseño mismo de los pliegos de condiciones de las Licitaciones Mayores N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM) y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV), lo primero que se debe puntualizar es que ese diseño fue precisamente revisado, a la luz de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones No 8642 y la Ley General de Contratación Pública N.º 9986, por la Contraloría General de laRepública en las resoluciones N.º R-DCP-00076-20252, N.º R-DCP-00077-20253 y N.º R-DCP-00078-20254, frente a objeciones formuladas por la propia Cámara Nacional de Radio y Televisión (CANARTEL). Es decir, la tesis de que el esquema de subasta, los precios base y los requisitos de flujo de caja y TIR serían, por sí mismos, una barrera desproporcionada para emisoras pequeñas o culturales ya fue ensayada ante el órgano constitucionalmente llamado a controlar la legalidad de los pliegos, y no prosperó.

En los tres pliegos, el mecanismo económico se estructura de forma clara en el Capítulo VI “Evaluación de las ofertas y recomendación de adjudicación”. Para AM, FM y TV se prevé un procedimiento escalonado: primero, verificación de requisitos de admisibilidad y confección de un listado de ofertas económicas; luego, una fase de puja de un día hábil en la que cada oferente puede presentar una única mejora de su oferta económica, que debe ser mayor a la inicial; finalmente, la identificación de las ofertas ganadoras y el análisis de los proyectos técnicos. Esto se recoge, por ejemplo, en las cláusulas 31.2.1 a 31.2.4 de los pliegos de FM y TV, que regulan el listado de ofertas, la comunicación a los oferentes y la fase de puja, incluyendo la exigencia de que la oferta mejorada sea superior a la anterior.

En coherencia con lo anterior, la determinación de los precios base no respondió a una decisión discrecional del Poder Ejecutivo, sino a estudios de valoración económica del espectro elaborados por la SUTEL con base en parámetros internacionalmente aceptados. En particular, mediante el oficio N.º 08138-SUTEL-DGM-2025 del 27 de agosto de 20255, “Informe sobre la valoración económica delespectro para servicios de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva”, se definió que la estimación del precio base debía complementarse con un análisis de razonabilidad, desde una perspectiva técnica y económica, que asegurara que la valoración no se convirtiera en una barrera de entrada y que los precios resultantes fueran acordes con la realidad nacional, siguiendo la metodología propuesta por Lewin, D. et all. (2013)6, preparado para la GSMA en el estudio independiente “Economic Value of Spectrum Use in Europe”. Dicho estudio estima que, en términos comparados, los pagos por uso de espectro razonables se ubican, por regla general, en un margen aproximado de entre un cinco por ciento (5 %) y un veinte por ciento (20 %) del valor económico total de las bandas. El análisis de razonabilidad efectuado por la SUTEL demuestra que los precios base definidos en los pliegos de condiciones para radiodifusión se encuentran por debajo del valor económico neto estimado del espectro y dentro de ese rango internacionalmente aceptado, lo que evidencia que los montos fijados son proporcionales y no constituyen, por sí mismos, una barrera de entrada, sino un mecanismo compatible con los objetivos del Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT y con la buena administración del espectro radioeléctrico. En efecto, el dictamen técnico N.º 08138-SUTEL-DGM-2025 determina que, en televisión, el precio base propuesto representa únicamente un 12,19 % del valor económico neto del espectro por concesión, y en radiodifusión sonora un 6,48 %, ambos claramente dentro del intervalo del 5 % al 20 % identificado como razonable.

Esta valoración debe, además, apreciarse a la luz del plazo de los títulos habilitantes. De conformidad con la cláusula 47 de los tres pliegos de condiciones (AM, FM y TV), y con lo dispuesto en el artículo 24 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642, las concesiones de uso y explotación del espectro para redes de radiodifusión se otorgan por un plazo inicial de quince (15) años, prorrogable a solicitud de parte hasta por un período que, sumado con el inicial y el de las prórrogas, no exceda veinticinco (25) años. Ello implica que el precio base definido en el dictamen de valoración constituye una contraprestación única por el derecho de explotar un bien demanial de alto valor durante un horizonte temporal amplio, de hasta dos décadas media, de manera que, desde una perspectiva económico-financiera, la carga anualizada de ese pago resulta reducida en relación con el valor económico neto estimado del espectro radioeléctrico y con los flujos esperados de explotación del servicio. Difícilmente puede calificarse, por sí misma, como una “barrera económica” desproporcionada.

Conviene precisar, además, que el mecanismo adoptado corresponde a una subasta de sobre cerrado con una única puja, en la que todas las personasoferentes cuyas ofertas resulten técnica y jurídicamente admisibles conservan el derecho a obtener una concesión. La puja económica únicamente determina cuál frecuencia específica se adjudica a cada oferente (de entre las disponibles en el bloque licitado), pero no constituye un filtro excluyente que prive de concesión a quienes presenten ofertas válidas. En estas condiciones, el esquema concursal no funciona como una barrera de entrada sino como un mecanismo neutro de asignación eficiente entre varias frecuencias equivalentes dentro de la misma licitación.

Adicionalmente, la estructura de precios distingue entre redes nacionales y redes regionales conforme a la regionalización oficial definida por MIDEPLAN. En las redes nacionales se exige la operación de una red compuesta por doce (12) transmisores, que opera como estándar mínimo de despliegue para cubrir todas las regiones del país, sin perjuicio de que el concesionario pueda instalar una cantidad mayor si así lo requiere su diseño de red. En las redes regionales, los pliegos parten de la obligación de instalar al menos dos (2) transmisores por región, de conformidad con el análisis técnico incorporado en el dictamen técnico de la SUTEL, oficio N.º 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025. La diferencia en los precios base refleja, precisamente, esta disparidad objetiva de cobertura potencial, de manera que el mayor monto para redes nacionales responde a un mayor alcance y capacidad económica asociada a dichas concesiones, y no a un trato desigual o arbitrario frente a los operadores regionales.

Lejos de tratarse de una “lógica puramente financiera”, como indica la recurrente, se trata del modelo de subasta competitiva que la propia Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642 habilita para la asignación de recursos escasos, alineado con estándares de la UIT para maximizar transparencia, concurrencia y eficiencia en el uso del espectro. El elemento del precio base tampoco puede caricaturizarse como una barrera diseñada contra emisoras culturales o pequeñas emisoras. En AM, la cláusula 32 fija precios base por emisora según ancho de banda (por ejemplo 10 kHz por $ 9.653 y 30 kHz por $ 28.959 -en digital, estándar IBOC-), señalando expresamente que el precio base es definitivo y no se modificará ni actualizará. En FM y TV se procede de igual forma, con tablas que diferencian precios base por región MIDEPLAN y por alcance regional o nacional.

Estos valores no fueron fijados discrecionalmente: en la fase de elaboración del pliego se discutió la necesidad de que la comisión técnica brindara al Consejo de la SUTEL la “debida justificación y análisis técnico para la definición del precio base”, como expresamente se consigna en el documento de atención de observaciones al borrador de pliego, dictamen técnico N.º 06369-SUTEL-DGC-2025 del 11 de julio de 2025, aprobado por el Consejo de la SUTEL mediante Acuerdo N.º 005-048-2025 de la sesión extraordinaria N.º 048-2025 del 29 de agosto de 2025.

La Contraloría General de la República, al conocer las objeciones a los tres pliegos de condiciones de CANARTEL, no anuló ni reformó ese diseño, de modo que avaló el uso de precios base derivados de estudios técnico-económicos, tal como exige la Ley General de Contratación Pública N.º 9986.

En cuanto a la crítica de que el esquema “impone un valor de mercado” al espectro por encima de la realidad económica de los concesionarios actuales, conviene recordar que el espectro radioeléctrico es un bien demanial constitucionalmente protegido, y que la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642 exige su explotación racional, eficiente, objetiva y no discriminatoria (arts. 2 y 3). La fijación de precios base uniformes por banda y región responde precisamente a esos mandatos y evita que un recurso público estratégico sea capturado mediante valores meramente simbólicos, desvinculados de su verdadero valor económico y social.

Debe señalarse, además, que cuando el Estado otorgó originalmente los títulos a muchos de los concesionarios que hoy operan, no existió pago alguno o la contraprestación fue mínima, limitada al desfasado impuesto anual de radiodifusión, cuyas tarifas la Procuraduría ha calificado reiteradamente como irrisorias frente al carácter estratégico del recurso. Esa circunstancia histórica -la ausencia de contraprestación inicial o la existencia de una obligación económica meramente nominal- no genera un derecho adquirido a perpetuar ese trato cuando el Estado, en cumplimiento de la Constitución Política y de la Ley N.º 8642, decide someter el espectro a un procedimiento competitivo, objetivo y transparente. Lo contrario implicaría consolidar privilegios indefinidos y desnaturalizar el régimen demanial del espectro, cuyo acceso debe garantizarse en condiciones de igualdad, eficiencia y concurrencia real.

Tampoco es correcta la afirmación de que las condiciones financieras se basan en una lógica “puramente mercantil” incompatible con emisoras culturales o religiosas. Los tres pliegos incluyen -en la sección de requisitos de admisibilidad- la obligación de presentar estados financieros y un flujo de caja proyectado a diez años que permita calcular el Valor Actual Neto (VAN) -ver cláusulas 12.2.2.4. de los tres pliegos de condiciones- y la Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) del proyecto -ver cláusulas 12.2.2.5. de los tres pliegos de condiciones-. Es decir, el flujo de caja y las métricas VAN/TIR se utilizan como prueba de viabilidad del proyecto, no como criterio comparativo para excluir a quienes tengan una estructura financiera distinta.

Sobre este mismo punto, la propia Contraloría General de la República, al conocerla impugnación al pliego de AM (Licitación Mayor N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL) por parte de CANARTEL, analizó específicamente el reproche a los requisitos financieros, cláusula 12.2.2.1 (Resolución N.º R-DCP-00077-2025 de las 09:22 horas del 03 de noviembre de 2025) en donde se ubicaba la obligación de presentar flujo de caja, VAN y TIR, y concluyó que el recurrente no fundamentó de manera concreta por qué tales cláusulas serían ilegales o desproporcionadas, limitándose a un planteamiento genérico. Por ello, declaró sin lugar este extremo del recurso, con fundamento en el deber de motivación especial de los recursos de objeción bajo la Ley General de Contratación Pública N.º 9986.7 En consecuencia, el órgano contralor dejó incólumes los requisitos de flujo de caja y de VAN/TIR, reconociendo implícitamente su compatibilidad con el bloque de legalidad aplicable a la contratación pública. Desde la perspectiva material, la objeción de Nombre02 tampoco se sostiene: exigir que el proyecto presente un VAN positivo y una TIR superior a la tasa de descuento no implica que todas las estaciones deban operar bajo una lógica de maximización de utilidades. Significa, simplemente, que cualquier iniciativa de radiodifusión -comercial, cultural, religiosa o comunitaria- debe demostrar viabilidad financiera mínima, es decir, la capacidad de sostener sus operaciones en el tiempo a partir de sus propias fuentes de ingreso (publicidad, donaciones, aportes de fieles, mecenazgo, convenios, entre otros).

Ello es aún más relevante si se considera que quien explota una frecuencia radioeléctrica se encuentra en una relación de sujeción especial con el Estado, derivada del uso de un bien demanial constitucional cuyo aprovechamiento debe orientarse siempre al interés público. En este marco, la Administración concedente tiene el deber jurídico de verificar objetivamente la idoneidad del oferente como sujeto calificado para cumplir las obligaciones del título habilitante y garantizar la continuidad y calidad del servicio. Así lo impone la Ley General de Contratación Pública N.º 9986, que obliga al órgano contratante a cerciorarse de que el eventual concesionario posee la capacidad real para ejecutar aquello a lo que se compromete. Adjudicar una concesión de uso del espectro -recurso escaso y estratégico- a un proyecto que, según su propio plan financiero, es estructuralmente inviable, sería abiertamente contrario al principio de buena administración y al régimen constitucional del dominio público.

Nótese, además, que buena parte de los cuestionamientos planteados por Nombre02 en este proceso se refieren directamente a extremos cuya definición, motivación y sustento técnico corresponden exclusivamente a la SUTEL, en virtud de las competencias irrenunciables e intransferibles que el ordenamiento le asigna en materia de diseño de concursos, valoración económica del espectro y regulación técnica del sector. A la luz del principio de igualdad de armas procesales, dicho órgano regulador debería contar con el espacio para responder y ejercer plenamente su defensa institucional respecto de materias que solo a él competen. Sin embargo, la recurrente decidió no integrarlo en su escrito, pese a saber —incluso por su propia experiencia al presentar objeciones ante la Contraloría General— que es la entidad competente para definir y justificar esos aspectos. Esta omisión no puede interpretarse sino como una estrategia procesal orientada a debilitar la posición de las autoridades sectoriales, particularmente en un contexto en el que sus gestiones previas no han prosperado ante los órganos técnicos y de control respectivos.

La tesis de que estos requisitos serían “materialmente imposibles de cumplir” para pequeñas y medianas empresas nacionales confunde la complejidad técnica con una carga prohibitiva. Los pliegos no exigen estados financieros auditados por firmas internacionales ni estructuras contables sofisticadas; se limitan a requerir información elemental -balance general, estado de resultados y proyección de flujos- que cualquier operador formal, incluso de menor escala, debe manejar para cumplir con sus obligaciones tributarias y contables ordinarias. Más aún, en el documento de atención de observaciones (dictamen técnico N.º 06369-SUTEL-DGC-2025 del 11 de julio de 2025, aprobado mediante Acuerdo N.º 005-048-2025), la SUTEL dejó expresamente consignado que no utilizará razones financieras como filtros excluyentes, señalando que “no se realizan análisis de razones financieras debido a que la administración podría estar creando barreras de entrada” (pág. 35). Estos criterios -definidos técnica y exclusivamente por la SUTEL en el ejercicio de sus potestades regulatorias- forman parte del núcleo de decisiones que justifican la necesidad de que dicho órgano pueda ejercer su defensa en este proceso. Precisamente por tratarse de parámetros diseñados para evitar barreras injustificadas y asegurar la apertura del concurso, la ausencia de la SUTEL en el proceso de amparo impide que se valore adecuadamente la racionalidad y proporcionalidad de requisitos que solo a ella le compete definir.

Frente a ello, el planteamiento de Nombre02 ante la Contraloría General de la República consistió en afirmaciones generales sobre supuestas dificultades, sin respaldarlas con ejemplos concretos ni información financiera que demostrara que una pequeña y mediana empresa o una emisora cultural no puede estructurar un flujo de caja a diez años.

Respecto del argumento de que la modificación del Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias (PNAF) y las exigencias de despliegue de infraestructura habrían incrementado “drásticamente los costos de inversión CAPEX” y marginado al ecosistema actual de radiodifusores, de nuevo es indispensable volver a la fuente. Los propios pliegos explican, en sus antecedentes, que los concursos se sustentan en estudios de necesidad y factibilidad técnica, realizados por la SUTEL a solicitud del MICITT, al amparo de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º Telf08 y de los Lineamientos de Política Pública (oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024) del Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT. La SUTEL procuró un equilibrio entre las metas de cobertura, calidad y eficiencia en el espectro y los niveles de inversión requeridos, de manera que los proyectos fuesen razonables y abordables por diversos tipos de operadores.

No hay, por tanto, un salto arbitrario de exigencias técnicas, sino una adaptación tecnológica necesaria y una adaptación a la obligación legal de optimizar un bien público escaso. A ello se suma que el modelo diseñado por la SUTEL no confunde los objetivos de política de comunicaciones con un simple esquema de maximización de ingresos. Los lineamientos de política pública obligan a garantizar el derecho de acceso a las telecomunicaciones, la continuidad del servicio, la cobertura territorial, la prevención de la concentración excesiva y la protección de las personas usuarias, y que todos esos elementos fueron incorporados en el diseño del concurso junto con el criterio de eficiencia económica. La existencia de un precio base y de una fase de puja no borra estos objetivos ni transforma el procedimiento en un mercado desregulado; al contrario, asegura que quien obtenga la concesión contribuya, con un pago razonable, a la devolución social del aprovechamiento de un recurso público. Vemos que el propio comportamiento del mercado desmiente la idea de que las exigencias económicas y técnicas hayan “marginando a gran parte del ecosistema actual de radiodifusores”. La SUTEL informó en sus medios de comunicación que, una vez convocadas las licitaciones N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, se presentaron diversas ofertas válidas, provenientes de distintos grupos empresariales, lo que fue tenido en cuenta por la Contraloría General de la República al evaluar la existencia de barreras de entrada. Si el esquema fuera, como sostiene CANARTEL, materialmente inaccesible, el resultado habría sido la desierta generalizada o la participación de uno o dos conglomerados; no es lo que reflejan los antecedentes administrativos ni las resoluciones N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025 y N.º R-DCP-00078-2025 de la División de Contratación Pública de la Contraloría General de la República.

Por lo anterior, cuando se confronta el alegato de “barrera económica” con el contenido concreto de los pliegos, con el documento de atención de observaciones de la SUTEL y, sobre todo, con las resoluciones firmes de la Contraloría General de la República, lo que emerge no es un diseño orientado a expulsar a emisoras culturales, religiosas o pequeñas empresas del ecosistema, sino un esquema de asignación del espectro coherente con la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758, la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642 y la Ley General de Contratación Pública N.º 9986. La recurrente no logra acreditar que los precios base, la fase de puja ni los requisitos de flujo de caja y VAN/TIR sean desproporcionados o discriminatorios; reitera, más bien, una discrepancia de política pública con el modelo de concurso competitivo y de verificación de viabilidad financiera que el ordenamiento vigente no sólo permite, sino que impone al Estado como garante de la buena administración de un bien demanial.

En definitiva, lo que revela este alegato sobre supuestas “barreras económicas” no es la existencia de una lesión nueva, directa y constitucionalmente relevante, sino el intento de la recurrente de reabrir, bajo la etiqueta de “violación de derechos fundamentales”, un conjunto de objeciones de legalidad ordinaria que ya fueron planteadas sin éxito ante los órganos competentes: primero, en sede de contratación administrativa, mediante las objeciones a los pliegos de las Licitaciones Mayores N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, rechazadas por la Contraloría General de la República en las resoluciones N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025 y N.º R-DCP-00078-2025; luego, en la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa, donde se discuten, con amplitud probatoria y técnica, la validez del modelo concursal, los precios base y las condiciones de participación, incluso con medidas cautelares ya denegadas a la propia Nombre02 sin brindarle audiencia previa al Estado. Pretender ahora que la Sala Constitucional se convierta en una instancia paralela para revisar esos mismos aspectos (precio base, estructura de subasta, requisitos financieros, configuración de la red) equivale a desnaturalizar el amparo y utilizarlo como atajo frente a debates que pertenecen al ámbito de la legalidad y la política pública sectorial, no al control concentrado de constitucionalidad.

6.- SOBRE LOS ALEGATOS DE BARRERA SOCIAL Los alegatos de la recurrente sobre una supuesta “barrera social” parten de una concatenación de hipótesis (económicas, técnicas y regulatorias) para concluir que el modelo concursal provocaría, en abstracto, la “salida del aire” de “numerosas emisoras y canales abiertos” y, con ello, una reducción del pluralismo informativo y de la diversidad cultural. Sin embargo, al confrontar esas afirmaciones con el contenido real de los pliegos de condiciones de las Licitaciones Mayores N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, con los lineamientos técnicos del oficio Nombre03.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 y con las resoluciones N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025 y N.º R-DCP-00078-2025 de la Contraloría General de la República, se evidencia que no existe una afectación actual, directa y acreditada al derecho a la libertad de expresión, al acceso a la información ni al derecho fundamental de acceso a las telecomunicaciones.

El diseño concursal no implica, por sí mismo, la interrupción abrupta de los servicios de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre. Por el contrario, el propio ordenamiento ha previsto mecanismos de continuidad. El Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, en el marco del expediente N.º 25-001640-1027-CA (CANARA y otros), acordó una medida cautelar de alcance general que mantiene la vigencia de los títulos habilitantes hasta que se decida en firme el concurso o se dicte sentencia definitiva, y el Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT extiende la vigencia de las concesiones actuales durante el período electoral 2025-2026. En este contexto, hablar de una “posible salida del aire” de “numerosas emisoras” como consecuencia inmediata del concurso no pasa de ser una conjetura, no un hecho cierto ni inminente que pueda configurar, hoy, una lesión constitucionalmente relevante.

Por otro lado los lineamientos del oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 (dictados precisamente en cumplimiento del Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT) muestran que el diseño del concurso incorpora, de manera expresa, objetivos dirigidos a proteger a los usuarios finales y a garantizar el acceso territorial al servicio. Baste recordar que esta Rectoría ordena “Establecer las garantíasnecesarias para resguardar el régimen jurídico de derechos e intereses de los usuarios finales, a fin de asegurar la continuidad del servicio de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva (…) de forma que los usuarios finales en zonas desfavorecidas no se vean discriminados con condiciones de calidad desventajosas”, así como considerar obligaciones de cobertura nacional y/o regional alineadas con los principios de eficiencia en el uso del espectro radioeléctrico. Un modelo que refuerza obligaciones de cobertura y continuidad difícilmente puede calificarse como un diseño que abandona a las poblaciones que dependen de la radiodifusión abierta.

Tampoco es correcto afirmar que el modelo concursal sea, por definición, regresivo para el pluralismo informativo. El régimen anterior se caracterizaba por prórrogas automáticas indefinidas de hecho, amparadas en una lectura única del artículo 25 de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758, que convertía el acceso al espectro en una situación prácticamente perpetua para los operadores ya instalados. La transición producida a partir del Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones, Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 31608-G, y de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, precisamente corrige esa inercia al exigir concesiones por tiempo limitado, concursos públicos y una administración racional, eficiente, transparente y no discriminatoria del espectro. Lejos de restringir pluralismo, la apertura periódica de concursos crea condiciones para que nuevas voces -incluyendo actores comunitarios, culturales o regionales- puedan competir por un recurso que, de otra forma, quedaría capturado indefinidamente por el statu quo.

En este punto, conviene destacar que la propia Contraloría General de la República, al resolver las objeciones de Nombre02 contra los pliegos de AM, FM y TV, fue clara en señalar que los alegatos sobre afectación a la libertad de expresión y al pluralismo informativo carecían de sustento técnico y fáctico. En las resoluciones N.º R-DCP-00077-2025 (Licitación Mayor N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL) y N.º R-DCP-00078-2025 (Licitación Mayor N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL), el Órgano contralor señaló que los recurrentes no identificaron cláusulas concretas que produjeran la supuesta afectación, no cuantificaron ni demostraron el impacto económico invocado, no aportaron estudios de mercado ni de audiencia y no formularon una pretensión específica de ajuste que permitiera evaluar el riesgo. De ahí que concluyera que se trataba de afirmaciones genéricas, insuficientes para acreditar una lesión a la libertad de pensamiento y de expresión, manteniendo incólumes los pliegos en esos extremos.

Además, el argumento de la “barrera social” confunde la existencia de requisitos económicos y técnicos, propios de cualquier procedimiento para asignar un recurso escaso, con una restricción indirecta a la libertad de expresión en los términos delartículo 13.3 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos. Para que una medida pueda ser calificada como restricción indirecta, debe demostrarse que la regulación de la propiedad o del acceso a los medios de difusión se utiliza para limitar, en los hechos, la comunicación de ideas, informaciones y opiniones. En el caso de los concursos de radiodifusión, los requisitos de capacidad financiera, de despliegue de infraestructura y de cobertura mínima aplican de manera general y objetiva a todos los participantes; no seleccionan contenidos ni orientaciones editoriales, ni discriminan por la naturaleza comercial, cultural o religiosa del proyecto. Lo que se exige es solvencia para explotar eficientemente un bien demanial escaso en beneficio del interés general.

Resulta relevante, además, que la recurrente equipara la situación de los concesionarios actuales con el estándar constitucional de pluralismo. La circunstancia de que determinados operadores culturales o religiosos no puedan -eventualmente- conservar sus títulos en condiciones idénticas a las actuales no significa, por sí sola, que la población quede desprovista de contenidos culturales, religiosos o comunitarios. El pluralismo se predica del sistema en su conjunto, no de la permanencia indefinida de cada proyecto específico. El modelo concursal podría incluso derivar en la entrada de nuevos actores con propuestas culturales o religiosas más sólidas, con mayor alcance territorial o con esquemas de sostenibilidad más robustos. Nuevamente, nada de esto ha sido analizado ni desvirtuado con datos por la recurrente, que asume que su permanencia es condición necesaria del pluralismo.

Desde la óptica del derecho fundamental de acceso a las telecomunicaciones, incorporado en el artículo 24 de la Constitución Política, el enfoque tampoco se sostiene. La Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, establece como objetivos la universalidad, continuidad, calidad y cobertura de los servicios, así como la promoción de la competencia y la protección de los usuarios. Los pliegos de condiciones concretan estos objetivos mediante obligaciones de cobertura, parámetros de calidad, exigencias de coordinación fronteriza y previsiones para el uso óptimo del espectro. La tensión que plantea la recurrente (entre garantizar acceso a los sectores de menores ingresos y exigir capacidades técnicas y financieras suficientes) no se resuelve eliminando la disciplina económica del concurso, sino asegurando que los requisitos sean proporcionales y no discriminatorios, lo cual ya ha sido verificado en sede contralora.

Importa asimismo subrayar que el alegato de “barrera social” está construido sobre una premisa que ya ha sido desvirtuada: la supuesta desprotección absoluta de los concesionarios mientras se tramitan los concursos. Como ya se ha explicado, tanto el Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT como la medida cautelar dictada en elexpediente N.º 25-001640-1027-CA garantizan la continuidad del servicio durante el período electoral y mientras se decide el futuro de los procesos licitatorios y de las demandas contencioso-administrativas. Los habitantes del país no se encuentran, entonces, ante un vacío de la radiodifusión abierta, sino ante un proceso de transición regulatoria cuidadosamente escalonado, con salvaguardas normativas y jurisdiccionales que aseguran que no se produzca una interrupción súbita del servicio.

No puede perderse de vista, finalmente, que la recurrente pretende derivar de un temor hipotético (la eventual salida de determinados operadores actuales) una conclusión categórica sobre la inconstitucionalidad del modelo concursal. El recurso de amparo exige, para su procedencia, la acreditación de una lesión actual, concreta e individualizada a un derecho fundamental. Las alegaciones de CANARTEL, en cambio, se sitúan en un plano abstracto, en un hecho futuro e incierto: se parte de la posibilidad de que algunos concesionarios no logren cumplir con los requisitos del concurso y se extrapola de ello una supuesta afectación al derecho a la información y al acceso a las telecomunicaciones de toda la población. Ese salto lógico no está acompañado de estudios de impacto, análisis de cobertura, datos sobre audiencias ni simulaciones de escenarios alternativos; se trata, en esencia, de una manifestación de desacuerdo con las decisiones de política pública adoptadas por el Poder Ejecutivo y la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones en el marco de sus competencias legales.

Por esto, el llamado “barrera social” no descansa en pruebas ni en una lectura completa del bloque de legalidad aplicable, sino en una reconstrucción parcial de los hechos y de las normas, que omite tanto las salvaguardas de continuidad del servicio como los objetivos de acceso, pluralismo y no discriminación que informan el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, el oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 y los propios pliegos de condiciones que diseñó y publicó la SUTEL. La Sala Constitucional no está llamada a reemplazar al Rector ni al regulador sectorial en la definición de la política de espectro, ni a revisar, por vía de amparo, la conveniencia económica o técnica de un modelo concursal que ya ha sido objeto de control ante la Contraloría General de la República y que se encuentra ampliamente judicializado en la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. Lo que se le plantea no es la reparación de una lesión efectiva a la libertad de expresión o al derecho de acceso a las telecomunicaciones, sino la invitación a convertirse en un tribunal de oportunidad regulatoria, función que el ordenamiento constitucional le niega expresamente.

7.- SOBRE LOS ALEGATOS DE BARRERA TÉCNICA La recurrente sostiene que existe una “barrera técnica” porque, según afirma, los pliegos de condiciones “adoptaron una zonificación basada en la regionalización de MIDEPLAN, exigiendo, como regla general, una red mínima de doce (12) transmisores, equivalentes a dos por cada región”, que “la regionalización Mideplan no está incluida en instrucción del MICITT a la SUTEL, y los doce transmisores es una decisión de la SUTEL que excede la instrucción del MICITT”, y que además “se otorgó un plazo de solo doce meses para tener la red completamente operativa, plazo que es excesivamente gravoso y de cumplimiento imposible para la mayoría de pequeños y medianos operadores”. Sobre esa base concluye que “todo lo anterior configura una barrera técnica injustificada, contraria a los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad”. Ninguna de esas aseveraciones resiste el contraste con el contenido real de los pliegos ni con lo ya resuelto en sede de la Contraloría General de la República.

En primer lugar, la utilización de la regionalización de MIDEPLAN como referencia territorial en los pliegos de la Licitación Mayor N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (radiodifusión sonora en Amplitud Modulada), N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (radiodifusión sonora en Frecuencia Modulada) y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (radiodifusión televisiva de acceso libre) no es un capricho técnico ni un invento de la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones, sino un criterio objetivo de planificación territorial ampliamente utilizado por la Administración Pública costarricense para diseñar políticas regionales, incluidos los propios instrumentos de planificación del sector telecomunicaciones. La Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, en sus artículos 8 y 9, obliga a orientar la administración del espectro radioeléctrico a la cobertura, continuidad y expansión de los servicios, especialmente en zonas rurales y menos favorecidas. Asignar concesiones “nacionales” sin anclar su cobertura a regiones claramente delimitadas habría supuesto, más bien, renunciar a ese mandato y perpetuar el histórico sesgo hacia la Región Central.

En ese mismo sentido, los dictámenes técnicos que sirven de base a los pliegos (en particular, los estudios contenidos en los oficios N.º 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023 y N.º 04180-SUTEL-DGC-2024, aprobados por el Consejo de la SUTEL) justifican el diseño de redes de alcance nacional sobre la base de parámetros de propagación, orografía, distribución de población y demanda potencial, todo ello coherente con el Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias (PNAF) y el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones (PNDT). No se trata de extrapolar mecánicamente las regiones de MIDEPLAN, sino de utilizarlas como marco para que las obligaciones de despliegue garanticen que una concesión nacional realmente sirva a todas las regiones del país y no solo a los mercados más rentables. Desde esa perspectiva, el uso de la regionalización no es una “barrera técnica”, sino un instrumento deigualdad territorial y de realización del derecho de acceso a las telecomunicaciones consagrado en el artículo 24 de la Constitución Política.

Adicionalmente, conviene recordar que el rediseño del marco técnico que sirve de base al modelo de radiodifusión no surgió de manera sorpresiva ni al margen de los mecanismos de participación previstos en la Ley General de la Administración Pública N.º 6227. El proyecto de Decreto Ejecutivo “Modificación parcial al Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias (Radiodifusión e IMT)” fue sometido a consulta pública no vinculante mediante su publicación en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta N.º 159 del 29 de agosto de 2024, y las observaciones recibidas se analizaron en el informe técnico conjunto Nombre03 º MICITT-DERRT-INF-041-2024 / N º MICITT-DCNT-INF-055-2024, de fecha 11 de noviembre de 2024, que el Poder Ejecutivo acogió en todos sus extremos al dictar el Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 44789-MICITT. En dicho procedimiento participaron diversos actores del Sector, cuyas observaciones, según concluyeron ambas direcciones técnicas, no justificaron modificaciones a los elementos centrales de la propuesta con incidencia directa en el diseño de redes y en la cantidad de infraestructura requerida.

Por su parte, Nombre02 remitió un escrito de oposición al proyecto de reforma al PNAF, pero lo hizo de forma extemporánea, de manera que sus planteamientos no pudieron ser conocidos ni valorados en el informe conjunto. Aún así, del propio texto de esa oposición se desprende que sus críticas se centraron en objeciones generales a la transición hacia la radiodifusión digital y al denominado “nuevo dividendo digital” (identificación de la banda de 600 MHz, de 614 MHz a 698 MHz, para el despliegue de sistemas móviles IMT), en particular en la inversión requerida en nueva infraestructura de transmisión y recepción y en equipos receptores, pero no formularon objeciones técnicas específicas sobre regionalización o las barreras técnicas que ahora aducen. En consecuencia, Nombre02 dispuso de una vía idónea y específica para cuestionar oportunamente el andamiaje técnico que serviría de insumo a la SUTEL para la elaboración de los pliegos de condiciones, pero ni ejerció esa vía dentro del plazo legal en igualdad con otros participantes de la consulta, ni dirigió sus observaciones (aún extemporáneas) contra los aspectos concretos de diseño de red que hoy impugna, lo que debilita su alegato actual de sorpresa o irracionalidad sobrevenida y confirma que lo que plantea es, en realidad, una discrepancia con opciones de política pública y de diseño regulatorio ya tramitadas mediante el procedimiento legalmente previsto para la emisión de actos administrativos de alcance general, como lo es el Decreto Ejecutivo de reforma al PNAF.

Específicamente, la regionalización del MIDEPLAN utilizada por la SUTEL en los pliegos de condiciones obedece a criterios técnicos y de política pública, como elaislamiento radioeléctrico que permite el relieve nacional y los objetivos de equidad territorial definidos en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo. El MIDEPLAN se configura como órgano asesor y de apoyo técnico de la Presidencia de la República y es la instancia encargada de formular, coordinar, dar seguimiento y evaluar las estrategias y prioridades del Gobierno; en esa condición, la regionalización socioeconómica que propone busca precisamente acercar los servicios institucionales a los ámbitos regionales y locales, mejorar la distribución de los servicios y atender las particularidades de cada región. Trasladar este esquema a los concursos de radiodifusión permite que las obligaciones de cobertura se definan con base en divisiones territoriales objetivas, pensadas para garantizar un desarrollo más equilibrado del país, y no en función de criterios discrecionales.

Por otra parte, en cuanto a la red de transmisores y al plazo para su despliegue, debe recordarse que el artículo 7 de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 establece un plazo máximo total de doce meses para el inicio de operación, consistente en seis meses iniciales prorrogables por seis meses adicionales. Los pliegos respetan ese marco y, además, conceden un plazo adicional de doce meses para completar la infraestructura restante de la red de radiodifusión. En la práctica, ello implica que los eventuales concesionarios cuentan con hasta doce meses para encender el primer transmisor por región y con otros doce meses para encender los segundos transmisores, de modo que el estándar regulatorio se traduce en plazos progresivos y razonables, acordes con la magnitud de la inversión y la duración de las concesiones. Esto se extrae, en los tres pliegos de condiciones, de la cláusula 56.12.4 “Cronograma de despliegue”, que indica literalmente, a manera de ejemplo, en el pliego de la licitación mayor N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL: Telf01. El Concesionario deberá asegurar la instalación y operación de la totalidad de los transmisores autorizados, con base en el siguiente cronograma:

i. Deberá haber instalado al menos un (1) transmisor en un plazo máximo de seis (6) meses a partir del Inicio de la Concesión, prorrogable por seis (6) meses más, según lo dispuesto en el artículo 7 de la LDR, lo cual representa el plazo máximo para el inicio de la prestación del servicio.

ii. Deberá haber instalado la totalidad de los transmisores en un plazo máximo de veinticuatro (24) meses a partir del Inicio de la Concesión, lo cual representa el periodo máximo para el despliegue de los demás transmisores de la red. No se brindarán plazos adicionales a los indicados en la presente cláusula.” En cuanto al número mínimo de transmisores, la recurrente se limita a calificar como excesivo el estándar de doce (12) transmisores para una concesión de alcance nacional, pero ni en sus objeciones ante la Contraloría General de la República ni en el presente recurso aporta un solo estudio técnico que demuestre que dicho número es innecesario o técnicamente desproporcionado para cubrir, con niveles adecuados de calidad y disponibilidad, todas las regiones previstas. Las resoluciones N.º R-DCP-00076-2025 (AM), N.º R-DCP-00077-2025 (FM) y N.º R-DCP-00078-2025 (TV) justamente rechazaron estos argumentos al constatar que la CÁMARA no acreditó, con respaldo de ingeniería de radiodifusión, que un número inferior de estaciones garantizara la misma cobertura y calidad, ni que el estándar fijado por la SUTEL fuera materialmente imposible de cumplir. No basta con afirmar que son demasiados transmisores; la carga de demostrar la irracionalidad técnica recae en quien objeta, y esa carga no fue cumplida.

Asimismo, las disposiciones de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 no diferencian entre concesionarios por su cobertura nacional o regional en materia de número de transmisores. Precisamente por ello, los pliegos de condiciones introducen una regulación diferenciada y proporcionada de la obligación de instalación de infraestructura: se prevén exigencias distintas para concesionarios con alcance nacional y para aquellos con alcance regional, tomando en cuenta sus diferentes capacidades técnicas y financieras.

Así, un eventual concesionario regional que resulte adjudicatario en una sola región MIDEPLAN deberá instalar al menos dos transmisores; si resultara adjudicatario en dos regiones, deberá desplegar cuatro transmisores, y así sucesivamente. En el caso de un concesionario nacional, que debe cubrir las seis regiones MIDEPLAN, el estándar de doce transmisores responde a la misma proporción. No se trata, por tanto, de una carga arbitraria, sino de un criterio aritmético y técnico que vincula el número de transmisores con el alcance territorial efectivo de la concesión, sin generar tratos discriminatorios entre operadores.

Por el contrario, un mínimo de transmisores asociado a una concesión nacional se justifica por los propios objetivos de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, que ordena optimizar el uso del espectro y asegurar que los servicios lleguen con calidad razonable a todo el territorio. Una concesión de cobertura nacional que pudiera explotarse con un puñado de transmisores focalizados en el área metropolitana reproduciría el viejo modelo, donde las frecuencias más valiosas se utilizan para servir primordialmente a los centros urbanos más rentables, dejando en la periferia a las zonas rurales y costeras. Lo que la recurrente califica como “barrera técnica” es, en realidad, un estándar mínimo de despliegue para corregir esa histórica desigualdad y asegurar que el beneficio del bien demanial llegue al conjunto de la población.

Tampoco es cierto que la SUTEL haya excedido la instrucción del Poder Ejecutivocontenida en el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT al definir parámetros de cobertura y de red. Los lineamientos posteriores del oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, en estricto cumplimiento de los artículos 2 y 9 de dicho Acuerdo, ordenan expresamente que el proceso concursal asegure la continuidad del servicio de radiodifusión, la accesibilidad territorial, la prevención de concentración en el espectro y la optimización del recurso, así como la definición de zonas de cobertura “alineadas a los principios de la ciencia y la técnica, procurando la eficiencia en el uso de los recursos escasos, y brindando la posibilidad a los adjudicatarios de un desarrollo progresivo de la infraestructura de su red de radiodifusión”. Justamente para cumplir con estos objetivos, corresponde a la SUTEL, como autoridad técnica, traducir esos lineamientos en parámetros concretos de red y cobertura en los pliegos.

En lo que respecta al plazo de doce meses para tener la red operativa, la recurrente lo califica como “excesivamente gravoso” y “de cumplimiento imposible” para pequeños y medianos operadores, en abstracto y sin ningún respaldo técnico o de gestión de proyectos que lo demuestre. Los pliegos, sin embargo, fijan ese plazo dentro de un horizonte concesional de hasta veinte años de explotación, de modo que se trata de un año para desplegar una red cuya explotación comercial se extenderá por dos décadas. Bajo los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad, el análisis no puede aislar el plazo de despliegue de la duración del título habilitante: un adjudicatario serio, que accederá a una concesión de uso de un bien demanial de altísimo valor por veinte años, debe estar en capacidad de diseñar y ejecutar un plan de inversiones que culmine el despliegue en doce meses, máxime cuando puede aprovechar infraestructura existente, acuerdos de compartición de sitios y tecnologías probadas en el mercado.

Las dificultades administrativas que menciona la recurrente como lo son “trámites municipales, ambientales, importación de equipos, interconexiones eléctricas y de transporte de señal”, son inherentes a cualquier proyecto de infraestructura en el país, no exclusivas de este concurso. Si se aceptara que la mera existencia de esos procedimientos convierte en inconstitucional cualquier plazo de despliegue, ningún concurso público de infraestructura podría fijar cronogramas exigibles sin ser tildado de “barrera técnica”. De nuevo, la Contraloría General de la República, al resolver las objeciones en las resoluciones N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025 y N.º R-DCP-00078-2025, constató que la Cámara aquí recurrente no aportó elementos que demostraran una imposibilidad generalizada de cumplimiento, ni que los plazos fijados fueran arbitrarios o desconectados de la experiencia nacional e internacional en despliegue de redes de radiodifusión.

Es importante destacar que los pliegos no imponen requisitos técnicos selectivos odiferenciados en perjuicio de determinados grupos de interesados; las obligaciones de red, cobertura y plazos se aplican de forma general a todos los potenciales oferentes, sin discriminación alguna. Desde la perspectiva constitucional, aun si se estimara que el estándar técnico es exigente, su aplicación uniforme y objetiva responde a un fin legítimo: garantizar la continuidad, calidad y universalidad del servicio de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva, en cumplimiento de los artículos 24 de la Constitución Política y 2, 4, 8 y 9 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642. La igualdad ante la ley no se vulnera por exigir condiciones técnicas robustas a todos, sino si se establecieran privilegios u obstáculos injustificados para unos frente a otros, lo que no ocurre en este caso.

Conviene reiterar, además, que estos parámetros técnicos de red, cobertura y desempeño fueron definidos por la SUTEL en el ejercicio de sus competencias exclusivas e indelegables. En consecuencia, la defensa que se ejerce en este proceso recae sobre aspectos cuya justificación técnica corresponde precisamente a la autoridad reguladora. La decisión de la recurrente de no integrar a la SUTEL en su escrito limita la posibilidad de que el órgano competente ejerza su derecho de defensa y aporte los criterios especializados que sustentan estos requisitos, reforzando así la necesidad de que sea emplazado para garantizar un análisis completo y conforme al principio de igualdad de armas procesales.

Además, la calificación de “barrera técnica injustificada” se desvirtúa cuando se recuerda que el modelo concursal no busca expulsar del mercado a emisoras existentes, sino abrir el acceso al espectro a todos los interesados bajo reglas transparentes y competitivas, garantizando la continuidad de los servicios mientras se desarrolla el concurso, tal y como ya fue asegurado por la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa y por el propio Poder Ejecutivo mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT. Si un operador actual acredita la solvencia técnica y organizativa para mantener y mejorar su red con las nuevas obligaciones, puede competir en igualdad de condiciones; si no, ello no es consecuencia de una barrera inconstitucional, sino de la exigencia legítima de que quien explota una concesión nacional cumpla estándares acordes con el interés público y con la evolución tecnológica.

Finalmente, conviene recordar que las mismas objeciones ahora formuladas como “barrera técnica” ya fueron ampliamente discutidas y rechazadas en los procedimientos de objeción ante la Contraloría General de la República respecto de las licitaciones N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL. La Cámara aquí recurrente no logró acreditar entonces que la regionalización de MIDEPLAN, el número mínimo de transmisores o el plazo de despliegue constituyeran requisitos técnicamente inviables, discriminatorios odesconectados de los objetivos de cobertura y calidad que impone la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642. Pretender ahora reetiquetar esos mismos estándares como “barrera técnica injustificada” en sede de amparo no convierte en constitucionales unas afirmaciones que ya fueron desestimadas por el órgano especializado en control de legalidad de la contratación pública, ni las transforma en cuestiones de rango constitucional; se trata, en esencia, de una discrepancia con el diseño técnico del concurso que debe ventilarse en la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa, no mediante un recurso de amparo.

8.- SOBRE LOS ALEGATOS DE MORA EN RESOLVER PRÓRROGAS Y VULNERABILIDAD JURÍDICA La recurrente pretende construir un “elemento adicional de gravedad” a partir de una alegada mora administrativa en la resolución de solicitudes de prórroga presentadas “desde diciembre de 2022”. Afirma que, por no haberse resuelto en un “plazo razonable”, “se violentó el debido proceso y el principio de legalidad”, que esa demora “coloca a los concesionarios en una situación de vulnerabilidad jurídica” al depender de ampliaciones de corto plazo vía decreto, y que ello genera “un estado de incertidumbre permanente sobre la continuidad de los servicios”. Se trata, sin embargo, de afirmaciones genéricas, no respaldadas con elementos normativos ni fácticos concretos, que omiten cuidadosamente el marco jurídico de las concesiones de radiodifusión, las medidas normativas adoptadas para garantizar la continuidad del servicio y, sobre todo, los amplios cauces de tutela que la propia Nombre02 ha activado en la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa.

La recurrente presenta las solicitudes de prórroga “desde diciembre de 2022” como si se tratara de títulos sin límite temporal cuyo vencimiento sobrevino de forma imprevista, cuando justamente el régimen jurídico aplicable -interpretado por la Sala Constitucional y la Procuraduría General de la República- establece que las concesiones de radiodifusión no pueden ser perpetuas. Como se ha explicado, a partir del Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones, Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 31608-G de 28 de junio de 2004, todas las concesiones de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre y gratuito adecuadas a ese régimen quedaron sometidas a un plazo máximo de veinte años, contado desde la vigencia del Reglamento, de modo que se extinguían de pleno derecho el 28 de junio de 2024. La Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758, en su artículo 25, admite prórroga automática, pero esa posibilidad debe leerse hoy, conforme a la jurisprudencia de la Sala Constitucional, a la luz de la naturaleza demanial del espectro radioeléctrico y del mandato del artículo 121 inciso 14) de la Constitución Política: la concesión debe ser siempre “por tiempo limitado”. En esa línea, la Sala Constitucional, en resoluciones como la N.º 02997-2006, ha sido clara en que la prórroga de una concesión no es un derecho ad perpetuam del concesionario, sino una facultad que debe ejercerse respetando el límite constitucional de temporalidad y los parámetros normativos vigentes. Por su parte, la Procuraduría General de la República, en el dictamen N.º C-110-2016, ha señalado que, dada la naturaleza del espectro como bien demanial, las redes de radiodifusión se enmarcan en los objetivos y principios de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, de optimización, uso racional, eficiente, transparente y no discriminatorio del recurso. Desde esa perspectiva, no existe un derecho subjetivo de los concesionarios a obtener, por el solo transcurso del tiempo o por el pago de un impuesto, una prórroga indefinida de su título. La eventual demora en resolver solicitudes de prórroga se inserta, por tanto, en un contexto en el que el Estado debe ponderar, con responsabilidad, el interés público en la reasignación del espectro mediante concurso.

En segundo lugar, la recurrente reduce la situación a una narrativa de mora aislada, como si la Administración hubiera abandonado por completo el tratamiento de las concesiones de radiodifusión. Omite que los operadores actuales ha judicializado -con amplitud y detalle- las controversias sobre prórrogas, silencio positivo y nulidad de Acuerdos Ejecutivos ante la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa, al amparo del Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo, Ley N.º 8508. Basta revisar procesos como el expediente N.º 25-001640-1027-CA (CANARA y otros), N.º 25-002650-1027-CA (Grupo Radiofónico TBC S.A.), N.º 25-006374-1027-CA (Sonido Latino FM S.A.), N.º 25-006375-1027-CA (Super Radio FM S.A.) y N.º 25-006586-1027-CA (Juan Vega Quirós), entre otros, donde se ha solicitado el reconocimiento de silencio positivo, la nulidad de Acuerdos que deniegan prórrogas y la declaración de prórrogas automáticas por veinte años adicionales, incluso con pretensiones de prórrogas indefinidas sujetas únicamente al cumplimiento de condiciones técnicas. Es decir, la supuesta mora no ha dejado a los concesionarios sin cauces de defensa: ellos mismos han convertido esa discusión en un litigio de legalidad, donde se ventilan, con amplitud probatoria, la corrección de las prórrogas y la validez de los actos administrativos.

La propia Nombre02 ha promovido un proceso cautelar ante causam (expediente N.º 25-007887-1027-CA), en el que solicitó la suspensión de los efectos de diversos Acuerdos Ejecutivos de prórroga y de instrucción de la licitación, así como el mantenimiento de la vigencia de las concesiones. En ese proceso, el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo rechazó la medida cautelar provisionalísima mediante resolución de las 20:42 horas del 25 de noviembre de 2025 y concedió audiencia al Estado, confirmando que el cauce natural para discutir la alegada vulneración de derechos por la gestión de las prórrogas es la jurisdicciónespecializada, no la vía sumaria del recurso de amparo. Resulta, cuando menos, contradictorio que la recurrente denuncie en sede constitucional una “situación de vulnerabilidad jurídica” al tiempo que ha elegido deliberadamente la vía contenciosa para resolver el fondo del conflicto, con pretensiones de enorme alcance patrimonial.

Tampoco es cierto que la Administración haya dejado a los concesionarios “forzados a depender de ampliaciones de plazo por decreto ejecutivo de muy corto plazo” en un vacío jurídico. Esas ampliaciones -como la contenida en el Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT del 18 de septiembre de 2025, que extendió la vigencia de las concesiones hasta el día hábil siguiente a la firmeza de la declaratoria de nuevas autoridades del Poder Ejecutivo y Legislativo- responden precisamente al deber estatal de garantizar continuidad del servicio durante la transición regulatoria, no a un abandono de sus obligaciones. Adicionalmente, el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, en el marco del expediente N.º 25-001640-1027-CA, dictó una medida cautelar de alcance general (voto N.º 378-2025-I de las 14:40 horas del 24 de septiembre de 2025) ordenando mantener la vigencia de los títulos de concesión de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre y gratuito hasta que se decida en firme el futuro concurso o se dicte sentencia en ese proceso. Lejos de un “estado de incertidumbre permanente”, lo que existe es un entramado normativo y cautelar que justamente blinda la continuidad del servicio mientras se tramitan concursos y juicios.

Desde el punto de vista constitucional, no puede confundirse la inevitable incertidumbre propia del vencimiento de una concesión demanial -que siempre se otorga por tiempo limitado- con una vulneración del derecho al debido proceso o del principio de legalidad. Todo concesionario que explota un bien del dominio público, como el espectro radioeléctrico, sabe desde el origen que su título tiene un plazo y que, llegado su vencimiento, el Estado puede optar por licitar nuevamente el bien, bajo el principio de libre concurrencia, o por no renovar. Pretender que la sola proximidad del vencimiento genere un derecho fundamental a la prórroga o a la inmutabilidad del régimen jurídico equivale a vaciar de contenido la exigencia constitucional de temporalidad y a petrificar un reparto del espectro que, en muchos casos, ha permanecido inalterado durante décadas.

Además, la recurrente no individualiza un solo expediente administrativo de prórroga en el que demuestre, con fechas y actuaciones concretas, una demora injustificada que haya colocado a un concesionario determinado en una situación de indefensión real. Se limita a afirmar, en términos genéricos, que “los concesionarios de radiodifusión de esta cámara solicitaron su prórroga desde diciembre de 2022” y que “las solicitudes no fueron resueltas”, sin aportar copias de los escritos deprórroga, de las gestiones posteriores ni de las comunicaciones que ha realizado la Administración a cada solicitante individualmente y al medio oficial de notificación. En sede de amparo, donde la lesión de derechos fundamentales debe ser cierta, actual y debidamente acreditada, no basta con esta formulación abstracta. La Sala Constitucional ha reiterado que el amparo no es un proceso de investigación oficiosa de la gestión administrativa, sino un mecanismo para proteger derechos concretos frente a actuaciones u omisiones igualmente concretas.

En cuanto al alegado impacto sobre “las inversiones, la estabilidad laboral del sector y el derecho de la ciudadanía a recibir información y contenidos culturales en forma continua”, la recurrente no acompaña ningún dato, estudio económico o evidencia empírica que lo sustente. No identifica un solo medio que haya salido del aire por la gestión de las prórrogas, ni demuestra que algún trabajador de radiodifusión haya sido despedido por esa causa específica, ni mucho menos que se haya producido una reducción efectiva del pluralismo informativo. Por el contrario, los títulos continúan vigentes por mandato del Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT y de la medida cautelar de alcance general dictada por el Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo, y la oferta de radiodifusión abierta se mantiene en funcionamiento mientras se desarrollan los concursos. El temor hipotético a una eventual pérdida de concesión en el futuro no constituye, por sí mismo, una lesión actual de la libertad de expresión o del derecho de acceso a la información.

En realidad, el núcleo del planteamiento de la recurrente no es la protección de derechos fundamentales de los radioyentes y televidentes, sino la preservación del statu quo concesional de sus asociados, con prórrogas largas o indefinidas sin concurso, frente al nuevo modelo de asignación competitiva diseñado conforme a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, y avalado por la propia Sala Constitucional como mecanismo idóneo para garantizar transparencia, igualdad y pluralismo en la asignación de frecuencias. La supuesta “vulnerabilidad jurídica” es, en esa lógica, el simple resultado de que el espectro vuelve a someterse a reglas de competencia y de libre concurrencia, donde las concesiones ya no se perpetúan sino que deben ganarse en igualdad de condiciones frente a otros interesados. Eso es una consecuencia legítima del régimen demanial, no una violación de derechos fundamentales.

Por último, existe una contradicción estructural en la posición de la recurrente: por un lado, denuncia un “estado de incertidumbre permanente” y un contexto de “mora administrativa” que afectaría la continuidad de los servicios; por otro, solicita a esta Sala Constitucional que paralice los concursos públicos que precisamente permitirían definir, de manera transparente y definitiva, el futuro del uso del espectro en los próximos veinte años. Si verdaderamente su preocupación fuera otorgarseguridad jurídica a los concesionarios y continuidad a los servicios, favorecería el avance del proceso licitatorio bajo control contencioso-administrativo, no su suspensión general vía recurso de amparo. Lo que en realidad busca es postergar indefinidamente la apertura del mercado y la reasignación competitiva del espectro, utilizando una retórica de vulnerabilidad que no se traduce en la demostración de un solo derecho fundamental lesionado de forma directa, actual y específica.

9.- SOBRE EL AGRAVIO CONSTITUCIONAL RELACIONADO AL PRINCIPIO DE IGUALDAD Y NO DISCRIMINACIÓN La alegación de la recurrente sobre una supuesta violación al principio de igualdad y no discriminación parte de una premisa equivocada: confunde la clasificación funcional o social de los servicios de radiodifusión (comercial, cultural, religiosa, comunitaria) con el régimen demanial de acceso y uso del espectro radioeléctrico, que es común para todos los operadores. Que el ordenamiento por medio del artículo 29 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, y de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758, reconozca que la radiodifusión es una actividad privada de interés público y que existan distintas tipologías de estaciones (comerciales, culturales, onda corta) no significa que deba existir un procedimiento concursal distinto ni requisitos económicos o técnicos rebajados para unos y otros. El acceso al bien demanial espectro radioeléctrico se rige por los principios de optimización, eficiencia, transparencia y no discriminación, comunes a todos los interesados, sea cual sea el contenido de su programación.

El propio dictamen vinculante N.º C-110-2016 de la Procuraduría General de la República -que la Administración está obligada a acatar- deja claro que la radiodifusión, en cuanto radiocomunicación, es telecomunicación y que el régimen jurídico es mixto: la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 subsiste, pero las redes de radiodifusión quedan sometidas a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, en materia de planificación, administración y control del espectro. Eso significa que el uso de una frecuencia para radiodifusión no puede otorgarse ni prorrogarse si no satisface los objetivos de optimización, explotación racional, eficiente, transparente y no discriminatoria del espectro. No hay en ese criterio ningún mandato de diseñar concursos separados, ni de exonerar de requisitos objetivos a las estaciones culturales o religiosas: el foco está en la eficiencia y transparencia en el uso del bien demanial, no en la naturaleza del contenido.

Desde la óptica constitucional, el artículo 33 de la Constitución Política no prohíbe todo trato igualitario, sino únicamente el trato igual a quienes son objetivamente desiguales cuando ese trato no tiene justificación razonable, o el trato diferente aiguales sin causa legítima. En este caso, frente al acto de acceso al espectro (la concesión administrativa) todos los potenciales adjudicatarios se encuentran en una situación homogénea: son sujetos privados que pretenden explotar un recurso escaso del dominio público para prestar un servicio de radiodifusión sonora o televisiva de acceso libre y gratuito. La finalidad de su programación (comercial, educativa, cultural o religiosa) no altera el dato esencial de que todos usarán la misma infraestructura del espectro radioeléctrico y estarán sometidos a los mismos deberes de continuidad, calidad y cobertura frente a la población. Que se establezcan requisitos técnicos y económicos comunes para garantizar esa continuidad y calidad no es desigualdad encubierta: es una exigencia mínima de igualdad de trato y de tutela del interés general.

La propia diferenciación contenida en la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 y en el Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, por ejemplo, en materia de exenciones tributarias (artículo 20 de la Ley de Radio) o en la clasificación de estaciones comerciales y culturales en los artículos 97 y 98 del Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, opera principalmente después del acceso al espectro: condiciona exoneraciones, obligaciones específicas de contenido, ciertas cargas de programación o beneficios concretos. Nada en esas normas impone que el título habilitante demanial deba tramitarse con reglas financieras o técnicas distintas para cada categoría de estación. La pretensión de la recurrente de derivar de esas disposiciones un derecho a ser licitado en condiciones económicas más suaves carece de apoyo normativo expreso y convierte la clasificación funcional en un privilegio de acceso que el legislador nunca ha previsto.

Además, lo que el ordenamiento sí exige es que el procedimiento de asignación respete la igualdad de oportunidades entre quienes se encuentren en igualdad de condiciones jurídicas y técnicas. Los pliegos de condiciones de las Licitaciones Mayores N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM) y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV) -todos ellos validados por la Contraloría General de la República en las Resoluciones N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025 y N.º R-DCP-00078-2025- establecen requisitos uniformes de participación, evaluación y ejecución que se aplican sin distinción a cualquier oferente: no hay cláusulas que excluyan o penalicen a las estaciones culturales, religiosas o comunitarias por su naturaleza no lucrativa; por el contrario, se prevén mecanismos como la posibilidad de participar en consorcios, la presentación de distintos diseños de red y la ponderación de capacidades técnicas y económicas bajo criterios objetivamente verificables. La Contraloría General de la República, al conocer las objeciones de CANARTEL, concluyó precisamente que no se había demostrado que el esquema concursal introdujera barreras injustificadas ni tratos diferenciados enperjuicio de un tipo específico de operador.

Bajo la jurisprudencia reiterada de la Sala Constitucional, la igualdad exige analizar si el criterio de diferenciación o de homogeneización es razonable, persigue una finalidad legítima y es proporcional. Aquí el criterio utilizado en los pliegos no es el ánimo de lucro o la identidad cultural del medio, sino la capacidad de prestar efectivamente un servicio de radiodifusión de acceso libre, con cobertura y calidad suficientes, durante la vigencia de una concesión temporal. El objetivo legítimo es la optimización del espectro y la protección del derecho fundamental de acceso a las telecomunicaciones, reconocido en el artículo 24 de la Constitución Política y desarrollado por la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, en cuanto a universalidad, continuidad y calidad. El medio elegido -un concurso público con requisitos técnicos y económicos uniformes, modulados por zonas de cobertura y obligaciones de despliegue proporcionadas- es idóneo para ese fin y resulta necesario frente a alternativas menos exigentes que no garantizan la continuidad del servicio. Pretender que por razones de igualdad se renuncie a estos estándares para un subconjunto de operadores implicaría, en realidad, sacrificar el interés general y los derechos de los usuarios en favor de intereses empresariales particulares.

La recurrente sostiene que imponer las mismas exigencias económicas, financieras y técnicas a estaciones comerciales y a estaciones culturales o religiosas sería discriminatorio en los hechos porque impacta más severamente a estas últimas. Pero el hecho de que un sujeto tenga menor capacidad financiera no convierte en inconstitucional un requisito objetivo, siempre que dicho requisito responda a un fin legítimo y se aplique de forma general. De lo contrario, casi cualquier regla de solvencia económica, de idoneidad profesional o de capacidad técnica en contratación pública podría ser atacada con el argumento de que afecta más a quienes tienen menos recursos. La desigualdad económica de partida no obliga per se al Estado a renunciar a criterios de solvencia cuando están justificados por la naturaleza del servicio, y mucho menos a crear reservas de espectro o concursos a la medida de determinados actores.

Tampoco es cierto que el diseño concursal parte del equívoco grave de que toda estación es esencialmente lucrativa. Los pliegos, tal como lo destacó la Contraloría General de la República, no exigen una tasa de retorno determinada ni obligan a los oferentes a probar una rentabilidad específica según un modelo uniforme impuesto por la Administración. Lo que se exige es que cada oferente presente una proyección razonable de viabilidad financiera que demuestre que está en capacidad de afrontar las inversiones asociadas a la red y de sostener el servicio durante el plazo de la concesión. Un operador cultural o religioso puede cumplir esa exigencia.(…).

10.- SOBRE EL AGRAVIO CONSTITUCIONAL RELACIONADO AL PRINCIPIO DE RAZONABILIDAD Y PROPORCIONALIDAD Lejos de evidenciar una violación a los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad, el esquema diseñado en el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, los Lineamientos de Política Pública, oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 y en los pliegos de condiciones de las Licitaciones Mayores N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL constituye, precisamente, la concreción de esos principios aplicados al uso de un bien demanial escaso. Desde la perspectiva constitucional, el test de proporcionalidad exige que las medidas sean idóneas, necesarias y proporcionales respecto del fin perseguido.

En cuanto a la idoneidad, los requisitos técnicos y económicos impugnados no son antojadizos ni se apoyan en una lógica puramente financiera, como sostiene larecurrente, sino que derivan de los estudios previos elaborados por la SUTEL al amparo del artículo 29 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, y de los objetivos de planificación del espectro fijados en su artículo 8. En los oficios N.º 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023 y N.º 04180-SUTEL-DGC-2024, aprobados por el Consejo de la SUTEL, se definieron, con base en modelaciones de propagación, orografía, demanda potencial y ocupación actual del espectro, las necesidades de cobertura y las arquitecturas mínimas de red para que los servicios de radiodifusión AM, FM y TV abierta cumplan efectivamente su finalidad pública. Los pliegos se limitan a trasladar esas conclusiones técnicas a condiciones de contratación objetivas: número de transmisores, zonas de cobertura, plazos de despliegue y exigencia de viabilidad financiera.

El juicio de necesidad también se satisface. La situación heredada del viejo régimen de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 y del derogado Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones (Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 31608-G) era la de concesiones prácticas y materialmente indefinidas, prorrogadas automáticamente por décadas con base en el artículo 25 de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758, sin concurso y sin contraste competitivo. Precisamente por eso la Sala Constitucional, en resoluciones como la N.º 02997-2006 y la N.º 04569-2008, subrayó que el único límite constitucional a la concesión de bienes demaniales es su temporalidad y reconoció la adecuación del ordenamiento al introducir la figura de la concesión y del concurso público. Frente a un escenario de vencimiento masivo de títulos el 28 de junio de 2024 (por efecto del Transitorio IV del Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones N.º 31608-G), el Poder Ejecutivo carecía de alternativas menos intensas, pero igualmente eficaces, que un proceso concursal amplio, con reglas técnicas y económicas que aseguren la continuidad y calidad del servicio.

Desde la óptica de la proporcionalidad en sentido estricto, la recurrente pretende presentar como excesivos los requisitos de inversión, el número mínimo de transmisores y los plazos de despliegue, sin contrastarlos con los beneficios que reportan a los usuarios y al sistema en su conjunto. La obligación de desplegar redes con determinada cantidad de transmisores y cobertura responde a la finalidad de evitar zonas de sombra, asegurar servicio en áreas rurales y disminuir la subutilización del espectro. Al exigir que el adjudicatario despliegue una red capaz de cubrir efectivamente la zona asignada, el Estado no está imponiendo cargas arbitrarias, sino condicionando el disfrute de un privilegio demanial (la concesión de uso de frecuencias) a la realización del interés público. Es difícil sostener que sea “desproporcionado” exigir a quien pretende operar una concesión nacional de FM o TV abierta que cuente con la infraestructura mínima necesaria para servir, precisamente, a la población a la que dice dirigirse. Como se expuso al analizar los alegatos de barrera económica y técnica, el diseño del concurso distingue objetivamente entre redes nacionales y regionales, calibra los precios base conforme a metodologías económicas especializadas y establece obligaciones de despliegue progresivo, lo que robustece el juicio de idoneidad y necesidad de las medidas impugnadas.

El argumento relativo a la Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) parte de una caricatura de las propias cláusulas de los pliegos. No se impone un umbral uniforme de rentabilidad ni se obliga a adoptar un modelo de negocio concreto; lo que se pide es que cada oferente presente un flujo de caja a diez años y demuestre que la TIR es superior a la tasa de descuento que él mismo justifica. Es decir, se exige una viabilidad económica mínima, no una alta rentabilidad ni la conversión obligada de todas las estaciones en proyectos de gran lucro. Una emisora cultural o religiosa puede sustentar su flujo de caja sobre donaciones, aportes de fieles o mecenazgos; lo que el pliego exige es que esos ingresos, de la naturaleza que sean, alcancen para cubrir las inversiones y costos de operación de la red. Presentar este control de solvencia como una violación de la proporcionalidad equivale, en la práctica, a negar que el Estado pueda verificar la capacidad de los adjudicatarios para no dejar inoperante una frecuencia del dominio público.

Conviene recordar, además, que el principio de proporcionalidad no protege expectativas empresariales de permanecer indefinidamente en el espectro con cualquier nivel de inversión, sino los derechos fundamentales de la población. Aquí los pliegos articulan los objetivos de universalidad, continuidad y calidad previstos en la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, con mecanismos concretos de implementación: cobertura mínima, plazos razonables de despliegue, obligaciones de servicio y exigencia de capacidad financiera. La propia Contraloría General de la República, al resolver las objeciones de Nombre02 en las Resoluciones N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025 y N.º R-DCP-00078-2025, revisó esos requisitos a la luz de la Ley General de Contratación Pública, Ley N.º 9986, y concluyó que no se acreditaba ni onerosidad desmedida ni barreras injustificadas de acceso, sino criterios objetivos y razonables acordes con la naturaleza del contrato de concesión y del bien demanial involucrado.

La alegación de que no se han previsto “mecanismos diferenciados ni regímenes especiales para emisoras culturales, religiosas o comunitarias” confunde nuevamente el plano del contenido con el plano del título habilitante demanial. El ordenamiento reconoce particularidades de ciertas estaciones para efectos fiscales (artículo 20 de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758) o de clasificación funcional (artículos 97 y 98 del Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642), pero no ha creado un régimen paralelo de asignación de frecuencias con menores exigencias técnicas o económicas. Pretender que la proporcionalidad obligue a inventar un camino diferente de acceso al espectro radioeléctrico para ciertas categorías de operadores no solo carece de asidero legal, sino que resultaría en sí mismo desproporcionado frente al derecho de otros interesados a competir en igualdad de condiciones por el mismo recurso escaso.

Cuando la recurrente afirma que “los pliegos se convierten en instrumentos de exclusión que impiden, en los hechos, la participación de actores socialmente relevantes”, omite que el propio diseño concursal incorpora herramientas para mitigar las cargas y ampliar las posibilidades de participación: la posibilidad de conformar consorcios o agrupaciones, la segmentación de frecuencias, el reconocimiento de zonas de cobertura diferenciadas y la previsión de plazos de despliegue que, si bien exigentes, son compatibles con la práctica internacional. Nada de eso aparece rebatido con datos, estudios o comparaciones concretas; la impugnación se reduce a afirmaciones genéricas sobre una supuesta imposibilidad material de participar.

De hecho, si se aplicara rigurosamente el test de proporcionalidad, el resultado sería exactamente el inverso al que plantea CANARTEL. Una regulación que renunciara a exigir capacidad de inversión, redes mínimas y viabilidad económica para operar frecuencias de alcance nacional o regional sería claramente no idónea para garantizar la continuidad y calidad del servicio; no sería necesaria, porque sacrificaría esos objetivos sin ofrecer alternativa equivalente de protección, y sería desproporcionada en sentido estricto, porque antepondría la comodidad de operadores existentes a los derechos de todos los usuarios de la radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre y gratuito en todo el territorio nacional. En otras palabras, lo que sería incompatible con los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad no es el diseño adoptado en los pliegos, sino el modelo que la recurrente propone implícitamente: mantener a toda costa el status quo, sin exigencias de modernización ni de demostración de capacidad.

También debe destacarse que el propio ordenamiento ha incorporado medidas específicas para evitar cualquier quiebre abrupto en la continuidad del servicio mientras se tramita el concurso, lo que refuerza el juicio de proporcionalidad global del esquema. El Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, mediante el voto N.º 378-2025-I, decretó una medida cautelar general que mantiene la vigencia de los títulos habilitantes actuales hasta que se decida en firme el concurso o se dicte sentencia definitiva en el proceso que dio origen a la medida, dejando claro que esa medida no suspende la preparación ni tramitación de la licitación. A la vez, el Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT extendió la vigenciade las concesiones durante el período electoral, garantizando que, mientras se desarrollan los procesos de selección, los habitantes sigan recibiendo los servicios de radiodifusión en los términos existentes. Difícilmente puede hablarse de desproporción cuando el propio diseño normativo ha amortiguado los impactos de la transición y ha priorizado la continuidad del servicio.

Entonces, el agravio constitucional planteado por Nombre02 ignora que la proporcionalidad debe analizarse en función del sistema completo y no de la conveniencia de un grupo de concesionarios. Considerados en su conjunto (estudios técnicos de la SUTEL, mandato legal de concurso, régimen mixto definido por la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 y la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, control previo de la Contraloría General de la República, medidas cautelares adoptadas por la jurisdicción contenciosa y prórrogas normativas de vigencia) los requisitos de los pliegos aparecen como un esfuerzo coherente, razonable y proporcional por ordenar el uso del espectro y garantizar a la población un servicio de radiodifusión abierto moderno, estable y plural. Lo que la recurrente presenta como instrumentos de exclusión son, en realidad, instrumentos de tutela del interés público que, lejos de vulnerar la Constitución Política o el bloque de constitucionalidad, responden a las exigencias que ella misma impone para la administración de los bienes públicos.

11.- SOBRE EL AGRAVIO CONSTITUCIONAL RELACIONADO AL PRINCIPIO DE LIBERTAD DE EXPRESIÓN Y PLURALISMO INFORMATIVO Se indica que el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, los Lineamientos de Política Pública, oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 y los pliegos de las Licitaciones Mayores N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL constituyen una restricción indirecta a la libertad de expresión y al pluralismo informativo no resiste el contraste con el marco normativo aplicable ni con los propios documentos objetivos de SUTEL y de la Contraloría General de la República. Lo que está regulado aquí es el acceso y uso de un bien demanial escaso, no el contenido de los mensajes ni la orientación ideológica, religiosa o cultural de los concesionarios. Esa diferencia, que es central en el artículo 13 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, también atraviesa los artículos 28 y 29 de la Constitución Política: el Estado no puede censurar ideas ni opiniones, pero sí está autorizado y obligado a establecer reglas objetivas para administrar el espectro y asignar concesiones bajo criterios de eficiencia, transparencia y no discriminación.

El propio régimen jurídico sectorial reconoce que la radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre es una actividad privada de interés público, que se presta a travésde redes de telecomunicaciones y se somete al régimen mixto definido por la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 y la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642. El artículo 29 de esta última dispone que el otorgamiento de concesiones y la prestación de los servicios de radiodifusión se rigen por la indicada Ley de Radio, pero al mismo tiempo somete las redes que sirven de soporte a la radiodifusión a la Ley N.º 8642 “en lo dispuesto en materia de planificación, administración y control del espectro radioeléctrico (…) y al régimen sectorial de competencia”. El dictamen vinculante, ya reiteradamente citado, N.º C-110-2016 de la Procuraduría General de la República, es categórico al reafirmar que la radiodifusión es una especie de telecomunicaciones y que, por ende, las concesiones de radiodifusión deben satisfacer los objetivos de optimizar el espectro radioeléctrico y asegurar su explotación racional, eficiente, transparente y no discriminatoria. Es precisamente ese mandato el que se materializa a través del concurso público.

A su vez, el ordenamiento ha separado de forma deliberada la regulación del espectro, redes y servicios de telecomunicaciones de cualquier valoración sobre los contenidos que se transmiten por esos medios. Las cuestiones relativas a clasificación de programas, horarios aptos para personas menores de edad, advertencias de contenido o calificación de espectáculos se canalizan a través de normativa específica, como la Ley de Espectáculos Públicos N.º 7440 y sus disposiciones reglamentarias, así como por la responsabilidad ulterior de los operadores, no por medio de los títulos habilitantes de radiodifusión ni de los procedimientos de asignación del espectro. Esto refuerza que el MICITT y la SUTEL administran el acceso y uso de un bien demanial escaso con criterios objetivos de eficiencia, cobertura y no discriminación, pero no seleccionan, autorizan ni controlan las ideas, opiniones o creencias que los concesionarios deciden difundir.

En este contexto, los pliegos de condiciones de las Licitaciones Mayores N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM) y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV abierta) elaborados por la SUTEL, se limitan a fijar requisitos de admisibilidad, solvencia técnica y económica, cobertura y despliegue de red aplicables a todos los interesados. No contienen cláusulas que condicionen el acceso al espectro a la adhesión a determinada línea editorial, religiosa o cultural, ni permiten a la Administración valorar contenidos o agendas informativas de los potenciales oferentes. Desde la perspectiva del artículo 13.3 de la Convención Americana, no basta con invocar genéricamente “barreras económicas, sociales y técnicas” para configurar una restricción indirecta: es necesario demostrar que el diseño del procedimiento concursal tiene por objeto o por efecto real limitar la circulación de ideas u opiniones; ese nexo causal simplemente no se acredita. Por el contrario, el diseño concursal concretiza estándares interamericanos y constitucionales que exigen que la asignación de frecuencias se haga mediante procedimientos objetivos, transparentes, públicos y no discriminatorios, que abran el espectro a la participación de múltiples actores y eviten la concentración. La Sala Constitucional, en la Resolución N.º 2017-011715, destacó que el artículo 29 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, confirma que la concesión es el título habilitante para explotar el espectro radioeléctrico y que el concurso público preparado e instruido por la SUTEL es la vía que asegura una asignación justa, equitativa, independiente, transparente y no discriminatoria de ese recurso. Es decir, la propia jurisprudencia constitucional reconoce que el paradigma de pluralismo informativo y de igualdad de trato en el acceso al espectro no se garantiza perpetuando prórrogas automáticas indefinidas, sino abriendo la competencia a través de concursos con reglas claras y generales (una aplicación integrada de los artículos 46, 121 inciso 14 subinciso c, y 182 de la Constitución Política).

La afirmación de que el esquema diseñado “privilegia exclusivamente a quienes pueden soportar exigencias financieras de gran escala” desatiende, además, la valoración concreta que de estos mismos pliegos hizo la Contraloría General de la República al resolver las objeciones formuladas por CANARTEL. En las Resoluciones N.º R-DCP-00076-2025 (FM), N.º R-DCP-00077-2025 (AM) y N.º R-DCP-00078-2025 (TV), dictadas en sede de control previo de legalidad al amparo de la Ley General de Contratación Pública, Ley N.º 9986, la Contraloría examinó, entre otros extremos, los alegatos relativos a supuestas barreras económicas y su impacto en la libertad de expresión y en el pluralismo. Concluyó que esos alegatos eran genéricos y carentes de respaldo técnico, por cuanto no identificaban cláusulas específicas que produjeran la supuesta afectación, no cuantifican el impacto económico, no aportan estudios de mercado ni de audiencia y no formularon propuestas concretas de ajuste. Sobre esa base, rechazó las objeciones por falta de fundamentación y mantuvo incólumes los pliegos en todo lo relativo a la supuesta restricción de pluralismo y libertad de expresión.

Es particularmente relevante que, en esas resoluciones, la Contraloría General de la República no encontró que los precios base, el diseño de subasta, las exigencias de red mínima o los requerimientos de solvencia financiera constituyan barreras injustificadas de entrada ni instrumentos para excluir a radios culturales, religiosas o comunitarias. Por el contrario, validó que el diseño económico y técnico de los pliegos respondía a los estudios previos de SUTEL y a los objetivos de eficiencia, transparencia y libre concurrencia propios de la contratación administrativa y del régimen demanial, sin evidenciar un efecto de cierre absoluto del mercado. Es significativo que la misma recurrente haya litigado estos puntos ante el órganoconstitucionalmente competente para controlar los pliegos, la Contraloría General de la República, y no lograra acreditar ni barreras ilegítimas ni afectación concreta a la libertad de expresión.

También es insostenible afirmar que el modelo reduce drásticamente la oferta de radio y televisión abierta cuando el propio entramado normativo ha sido diseñado justamente para evitar discontinuidades en el servicio durante la transición al nuevo esquema. Primero, el Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 34765-MINAET, y el antiguo Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones, Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 31608-G, definieron un plazo cierto para las concesiones de radiodifusión (veinte años para servicios de radiodifusión sonora o televisiva abierta), lo que impide la perpetuidad fáctica de los títulos y abre el espacio para concursos periódicos. Segundo, el Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, mediante el voto N.º 378-2025-I, decretó una medida cautelar de alcance general que mantiene la vigencia de las concesiones actuales mientras se decide en firme el concurso o se dicta sentencia definitiva, dejando expresamente claro que tal medida no suspende la preparación ni tramitación de las licitaciones. Tercero, el Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT extendió adicionalmente la vigencia de los títulos durante el período electoral 2025-2026. Este conjunto de decisiones normativas y jurisdiccionales desmiente cualquier escenario de “apagón” abrupto de la radiodifusión abierta por efecto del concurso.

Tampoco puede presumirse que la única forma de garantizar la dimensión colectiva de la libertad de expresión y el derecho de la población a recibir información sea mantener intacto el actual mapa de concesionarios. El derecho a la libertad de expresión y al acceso a la información protege a la ciudadanía, no a empresas concretas ni a su permanencia indefinida en el espectro. Nada en la Constitución Política ni en el artículo 13 de la Convención Americana sobre los Derechos Humanos garantiza un derecho subjetivo de determinados grupos empresariales a conservar sus frecuencias (como si se tratase de un derecho real sobre un bien en el comercio de los hombres) más allá del plazo de concesión sin someterse a concurso. Por el contrario, el deber estatal es organizar un sistema de asignación de frecuencias que minimice la concentración, asegure la competencia y permita la entrada de nuevas voces, incluidas potenciales emisoras comunitarias, culturales o religiosas que hoy no tienen acceso al espectro. Afirmar que abrir el concurso y exigir capacidad técnica y financiera para operar las redes amenaza “la pluralidad de voces” es, en realidad, defender el statu quo de los actuales concesionarios frente a posibles nuevos entrantes.

La idea de “restricción indirecta” en el artículo 13.3 de la Convención Americana serefiere a supuestos en que el Estado utiliza de manera abusiva controles sobre papel, equipos o frecuencias para silenciar o marginar voces incómodas o críticas, por ejemplo, denegando licencias a medios opositores mientras se conceden discrecionalmente a medios afines, o diseñando reglas aparentemente neutras que solo ciertas corrientes pueden cumplir. Nada semejante ocurre aquí: los pliegos no introducen criterios ideológicos, no establecen cupos editoriales, no exigen pertenencia a determinadas organizaciones ni diferencian el trato según el tipo de contenidos. Los requisitos se refieren exclusivamente a capacidad técnica, cobertura, solvencia y cumplimiento de obligaciones de servicio, en línea con la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, y con los dictámenes técnicos de SUTEL. De hecho, los lineamientos que emitió esta Rectora en el oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 enfatizan objetivos opuestos a los que denuncia la recurrente: prevenir la concentración de espectro, asegurar cobertura territorial amplia, evitar barreras de entrada, promover la competencia efectiva y proteger la sostenibilidad ambiental.

En la misma dirección, el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones 2022-2027 “Costa Rica: Hacia la disrupción digital inclusiva”, al que remiten tanto el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT como el oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, recoge metas específicas orientadas a garantizar la presencia de servicios de radiodifusión televisiva con fines de atención a necesidades locales y nacionales (Meta 9) y a optimizar el uso del espectro para favorecer la inclusión y la competitividad. El diseño concursal no se aparta de esos objetivos, sino que los operacionaliza al definir obligaciones de cobertura, requisitos de calidad y parámetros de uso óptimo del espectro. Presentar ese esfuerzo de planificación como un intento de privilegiar a quienes soportan exigencias financieras de gran escala es ignorar el carácter demanial del espectro radioeléctrico y el mandato de maximizar su rendimiento social, no la rentabilidad individual de cada operador.

Debe recordarse, además, que la Contraloría General de la República, en sus resoluciones N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025 y N.º R-DCP-00078-2025, revisó a la luz de la Ley General de Contratación Pública, Ley N.º 9986, la alegada afectación a la libertad de expresión y concluyó que no se acreditaba ningún fundamento en esa línea. Señaló que los recurrentes no identificaron cláusulas específicas que produjeran la supuesta disminución del pluralismo, no aportaron evidencias de una reducción necesaria u obligada de la oferta de contenidos culturales o religiosos ni demostraron que el esquema de precios y subasta cerrara de hecho el mercado. Por el contrario, constató que los pliegos mantenían la apertura a la libre concurrencia y que las condiciones económicas y técnicas se justificaban en los dictámenes técnicos de la SUTEL y en los objetivos. sectoriales de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642. Este juicio técnico-jurídico, emitido por el órgano constitucionalmente llamado a garantizar la legalidad, la transparencia y la igualdad en la contratación pública, desautoriza que ahora se pretenda reetiquetar las mismas condiciones como violaciones al artículo 13 de la Convención Americana.

Así, las medidas impugnadas son neutrales en cuanto al contenido, generales, razonables y amparadas en leyes formales y en dictámenes técnicos de la SUTEL, así como en el control previo de la Contraloría General de la República. No suprimen voces ni prohíben mensajes; reorganizan, mediante concurso público, el acceso a un bien demanial escaso conforme a criterios que la propia Constitución y el bloque de convencionalidad exigen: objetividad, transparencia, no discriminación, prevención de la concentración y orientación al interés general. El verdadero debate que plantea la recurrente no es de libertad de expresión, sino de conveniencia regulatoria y de preservación de intereses patrimoniales específicos frente a un nuevo modelo de asignación de frecuencias. Ese debate corresponde a la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa y al control de legalidad ordinaria; forzarlo en la vía del amparo como si se tratara de una restricción indirecta a la libertad de expresión distorsiona el alcance del artículo 13 de la Convención Americana y de los artículos 28 y 29 de la Constitución Política, y pretende convertir al juez constitucional en un árbitro de política sectorial, algo que la propia Sala Constitucional ha rechazado de manera reiterada.

12.- SOBRE EL AGRAVIO CONSTITUCIONAL RELACIONADO A LA DIVERSIDAD CULTURAL Y EL PATRIMONIO CULTURAL INMATERIAL La tesis de la recurrente según la cual el modelo concursal vulnera la diversidad cultural y el patrimonio cultural inmaterial, a la luz de la Convención para la Salvaguardia del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial (aprobada mediante Ley N.º 8560), parte de una premisa equivocada: confunde el medio técnico-jurídico (la concesión sobre el espectro radioeléctrico) con el objeto protegido por dicha Convención (las prácticas, expresiones, saberes y manifestaciones de las comunidades). El hecho de someter las frecuencias de radiodifusión a concurso público, bajo criterios generales y objetivos, no implica ni la supresión de esas manifestaciones culturales ni su prohibición, ni mucho menos la imposibilidad de que continúen difundiendo por radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre y gratuito.

La Convención aprobada por la Ley N.º 8560 obliga al Estado costarricense a identificar, salvaguardar y promover el patrimonio cultural inmaterial, así como a facilitar la participación de las comunidades en la vida cultural. Pero el instrumento internacional no congela un mapa histórico de actores privados ni impone al Estadoel deber de asegurar a determinados concesionarios privados la tenencia indefinida de frecuencias de radiodifusión. Su eje está en las manifestaciones (tradiciones orales, usos sociales, rituales, conocimientos tradicionales, etc.) y en las comunidades portadoras, no en la perpetuación de títulos habilitantes específicos ni en la exención de esas empresas frente al régimen demanial aplicable al espectro radioeléctrico.

Visto desde el derecho interno, el marco sectorial confirma esa lectura. El artículo 29 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, define la radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre como una actividad privada de interés público, cuyo otorgamiento de concesiones continúa rigiéndose por la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758, pero sometiendo las redes que sirven de soporte a los servicios de radiodifusión a la Ley N.º 8642 en materia de planificación, administración y control del espectro y régimen de competencia. Es decir, el ordenamiento costarricense reconoce la relevancia cultural y social de la radiodifusión, pero al mismo tiempo mantiene incólume su naturaleza de uso de un bien demanial escaso que debe asignarse bajo parámetros de eficiencia, transparencia y no discriminación.

En esa línea, el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT y el oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 no desconocen el deber de salvaguardar la diversidad cultural, sino que lo articulan dentro de la política sectorial de espectro. El Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones 2022-2027 “Costa Rica: Hacia la disrupción digital inclusiva”, al que remiten expresamente esos instrumentos, incluye metas específicas vinculadas con la radiodifusión, entre ellas la reserva de 24 MHz para servicios de radiodifusión televisiva “con fines de atención a necesidades locales y nacionales”. Esa reserva, que se incorpora en los lineamientos como parámetro a considerar, es precisamente una herramienta de política pública para garantizar espacios en el espectro orientados a contenidos de interés general, culturales y educativos, en beneficio de la diversidad y no en su detrimento.

La crítica de la recurrente de que el “modelo concursal impugnado desconoce por completo esta dimensión” pasa por alto, además, que los lineamientos del oficio Nombre03.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 exigen, entre otros objetivos, evitar la concentración de espectro, garantizar la continuidad del servicio en todo el territorio, prevenir barreras de entrada y promover la competencia efectiva. Estas exigencias no son neutras desde la perspectiva cultural porque un espectro menos concentrado, con mayor cobertura rural y con procedimientos de acceso claros y abiertos, amplía el universo potencial de oferentes que pueden difundir contenidos religiosos, culturales, comunitarios o educativos, en vez de limitar la radiodifusión a quienes hoy detentan las frecuencias y aspiran a prórrogas automáticas de facto indefinidas.

Tampoco es correcto afirmar que someter a las estaciones culturales o religiosas a los mismos criterios generales de concurso que al resto de participantes equivalga, por sí mismo, a violar la Convención para la Salvaguardia del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial. El derecho internacional de los derechos humanos no reconoce un derecho adquirido de operadores privados a quedar al margen de la competencia por el solo hecho de emitir programación cultural o religiosa. Lo que exige es que el Estado no adopte medidas que, en la práctica, impidan u obstaculicen injustificadamente la transmisión de esas manifestaciones y que adopte políticas positivas para promoverlas. Nada en los pliegos de las Licitaciones Mayores N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL prohíbe o limita la emisión de contenidos religiosos, culturales o comunitarios, ni condiciona el acceso al espectro a la renuncia a ese tipo de programación.

Más aún, los pliegos aprobados por la SUTEL y examinados por la Contraloría General de la República en las Resoluciones N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025 y N.º R-DCP-00078-2025, se enfocan en aspectos propios de la aptitud técnica y económica para operar redes de radiodifusión: cobertura, número de transmisores, calidad de servicio, solvencia financiera básica y cumplimiento de obligaciones de contrato administrativo. La Contraloría General de la República analizó expresamente las objeciones de Nombre02 sobre supuestos efectos negativos en pluralismo informativo y contenidos culturales, concluyendo que se trataba de alegatos genéricos, sin identificación de cláusulas concretas ni estudios o datos que demostraran una afectación real a la diversidad de contenidos o a la libertad de expresión. Sobre esa base, rechazó las objeciones y mantuvo los pliegos, sin encontrar contradicción con los principios de libre concurrencia y transparencia que también tutelan la diversidad de medios.

La propia lógica de la Convención para la Salvaguardia del Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial, aprobada mediante Ley N.º 8560, confirma que el eje de protección está en las comunidades y sus prácticas, no en los canales concretos de difusión ni en estructuras empresariales determinadas. Las manifestaciones del patrimonio cultural inmaterial como fiestas religiosas, tradiciones orales, música tradicional, artes del espectáculo, saberes culinarios, etc., se transmiten a través de múltiples soportes: presencia física, educación formal e informal, espacios públicos, medios digitales, redes sociales y, por supuesto, radio y televisión de acceso libre y gratuito. La alteración del régimen de acceso al espectro no extingue esas prácticas ni impide per se que se sigan difundiendo; en todo caso, abre la posibilidad de que másactores, incluidos nuevos proyectos comunitarios o culturales que hoy no tienen frecuencia, puedan competir por títulos habilitantes.

En la medida en que los pliegos no discriminan entre oferentes por el tipo de contenidos que proyectan ni prohíben la programación cultural, religiosa o comunitaria, el eventual riesgo alegado por la recurrente es meramente hipotético: supone, sin prueba, que ningún actor cultural o religioso podrá cumplir los requisitos técnicos y económicos generales, que todos los actuales concesionarios culturales perderán sus títulos y que ningún nuevo actor de esa naturaleza ingresará al mercado. Esa cadena de supuestos ni está demostrada ni puede presumirse; más bien, contrasta con el mandato del artículo 8 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, de planificar el espectro en función de su optimización y del interés general, y con las metas del PNDT orientadas a garantizar la presencia de servicios de radiodifusión en todo el territorio.

Tampoco puede transformarse el deber estatal de proteger la diversidad cultural en una obligación de mantener intocables e indefinidas las posiciones de mercado de los actuales concesionarios. La protección de la diversidad cultural se satisface mejor mediante un espectro gestionado racionalmente, con reglas de acceso abiertas, con mecanismos contra la concentración y con espacio para proyectos de servicio público, que mediante un esquema de prórrogas automáticas sin concurso que cristalice el mapa actual de operadores. Entender la Convención de la Ley N.º 8560 como un blindaje corporativo frente a la aplicación del régimen demanial equivaldría a desnaturalizarla y a desplazar el foco desde las comunidades hacia los intereses patrimoniales de determinados grupos.

Por esto, el modelo concursal diseñado por el Poder Ejecutivo y ejecutado por la SUTEL no desconoce la diversidad cultural ni el patrimonio cultural inmaterial; lo que hace es separar correctamente los planos: por un lado, el régimen de acceso a un bien demanial escaso, que se rige por la Constitución Política, la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758, la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, y la Ley General de Contratación Pública, Ley N.º 9986; por otro, las políticas culturales específicas que el Estado debe desplegar, dentro y fuera del sector telecomunicaciones, para salvaguardar las manifestaciones culturales de las comunidades, de conformidad con la Ley N.º 8560. Pretender que la Convención se traduzca en un derecho de ciertos concesionarios a sustraerse de las reglas generales de concurso y de uso eficiente del espectro no encuentra apoyo ni en el texto de la Convención ni en el bloque de constitucionalidad; se trata, más bien, de una lectura instrumental al servicio de intereses económicos concretos, no de la protección genuina de la diversidad cultural.

13.- SOBRE EL AGRAVIO CONSTITUCIONAL RELACIONADO A LA CONTINUIDAD DEL SERVICIO Y EL DERECHO DE ACCESO A LAS TELECOMUNICACIONES El agravio que formula la recurrente pretende presentar el régimen concursal de radiodifusión como una amenaza directa a la continuidad del servicio y al derecho de acceso a las telecomunicaciones, pero parte de una premisa equivocada: confunde la continuidad del servicio público de radiodifusión con la perpetuación indefinida de los mismos concesionarios (mezclando el tema de las solicitudes de prórroga con una supuesta amenaza de salir de aire emisoras por no poder competir en el esquema de la subasta). El párrafo segundo del artículo 24 de la Constitución Política reconoce el derecho fundamental de las personas al acceso a las telecomunicaciones y a las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, pero en ningún extremo consagra un “derecho adquirido” de los actuales operadores a retener el uso de un bien demanial como el espectro radioeléctrico. El titular del derecho es la ciudadanía; los concesionarios son instrumentos jurídicos para satisfacer ese derecho en condiciones de temporalidad, competencia y eficiencia.

Desde el punto de vista jurídico-sectorial, la continuidad del servicio de radiodifusión no equivale a la permanencia indefinida de un concesionario específico, sino a la obligación de que el servicio se preste de forma estable y sin interrupciones injustificadas a las personas usuarias. Así lo evidencian, por un lado, los deberes generales de los concesionarios fijados en los artículos 7 y 11 de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758; y, por otro, las obligaciones de tiempo mínimo de transmisión y calidad de la señal previstas en los artículos 99 y 100 del Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 34765-MINAET). Esta normativa se orienta a asegurar que exista servicio continuo en las áreas de cobertura autorizadas, con independencia de cuál sea el operador que, previa licitación, resulte titular de la concesión La Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, desarrolla este mandato al fijar como objetivos, entre otros, garantizar el derecho de los habitantes a obtener servicios de telecomunicaciones, velar por la universalidad, continuidad, calidad y cobertura de los servicios y promover la utilización eficiente del espectro radioeléctrico (artículos 2, 3 y 8). En este marco, el paso de un esquema de licencias prorrogables prácticamente de forma indefinida, al modelo de concesiones por tiempo limitado y asignación mediante concurso público (artículos 11 y 12 de la Ley N.º 8642, en concordancia con el artículo 121 inciso 14) subinciso c) de la Constitución Política), no vulnera la continuidad del servicio; por el contrario, es el mecanismo que el ordenamiento constitucional y legal exige para asegurar que eseservicio se preste de manera estable, eficiente y no discriminatoria a lo largo del tiempo.

Tampoco es cierto que exista, hoy, un vacío o una incertidumbre permanente sobre la continuidad de los servicios. Precisamente para evitar cualquier riesgo de interrupción en el tránsito hacia el concurso público, el Poder Ejecutivo ha dictado un conjunto de normas transitorias (entre ellas el Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT, que sustituye y actualiza el régimen de prórrogas excepcionales ligado al vencimiento del 28 de junio de 2024) orientadas a mantener vigentes, por plazos estrictamente acotados, las concesiones actuales mientras se tramitan los procedimientos concursales y se formalizan los nuevos títulos. Es decir, lejos de abandonar a los radioyentes y televidentes en un eventual apagón, el Poder Ejecutivo ha modulado la transición precisamente para garantizar que la continuidad del servicio no dependa de la suerte procesal de las gestiones de prórroga, sino de una política pública clara y general.

En la misma línea, la jurisprudencia constitucional ha sido consistente en afirmar que el espectro radioeléctrico sólo puede ser explotado directamente por la Administración o por particulares mediante concesión por tiempo limitado, sujeta a las condiciones que establezca el ordenamiento jurídico. Así lo reiteró la Sala Constitucional en las resoluciones N.º 02997-2006 y N.º 04569-2008, al validar la temporalidad de las concesiones de radiocomunicación y la exigencia de concurso público como forma de seleccionar al concesionario. Bajo esa lógica, lo que sería contrario al artículo 24 constitucional y al propio artículo 121 inciso 14) subinciso c), sería perpetuar sin límite títulos antiguos, otorgados bajo reglas previas no vigentes (como el Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones), sin revisar si siguen satisfaciendo los objetivos de cobertura, calidad y eficiencia que hoy rigen el sector.

El señalamiento de “mora administrativa” en la resolución de las prórrogas, además, es marcadamente selectivo. Es cierto que las solicitudes fueron presentadas desde finales de 2022; pero lo relevante desde la perspectiva del amparo no es una eventual tardanza abstracta (porque no indica cuáles son las tardanzas concretas, no aporta pruebas, de alguna de sus asociadas), sino si esa tardanza se tradujo en una lesión actual y concreta al derecho fundamental de acceso a las telecomunicaciones o a la continuidad del servicio. Ello no ha ocurrido porque durante todo ese período los concesionarios han continuado operando, primero amparados a los títulos existentes y, posteriormente, bajo las prórrogas excepcionales y regímenes transitorios dictados por el propio Poder Ejecutivo y, posterior al día siguiente hábil a la declaratoria de nuevas autoridades del Poder Ejecutivo y Poder Legislativo que haga el Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones en el proceso electoral 2025-2026, al amparo de la medida cautelar de alcance generaldictada por el Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo, voto N.º 378-2025-I de las 14:40 horas del 24 de septiembre de 2025.

Por lo demás, la supuesta mora ha sido sustituida por actos administrativos que siguen una vía administrativa con base en el principio de legalidad (Acuerdos Ejecutivos de denegatoria de prórrogas emitidos por el Poder Ejecutivo) que están siendo debidamente ventilados en la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa junto con el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, conforme al diseño del Estado de Derecho. Pretender reetiquetar ese debate, que es de legalidad y oportunidad administrativa, como una violación del derecho de acceso a las telecomunicaciones desnaturaliza el amparo y lo convierte en una vía paralela para suspender o revisar decisiones que cuentan con vía ordinaria idónea. El artículo 41 de la Constitución Política garantiza una justicia pronta y cumplida, no la intangibilidad de expectativas económicas de los concesionarios sobre la forma de renovar sus títulos y, en todo caso, la revisión de las decisiones administrativas al amparo de la ley se ventilan en la jurisdicción especializada prevista en el artículo 49 de la Constitución Política.

El otro pilar del agravio, la supuesta amenaza real de que numerosas emisoras salgan del aire por no poder competir en la subasta, carece de sustento fáctico y jurídico. Los pliegos de la Licitación Mayor N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (radiodifusión en AM), N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (radiodifusión en FM) y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (radiodifusión televisiva), elaborados por la SUTEL conforme a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, y la Ley General de Contratación Pública, Ley N.º 9986, no contienen disposición alguna que impida la participación de los actuales operadores, ni mucho menos ordenan la interrupción anticipada del servicio. Se limitan a definir requisitos técnicos y económicos generales, aplicables a cualquier interesado, actual o nuevo, que quiera explotar frecuencias de un bien demanial de altísima relevancia. La eventual no adjudicación a un operador concreto o su decisión de no participar en el concurso, es una contingencia propia de cualquier licitación pública, no una violación del derecho fundamental de acceso a las telecomunicaciones en todo el territorio nacional que tienen todos los habitantes del país.

La propia Dirección de Contratación Pública del Ministerio de Hacienda, en la Resolución N.º MH-DCoP-RES-0009-2025, al autorizar la tramitación de estos concursos fuera del Sistema Digital Unificado, parte de la premisa de que se trata de procedimientos diseñados justamente para garantizar el interés público, la transparencia, la igualdad de trato de los participantes y la utilización eficiente del espectro radioeléctrico, de conformidad con los artículos 4 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, Ley N.º 6227, 16 de la Ley General de Contratación Pública, Ley N.º 9986, y 7, 10, 11, 12 y 29 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, LeyN.º 8642. Difícilmente puede sostenerse, entonces, que un esquema reforzado de concurrencia, transparencia y control público equivalga, per se, a una amenaza de interrupción del servicio.

También debe enfatizarse que la continuidad del servicio radiodifundido se mide en términos de disponibilidad para los usuarios, no de identidad del concesionario. El artículo 29 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, define la radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre como una actividad privada de interés público, precisamente para dejar claro que el fin protegido es el acceso de la población a contenidos informativos, culturales y recreativos, y que la Administración puede y debe organizar la prestación en función de ese interés general. Si al cabo de un concurso público una frecuencia pasa de un operador que no asegura determinadas coberturas o calidades, a uno que sí las garantiza, la continuidad del servicio y el derecho de acceso no se ven lesionados, sino fortalecidos.

Desde la perspectiva del artículo 24 constitucional, la solución contraria como lo serían las prórrogas automáticas indefinidas, sin revisión de condiciones técnicas, de cobertura o de solvencia, sí sería problemática. Mantendría inalteradas estructuras de asignación heredadas del siglo pasado, asociadas a un “Reglamento de Estaciones Inalámbricas” derogado y a un “Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones” también derogado y a una concepción constitucional del espectro (como lo sería la interpretación aislada del artículo 25 de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 y dificultaría que el Estado cumpla con sus deberes de universalidad, calidad, innovación tecnológica y reducción de brechas territoriales. El tránsito ordenado hacia el concurso público, con normas transitorias que aseguran la prestación ininterrumpida durante el proceso, es el camino que la Constitución Política y la Ley N.º 8642 señalan para compatibilizar los derechos de los usuarios, la seguridad jurídica de los operadores y la naturaleza demanial del espectro (artículo 121 inciso 14) subinciso c) de la Constitución Política).

En cuanto al argumento de que la “incertidumbre” sobre el resultado del concurso afecta inversiones y empleo en el Sector, cabe recordar que toda concesión administrativa y en particular las referidas al espectro radioeléctrico es, por definición, temporal y revocable por razones de interés público. Los operadores han conocido desde 2004, a partir del Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones, Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 31608-G, y luego de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, que el modelo de licencias prorrogables se sustituye por concesiones sujetas a concurso público y plazos definidos para respetar el mandato constitucional de temporalidad en el uso y explotación del bien demanial. El riesgo regulatorio asociado a esa transición no es un quiebre sorpresivo de reglas, sino la concreción de un itinerario normativo anunciado desde hace dos décadas.

Así, el cuadro que expone la recurrente (mora en prórrogas, concurso “excluyente”, amenaza de apagón y violación del artículo 24 constitucional) descansa en proyecciones hipotéticas, no en un daño actual y cierto a la continuidad de los servicios o al derecho de acceso de la población. Mientras las emisoras y canales continúan operando bajo los regímenes transitorios vigentes, y mientras los concursos se tramitan bajo control de legalidad de la Contraloría General de la República y de la jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa, no hay interrupción del servicio ni restricción efectiva al acceso de la ciudadanía al medio radiodifundido. Lo que existe es la oposición de un sector empresarial a un rediseño normativo que, justamente, busca reforzar los principios de temporalidad, competencia, transparencia y eficiencia que la Constitución Política y la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, exigen para la gestión del espectro radioeléctrico. Eso puede ser materia de debate político o de examen minucioso de legalidad ordinaria en el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, pero no configura, en sí mismo, una violación del derecho fundamental de acceso a las telecomunicaciones ni de la continuidad del servicio radiodifundido.

14.- CONSIDERACIONES SOBRE LAS PETITORIAS DEL RECURSO DE AMPARO La propia estructura de la petitoria evidencia que el recurso no se limita a denunciar una supuesta lesión concreta de derechos fundamentales, sino que pretende que la Sala Constitucional asuma el rol de juez de legalidad ordinaria y de órgano de diseño de política pública sectorial. En efecto, se solicita mantener suspendidas las licitaciones mayores N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL; ordenar una prórroga general por cinco años de todas las concesiones actualmente en operación; declarar la inconstitucionalidad del Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, del oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 y de los pliegos de dichas licitaciones, y rediseñar íntegramente el modelo concursal de la radiodifusión. Todo ello desborda la función propia del amparo y contraría la distribución de competencias establecida por los artículos 10 y 49 de la Constitución Política, así como la jurisprudencia reiterada de esta Sala Constitucional según la cual el control de legalidad de la actuación administrativa corresponde primariamente a la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa.

En cuanto a la solicitud de “mantener suspendida la tramitación y eventual adjudicación” de las licitaciones N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, debe recordarse que la Contraloría General de la República, en sus resoluciones N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025 y N.º R-DCP-00078-2025, ya conoció y rechazó las objeciones formuladas por Nombre02 contra los pliegos de condiciones, concluyendo que se ajustan a la Ley General de Contratación Pública, Ley N.º 9986, y que no introducen barreras ilegítimas ni vulneran la libertad de expresión o el pluralismo.

El Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, en el expediente N.º 25-007887-1027-CA promovido por la propia CANARTEL, rechazó la medida cautelar provisionalísima que pretendía suspender los efectos de los Acuerdos Ejecutivos de denegatoria de prórroga y de instrucción del concurso público, tras verificar que no se cumplían los presupuestos para su otorgamiento, y concedió audiencia al Estado. Asimismo, existe ya una medida cautelar de alcance general en el expediente N.º 25-001640-1027-CA (voto N.º 378-2025-I), que mantiene la vigencia de los títulos habilitantes mientras se desarrolla el concurso, sin suspender su tramitación. Forzar, por la vía del amparo, una suspensión general de los procedimientos licitatorios implicaría desconocer esas decisiones de la jurisdicción ordinaria y de la Contraloría General de la República, y convertir a esta Sala Constitucional en una instancia revisora de criterios de legalidad y de oportunidad administrativa.

Tampoco se acredita el periculum in mora que justificaría una medida cautelar constitucional tan intensa. La continuidad del servicio de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva ha sido normativamente asegurada mediante disposiciones como el Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT, que extiende la vigencia de las concesiones durante el período electoral en condiciones de estabilidad para los usuarios, y mediante la medida cautelar de alcance general ya indicada del Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo. La población sigue teniendo acceso a la radio y la televisión abierta; no existe un riesgo actual de apagón o de supresión masiva de emisoras que habilite a esta Sala a paralizar procesos de concurso diseñados precisamente para garantizar, a mediano y largo plazo, la universalidad, continuidad, calidad y cobertura de los servicios, conforme a los artículos 2, 3 y 8 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642.

La pretensión de que esta Sala ordene “mantener la operación ininterrumpida de todas las concesiones de radio y televisión actualmente vigentes y en explotación efectiva, por un plazo de cinco (5) años”, en los términos que solicita la recurrente, es frontalmente incompatible con la naturaleza demanial del espectro radioeléctrico y con el régimen constitucional de concesiones. El artículo 121 inciso 14) subinciso c) de la Constitución Política exige que la explotación de los bienes del dominio público de la Nación, entre ellos el espectro radioeléctrico, se otorgue por tiempo limitado; la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 y la LeyGeneral de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, han sido interpretadas por la Sala Constitucional en el sentido de que la prórroga automática prevista en el artículo 25 de la primera no puede dar lugar a concesiones de facto perpetuas. La jurisprudencia (resoluciones N.º 02997-2006 y N.º 04569-2008, entre otras) ha validado precisamente el tránsito hacia un modelo de concesiones temporales, adjudicadas por concurso, como exigencia del mandato constitucional. Imponer ahora, vía amparo, una prórroga general por un quinquenio, con abstracción de los Acuerdos Ejecutivos ya dictados, de las concesiones vencidas y de los concursos convocados, significaría desconocer esa doctrina y sustituir al legislador y al Poder Ejecutivo en el diseño, planificación, administración y control sobre el bien demanial constitucional.

La referencia que hace la petitoria a una “recomendación técnica de la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (SUTEL)” tampoco puede justificar una orden de prórroga general. Las recomendaciones técnicas de la SUTEL se deben analizar a la luz de la Ley N.º 8660 que permite al Poder Ejecutivo fundamentar por razones de interés público separarse de tales criterios y, en todo caso, se hace al amparo de todas los fundamentos de interés público que asiste al bloque de constitucionalidad que ampara la instrucción del concurso por medio del Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º Telf02. Afirmar lo contrario equivaldría a trasladar a la autoridad técnica una potestad de configuración del régimen demanial que el constituyente ha reservado inequívocamente a la Asamblea Legislativa y al Poder Ejecutivo, dentro de sus respectivas competencias.

En lo que respecta a la petición de que esta Sala declare, “en sentencia de fondo”, que el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, el oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 y los pliegos de condiciones de las licitaciones N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL vulneran diversos derechos fundamentales, debe insistirse en que el recurso de amparo no es la vía adecuada para reabrir un debate de legalidad y de política pública ya ventilado en múltiples sedes ordinarias. La Contraloría General de la República ha confirmado la validez de los pliegos frente a objeciones sustancialmente idénticas a las que se plantean ahora; el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo conoce acciones de nulidad contra el propio Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT y contra los Acuerdos denegatorios de prórroga; y el Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones, en la resolución N.º 2267-E8-2025, ya delimitó el riesgo electoral asociado al nuevo modelo, permitiendo la continuidad de los concursos bajo ciertas condiciones. Transformar el amparo en un cauce alterno para revisar, en bloque, esa arquitectura normativa y administrativa vaciaría de contenido el reparto de competencias entre juez constitucional y juez contencioso-administrativo que emana de los artículos 10 y 49 de la Constitución Política. Más aún, las supuestas violaciones invocadas no se desprenden objetivamente del texto del Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, ni del oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, ni de los pliegos licitatorios. Como se ha expuesto, estos instrumentos incorporan criterios de eficiencia económica, sí, pero también lineamientos expresos de continuidad del servicio, cobertura territorial, prevención de concentración de espectro, ausencia de barreras injustificadas de entrada, transparencia y protección de usuarios, en armonía con la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, y con la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758. La Contraloría General ha calificado como “genéricos” y carentes de prueba los alegatos de afectación a la libertad de expresión y al pluralismo informativo, al no identificar cláusulas concretas, ni aportar estudios o datos que acrediten un riesgo real, más allá de meras hipótesis.

La solicitud de que esta Sala Constitucional ordene rediseñar el procedimiento concursal para respetar “la diferenciación entre estaciones comerciales, culturales, religiosas, educativas y comunitarias”, “incorporar mecanismos de protección efectiva de la diversidad cultural y del patrimonio cultural inmaterial” y “garantizar la participación real de pequeñas y medianas empresas nacionales” va todavía un paso más allá: convierte al juez constitucional en un co-diseñador de la política sectorial de la radiodifusión. Corresponde al legislador, mediante leyes como la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758, la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, y la Ley General de Contratación Pública, Ley N.º 9986, y al Poder Ejecutivo, mediante reglamentos y acuerdos ejecutivos, definir el modelo de asignación del espectro y, en su caso, introducir regímenes especiales o medidas de acción afirmativa. La Sala Constitucional puede expulsar del ordenamiento normas incompatibles con la Constitución Política o interpretarlas conforme a ella, pero no puede diseñar un sistema de cuotas, reservas o tratos diferenciados que el legislador no ha establecido, ni sustituir en sus valoraciones técnicas a la SUTEL y a la Contraloría General de la República.

La petición de que se ordene al Poder Ejecutivo y a la SUTEL “resolver, en forma pronta, motivada y respetuosa del debido proceso, todas las solicitudes de prórroga de concesión presentadas desde diciembre de 2022, asegurando la continuidad del servicio” desconoce que muchas de esas solicitudes ya han sido objeto de pronunciamiento expreso, mediante Acuerdos Ejecutivos que deniegan la prórroga y que se encuentran actualmente sometidos a la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa. Este extremo de la petitoria tampoco se identifica una lesión actual a la continuidad del servicio, que ha sido protegida, como se indicó, por normas transitorias de carácter general, sino que se limita a expresar el desacuerdo de la recurrente con el cambio de modelo: de prórrogas sucesivas, basadas en el artículo25 de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758, a un régimen de concurso público sujeto a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642.

En suma, las petitorias formuladas pretenden que la Sala mantenga indefinidamente suspendidos concursos declarados válidos por el órgano contralor; imponga una prórroga general por cinco años a favor de todos los concesionarios, sin distinción; revoque, por la vía del amparo, una arquitectura normativa y técnica construida durante años en la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758, la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, Ley N.º 8642, sus reglamentos y los dictámenes de la SUTEL; y rediseñe el modelo concursal con criterios de política pública sectorial que desbordan el ámbito del control de constitucionalidad. En realidad, la recurrente intenta aprovechar un contexto de variada litigiosidad en sede contenciosa administrativa y constitucional para reabrir, ante esta Sala, temas que no han prosperado por su carencia de argumentos y fundamentos probatorios ni ante la Contraloría General de la República ni ante los tribunales ordinarios, y que pertenecen al campo del control de legalidad y de la configuración normativa ordinaria, no al núcleo del amparo. Por estas razones, ninguna de las petitorias puede ser declarada con lugar.

IV.- SOBRE LA FUNDAMENTACIÓN JURÍDICA DE LAS DECISIONES ADOPTADAS POR EL PODER EJECUTIVO RELACIONADAS CON LA GARANTÍA DEL EJERCICIO DE LOS DERECHOS FUNDAMENTALES MEDIANTE LA RADIODIFUSIÓN SONORA Y TELEVISIVA DE ACCESO LIBRE Y GRATUITO COMO ACTIVIDAD PRIVADA DE INTERÉS PÚBLICO.

A.- SOBRE LA NATURALEZA DEL ESPECTRO RADIOELÉCTRICO COMO BIEN DE DOMINIO PÚBLICO El espectro radioeléctrico es un bien de dominio público constitucional, según lo dispuesto en el artículo 121 inciso 14) sub inciso c) de la Constitución Política, y el numeral 78 de la Ley N.º 8642, Ley General de Telecomunicaciones y el artículo 79 del Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 44010-MICITT, Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias (PNAF) y sus reformas. Por lo tanto, no puede salir del dominio del Estado y su planificación, administración y control se rige según lo establecido en la Constitución Política, los Tratados Internacionales, las leyes y reglamentos que al efecto se emitan, así como lo dispuesto en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones (PNDT), según lo estipula el artículo 10 de la Ley N.º 8642.

De manera que, el espectro radioeléctrico sólo podrá ser explotado por la Administración Pública o por particulares, de acuerdo con la ley o mediante concesión especial otorgada por tiempo limitado y con arreglo a las condiciones y estipulaciones que establezca el legislador, según lo instituye el subinciso c) inciso 14) del artículo 121 de la Constitución Política.

Como recurso natural que es, posee las características de los bienes demaniales, es decir, son aquellos que por su vocación al servicio general o colectivo o por decisión de la Asamblea Legislativa, por una votación de al menos dos terceras partes de sus miembros, están afectados a un uso público, por lo que son inalienables, imprescriptibles y están fuera del comercio de los hombres. Sobre los mismos, esa honorable Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia mediante su Voto N.º 02408 de las 16:13 horas de fecha 21 de febrero de 2007, ha indicado:

“(…) son aquellos que tienen una naturaleza y régimen jurídico diverso de los bienes privados –los cuales se rigen por el derecho de propiedad en los términos del artículo 45 de la Constitución Política–, en tanto, por expresa voluntad del legislador se encuentran afectos a un destino especial de servir a la comunidad, sea al interés público, y que por ello, no pueden ser objeto de propiedad privada, de modo que están fuera del comercio de los hombres, por lo cual, no pueden pertenecer individualmente a los particulares, ni al Estado, en sentido estricto, por cuanto éste se limita a su administración y tutela.(…)” De tal manera, debido a que se encuentra comprometido el interés público se les aplica lo dispuesto en el artículo 261 del Código Civil y que reza:

“Artículo 261.

Son cosas públicas, las que, por ley, están destinadas de un modo permanente a cualquier servicio de utilidad general, y aquéllas de que todos pueden aprovecharse por estar entregadas a uso público (…)”.

En virtud de lo anterior, resulta evidente que los bienes públicos y con ellos el espectro radioeléctrico, tienen un destino diferente, por estar afectados a un usocomún, tal y como lo indicó esa honorable Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, mediante la Sentencia N.º 2301-91 de fecha 06 de noviembre de 1991, al señalar que: (…).” Debido a lo anterior, las concesiones para el uso y explotación del espectro radioeléctrico sólo confieren a su titular, el derecho de explotar o hacer uso de éste en los términos y condiciones estipuladas en el respectivo título habilitante, sin que se genere derecho alguno de dominio sobre éste. Lo anterior conlleva a señalar, que la persona física o jurídica concesionaria no adquiere ni la propiedad ni tampoco un derecho adquirido sobre el bien, sino todo lo contrario, la concesión sólo confiere a su titular la posibilidad de usar y explotar el bien, dentro de un plazo determinado, y bajo las condiciones delimitadas en el título habilitante, y en el ordenamiento jurídico vigente (incluyendo el Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias -por sus siglas PNAF-, como norma técnica que atribuye las bandas de frecuencias del espectro radioeléctrico según su uso, tomando en consideración las recomendaciones de la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones y elReglamento de Radiocomunicaciones de esa Organización). Manteniéndose por su naturaleza y vocación al servicio público o el interés general, al cual constitucionalmente están afectos.

Lo anterior, por cuanto es un bien demanial escaso y estratégico, clave para la inserción de los países a las nuevas tecnologías y servicios innovadores, por lo que, la decisión de su asignación debe estar sometida a una serie de rigurosidades, no sólo a nivel procedimental (para asegurar su transparencia y legalidad), sino también atender a las necesidades y el interés público del Estado, lo cual conlleva a que deba ser congruente con la visión de corto, mediano y largo plazo del Rector de Telecomunicaciones, y con los objetivos de política pública del país (fines públicos).

Así las cosas, resulta claro que las telecomunicaciones se encuentran reguladas desde una jerarquía constitucional, supra legal y legal orientada además por principios rectores y objetivos legales sectoriales, cuya aplicación es de acatamiento obligatorio para todos los concesionarios, sean estas personas físicas o jurídicas, públicas o privadas, nacionales o extranjeras, sin que pueda alegarse ignorancia de la Ley. En este sentido, la Constitución Política señala en su artículo 129, el cual cita:

“Artículo 129.- Las leyes son obligatorias y surten efectos desde el día que ellas designen; a falta de este requisito, diez días después de su publicación en el Diario Oficial.

Nadie puede alegar ignorancia de la ley salvo en los casos que la misma autorice. (…)” Como parte de los objetivos contenidos en los incisos g) e i) del artículo 2 de la Ley N.º 8642, Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, se contempla la obligación del Estado de asegurar la eficiente y efectiva asignación, uso, explotación, administración y control del espectro radioeléctrico y demás recursos escasos, así como procurar los máximos beneficios del progreso tecnológico y de la convergencia, y promover la competencia efectiva en el mercado de las telecomunicaciones como mecanismo para aumentar la disponibilidad de los servicios, mejorar su calidad y asegurar precios asequibles.

En complemento a lo expuesto, en el artículo 8 de la LGT se regulan los objetivos de la planificación, administración y control del espectro radioeléctrico, objetivos que dan sustento a las competencias legales conferidas a la Rectoría de Telecomunicaciones y a la SUTEL.(…).

V.- CONCLUSIONES 1. No resulta jurídicamente admisible que se pretenda someter a control constitucional, bajo la vía del recurso de amparo, el diseño de los pliegos de condiciones, la fijación de precios base, la configuración de las redes y, en general, el componente técnico-económico del modelo concursal, sin integrar al proceso a la autoridad independiente a la que el ordenamiento ha confiado de forma exclusiva esas potestades. La omisión de recurrir contra la SUTEL, pese a dirigir contra sus actos y criterios la mayoría de los reproches formulados, genera un evidente déficit de contradicción y debilita artificialmente la posición de las autoridades sectoriales, en abierta tensión con el principio de buena fe procesal y el principio de igualdad de armas procesales. Por ello, y antes de que se examine el fondo de los agravios relativos a las actuaciones de la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones, respetuosamente debe solicitarse que la Sala Constitucional disponga su integración al presente recurso de amparo en calidad de autoridad recurrida, confiriéndole la audiencia que corresponda, de manera que cualquier pronunciamiento sobre tales extremos se produzca con plena observancia de los principios de contradicción, defensa y congruencia subjetiva.

2.- Las mismas decisiones administrativas que Nombre02 impugna en este recurso de amparo, sea, las denegatorias de prórroga, el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º Telf02 y los pliegos de las Licitaciones Mayores N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM) y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV), ya son objeto de múltiples procesos en curso ante la Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa, tanto cautelares como de conocimiento (expedientes, entre otros, N.º 25-001640-1027-CA, 25-002650-1027-CA, 25-006374-1027-CA, 25-006375-1027-CA, 25-006586-1027-CA y 25-007887-1027-CA). En ellos se discuten, con amplitud probatoria, el supuesto silencio positivo, la nulidad de Acuerdos Ejecutivos, la validez del modelo concursal, la inclusión de frecuencias específicas, los supuestos efectos patrimoniales y las consecuencias sobre títulos habilitantes concretos. La vía ordinaria, por tanto, no sólo existe, sino que está siendo intensamente utilizada por la propia recurrente y sus asociados.

3. En el expediente N.º 25-007887-1027-CA, impulsado por la propia CANARTEL, el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo rechazó la medida cautelar provisionalísima que pretendía la suspensión de los Acuerdos Ejecutivos y de las licitaciones, y otorgó audiencia al Estado para resolver la solicitud cautelar. Esa decisión demuestra que el juez de legalidad ordinaria ya valoró, aunque sea prima facie, la inexistencia de un fumus boni iuris, de un periculum in mora y de una ponderación de intereses que justificaran la paralización del modelo concursal. Pretender que la Sala Constitucional otorgue ahora, por la vía del amparo, lo que el juez contencioso denegó cautelarmente, equivale a instaurar una doble instancia paralela sobre el mismo objeto litigioso, en abierta contradicción con la distribución constitucional de competencias entre los artículos 10 y 49 de la Constitución Política.

4. La Sala Constitucional ha sido constante en afirmar que no es contralor de legalidad ni una instancia más de la Administración, y que, a partir de la vigencia del Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo, existe una jurisdicción contenciosa plenaria y universal, dotada de medidas cautelares y mecanismos ágiles para la tutela efectiva de las situaciones jurídicas sustanciales. Las cuestiones que Nombre02 plantea como el contenido y alcance del Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, diseño de pliegos, precios base, TIR/VAN, número de transmisores, plazos de despliegue, supuesta mora en las prórrogas, son típicos asuntos de legalidad ordinaria, que exigen prueba y ponderaciones técnicas, y que ya se ventilan en la vía especializada. Utilizar el recurso de amparo para replantear esas controversias desnaturaliza su función extraordinaria y vulnera el principio de autocontención del juez constitucional.

5. El Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones, en la Resolución N.º 2267-E8-2025, analizó expresamente los eventuales riesgos electorales del nuevo esquema de asignación de frecuencias y ordenó diferir su implementación material durante el período electoral 2025-2026, pero sin suspender la tramitación de los concursos ni cuestionar la competencia del Poder Ejecutivo para diseñarlos. Incluso dispuso que, de cumplirse las exigencias jurídicas respectivas, podían darse prórrogas, renovaciones o adjudicaciones durante ese lapso. La suspensión integral acordada en el marco del presente amparo termina siendo más restrictiva que el estándar fijado por el propio juez electoral, pese a que éste ya acotó el riesgo y habilitó la continuación del proceso en su fase preparatoria.

6. El Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT extendió la vigencia de las concesiones de radiodifusión desde el 28 de junio de 2024 hasta el día hábil siguiente a la firmeza de la declaratoria de nuevas autoridades del Poder Ejecutivo y Legislativo en el proceso electoral 2025-2026, manteniendo incólumes las condiciones originales de los títulos. Adicionalmente, en el expediente N.º 25-001640-1027-CA, el Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo dictó una medida cautelar de alcance general (voto N.º 378-2025-I de las 14:40 horas del 24 de septiembre de 2025) que mantiene la vigencia de los títulos habilitantes hasta que se decida en firme el concurso, se dicte sentencia definitiva en ese proceso principal o exista un cambio en las circunstancias. En este contexto, no existe una interrupción actual del servicio ni una reducción abrupta de la oferta de contenidos; cualquier alegada afectación a la libertad de expresión, al pluralismo informativo o al derecho de acceso a las telecomunicaciones se sitúa en el terreno de la conjetura, no en el de una lesión cierta, directa e inminente.

7. El Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º Telf03-TEL-MICITT se inserta en un entramado normativo claro: el artículo 121 inciso 14) subinciso c) y 182 de la Constitución Política, la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642, la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758, el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones 2022-2027 y los compromisos internacionales asumidos por Costa Rica sobre administración de recursos escasos. Se apoya, además, en dictámenes técnicos de la SUTEL que valoran ocupación del espectro, cobertura, demanda potencial y condiciones de mercado, y que justifican la necesidad y factibilidad del concurso. El Acuerdo de instrucción se limita a ordenar la preparación de concursos futuros para un bien demanial cuya explotación siempre ha sido temporal, bajo reglas de transparencia y libre concurrencia. No resuelve casos particulares, no discrimina por tipo de contenido y no impone un modelo económico ajeno al marco constitucional y legal vigente.

8. El oficio N.º MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 de Lineamientos de Política Pública de esta Rectoría de las Telecomunicaciones, lejos de someter la radiodifusión a una lógica puramente mercantil, ordena garantizar el derecho de acceso a los servicios de telecomunicaciones, la continuidad del servicio de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva, la accesibilidad en todo el territorio, especialmente en zonas rurales, la prevención de la concentración de espectro, la inexistencia de barreras de entrada injustificadas, la transparencia de los concursos y la sostenibilidad ambiental. La referencia a “eficiencia” y “fuerzas del mercado” se ubica dentro de un haz de objetivos que buscan optimizar un recurso público escaso en beneficio del interés general, sin seleccionar concesionarios por su línea editorial, religiosa o cultural. Lo que la recurrente califica como “homogeneización” es, en realidad, neutralidad del Estado frente a los contenidos y sujeción de todos los operadores a reglas generales objetivas y no discriminatorias.

9. El artículo 29 de la Ley N.º 8642 y el dictamen vinculante N.º C-110-2016 de la Procuraduría General de la República confirman que la radiodifusión, en cuanto radiocomunicación, es telecomunicación, y que el régimen jurídico es mixto: la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 regula aspectos específicos del servicio, pero la planificación, administración y control del espectro, así como el régimen de redes y de competencia, se rigen por la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones N.º 8642. Bajo este enfoque, el espectro sigue siendo un bien del dominio público de la Nación, inalienable e imprescriptible, cuya explotación debe ser siempre por tiempo limitado y mediante concurso público. La figura de la prórroga automática del artículo 25 de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758 no puede interpretarse hoy como fuente de concesiones perpetuas ni de prórrogas automáticas indefinidas; debe armonizarse con los límites temporales y los objetivos de eficiencia, transparencia y no discriminación que impone la legislación sectorial posterior y la propia Constitución Política y la interpretación que ha realizado la propia Sala Constitucional.

10. El artículo 20 de la Ley de Radio (Servicios Inalámbricos) N.º 1758, que prevé exenciones tributarias para determinadas emisoras culturales que no realicen propaganda remunerada, y los artículos 97 y 98 del Reglamento a la Ley N.º 8642, que clasifican estaciones en comerciales y culturales, no establecen regímenes concesionales distintos ni mandatan concursos segmentados por contenido. Se trata de normas que operan, fundamentalmente, en el plano fiscal y de obligaciones programáticas. Transformarlas en un derecho a condiciones económicas y técnicas privilegiadas en el acceso al espectro desborda su texto y crearía tratamientos preferentes sin habilitación legal expresa, con riesgos de discriminación y de control ideológico sobre los contenidos. La igualdad y la libertad de expresión exigen, por el contrario, concursos neutrales respecto del mensaje, con reglas uniformes para todos los interesados.

11. La Contraloría General de la República conoció y resolvió los recursos de objeción presentados contra los pliegos de las Licitaciones Mayores N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (Resoluciones N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025 y N.º R-DCP-00078-2025), siendo que se conoce los propios recursos de objeción interpuestos por CANARTEL. Luego de un examen técnico-jurídico detallado, concluyó que: a) Los recurrentes no identificaron cláusulas concretas que generaran la supuesta afectación. b) No demostraron, con estudios financieros o de mercado, que los precios base o el mecanismo de subasta constituyeran barreras injustificadas de acceso. c) No aportaron evidencia de una restricción real a la libertad de expresión o al pluralismo, limitándose a afirmaciones genéricas.

12. Los alegatos sobre precios base, subasta, requisitos de flujo de caja y VAN/TIR, número mínimo de transmisores, plazos de despliegue y regionalización MIDEPLAN se dirigieron, en su momento, a la Contraloría General de la República y fueron descartados por falta de fundamentación técnica o jurídica suficiente. Los pliegos de condiciones aplican estos requisitos de forma general, objetiva y no discriminatoria, con la finalidad legítima de garantizar viabilidad de los proyectos, continuidad del servicio, cobertura nacional o regional y uso eficiente del espectro. El comportamiento del mercado, con ofertas de emisoras religiosas, culturales y regionales, desmiente la tesis de que el diseño haya cerrado de facto el acceso a estos actores. En todo caso, se trata de discrepancias con la oportunidad y la intensidad de la regulación sectorial, que deben ventilarse en la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa, no en sede de amparo.

13. La recurrente no individualiza expedientes administrativos de prórroga ni demuestra, con hechos y fechas precisas, una demora injustificada que haya colocado a un concesionario en indefensión. Mientras tanto, el Poder Ejecutivo ha dictado normas generales para asegurar la continuidad del servicio (como el Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT) y los propios concesionarios han activado procesos contenciosos, con pretensiones de enorme alcance patrimonial, para discutir la existencia de silencio positivo, la validez de los Acuerdos denegatorios y el régimen de prórrogas. La alegada “vulnerabilidad jurídica” es, en realidad, consecuencia de la naturaleza temporal de las concesiones demaniales y de la decisión legítima del Estado de someter nuevamente el espectro a concurso, no de una omisión inconstitucional.

14. Todos los potenciales adjudicatarios se encuentran en una situación jurídicamente comparable: son particulares que pretenden explotar un bien demanial constitucional, público y escaso, para prestar servicios de radiodifusión de acceso libre y gratuito Imponerles condiciones técnicas y económicas comunes, orientadas a garantizar continuidad, cobertura y calidad, responde a la finalidad legítima de optimizar el uso del espectro y proteger el derecho de acceso a las telecomunicaciones. No existe en el ordenamiento una habilitación para diseñar concursos con condiciones sustantivamente distintas según el contenido del mensaje o la finalidad subjetiva del operador; hacerlo, incluso, podría generar discriminaciones indirectas y riesgos para la libertad de expresión. La igualdad exige reglas objetivas, no privilegios sectoriales o gremiales sin base legal.

15. La construcción de la supuesta afectación a la libertad de expresión, al pluralismo, a la igualdad, al debido proceso y al acceso a las telecomunicaciones descansa en hipótesis futuras (eventual pérdida de concesiones, potencial salida del aire de ciertos operadores, posibles dificultades económicas de algunos modelos de negocio), no en hechos concretos y actuales. La propia Sala Constitucional ha reiterado que el amparo no protege meros temores ni desacuerdos con la orientación de políticas públicas, sino violaciones efectivas y acreditadas de derechos fundamentales. Aquí, lo que se evidencia es la inconformidad de un grupo de concesionarios con la transición desde un esquema de prórrogas automáticas de hecho hacia un modelo de concursos públicos temporales, competitivos y sometidos a control de legalidad ordinaria.

16. A la luz de lo expuesto, desde una perspectiva estrictamente constitucional y procesal, el recurso de amparo interpuesto por la Cámara Nacional de Radio y Televisión (CANARTEL) se presenta como una acción que se superpone con procesos contencioso-administrativos de conocimiento y cautelares ya en curso, en los cuales se discute exactamente el mismo objeto litigioso. Asimismo, se dirige contra extremos que han sido objeto de decisiones firmes de la Contraloría General de la República, autoridad que ha validado los pliegos de condiciones frente a las objeciones formuladas por la propia recurrente. Lejos de acreditar una lesión actual, directa e individualizada de derechos fundamentales, el recurso exterioriza, más bien, una discrepancia con decisiones de política pública y de regulación sectorial que cuentan con cauces ordinarios idóneos y eficaces para su revisión.

17. En consecuencia, procede que la Sala Constitucional declare sin lugar en todos sus extremos el recurso de amparo interpuesto por CANARTEL, revoque la medida cautelar que suspendió la tramitación de las licitaciones mayores de radiodifusión, restableciendo la plena vigencia de las actuaciones administrativas impugnadas, sin perjuicio de lo que resuelva la Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa en los procesos ya iniciados, y confirme que el cauce adecuado para ventilar las controversias sobre prórrogas, nulidad de Acuerdos Ejecutivos, diseño del modelo concursal y efectos patrimoniales es, precisamente, la Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa y la Contraloría General de la República en la etapa correspondiente del proceso de contratación pública, en el marco de sus competencias constitucionales y legales. ” Pide ampliar el presente proceso judicial a la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (SUTEL) para que informe sobre las actuaciones impugnadas que constituyen hechos propios y atribuibles a sus funciones legales exclusivas, intransferibles e irrenunciables, de conformidad con el artículo 66.1 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública N.º 6227. Acoger, en todos sus extremos, el informe evacuado en atención a la audiencia conferida mediante Resolución de las 13:56 horas del 05 de diciembre de 2025, dentro del expediente electrónico N.º 25-037342-0007-CO, en el que se conoce el recurso de amparo interpuesto por la señora Nombre01, en su condición de Presidenta y Apoderada Generalísima sin límite de suma de la Asociación Cámara Nacional de Radio y Televisión (CANARTEL), contra el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones. Y se declare sin lugar el recurso.

4.- Por resolución de las 14:39 del 16 de diciembre de 2025, se amplían las partes en el presente proceso y se pide informe al ministro de la Presidencia y el Superintendente de Telecomunicaciones SUTEL.

5.- Informa Jorge Rodríguez Bogle, en su condición de Ministro a.i. de la Presidencia de la República. Expresa que: “II. SOBRE EL FONDO: El asunto sostiene, que presuntamente la subasta de frecuencias resulta desproporcionada y excluyente al no distinguir entre estaciones comerciales, culturales, religiosas, comunitarias y educativas. Alude que, lo anterior, supuestamente favorece a grandes operadores comerciales, y causa peligro a la pluralidad informativa, y una censura indirecta a la libertad de expresión. También, reclama que no se han resuelto las solicitudes de prórroga presentadas desde diciembre de 2022 por los concesionarios de radiodifusión de CANARTEL; lo cual aparentemente violentó el debido proceso y el principio de legalidad.

Sobre el particular, y ante el informe que me ha sido solicitado, es menester indicar que lo que respecta a temas de radiodifusión, y subasta de espectro radioeléctrico, son temas que no resultan de mi competencia. En mérito de ello, mi representada no ha efectuado intervención alguna en este procedimiento licitatorio; empero, a fin de cumplir con su ordenanza, es que me adhiero a las manifestaciones rendidas por la señora Paula Bogantes Zamora, Ministra de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones, autoridad competente sobre esta materia, donde mediante oficio N°MICITT-DM-OF-1489-2025 del 11 de diciembre de 2025, en lo que interesa expone:

“Las mismas decisiones administrativas que Nombre02 impugna en este recurso de amparo, sea, las denegatorias de prórroga, el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT y los pliegos de las Licitaciones Mayores N.º 2025LY- 000001-SUTEL (AM), N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM) y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV), ya son objeto de múltiples procesos en curso ante la Jurisdicción Contencioso-Administrativa, tanto cautelares como de conocimiento (expedientes, entre otros, N.º 25-001640-1027-CA, 25-002650-1027-CA, 25-006374-1027-CA, 25-006375-1027-CA, 25-006586-1027-CA y 25-007887-1027-CA). En ellos se discuten, con amplitud probatoria, el supuesto silencio positivo, la nulidad de Acuerdos Ejecutivos, la validez del modelo concursal, la inclusiónde frecuencias específicas, los supuestos efectos patrimoniales y las consecuencias sobre títulos habilitantes concretos. La vía ordinaria, por tanto, no sólo existe, sino que está siendo intensamente utilizada por la propia recurrente y sus asociados (...) En el expediente N.º 25-007887-1027-CA, impulsado por la propia Nombre02, el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo rechazó la medida cautelar provisionalísima que pretendía la suspensión de los Acuerdos Ejecutivos y de las licitaciones, y otorgó audiencia al Estado para resolver la solicitud cautelar. Esa decisión demuestra que el juez de legalidad ordinaria ya valoró, aunque sea prima facie, la inexistencia de un fumus boni iuris, de un periculum in moray de una ponderación de intereses que justificaran la paralización del modelo concursal. Pretender que la Sala Constitucional otorgue ahora, por la vía del amparo, lo que el juez contencioso denegó cautelarmente, equivale a instaurar una doble instancia paralela sobre el mismo objeto litigioso, en abierta contradicción con la distribución constitucional de competencias entre los artículos 10 y 49 de la Constitución Política (...) Las cuestiones que Nombre02 plantea como el contenido y alcance del Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, diseño de pliegos, precios base, TIR/VAN, número de transmisores, plazos de despliegue, supuesta mora en las prórrogas, son típicos asuntos de legalidad ordinaria, que exigen prueba y ponderaciones técnicas, y que ya se ventilan en la vía especializada. Utilizar el recurso de amparo para replantear esas controversias desnaturaliza su función extraordinaria y vulnera el principio de autocontención del juez constitucional (...) El Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 45195-MICITT extendió la vigencia de las concesiones de radiodifusión desde el 28 de junio de 2024 hasta el día hábil siguiente a la firmeza de la declaratoria de nuevas autoridades del Poder Ejecutivo y Legislativo en el proceso electoral 2025-2026, manteniendo incólumes las condiciones originales de los títulos. Adicionalmente, en el expediente N.º 25-001640-1027-CA, el Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo dictó una medida cautelar de alcance general (voto N.º 378-2025-I de las 14:40 horas del 24 de septiembre de 2025) que mantiene la vigencia de los títulos habilitantes hasta que se decida en firme el concurso, se dicte sentencia definitiva en ese proceso principal o exista un cambio en las circunstancias. En este contexto, no existe una interrupción actual del servicio ni una reducción abrupta de la oferta de contenidos; cualquier alegada afectación a la libertad de expresión, al pluralismo informativo o al derecho de acceso a las telecomunicaciones se sitúa en el terreno de la conjetura, no en el de una lesión cierta, directa e inminente (...) El Acuerdo Ejecutivo N.º 063-2024-TEL-MICITT (...) No resuelve casos particulares, no discrimina por tipo de contenido y no impone un modelo económico ajeno al marco constitucional y legal vigente (...) La referencia a “eficiencia” y “fuerzas del mercado” se ubica dentro de un haz de objetivos que buscan optimizar un recurso público escaso en beneficio del interés general, sin seleccionar concesionarios por su línea editorial, religiosa o cultural (...) La Contraloría General de la República conoció y resolvió los recursos de objeción presentados contra los pliegos de las Licitaciones Mayores N.º 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, N.º 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y N.º 2025LY-000003-SUTEL(Resoluciones N.º R-DCP-00076-2025, N.º R-DCP-00077-2025 y N.º RDCP-00078-2025), siendo que se conoce los propios recursos de objeción interpuestos por CANARTEL. Luego de un examen técnico-jurídico detallado, concluyó que: a) Los recurrentes no identificaron cláusulas concretas que generaran la supuesta afectación. b) No demostraron, con estudios financieros o de mercado, que los precios base o el mecanismo de subasta constituyeran barreras injustificadas de acceso. c) No aportaron evidencia de una restricción real a la libertad de expresión o al pluralismo, limitándose a afirmaciones genéricas (...) La recurrente no individualiza expedientes administrativos de prórroga ni demuestra, con hechos y fechas precisas, una demora injustificada que haya colocado a un concesionario en indefensión (...) No existe en el ordenamiento una habilitación para diseñar concursos con condiciones sustantivamente distintas según el contenido del mensaje o la finalidad subjetiva del operador; hacerlo, incluso, podría generar discriminaciones indirectas y riesgos para la libertad de expresión. La igualdad exige reglas objetivas, no privilegios sectoriales o gremiales sin base legal (...)”.

Ahora bien, aunado a este Expediente de recurso de Amparo, imperan otros cinco más, entre ellos 25-031501-0007-CO, 25-036595-0007-CO, 25-036754-0007-CO, 25-036207-0007-CO, 25-036782-0007-CO, 25-036885-0007-CO, 25-036809-0007-CO, 25-036739-0007-CO, 25-036796-0007-CO, 25-037263-0007-CO y 25-036800-0007-CO, mismos que equiparan sujeto (partes amparadas y recurridas), objeto y tipo de procedimiento, por lo que al constatarse que entre esos expedientes hay conexidad subjetiva y objetiva, solicitamos respetuosamente a su alto Tribunal que se valoré la posibilidad de que se acumulen dichos expedientes en virtud del principio de economía procesal.

Por ello, conforme a los hechos expuestos, considero improcedente el presente recurso contra mi representada, en virtud de que como se indicó anteriormente, no hemos tenido participación alguna en el proceso de subasta de espectro radioeléctrico: radiodifusión y televisión, que acusa la parte recurrente, y respetuosamente solicito se declare sin lugar el presente recurso.” Pide se declare sin lugar el recurso.

6.- Informa Carlos Watson Carazo, en su condición de Presidente del Consejo de la SUPERINTENDENCIA DE TELECOMUNICACIONES. Expresa que: “el mecanismo elegido para procedimiento de subasta del espectro radioeléctrico (frecuencias de televisión, FM y AM) cumple con los objetivos definidos por el Poder Ejecutivo y es el mecanismo más idóneo para la asignación del recurso escaso, para una asignación eficiente del bien demanial y una reducción de los costos de transacción, al mismo tiempo, brinda flexibilidad y dinamismo al momento de realizar las ofertas, y cumple con el principio de transparencia.

Aunado a lo expuesto, se aclara que, si bien estamos ante una subasta, los oferentes de los procedimientos concursales que presenten una postura válida, sea, que hayan cumplido con los requisitos de admisibilidad establecidos en los pliegos de condiciones, tienen la oportunidad de obtener una frecuencia.

Recordemos que se está ante una subasta de sobre cerrado con una única fase de puja, siendo que esta última fase, es solamente para obtener alguna frecuencia de interés.

Por lo que, en caso de que dos o más oferentes pujen por la misma frecuencia y si luego de realizar la fase de puja algún oferente no resulta ganador, ese oferente tiene derecho a optar por una frecuencia de radiodifusión (no por la que pujó, pero sí por otra que esté disponible).

En otras palabras, la subasta por sí misma no implica que el que no gane la fase de puja se queda sin posibilidad de obtener una concesión de radiodifusión, sino que quien “gana” la puja tendrá el derecho de prioridad sobre la frecuencia que realizó su postura económica.

Por último, conforme lo expuesto y según se desarrolla más adelante, el procedimiento de subasta atiende los principios rectores establecidos en el artículo 3 incisos e), f) e i) de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, sea el de optimización de los recursos escasos, publicidad y competencia efectiva, toda vez que promueve la asignación y utilización de los recursos escasos y de las infraestructuras de telecomunicaciones de manera objetiva, oportuna, transparente, no discriminatoria y eficiente, con el doble objetivo de asegurar una competencia efectiva, así como, la expansión y mejora de las redes y servicios; lo anterior procurando además la publicidad de todas las etapas del concurso.

1 De la determinación del precio En atención a este tema, está acreditado que el valor económico del espectro establecido en los procedimientos concursales se basa en estudios técnicos y, es acorde con las reglas de la ciencia y la técnica, según lo establecido en el artículo 15 de la Ley N°6227 y lo dispuesto por el MICITT.

En primer lugar, se debe señalar que, como el espectro no se puede duplicar, se considera un recurso escaso, según lo definido en la Ley N°8642. Por tanto, cuando el Estado autoriza a una empresa a usar una frecuencia de radio o televisión, a través de una concesión, le está dando acceso a un recurso público limitado.

El espectro como cualquier bien posee un valor económico. Este valor económico deriva del hecho de que quien lo tiene concesionado obtiene una ganancia económica por su uso y explotación. En ese sentido, el pago que se incluye en el proceso de subasta, es una retribución por parte de los concesionarios por las ganancias que obtendrán a partir del uso de un bien demanial del Estado. Al respecto Nombre04 y Nombre05 (2012)11 11 Nombre04, Nombre06 and Nombre05, Nombre07, Spectrum Value (March señalan que “El espectro no es una reserva de valor, sino un insumo para la producción de servicios valiosos”.

En específico, el Poder Ejecutivo y el MICITT en ejercicio de sus competencias según la Ley N°8660, emitieron el Decreto Ejecutivo 44539-MICITT, mediante el cual decretaron una serie de lineamientos de política pública para el proceso concursal Estos lineamientos fueron detallados en la nota MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, en la cual se indica en relación con temas asociados a valoración del espectro, lo siguiente:

“Para el caso de la fase de selección, se deberá considerar una visión basada en eficiencia y las fuerzas del mercado para cada uno de los servicios de radiodifusión AM, FM y televisiva, que asegure una asignación del espectro radioeléctrico objeto de ese proceso concursal de manera justa, equitativa, independiente, transparente y no discriminatoria, de acuerdo con las disposiciones de la Ley N° 8642, Ley General de Telecomunicaciones y la Política Pública del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones vigentes, considerando el valor de mercado de ese recurso escaso.

Lo anterior de conformidad con las atribuciones delegadas a esa Superintendencia para realizar las actividades y estudios económicos y de mercado, establecidos en los artículos 11 y 29 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, los artículos 21, 23, 24 y 96 del Decreto Ejecutivo N° 34765-MINAET, Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, necesarios para la valorización de mercado del espectro radioeléctrico objeto del concurso público que se instruyó en el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N° 063-2024-TEL-MICITT de fecha 20 de junio de 2024.

Aunado a lo anterior, para el caso particular del servicio de radiodifusión televisiva, resulta importante que la SUTEL pondere que el indicativo del canal virtual cuenta con unavaloración comercial relevante, a los efectos de estimar su valor de mercado y mecanismo de asignación a los oferentes interesados por este servicio”. (Destacado intencional) Asimismo, mediante el acuerdo del Consejo número 002-039 de la sesión extraordinaria 039- 2025 del 18 de julio de 2025, se remitió al MICITT una propuesta preliminar de los pliegos de condiciones y un resumen de la propuesta económica en la cual se incluyeron los precios finales.

Con el fin de determinar el valor económico del espectro, la Dirección General de Mercados de la Sutel, elaboró el oficio 08138-SUTEL-DGM-2025 del 27 de agosto de 2025, el cual determinó el uso de la metodología de benchmarking, que, según se expondrá, es acorde con las mejores prácticas y ha sido la forma de valoración del espectro por excelencia en otros procedimientos concursales realizados por la Sutel.

La información contenida en dicho informe evidencia que la Sutel siguió criterios técnicos basados en mejores prácticas internacionales para la estimación de los precios base de las concesiones de radiodifusión.

La Sutel siguió un proceso transparente en el cálculo, en dicho informe se incluyen los datos base empleados para el cálculo, el proceso de normalización y detalla paso a paso, cómo llega a los precios base propuestos, garantizando así total transparencia en sus estimaciones.

El proceso de valuación del espectro es complejo, ya que busca asignar un valor económico a un recurso escaso intangible, como lo reconocen Nombre04 y Nombre05 (2012)12 “estimar su valor plantea desafíos que no se presentan al valorar la mayoría de los demás activos”, ya que su valor relativo se basa en el valor subyacente de los servicios que podrían desplegarse con dicho espectro.

Existen diversas metodologías señaladas por la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones13 (UIT) utilizadas a nivel global con el propósito de realizar una valuación del espectro (todas válidas):

i Modelo de Costos: se diseña la red ideal o ficticia según estimaciones de basadas en los datos estadísticos, repartiendo entonces los valores del activo empleado entre los distintos servicios que lo requieren. Es un proceso costoso y conlleva tiempo, además que no puede eliminarse completamente la asimetría de información entre el operador y el regulador.

i Benchmarking: este método consiste en observar el precio de bandas de espectro similares en subastas celebradas en otros mercados y tras aplicar los ajustes adecuados (normalización, tipo de cambio, plazo concesión, año de subasta), utilizar los resultados para estimar el valor en el mercado objetivo. Esta metodología presenta importantes ventajas, entre ellas, la simplicidad de cálculo e inmediatez de comprensión, así como la utilización de resultados objetivos, ya corroborados en otros mercados.

iii Modelo de Ingresos (Flujo de Caja Descontado - FCD): este modelo puede ser utilizado para determinar el valor que representa la asignación de frecuencias de espectro teniendo en cuenta los ingresos potenciales derivados de su uso. Este modelo tiene la limitación de sobre o subestimar los datos de ingresos debido a la asimetría de información relacionada con los diferentes modelos de radioemisoras y la diferenciación entre los ingresos por servicios de publicidad y lo relacionado con la radiodifusión gratuita.

Es importante tener en consideración que la elección de la metodología para el cálculo del precio base, depende de la disponibilidad de datos, la madurez del mercado y los objetivos regulatorios.

En este caso particular, la Sutel evaluó las distintas metodologías, considerando la información disponible para determinar el valor del espectro a licitar en las bandas de frecuencias para radio y televisión en Costa Rica, determinando que la metodología más adecuada a emplear, por temas de disponibilidad de información, era el uso de un benchmarking internacional.

No fue posible decantarnos a la metodología de Modelo de Costos debido a que no se contó con la información necesaria para su construcción.

Esto lo acreditamos, en el oficio 09268-SUTEL-DGM-2024, en el cual solicitamos información al Ministerio de Hacienda, sin embargo, la información remitida presentaba el inconveniente de que, si las empresas mantenían varias actividades económicas, dichos ingresos estaban consolidados y, por tanto, se corría el riesgo de sobre estimar los ingresos del sector.

Así, mediante oficio N° MH-DGT-DIT-OF-0326-2024, el Ministerio de Hacienda indicó que si los concesionarios tienen varias actividades los ingresos están consolidados, por lo que no es posible desagregar dichos ingresos para el servicio de radiodifusión, que son los datos relevantes para usar la metodología de costos, por lo que los valores proporcionados no eran razonables para ser utilizados por la Sutel.

Adicionalmente, en los oficios 02959-SUTEL-DGM-2025 y 02960-SUTEL-DGM-2025 se les solicitó a la Cámara Nacional de Radio de Costa Rica (CANARA) y a la Cámara de Radio y Televisión de Costa Rica (CANARTEL) información referente a ingresos, costos, datos sobre audiencia radial, usuarios de televisión abierta y consumo de radio de sus agremiados.

Ante esta consulta CANARA mediante oficio sin número del 28 de abril del 2025, indicó: “No le correspondía a la Cámara, manejar datos sobre ingresos brutos de cada una de las radioemisoras que forman parte de la misma, ni estimar los costos promedio de la instalación y operación de cada una de ellas. Ni tampoco manejar los datos estimados de audiencia radial, ni mucho menos, los relativos al número de usuarios que acceden a la radio a través de internet. Esos datos, de tenerlos, corresponden al ámbito propio de cada radioemisora y no de la Cámara Nacional de Radiodifusión”. (Se adjunta como prueba) En el caso de Nombre02 mediante oficio sin número del 21 de abril del 2025, indicó: “debemos indicarle que no contamos con la información que usted nos solicitara en el oficio de referencia, dado que, por ser un sector en competencia, es materialmente imposible que las empresasagremiadas puedan compartir información que es sensible y confidencial. No obstante, lo anterior, hemos trasladado a todos nuestros asociados su solicitud a efecto de que, si a bien lo tienen, puedan compartir dicha información con ustedes”. (Se adjunta como prueba) Asimismo, Nombre02 solicitó a sus asociados dicha información para que nos enviaran la información requerida en el oficio 02960-SUTEL-DGM-2025, sin embargo, la Sutel no recibió información por parte de los asociados.

Lo anterior evidencia un esfuerzo de buena fe de la Sutel, por conseguir información adicional; no obstante, no se contó con el apoyo de los actuales concesionarios del sector radiodifusión para proveer información a la Sutel.

Debido a lo anterior, se decidió usar la metodología de benchmarking, para lo cual consultó información a diferentes reguladores e instituciones gubernamentales involucradas de diferentes países tales como España, Honduras, México, Perú, Colombia14, entre otros, para obtener información adicional.

Como se identificó previamente, el uso de datos de referencia de otras jurisdicciones es un mecanismo metodológico válido y eficiente, siempre que se apliquen parámetros de normalización para la valuación económica del espectro; además, este ha sido el mecanismo de valoración del espectro empleado en otras subastas por parte de Sutel.

En ese sentido, para la definición del precio base, la Sutel siguió un proceso técnico que incluyó dos pasos principales:

• Paso 1: Definición de la metodología para el cálculo.

El precio base de las frecuencias se determinó mediante una metodología internacionalmente aceptada conocida como “Benchmarking internacional”. Este proceso se utiliza cuando el país no tiene valores propios previos o no hay información financiera suficiente en el mercado local.

Para su estimación, la Sutel recopiló información de concursos de radiodifusión realizados en otros países, específicamente México, Perú, Honduras y Estados Unidos, donde en su momento se cobró una contraprestación por usar estas frecuencias.

Un elemento importante para considerar es que, para el caso del servicio de radiodifusión sonora, Sutel solamente empleó el promedio del primer decil de las muestras internacionales que reflejan los precios más bajos. Esto tiene un impacto directo en el precio base para este servicio, pues se utilizaron las muestras internacionales más bajas para su estimación.

• Paso 2: Ajustar los valores a la realidad de Costa Rica.

Estos valores internacionales se ajustaron para que fueran comparables con Costa Rica.

Para comparar los valores del espectro entre países, primero se calculó un precio unitario comparable tomando el precio base adjudicado por zona en cada proceso y dividiendo entre la población y el ancho de banda en KHz, obteniendo un indicador en US$/KHz por habitante. Con ese valor estandarizado se eliminaron diferencias entre regiones y formatos de asignación.

Luego, estos precios unitarios fueron normalizados al contexto costarricense, ajustándolos por tres factores:

• Plazo de las concesiones • Paridad del poder adquisitivo (PPA) • Inflación mediante IPC y tipo de cambio Se usa la PPA porque permite comparar mercados con distintos niveles de precios, expresando el valor del espectro en términos de igual poder de compra. Esto corrige las diferencias económicas estructurales entre países y refleja mejor la capacidad real de generación de ingresos del mercado objetivo.

El procedimiento consistió en tomar los valores originales en moneda local, convertirlos mediante el tipo de cambio del año en que se asignó el espectro en cada país y ajustar por la PPA de ese año para Costa Rica y el país de origen. El resultado es un valor equivalente en dólares nominales para Costa Rica en el año de asignación.

La normalización produce un coeficiente de ajuste de contexto, que refleja capacidad de compra, potencial de ingresos y márgenes esperables en un mercado como el costarricense.

Posteriormente, los valores convertidos se actualizaron a 2024 usando la evolución del IPC en dólares para Costa Rica y el tipo de cambio, manteniendo constante el tipo de cambio real.

Finalmente, se ajustaron los valores a una concesión de 15 años, aplicando descuento financiero mediante el costo promedio ponderado del capital para el sector telecomunicaciones vigente (8,63% post impuestos y 10,04% pre impuestos).

Es importante tener en consideración que, para el cálculo final del precio base, no se empleó la totalidad de la población; es decir, la totalidad de habitantes del país que son potenciales usuarios de los servicios de radiodifusión.

La Sutel optó por una métrica más prudente, que se basa en un subconjunto significativamente menor a la población, correspondiente a la potencial demanda con base en las encuestas nacionales aplicadas. La demanda empleada para los servicios corresponde a estimacioneslocales con base en datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos para el caso de televisión y la Universidad de Costa Rica para el caso de radio. Esta consideración genera una disminución en el precio base.

Además, se estableció que, para la cobertura nacional, se utilizaría el precio de la Región Central. Esto se hizo porque la Región Central concentra la mayor densidad de población y, por tanto, el mayor valor económico, evitando que los operadores paguen un valor artificialmente alto por obtener una concesión nacional.

Finalmente, para garantizar el cumplimiento de los objetivos de política pública, en específico lo relativo al establecimiento de barreras de entrada, se complementó la definición del precio base con un análisis de razonabilidad desde una perspectiva técnica y económica. Lo que determinó que el precio base, se encuentra dentro de un límite de razonabilidad de entre el 5% y el 20% del valor económico del espectro para un año; estimándose dicho porcentaje en 12,19% y 6,498% para televisión y radio respectivamente.

Lo anterior evidencia que los precios base estimados por Sutel fueron calculados con una metodología válida, reconocida internacionalmente y basada en conceptos económicos reconocidos; se ajustaron a la realidad costarricense y fueron cotejados con estimaciones relacionadas al valor económico del espectro para validar su razonabilidad.

Es decir, la metodología seguida por Sutel permitió estimar un precio con base en evidencia y criterios técnicos, que cumple con los lineamientos de política pública definidos por el MICITT. No es un monto arbitrario, se fundamenta enteramente en prácticas internacionales, ajustadas al contexto costarricense.

Como elemento relevante sobre el precio base, debe considerarse, que, la Sutel estableció mecanismos de pago diferido. Por tanto, después de analizar la necesidad de facilitar la participación y evitar barreras de entrada, en este proceso se analizaron opciones para permitir un pago fraccionado. El participante podía pagar el valor total del espectro en un solo tracto o bien realizar el pago de manera fraccionada en cuatro tractos a lo largo de un período de tres años de manera alineada con el cronograma de despliegue de la red.

En adición a lo anterior, debe señalarse que en el proceso de objeciones al pliego de condiciones la Contraloría General de la República (CGR) al analizar las objeciones relacionadas con el valor del espectro, señaló en lo que interesa:

“De tal manera que como punto de partida, se debe recalcar que no lleva razón la recurrente en cuanto a que exista una omisión de la realización de los respectivos estudios que sustenten el precio base calculado, siendo que esta División constata que dichos estudios constan en el expediente de la contratación, con lo cual le correspondía a la recurrente, bajo un adecuado ejercicio de la carga de la prueba, analizarlos a efectos de desvirtuar con prueba en contrario la metodología utilizada, las conclusiones a las que se arriba, haciendo referencia para ello a fuentes confiables, sin que sea válido simplemente mencionar una serie de cuestionamientos sin sustento alguno”. (Resolución N°R-DCP-00077-2025) métodos:

Según se observa, la CGR al conocer los recursos de objeción interpuestos en contra de los pliegos de condiciones, y analizar los argumentos relacionados con el valor del espectro, resolvió que no se aportó prueba idónea, ni los elementos de juicio necesarios para acoger los reclamos en contra del valor del espectro asignado.

En igual sentido, conviene tener presente que en el recurso de amparo presentado tampoco se incluye fundamentación técnica que evidencie cómo o por qué los precios base estimados por Sutel no son adecuados y violan principios constitucionales.

Además, los pliegos de condiciones establecen dos métodos de pago, según lo detalla la cláusula 44 que dice así:

44. PAGO DEL MONTO ADJUDICADO POR LA CONCESIÓN 44.1.1. Pago completo del Monto Adjudicado en el plazo máximo de quince (15) días posterior al Inicio de la Concesión.

44.1.2. Pago diferido del Monto Adjudicado en cuatro tractos considerando para su indexación el promedio del mes calendario anterior al que corresponde el pago de la Tasa de Referencia Interbancaria (TRI) a treinta y seis (36) meses en moneda extranjera (dólares americanos), según lo publicado por el Banco Central de Costa Rica, aplicable a los saldos, como sigue:

44.1.2.1. Dentro del plazo máximo de quince (15) días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación por parte del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones del Inicio de la Concesión, deberá efectuar el pago del 35% del Monto Adjudicado sin considerar la indexación.

44.1.2.2. Dentro del plazo máximo de doce meses (12) contados a partir de la notificación por parte del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones del Inicio de la Concesión, deberá efectuar el pago del 15% del Monto Adjudicado considerando la indexación del saldo por pagar.

44.1.2.3. Dentro del plazo máximo de veinticuatro (24) meses contados a partir de la notificación por parte del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones del Inicio de la Concesión, deberá efectuar el pago del 15% del Monto Adjudicado considerando la indexación del saldo por pagar.

44.1.2.4. Dentro del plazo máximo de treinta y seis (36) meses contados a partir de la notificación por parte del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones del Inicio de la Concesión, deberá efectuar el pago del 35% del Monto Adjudicado considerando la indexación del saldo por pagar. 44.1.2.5. Dichos montos serán informados por la Administración Concedente a los Concesionarios de previo a la fecha máxima del pago. En caso de pagos anticipados, el Concesionario deberá informar a la Administración Concedente con una antelación mínima de diez (10) días hábiles previa al pago y señalar en que proporción lo realizará.

Desde esta tesitura, los precios fijados no son desproporcionales dado que parten de una valoración del espectro respaldada y que adicionalmente, con el objetivo de facilitar y promover la participación y evitar barreras de entrada, los pliegos de condiciones establecen que el pago del monto adjudicado por la concesión puede realizarse mediante la modalidad de pago diferido.

Lo anterior, reafirma que la valoración del espectro que se realizó mediante la metodología de un benchmarking internacional es acorde con las mejores prácticas internacionales y a su vez, es reconocida por la Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones.

Ahora bien, para efectos ilustrativos, en las siguientes tablas se demuestran los precios base establecidos para cada uno de los procedimientos concursales, el monto mensual considerando que se debe amortizar de 15 a 25 años según los plazos del artículo 24 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones, además, el pago que se debe realizar en aplicación de la cláusula 44 de los pliegos de condiciones.

▪ Procedimiento concursal de Radiodifusión sonora FM Tabla 1 Precio base para el procedimiento concursal de Radiodifusión sonora FM analógico con ancho de banda de 200 kHz, por frecuencia con alcance regional En relación con el procedimiento concursal de radiodifusión sonora de AM, se debe señalar que, en el oficio 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023, en el cual se comunicó al Poder Ejecutivo los resultados de la consulta pública sobre el interés de terceros en participar en un eventual concurso para radiodifusión AM, se precisó que fueron recibidas 19 manifestaciones de interés; además, se indicó lo siguiente:

“En primer lugar, como fue señalado por múltiples participantes, el servicio de radiodifusión AM ha perdido interés por parte de concesionarios y de la población en general, al ser una tecnología legada que representa una alta inversión económica principalmente debido al consumo eléctrico. Además, el mercado de dispositivos de usuario final se ha enfocado en la integración de receptores con la tecnología FM, lo cual limita la disponibilidad de receptores AM, que a su vez provoca que los usuarios finales tengan menos posibilidades para sintonizar las emisoras.

En todo caso, el potencial interés de demanda para este servicio según la consulta pública es significativamente inferior a la cantidad de emisoras disponibles a partir de la canalización actual del PNAF de cara a un eventual procedimiento concursal.” (Destacado intencional) En ese sentido, el pliego de condiciones no dispuso para radiodifusión AM obligaciones de cobertura ni requerimientos de transmisores adicionales, en vista de las propias condiciones de propagación y el contexto nacional e internacional de este servicio está en declive, al ser una tecnología legada con baja disponibilidad de receptores, según se indicó en el oficio 09904- SUTEL-DGC-2023.

Es preciso indicar que, hoy en día, muchas de las frecuencias de AM no se encuentran en operación, pero mantienen el título habilitante vigente. Sin embargo, ha sido una práctica común la renuncia y devolución de este tipo de frecuencias (como ha sucedido para las emisoras 820 kHz, 1160 kHz, 1240 kHz, 1300 kHz, 1320 kHz, 1460 kHz y 1520 kHz).

▪ Procedimiento concursal radiodifusión televisiva Tabla 6 Precio base para el procedimiento concursal de televisión, por canal con alcance regional Informamos adicionalmente, que existen, 3 canales estatales considerados como educativos o culturales (UCR-Canal 15, SINART-Canal 20 y UNED-Canal 21) los cuales según la instrucción de inicio remitida por el Poder Ejecutivo fueron excluidas del procedimiento concursal.

En este respecto, es necesario considerar la valoración del espectro (precios base) desde una perspectiva anualizada, dado que el recurso que eventualmente se otorgará, tal y como se indicó permitirá la explotación del recurso escaso por 15 años prorrogables hasta un máximo de 25 años, lo cual se complementa con facilidades de pago en tractos que se implementan por primera vez en los procedimientos concursales de radiodifusión bajo estudio.

Ahora bien, de un análisis de la totalidad de tablas señaladas, se evidencia que los precios base son proporcionales y razonables, considerando la cantidad de años de vigencia de la concesión e, incluso, la posibilidad de pago en 4 tractos del precio base, lo que le permite al adjudicatario cancelar el precio en un plazo de 3 años, siendo que el primer tracto se efectuaría al momento de la suscripción del contrato y, los demás tractos se cancelan de forma anual, según lo establecido en el pliego de condiciones.

Además, en cuanto al resguardo del principio de igualdad por la fijación del precio base de la subasta, en la resolución R-DCP-00078-2025, la CGR señaló:

“En ese sentido, ciertamente el artículo 13 de la Convención Interamericana de Derechos Humanos y la propia Sala Constitucional han defendido las prácticas de restricción indirecta a la libertad de expresión o censura indirecta (entre otras la resolución Nº 15220 - 2016); sin embargo, en la dimensión que las recurrentes han querido plantearlo desde el precio base de la subasta y que es lo que se discute vía recurso de objeción; lo cierto es que no se ha demostrado que no existan criterios objetivos que sustenten la definición del precio base, ni mucho menos se ha acreditado que exista una afectación a medios de comunicación específicos por la fijación de un precio base que se aprecia determinado en condiciones de igualdad para todos los participantes.” (Destacado intencional) Los precios base estimado por Sutel cumplen con los objetivos de política pública y reflejan el valor económico del espectro, además responde a principios de proporcionalidad y razonabilidad, dado que es el resultado de la aplicación de criterios técnicos objetivos, que han sido recomendados como mejores prácticas a nivel internacional Es relevante indicar que existen varios factores que pueden limitar la participación en los procedimientos licitatorios de esta naturaleza. La Sutel tramitó un procedimiento especial de competencia, en el cual sancionó a varias empresas por llevar a cabo un acuerdo colusorio con el fin de abstenerse a participar en la licitación pública 2021LN-000001-SUTEL e intercambiar información para tal fin; lo cual corresponde a infracciones muy graves según lo establecido en el artículo 53, inciso d) y e) de la Ley 8642 (Ver resolución RCS-258-2025 adoptada por el Consejo en la sesión ordinaria 063-2025 del 06 de noviembre de 2025 emitida en el procedimiento GCO-OTC-PM-01538-2021). También impacta la transformación tecnológica del sector de las telecomunicaciones, el consumo de contenidos se ha desplazado hacia plataformas digitales y servicios OTT, lo que reduce la rentabilidad del servicio, otro factor es la percepción de obsolescencia de tecnologías analógicas frente a la radio por internet y el streaming.

Aunado a lo expuesto, cabe agregar que, según se evidencia de las observaciones recibidas en el proceso pre-cartel y de las objeciones presentadas al pliego de condiciones (así como en procesos contencioso administrativo), muchos de los concesionarios y cámaras han hecho ver sus posiciones respecto a que les corresponden prórrogas automáticas por 20 años más, lo cual a su vez pudo afectar su determinación de participar en los procedimientos concursales bajo estudio.

Finalmente, conviene extraer del oficio número 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023 de referencia lo siguiente:

“Se extrae de los aportes a la consulta pública, que se materializaron los riesgos señalados por esta Superintendencia en los acuerdos del Consejo números 023-070- 2022 (informe 08872-SUTEL-DGC-2022) y 011-038-2023 (informe 05415-SUTEL-DGC- 2023), respecto a que “en el escenario actual sin definición de aspectos tales como: la posible digitalización de los servicios de radiodifusión, la canalización a emplear, la obsolescencia de tecnologías de AM y OC, así como eventuales procesos de reforma al PNAF para ajustar los segmentos a las nuevas tendencias mundiales, podría ocasionar que las respuestas al proceso no se apeguen a la condición definitiva de asignación del recurso, así como posiblemente implicaría poca participación del sector interesado, o incluso distorsiones en las estimaciones de demanda, plazos y cantidad de recurso, derivando en posibles desviaciones y limitaciones importantes en los resultados, en detrimento de un efectivo y exitoso proceso concursal.” "Por otra parte, a partir de las consideraciones técnicas solicitadas por el MICITT en el oficio número MICITT-DVT-OF-561-2022 y tomando en cuenta los resultados de la consulta pública, se extraen una serie de acciones por realizar tales como, eventuales modificaciones al PNAF, el establecimiento de los plazos de concesiones y prórrogas, que se deben ejecutar oportunamente y dada la cercanía del 28 de junio del 2024, resulta importante contar con una línea de tiempo o una ruta que defina los hitos y las fechas máximas en que se iniciarán y cumplirán las actividades necesarias de cara a los eventuales procesos concursales, con el fin de brindar certeza jurídica a los interesados que permita a su vez promover la concurrencia de oferentes y ampliar la dinámica de competencia del posible proceso concursal.” En ese sentido, dado que los presentes procedimientos de licitación están inmersos en situaciones particulares (discusión sobre prórrogas automáticas, adopción de condiciones técnicas internacionales, aplicación de condiciones a un sector que ha operado sin regulaciones a lo largo de su historia, rezago tecnológico, entre otras) desde su etapa previa en el estudio de factibilidad, esta Superintendencia teniendo claridad de estos aspectos dio a conocer las implicaciones y riesgos respecto a la eventual concurrencia de oferentes en los procedimientos, esto pese a las manifestaciones de interés recibidas.

Así las cosas, téngase presente que de manera indiscutible existe una demanda tanto de los concesionarios actuales como de nuevos interesados, sin embargo, de manera natural la cantidad de operadores del servicio de radiodifusión tiende a la disminución por las razones ya expuestas.

Además, no debe omitirse que la participación en los procedimientos se vio afectada por aspectos ajenos al propio concurso, esto permite concluir que no son los pliegos de condiciones los causantes de la citada disminución, por el contrario, sigue siendo la herramienta jurídica aplicable para determinar objetivamente cuáles participantes resultan idóneos para el eventual otorgamiento del recurso escaso.

1. De la proporcionalidad y razonabilidad de las disposiciones técnicas y económicas de los pliegos de condiciones Señala la recurrente que los pliegos de condiciones de los procedimientos concursales de radiodifusión que tramita esta Superintendencia “Imponen barreras económicas, técnicas y sociales desproporcionadas para el acceso y permanencia en el uso del espectro radioeléctrico”, asimismo que se debe “Garantizar la participación real y no meramente formal de pequeñas y medianas empresas nacionales, así como de operadores sociales y comunitarios, evitando barreras económicas y técnicas desproporcionadas.” De igual forma, en su consideración “Se diseñó un esquema de asignación por subasta al alza, con precios base muy elevados, pensados desde una lógica puramente financiera sobre el “valor de mercado” del recurso.” En primer término, sobre los argumentos esbozados con respecto al método subasta con puja al alza, se aclara que si bien estamos ante una subasta (figura contractual permitida en la Ley General de Contratación Pública y su reglamento – con las particularidades del caso), todos aquellos participantes en el proceso que presentaron una postura válida, sea, que haya cumplido con los requisitos de admisibilidad establecidos en los pliegos de condiciones, siempre tendrán derecho a obtener una frecuencia, dado que se está ante una subasta de sobre cerrado con una única fase de puja, siendo que esta última fase es solamente para obtener alguna frecuencia de interés - esto en caso de que dos o más oferentes pujen por la misma frecuencia – por cuanto sial realizar la fase de puja no resulta ganador, ese oferente siempre tendrá derecho a optar por una frecuencia de radiodifusión (no por la que pujó pero sí por otra que esté disponible).

En otras palabras, la subasta por sí misma no implica que el que no gane la fase de puja se queda sin posibilidad de obtener una concesión de radiodifusión, sino que quien “gana” la puja tendrá el derecho prioridad sobre la frecuencia que realizó su postura económica.

Por otra parte, como un segundo aspecto de relevancia, conviene indicar que la recurrente no aporta prueba alguna que permita realizar un análisis acorde al caso, relativo con la supuesta desproporcionalidad e irrazonabilidad de las disposiciones técnicas y económicas establecidas en los pliegos de condiciones.

Bajo este escenario, no es posible establecer una discusión en la que puedan debatirse ampliamente los señalamientos en contra de los pliegos de condiciones, que más bien parecieran meras alegaciones de disconformidad con los procedimientos concursales y no con cuestionamientos de fondo relacionados con las condiciones técnicas y económicas de estos, siendo que lo que buscan es perpetuar la situación jurídica de los actuales concesionarios, por un plazo indeterminado, desconociendo las disposiciones legales, reglamentarias y jurisprudenciales, que resultan aplicables a este bien escaso.

Sin detrimento de lo anterior, sobre la razonabilidad y proporcionalidad del valor del espectro, se señala que mediante el oficio número 08138-SUTEL-DGM-2025 del 27 de agosto de 2025 “Informe sobre la Valoración económica del espectro para servicios de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva,” (se adjunta como prueba) se estableció el objetivo de garantizar que los precios obtenidos se encontraran dentro de un rango de razonabilidad para la realidad nacional, este ejercicio se basa en una metodología propuesta por la GSMA en el estudio independiente “Economic Value of Spectrum Use in Europe15”, donde calcula el valor económico del espectro entre otros servicios, para los servicios de radiodifusión.

El análisis de razonabilidad demuestra que los precios base definidos se ubican por debajo del valor económico neto estimado del espectro, situándose dentro del rango internacionalmente aceptado de razonabilidad del 5%–20% del valor total. Esto evidencia que los precios son proporcionales y no constituyen barreras de entrada, garantizando la participación de oferentes con diferentes escalas económicas y alineándose con los objetivos del Acuerdo Ejecutivo N°063- 2024-TEL-MICITT.

De conformidad con lo señalado en los párrafos anteriores, al igual que aconteció en la fase de objeción a los pliegos de condiciones (CGR), la recurrente omitió aportar prueba idónea ante ese Tribunal Constitucional (de hecho no aporta prueba técnica del todo) que permita establecer la supuesta desproporcionalidad e irrazonabilidad de las especificaciones técnicas y económicas de los pliegos de condiciones, faltando a su deber de aportar probar de los hechos constitutivosde su alegato (pretensión), exigencia del ordinal 41 del Código Procesal Civil, aún y cuando estemos en presencia de un recurso de amparo (proceso sumario), se exige el mínimo esfuerzo probatorio que permita determinar al menos en grado de probabilidad las lesiones a los derechos fundamentales argumentadas 1. Igualdad y no discriminación La recurrente alega que hay una violación al principio de igualdad y no discriminación al tratar como iguales a estaciones con naturalezas y fines distintos, contrariando el artículo 29 de la LGT y la Ley de Radio; indica que ese trato homogéneo produce discriminación indirecta al impactar con mayor severidad a operadores pequeños, culturales, religiosos y comunitarios En primer lugar, los pliegos de condiciones de los concursos se elaboraron a partir de informes técnicos mediante los cuales se determinó la mejor forma para atender los objetivos de política pública planteados por el Poder Ejecutivo. Dichos pliegos fueron emitidos conforme las facultades legales otorgadas en el artículo 39 incisos a) y c) de la Ley N°8660, así como, los lineamientos técnicos adicionales establecidos en el oficio número MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 del 07 de agosto de 2024 del MICITT, todo esto en apego a las disposiciones de la legislación vigente y las condiciones técnicas del Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias.

Aclarado lo anterior, se debe señalar que, el Poder Ejecutivo en su instrucción (Acuerdo Ejecutivo N°063-2024-TEL-MICITT y el oficio número MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024) y en concordancia con lo dispuesto en el Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias (PNAF) disponen con claridad el tratamiento de diferentes tipos de estaciones, ya sea estatales, culturales y educativas.

En efecto, el Poder Ejecutivo estableció las reglas de acceso diferenciadas para estaciones culturales, religiosas, educativas, entre otras, dentro de las cuales se encuentran aquellas otorgadas por ley y las asociadas a la Asociación Instituto Costarricense de Enseñanza Radiofónica (ICER), según se extrae:

“ARTÍCULO 3.- INDICAR a la SUTEL que quedan exceptuadas del recurso que se asigne en el eventual concurso público para Radiodifusión Sonora y Televisiva de acceso libre y gratuito, las frecuencias asignadas previamente por la Ley N° 8806 a la Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR) (frecuencia central 850 kHz; frecuencia central 870 kHz; frecuencia central 96,7 MHz; frecuencia central 101,9 MHz; canal físico 15, frecuencias de 476 MHz a 482 MHz), por la Ley N° 8684 a la Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED) (canal físico 21, frecuencias de 512 MHz a 518 MHz) y por la Ley N° 8346 al Sistema Nacional de Radio y Televisión (SINART) (frecuencia central 590 kHz; frecuencia central 88,1 MHz; frecuencia central 101,5 MHz; canal físico 8, frecuencias de 180 MHz a 186 MHz; canal físico 10, frecuencias de 192 MHz a 198 MHz; canal físico 13, frecuencias de 210 MHz a 216 MHz; canal físico 20, frecuencias de 506 MHz a 512 MHz) señaladas en la siguiente tabla:

ARTÍCULO 4.- INDICAR a la SUTEL la necesidad de reservar una frecuencia radiofónica en FM a favor de la Asociación Instituto Costarricense de Enseñanza Radiofónica (ICER), con cédula de persona jurídica CED01 y de la Universidad Estatal a Distancia (UNED), con cédula de persona jurídica CED02, con fundamento en las concesiones especiales que disponen la asignación del recurso a dichas entidades.” En resguardo del contenido cultural, religioso y educativo, es importante considerar que el Instituto Costarricense de Enseñanza Radiofónica (ICER) es -actualmente- una Red de Emisoras Culturales que se compone de 15 estaciones de radio en dos frecuencias 88.1 FM y la 88.3 FM a lo largo y ancho del territorio nacional.16 De conformidad con el sitio web de dicho instituto, este “es una asociación privada sin fines de lucro, de utilidad pública, sin tendencias políticos-partidistas o confesionales”.

El ICER es el ejecutor práctico del Convenio entre los Gobiernos de Costa Rica y el Principado de Liechtenstein, según las Leyes N°6606 y N°7299. Vale señalar que el ICER, en su sitio WEB, muestra la siguiente disposición de emisoras culturalesImagen 2 Emisoras culturales según el sitio WEB del ICER https://elmaestroencasacr.com/emisoras-culturales/ (…)Asimismo, el Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias (PNAF), resulta de acatamiento obligatorio y dispone un tratamiento especial para emisoras culturales según la nota CTR 003 que se transcribe a continuación:

“Los segmentos de frecuencias atribuidos al servicio de radiodifusión para emisiones sonoras de AM de acceso libre, están sujetos a lo dispuesto en el Apéndice I del presente Reglamento.

Para el caso de las frecuencias 1580 kHz y 1600 kHz con ancho de banda de 10 kHz, pueden ser utilizadas en el proyecto de pequeñas radioemisoras culturales del Convenio de Cooperación Cultural con el Principado de Liechtenstein (…).” De esta forma, el PNAF establece expresamente que el ejecutor del Convenio de Cooperación Cultural con el Principado de Liechtenstein es el ICER. En consecuencia, la reserva de frecuencias estipulada en la instrucción de inicio de los procedimientos concursales para dicho Instituto resguarda lo acordado en dicho Convenio de Cooperación, siendo el ICER el ejecutor, según las Leyes N°6606 y N°7299.

En consonancia con lo expuesto, se deduce que sí se establecieron las reglas de acceso diferenciadas para estaciones culturales, religiosas, educativas.

Por lo anterior, se evidencia que no es cierto que los procedimientos no promuevan el acceso equitativo en la participación de radioemisoras de distinta índole, puesto que el Poder Ejecutivo, tanto en su instrucción como en el PNAF, incluyen el tratamiento de diferentes tipos deestaciones, ya sea estatales, culturales y educativas. Es decir, se posibilita el acceso a diferentes tipos de contenidos.

Además, tal como se indicó en el apartado de antecedentes, el pasado 21 de noviembre, venció el plazo de recepción de ofertas y, de acuerdo con el acta levantada al efecto, se constató que presentaron su oferta, los siguientes oferentes de naturaleza religiosa, tanto en AM como en FM:

• Asociación Internacional Pasión por las Almas (FM).

• Asociación Sistema de Telecomunicaciones de la Iglesia Adventista del Sétimo Día de Costa Rica (FM).

• Asociación Misión Carismática Internacional de Cartago (FM).

• Asociación de Comunicaciones Faro del Caribe (FM).

• Asociación Radio María (FM).

• Consorcio BBN (FM).

• Consorcio BBN (AM).

Asimismo, se constató que tres radioemisoras de alcance regional presentaron oferta:

• Consorcio BBN-FM (Regional Chorotega) • Audios del Sur S.A. (Regional Brunca) • Radio Ochenta y Ocho Estéreo S.A. (Regional Brunca) Así las cosas, queda acreditada la participación de radioemisoras de índole religiosa tanto en AM como en FM; así como, de otras radioemisoras con alcance regional, lo que asegura el debido cumplimiento del principio de igualdad y libre concurrencia entre los interesados en obtener una concesión de espectro radioeléctrico.

Aunado a lo expuesto, de acuerdo con las resoluciones de la CGR, se confirma que los procedimientos concursales de radiodifusión son contestes con los principios de igualdad y libre concurrencia que promulga el numeral 8 inciso f) de la Ley General de Contratación Pública (LGCP, que establece la obligación de dar “un trato igualitario a todos los oferentes” con el fin de procurar “la más amplia competencia (ver resoluciones R-DCP-00076-2025, R-DCP-00077-2025, R-DCP-00078-2025 del 3 de noviembre de 2025) En efecto, la CGR revisó los pliegos de condiciones y determinó su conformidad con la normativa aplicable (Ley General de Contratación Pública y su reglamento, en concordancia con la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones y su reglamento). En la resolución N°R-DCP-00078-2025 la CGR, resolvió:

“Nótese cómo respecto a la clasificación que se pretende se hiciera de los diferentes medios y el uso diferenciado de medios culturales la Administración aclara que efectivamente hay una apertura a que todos los interesados participen y que precisamente eso permite un acceso igualitario y que sí se definió expresamente las frecuencias que resultaban exceptuadas del procedimiento concursal, sea aquellas otorgadas por ley y las asociadas al ICER, citando la lista correspondiente.” Eso acredita que los procedimientos concursales establecen reglas de acceso diferenciado para los eventuales interesados, por cuanto, el Poder Ejecutivo en el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N°063-2024- TEL-MICITT, estableció dentro de su instrucción las emisoras que quedarían exceptuadas del recurso y aquellas que se les reservaría una frecuencia radiofónica.

También se acredita que, se cumple con los fines públicos emitidos por el Poder Ejecutivo, por lo que la decisión adoptada responde al interés público y los argumentos de la recurrente deben ser denegados.

1. Continuidad de los servicios Señala la recurrente que hay una violación a la continuidad del servicio y al derecho de acceso a las telecomunicaciones (art. 24 CP; LGT), por la mora administrativa en resolver prórrogas (afecta la justicia pronta del art. 41 CP y el principio de legalidad del art. 11 CP) y por el riesgo real de salida del aire de numerosas emisoras, comprometiendo la continuidad de la radiodifusión abierta en sectores que dependen de estos servicios para ejercer sus derechos de información, educación y participación democrática.

Lo anterior nuevamente sin aportar mayor argumentación ni prueba que acredite sus manifestaciones, lo que desatiende el numeral 38 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.

Sobre la continuidad del servicio, es necesario señalar que dicho término refiere al derecho de los usuarios para que, quienes brinden los servicios de radiodifusión y cuenten con un título habilitante, que les permita hacer uso y explotar el espectro radioeléctrico, les brinden el servicio de manera continua.

La continuidad del servicio no refiere a que el concesionario pueda explotar de manera indefinida (ad-perpetuam) el espectro radioeléctrico. No se puede entender que esa continuidad, como erróneamente lo plantea la recurrente, implique una habilitación no sujeta a término para los concesionarios.

Ese argumento, es contrario a las condiciones que establece la misma ley sobre la vigencia y el otorgamiento de títulos habilitantes (artículo 24 y 29 de la Ley N°8642). También es contrario con la jurisprudencia emitida por la Sala Constitucional respecto a que, los bienes demaniales como el espectro, no deben salir del control del Estado (artículo 121 inciso 14 de la Constitución Política).

A mayor abundamiento, sobre el plazo finito de los contratos de concesión, la Sala Constitucional en la resolución Nº 2017-011715 del 26 de julio de 2017,(…) Lo antes transcrito, acredita que el Poder Ejecutivo dispuso dentro de su instrucción del procedimiento concursal, los objetivos de política pública relacionados con garantizar la continuidad de los servicios de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre y gratuito.

Se reitera que, la garantía de continuidad de estos servicios no implica que los actuales concesionarios sean los únicos que tengan el derecho de acceder y explotar una concesión del espectro radioeléctrico para fines de radiodifusión, como si se tratara de un derecho que se renueva con la mera solicitud de prórroga de la concesión.

Sumado a lo anterior, en lo relativo a la continuidad del servicio de radiodifusión, el Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones (Decreto Ejecutivo N°34765-MINAE), establece en cuanto al tiempo mínimo de transmisión: “Artículo 99.-Tiempo mínimo de transmisión. Las estaciones al servicio de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva deberán cumplir con un mínimo de transmisión de doce horas diarias, debiendo notificar a la SUTEL su horario” lo cual es parte de las obligaciones establecidas los pliegos de condiciones sujetos del recurso.” Asimismo, el citado reglamento establece en su numeral 100: “Artículo 100.-Prestación del servicio. Los servicios de radiodifusión se prestarán de acuerdo con las normas técnicas internacionales sobre dicha materia, la Ley de Radio, el Reglamento al Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias y el presente reglamento”. Por lo que, los concesionarios están obligados a brindar el servicio conforme el Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias, en el que se establecen las condiciones técnicas de operación e igualmente, fue parte de los requisitos del pliego de condiciones sujeto del recurso.

Tal como se observa, estos son los requerimientos de continuidad del servicio que dispone la regulación vigente, no otros como pretende hacer ver la recurrente, que pretende hacer ver que el principio de continuidad de servicio refiere a una asignación del espectro radioeléctrico en suconsideración de bien demanial, sin limitación de tiempo por parte de los actuales concesionarios, lo cual es contrario a lo establecido en el artículo 24 y 29 de la Ley N°8642, y la jurisprudencia emanada de la Sala Constitucional.(…).

De la información anterior (gráficos y mapas de cobertura), el modelo de radiodifusión actual no cumple con el principio de optimización de los recursos escasos, tampoco con la reutilización de frecuencias que establece el artículo 3, inciso j) de la LGT, ya que transmitir con potencias de gran intensidad desde puntos de gran altura a nivel nacional imposibilita la reutilización del espectro, generando interferencias perjudiciales y desatendiendo zonas de sombra con población.

El PNAF promulgado conforme lo dispuesto en la instrucción realizada por el Poder Ejecutivo, a partir de la implementación de mejores prácticas internacionales, busca corregir esta situación histórica, estableciendo metodologías que se orientan a una adecuada planificación para la prestación del servicio de radiodifusión.

En complemento al tema de uso eficiente de espectro, considerando que los servicios de radiodifusión no cumplen con brindar cobertura nacional y se encuentran altamente concentrados en el GAM, debe adicionarse que, a la fecha existen canales que no registran transmisiones.

En este respecto, según las mediciones realizadas por esta Superintendencia dentro de sus competencias fiscalizadoras del uso del espectro, para el servicio de radiodifusión televisiva, se han detectado canales que, a pesar de contar con una concesión vigente, no registran transmisiones, tal como se muestra en la siguiente tabla De esta forma, el esquema actual no garantiza una cobertura adecuada para todo el país y además, se evidencian concesionarios que ni siquiera cumplen con explotar algunos de los canales de televisión concesionados, por lo cual, se reitera que el modelo actual no permite el cumplimiento de los derechos fundamentales.

Adicionalmente, en lo relativo a la población cubierta, es preciso señalar que esta Superintendencia realizó análisis técnicos para atender los objetivos de política pública planteados por el Poder Ejecutivo para maximizar la cobertura con énfasis en zonas rurales, por lo cual del estudio presentado en el oficio número 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025, conviene citar lo siguiente: “A partir de la estimación de la propagación de señales para el despliegue de dos (2) transmisores por región se obtuvo que, se podrían alcanzar entre un 46% a población principales conforme a lo dispuesto en el inciso a) del punto 1.2.11. del Apéndice I del PNAF vigente (…)”.

De conformidad con los estudios técnicos realizados, el modelo propuesto en los pliegos de condiciones, según los objetivos de política pública y las disposiciones del PNAF, permitirían una mejora sustancial en cobertura en comparación con la cobertura actual, conforme se extrae de la siguiente proyección del citado oficio (03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025):

Según se puede observar de la tabla anterior, el modelo propuesto garantiza una mejora de cobertura de forma general a toda la población, la cual es muy significativa en las regiones distintas a la Región Central. Esto, indistintamente de la cantidad de frecuencias o canales ofertados, implica un cambio de paradigma que, permite que, más comunidades puedan tener acceso al servicio de radiodifusión televisiva, garantizando de esta forma con mayor amplitud el cumplimiento del derecho de información y libertad de expresión que se acusan violentados en virtud de los procedimientos concursales.

Así las cosas, la situación actual de baja cobertura en zonas rurales, limita el derecho de los habitantes a tener acceso a los servicios de radiodifusión, siendo que, si no hay cobertura en diferentes zonas del país, como lo acreditan los estudios de la Sutel, no hay condiciones para ejercer los derechos fundamentales que se alegan infringidos.

En consideración de lo anterior, la corrección de las deficiencias de cobertura para alcanzar zonas rurales son parte de los objetivos de Política Pública promovidos por el Poder Ejecutivo y lo que buscan las especificaciones técnicas de los pliegos de condiciones.

Por las razones expuestas, no es cierto que los procedimientos concursales en análisis implicarían un apagón de estaciones, dado que, por el contrario, con estos se pretende corregir las deficiencias actuales en la cobertura en todo el territorio costarricense.

2. Libertad de expresión y pluralismo informativo La recurrente señala que hay una violación a la libertad de expresión y al pluralismo informativo (arts. 28 y 29 CP; art. 13 CADH), ya que las barreras económicas, sociales y técnicas constituyen restricciones indirectas al acceso a frecuencias mediante procedimientos concúrsales desproporcionados, reducen la oferta de radio/TV abierta y afectan tanto el derecho a recibir información como la diversidad cultural. Es necesario señalar que los procedimientos concursales en modo alguno infringen la libertad de expresión. Por el contrario, su promoción busca garantizar seguridad jurídica a los eventuales interesados en transmitir sus diversos contenidos por medio de las redes de radiodifusión, así como, que dichas libertades sean ejercidas en estricto apego a la Constitución Política, la ley y los tratados internacionales de derechos humanos, garantizando el debido proceso, la transparencia y la independencia de los medios.

A mayor abundamiento, en el procedimiento concursal de radiodifusión para los servicios en AM (Licitación Mayor N°2025LY-000001-SUTEL), la CGR enfatizó en la resolución N°R-DCP-00077- 2025 del 03 de noviembre de 20025, en cuanto a la supuesta vulneración de la libertad de expresión por la promoción del procedimiento concursal de referencia, lo siguiente:

“De frente a lo anterior, es necesario señalar que el objetante solo realiza afirmaciones genéricas en cuanto al pliego de la contratación, refiriéndose a la supuesta vulneración del principio de libertad de expresión, pero omite realizar un ejercicio argumentativo donde se acredite con algún elemento de prueba las razones por las cuales una vez identificadas las cláusulas cartelarias resultan contrarias al principio tutelado. Se advierte que el escrito presentado se limita a expresar una disconformidad general respecto a lo que el recurrente considera barreras económicas desproporcionadas. Esta objeción, carece de la especificidad necesaria para un análisis detallado, al omitir señalar al menos una pretensión concreta que identifique con claridad el objeto de la impugnación o la medida correctiva que se procura.” (En el mismo sentido ver resoluciones de la CGR número R-DCP-00076-2025 y N°R-DCP-00078-2025 ambas del 03 de noviembre de 2025).

En igual sentido, el presente recurso de amparo carece de prueba que acredite que los concursos de referencia transgreden la libertad de expresión y de prensa y el derecho a la información, toda vez que el recurrente no aporta argumentos concretos ni remite prueba alguna, en perjuicio del artículo 38 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.

Además, resulta pertinente reiterar que, tal y como se expuso supra, para los procedimientos concursales, la Sutel realizó estudios técnicos que permitió determinar un precio base utilizando una metodología que busca reflejar el valor económico del espectro y evitar barreras de entrada, conforme a principios de proporcionalidad y transparencia.

Aunado a lo expuesto, se posibilitó el pago diferido en tractos para reducir barreras de entrada y se demostró que los precios se encuentran ajustados a la realidad costarricense y dentro de límites razonables, lo que pretende evitar que el costo sea una barrera que restrinja la participación y, por ende, la pluralidad de voces, garantizando así la libertad de expresión, de comunicación y de información, por lo que procede el rechazo del argumento del recurrente.

En cuanto a la supuesta violación al pluralismo informativo. Al respecto, se debe señalar que el pluralismo informativo busca garantizar la existencia de diversidad de medios, voces y perspectivas en el espacio público y, pretende evitar la concentración de medios y asegurar que la sociedad tenga acceso a múltiples fuentes de información, lo cual no se está lesionando en los procedimientos de subasta del espectro radioeléctrico. Como parte de los objetivos de política pública emitidos por el Poder Ejecutivo en su instrucción, se estableció la maximización de la cobertura alcanzando zonas rurales, en virtud de que, en la actualidad, las emisiones se concentran en la región central, razón por la cual, con los procedimientos concursales se pretende que exista una mayor cobertura en el territorio nacional, lo que garantiza la libertad de expresión y prensa y, el acceso a la información.

En cuanto al concurso para radiodifusión AM, tal y como se expuso supra, este servicio ha perdido interés, al ser una tecnología obsoleta, lo que se evidencia en la baja participación.

En relación con el procedimiento de subasta del espectro radioeléctrico FM, como primer aspecto se indica que las concesiones que se han otorgado de manera regional fuera del GAM, son las siguientes: 88,3 MHz (región Brunca), 88,7 MHz (una concesión para la región Brunca y la otra para el resto del país), 98,3 MHz (una concesión para región Huetar Caribe y la otra para las regiones central, Chorotega y Brunca) y 107,9 MHz (una concesión para la región Huetar Caribe y otra para el Pacífico Central).

En la fase de apertura de ofertas del procedimiento de subasta del espectro radioeléctrico FM, se recibieron 3 ofertas por emisoras regionales. De lo anterior es posible extraer, que el concurso no afecta a las estaciones regionales o rurales, por cuanto resulta coincidente la cantidad de concesiones actualmente otorgadas, respecto a la cantidad de emisoras que ofertaron para frecuencias con alcance regional y la misma instrucción de los procedimientos, tal y como se indicó anteriormente, con la exclusión y reserva de asignación de frecuencias, como es el caso del ICER.

Además, el diseño de los requerimientos técnicos de los procedimientos, en atención a los objetivos de política pública, maximiza la cobertura de las estaciones oferentes, de manera que, se cumplan las obligaciones de cobertura de alcance nacional.

En la actualidad, la mayoría de las concesiones vigentes cuentan con obligaciones de alcance nacional, sin embargo, de conformidad con las mediciones de la Sutel, éstas no cumplen con esa obligación, como ya se expuso.

Debe tomarse en cuenta que, considerando que se recibieron 20 ofertas para emisoras FM, la cantidad de emisoras posterior a la adjudicación, podría alcanzar aproximadamente un total de 2620 (6 estatales y 20 ofertas presentadas).

Dichas emisoras de conformidad con los requerimientos del pliego de condiciones deben contar con al menos, 2 transmisores por región, y deben cumplir con las disposiciones del Plan Nacional de Atribución de Frecuencias, lo cual se traduciría en una mejora sustancial en la prestación de este servicio de radiodifusión. Ahora bien, en relación con el procedimiento de subasta de radiodifusión televisiva, se recibieron 4 ofertas.

Por lo que, hay una diversidad de empresas que están participando en los 3 procedimientos de subasta. Posteriormente, el Poder Ejecutivo puede disponer el inicio de un nuevo proceso concursal con las frecuencias no asignadas, a partir de los objetivos de política pública que considere idóneos.

Aquí resulta pertinente recalcar, además que, según la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, se ha reconocido que el pluralismo de ideas en los medios no se puede medir a partir de la cantidad de medios de comunicación, sino de que las ideas y la información transmitidas sean efectivamente diversas y estén abordadas desde posturas divergentes sin que exista una única visión o postura.

En esos términos, lo relevante es que los medios garanticen la transmisión de ideas y posturas diversas. En todo caso, la cantidad de oferentes de los presentes concursos no responde a limitaciones arbitrarias impuestas por el Estado, sino a criterios técnicos objetivos que resultan razonables y proporcionales y como fue indicado, hay varios factores que puede afectar la participación.

De manera que, a consideración de esta Superintendencia, es claro que, los diferentes procesos concursales se han llevado a cabo en respeto de los diferentes principios constitucionales y la normativa aplicable vigente en la materia de concesión, por lo que procede el rechazo del recurso incoado.

Otros elementos a considerar: De la regionalización del MIDEPLAN Afirma la recurrente, que “Adoptaron una zonificación basada en la regionalización de MIDEPLAN, exigiendo, como regla general, una red mínima de doce (12) transmisores, equivalentes a dos por cada región. La regionalización Mideplan no está incluida en instrucción del MICITT a la SUTEL, y los doce transmisores es una decisión de la SUTEL que excede la instrucción del MICITT.” Sobre este punto, no lleva razón la recurrente, por cuanto la instrucción del Poder Ejecutivo y los lineamientos en los que se establecen los objetivos de política pública, buscan que la SUTEL determine los aspectos técnicos, económicos y legales que, se incluyen en los pliegos de condiciones, esto es acorde con lo establecido en el artículo 12 de la Ley N°8642, que dispone:

“Las concesiones de frecuencias para la operación y explotación de redes públicas de telecomunicaciones, serán otorgadas por el Poder Ejecutivo por medio del procedimiento de concurso público, de conformidad con la Ley de contratación administrativa y su reglamento. La Sutel instruirá el procedimiento, previa realización de los estudios necesarios, paradeterminar la necesidad y factibilidad del otorgamiento de las concesiones, de conformidad con el Plan nacional de desarrollo de las telecomunicaciones y las políticas sectoriales”.

El acto de instrucción del procedimiento conlleva que la Sutel realice los estudios técnicos para determinar la necesidad y factibilidad del otorgamiento de las concesiones, lo que incluye, el establecimiento de las especificaciones técnicas, económicas y legales, Aclaramos que no corresponde al Poder Ejecutivo el establecimiento de elementos de índole técnico, como, por ejemplo: la regionalización del MIDEPLAN, el precio del espectro, el valor de concentración del espectro, entre otros.

En este sentido, el Poder Ejecutivo instruyó a la SUTEL a realizar procedimientos concursales considerando alcances tanto nacional como regional, esto sin instruir específicamente la opción de emplear las regiones MIDEPLAN, por cuanto como se indicó, las disposiciones del Poder Ejecutivo son objetivos de carácter general y corresponde a la SUTEL como ente técnico, establecer conforme a la ciencia y la técnica la mejor manera para implementar dichos objetivos (artículo 16 LGAP).

La Sutel actuó conforme los objetivos de política pública y generó un estudio técnico que fundamentó lo correspondiente al cumplimiento de estos, relativos a: “(...) que la asignación del espectro para la prestación de servicios de radiodifusión resulten accesibles en todo el territorio nacional o en la zona de cobertura definida, alcanzando zonas rurales, lo cual supone la existencia de condiciones de acceso al menos similares en todo el territorio, de forma que los usuarios finales en zonas desfavorecidas no se vean discriminados con condiciones de calidad desventajosas” así como “(...) la maximización en el acceso de la población, y la calidad técnica en su prestación21,” por lo que no es cierto lo que afirma la recurrente en relación con que esta Superintendencia excedió lo instruido por el Ente rector.

En abono de lo anterior, la Sutel debe realizar estudios técnicos que están publicados en el expediente de la licitación (ver oficio 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025), los cuales permitieron el cumplimiento de dichos objetivos.

Cabe señalar que, si bien las regiones de MIDEPLAN fueron desarrolladas con fines socioeconómicos (una región administrativa o política), esta Superintendencia realizó el debido análisis técnico mediante simulaciones de la propagación de las señales en dichas regiones a través de software especializado, para efectos de determinar el confinamiento de la cobertura y la viabilidad de su empleo. Dicho análisis se encuentra incluido en el oficio número 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025 del 22 de abril de 202522, visible en el expediente digital de la licitación y titulado como “09-Propuesta Precartel y cronograma”, del cual se extrae lo siguiente:

“Al respecto, importa considerar que el procedimiento concursal debe orientarse a la prestación del servicio de radiodifusión con alcance regional y nacional. Por lo tanto, existe la necesidad de establecer de manera justificada y objetiva las regiones en que se dividirá el territorio nacional para efectos del concurso, promoviendo un aislamiento radioeléctrico razonable especialmente desde la perspectiva del desarrollo regional.

En este sentido, se ha procedido a realizar un análisis de la propagación de las señales para efectos de determinar el confinamiento de la cobertura por medio de regiones, mediante un ejercicio teórico en las herramientas de simulación con que cuenta la SUTEL, con el fin de evitar posibles interferencias perjudiciales al momento su definición. Debe tenerse en cuenta que la extensión territorial de Costa Rica cuenta con múltiples accidentes geográficos, siendo que las cadenas montañosas son importantes barreras para la propagación de las señales electromagnéticas, puesto que, tienden a bloquear gran parte de las señales trasmitidas desde puntos con menor elevación, lo que se traduce en un aislamiento de las señales.

El citado confinamiento de las señales, tal como se analizará más adelante, guarda relación con la definición de regiones socioeconómicas del MIDEPLAN, por lo que, se recomienda utilizar dichas divisiones para el presente procedimiento concursal. (…) Es preciso señalar que, la planificación regional del MIDEPLAN “se orienta hacia propuestas de acciones que contribuyan un desarrollo humano sostenible e inclusivo, con equidad territorial y pertinencia cultural; una mejor distribución del ingreso y de los servicios; así como propiciar la participación ciudadana, concertación y transparencia, en un enfoque sinérgico del desarrollo; la racionalidad y eficiencia administrativa, con alto nivel de desconcentración y aproximación de los servicios institucionales a los ámbitos regionales y locales. Por lo tanto, la regionalización puede contribuir a que los servicios de radiodifusión sean accesibles en todo el territorio nacional, al mismo tiempo, esta división del país permite que se consideren las necesidades y características de cada región.” En adición a lo anterior, no puede perderse de vista que el MIDEPLAN “se constituye en el órgano asesor y de apoyo técnico de la Presidencia de la República y es la instancia encargada de formular, coordinar, dar seguimiento y evaluar las estrategias y prioridades del Gobierno, es decir, define la visión y metas de mediano y largo plazo que inspiran el accionar del Ejecutivo23”, accionar que se traduce en la elaboración del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo, el cual define laestrategia de Gobierno en prioridades, políticas, programas y acciones, dentro de ellos, la regionalización socioeconómica empleada por la SUTEL para realizar los procedimientos concursales de radiodifusión.

Específicamente, la regionalización del MIDEPLAN a la que recurrió la SUTEL en los pliegos de condiciones, obedece a aspectos técnicos como el aislamiento radioeléctrico que permite el relieve nacional, y no a una decisión caprichosa como pretende hacer ver.

Por otra parte, en cuanto a las redes de transmisores, según la legislación vigente, para las redes de radiodifusión resulta aplicable la disposición del artículo 7 de Ley de Radio (Ley N°1758)24, que contempla un plazo máximo de 12 meses para el inicio de operación. Sin perjuicio de lo anterior, se consideró razonable brindar adicionalmente el mismo plazo para finalizar el despliegue del resto de la infraestructura de la red de radiodifusión por implementar.

De esta manera, los concesionarios tienen 6 meses prorrogables por 6 meses adicionales, según la Ley de Radio (artículo 7) para iniciar con el uso del espectro, es decir, un transmisor por región, y se brindó un plazo proporcional de 12 meses adicionales para culminar con el encendido de los segundos transmisores por región, con lo cual se demuestra que los pliegos de condiciones establecieron plazos proporcionales y razonables a las obligaciones de despliegue de infraestructura por parte de los eventuales concesionarios.

Asimismo, las disposiciones de la Ley de Radio no hacen diferencia entre concesionarios por su cobertura, ya sea nacional o regional, es decir, no hay diferenciación para las redes de radiodifusión según la cantidad de transmisores. Cabe señalar que, de forma consistente, en los pliegos de condiciones, se regulan de manera diferenciada en cuanto a la obligación de instalación de infraestructura (transmisores) los eventuales concesionarios con alcance nacional y con alcance regional.

Lo anterior, en vista de que los concesionarios con alcance nacional difieren en capacidad técnica y financiera de aquellos con alcance regional. Por esta razón, las obligaciones de despliegue de transmisores acuerdo con el alcance – nacional o regional -, son proporcionales y razonables, es decir, la obligación regional de 2 transmisores por región es proporcional a 12 transmisores por cada una de las regiones a nivel nacional (6X2), por lo que no existe algún trato discriminatorio.

Contrario a la falta de “proporcionalidad o razonabilidad” el requerimiento de instalación de transmisores de los pliegos de condiciones resulta proporcional dado que un eventual concesionario regional podría resultar adjudicado por 1 región del MIDEPLAN lo que implicaría que el alcance de su red se delimite en dicha región y tendría que instalar 2 transmisores, por su 1 Los concursos promueven la competencia del mercado parte si resultara adjudicado de 2 regiones dicha proporción resulta multiplicativa y ahora el alcance de su red implicaría 2 regiones y 4 transmisores. La misma proporción aplicaría para el eventual adjudicatario nacional que tendría que abarcar 6 regiones y por ende instalar 12 transmisores.

De igual forma, en el pliego existe la posibilidad de optar por cobertura regional, la cual permitirá que un operador concentre sus esfuerzos en una localidad específica, para esto deberá instalar los transmisores que así lo requiera según su diseño, con un mínimo de dos, tal como se justificó en el análisis técnico de la SUTEL incorporado en el oficio número 03320-SUTEL-DGC-2025 (aportado como prueba).

En este sentido, existen reglas particulares para un eventual operador nacional o regional, puesto que el operador con alcance nacional deberá instalar al menos 12 transmisores (2 por cada región), en un plazo máximo de veinticuatro (24) meses a partir del Inicio de la Concesión, lo cual representa el periodo máximo para el despliegue de los demás transmisores de la red.

En todo caso, tal y como se ha indicado, la Sutel realizó el diseño de los pliegos de condiciones a partir de la fundamentación de estudios técnicos y económicos, los cuales no son debatidos por la parte recurrente, más que con argumentos genéricos sin fundamento técnico.

Resulta pertinente señalar que los procedimientos de subasta pretenden evitar que se genere una concentración de espectro que afecte al mercado. La concentración en el mercado de la radiodifusión tiene la particularidad no sólo de que puede afectar la competencia, sino también otros fines públicos que, si bien escapan del alcance de la competencia legal de la Sutel, son igualmente importantes para la sociedad como lo pueden ser la pluralidad y diversidad informativa.

En ese sentido, la incorporación de topes de espectro persigue un fin público válido, sea el de evitar que en el proceso concursal de radiodifusión se presenten conductas de acaparamiento de espectro que pueden afectar la competencia del mercado, considerando como se indicó de previo que la concentración en el mercado de la radiodifusión tiene la particularidad no sólo de que puede afectar la competencia, sino también otros fines públicos de relevancia para la sociedad.

La Dirección General de la Competencia de la Sutel analizó la viabilidad de incluir los topes como mecanismos de control del espectro en los procedimientos concursales y emitió el oficio 10911- SUTEL-OTC-2024 del 9 de diciembre del 202425, en el cual analizó la viabilidad de los topes como mecanismos de control del espectro en dichos procedimientos, estableciendo un tope de 30% para el máximo de frecuencias que pueden acumular empresas o personas ligadas a un mismogrupo de interés económico, en relación con dicho mecanismo. Dicho informe concluyó lo siguiente:

“Se considera que el mecanismo de control del espectro radioeléctrico propuesto es razonable y proporcional por los siguientes motivos:

▪ El mecanismo propuesto está basado en conceptos económicos reconocidos y vigentes en el marco normativo costarricense.

▪ El porcentaje de control de concentración propuesto es consistente con la práctica internacional.

▪ El mecanismo seleccionado promueve la competencia en el mercado.

▪ Es un mecanismo más flexible para los eventuales oferentes interesados que otros mecanismos tradicionales analizados, reconociendo la realidad actual y retos del sector radiodifusión.

Asimismo, se encuentra que el mecanismo propuesto es necesario, porque en un proceso concursal donde se pondrá a disposición todas las concesiones del servicio de radiodifusión se requiere contar con provisiones que impidan una concentración contraria a la competencia del mercado; es proporcional, dada la necesidad de balancear los intereses de los eventuales oferentes respecto de los objetivos de política pública de garantizar el uso eficiente del espectro; es eficaz, porque a través del porcentaje establecido en conjunto con los mecanismo de evaluación de vinculación de grupo de interés económico permite que la asignación de espectro en el procedimiento concursal sea eficiente y competitiva; es transparente, porque se define con claridad cómo y a quiénes aplica; es predecible, toda vez que establece una metodología simple de aplicación directa a la cantidad de concesiones disponibles con que se cuenta para el proceso concursal; finalmente es indispensable, porque es un mecanismo que promueve la competencia, evita el acaparamiento de frecuencias y el uso ineficiente del espectro radioeléctrico.

En particular, en la definición del mecanismo propuesto se consideró el entorno actual en el que operan los operadores de servicios de radiodifusión, para evitar el establecimiento de mecanismos de control del espectro que pudieran resultar en una obstaculización de la adaptación de los operadores a la naturaleza cambiante de la industria, en ese sentido el mecanismo propuesto les permite alcanzar una escala adecuada para competir con las empresas de plataformas no reguladas, así como optimizar el alcance de sus operaciones de manera diversificada.

Finalmente, el mecanismo propuesto permite garantizar los objetivos de política pública instruidos por el MICCIT ya que es una medida de control de espectro para los servicios de radiodifusión sonora en frecuencia modulada y radiodifusión televisiva que previene que la licitación genere una situación de concentración de espectro para los servicios de radiodifusión sonora en frecuencia modulada y radiodifusión televisiva, el mismo tiene orientación hacia los usuarios y la competencia efectiva en el sector radiodifusión; y al mismo tiempo es transparente, optimiza el recurso escaso y garantiza un asignación justa, equitativa, independiente, transparente y no discriminatoria.” El análisis concluyó que el mecanismo propuesto es razonable, proporcional, necesario, eficaz, transparente, e indispensable, por las siguientes razones:

• Basado en conceptos económicos reconocidos y normativa costarricense.

• Consistente con prácticas internacionales.

• Promueve la competencia y evita el acaparamiento de frecuencias.

• Flexible frente a otros mecanismos tradicionales, considerando la realidad del sector.

• Garantiza el uso eficiente del espectro y una asignación justa, equitativa y no discriminatoria.

Cumple con los objetivos de política pública del MICITT, orientándose hacia la competencia efectiva y el beneficio de los usuarios. Prohibición de censura previa Legalidad, publicidad y transparencia en la actuación administrativa Por lo expuesto, es claro que la Sutel tomó las previsiones necesarias en el proceso concursal para prevenir una concentración de espectro que afectara la competencia.

Se debe reiterar que los requerimientos dispuestos en los pliegos de condiciones de los procedimientos concursales se basan en estudios técnicos realizados por la Sutel que, a su vez, responden a las mejores prácticas internacionales y a la normativa costarricense.

Cabe recalcar que, a la fecha, dichos estudios y justificaciones técnicas no han sido cuestionados con la fundamentación técnica correspondiente.

Aunado a lo expuesto, se considera pertinente señalar que los pliegos de condiciones recibieron 29 objeciones de las cámaras y distintos concesionarios, que fueron resueltas por la CGR en su mayoría por falta de fundamentación, situación que se reitera nuevamente en el presente recurso, el cual carece de fundamentación alguna y de la prueba respectiva.

Además, resulta menester considerar que la Ley de Radio anteriormente, no regulaba los requisitos técnicos, ni el procedimiento para la asignación de concesiones a las estaciones radiodifusoras, razón por la cual, existía absoluta discrecionalidad y flexibilidad para realizar dichas concesiones.

Ante tal panorama, resulta evidente que en un concurso como el presente, donde se especificaron condiciones técnicas que antes no se exigían, no participaría la misma cantidad de concesionarios.

De conformidad con el principio de legalidad, le corresponde a esta Superintendencia de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 73 inciso d) de la Ley de la Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos, el artículo 39 inciso d) de la Ley N°8660, en relación con el artículo 12 de la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones (Ley N°8642), emitir los criterios relativos con la eventual renovación o prórroga de las concesiones de radiodifusión sonora de libre acceso.

Asimismo, corresponde a la Sutel la instrucción del procedimiento en cumplimiento de los objetivos de política pública planteados por el Poder Ejecutivo mediante el Acuerdo Ejecutivo N°063-2024-TEL-MICITT, publicado en el Alcance N°117 del diario Oficial La Gaceta N°116, y los lineamientos técnicos adicionales establecidos en el oficio número MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024 del 07 de agosto de 2024 del MICITT, así como, en apego a las disposiciones de la legislación vigente y las condiciones técnicas del PNAF.

En ese sentido, la Sutel ha actuado conforme lo establecido en la normativa y los objetivos de la política púbica, en atención al principio de legalidad.

Cabe recalcar que, la promoción de dichos procedimientos busca regular las condiciones para la asignación de los recursos, en aras de garantizar seguridad jurídica a los eventuales interesados en transmitir sus diversos contenidos por medio de las redes de radiodifusión, con el fin de que sean ejercidos en estricto apego a la Constitución Política, la ley y los tratados internacionales de derechos humanos, garantizando el debido proceso, la transparencia y la independencia de los medios.

Además, en cuanto al principio de transparencia e integridad, se debe indicar que, como parte de los procedimientos concursales y, de conformidad con la normativa aplicable, la Sutel ha cumplido con todas las fases del procedimiento, dentro del cual se incluyó el sometimiento a consulta pública del borrador del pliego de condiciones, fase que no se encuentra establecida en la legislación vigente y que, garantiza la más amplia divulgación de dicho instrumento según lo dispuesto en el artículo 8 de la Ley General de Contratación Pública, Ley N°9986.

El cumplimiento del principio de publicidad, transparencia y rendición de cuentas se ha garantizado en primer lugar, mediante la puesta a disposición de toda la información necesaria en la etapa procesal correspondiente, para promover el acceso oportuno a la información y libre concurrencia de los interesados.

En ese sentido, los expedientes de los tres procedimientos de contratación son de acceso público y se pueden consultar todas las gestiones que se han realizado en los procedimientos concursales de radiodifusión (AM, FM y TV), información que está disponible en los siguientes enlaces:

AM: https://sutel.go.cr/pagina/frecuencias-am?page=1 FM: https://sutel.go.cr/pagina/frecuencias-fm?page=2 TV: https://sutel.go.cr/pagina/frecuencias-television?page=2 Inclusive, la CGR en las resoluciones de los recursos de objeción que se interpusieron en contra de los pliegos de condiciones, dispuso: “En igual sentido, se garantiza transparencia y rendición de cuentas, en la medida que todas las actuaciones se encuentran a disposición y conocimiento de todos los interesados, siendo posible de verificar a quién y cómo se adjudica el concurso.” (Resolución R-DCP-00078-2025) Cabe recalcar que los procedimientos concursales aquí en análisis se encuentran debidamente definidos y se basan en transparencia y publicidad -en contraste con la forma de asignación.

Acceso a la información histórica del recurso-, lo cual procura evitar la discrecionalidad, la captura regulatoria y la existencia de favoritismos.

Aunado a lo expuesto, debe indicarse que según se detalló en el apartado de antecedentes, los pliegos de condiciones fueron sometidos a un proceso de consulta pública por parte de la Sutel. Dicho proceso de consulta tenía por objeto garantizar la más amplia participación de cualquier interesado, como el recurrente, quedando habilitada la vía para plantear observaciones y comentarios al borrador de pliegos de condiciones en esa fase de configuración de las especificaciones técnicas, financieras y legales.

Asimismo, los pliegos de condiciones fueron ampliamente difundidos por diversos medios de comunicación, y publicados en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta y el periódico de circulación nacional La EXTRA. Los citados pliegos fueron objeto de los respectivos recursos de objeción por parte de eventuales oferentes e interesados en los procedimientos concursales de referencia.

En resumen, se realizó una consulta pública pre-cartel y los pliegos de condiciones fueron debidamente publicados y difundidos por diversos medios de comunicación y, de igual manera, revisados en la fase recursiva por parte del Ente Contralor, por lo que resulta evidente el cumplimiento del debido proceso por parte de esta Superintendencia, siendo que su conducta se ajustó a las reglas procedimentales establecidas en la Ley General de Contratación Pública, en relación con la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones.

No se puede desconocer que existe legislación que establece la forma en que se deben usar y explotar estos recursos, siendo que de acuerdo con los artículos 11 y 12 de la Ley N°8642, la figura jurídica aplicable es la concesión.

En consecuencia, no se deriva lesión a los principios de transparencia y de legalidad, en la tramitación de los procedimientos concursales de radiodifusión por parte de la Sutel.

Los pliegos de condiciones analizados, la determinación del precio base responde a criterios técnicos objetivos que han sido ampliamente justificados, según se expuso.

Por lo que los procedimientos concursales son legítimos y proporcionales y no restringen el acceso a información pública, solo regulan las condiciones en aras de una mayor seguridad jurídica para los oferentes.

Además, con los procedimientos concursales de referencia, tal y como se expuso en apartados arriba, se pretende ampliar la cobertura en el territorio nacional y, con ello, permitir el acceso a la información pública, el cual, en cualquier caso, sigue garantizado por otros medios como el acceso a Internet, la prensa escrita, entre otros.

Intangibilidad patrimonial El espectro radioeléctrico es un bien público cuyo dominio corresponde al Estado, por lo que su titularidad no puede ser reclamada por particulares como un bien o un derecho adquirido incorporado en su patrimonio.

Además, la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos ha reconocido que la posibilidad de la prórroga de una concesión no puede ser considerada como un bien o derecho adquirido ya incorporado en el patrimonio de la empresa. Dicha posibilidad era una mera expectativa de renovación que estaba condicionada por la facultad del Estado para establecer controles.

En consecuencia, los beneficios económicos que los concesionarios pudieran haber obtenido como resultado de la renovación de la concesión tampoco pueden considerarse bienes o derechos adquiridos que formen parte de su patrimonio y que puedan ser protegidos por el artículo 21 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos en virtud de su titularidad Aunado a lo expuesto, se debe considerar lo que establece la normativa costarricense, concretamente el artículo 121 inciso 14) subinciso c) de la Constitución Política, que indica que los servicios inalámbricos no pueden salir del dominio del Estado y que, solo pueden ser explotados de acuerdo con la ley o mediante concesión especial, los bienes demaniales no pueden salir del dominio del Estado.

Lo anterior, es conteste con lo dispuesto por la Sala Constitucional en la resolución número 2301- 91 del 6 de noviembre de 1991, en donde se enfatizó que los bienes “dominicales” ostentan un carácter de imprescriptible, inembargables e inalienables.

Además, resulta relevante señalar que, según la jurisprudencia de la Sala Constitucional y los criterios de la Contraloría General de la República y de la Procuraduría General de la República (PGR), las concesiones de radiodifusión deben sujetarse a un plazo determinado. Por lo que, las concesiones no pueden otorgarse de manera indefinida, por la naturaleza jurídica de bien demanial del espectro radioeléctrico.

Así, la Sala Constitucional en el voto N°2006-02997 del 8 de marzo de 2006, dispuso lo siguiente en relación con este aspecto, en atención a lo establecido en el Reglamento de Radiocomunicaciones:

“(...) el Reglamento matiza cualquier prórroga estrictamente automática, al desarrollar los conceptos empleados por la Ley de Radio en el artículo 25 supra citado. Finalmente, es menester señalar que la prórroga de una concesión, no resulta contraria al requisito impuesto por el constituyente de la concesión temporalmente limitada, por cuanto, la prórroga no es indefinida o ad perpetuam, sino por los plazos que establece el propio reglamento. La administración pública activa debe, casuísticamente, valorar, cuando se hayan producido varias prorrogas, que la suma total de los plazos no exceda uno razonable que contravenga el límite constitucional de la limitación temporal.” (Destacado intencional) (…)En el Reglamento a la Ley General de Telecomunicaciones en el artículo 33, dispone lo siguiente:

“Artículo 33.-Plazos y prórroga. Las concesiones de frecuencias para la operación y explotación de redes públicas de telecomunicaciones se otorgarán por un período máximo de quince años, prorrogable a solicitud de parte, hasta por un período que sumado con el inicial y el de las prórrogas anteriores no exceda veinticinco años. (…)” Según lo expuesto, las concesiones de radiodifusión se entienden otorgadas por un periodo máximo de 15 años, prorrogable a solicitud de parte por un periodo máximo que no exceda de 25, y sobre un bien demanial con tutela constitucional no pueden ostentarse derechos de propiedad o reclamarse derechos adquiridos.

En ese sentido, se concluye que las concesiones de radiodifusión tienen un plazo determinado, lo que implica que no son perpetuas y, por ende, no pueden ser consideradas como un bien o derecho adquirido ya incorporado en el patrimonio de una persona física o jurídica...” Pide se declare sin lugar el recurso.

7.- En los procedimientos seguidos se han observado las prescripciones legales.

Redacta el Magistrado Cruz Castro; y,

Considerando:

I.- OBJETO DEL RECURSO. La parte recurrente expone que el Acuerdo Ejecutivo n.° 063-2024-TEL-MICITT, de 20 de junio de 2024, el oficio MICITT-DM-OF-771-2024, de 7 de agosto de 2024, así como los pliegos de condiciones de las licitaciones públicas 2025LY-000001-SUTEL, 2025LY-000002-SUTEL y 2025LY-000003-SUTEL, dispuestos por el Poder Ejecutivo, el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones (MICITT) y la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones (SUTEL) vulneran diversos derechos fundamentales. Reclama que, mediante dichos actos, se instruyó y diseñó un proceso concursal para la adjudicación de todas las frecuencias disponibles de radiodifusión sonora en AM y FM y de televisión abierta de acceso libre, bajo una concepción homogénea y predominantemente mercantil, basada en criterios de eficiencia económica y “fuerzas del mercado”, sin distinguir la naturaleza, finalidad y función social de los distintos tipos de estaciones de radiodifusión (comerciales, culturales, religiosas, educativas, comunitarias o de interés social), pese a que dicha diferenciación se encuentra expresamente reconocida en el ordenamiento jurídico. Afirma que los pliegos impugnados imponen barreras económicas, técnicas y financieras desproporcionadas, tales como subastas al alza con precios base elevados, exigencias de rentabilidad financiera, costos elevados de inversión en infraestructura, requerimientos de múltiples transmisores por región y plazos de implementación excesivamente breves, lo cual afecta de manera particular a pequeños y medianos concesionarios, así como a emisoras culturales, religiosas y comunitarias, comprometiendo su permanencia y la continuidad del servicio.

Alega además que la Administración ha incurrido en mora injustificada al no resolver solicitudes de prórroga de concesión presentadas desde diciembre de 2022, generando un estado de incertidumbre jurídica que, en conjunto con el proceso concursal cuestionado, pone en riesgo la continuidad de los servicios de radiodifusión abierta actualmente en operación. Estima lesionados los principios de igualdad y no discriminación, razonabilidad y proporcionalidad, así como los derechos a la libertad de expresión, al pluralismo informativo, al acceso a las telecomunicaciones, a la continuidad del servicio, al debido proceso y a la protección de la diversidad cultural. Pide la suspensión de los procedimientos concursales impugnados, la continuidad provisional de las concesiones vigentes y, se declare con lugar el recurso.

II.- HECHOS PROBADOS. De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque el recurrido haya omitido referirse a ellos según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:

• a)Mediante oficio nro. 09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023, de 21 de noviembre de 2023, la SUTEL consignó que había cuarenta y ocho concesionarios de servicios de radiodifusión AM, cuarenta y tres de servicios de radiodifusión FM y veinticinco de servicios de radiodifusión TV. (https://www.sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/09904-SUTEL-DGC-2023%20CONSEJO%20Estudios%20previos%20subasta%20radiodifusio%CC%81n.pdf).
• b)Por medio de un comunicado de 14 de mayo de 2024, la SUTEL aludió a que, en esa fecha: “En total se analizó la condición de 24 concesionarios de televisión y 74 de radio; 25 de ellos en AM y 49 en FM. (…)”. (https://sutel.go.cr/noticias/comunicados-de-prensa/sutel-remite-informes-tecnicos-al-poder-ejecutivo-para-que-defina-el).
• c)El 25 de setiembre de 2025, en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta nro. 179, la SUTEL publicó la invitación para participar en cualquiera de los tres procedimientos concursales de radiodifusión para la concesión sobre el uso y explotación del espectro radioeléctrico para la prestación de servicios de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre”, según se detalla de seguido: N°2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM) N°2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM) y N°2025LY- 000003-SUTEL (TV) (https://sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/frecuencias/22e.-2025ly-000001-sutel-pliego-de-condiciones-am, (https://sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/frecuencias/22e.-2025ly-000002-sutel-pliego-de-condiciones-fm.pdf) y https://sutel.go.cr/sites/default/files/frecuencias/22e.-2025ly-000003-sutel-pliego-de-condiciones-tv.pdf).
• d)El apéndice 1° del oficio nro. - del 14 de noviembre de 2025 se indica: “Apéndice 1. La banda de radiodifusión FM comprende el segmento de frecuencias de 88 MHz a 108 MHz, y cuenta actualmente con 55 concesionarios, los cuales se detallan a continuación (…) (prueba aportada por la ministra de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones).
• e)El 21 de noviembre de 2025 venció el plazo para la recepción de las ofertas de radiodifusión sonora y televisiva de acceso libre (ver informes rendidos por las autoridades recurridas).
• f)El 24 de noviembre de 2025, la Comisión de Licitación realizó la apertura de las ofertas y se levantó el acta de recepción de ofertas correspondiente, momento en que se corroboró que se recibieron ofertas por 20 frecuencias para el servicio de radiodifusión en FM, una frecuencia para el servicio de radiodifusión en AM y cuatro frecuencias en el servicio de radiodifusión televisivo (ver informes rendidos por las autoridades recurridas).

III.- SOBRE EL CASO CONCRETO. De importancia para la resolución de este asunto debe indicarse que, recientemente, esta Sala resolvió el recurso de amparo tramitado bajo el expediente 25-031501-0007-CO, en que la parte recurrente planteó agravios similares a los analizados en el sub iudice. En esa ocasión, el recurrente acusó ante este Tribunal que los procedimientos de subasta del espectro radioeléctrico conllevaban el riesgo de una disminución de la prestación de los servicios de radiodifusión, ya que transgreden “los principios de libertad de expresión y prensa, la no censura previa, la responsabilidad ulterior, derecho de acceso a la información pública, principio de legalidad, principio de integridad, principio de transparencia, principio de sostenibilidad, social, principio de eficacia y eficiencia, principio de igualdad y libre concurrencia, el principio de intangibilidad patrimonial y la violación a garantizar la continuidad del servicio a favor de los usuarios finales”.

Reclamó en general, que la subasta de frecuencias de radio y televisión en Costa Rica por considerar que la metodología y los precios fijados restringen ilegítimamente la participación de medios pequeños, comunitarios, regionales y religiosos, favoreciendo únicamente a operadores con alta capacidad económica. Sostuvo que, un modelo basado exclusivamente en criterios económicos vulnera la libertad de expresión, el pluralismo informativo y el deber estatal de garantizar diversidad mediática, especialmente en zonas rurales donde la radio y la televisión abierta son fuentes primarias de información. Asimismo, criticó que los precios no se fundamentan en estudios técnicos ajustados a la realidad nacional, sino en parámetros internacionales, y que las condiciones de la licitación omitieron contemplar emisoras indígenas y culturales. Señaló que, la baja participación -con un alto porcentaje de frecuencias desiertas y escasas ofertas concentradas en pocas empresas- evidencia el fracaso del objetivo de democratizar el espectro y ampliar cobertura, generando un impacto negativo en poblaciones vulnerables y en el acceso equitativo a los medios de comunicación. Por su parte, la Sala procedió a realizar el estudio respectivo y mediante la sentencia nro. 2026-007626, de las 14:15 horas del 27 de febrero de 2026, declaró con lugar el recurso en cuanto a la inconstitucionalidad de los procedimientos de licitación nro. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), nro. 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM) y nro. 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV), dado que imponen la oferta económica más alta como único criterio para la asignación de concesiones de radiofrecuencias, sin tomar en consideración ni garantizar el pluralismo (tanto de medios como de contenidos) que debe existir en todo Estado Democrático de Derecho y una Sociedad de la Información libre y plena, en términos reales. Además, estimo que dicha situación provocó una disminución significativa en las emisoras de radio y canales de televisión abierta que participaron en esta fase del procedimiento de más de dos tercios de la cantidad total existente, cuya diversidad no fue contemplada ni tomada en consideración en las licitaciones. De manera que, en la parte dispositiva de dicha Sentencia, en lo conducente se dispuso, lo siguiente:

“Por Tanto:

Por unanimidad se admiten las coadyuvancias planteadas. Por mayoría se declara con lugar el recurso en cuanto a la inconstitucionalidad de los procedimientos de licitación nros. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM) y 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV) por establecer la oferta económica más alta como único criterio para la asignación de concesiones de radiofrecuencias, sin tomar en consideración ni garantizar el pluralismo -tanto de medios como de contenidos- que debe existir en un Estado Democrático de Derecho y en una Sociedad de la Información Libre y Plena. Por consiguiente, se anulan los procedimientos de licitación nros. 2025LY-000001-SUTEL (AM), 2025LY-000002-SUTEL (FM) y 2025LY-000003-SUTEL (TV) y se ordena a Jorge Rodríguez Bogle, Paula Bogantes Zamora y Carlos Watson Carazo, en su respectiva condición de ministro a. i. de la Presidencia, ministra del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones, y presidente del Consejo de la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones, o a quienes ocupen actualmente esos cargos, que dispongan lo necesario, coordinen lo pertinente y ejecuten los actos pertinentes dentro del ámbito de sus competencias, a fin de garantizar la no interrupción de la prestación de los servicios actuales de radiodifusión, mientras no se adjudiquen las radiofrecuencias mediante procedimientos que, además de no usar la oferta económica más alta como único criterio de adjudicación, de modo efectivo incorporen el pluralismo -tanto de medios como de contenidos- y procuren una distribución equitativa, transparente e igualitaria de la totalidad del espectro radioeléctrico relativo a la prestación de servicios de radiodifusión sonora, en amplitud modulada (AM) y frecuencia modulada (FM), así como de radiodifusión televisiva de acceso libre. Se advierte a las autoridades recurridas que, con base en el artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quienes recibieren una orden dictada en un recurso de amparo que deban cumplir o hacer cumplir y no la acaten, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Se condena a la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones y al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia en la vía contencioso-administrativa. El magistrado Cruz Castro da razones adicionales. Los magistrados Castillo Víquez y Salazar Alvarado salvan el voto, acogen la solicitud de vista; y, en atención al derecho fundamental de los ciudadanos de acceso a las telecomunicaciones y tecnologías de información en todo el territorio nacional (artículo 24, de la Constitución Política), declaran con lugar el recurso y ordenan al Ministerio de la Presidencia, al Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones y a la Superintendencia de Telecomunicaciones que, dentro del plazo de tres meses, contado a partir de la notificación de esta resolución, dispongan lo necesario, coordinen lo pertinente y lleven a cabo todas las actuaciones dentro del ámbito de sus competencias, publiquen un nuevo procedimiento concursal de otorgamiento de concesiones para la prestación de los servicios de radiodifusión sonora en amplitud modulada, frecuencia modulada y televisiva de acceso libre, a fin de garantizar la participación de interesados que presten servicios culturales, religiosos, educativos y regionales, para lo que deberán establecer los requisitos con que se acreditará el interés señalado y las respectivas condiciones de operación. La magistrada Garro Vargas declara con lugar el recurso de amparo por sus propias razones y, en lo relativo a la parte dispositiva de esta sentencia, salva el voto a efecto de ordenar que se continúe con la instrucción del proceso y realizar una vista con el propósito de contar con los elementos suficientes para ponderar y precisar apropiadamente la orden que correspondería dictar en este recurso de amparo. Notifíquese”.

De esta forma, al no existir motivo alguno para apartarse del criterio sostenido en la sentencia parcialmente transcrita, y considerando que el recurrente también cuestiona la constitucionalidad del concurso público para la asignación de frecuencias de radio y televisión por su carácter excluyente y desproporcionado -así como por el riesgo de censura indirecta y afectación a la pluralidad informativa y a la libertad de expresión, particularmente en perjuicio de medios regionales, religiosos y comunitarios-, estima esta Sala que las consideraciones allí desarrolladas resultan plenamente aplicables al caso concreto.

En consecuencia, las autoridades recurridas deberán estarse a lo resuelto en dicho precedente, para lo que en Derecho corresponda.

IV.- Documentación aportada al expediente. Se previene a la parte que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, éstos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de treinta días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el “Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial”, aprobado por la Corte Plena en Sesión N° 27-11 de 22 de agosto de 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial N° 19 de 26 de enero de 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la Sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo de 2012, artículo LXXXI.

Por tanto:

Estense, las autoridades recurridas, a lo dispuesto en la sentencia nro. 2026-007626, de las 14:15 horas del 27 de febrero de 2026.- Fernando Castillo V.

Fernando Cruz C.

Paul Rueda L.

Luis Fdo. Salazar A.

Jorge Araya G.

Anamari Garro V.

Ingrid Hess H.

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