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Res. 06027-2025 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 26/02/2025
OutcomeResultado
The majority rejected the challenge to the contested provisions of Executive Decree No. 43898, while Justice Cruz’s dissent found that several provisions unconstitutionally reduced environmental protection and that the public consultation was inadequate.La mayoría rechazó la acción contra los artículos impugnados del Decreto Ejecutivo n.º 43898, mientras el voto particular del magistrado Cruz consideró que varias disposiciones reducían inconstitucionalmente la protección ambiental y que la consulta pública había sido insuficiente.
SummaryResumen
By majority vote, the Constitutional Chamber rejected the constitutional challenge against numerous provisions of Executive Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, the Environmental Assessment, Control and Monitoring Regulation. The claimants argued that the new framework reduced SETENA’s preventive controls, raised thresholds for environmental impact assessment, facilitated activities in environmentally fragile areas, allowed certain forest extraction within protected wildlife areas, and weakened public participation, contrary to constitutional Article 50 and the precautionary, preventive, pro natura, scientific-objectivity, and non-regression principles. In dissent, Justice Fernando Cruz concluded that several amendments lacked technical support and lowered the previously achieved level of environmental protection. He also considered the public consultation conducted through a website inadequate and supported standing to protect diffuse environmental interests and municipal autonomy. Those conclusions form part of the dissenting opinion and do not alter the majority’s rejection of the action.La Sala Constitucional, por mayoría, rechazó la acción promovida contra numerosos artículos del Decreto Ejecutivo n.º 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental. Los accionantes sostenían que el nuevo régimen reducía controles preventivos de SETENA, elevaba umbrales para exigir evaluación de impacto ambiental, facilitaba actuaciones en áreas ambientalmente frágiles, permitía determinados aprovechamientos forestales dentro de áreas silvestres protegidas y debilitaba la participación ciudadana, en violación del artículo 50 constitucional y de los principios precautorio, preventivo, pro natura, de objetivación y de no regresión. El voto particular del magistrado Fernando Cruz consideró, por el contrario, que varias modificaciones carecían de respaldo técnico y disminuían el nivel de protección previamente alcanzado. También estimó insuficiente la consulta pública realizada mediante una página web y defendió la legitimación para tutelar intereses ambientales difusos y la autonomía municipal. Estas conclusiones corresponden al voto disidente y no alteran el rechazo acordado por la mayoría.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Under the constitutional principles of protection of the right to the environment; the preventive principle (when there is certainty of possible environmental harm, the harmful activity must be prohibited, limited, or conditioned upon compliance with certain requirements); the precautionary principle (when there is a threat of serious and irreversible harm, lack of absolute scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason to postpone cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation); the in dubio pro natura principle (in cases of doubt or uncertainty, disputes must be resolved and rules interpreted in favor of environmental protection and conservation); the principle of objectification of environmental protection (or the principle of adherence to science and technology, under which technical studies must support decision-making in this field, both regarding individual acts and general provisions—whether statutory or regulatory—thereby requiring adherence to science and technology and constraining administrative discretion); the principle of environmental progressivity and non-regression (the State’s obligation to increase protection and refrain from adopting measures, policies, or legal rules that worsen the level of protection attained); the principle of rational resource use; and the pro natura principle (always resolving and interpreting in favor of the environment), the identified provisions of the Environmental Assessment, Control and Monitoring Regulation, which amended the prior regime and reduced environmental protection, are unconstitutional. The position expressed in this dissent reflects serious concern over the deterioration of environmental protection and the disregard of fundamental environmental principles whose violation does not require extensive argument by the claimant. Furthermore, in addition to all the foregoing, I consider that the right to public participation has been violated. Standing should also be recognized in this case to defend municipal autonomy. The challenged regulation clearly does not fully satisfy the criteria for being considered properly consulted. The consultation was conducted through a website to which not everyone has access, and those who could access it did not know that the consultation was posted there because it received insufficient publicity. Nor does it appear that the municipalities directly involved in applying and complying with these rules were consulted. Thus, the consultation took place through a Ministry of Commerce website that was not adequately publicized to the public, that few people access, and that is not widely known. International standards require dissemination through means that reach all citizens and allow them to submit objections easily.Conforme a los principios constitucionales de: tutela del derecho al ambiente; el principio preventivo (cuando haya certeza de posibles daños al ambiente, la actividad afectante deba ser prohibida, limitada, o condicionada al cumplimiento de ciertos requerimientos); el principio precautorio (cuando haya peligro de daño grave e irreversible, la falta de certeza científica absoluta no deberá utilizarse como razón para postergar la adopción de medidas eficaces en función de los costos para impedir la degradación del medio ambiente); el principio pro in dubio natura (en caso de duda o incerteza las controversias deben resolverse y las normas deben interpretarse a favor de la protección y conservación del ambiente); el principio de objetivación de la tutela ambiental (o principio de la vinculación a la ciencia y a la técnica, según el cual se impone acreditar con estudios técnicos la toma de decisiones en esta materia, tanto en relación con actos como de las disposiciones de carácter general -tanto legales como reglamentarias-, de donde se deriva la exigencia de la "vinculación a la ciencia y a la técnica", con lo cual, se condiciona la discrecionalidad de la Administración en esta materia); el principio de progresividad y no regresión en materia ambiental (la obligación del Estado de ir aumentado la protección y de no adoptar medidas, políticas o normas jurídicas que empeoren la situación de protección alcanzada); el principio de uso racional de los recursos; el principio pro natura (resolver e interpretar siempre a favor del ambiente); resultan inconstitucionales las normas apuntadas del Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental que modificaron el régimen anterior, desmejorando el nivel de protección al ambiente. La visión que expreso en este voto particular, expresa una seria preocupación por el deterioro de la tutela ambiental, ignorando principios tan importantes de la tutela ambiental y cuya violación no requiere una argumentación abundante del accionante. Luego, en adición a todo lo anterior, considero que se ha violentado el derecho de participación ciudadana. Además, procede admitir la legitimación en este caso para la defensa de la autonomía municipal. Claramente el reglamento impugnado no cumple a cabalidad con los criterios para considerarse como debidamente consultado. Nótese que se consultó por medio de una página web a la cual no toda la población tiene acceso y la población que podría accederla, no conocía que estaba en consulta en esa página, porque no tuvo la debida publicidad. Tampoco parece que fue consultado con las municipalidades a las que involucra directamente en el uso y cumplimiento de esta normativa. Así la consulta realizada fue por medio de una página web del Ministerio de Comercio, que no tuvo la debida difusión a toda la ciudadanía, que pocas personas tienen acceso a una web de este tipo y que es desconocida. La normativa internacional establece que la difusión se debe dar por medios que lleguen a toda la ciudadanía y que puedan presentar sus objeciones de modo fácil.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"En materia ambiental, dada su fragilidad, se requiere la certeza y no la potencialidad."
"In environmental matters, given their fragility, certainty—not potentiality—is required."
Voto particular sobre el artículo 15
"En materia ambiental, dada su fragilidad, se requiere la certeza y no la potencialidad."
Voto particular sobre el artículo 15
"Toda esta liberalización no tiene sustento técnico, es una muestra que evidencia que el interés privado se impone a un interés colectivo tan relevante como el ambiente, la tutela de la casa común."
"This entire liberalization lacks technical support and shows that private interests are being placed above a collective interest as important as the environment—the protection of our common home."
Voto particular sobre el artículo 39
"Toda esta liberalización no tiene sustento técnico, es una muestra que evidencia que el interés privado se impone a un interés colectivo tan relevante como el ambiente, la tutela de la casa común."
Voto particular sobre el artículo 39
"La norma establece un instrumento que permite evadir los controles ambientales en función de los intereses de la colectividad."
"The provision establishes a mechanism that allows environmental controls adopted in the collective interest to be circumvented."
Voto particular sobre el artículo 47
"La norma establece un instrumento que permite evadir los controles ambientales en función de los intereses de la colectividad."
Voto particular sobre el artículo 47
"Se habla mucho de democracia, de participación, pero cuando se requiere su cabal cumplimiento, ni la administración ni el control judicial, la convierten en vivencia efectiva de la cultura democrática."
"Much is said about democracy and participation, but when their full observance is required, neither the administration nor judicial oversight makes them an effective part of democratic culture."
Voto particular
"Se habla mucho de democracia, de participación, pero cuando se requiere su cabal cumplimiento, ni la administración ni el control judicial, la convierten en vivencia efectiva de la cultura democrática."
Voto particular
Full documentDocumento completo
*CO* Decision No. 2025006027 CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at thirteen hours zero minutes on the twenty-sixth day of February, two thousand twenty-five.
Action for a declaration of unconstitutionality (acción de inconstitucionalidad) filed by [Name 001], identification number [Value 001], Costa Rican, resident of the canton of Belén de Heredia, widowed, retired journalist, and [Name 002], identification number [Value 002], divorced, attorney, bar membership number [Value 003], expert commissioner of the Comisión de Política Ambiental, Económica y Social (CPAES), and of the Comisión de Derecho Ambiental CMDA of the Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, challenging Articles 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90, and 98 of Executive Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, Regulations on Environmental Assessment, Control, and Monitoring, published on April 19, 2023, in Supplement No.65 of La Gaceta No. 67. Participating in these proceedings are Iván Vinicio Vincenti Rojas, of legal age, divorced, attorney, identification number 106950983, in his capacity as Attorney General of the Republic; Francisco Ernesto Gamboa Soto, in his capacity as Minister of Economy, Industry and Commerce; Luis Esteban Amador Jiménez, in his capacity as Minister of Public Works and Transportation; Víctor Julio Carvajal Porras, in his capacity as Minister of Agriculture and Livestock; Franz Tattenbach Capra, in his capacity as Minister of Environment and Energy; and Mary Denisse Munive Angermüller, in her dual capacity as Vice President of the Republic and Minister of Health. Ulises Gerardo Alvarez Acosta, in his capacity as Secretary General of the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, is also recognized as a supporting party for the respondent (coadyuvante pasivo).
Findings of Fact:
“Challenged Provision. Pursuant to Article 73.a of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction, this action challenges the SETENA Regulation 43898 MINAE-S-MOPT-MAC-MEIC, published on April 19, 2023, in Supplement No.65 of La Gaceta No. 67; the full text of that provision is attached.
The SETENA Regulation 43898 is unconstitutional in its Articles 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90, and 98, because it violates the provisions and principles indicated below.
Facts Supporting Standing Under Article 75 The following constitute facts supporting standing under Article 75 of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction:
1. In an email dated April 24, 2023, sent that same day to [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], and [email protected], the unconstitutionality of the challenged provision was asserted. The inquiry was answered by an email sent from [email protected] on May 10, 2023, with official letter number SETENA-SG-0404-2023. The documents are attached.
2. Given the nature of the matter, there is no individual injury, because the regulation containing the challenged provision is binding collectively upon the country’s inhabitants.
3. The petitioners belong to the Kañík collective (Forest in the Bribrí language), a grassroots collective composed of members of society who defend collective and diffuse interests (intereses colectivos y difusos) in environmental matters. In addition to being human-rights defenders in environmental matters, pursuant to the international and constitutional provisions and case law cited in the Action, they bring this action and have legal capacity (capacidad jurídica) to proceed in this matter to defend human rights in environmental matters.
Grounds 1-The SETENA Regulation 43898 amends Regulation 31849. Some articles were changed and others were added.
2-The challenged provision, Regulation 43898, omits the preventive controls established in prior regulations and thereby violates the principle of non-regression (principio de no regresividad); it creates the possibility of irreversible environmental harm and, consequently, diminishes quality of life. In this case, Articles 50 and 51 of the Political Constitution are violated. Article 3 does so because it excludes activities that required environmental approval (viabilidad ambiental) under the prior regulation and lowers the maximum thresholds for classification as having low, medium, or high impact.
3-Regulation 43898 was not duly subjected to consultation during its drafting; it was made available only through a website to which not all members of the public have access, and those who could access it did not know that the consultation was being conducted on that site because it was not adequately publicized. It is therefore false that a public consultation was held. The municipalities directly involved in the use and enforcement of these regulations were not consulted. Articles 3, 7 (item 6), and 51 (which corresponds to Article 48 in the prior decree). Article 1 of the General Public Administration Law, Article 17 of the Organic Environmental Law, and the principle of statutory reservation (Principio de Reserva de Ley) are violated. Regulation 43898 fails to consider that approximately 50% of the country’s cantons lack regulatory plans (planes reguladores), and only 6 have information concerning their environmentally fragile areas (áreas de fragilidad ambiental).
Popular Consultation: it violates the requirement of popular consultation because no adequate consultation was conducted regarding the amendment of the prior regulation. Note that the consultation was conducted through a Ministry of Commerce website that was not adequately publicized to the entire citizenry, to which few people have access, and which is not widely known. International rules establish that notice must be disseminated through media capable of reaching the entire citizenry and allowing them to submit objections easily.
4-The content of Regulation 43898 entails widespread deregulation. Articles 3, 32 (which in some cases eliminates the obligation to undergo an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA)), 39, 47, and 9. The principle of non-regression is violated. The regressions may consequently cause irreversible environmental harm or harm that is difficult to remedy. Article 50 of the Political Constitution and the American Convention on Human Rights. In addition to the foregoing, Article 3, subsection 8, promotes the expansion of dangerous, polluting, and environmentally destructive agricultural activities, such as aggressive pineapple cultivation.
5-Regulation 43898 completely avoids the responsibility that SETENA had under the prior regulation regarding road matters; under Regulation 31849, Article 9, item 12, SETENA’s responsibility to require, when warranted, a road-traffic study approved by MOPT is stated. It violates the principle of deregulation (Principio de Desregulación). Violation of the principle of non-regression.
6-Article 3 of Regulation 43898 reduces the thresholds applicable to construction areas. Under the prior regulations, Regulation 31849, the ceiling is 500 square meters; under the one before that it was 300, and under these regulations, Regulation 43898, it is 1.000. Below that limit, developers are not required to undergo environmental impact assessments. It reduces environmental impact assessments to a minimum, focusing solely on control and monitoring while disregarding prevention. It violates the principle of deregulation and the principle of non-regression. Precautionary Principle or Prudent Avoidance (Principio Precautorio o Evitación Prudente): the challenged provision nullifies the preventive approach and action that SETENA must take in order to “adopt everything necessary—within the scope permitted by law—to prevent irreversible damage to the environment” (Judgment 14180-10 of the Constitutional Chamber), because, without technical or scientific support, it permits changes to or deregulation of environmental rules previously established in the prior provision (Regulation 31849), even though such changes may harm the environment.
Principle of Estoppel (Principio de Actos Propios): through its own action, the challenged provision has eliminated the measures it had issued that conferred individual rights (derechos subjetivos) upon private persons and the environment, because it amends environmental benefits previously granted to Natura. Principle of Non-Retroactivity and Inviolability of Prior Acts (Principio de Irretroactividad e Intangibilidad de los Actos Propios): the challenged provision annulled ex officio (de oficio) the prior favorable rule established in Regulation 31849, which established benefits more favorable to the Environment and constitutes a declaration of environmental, social, and economic rights benefiting the governed party (administrado); such action could occur only as a qualified exception to the “doctrine of the non-revocability of an authority’s own acts that are favorable to the governed party, or the principle of the inviolability of an authority’s own acts, which this specialized Chamber has accorded constitutional status because it derives from Article 34 of the Political Constitution.” Constitutional Chamber Judgments 2186-94, 899-95.
7-Article 47 of Regulation 43898 establishes the institutional obligation to recognize as a single project the combination of projects smaller than one thousand meters that do not require an environmental impact assessment if they are built on the same property, thereby encouraging the UNLAWFUL FRAGMENTATION or SUBDIVISION (FRACCIONAMIENTO) of megaprojects into mini-projects in order to evade the studies, controls, and regulations that could apply to a larger project, deceiving the Administration and human populations and attempting to deceive Natura by changing the assessment instrument” (subdivision through circumvention (fraccionamiento por elusión)). Deregulation. Violation of the principle of non-regression, UNLAWFUL FRAGMENTATION, the Principle Governing Human Conduct under Article 4.d of the Organic Environmental Law, and the Principle of Securing the Greatest Welfare for All Inhabitants of the Country under Article 50 of the Political Constitution; the environmental impact assessment as an integrated whole under Article 94 of the Biodiversity Law; UNCITRAL case law in Aven v. Costa Rica (Aven v Costa Rica, 2018).
8-Article 39 of Regulation 43898 introduces the right to cut 30 cubic meters of trees and remove 10 fallen trees from protected wilderness areas (áreas silvestres protegidas), without requiring the procedure established in Regulation 31849. It violates the principle of deregulation. The principle of non-regression is violated, and it contradicts Decreto 25700-MINAE, which declares a total ban on the harvesting of endangered trees, Article 50 of the Political Constitution, the IUCN Red List, and the CITES List.
9-In Articles 17 and 90, Regulation 43898 warns of offenses that the Public Administration might commit, shifting the burden for the commission of offenses onto public officials and benefiting developers; it violates the constitutional principles of good faith and intimidates public officials through what could be termed psychological workplace harassment. By contrast, Articles 87 and 88 reduce the penalties imposed on developers. These provisions shift the burdens by imposing criminal penalties on public officials while relieving private developers. The principles of non-regression and deregulation are violated, causing an imbalance of interests.
10-Regulation 43898 excessively favors the private sector over the public sector or the community. It is a manual for reducing procedures before the Secretaría Técnica Ambiental that completely disregards prevention and environmental protection in order to favor developers, even though Article 21 of the Convention on Human Rights states that the collective interest must prevail over the individual interest, as does Article 46 of the Political Constitution. Note that Environmental Rules must favor the weaker party; in this case, the weaker parties are Mother Earth and its inhabitants, while the stronger parties are developers, who possess all the financial resources needed to exploit the Environment for profit while generating environmental, social, and economic liabilities.
11-Regulation 43898, in Articles 98 and 13 (especially point 2), allows developers of low-impact projects (between 54% and 65 % of all projects processed by SETENA) to build in environmentally fragile areas (áreas ambientalmente frágiles). It violates the Escazú Agreement (ECLAC, 2018), Article 50 of the Political Constitution, and the American Convention on Human Rights. Deregulation (desregulación). It violates the principle of non-regression (Principio de no regresividad). In Dubio Pro Natura principle (Principio Indubio Pro-Natura), Article 50 of the Political Constitution. Deregulation, violation of the principle of non-regression. Precautionary Principle or Prudent Avoidance (Principio Precautorio o Evitación Prudente): the challenged provision nullifies the preventive stance and action that SETENA must take to “adopt everything necessary—within the scope permitted by law—to prevent irreversible damage to the environment” (Judgment 14180-10, Constitutional Chamber), because, without technical or scientific support, it allows previously established environmental regulations under the former provision (Regulation 31849) to be changed or deregulated in ways that may harm the environment.
Principle of One’s Own Acts (Principio de Actos Propios): through its own action, the challenged provision has repealed the acts it issued that conferred subjective rights (derechos subjetivos) on private parties and the environment, because it reforms the environmental benefits previously granted to Nature. Principle of Non-Retroactivity and Inalterability of One’s Own Acts (Principio de Irretroactividad e Intangibilidad de los Actos Propios): the challenged provision revoked ex officio (de oficio) the more favorable former provision established in Regulation 31849, which granted more favorable benefits to the Environment and constitutes a declaration of rights benefiting the governed party (administrado)—environmental, social, and economic rights. Such action could occur only as a qualified exception to the “doctrine of the irrevocability of one’s own acts that are favorable to the governed party, or the principle of the inalterability of one’s own acts, which this specialized Chamber has accorded constitutional rank because it derives from Article 34 of the Political Constitution.” Constitutional Chamber Judgments 2186-94, 899-95.
Principle of Sustainable Development (Principio de Desarrollo Sostenible): the challenged provision is detrimental to human beings and nature itself by disrupting the regulatory and natural balance that must exist between human populations and the environment or nature. In Dubio Pro Natura: the challenged provision is entirely contrary to the pro-natura principle because it allows economic development for the benefit of a third party within environmentally fragile areas without a prior technical study or, even if such a study exists, given that Nature serves Human Beings by providing resources essential to subsistence and creating an appropriate balance to sustain life on the planet. Principle of Environmental Protection (Principio de Protección al Medio Ambiente): this principle is violated by changing development zones within environmentally fragile areas solely to benefit the applicant’s or developer’s economic interests, without considering the Environment and the ecosystem services (servicios ecosistémicos) it provides to humans, since this principle applies “when there is a danger of serious or irreversible harm to the environment.” Judgment 17155-09, Constitutional Chamber.
In this regard, the challenged provision casts aside all precautionary measures intended to prevent any harm whatsoever to the environment or to persons. Principle of Environmental Risk Prevention (Principio de Prevención del Riesgo Ambiental): the challenged provision allows, or fails to prevent, possible environmental damage or impacts that could prove irreversible to environmentally fragile areas, endangered species, water sources, soil, air, and human beings.
12-Regulation 43898, in Article 15, allows the developer to begin processing permits before other institutions before the SETENA permit process has concluded. It violates the Deregulation Principle (Principio de Desregulación). In Judgment N° 008201 of April 12, 2023, the constitutional judges partially upheld an action of unconstitutionality (acción de inconstitucionalidad), thereby annulling a specific phrase contained in the fourth paragraph of Article 15 of the Citizen Protection from Excessive Administrative Requirements and Procedures Act, Ley 8220—“health, environmental, and matters”—as amended by Law N° 10.072 of November 18, 2021: “For the granting of licenses, permits, authorizations, or any other procedure required by the governed party, including health, environmental, and municipal authorizations, the entities or bodies of the Administration may grant temporary approvals subject to compliance with subsequent requirements within a period of up to six months, in those cases defined by each one, and the governed party must satisfy the outstanding requirements.” 13-Regulation 43898, in Article 35, terminates SETENA’s oversight once the developer obtains environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental), leaving responsibility to third parties.
This violates the principles of Deregulation; the principle of non-regression; the principle of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment (Principio de derecho a ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado), Article 50 of the Political Constitution; the Principle of Environmental Protection (Principio de Protección del Ambiente); and the Principle of Prevention of Environmental Harm (Principio de Prevención del Daño Ambiental), Article 4.c of the Organic Law of the Environment (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente).
14-Regulation 43898 entirely omits the provisions of Article 35 of Regulation 31849, which requires environmental impact studies (estudios de impacto ambiental, EsIAS) to be sent to other authorities involved in construction permits. It violates the principles of Deregulation, Non-Regression, and Non-Retroactivity of Environmental Regulations (Irretroactividad de las normas ambientales).
15-Regulation 43898, in Article 41, provides that various “users” may exploit forest resources in protected wildlife areas (áreas silvestres protegidas). It violates the principles of non-regression; the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment under Article 50 of the Political Constitution; Deregulation; In Dubio Pro Natura; and Ley Forestal 7575.
16-Regulation 43898 dispenses with the developer’s obligation to give notice of and publicize, in a newspaper with nationwide circulation, the environmental impact studies (estudios de impacto ambiental) being submitted to SETENA. This is contrary to Article 41 of former Regulation 31849, which imposed that obligation; the new provision reduces it to publication for such purposes on the SETENA website. This violates the principles of Deregulation and regression (regresividad), the right to information (derecho a la Información), the principle of non-regression, the principle of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment under Article 50 of the Political Constitution, and the In Dubio Pro Natura principle.
17-Regulation 43898 does not contain Form D-6, mentioned in Articles 24, 25, and 26, because Annex 7, in which Form D-6 must appear pursuant to Article 24, was not included. Nor does Annex 9 appear with Form D-4, which is mentioned in Articles 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, and 42. It violates the principles of non-regression, the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment under Article 50 of the Political Constitution, Deregulation, and In Dubio Pro Natura.
18-Regulation 43898, pursuant to Article 87, reduced the regulatory burden and treats failure to respond to requests for information made by SETENA as a minor offense (falta leve). This violates the principles of non-regression, the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment under Article 50 of the Political Constitution, Deregulation, and In Dubio Pro Natura.
19-The constitutional and legal framework does not authorize SETENA to delegate, either wholly or partially, its own functions. Nevertheless, it provides that projects, works, or activities exempted from the requirement to undergo the Environmental Viability process (proceso de la Viabilidad Ambiental) before SETENA need only complete the procedures required by other institutions and comply with the Code of Good Environmental Practices (Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales) (e.g., Article 32.c). This violates the Principle of Statutory Reservation (Principio de Reserva de Ley) and the Principle of Non-Regression (Principio de No Regresión). SETENA lacks legal authority to issue orders to municipalities through a regulation, because they are autonomous entities by constitutional and statutory mandate (under the Municipal Code (Código Municipal)). Article 3 transfers to municipalities responsibility for all matters concerning the issuance of permits for works having a very low environmental impact that do not require environmental impact assessments (evaluaciones de impacto ambiental) by SETENA. This obligation belongs exclusively to SETENA and was legally assigned to it by Articles 83 and 84 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and Article 3 of the Reglamento de Funcionamiento de la Comisión Plenaria de la SETENA number 43212-MINAE.
Specific citation of violated provisions or principles The challenged provision violates the following Principles:
Principle of Legality (Principio de Legalidad), enshrined in Article 11 of the Constitution, because the challenged regulation contravenes the Ley Forestal, the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, and the Ley de Biodiversidad, as noted above.
Principle of Hierarchy of Laws (Principio de Jerarquía de las Normas), Articles 1, 2, and 8 of Ley 63 Código Civil, Article 6 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, and the Political Constitution, because the challenged regulation contravenes the Ley Forestal, the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, and the Ley de Biodiversidad, as noted above.
Precautionary Principle or Prudent Avoidance: the challenged provision nullifies the preventive stance and action that SETENA must take to “adopt everything necessary—within the scope permitted by law—to prevent irreversible damage to the environment” (Judgment 14180-10, Constitutional Chamber), because, without technical or scientific support, it allows the environmental responsibilities of developers who may harm the environment to be reduced.
Principle of One’s Own Acts: through the challenged provision, the SETENA Administration has, by its own action, repealed the acts it previously issued—former Regulation number 31849—that conferred subjective rights on private parties, because it reforms or eliminates the former rules by amending the challenged Regulation.
Principle of Non-Retroactivity and Inalterability of One’s Own Acts: the SETENA Administration annulled the favorable administrative act (acto administrativo favorable) established in Regulation number 31849, which expressly established stricter environmental regulations and constitutes a declaration of rights for the governed party—environmental, social, and economic rights. Such action could occur only as a qualified exception to the “doctrine of the irrevocability of one’s own acts that are favorable to the governed party, or the principle of the inalterability of one’s own acts, which this specialized Chamber has accorded constitutional rank because it derives from Article 34 of the Political Constitution.” Constitutional Chamber Judgments 2186-94, 899-95.
Public Consultation (Consulta Popular): it violates the requirement for public consultation because there was no proper, accessible consultation regarding the amendment of Regulation 31849 through the challenged regulation.
Principle of Sustainable Development: the challenged provision is detrimental to human beings and nature itself by disrupting the regulatory and natural balance that must exist between human populations and the environment or nature.
In Dubio Pro Natura: the challenged provision is entirely contrary to the pro-natura principle because it dismantles former regulations that provided greater protection to the Environment, without a prior technical study known to the public and environmental consultants, given that Nature serves Human Beings by providing resources essential to subsistence and creating an appropriate balance to sustain life on the planet.
Principle of Environmental Protection (Principio de Protección al Medio Ambiente): this principle is violated by lowering environmental regulations, benefiting only the developers’ economic interests without considering the environment and lacking “technical and scientific studies with the participation of environmental consultants and the public, since this shall apply whenever there is a risk of serious or irreversible environmental harm.” Judgment 17155-09, Sala Constitucional. In this regard, the challenged provision casts aside all precautionary measures intended to prevent any harm whatsoever to the environment or to persons.
Principle of Environmental Risk Prevention (Principio de Prevención del Riesgo Ambiental): the challenged provision allows, or fails to prevent, possible environmental harm or adverse effects that could prove irreversible by eliminating regulations that were previously in force.
Principle of Adherence to Science and Technology (Principio de Vinculación a la Ciencia y la Técnica): the cited provision amended regulation 31849, which contained technically and scientifically based rules and had been submitted for approval by several institutions, although the amendment lacked a technical and scientific study supporting it.
Principle of Citizen Participation (Principio de participación ciudadana), based on Principle 1 of the Rio Declaration, Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration, Principle 2 of the Statement of Forest Principles (1992), Article 23, paragraph 1(a), of the American Convention on Human Rights, Article 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 3(c) of the Convention to Combat Desertification, Article 8(j) of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Article 6 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and Article 31 of that same law, which protects the environment through consultations with SETENA’s external environmental consultants and the public, since the public was not given full access to consultation on the amendment; instead, consultation was conducted through a MEIC webpage that is neither generally accessible nor known to the public or consultants, and the proposal was not emailed to environmental consultants or municipalities.
Principle of Social Justice (Principio de Justicia Social): the cited provision fails to satisfy the fundamental requirements of equity, proportionality, and reasonableness that must govern public rules and acts because, by weakening the requirements of the previous provision, and because the environment is a common good of society, it deprives everyone else of the right to enjoy a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
IUCN Red List (Lista Roja de la UICN): the challenged provision failed to anticipate that it could cause disturbance or pose a risk to endangered migratory and native species (UICN, 2022) (A total of 60 endangered species in Costa Rica https://www.iucnredlist.org/es/search?landRegions=CR&searchType=species).
CITES List of Endangered Species, Costa Rica (Lista de especies en Peligro de Extinción de CITES, Costa Rica): the challenged provision failed to anticipate that it could cause disturbance to individual specimens and the habitats of species included on the CITES list (CITES, 2017).
Framework Principles on Human Rights and the Environment, UN (Principios Marco sobre los Derechos Humanos y Medio Ambiente, ONU) (ONU, 2018), which safeguard the public’s rights to participation, access to information, and protection of environmental defenders.
Escazú Agreement (Convenio de Escazú) (CEPAL, 2018), incorporated into the inter-American body of case law by the Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos through the judgment in Baraona Bray vs Chile of 24 de noviembre de 2022 (Baraona Bray vs Chile, 2022)1, pursuant to the principle of progressive realization of human rights (principio de progresividad de los derechos humanos), which safeguards the public’s rights to participation, access to information, and protection of environmental defenders.
Aarhus Convention of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (Convenio de Aarhus de la Comisión Económica de las Naciones Unidas para Europa) (ONU, Convenio de Aarhus, 1998), pursuant to the principle of progressive realization of human rights, which safeguards the public’s rights to participation, access to information, and protection of environmental defenders.
Claims asserted Principal claims 1. That a hearing be permitted with the technical specialists whom we will present at it; authorization is requested for the participation of 5 technical specialists.
2. That Reglamento SETENA 43898 MINAE-S-MOPT-MAC-MEIC, published on 19 de abril de 2023 in Alcance No.65 of Gaceta No. 67, be declared unconstitutional, with the resulting effects on the aforementioned articles (articles 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90, 98), and in its entirety, because it deregulates the previous provision and strips it of the environmental safeguards already cited.
3. Regarding the proceeding, given that this human-rights issue in environmental matters is a specialized subject, it is requested that the Procurador assigned to this expediente be a Procurador from the environmental division who can comprehensively address the constitutional challenge on the basis of environmental, human-rights, and constitutional principles, for the benefit of constitutionality.”
This, in turn, would result in a violation of the preventive principle (principio preventivo), since the environmental impacts of activities potentially harmful to the environment would not be assessed and mitigated. Article 7 is challenged in connection with the general claim that the Regulations were not subject to public consultation. More specifically, together with Articles 3 and 51, it is asserted that consultation was not conducted with the Municipalities directly involved in compliance with the regulations, but no explanation is provided as to how that potential lack of consultation violates the Political Constitution. In any event, the petitioners would lack standing to claim a potential violation of municipal autonomy, if that is indeed their position. Regarding Article 9, it is merely asserted that some activities are permitted to bypass the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA), thereby violating the principle of non-regression (principio de no regresión); in fact, however, that provision makes no distinction among activities but instead concerns the final environmental rating (calificación ambiental final).
It is asserted that Article 13, together with Article 98, allows developers of projects with a low environmental impact to build in environmentally fragile areas (áreas ambientalmente frágiles), but no explanation is provided as to how this violates the Political Constitution. In this regard, it should be borne in mind that the previous Decree did not prohibit project development in such areas; rather, like the present Decree, it established certain limitations and factors that had to be considered in the environmental impact assessment. Article 15 is challenged because it allows a developer to begin processing authorizations before other institutions even though environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) has not been granted, and this is alleged to violate the principle of deregulation (principio de desregulación). Apart from the fact that it is unclear what is meant by the principle of deregulation, it should be noted that this article expressly provides that potential environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental potencial) authorizes the interested party to initiate or continue proceedings before other entities and that “the commencement of activities or the granting of a concession, as defined in these Regulations, may occur only upon the granting of Environmental Viability (License) (VLA), which would be obtained only after completion of the respective phase of the Environmental Impact Assessment process”; that is, final authorization of the activity, work, or project remains contingent upon environmental viability ultimately being granted.
Article 17, together with Article 90, is challenged because the petitioners believe that it reverses the burden concerning the commission of offenses against administrators, benefiting developers, violating the constitutional principles of good faith, and intimidating public officials through what could be called psychological workplace harassment. The provisions of those articles reflect current regulations governing the liability of the public administration and officials in the exercise of their powers, and it is therefore unclear how those provisions violate the Political Constitution. As for Articles 24, 25, and 26, the sole argument is that the Regulations did not include Annex 7, which contains the D6 form mentioned therein. Nevertheless, Volume III of Decreto 43898 was published in Supplement no. 65 C to La Gaceta no. 67 of April 19, 2023, and includes Annex 7, entitled “D6-Urban Quadrant Submission Form.” Regarding Article 32, it is asserted that some activities are allowed to bypass the environmental impact assessment and that this violates the principle of non-regression.
That article concerns form D1-C, but no indication is given as to how its provisions violate the Constitution or the principle of non-regression. Regarding Article 35, it is asserted that SETENA relinquishes oversight once the developer obtains environmental viability, leaving responsibility to third parties. However, no explanation is provided as to how that provision violates the Political Constitution, since it does not state how such subsequent oversight should be conducted or why the arrangements established therein are insufficient. The petitioners challenge Articles 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, and 42 because they claim that Annex 9, containing the D-4 form mentioned therein, was not included. In response, it should be noted that Volume III of Decreto 43898 was published in Supplement no. 65 C to La Gaceta no. 67 of April 19, 2023, and includes Annex 9, entitled “D4-Forestry Submission Form.” In addition, Article 39 is challenged on the ground that it introduces a right to cut 30 cubic meters of trees and remove 10 fallen trees from protected wildlife areas (Áreas Silvestres Protegidas), without continuing to require the procedure established in Decreto 31849.
In this regard, they reiterate what was stated in the report concerning constitutional challenge no. 23-22240-0007-CO: under Article 28 of the Ley Forestal, Article 90 of its Regulations (Decreto Ejecutivo no. 25721 of October 17, 1996), the Regulations governing permit procedures and oversight of timber harvesting (aprovechamiento maderable) on agricultural-use land without forest and in special situations in Costa Rica, Official Adoption of the “Information System for Oversight of Forest Harvesting (SICAF)” (Decreto Ejecutivo no. 38863 November 11, 2014), and the provisions of Decreto 31849, no environmental impact assessment is required for timber harvesting in forest plantations, agroforestry systems, individually planted trees, or trees on agricultural-use land without forest. Such an assessment was, however, expressly required for applications to harvest timber on privately owned agricultural-use land without forest located within protected wildlife areas (forest reserves, protected zones, and wildlife refuges) that had not been expropriated, pursuant to Article 37 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and the environmental land-use plan (plan de ordenamiento ambiental) (Decreto Ejecutivo no. 29393 of May 15, 2001), as well as for trees located within the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado), protection areas, or forest areas, or when prohibited species were involved (Article 7, subsections k), l), and m), of Decreto 38863).
Article 39 exempts from environmental impact assessment the removal of standing trees with a commercial volume of less than 30 cubic meters and harvesting applications involving fewer than 10 fallen trees per property within protected wildlife areas. Apart from failing to distinguish whether this applies to privately owned properties located within protected wildlife areas, it does not provide for an environmental impact assessment, contrary to Article 37 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and the aforementioned provisions requiring such an assessment on private land included within protected wildlife areas. Article 41 is also challenged on the ground that it allows different users to exploit forest resources in protected wildlife areas; however, that provision refers to SINAC’s ability to review all D4-Forestry documents that have received environmental viability. Article 47 is challenged because, in the petitioners’ view, it “establishes an institutional obligation to recognize as a single project the combination of projects smaller than one thousand meters that do not require an environmental impact assessment if they are built on the same property, thereby encouraging the unlawful fragmentation or subdivision (fraccionamiento) of megaprojects into mini-projects in order to evade the studies, oversight, and regulations that might apply to a larger project.” Although no further explanation is provided, it may be noted that subsection
And because this would, in turn, result in a violation of the preventive principle (principio preventivo), since the environmental impacts (impactos ambientales) of activities potentially harmful to the environment would not be assessed and mitigated. 5. With regard to the remaining articles, no sufficient and clear arguments are presented to permit an adequate substantive analysis (análisis de fondo) to determine whether or not they are unconstitutional. Therefore (Por tanto), the petitioners’ claim seeking to have them declared unconstitutional cannot be granted.
It should be noted that the petitioners confuse the definition: it is not that the mere fact that activities are in operation makes them activities of very low environmental impact; rather, the subsection does not refer to every type of activity in operation, but only to those activities in operation defined as having very low environmental impact. Accordingly, with respect to the claim that Article 4 bis of the challenged Regulations is unconstitutional, the action must be dismissed as to subsection 1 of that provision.” 3. On the environmental non-regression principle (Principio de No regresión Ambiental): This principle establishes that environmental laws and case law should not be revised if doing so entails a retreat from the levels of protection previously attained. Although it is fully recognized by this Honorable Chamber, it has also been made clear that it is not to be understood in absolute terms, as the Chamber itself acknowledged, for example, in ruling No. 13367-2012 of December 21, 2012, which states: “(...) it cannot be understood in absolute terms.
A reduction in a particular level of protection is possible if there is technical and scientific support guaranteeing that it does not result in a material loss of environmental protection, provided that the standards of proportionality and reasonableness established by this Chamber in its case law are satisfied. The first matter to be determined, however, is whether a particular regulatory amendment reduces the level of protection. In this regard, it must be borne in mind that not every amendment to environmental regulations that formally appears to reduce the level of protection must be deemed to violate the principle of non-regression in environmental matters. (...) This principle does not entail absolute irreversibility, because all States experience domestic circumstances of an economic, political, or social nature, or caused by nature, that adversely affect the achievements made up to that point and require the new level of protection to be reconsidered downward.
In such cases, the right to the Constitution and the principles under examination require the reduction in protection levels to be justified in light of the constitutional standards of reasonableness and proportionality. Ruling 5994-2017 of April 26, 2017, also states: “(...) (...) Before examining each of the petitioners’ arguments, it is necessary to recall the importance of Environmental Impact Studies (Estudios de Impacto Ambiental) and to determine, for the specific case under review, the scope of the principle of non-regression in environmental matters, in order to conclude that not every amendment to environmental regulations—as the petitioners appear to suggest—must be deemed to violate that principle. Based on recognition of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, enshrined in Article Fifty of the Political Constitution and Principle Fifteen of the Rio Declaration, United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, as this Chamber has examined in prior case law (see decision number 2014-004243), recognition has likewise been given to the so-called ‘precautionary principle in environmental matters’ (principio precautorio en materia ambiental), or ‘in dubio pro natura principle’ (principio in dubio pro natura), compliance with which requires all actions by the public administration concerning environmentally sensitive matters to be carried out with the appropriate care to avoid risks and damage that would be impossible or difficult to remedy.
It follows that the administration must have negative certainty that the environment will not be affected under any circumstances; consequently, where there is doubt as to whether a risk may materialize, the administration is obligated not to authorize or undertake actions, or immediately to cease the administrative activity causing the danger. In other words, if it lacks scientific certainty regarding the harmlessness of the activity, the administration must refrain from carrying out activities with a negative environmental impact; in the face of scientific uncertainty regarding whether the actions are harmless or beneficial, the administration is barred from granting authorizations or carrying out its own acts that give rise to environmental risk. In this regard, the performance of Environmental Impact Studies constitutes a principle that must be duly observed and applied, to such an extent that, gradually and progressively—as is appropriate in the field of human rights—the legislation itself and this Chamber’s own case law have defined the importance and necessity of having such assessments duly conducted before certain types of works are undertaken.
Now, as to the principle of progressive realization (principio de progresividad), which the petitioners invoke throughout their arguments (...) It may therefore be concluded that not every amendment to environmental regulations necessarily entails diminished protection of the right to the environment. Such a conclusion must be substantiated. Likewise, not every amendment that is insufficiently broad must be construed as an unconstitutionality by omission (inconstitucionalidad por omisión). What is desirable does not render unconstitutional a provision that falls short of it. Indeed, all legal rules can be improved, but their proximity to or distance from a standard of perfection or desirability does not make them unconstitutional (...).” As a corollary to the foregoing, SETENA, through official letter SETENA-SG-1123- 2023 signed by the Secretary General of SETANA, states: “(...)Decreto Ejecutivo No. 43898-MINAE-SMOPT-MAG-MEIC was created to fulfill the duty of efficiency mandated by the Ley de Biodiversidad, given that these new regulations seek to adapt environmental impact assessment processes (Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental) legally and technically to present-day circumstances, which have undergone significant evolutionary changes both nationally and internationally, with new policies and technologies requiring environmental variables, oversight, and monitoring to be adapted to those changes.
At the same time as ensuring that the assessment is properly applied, they also seek to take into account the State’s obligation to streamline procedures for regulated parties without legally depriving the country’s natural capital of protection (Ley de Protección al Ciudadano del Exceso de Requisitos y Trámites Administrativos No. 8220 and its amendments). Along these lines, with respect to the so-called low-environmental-impact projects or Environmental Registrations (Registros Ambientales), it was determined that, because SETENA does not provide any additional value in terms of environmental measures, technical studies, or environmental oversight and monitoring instruments, but instead applies the baseline measures or regulations imposed by other institutions and authorities, registration with SETENA was not necessary for compliance with those regulations. This is because, as already explained, given the type of projects, their low environmental significance, and the fact that environmental measures are already regulated, only the environmental measures established in other rules apply to them, while SETENA adds no further value because it does not require any additional measure with which they must comply and therefore cannot take any action of additional value in the event of noncompliance (for example, enforcement of the environmental bond (garantía ambiental), because these projects do not provide an environmental bond).
This Constitutional Court, in the aforementioned decision number 2017-5994, issued at 11:00 hours on April 26, 2017, stated: (...) ‘The determination of the cases in which an environmental assessment is or is not required is a matter governed by statutes and regulations, under the general criterion that the human activities that must undergo environmental assessment are those that alter the environment to a sufficiently significant degree to make such an assessment necessary. It is for the ordinary courts to examine the technical and scientific basis relied upon by the challenged decree in making those amendments. Accordingly, with respect to the claim that Anexo 2 of the challenged Regulations is unconstitutional, the action must be dismissed.’ (italics added) Those low-impact projects are required to comply with the Code of Good Environmental Practices (Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales) and with the applicable rule, depending on the type of project, which is overseen by another entity; in the event of noncompliance, the Environmental Prosecutors’ Offices, the Contentious-Administrative Court, the Environmental Administrative Tribunal, or the Ministry of Health serve as oversight bodies that may order a penalty or measure against the regulated party that failed to comply.
Those applicable rules are sufficient for their environmental control and oversight; accordingly, these matters were considered when the new Environmental Assessment, Control, and Monitoring Regulations (Reglamento de Evaluación, Control y Seguimiento Ambiental) were issued, and efforts were focused efficiently and effectively on those activities, works, or projects that, because of their characteristics and greater environmental impact, do require application of the environmental impact assessment and therefore environmental monitoring by SETENA, the adoption of additional environmental measures, and oversight by the Secretariat of compliance with those measures. This decision was based not only on technical and scientific analyses but also on actual practice and experience, and developments over the years have shown that registering these projects with SETENA generates no additional added value.
Along these lines, it was determined that the environmental impact assessment must focus more closely on those projects for which the combination of the environmental-fragility conditions (condiciones de fragilidad ambiental) of the areas where development is proposed and the scale of the project requires the establishment of additional environmental measures and necessary environmental commitments, together with effective monitoring thereof to mitigate significant negative environmental impacts, by placing greater emphasis on environmental oversight and monitoring, field inspections, and review of the duties of the environmental officers (responsables ambientales). This is intended to direct institutional efforts toward overseeing projects with greater impacts, because low-environmental-impact projects, it bears repeating, are covered by the regulations and powers of other administrative and judicial authorities.
Consistent with the foregoing, this demonstrates that there is no violation of the environmental non-regression principle because other rules that govern and have a bearing on those projects do exist, as do both administrative and judicial authorities to which recourse may be had in the event of noncompliance with those rules. It is therefore concluded that there is no loss of environmental protection insofar as the existing rules imposed by other institutions on those low-impact projects have been and must continue to be applied, and consequently the standard established by this Chamber, as cited above, is met: environmental non-regression cannot be understood in absolute terms. The Regulations under review are clear in their recitals when they state: “IX.
That, from a technical standpoint, these new environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) regulations take into account the evolution and transformation of environmental impact assessment processes identified worldwide and nationally, where new environmental variables must be considered within EIA processes, moving toward policies based on compliance with the Sustainable Development Goals and using newly available technology; establishing technical and legal requirements inherent and specific to EIA processes; defining institutional powers; and aligning them with the time at which EIA is applied to formalize an activity, work, or project in Costa Rica, thereby providing legal certainty and reducing review periods in full compliance with the Ley Protección al ciudadano del exceso de requisitos y trámites administrativos N° 8220 del 4 de marzo del 2002 and its amendments.
X. That the Environmental Impact Assessment should focus more on the fragility conditions of the areas where projects are intended to be developed than on the scale of the projects, establishing environmental measures to mitigate significant adverse impacts, through a model that places greater emphasis on environmental monitoring with field verification and assigns greater responsibility to the environmental officers who prepare the EIA processes.” 4. Regarding the precautionary principle (principio precautorio), non-retroactivity (irretroactividad), the principle that an authority may not repudiate its own acts (intangibilidad de los actos propios), regulation of human conduct (regulación de la conducta humana), pursuit of the greatest well-being (procuración del mayor bienestar), deregulation (desregulación), statutory reservation (reserva de ley), and the in dubio pro natura principle: The precautionary principle provides that when the environmental risks arising from regulatory inaction are uncertain to some extent but must nevertheless be addressed, regulatory inaction is unjustified, which translates into the adoption of protective measures before complete scientific proof of a risk is available.
The non-retroactivity of the law is a guarantee in favor of regulated persons, insofar as a provision may not be given retroactive effect—the application of new provisions to legal acts or events occurring in the past or before the law—to the detriment of vested rights or settled legal situations. Conversely, if the provision benefits the person, it may be given retroactive effect. The principle that an authority may not repudiate its own acts establishes that the Administration may not revoke acts declaring rights, except in exceptional cases and through legally established procedures. The regulation of human conduct is fundamental to public service and refers to the conduct to be followed in a particular situation or in relation to other rules of the legal system. The pursuit of the greatest well-being is another specific manifestation of the Social State under the Rule of Law in its function of seeking the greatest well-being of its inhabitants.
Deregulation, or minimal regulation (regulación mínima), dictates that an act of the Administration shall be deemed authorized if the subject, purpose, and grounds or content are regulated (artículo 11 LGAP). The in dubio pro natura principle indicates that, where there is a danger or threat of serious or imminent harm to elements of biodiversity and the knowledge associated with them, the absence of scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason to postpone the adoption of effective protective measures. With respect to the foregoing definitions, it is not true that any of the aforementioned guiding principles are being violated, insofar as the Reglamento was issued so that the Environmental Impact Assessment would be more effective and directed toward projects that actually require environmental measures additional to those already regulated in order to prevent or offset impacts and, accordingly, so that such projects would be subject to greater oversight and more efficient monitoring.
The technical and legal reasons why this is so with respect to each claim asserted are explained below. SECOND. Merits: Article 136 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública Nº 6227 authorizes the Administration to state the grounds for its acts through an express or unequivocal reference to the reasons supporting the regulated person’s petition or to prior opinions that actually determined the adoption of the act. Likewise, Article 302, subsection 1), of the same body of law establishes that technical opinions of any kind required by the Administration shall be entrusted to public bodies with expertise in the relevant field. Therefore, to address the present application, a report was requested from the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (hereinafter SETENA) of this Ministry. In response, official letter SETENA-SG-1123-2023 de fecha 20 de noviembre, signed by the Secretary General of SETENA, sets forth the arguments raised in the constitutional challenge (acción de inconstitucionalidad) against Articles 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90, and 98 of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, entitled Reglamento de Evaluación, Control y Seguimiento Ambiental, which states: 1.
Regarding the allegation that Article 3 of Decreto 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC violates the principle of non-regression (principio de no regresividad): The applicants’ position is incorrect because Category C activities, works, and projects were not, as such, subject to an environmental impact assessment; they did not obtain an Environmental Viability License (Licencia Viabilidad Ambiental), but rather a REGISTRATION, subject merely to administrative, rather than technical, requirements. Furthermore: a) Low-impact Category C projects were not subject to an Environmental Impact Assessment in order to obtain Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental); they merely obtained registration with SETENA, as regulated by Reforma Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), N° 41815-MINAES-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, del 25 de junio del 2019; b) Decreto Nº 43898 maintains the thresholds for Category C activities, works, and projects (actividades, obras y proyectos, AOP): construction of less than 1000m2 and earthworks (movimiento de tierra) of up to 999 m3, exactly as DE 31849 was amended by Decreto N° 37803-MINAE-SMOPT-MAG-MEIC concerning the Reglamento de Evaluación Ambiental; these were not subject to an EIA and obtained only an environmental registration (registro ambiental); c) DE 43898 did not raise the thresholds and is not deregulating various classifications.
Previously, they were already not subject to an EIA, but only to registration; d) Nor is the threshold changed for AOP exceeding 1000m2, which are indeed AOP that must undergo EIA and environmental monitoring (Seguimiento Ambiental); e) Likewise, in the current Decreto SETENA retains the provision of the prior Decreto, 31849-MINAE, under which Category C projects with a threshold exceeding 500m2 but below 1000m2 that are located in an environmentally fragile area (área ambientalmente frágil) as defined in Article 98 of this Reglamento must undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment in order to seek an Environmental Viability License approved by the Comisión Plenaria de la SETENA; f) Responsibilities concerning EIA are not being assigned to other entities. Rather, certain activities are exempted from EIA while remaining subject to environmental controls by other institutions, always within their legal powers; g) It does not lower the maximum thresholds for classifying activities as low, medium, or high impact, as may be seen in Article 7 of Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 43898.
Moreover, it must be considered that the Contraloría General de la República, in its report N° 04-PFA “Fiscalización sobre la Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental del 2000”, concluded: “(…) that entity is not operating efficiently and effectively in its management of preliminary environmental assessment, monitoring, and follow-up processes because it is diverting its resources to the assessment of numerous projects having little environmental impact...” “...the excessive workload overwhelms SETENA’s response capacity because, by addressing activities of little environmental significance, it diverts financial, human, and technical resources that could be used more effectively for activities and projects to be developed that pose a greater risk to the environment (…)”. In other words, the oversight body itself calls upon SETENA to prioritize environmental impact assessment for those AOP that pose a greater risk to the environment and not divert its resources to AOP having little environmental impact and governed by their own regulatory framework, compliance with which does not require the involvement of this Secretariat.
Based on this report, the Executive Branch began an analytical process to screen the number of projects submitted to SETENA in order to prioritize those that did pose a greater risk to the environment. This prioritization of EIA processes was even upheld by the Sala Constitucional itself in expediente 01-002886-0007-CO, which stated as follows in Voto N° 01220-2002: “This is not to say that the Executive Branch may not, through regulations and on the basis of precise technical studies, determine that a particular activity or project does not require environmental impact studies; however, this requires that such a determination be duly reasoned and justified.” For this reason, since the implementation of Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, and now with the implementation of Decreto Ejecutivo N° 43898- MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, SETENA has specified which projects must undergo an EIA process and which do not.
This is consistent with the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N° 7554, Article 17 of which provides as follows: “(…) Environmental impact assessment: Human activities that alter or destroy elements of the environment or generate waste or toxic or hazardous materials shall require an environmental impact assessment by the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental created by this law. Prior approval by that body shall be an indispensable requirement for commencing the activities, works, or projects. Laws and regulations shall specify which activities, works, or projects require an environmental impact assessment (...)”. The very law that creates the environmental impact assessment thus makes clear that laws and regulations shall specify which activities, works, or projects must undergo the EIA process. Therefore, Article 3, as such, of Decreto N° 43898 is not unconstitutional, because that provision is a mechanism established by law for determining what must be processed by the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental.
Regarding the exclusion of AOP from EIA under Article 3, subsection 4, of D.E. No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, it should be clarified that, since 2008, the Comisión Plenaria de SETENA has established, through agreements and decisions (Resoluciones No. 583- 2008, 2376-2016, 1909-2017, 1462-2018), the activities having a very low environmental impact that need not undergo EIA. Through Anexo 2, Decreto No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC formalizes by decree those activities that had already been determined by administrative decision not to require EIA because they have a very low environmental impact and, moreover, are already extensively regulated and controlled under rules administered by other institutions which, although they do not perform EIA, are required to conduct environmental controls within the scope of their powers. It was therefore concluded that there was no impairment of the environmental right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment that this Court was required to remedy, and the constitutional challenge filed was accordingly dismissed. 2. Regarding the allegation that Decreto No.
43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC was not duly subjected to consultation when it was drafted: The petitioners’ position is incorrect. It should be noted that, in preparing the new Regulations (D.E. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC), SETENA reviewed and analyzed the previous proposed RECSA decree and the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, which were considered by the Mixed Technical Advisory Commission on Environmental Impact Assessment, created by Article 121 of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 31849- MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, dated May 24, 2004, and by the National Mixed Technical Advisory Commission of the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), Decreto No. 40505-MINAE, dated July 28, 2017. Furthermore, beginning in 2018, the National Environmental Technical Secretariat initiated a strengthening and transformation process based on 3 lines of action: Process Reengineering, Digital Transformation, and Regulatory Modernization.
As part of the technical and legal foundation for the reform, work began in 2019 in collaboration with PROCOMER, within the framework of the Single Investment Window (VUI) project, through Kaizen events. These workshops included broad participation by experts, both within SETENA and among external stakeholders, including environmental consultants and consulting firms from both the private and institutional sectors. They conducted a thorough analysis of the decrees governing environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA), the technical studies that constitute the EIA baseline, and the environmental assessment instruments, for the purpose of simplifying procedures and improving legal certainty for regulated parties, as well as improving the technical content of the studies in order to achieve a balance between activities, works, or projects (actividades, obras o proyectos, AOP) and the environment.
This reform completed the entire official public-consultation process through the Prior Control System (SICOPRE) of the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Commerce (MEIC), pursuant to Article 361 of the General Public Administration Law No. 6227, the Law for the Protection of Citizens from Excessive Administrative Requirements and Procedures No. 8220, and related regulations. Information on that process may be consulted in that system using form number 2452. More than 20 entities participated in the public-consultation process, and approximately 172 comments were received. SETENA conducted a technical and legal analysis of them and accepted 34%, partially accepted 15%, and did not accept 51% of the submitted comments. 3. That Regulations 43898 fail to take into account that approximately 50% of the country’s cantons lack regulatory plans (planes reguladores) and only 6 have information regarding their environmentally fragile areas (áreas de fragilidad ambiental): Regarding this matter, the Secretariat must indicate that Strategic Environmental Assessment (Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica) is indeed considered by the institution; however, this matter falls outside the scope of Decreto 43898, because the regulations governing the incorporation of the environmental variable (variable ambiental) into regulatory plans are set forth in Decreto No. 32967, which remains in force.
It must also be clarified that each municipality is responsible for having regulatory plans that incorporate the environmental variable. As for the allegation that Decreto 43898 fails to take into account that 50% of the country’s cantons lack regulatory plans and only 6 have information regarding their environmental fragility, that assertion is incorrect, because environmental constraints (condicionantes ambientales), such as public-domain waterways, wetlands, forest cover (cobertura boscosa), and natural hazards, among others, can be checked geospatially, making it possible to view and identify special geo-environmental features and conditions at the specific site where the project is intended to be developed, as well as in its environmental surroundings, and also to verify vulnerability-related factors. Official geospatial viewers and layers from the country’s various public entities may be used, including the Water Directorate, the Directorate of Geology and Mines, MINAE, SINAC, CNE, SENARA, municipalities that have such resources, and many others.
These may be consulted both by the general public and by the country’s other public entities. It is therefore important to make clear that the geospatial information and data used by SETENA to perform its geospatial review of AOP case files (expedientes) come from all these public sources and platforms, without causing any detriment to Developers with respect to projects submitted to the different institutions to obtain permits. On the contrary, the use of these public resources—consisting of official layers, viewers, and data—strengthens the planning process for the issuance of permits by the various institutions involved in permit-issuance processes. It is also important to consider that Decreto Ejecutivo No. 37773-JP-H-MINAE-MICITT concerns Costa Rica’s official repository of geospatial layers and data, whose platform is known as the National Registry’s SNIT Viewer. Article 3°, Point E, states that one of the platform’s specific objectives is “to provide access, whether free of charge or for a fee, to the public territorial information contained in the system for all citizens and for public entities and bodies, whether or not they supply territorial information to the system, thereby promoting the democratization of the use of territorial information at all levels of society”; Therefore, the petitioner’s allegation that, in the absence of an approved regulatory plan, the environmental constraints affecting the country’s various cantons are unknown is unfounded because, as explained in the preceding paragraphs, official, current, available, unrestricted, and free information exists for decision-making by all institutions and by the country as a whole.
This information is used by the municipalities to prepare regulatory plans and to obtain the Environmental Variable in accordance with Decreto No. 32967. Furthermore, Article 98 of Decreto 43898 retains Environmentally Fragile Areas (Áreas Ambientalmente Frágiles), which, by their nature, are divided into two main groups: a) areas for which the State has established a special use regime (a defined legal and technical framework); b) geographic areas presenting technical and environmental limitations on their use. Finally, SETENA DOES NOT transfer the obligation to process EIA procedures to other institutions, because the provision states that the activities, works, or projects with very low potential environmental impact listed in that article are not required to process an Environmental Impact Assessment before SETENA. They are, however, subject to the environmental controls established by the municipalities, the Ministry of Health (MINSA), the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG), the State Phytosanitary Service (SFE), the National Animal Health Service (SENASA), the Ministry of Public Works and Transportation (MOPT), the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE), and other entities with legal authority, as well as to the provisions of the Code of Good Environmental Practices (Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales), Decreto Ejecutivo N° 32079 dated September 14, 2004, or any voluntary mechanism for improving environmental performance.
Thus, the provision states that although some AOP do not require an EIA, the State, through other entities, remains obligated to conduct the corresponding environmental controls in accordance with their respective powers; moreover, these obligations are not new. The Constitutional Chamber itself has already so held, establishing that our country’s municipalities play an important role in protecting the environment and health. Specifically, it has held as follows: “(…) The State—as a whole—is obligated to take the measures necessary to protect the environment in order to prevent levels of pollution, deforestation, extinction of flora and fauna, and excessive or improper use of natural resources that endanger the health of regulated parties. For purposes of this task, a public institution includes both the Central Administration—Ministries such as the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the Ministry of Health—which, because of the subject matter, have extensive participation and responsibility with respect to environmental conservation and preservation and which generally act through their specialized divisions, such as the General Directorate of Wildlife, the Forestry Directorate, and the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA)—and decentralized institutions such as the National Institute of Housing and Urban Development, SENARA, the Costa Rican Tourism Institute, and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewerage.
Likewise, municipalities bear significant responsibility in this task within their territorial jurisdiction (…)”. (Resolution No. 17552- 2007 at 12 hours 22 minutes on November 30, 2007, reiterated, among others, in Resolution No. 16167-2013 at 9 hours 5 minutes in December 2013). Regarding the specific role of municipalities in the environmental oversight of their territory: “(…) The role of municipalities in environmental matters. Consistent with the foregoing, municipalities, as an integral part of the State as a whole, bear a substantial degree of responsibility for environmental matters within the scope of their powers and obligations, whether through the direct approval of permits or licenses requiring prior compliance with requirements demonstrating proper environmental management before other public authorities, or through regular inspections and the referral of risk situations to authorities with greater powers of intervention.
It has already been established that local governments are subject to an obligation of coordination and prevention in environmental matters within their territorial jurisdiction; it follows that municipalities are indeed important participants in the task of protecting the environment (...)”. (Constitutional Chamber, Voto No. 18471-2008 at 18 hours 29 minutes on December 11, 2008). 4. Regarding the allegation that the content of Decreto No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC entails widespread deregulation: As to Article 3, the response has already been addressed in connection with the first allegation submitted. What these Regulations exclude are low-environmental-impact activities, works, and projects that did not require an EIA under the previous provision; what they submitted was a Registration (Registro), involving merely administrative rather than technical requirements, and they did not obtain Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental) granted by the Plenary Commission.
As to the exclusion of AOP from Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) under Article 3 of D.E. No. 43898- MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, it must be clarified that, since 2008, the SETENA Plenary Commission, through agreements and resolutions (Resolutions No. 583-2008, 2376-2016, 1909-2017, 1462-2018), has identified activities with very low environmental impact that are not required to undergo an EIA. And what Decreto No. does is 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, through its Anexo 2, is intended to regularize by decree those activities that had already been determined by administrative decision not to require submission to an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA), because they are activities with a very low environmental impact and are also already extensively regulated and controlled under regulations by other institutions that, although they are not responsible for conducting the EIA, are required to carry out environmental controls as part of their authority.
Additionally, it is not true that decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC eliminates, in some cases, the obligation to undergo environmental impact studies, since Article 7 of that decree establishes that works, activities, and projects (actividades, obras o proyectos, AOP) are subject to the submission of an Environmental Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, EsIA) or to the EIA pursuant to specific laws or international agreements signed by the country. 5. The current regulations favor the expansion of dangerous, polluting, and environmentally destructive agricultural activities, such as intensive pineapple cultivation: It is stated that the foregoing is incorrect for the following reason: agricultural activities are not excluded from the EIA; they form part of the list of activities that must undergo the EIA (Anexo 1, decree 43898), as under the previous regulations (Decreto 31849-MINAE).
Agricultural activities that are not required to undergo the EIA are those for which activity has previously been conducted on the property, based on the predictive nature of the EIA. Existing or operating activities may obtain an environmental permit by submitting an Environmental Diagnostic Study (Estudio de Diagnóstico Ambiental, EDA) to SETENA, in accordance with current decree N° 42837-MINAE. Regarding the petitioners’ assertion that the referenced Article 3 lowers the thresholds for construction areas, and that under the previous regulations, No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, the ceiling was 500 square meters, whereas under these regulations, No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, it is 1.000: below that limit, developers do not have to undergo environmental impact studies. That assertion is incorrect for the following reasons: • Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC maintains the thresholds for category C AOP involving construction of less than 1000 m2, exactly as DE 31849 was amended by decree N° 37803-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC concerning the Environmental Assessment Regulations; such AOP were not subject to an Environmental Impact Assessment and obtained only an environmental registration. • D.E.43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC did not raise the thresholds and is not deregulating various classifications.
Previously, they were already not subject to an EIA, but only to registration. • Nor is the threshold changed for AOP of more than 1000 m2, which are AOP that must undergo the EIA and environmental monitoring (Seguimiento Ambiental). • Likewise, in the current decree SETENA maintains the provisions of the previous decree, D.E. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, under which category C projects with a threshold greater than 500 m2 and less than 1000m2 that are located in an environmentally fragile area (área ambientalmente frágil), as defined in Article 98 of these regulations, are required to undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment in order to obtain an Environmental Viability License (Licencia de Viabilidad Ambiental) approved by the Plenary Commission. 6. Article 9 of the regulations eliminates, in some cases, the obligation to undergo environmental impact studies, thereby violating the principle of non-regression (principio de no regresividad): This is not true, because this article establishes the final environmental rating through Environmental Impact Significance (Significancia de Impacto Ambiental, SIA) in order to determine the Environmental Impact Assessment Instrument (Instrumento de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental), which may be a Sworn Declaration of Environmental Commitments (Declaración Jurada de Compromisos Ambientales, DJCA), an Environmental Management Forecast Plan (Pronóstico Plan de Gestión Ambiental, PPGA), or an Environmental Impact Study.
This does not differ from the manner in which it was done under the previous executive decree 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, as established in its Article 19. The petitioners state that Article 32 of these EIA regulations eliminates, in some cases, the obligation to undergo EIA (environmental impact studies), thereby violating the principle of non-regression. However, Article 32 refers to low-impact activities that do require Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental, VLA) when they are activities included in Anexo 1 and are located in the environmentally fragile areas defined in Article 98. It should be noted here that, although there are low-impact AOP that in principle do not require an EIA, SETENA has determined that there are exceptions to the rule in order to regulate those AOP that, because they are located in fragile areas, do require an EIA process; this includes all AOP greater than 500 m2.
It further provides that those not requiring the EIA shall be subject to compliance with all environmental regulations in force in the country, and the Municipalities shall be responsible for requiring them to comply with the Code of Good Environmental Practices (Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales), Executive Decree No. 32079 of 14 de setiembre de 2004. 7. Regarding the assertion that Article 39 of these EIA regulations eliminates, in some cases, the obligation to undergo EIA (environmental impact studies), thereby violating the principle of non-regression: The first point that must be clarified concerning this article is that SETENA does not grant forest harvesting permits (permisos de aprovechamiento forestal); this falls under the exclusive authority of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), which must continue to observe the applicable regulations when approving forest harvesting permits submitted for processing by members of the public.
The Environmental Viability (License) requirement for this type of timber harvesting (aprovechamiento maderable) provides as follows in Article 36: “The Forestry D4 (D4 Forestal) is hereby created for the assessment of environmental impacts, for which purpose the D4 form indicated in Anexo 9 of these regulations must be completed. This form provides for the assessment of environmental impacts generated by timber-harvesting forestry activities in forests within Protected Wildlife Areas (Áreas Silvestres Protegidas), when there is no express prohibition against them.” As may be seen, the article does not allow harvesting contrary to existing forestry regulations, since it makes clear that the proceeding is possible only when there is no express prohibition against it. It is therefore evident that there is no intent to deregulate the existing rules and that decrees such as 25700-MINAE remain in force and binding upon entities and users generally.
Furthermore, regarding certain activities that do not require an EIA, such as harvesting 10 fallen trees, it must be clarified that this decision is consistent with the provisions of Executive Decree No. 40477- MINAE, Regulations for the Harvesting and Extraction of Timber from Naturally Fallen Trees in Private Forests (Regulaciones para el aprovechamiento y extracción de madera de árboles caídos naturalmente en bosques privados), Article 1 of which provides as follows: “The purpose of this Decree is to establish the regulations for harvesting and extracting sawn timber from naturally fallen trees in forests on privately owned land duly recorded in the Property Registry or belonging to lawful possessors accredited in accordance with Article 89 of the regulations to the Ley Forestal. The regional and subregional offices of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE), in its capacity as the State Forestry Administration (Administración Forestal del Estado, AFE), shall be responsible for evaluating and processing applications to harvest and extract fallen timber in privately owned forests.” Furthermore, Articles 4, 5, and 6 establish the requirements for this activity, which do not include an environmental viability requirement. In addition, Article 8 provides as follows: “Article 8. Provisions for harvesting fallen timber in forests.
Regarding the claim that regulation No.43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC completely evades the responsibility that SETENA had under the previous regulation concerning road matters (regulation 31849, Article 9, item 12): The assertion that SETENA evades responsibilities is incorrect, for the following reasons: • The traffic impact study (estudio de impacto vial) is prepared by an engineer who is a member of the Colegio Federado de Ingenieros y Arquitectos (CFIA), and who serves as the analyst and designer of the project’s Traffic Impact Study. Decreto N° 41727-MOPT officially adopts the Guide for Preparing a Functional Impact and Road Safety Study. • The Traffic Impact Study must be approved by the MOPT Traffic Engineering Directorate. • Ley 8220 establishes, in Article 3—Respect for Jurisdiction, and Article 2—Single Submission of Documents. • Approval of a traffic impact study and determination of when it must be submitted fall within MOPT’s jurisdiction, while the environmental impact assessment (Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, EIA) falls within SETENA’s jurisdiction.
SETENA assesses all project components, including physical, biological, and social aspects, as well as the potential road impacts that certain types of projects may generate; for these, preventive, mitigation, or compensation environmental control measures are established as environmental commitments and incorporated into Environmental Management Plans (Planes de Gestión Ambiental, PGA), through which the institution exercises environmental control, monitoring, and oversight. Therefore, regulation N°43898 does not evade any type of jurisdiction with respect to the EIA and all its components, in accordance with the functions assigned under Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N° 7554; rather, it organizes the submission of permits according to the various stages of the administrative procedures for formalizing activities, works, and projects, and according to the respective jurisdictions and functions under Ley 8220, without leaving the environment unprotected and in compliance with Article 50 of the Constitution.
It includes analysis of the road component as part of the EIA, rather than as a permit issued by and falling within the jurisdiction of another institution. SETENA is also empowered to request any studies and documents it deems relevant for determining the project’s environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental). SETENA itself must determine which studies and documents are required, although it must logically be noted that the decisions it adopts must be reasoned and reasonable and are subject to judicial review; the foregoing is based on the following: PGR Opinion 319-2009: “In this regard, Article 84 of Ley Orgánica del Ambiente grants SETENA broad and numerous powers, which are as follows: a) to analyze and rule on environmental impact assessments; b) to recommend the actions necessary to minimize environmental impact, as well as those technically appropriate for environmental restoration; c) to receive and investigate complaints submitted to it concerning environmental degradation or damage; d) to conduct the corresponding field inspections before issuing its decisions; e) to approve and submit activity reports to the Minister of Environment and Energy, in the Minister’s capacity as Executive Secretary of the Council; f) to prepare guides for environmental impact assessment activities, works, and projects, and to arrange for their availability and dissemination; g) to recommend to the Council, through the Minister of Environment and Energy, environmental policies and bills originating from sectors of governmental activity; h) to establish the amounts of guarantees for compliance with environmental obligations, which interested parties must deposit, with the appropriate frequency and in the amounts specified in the agreements; i) to perform monitoring duties and ensure enforcement of its decisions; j) to establish trusts, as stipulated in subsection d) of Article 93 of this Law; and k) any other functions necessary to fulfill its purposes.” Furthermore, any construction project fronting a national route that includes vehicle parking spaces must obtain authorization from the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes (MOPT).
Based on the foregoing, to obtain such approval or authorization for the project’s vehicular access to National Routes, one of the essential requirements that the developer must submit is the project’s traffic analysis, which must include current and projected road conditions in the area surrounding the development, but approval of such matters does not fall within SETENA’s jurisdiction. It is important to emphasize that preparation of a traffic and road-safety impact study is not exclusively intended to justify vehicular access to a particular route. The parameters and scope of this Guide apply to determining the impact on vehicular traffic caused by the construction of any project that attracts vehicles or pedestrians. Once that impact has been clearly established, mitigation measures may be adopted to improve traffic conditions and the safety of public-road users. 10. Regarding the claim that Article 3 of regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC reduces the thresholds for construction areas: That assertion is incorrect for the following reasons: Decreto No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC maintains the thresholds for category C activities, works, and projects (actividades, obras y proyectos, AOP), involving construction of less than 1000m2, exactly as DE 31849 was amended by Decreto N°37803-MINAE-SMOPT-MAG-MEIC with respect to the Reglamento de Evaluación Ambiental.
Such projects were not subject to an EIA and merely obtained an environmental registration (registro ambiental); D.E.43898-MINAE-SMOPT-MAG-MEIC did not raise the thresholds and does not deregulate several classifications. Previously, they were already not subject to an EIA and required only registration. Nor does it change the threshold for AOP exceeding 1000m2, which, as AOP, are required to undergo an EIA and environmental monitoring (Seguimiento Ambiental). Likewise, in the regulation currently in force, SETENA retains the provision of the previous decree, D.E. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, under which category C projects exceeding 500m2 but measuring less than 1000m2 and located in an environmentally fragile area (área ambientalmente frágil), as defined in Article 98 of this regulation, are required to undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment to qualify for an Environmental Feasibility License (Licencia de Viabilidad Ambiental) approved by the Plenary Commission.
The petitioners state that the regulation currently in force reduces EIAs to a minimum by focusing solely on control and monitoring aspects and neglecting prevention; this position is entirely mistaken for the following reasons: the baseline studies (estudios de línea base) for the EIA already provided for in the previous rule remain in place, including soil studies (Geotechnics), Hydrology, Geology, Hydrogeology, Natural Hazards, Archaeology, Biology, Socioeconomic studies, land-use-capability studies, and consideration of anthropogenic risk (riesgo antrópico). Form D1 is also retained, along with the environmental impact assessment instruments (instrumentos de evaluación de impacto ambiental), namely the Sworn Declaration of Environmental Commitments (Declaración Jurada de Compromisos Ambientales), the Environmental Management Forecast Plan (Pronóstico Plan de Gestión Ambiental, PPGA), and the Environmental Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, EsIA).
Contrary to the petitioners’ assertion, Decreto No. 43898-MINAE-SMOPT-MAG-MEIC strengthens the EIA baseline with respect to the technical and legal content of baseline studies and EIA instruments. It also requires all environmental assessment forms and instruments to include environmental control measures, environmental monitoring and follow-up indicators, and definitions of their frequency, methodology, measurement or application point, and indicator type, so that all activities, works, and projects are subject to SETENA’s monitoring and oversight. 11. Regarding the claim that Articles 17 and 90 of regulation 43898-MINAES-MOPT-MAG-MEIC concern offenses that the Public Administration might commit, reversing the burden concerning the commission of offenses against public officials, benefiting developers, violating the constitutional principles of good faith, and intimidating public officials through what might be called psychological workplace harassment: The provisions of Articles 17 and 90 of Decreto 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC do not refer to the commission of offenses, but rather to the administrative and disciplinary liability (responsabilidad administrativa y disciplinaria) that a public official could incur for failure to perform the official’s legal duties when reviewing procedures submitted for assessment.
They merely refer to compliance with other legally binding rules applicable to the case, such as Article 10 of Ley 8220 de Protección al ciudadano del exceso de requisitos y trámites administrativos and Article 190 of Ley General de la Administración Pública No. 6227. No burden of proof is reversed against public officials, nor does this violate the principle of good faith or seek to intimidate officials, since the exercise of disciplinary authority (potestad disciplinaria) or the imposition of administrative liability is inherent to the State and is governed by statutory provisions, subject to the constitutional guarantees of due process. 12. Regarding the claim that regulation No. 43898- MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC contains a contradiction in Articles 87 and 88, which reduce penalties for developers: Far from seeking to deregulate the applicable rules, the challenged articles seek to establish, within the penalties and conduct defined in Articles 99 and 101 of Ley Orgánica del Ambiente No. 7554 and under the principles of proportionality and reasonableness, a classification of acts or omissions that provides the Administration with parameters for exercising its sanctioning authority (potestad sancionatoria) consistently in similar cases.
This is based on the understanding that not all conduct may be judged under the same penalty, since some acts are indeed more serious than others and have different consequences; some constitute administrative violations, while others may potentially affect the environment, and there must therefore be a proportional distinction among the possible penalties. In this case, the penalties established according to the type of act or omission are fully consistent with Article 99 of Ley Orgánica del Ambiente. Regarding Article 88, it is important to note that its antecedent is Article 105 of Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, Decreto No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC, de 24 de mayo de 2004: “Article 105.—Authority to order the closure of activities, works, or projects. SETENA or other environmental authorities may order the closure of activities, works, or projects when they fail to comply with Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, the regulations and rules issued on environmental matters, related legislation, and assumed environmental commitments.
As provided by Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, natural or legal persons shall, in such cases, permit unrestricted access to their properties for the purpose of carrying out the closure. When necessary, the environmental authorities shall request assistance from and be accompanied by the corresponding police or judicial authority. Only in extreme or exceptional cases, when the environmental authority is denied unrestricted entry, shall it apply to the competent judicial authority for a search warrant. If circumstances permit, and subject to prior approval by the SETENA Plenary Commission, once the natural or legal person remedies the irregularities committed or complies with the requirements of the administrative decision served upon that person, the environmental authority that carried out the closure, or its delegate, may lift the closure order.” As can be verified, far from seeking to give developers an advantage, as the petitioner attempts to portray it, the regulation instead establishes the Administration’s authority to impose a precautionary suspension measure (medida cautelar de paralización) in response to noncompliance with environmental commitments, in order to secure the necessary corrective measures or ultimately suspend the projects, if appropriate. 13.
That Regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, in Articles 98 and 13 (especially item 2), allows developers of low-impact projects (between 54% and 65 % of all projects processed by SETENA) to build in environmentally fragile areas (áreas ambientalmente frágiles): The foregoing assertion is incorrect. Neither Article 13 nor Article 98 allows developers of projects with low environmental impact to build in environmentally fragile areas. Article 13 establishes the procedure by which the respective department verifies the information contained in files submitted to the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) process, both during the environmental assessment stage and during the environmental monitoring and control stage. It is important to note that this review uses approximately 50 layers to cover or verify the 15 Environmentally Fragile Areas identified in Article 98 of Decree No. 43898-MINAES-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, in addition to verifying issues involving vulnerability or the incidence of projects within the same geographical area.
This practice has been carried out by SETENA for many years, and these provisions reinforce its application in order to generate alerts during the assessment process regarding matters that warrant special attention. The layers used include publicly accessible layers available through the official portals of SNIT (IGN), SINIGIRH (Dirección de Agua), and SIRI (del registro inmobiliario). As for Article 98, which defines environmentally fragile areas, it retains what was already established in the previous rule under Decree 31849-MINAE-S-MOPTMAG-MEIC. Its purpose is to ensure that, during the EIA process, a series of environmental and legal variables pertaining to a geographical area are considered in advance, thereby facilitating a better-informed decision regarding the area in which a project, work, or activity will be carried out. In addition, SETENA gives special attention to these areas in order to verify environmental commitments by planning project monitoring and closure inspections during the enforcement stage. 14.
Regarding the claim that Regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, in Article 15, allows developers to begin processing permits before other institutions prior to completion of the SETENA permitting process, thereby violating the deregulation principle (principio de desregulación): The foregoing assertion is incorrect. The regulation retains what was already established in the previous rule under Decree 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC: Potential Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental Potencial). This allows proceedings before other public and private entities to be initiated or continued, as was permitted under the repealed decree, but it does not mean that an Environmental Viability License (Licencia de Viabilidad Ambiental) is granted in advance. It creates no vested right, since at the end of the process the application may be approved or denied. Such potential viability merely allows a developer, for example, to begin the process of obtaining a loan from a banking institution.
For entities that issue final permits for the construction or operational stage, however, potential viability is insufficient, because they must wait for the institution to rule on whether environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) will be granted, if this is a requirement of their procedures under Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC. 15. That Regulation No.43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, in Article 35 of the challenged regulation, allows SETENA to cease overseeing a project under review once the developer obtains environmental viability, leaving responsibility in the hands of third parties: The petitioners’ assertion is incorrect, since SETENA is the entity responsible for overseeing the work of environmental officers (responsables ambientales), who must be registered in the SETENA Registry and must ensure compliance with the environmental commitments assumed by the developer of an activity, work, or project.
They are required to officially report the results of monitoring and control to SETENA and the environmental authority, in accordance with this regulation and all other applicable rules. Likewise, the current EIA regulation provides, in Article 51, for Environmental Compliance Inspections (Inspecciones Ambientales de Cumplimiento) and, in Article 54, for technical closure inspections (inspecciones de cierre técnico). These are performed by the SETENA Inspection Unit whenever it considers them appropriate, to verify compliance with environmental measures as part of enforcement proceedings, in addition to other environmental monitoring instruments (instrumentos de seguimiento ambiental), such as the environmental logbook (bitácora ambiental) and environmental oversight reports (informes de regencia ambiental). SETENA also addresses environmental complaints filed by the public. These processes are described in Regulation 43898, which makes the institution’s role in enforcement proceedings entirely clear.
For this purpose, interinstitutional coordination is absolutely necessary to obtain the required technical opinions from the entities competent in different fields, such as SINAC in forestry matters, Dirección de Geología y Minas in mining matters, or Dirección de Aguas with respect to water use, for example. 16. Regarding the allegation that the obligation to forward the EsIAs (Environmental Impact Studies [Estudios de Impacto Ambiental]) to other authorities involved in construction permitting has been eliminated entirely: It must first be noted that SETENA will publish on its website the list of Environmental Impact Studies, in compliance with Article 23 of D.E. No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC. Therefore, what is established in this decision is consistent with Article 35 of Decreto 31849, which was superseded by D.E. 43898-MINAE-MOPT-MAG-MEIC and stated as follows: “Article 35.—Copy of the EsIA to other authorities.
In cases in which an EsIA is submitted, SETENA shall forward a copy thereof and the relevant documentation to the Conservation Area of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación when the activities, works, or projects affect wildlife, protected areas, forest resources, or water resources, and, when it deems necessary, to the municipality or municipalities of the canton or cantons in which it is located, or to another competent authority, so that they may issue an opinion on the matter.” Accordingly, SETENA decided to maintain public disclosure of Environmental Impact Studies (EsIA), for which purpose it included this action in Article 23 of D.E. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC. This does not mean, however, that other new projects processed under another assessment instrument, including other types of environmental assessment forms, will not be known or publicly accessible to other authorities involved in construction permitting and to the public at large.
At present, all projects submitted for Environmental Impact Assessment through an administrative file (expediente administrativo) are processed entirely digitally. The institution has a Digital Platform that also includes a component providing public access to any user. Thus, at any time, any citizen, regardless of place of residence, has direct and unrestricted digital access to review any activity, work, or project processed under Decree No. 43898 MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC that has a file with SETENA. This complies with Article 23 of Ley Orgánica del Ambiente No. 7554, which provides that the information contained in an environmental impact assessment file shall be public and available for consultation by any person or organization. In conclusion, Article 23 of D.E. 43898 MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC guarantees that, for the projects with the greatest impact and for which an Environmental Impact Study must be processed, institutions involved in construction-permit procedures and citizens have a dedicated site where they can obtain information and, if necessary, access the Digital Platform to view the complete file.
This is without prejudice to the public’s access to view any file processed by the institution and to submit inquiries, objections, or use any other public-participation mechanisms (herramientas de participación ciudadana) afforded to them by the applicable rules. Therefore, the provisions of D.E. 43898-MINAEMOPT-MAG-MEIC do not diminish the protections provided by Article 35 of the repealed rule, Decreto 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, for the reasons stated in the preceding paragraphs. 17. That Regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, in Article 41, provides that different “users” may exploit forest resources within protected wilderness areas (áreas silvestres protegidas): Regarding this allegation, it has already been made clear that all files processed under Decreto Ejecutivo N° 43898 are entirely digital and available for review by any user; therefore, the assertion that there would be no public knowledge of the AOP processed by the institution is without merit.
It must also be borne in mind that, in 2004, when Decree 31849 entered into force, print media were the most effective means of communication, since no digital media existed for informing the public about the environmental impact studies being processed. At present, however, given the broad reach of digital media and the decline of print media, which have lost nationwide coverage, it was determined that digitally publishing this information through SETENA’s official website would reach a larger share of the population, enabling the public to obtain information and participate in environmental impact assessment processes. This applies not only to projects required to process an Environmental Impact Study, since information from all files processed under Decree 43898 is available to the public, thereby promoting greater transparency in the proceedings. 18. Regarding the claim that Regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC does not contain Form D6, mentioned in Articles 24, 25, and 26, because Anexo 7, in which Article 24 states that Form D-6 must appear, was not included: The allegation that Form D6 does not appear in Anexo 7 is incorrect.
That form, as well as the environmental-measures table and its environmental-monitoring indicators, the required contents of geotechnical studies (estudios de Geotécnico), archaeological studies (estudio arqueológico), and hydrogeological studies (estudio hidrogeológico), and the visual guide for submitting the site design, can be viewed in the cited annex in Alcance N° 65 C a la Gaceta 67, dated miércoles 19 de abril del 2023. It can also be found in Sistema Nacional de Legislación Vigente (SINALEVI). 19. That Regulation No.
43898- MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, nor does Anexo 9 contain the D-4 form mentioned in Articles 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, and 42: Regarding this claim that the D4 form does not appear in Anexo 9, it is incorrect; that form may be viewed in the aforementioned annex, in Supplement N° 65 C to G of La Gaceta 67, of miércoles 19 de abril del 2023. It may also be found in the National System of Current Legislation (Sistema Nacional de Legislación Vigente, SINALEVI). 19. With respect to the claim that Article 87 of Regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC decriminalized an omission and treats failure to respond to a request for information from SETENA as a minor offense (falta leve): Regarding this claim, Regulation No. 43898- MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, within the constitutional and legal framework, does not authorize SETENA to delegate, either wholly or partially, its own functions. However, it provides that projects, works, or activities that are no longer required to undergo the Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental) process before SETENA need only complete the procedures required by other institutions and comply with the Code of Good Environmental Practices (Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales), and that SETENA does not have the authority to issue orders to municipalities through a regulation.
In this regard, it is first important to note that this was already provided for in Article 4 of decreto 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC. Finally, the assertion that SETENA transfers the obligation to process environmental impact assessment (Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, EIA) proceedings to other institutions is untrue, because the provision states that activities, works, or projects with very low potential environmental impact need not process an Environmental Impact Assessment before SETENA; nevertheless, they remain subject to all environmental regulations in force in the country, and the Municipalities shall be responsible for requiring them to comply with the Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 32079 del 14 de setiembre de 2004. Thus, the provision states that although certain activities, works, or projects (actividades, obras o proyectos, AOP) do not require an EIA, the State, through other entities, remains obligated to conduct the corresponding environmental controls within the scope of their authority—obligations that, moreover, are not new.
With respect to the specific role of the Municipalities in environmental oversight within their territory, it is important to establish the following: “The role of municipalities in environmental matters. In accordance with the foregoing, municipalities, as an integral part of the whole that is the State, bear, within the scope of their powers and obligations, a significant degree of responsibility in environmental matters, whether through the direct approval of permits or licenses for which prior compliance with requirements demonstrating proper environmental management before other public authorities is required, or through regular inspections and the referral of risk situations to the authorities with greater powers to intervene. It has already been established that local governments are subject to the obligation of coordination and prevention in environmental matters within the scope of their territorial jurisdiction, from which it follows that municipalities are indeed important actors in the task of environmental protection.
(…)”. (Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional), Voto No. 18471-2008 de las 18 horas 29 minutos del 11 de diciembre del 2008). THIRD. Conclusion: There is no violation of the precautionary principle (principio precautorio), the principle of non-retroactivity (irretroactividad), the principle that an authority’s own acts may not be disregarded (intangibilidad de los actos propios), the regulation of human conduct, the pursuit of the greatest well-being, deregulation, the principle of statutory reservation (reserva de ley), or in dubio pro natura, insofar as the Regulation was issued to make the Environmental Impact Assessment more effective and to direct it toward projects that actually require environmental measures in addition to those already prescribed to prevent or offset impacts, thereby providing them with greater oversight and more efficient monitoring; the technical and legal reasons why this is so in relation to each claim asserted are explained below.
The technical conditions on which regulations are based, as this Honorable Chamber has already held, are not a constitutional matter. No impairment is evident of the environmental right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment that this Court must remedy. Low-impact Category C projects were not subject to an Environmental Impact Assessment to obtain Environmental Viability; they merely obtained registration with SETENA, as prescribed by the Amendment to the General Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures (EIA) (Reforma Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA)), No. 41815-MINAE-S-MOPTMAG-MEIC, del 25 de junio del 2019. Regulation N° 43898 maintains the thresholds for Category C AOP: construction of less than 1000m2 and earthworks (movimiento de tierra) of up to 999 m3, exactly as DE 31849 was amended by decreto N° 37803-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, amending the Environmental Assessment Regulation (Reglamento de Evaluación Ambiental); such AOP were not subject to an EIA and merely obtained environmental registration (registro ambiental).
Decreto Ejecutivo N° 43898 did not raise the thresholds and is not deregulating various classifications. Previously, they were already not subject to an EIA, but only to registration. The threshold for AOP exceeding 1000m2, which are AOP required to undergo an EIA and Environmental Monitoring (Seguimiento Ambiental), is not changed. In the current Decree, SETENA retains what was established in the prior decree, 31849-MINAE, for Category C projects with an area greater than 500m2 and less than 1000m2 that are located in an environmentally fragile area (área ambientalmente frágil), as defined in Article 98 of this Regulation; such projects are required to undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment to apply for an Environmental Viability License (Licencia de Viabilidad Ambiental) approved by the Plenary Commission (Comisión Plenaria). Responsibilities for Environmental Impact Assessment are not being assigned to other entities; rather, certain activities are exempted from Registration with SETENA, while environmental controls by other institutions are maintained, always within the scope of their statutory powers.
It should be noted that the petitioner, Mr. [Nombre 002], submitted the respective inquiries concerning decreto N° 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, to which SETENA responded by means of official letter SETENA-SG-0404-2023 dated 9 de mayo del 2023. Regarding the lack of regulatory plans (planes reguladores) in many cantons, it should be borne in mind that strategic environmental assessment (Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica) is governed by Decreto N° 32967, which remains in force. Furthermore, the Municipalities are responsible for having regulatory plans that incorporate the environmental variable (variable ambiental). With respect to the claim that no account was taken of the fact that 50% of the country’s cantons lack regulatory plans and only 6 are aware of their environmental fragility, it should be stated that the petitioner is incorrect, because environmental constraints (condicionantes ambientales), such as publicly owned watercourses, wetlands, forest cover (coberturas boscosas), natural hazards, among others, can be verified through geospatial viewers that make it possible to identify special geo-environmental features and conditions at the specific site where the project is intended to be developed, as well as its environmental surroundings and aspects of vulnerability.
The official geospatial viewers and data layers of the country’s various public entities, such as Dirección de Aguas, Dirección de Geología y Minas, MINAE, SINAC, CNE, SENARA, Municipalidades (those that have them), and many others, may be consulted both by the general public and by the country’s other public entities and are public platforms. Regarding the weakening of environmental impact assessments (EIA) (evaluaciones de impacto ambiental, EIA), the petitioner is incorrect because decreto N° 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC retains the baseline studies for EIA already provided for in the prior regulation: soil studies (Geotechnics), Hydrology, Geology, Hydrogeology, Natural Hazards, Archaeology, Biology, Socioeconomic studies, land-use-capability studies, and consideration of anthropogenic risk. In addition, the D1 form and the environmental impact assessment instruments (Sworn Declaration of Environmental Commitments, the Environmental Management Forecast Plan (PPGA), and the Environmental Impact Study (EsIA)) are retained, strengthening the EIA baseline in terms of the technical and legal content of the baseline studies and EIA instruments, and requiring all environmental assessment forms and instruments to include environmental-control measures, with 8 environmental follow-up and monitoring indicators specifying their frequency, methodology, measurement or application point, and type of indicator, so that all activities, works, and projects are subject to SETENA’s follow-up and oversight.
SETENA’s sanctioning authority (potestad sancionatoria) and the sanctions it may impose are legally established in Articles 99 and 101 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente. The petitioner is incorrect because, far from seeking to deregulate the applicable rules, the challenged articles adhere to Articles 99 and 101 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente by establishing a classification of conduct or omissions that gives SETENA a benchmark for exercising its sanctioning authority under consistent conditions in similar cases, thereby complying with the principle of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment and the In dubio Pro-Natura principle. At present, all projects submitted for Environmental Impact Assessment processing through an administrative file are handled 100 % digitally. For this purpose, the institution has a Digital Platform that also includes a component providing public access to any user; consequently, at any time, any citizen, regardless of where that person resides, has direct and unrestricted digital access to consult any activity, work, or project processed under Decreto No. 43898 MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC for which SETENA has a file.
This complies with Article 23 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente No. 7554, which states that the information contained in the environmental impact assessment file shall be public and available for consultation by any person or organization. This means that the project developer is not currently required to send an EsIA to other permit-related authorities, because any person or institution may consult the files being reviewed by SETENA. The petitioner requests that the action be dismissed, given the demonstrated need to harmonize the existing regulations in this area, as Costa Rica has accumulated a delay of several years during which it has not been possible to timely register products of phytosanitary interest that were previously assessed by an authority applying the same phytosanitary, health, and environmental standards as ours, or even by authorities that may be stricter than our own.
The current average time in Costa Rica for registering new molecules is more than 10 years, whereas in highly developed countries such as the Estados Unidos de América and the members of the Unión Europea, where highly exhaustive and comprehensive assessments are conducted concerning the safety of molecules for health and the environment, the average time for registering new molecules is 3 years. If the country’s current situation persists, farmers will not only continue to be deprived of the more than 50 new innovative molecules currently available on the global market, whether patent-protected or already off-patent, but the gap will also continue to widen, with the resulting loss of commercial, social, and environmental competitiveness relative to the rest of the world. It is therefore concluded that the petitioner is incorrect, because the challenged Articles 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90 and 98 of Reglamento No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC are not contrary to Article 50 of the Constitución Política, the Convención de los Derechos Humanos, or the population’s right to enjoy a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
Decreto Ejecutivo N° 43898-MINAE-S-MIOPT-MAG-MEIC was enacted to comply with the duty of efficiency mandated by the Ley de Biodiversidad and therefore seeks to adapt Environmental Impact Assessment processes, legally and technically, to current conditions, which have undergone significant developments both nationally and internationally, including new policies and technologies that require environmental variables, oversight, and follow-up to be adapted to those changes. The cited articles are pertinent to the application, when necessary, of the pro natura precautionary principle and the environmental measures applicable to such projects; those measures are already regulated, and SETENA would not request any additional measure, which could otherwise create an overlap of functions among institutions that would ultimately result in legal uncertainty for the regulated party and the general population.
As to the required formality of its publication, according to the information contained in SETENA’s files, this amendment underwent the entire official public-consultation process through the Prior Review System (SICOPRE) of the Ministerio de Economía Industria y Comercio (MEIC), pursuant to Article 361 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública N° 6227, the Ley de Protección al ciudadano del exceso de requisitos y trámites administrativos N° 8220, and related regulations. That process may be consulted in said system using form number N° 2452. More than 20 entities participated in the public-consultation process, and approximately 172 comments were received. SETENA conducted a technical and legal analysis of them and accepted 34%, partially accepted 15%, and did not accept 51% of the comments submitted. 13 It should be recalled that strategic environmental assessment is governed by Decreto N° 32967, which remains in force.
Furthermore, the Municipalities are responsible for having regulatory plans that incorporate the environmental variable. Far from seeking to deregulate the applicable rules, the challenged articles adhere to Articles 99 and 101 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente by establishing a classification of conduct or omissions that gives SETENA a benchmark for exercising its sanctioning authority under consistent conditions in similar cases, thereby complying with the principle of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment and the in dubio pro natura principle.
It does not lower the maximum thresholds for classifying activities as having low, medium, or high impact, as may be seen in Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 43898, in its article. On the other hand, it must be considered that the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic, in its study N° 04-PFA “Oversight of the 2000 Environmental Impact Assessment,” concluded that SETENA “...is not being efficient and effective in its management of the preliminary environmental assessment, monitoring, and follow-up processes, because it is diverting its resources to the assessment of many projects with little environmental impact....” Based on this report, the Executive Branch initiated an analytical process to filter the number of projects submitted to SETENA, in order to prioritize those that did represent a greater risk to the environment. This prioritization of environmental impact assessment processes (procesos de EIA) was ratified by the Constitutional Chamber itself in ruling N° 01220-2002: “This does not mean that the Executive Branch may not determine, by regulation and on the basis of precise technical studies, that a particular activity or project does not require environmental impact studies, but this presupposes that such a determination is duly reasoned and justified....” The law that created environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) makes clear that laws and regulations shall specify which activities, works, or projects must undergo the EIA process.
Por tanto, article 3 of Decreto N° 43898 is not unconstitutional, because this provision is a mechanism provided for by law to determine what must be processed by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat. Additionally, the Constitutional Chamber, in resolution n° 05994–2017, of 26 de abril de 2017, analyzed the authority of the Executive Branch to determine which activities, works, or projects (actividades, obras o proyectos, AOP) are required to undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment and dismissed the constitutional challenge filed for that purpose. Regarding the exclusion of AOP from the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), pursuant to subsection 4 of article 3 of D.E. No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC, it must be clarified that, as early as 2008, the SETENA Plenary Commission, through agreements and resolutions (Resoluciones No. 583-2008, 2376- 2016, 1909-2017, 1462-2018), had established which activities had a very low environmental impact and therefore did not need to undergo EIA.
Through Anexo 2, decree No. 43898- MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC formalizes by decree the activities that had already been defined by administrative resolution as not requiring EIA because they have a very low environmental impact and, moreover, are already extensively regulated and supervised under regulations by other institutions which, although they do not perform EIA, are obligated to conduct environmental oversight as part of their powers. As their second point, the petitioners state that Decreto No. 43898- MINAE-SMOPT-MAG-MEIC was not properly submitted for consultation during its drafting. In this regard, the Secretary of SETENA states that more than 20 entities participated in the public consultation process. Approximately 172 comments were received, which SETENA analyzed from a technical and legal standpoint; 34% were accepted, 15% were partially accepted, and 51% of the submitted comments were not accepted.
Third, the petitioners indicate that regulation 43898 fails to consider that approximately 50% of the country’s cantons lack land-use plans (planes reguladores), and only 6 have information concerning their environmentally fragile areas (áreas de fragilidad ambiental). Regarding this allegation, the SETENA representative states that it is incorrect. Official geospatial viewers and layers from the country’s various public entities may be used, including the Water Directorate, the Geology and Mines Directorate, MINAE, SINAC, CNE, SENARA, and municipalities that have them. The geospatial information and data used by SETENA to conduct its geospatial verification of AOP case files (expedientes de AOP) come from all these public sources and platforms. Therefore, the petitioners’ allegation that the environmental constraints affecting the country’s different cantons are unknown in the absence of an Approved Land-Use Plan is incorrect because, as already explained, official, current, available, freely accessible information exists to support decision-making by all institutions and the country as a whole.
This information is used by the municipalities to prepare Land-Use Plans and to obtain the Environmental Variable (Variable Ambiental), in accordance with Decreto No. 32967. Furthermore, article 98 of decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC retains the Environmentally Fragile Areas (Áreas Ambientalmente Frágiles), which, by their nature, are divided into two principal groups: a) areas for which the State has established a special use regime (defined legal and technical framework); and b) geographic areas that present technical and environmental limitations on their use. Finally, the representative states that SETENA does not transfer the obligation to process EIA proceedings to other institutions, because the provision indicates that the activities, works, or projects with very low potential environmental impact specified in that article are not required to process an Environmental Impact Assessment before SETENA.
They will, however, be subject to the environmental controls established by, among other institutions, the municipalities, the Ministry of Health (MINSA), the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG), etc. As a fourth allegation, it is asserted that decree No. 43898- MINAE-SMOPT-MAG-MEIC entails widespread deregulation. Articles 3, 9, 32, 39, and 47 eliminate, in certain cases, the obligation to undergo EIA (environmental impact studies), thereby violating the principle of non-regression (principio de no regresividad). Such regression could consequently cause irreversible environmental damage or damage that is difficult to remedy. Through Anexo 2, decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC formalizes by decree the activities that had already been defined by administrative resolution as not requiring EIA because they have a very low environmental impact and are also extensively regulated and supervised by other institutions that are obligated to conduct environmental oversight as part of their powers.
The petitioners indicate that the current regulation favors the expansion of dangerous, polluting, and environmentally destructive agricultural activities, such as aggressive pineapple cultivation. That assertion, however, is incorrect. Agricultural activities are not excluded from EIA and are included on the list of activities required to undergo it (Anexo 1, decree 43898), as was also provided by the previous regulation (Decreto 31849-MINAE). Agricultural activities that are not required to undergo EIA are those conducted on land where prior activity has taken place, on the basis that EIA is predictive. Existing activities or those already in operation may obtain an environmental permit (permiso ambiental) by submitting an Environmental Diagnostic Study (Estudio de Diagnóstico Ambiental, EDA) to SETENA, in accordance with current decree No. 42837-MINAE. Regarding the petitioners’ assertion that the cited article 3 reduces the thresholds for construction areas and that, under the previous regulation, No. 31849- MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, the ceiling was 500 square meters, whereas under this regulation, No. 43898- MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, it is 1.000, that assertion is incorrect for the following reasons: • Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC maintains the thresholds for category C AOP involving construction of less than 1000 m2, as amended in DE no. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC by decree no. 37803- MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC to the Reglamento de Evaluación Ambiental; these were not subject to an Environmental Impact Assessment and merely obtained an environmental registration (registro ambiental). • D.E.
No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC did not raise the thresholds and is not deregulating various classifications. Previously, these were already not subject to EIA; only registration was required. • Nor does it change the threshold for AOP exceeding 1000 m2, which are AOP required to undergo EIA and Environmental Follow-up (Seguimiento Ambiental). • Likewise, SETENA retains in the current decree what was established in the previous decree, DE n°. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC: category C projects with a threshold greater than 500 m2 and less than 1000m2 that are located in an environmentally fragile area, as defined in article 98 of this regulation, are required to undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment in order to obtain an Environmental Feasibility License (Licencia de Viabilidad Ambiental, VLA) approved by the Plenary Commission. The petitioners indicate that article 9 of this regulation eliminates, in certain cases, the obligation to undergo environmental impact studies, thereby violating the principle of non-regression.
The SETENA representative states that this is not true. That article establishes the final environmental rating through Environmental Impact Significance (Significancia de Impacto Ambiental, SIA) in order to specify the Environmental Impact Assessment Instrument (Instrumento de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental), which may consist of a Sworn Declaration of Environmental Commitments (Declaración Jurada de Compromisos Ambientales, DJCA), an Environmental Management Plan Forecast (Pronóstico Plan de Gestión Ambiental, PPGA), or an Environmental Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, EsIA). This does not differ from the procedure under the previous executive decree 31849-MINAE-S-MOPTMAG-MEIC, article 19. The petitioners indicate that article 32 of this EIA regulation eliminates, in certain circumstances, the obligation to undergo EIA (environmental impact studies), thereby violating the principle of non-regression.
Article 32 refers to low-impact activities that do require VLA when they are activities listed in Anexo 1 and are located in the environmentally fragile areas defined in article 98. It should be noted here that, although there are low-impact AOP that in principle do not require EIA, SETENA has determined that exceptions to the rule exist in order to regulate AOP that, because they are located in fragile areas, do require an EIA process; this includes all AOP greater than 500 m2. It also specifies that those not requiring EIA will nevertheless be subject to all environmental regulations in force in the country, and the municipalities will be responsible for requiring their compliance with the Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 32079 del 14 de setiembre de 2004. The petitioners indicate that article 39 of this EIA regulation eliminates, in certain cases, the obligation to undergo EIA for the felling of 30 cubic meters of trees and the extraction of other protected wild species, without the proceeding established in regulation 31849 still being required.
This would violate the principle of non-regression. Regarding this article, the first point requiring clarification is that SETENA does not issue forest harvesting permits (permisos de aprovechamiento forestal). This is the exclusive jurisdiction of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), which must continue to observe the applicable regulations when approving forest harvesting permits submitted by members of the public. The article does not permit harvesting that contravenes existing forestry regulations, since it makes clear that the proceeding is permissible only when there is no express prohibition against it. It is evident that there is no intent to deregulate the existing rules and that decrees such as 25700-MINAE remain in force and binding upon entities and users generally.
Furthermore, regarding certain activities that do not require an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA), such as the harvesting (aprovechamiento) of 10 fallen trees, it must be clarified that this decision is consistent with the provisions of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 40477-MINAE, Regulaciones para el aprovechamiento y extracción de madera de árboles caídos naturalmente en bosques privados, Article 1. Articles 4, 5, and 6 establish the requirements for this activity, which do not include environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental). It may be concluded from the text of Article 39 that it is not true that deregulation or regression exists, because specific regulations governing this activity already exist. It is important to inform the Chamber that, since 2004, under decreto 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, which was the specific regulation governing Environmental Impact Assessment, timber harvesting from agroforestry systems, forest plantations, and harvesting on land used for agricultural and livestock purposes has been exempt from the requirement to obtain environmental feasibility.
The petitioners state that Article 47 of these EIA regulations eliminates the obligation to undergo environmental impact studies (estudios de impacto ambiental) in certain cases, thereby violating the principle of non-regression (principio de no regresividad). Article 47 establishes the institutional obligation to recognize as a single project the combination of projects smaller than one thousand meters that do not require an EIA if they are built on the same property, thereby encouraging the unlawful fragmentation or subdivision (fraccionamiento) of megaprojects into mini-projects in order to evade the studies, controls, and regulations that might apply to a larger project. The foregoing is incorrect. What this article proposes is the consolidation of environmental feasibility approvals in order to prevent the subdivision of projects and thus comply with Article 94 of Ley de Biodiversidad N° 7788.
Furthermore, in such cases, for purposes of environmental control, monitoring, and oversight, the most stringent instrument prevails, and the projects remain subject to compliance with all environmental regulations and to processing the respective permits for the changes made before the competent institutions, such as the corresponding municipality, for example. Implementation of decreto N° 43898 does not change this express regulation under Ley de Biodiversidad N° 7788, because the rule is clear that projects may not be subdivided to avoid the EIA process. Accordingly, if SETENA detects from the outset, during the processing of a new project, that possible subdivision exists, it has a duty to sanction the project and order that the assessment be conducted comprehensively; nothing in decreto N° 43898 establishes a procedure for noncompliance with the requirements of Ley de Biodiversidad N° 7788.
The petitioners state that reglamento No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC entirely evades the responsibility that SETENA had under the previous regulations regarding road matters (reglamento 31849, Article 9, item 12). The foregoing is incorrect. Reglamento N°43898 does not evade any jurisdiction concerning the EIA for all of its components, in accordance with the functions assigned under Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N° 7554. What it does is organize the submission of permits according to the stages of the application processes for formalizing activities, works, and projects, as well as the corresponding powers and functions, pursuant to Ley n° 8220, without leaving the environment unprotected and in compliance with Article 50 of the Constitution, by providing for analysis of the road component as part of the EIA rather than as part of a permit issued by and falling within the jurisdiction of another institution.
SETENA is empowered to request any studies and documents it deems relevant for determining the project’s environmental feasibility. These must be determined by the entity itself, although it should logically be noted that the decisions it adopts must be reasoned and reasonable and are subject to judicial review (control jurisdiccional); the foregoing is based on Dictamen 319-2009 de la PGR. Furthermore, every construction project fronting a national route that has vehicle parking spaces must have authorization from Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes (MOPT) (Article 19 of Ley N° 5060, “Ley General de Caminos Públicos”). Therefore, reglamento N°43898 does not evade any jurisdiction concerning the EIA for all of its components, in accordance with the functions assigned under Ley Orgánica del Ambiente N° 7554; what it does is organize the submission of permits according to the stages of the application processes for formalizing activities, works, and projects, as well as the corresponding powers and functions, pursuant to Ley 8220, without leaving the environment unprotected and in compliance with Article 50 of the Constitution, by providing for analysis of the road component as part of the EIA rather than as part of a permit issued by and falling within the jurisdiction of another institution.
SETENA is likewise empowered to request any studies and documents it deems relevant for determining the project’s environmental feasibility. These must be determined by the entity itself, although it should logically be noted that the decisions it adopts must be reasoned and reasonable and are subject to judicial review; the foregoing is based on the following: Dictamen 319-2009 de la PGR. Furthermore, every construction project fronting a national route that has vehicle parking spaces must have authorization from Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes (MOPT). Based on the foregoing, in order to obtain that approval or authorization for vehicular access to the National Routes for the project to be developed, one of the essential requirements that the developer must submit is the project’s traffic analysis, which must include current and projected road conditions in the area surrounding the development, but which SETENA does not have jurisdiction to approve.
It is important to emphasize that preparation of a traffic-impact and road-safety study is not exclusively intended to justify vehicular access to a particular route. The parameters and scope of this Guide apply to determining the impact on vehicular traffic caused by the construction of any project that attracts vehicles or pedestrians. Once that impact has been clearly established, mitigation measures (medidas de mitigación) may be adopted to improve traffic conditions and the safety of users of public roads. The petitioners state that Article 3 of reglamento No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC reduces the thresholds for construction areas. Under the previous regulations, No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, the ceiling was 500 square meters, while under these regulations, No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPTMAG-MEIC, it is 1.000 m2. Below that limit, developers do not have to undergo EIAs (environmental impact studies).
It minimizes EIAs, focusing solely on control and monitoring aspects and leaving aside the preventive component. The challenged provision nullifies the preventive action that SETENA must take to “order everything necessary—within the scope permitted by law—to prevent irreversible damage to the environment” (judgment N° 14180-10 Sala Constitucional), because, without technical or scientific support, it allows changes to previously established environmental regulations or their deregulation under Reglamento 31849, even though such changes may harm the environment. The foregoing assertion is incorrect for the following reasons: Decreto No. 43898-MINAE-SMOPT-MAG-MEIC maintains the thresholds for category C activities, works, and projects (actividades, obras y proyectos, AOP), consisting of construction smaller than 1000m2, exactly as D.E. 31849 was amended by decreto N° 37803-MINAES-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, amending Reglamento de Evaluación Ambiental; such activities were not subject to an EIA and merely obtained an environmental registration (registro ambiental).
D.E.43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC did not raise the thresholds and is not deregulating several classifications. Previously, they were already not subject to an EIA and required only registration. Nor is the threshold changed for AOP larger than 1000m2, which, if they are AOP, are required to undergo an EIA and Environmental Monitoring (Seguimiento Ambiental). Likewise, in the current decree SETENA retains the provisions of the previous decree, D.E. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, under which category C projects with a threshold greater than 500m2 and less than 1000m2 that are located in an environmentally fragile area (área ambientalmente frágil), as defined in Article 98 of these regulations, are required to undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment in order to qualify for an Environmental Feasibility License (Licencia de Viabilidad Ambiental) approved by the Plenary Commission (Comisión Plenaria).
The petitioners state that the current regulations minimize EIAs, focusing solely on control and monitoring aspects and leaving aside the preventive component, a completely erroneous position for the following reasons: Contrary to the petitioners’ assertions, decreto No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC strengthens the EIA baseline (línea base) with respect to the technical and legal content of baseline studies and EIA instruments, and establishes that all environmental assessment forms and instruments must include environmental control measures (medidas de control ambiental), environmental follow-up and monitoring indicators, and definitions of their frequency, methodology, measurement or application point, and indicator type, so that all activities, works, and projects are subject to SETENA’s monitoring and oversight. The petitioners allege that Articles 17 and 90 of Reglamento No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC, concerning offenses that the Public Administration might commit, reverse the burden regarding the commission of offenses against administrators, thereby benefiting developers; violating the constitutional principles of good faith and intimidating public officials through what could be called psychological workplace harassment.
The foregoing assertion is incorrect for the following reasons: The provisions concerning Articles 17 and 90 of decreto 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC do not refer to the commission of criminal offenses, but rather to the administrative and disciplinary liability (responsabilidad administrativa y disciplinaria) that a public official could incur for failing to perform their legal duties when reviewing applications submitted for their assessment. The provision refers to compliance with other legally ranked regulations applicable to the case, such as Article 10 of Ley 8220 de Protección al ciudadano del exceso de requisitos y trámites administrativos and Article 190 of Ley General de la Administración Pública No. 6227. No burden of proof is reversed against administrators, nor does this violate the principle of good faith or seek to intimidate officials, because the exercise of disciplinary authority or the imposition of administrative liability is inherent to the State and is governed by legally ranked provisions in accordance with the constitutional guarantees of due process.
The petitioners state that Articles 87 and 88 of reglamento No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC are contradictory because they reduce the penalties imposed on developers. They reverse the burdens by imposing criminal penalties on public officials while relieving private developers. The Principles of Non-Regression and Deregulation are violated, causing an imbalance of interests. They state that under Article 87 of reglamento 43898-MINAE-SMOPT-MAG-MEIC, the conduct was decriminalized and is considered a violation. Far from seeking to deregulate the applicable rules, the challenged articles seek to ensure that, among the penalties and conduct defined in Articles 99 and 101 of Ley Orgánica del Ambiente No.
7554, and, under the principles of proportionality and reasonableness, there must be a classification of acts or omissions to provide a benchmark so that the Administration may exercise its sanctioning authority under consistent conditions in similar cases, with the understanding that not every act may be adjudicated with the same sanction, since some are indeed more serious than others and have different consequences; therefore, there must be a proportional distinction among the possible sanctions. In this case, the sanctions established according to the type of act or omission are fully aligned with Article 99 of the Organic Law of the Environment (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente). Regarding Article 88, it is important to note that its precedent is Article 105 of the General Regulations on Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures (Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental), Decreto No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, dated May 24, 2004.
As can be seen, far from seeking to give developers an advantage, as the petitioner attempts to suggest, it instead establishes the Administration’s ability to impose the precautionary measure (medida cautelar) of suspension in response to noncompliance with environmental commitments, in order to secure the necessary corrective measures or ultimately suspend the projects, if appropriate. The foregoing derives from the preventive principle or in dubio pro natura principle in environmental matters, as defined in Article 11 of the Biodiversity Law (Ley de Biodiversidad). It is important to note that both the Procuraduría General de la República and the Constitutional Court have repeatedly affirmed the Administration’s authority to establish precautionary measures, particularly in environmental matters.” (Sala Constitucional, judgment No. 6237-2005 at 14:39 on May 31, 2005). The petitioners state that Regulations No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC, in Articles 98 and 13 thereof (especially item 2), allow developers of low-impact projects (between 54% and 65 % of all projects processed by SETENA) to build in environmentally fragile areas.
The challenged provision allegedly eliminates all precautionary measures intended to prevent any harm to the environment or to persons. Furthermore, it allegedly does not prevent potential environmental harm or impacts that could be irreversible in environmentally fragile areas, to endangered species, water sources, soil, air, and human beings. The foregoing assertion is incorrect. Neither Article 13 nor Article 98 allows developers of projects with a low environmental impact to build in environmentally fragile areas; rather, Article 13 establishes the procedure for the relevant department to verify information in the case files submitted to the environmental impact assessment process (proceso de evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA), both during the environmental assessment stage and during the environmental monitoring and oversight stage. The petitioners state that Regulations No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC, in Article 15 thereof, allow a developer to begin processing permits before other institutions prior to completion of the permit process before SETENA, thereby violating the deregulation principle.
In decision N° 008201 of April 12, 2023, Sala Constitucional partially granted an action of unconstitutionality and annulled the phrase “health, environmental, and matters,” contained in the fourth paragraph of Article 15 of the Law Protecting Citizens from Excessive Administrative Requirements and Procedures, Law 8220 (Ley de Protección al Ciudadano del Exceso de Requisitos y Trámites Administrativos Ley 8220), as amended by Law N° 10.072 of November 18, 2021. The foregoing assertion is incorrect. What was already established in Decreto 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC remains in effect. Potential Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental Potencial) permits proceedings to be initiated or continued before other public or private entities, as occurred under the repealed decree. This does not mean that an Environmental Viability License (Licencia de Viabilidad Ambiental) is granted in advance, nor does it create any vested right, since the license may be approved or denied at the end of the process.
Such potential viability merely enables a developer, for example, to begin the procedures for obtaining a loan from a banking institution; however, for entities that issue final permits for the construction or operational stage, potential viability is insufficient, since they must wait for the institution to rule on the granting of environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental), if this is a requirement in their procedures under Decreto No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPTMAGMEIC. The petitioners state that Article 35 of the challenged Regulations No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC allows SETENA to cease overseeing a project under review once the developer obtains environmental viability, leaving responsibility in the hands of third parties. Regulations 43898 entirely dispense with the obligation to forward the Environmental Impact Studies (Estudios de Impacto Ambiental, EsIAS) to other authorities involved in construction permits (Regulations No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPTMAG-MEIC contained this requirement in Article 35).
The petitioners’ assertion is incorrect, because SETENA is the entity responsible for supervising the work of environmental officers (responsables ambientales), who must be registered in the SETENA Registry and must ensure compliance with the environmental commitments undertaken by the developer of an activity, work, or project. They are required to officially report to SETENA and the environmental authority the results of monitoring and oversight, in accordance with these Regulations and all other applicable rules. Likewise, Article 51 of the current EIA Regulations provides for Environmental Compliance Inspections (Inspecciones Ambientales de Cumplimiento), and Article 54 provides for technical closure inspections (inspecciones de cierre técnico). These are performed by SETENA’s Inspection Unit whenever it considers them appropriate, in order to verify compliance with environmental measures as part of oversight processes, in addition to other environmental monitoring instruments, such as the environmental logbook (bitácora ambiental) and environmental-supervision reports (informes de regencia ambiental).
This also includes responding to environmental complaints filed by members of the public. These processes are described in Regulations 43898, which makes the institution’s role in oversight processes entirely clear. For this purpose, interinstitutional coordination is absolutely necessary in order to obtain the required technical opinions from entities competent in different fields, such as SINAC in forestry matters, the Dirección de Geología y Minas in mining matters, or the Dirección de Aguas with respect to water use, for example. Regarding the allegation that the obligation to forward the EsIAS to other authorities involved in construction permits has been entirely eliminated, it must first be noted that SETENA will publish a list of Environmental Impact Studies on its website, in compliance with Article 23 of D.E. No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC. Accordingly, the provisions of this decision are consistent with Article 35 of Decreto 31849, which was superseded by D.E. 43898-MINAE-MOPT-MAGMEIC.
In conclusion, Article 23 of D.E. 43898 MINAE-SMOPT-MAG-MEIC ensures that, for projects with the greatest impacts and for which an Environmental Impact Study must be processed, institutions involved in construction-permit procedures and members of the public have a dedicated site where they can obtain information and, if necessary, access the Digital Platform to view the entire case file. This is without prejudice to the public’s access to view any case file processed by the institution and to submit inquiries, objections, or use any other public-participation mechanisms afforded to them by the applicable rules. The petitioners state that Article 41 of Regulations No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC provides that various “users” may exploit forest resources in protected wilderness areas (áreas silvestres protegidas). The Regulations allegedly dispense with the developer’s obligation to provide notice and publish information in a newspaper of national circulation concerning the environmental impact studies submitted to SETENA for review.
The current Article 41 reduces that obligation to publication on SETENA’s website for those purposes. Regarding this allegation, it has already been made clear that all case files processed under Decreto Ejecutivo N° 43898 are 100% digital and are available for consultation by any user; accordingly, the assertion that the activities, works, or projects (actividades, obras o proyectos, AOP) processed by the institution would not be publicly known is unfounded. The petitioners state that Regulations No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC do not contain Form D-6, referenced in Articles 24, 25, and 26, because Annex 7, in which Article 24 states that Form D-6 is to appear, was not included. It is stated that this allegation concerning Form D6 is incorrect. That form, as well as the environmental-measures table forms and their environmental-monitoring indicators, the required contents of geotechnical studies, archaeological studies, and hydrogeological studies, and the visual guide for submission of the site design, may be viewed in the referenced annex in Supplement N° 65 C to La Gaceta 67, dated Wednesday, April 19, 2023.
It may also be found in the Sistema Nacional de Legislación Vigente (SINALEVI). Form D6 is available for use on SETENA’s digital platform, which may be accessed through a link. The petitioners state that Annex 9, containing Form D-4 referenced in Articles 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, and 42, likewise does not appear in Regulations No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC. This allegation is also incorrect. That form may be viewed in the referenced annex in Supplement n° 65 C to La Gaceta 67, dated Wednesday, April 19, 2023. It may also be found in the Sistema Nacional de Legislación Vigente (SINALEVI). Form D4 is available for use on SETENA’s digital platform. The petitioners state that Article 87 of Regulations No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC declassified an omission and treats failure to respond to requests for information from SETENA as a minor offense (falta leve). The constitutional and statutory framework does not authorize SETENA to delegate, either wholly or partially, its own functions.
Nevertheless, the Regulations provide that projects, works, or activities for which the requirement to undergo the Environmental Viability process before SETENA has been eliminated need only complete the procedures required before other institutions and comply with the Code of Good Environmental Practices (Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales), and that SETENA lacks authority to issue orders to municipalities through regulations. In this regard, it is first important to note that this was already provided for in Article 4 of Decreto 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC. Finally, the assertion that SETENA transfers to other institutions the obligation to process EIA proceedings is untrue, because the provision states that activities, works, or projects with a very low potential environmental impact are not required to process an Environmental Impact Assessment before SETENA. They will, however, remain subject to all environmental regulations in force in the country, and the municipalities will be responsible for requiring them to comply with the Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales, Decreto Ejecutivo No. 32079 dated September 14, 2004.
Lastly, considering the allegations set forth in this constitutional challenge, this is the same issue already analyzed by the Constitutional Chamber regarding environmental impact assessment proceedings (procesos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental), in which it has been established that there is no unconstitutionality, since determining which activities, works, or projects require environmental viability or an environmental license (Viabilidad Licencia Ambiental) does not fall within its purview.
Justice Hess Herrera drafts the opinion; and,
Whereas:
This Chamber has repeatedly held that an action of unconstitutionality is a proceeding subject to certain formalities that must necessarily be fulfilled before this Court may validly rule on the merits of the matter. Article 75 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional governs standing (legitimación) to bring actions of unconstitutionality and provides for different circumstances. The first paragraph requires the existence of a pending matter, whether before a court—including habeas corpus or amparo proceedings—or before an administrative authority—in proceedings to exhaust administrative remedies (agotamiento de la vía administrativa)—in which the unconstitutionality of the challenged provision is invoked as a reasonable means of protecting the right or interest alleged to have been infringed in the principal proceeding. The second and third paragraphs govern direct actions (acción directa)—for which no underlying proceeding (asunto base) is required—in the following circumstances: a) when, because of the nature of the matter, there is no individual and direct injury; b) when the matter concerns the defense of diffuse interests (intereses difusos) or interests affecting the community as a whole; and c) when the action is brought by the procurador general de la República, the contralor general de la República, the fiscal general de la República, or the defensor de los Habitantes.
Likewise, in judgment no. 04190-95 issued at 11:33 hours on July 28, 1995, this Court specified that an action of unconstitutionality is:
“(…) a proceeding of an incidental nature, rather than a direct or popular action, meaning that a matter pending resolution—either before the courts of justice or in proceedings to exhaust administrative remedies—must exist before recourse may be had to the constitutional jurisdiction (jurisdicción constitucional), and the action must constitute a reasonable means of protecting the right deemed to have been infringed in the principal proceeding, such that the Constitutional Court’s ruling has a positive or negative effect on that pending proceeding because it addresses the constitutionality of the provisions that must be applied in that matter; access to this avenue is permitted directly only by way of exception—the circumstances provided for in the second and third paragraphs of Article 75 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional …”.
Finally, other formalities must be fulfilled: the filing must be authenticated and contain an explicit, duly substantiated identification of the challenged provisions, specifically citing the components of the constitutional corpus (bloque de constitucionalidad) alleged to have been infringed (Article 78 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional). In addition, the conditions establishing standing must be substantiated (powers of attorney and certifications), the Colegio de Abogados stamp fee must be paid, and a verbatim certified copy of the filing in which the unconstitutionality of the challenged provisions was invoked in the underlying proceeding must be submitted (Article 79 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional).
As stated above, an action of unconstitutionality is a proceeding subject to certain formalities; if they are not satisfied, the Chamber cannot hear the intended challenge. One such requirement is the necessary substantiation of the filing bringing the action of unconstitutionality. Article 3 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional provides that: “The Political Constitution shall be deemed infringed when such infringement results from comparing the text of the challenged provision or act, its effects, or its interpretation or application by public authorities with constitutional rules and principles.” For this Court to find that an infringement has occurred and declare the challenged provision or act unconstitutional, with its consequent annulment and removal from the legal system, the party bringing an action of unconstitutionality bears the burden of demonstrating how that provision infringes the Law of the Constitution (Derecho de la Constitución) and must also explain why the claim should be upheld.
This is referred to by this Chamber as the burden of argumentation (carga de la argumentación); that is, “a provision that is facially (sic) contrary to the Constitution shifts the burden of argumentation to those who maintain that no conflict actually exists between that provision and the Political Constitution; the opposite occurs when an action is brought against a provision that, upon initial examination, does not appear contrary to the Constitution, in which case the claimant must put forward arguments establishing its unconstitutionality” (see judgment no. 0184-95 issued at 16:30 hours on January 10, 1995). In a subsequent judgment, regarding the failure to set forth arguments of unconstitutionality in actions of unconstitutionality, this Chamber stated as follows:
“The action of unconstitutionality is brought on the grounds that the challenged Executive Decree is harmful and impairs and infringes the fundamental rights to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, the right to health, and the international commitments undertaken through the Kyoto Protocol. Despite the opportunity afforded to the claimants, the statement by the Procuraduría General de la República is confirmed: there is no specific analysis of the provisions of the challenged Executive Decree alleged to be unconstitutional. Instead, the filing merely raises general and abstract objections to the Regulation in its entirety and, moreover, to all activities carried out by sugar mills and estates, asserting that they adversely affect the quality of life and health of neighboring residents, without specifying which constitutional arguments should be considered against each provision or group of provisions of the challenged Regulation. […] The first paragraph of Article 78 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional establishes the obligation to authenticate filings bringing actions of unconstitutionality, since it is considered necessary that arguments be advanced by a legal professional; this does not preclude this Court from undertaking a serious examination of the technical and scientific substance of a given subject, in view of the diversity and universality of the rules comprising the legal system.
Unlike proceedings for the protection of constitutional rights (procesos de garantías)—that is, habeas corpus and amparo proceedings—which may be brought directly by any interested person before the constitutional jurisdiction in defense of fundamental rights, generally against acts or omissions that cause injury within that person’s individual sphere (although this is not always the case, as in environmental matters), in proceedings for the defense of the Political Constitution (such as an action of unconstitutionality), the legislature entrusted the authenticating attorney with a task subject to an even more demanding standard—one that may be described as more elaborate and exhaustive—which, by reason of the attorney’s professional role, must be reflected in the initial pleading (libelo de interposición) to demonstrate to the Court that a lower-ranking provision infringes a constitutional provision, thereby undermining the principle of constitutional supremacy enshrined in Article 10 of the Political Constitution.
The substantive and formal drafting of a Law, as well as that of other secondary provisions, necessarily entails an extremely costly process for the State in which organized civil society has participated in many ways, whether in favor or in opposition; the procedures for their drafting, approval, and promulgation must not be examined lightly. In this regard, this Chamber must acknowledge that the scope for this Court to remedy manifest omissions by legal professionals who authenticate filings before this constitutional jurisdiction is limited, lest the impartiality and analysis owed to each action of unconstitutionality be compromised.” (judgment no. 2012-05285 issued at 15:03 hours on April 25, 2012).
Accordingly, the cited Article 78 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional requires that the filing bringing the action set forth “its grounds clearly and precisely.” In judgment no. 2013-016944 issued at 14:30 hours on December 18, 2013, this Chamber expressly referred to the requirement that the initiating filing be duly substantiated—as an essential condition for admissibility of the action under the aforementioned provision—in the following terms:
“II.- INADMISSIBILITY FOR LACK OF SUBSTANTIATION. Pursuant to Article 78 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, a filing bringing an action of unconstitutionality must set forth the grounds clearly and precisely, specifically citing the provisions or principles alleged to have been infringed. This requirement is not a mere formality but an essential condition for admissibility because, under the pro-judgment principle (principio pro sentencia)—developed by this Chamber on other occasions—admissibility requirements must be interpreted in favor of the action. Moreover, Constitutional Law is a preferential matter of public policy, and there is a public interest in safeguarding its supremacy and effectiveness; accordingly, obstacles to the admission of an action and a decision on its merits must be interpreted and applied restrictively. Consequently, all procedural rules must be interpreted and applied in such a way as to secure the issuance of a judgment; this not only facilitates the administration of justice but also prevents the imposition of obstacles to obtaining it (see, to the same effect, judgments numbers 93-5175, 3041-97, 01-06, 2874-06, 1622-08 and 2887-08).
Accordingly, a failure to substantiate the action prevents the issuance of a properly reasoned judgment consistent with the relief sought. It is likewise improper for this Chamber to rule on the merits of provisions challenged in an action when the claimant does not substantiate the reasons for challenging them, since doing so would entail conducting abstract constitutional review as an academic exercise, which is incompatible with the purpose of a proceeding of this nature.” Finally, in vote no. 2020-000319 issued at 12:15 hours on January 8, 2020, this Court reiterated that:
“(…) given the formal requirements established by law for constitutional review proceedings (procesos de control de constitucionalidad), the burden of argumentation in processing an action of unconstitutionality rests with the claimant, who must explain unequivocally the contradiction between a subconstitutional provision (normativa infraconstitucional) and the constitutional corpus, as well as the standing upon which the claimant relies.”
In the matter sub judice, a reading of the filing initiating the action leads to the conclusion that the petitioner initially raises a series of general claims concerning Decreto Ejecutivo N° 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC (Environmental Assessment, Control, and Monitoring Regulations), alleging that the challenged regulations violate: a) the principle of non-regression, because Decreto N° 31849-MINAE was repealed, resulting in widespread deregulation and the elimination of environmental controls contained in the former regulation; b) public consultation, because the regulations were allegedly not properly submitted for consultation before their issuance, as consultation took place solely through the Ministry of Commerce’s website; and c) the petitioner alleges preferential treatment of the private sector over the public or the community, because the regulations constitute a manual for reducing administrative procedures to the detriment of nature.
In this regard, the Chamber agrees with the position of the Procuraduría General de la República that no adequate argumentative effort was made to demonstrate how the challenged provisions violate the Political Constitution, because, with respect to those arguments: a) regarding the principle of non-regression due to the repeal of regulations, it is not enough merely to allege that a regulation was repealed and that new regulations exist. Likewise, the petitioner does not specify which controls were omitted, how this constitutes a reduction in environmental protection, or whether there is technical support for it; b) regarding the principle of citizen participation, this principle safeguards the inclusion of publicity and participation mechanisms during the process of drafting and issuing a regulation, but there is no constitutional determination as to which specific mechanisms must be used and, in that regard, the petitioner does not indicate how the consultation should have been conducted or why the method used was insufficient; and c) regarding the alleged preferential treatment of the private sector, the petitioner does not explain how or through which provisions such preferential treatment occurs.
Accordingly, this Court considers that the PGR is correct in stating that these allegations lack adequate grounds and, instead, are made in general terms without relating the content of the provisions in any way to the specific harm alleged, which prevents this Chamber from ruling on them.
Furthermore, continuing with its review of the petition initiating the action, the petitioner alleges that Articles 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90, and 98 of Reglamento No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC are unconstitutional, because the petitioner considers them contrary to the principles of non-regression, statutory reservation (reserva de ley), public consultation, deregulation, precaution, pro natura, respect for one’s own acts (actos propios), the inviolability of one’s own acts (intangibilidad de los actos propios), good faith, the Acuerdo de Escazú, and environmental protection, for the following reasons:
Article 3 excludes activities that required environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) under the former regulation and lowers the maximum thresholds used to classify them as having a low, medium, or high impact. It also eliminates, in certain cases, the obligation to prepare an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA), and subsection 8) favors the expansion of dangerous, polluting, and environmentally destructive agricultural activities, such as aggressive pineapple cultivation. Likewise, the petitioner asserts that it reduces the construction-area thresholds at which projects must undergo environmental impact assessment, without any technical or scientific support permitting the alteration or deregulation of environmental requirements previously established in the former regulation. On this specific point, the Chamber disagrees with the Procuraduría General de la República’s substantive analysis of this provision and its reference to the report that body submitted in an action of unconstitutionality against these same Regulations (expediente No. 23-022240-0007-CO), to the effect that it must be determined whether the modification of the circumstances in which an EIA is not required has technical support.
This tacitly concedes that the action is properly substantiated as to that provision, a conclusion the Chamber does not share. As with other specific challenged provisions, the action merely describes a regulatory change (in section 6 of the allegations), together with a brief recitation of the principles allegedly violated; this argument is not materially different from those already found not to satisfy the requirements imposed by Article 78 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. It is also alleged that the Regulations were not adequately submitted for consultation, because this was done through the Ministry of Commerce’s website and was not properly publicized. The petitioner adds that the municipalities were not consulted either, even though responsibility for all matters concerning the issuance of permits for projects with a very low environmental impact that do not require environmental impact assessments by SETENA is transferred to them.
It should be noted that the challenged article contains 8 subsections, but the petitioner does not specify which activities previously required environmental viability and are now excluded, and, with respect to subsection 8), does not explain what preferential treatment is allegedly afforded. Furthermore, the petitioner does not indicate how the consultation should have been conducted or why the failure to consult the municipalities violates the Political Constitution. In any event, on this last point, the standing asserted by the petitioners—based on diffuse interests (intereses difusos), because they are acting in defense of the right to a healthy environment—is different from the standing required to claim a potential violation of municipal autonomy. The latter, for example, was recognized in judgment No. 2022013101 at 12:31 hours on 8 de junio de 2021, in the following terms:
“II.- On the petitioner’s standing. In the matter sub lite, the petitioner mayor states that the challenged provisions affect the municipal budget and the autonomy of local governments, thereby affecting users of municipal services and community interests in general. In this regard, the record shows that the mayor submitted the resolution adopted by the Concejo de Alajuela at session nro. 28-2019 of 9 de julio de 2019, Article 1, Chapter IX, authorizing her to challenge the provisions of law nro. 9635 in defense of municipal autonomy. Consequently, the Chamber finds that the petitioner satisfies the standing requirements for bringing this action of unconstitutionality.” Articles 7 and 51 are allegedly unconstitutional because the Regulations were not adequately submitted for consultation, as the consultation was conducted through the Ministry of Commerce’s website and was not properly publicized.
The petitioner adds that the municipalities were not consulted either, even though responsibility for all matters concerning the issuance of permits for projects with a very low environmental impact that do not require environmental impact assessments by SETENA is transferred to them. As to these provisions, the petitioner does not explain how the consultation should have been conducted. Nor does the petitioner indicate why the failure to consult the municipalities violates the Political Constitution. In any event, the standing asserted by the petitioner—based on diffuse interests, because the petitioner is acting in defense of the right to a healthy environment—precludes a claim of a potential violation of municipal autonomy.
It must also be taken into consideration that the participation framework used in adopting the challenged regulation falls outside the scope of the Chamber’s jurisdiction, as established in various rulings since 2019, in the following terms, taken from judgment No. 2021-21934 at 9:50 hours on 1º de octubre de 2021:
Article 9 allegedly eliminates, in certain cases, the obligation to prepare an EIA, and item 12 states that SETENA will require—if circumstances warrant—an approved traffic study (estudio de vialidad) from MOPT. However, this claim must be rejected for inadequate reasoning, because the allegations are inconsistent with the content of the provision.
The petitioner alleges that Articles 13 and 98 allow developers of projects with a low environmental impact to build in environmentally fragile areas. This is allegedly because, without technical or scientific support, they permit changes to, or deregulation of, environmental requirements previously established in the former regulation (Reglamento 31849), even though such changes may harm the environment. Like the preceding claim, this claim must be rejected for inadequate reasoning, because the allegations are inconsistent with the content of the provisions. Moreover, with respect to these provisions, the Acuerdo de Escazú is not even a standard for constitutional review, because it has not been ratified by the State of Costa Rica.
Regarding Article 15, the petitioner states that it allows a developer to begin processing permits with other institutions before the SETENA permitting process has concluded. However, this claim must be rejected for inadequate reasoning, because the allegations are inconsistent with the content of the provision.
Regarding Articles 17 and 90, the petitioner claims that they warn of offenses that the Public Administration could commit, shifting the burden for the commission of offenses onto public administrators, benefiting developers, and intimidating public officials. However, this claim must be rejected for inadequate reasoning, because the allegations are inconsistent with the content of the provisions. Likewise, the standing asserted by the petitioner bears no relationship whatsoever to the principle of good faith or to the regulations governing public officials in the performance of their duties.
Regarding Articles 24, 25, and 26, the petitioner states that Anexo 7, which is to contain the D-6 form mentioned in those articles, was not included in the Regulations. Like the preceding claim, this claim must be rejected for inadequate reasoning, because the allegations are inconsistent with the content of the provisions. In any event, according to the PGR, the documentation at issue was published in Alcance N°65 C, La Gaceta no. 67 of 19 de abril de 2023, as part of Tomo III of Decreto 43898, in which Anexo 7 appears under the title “D-6 Urban Quadrant Submission Form.” The petitioner states that Article 32 eliminates, in certain cases, the obligation to undergo environmental impact assessment. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the allegations are inconsistent with the content of the provision, because it refers to the D1-C form, but the petitioner fails to indicate how its contents violate the Constitution. In other words, the grounds are once again insufficient.
The petitioner states that Article 35 ends SETENA’s oversight once the developer obtains environmental viability, leaving responsibility to third parties. Nevertheless, the petitioner fails to explain how such subsequent oversight should be conducted or why the provisions in question are insufficient. Like the preceding claim, this claim must be rejected for inadequate reasoning, because the allegations are inconsistent with the content of the provision.
The petitioner asserts that Articles 36, 37, 38, and 42 are unconstitutional because Anexo 9, which is to contain the D-4 form mentioned in those articles, was not included in the Regulations. Like the preceding claim, this claim must be rejected for insufficient reasoning, insofar as the allegations are inconsistent with the content of the provisions. Additionally, according to the PGR, the documentation at issue was published in Alcance N°65 C of La Gaceta no. 67 of 19 de abril de 2023, Tomo III of Decreto 43898, Anexo 9, under the title “D4-Forestry Submission Form.” In the petitioner’s view, Article 39 violates the principles of non-regression, deregulation, and pro natura for the following reasons:
“Regulation 43898, in Article 39 thereof, introduces the right to cut 30 cubic meters of trees and remove 10 fallen trees from protected wilderness areas, without the procedure established in regulation 31849 now being required. It violates the Principle of Deregulation. It violates the Principle of Non-Regression and contradicts the provisions of Decreto 25700-MINAE, which declares a total ban on the harvesting of endangered trees, and Article 50 of the Political Constitution, as well as the IUCN Red List and the CITES List.” Although the Office of the Attorney General states that it is necessary to demonstrate the technical reasons why those works or projects do not require evaluation by SETENA and that the challenged provision lacks such support, the fact remains that the grounds underlying the claims of unconstitutionality are excessively terse, and therefore they are subject to the same ground for inadmissibility as the other provisions that have been examined.
It alleges that Article 41 is unconstitutional because Annex 9, which must contain the D-4 form mentioned in that article, was not included in the regulation. It further contends that different “users” are allowed to exploit forest resources in protected wilderness areas. This claim, like the preceding one, must be rejected for lack of reasoning, since the allegations are inconsistent with the content of the provision. Furthermore, according to the information provided by the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (PGR), the documentation at issue was published in Supplement N°65 C, La Gaceta no. 67 of 19 de abril de 2023, Volume III of Decree 43898, Annex 9, entitled “Formulario de Presentación del D4-Forestal.” With respect to Article 47, it states that the article establishes an institutional obligation to recognize as a single project the combination of projects smaller than one thousand meters that do not require an EIA if they are built on the same property, thereby encouraging the unlawful fragmentation or subdivision of megaprojects into smaller projects in order to evade the studies, controls, and regulations that might apply to a larger project (subdivision by circumvention). Nevertheless, such assertions cannot be inferred from a reading of the provision, and because no further explanation is provided, the allegations are inconsistent with the content of the provision.
Lastly, it states that Articles 87 and 88 reduce the penalties imposed on developers. Those articles reverse the burdens by imposing criminal penalties on public officials and relieving private developers of liability. Article 87 decriminalized, and classifies as a minor offense, the failure to respond to requests for information made by SETENA. A reading of those provisions shows that they do not establish penalties for public officials; on the contrary, they define the types of violations and the corresponding penalties, as well as the issuance of precautionary measures in the event of noncompliance with environmental commitments. Moreover, the petitioner does not explain why developers are deemed to be relieved of liability or specify which penalties are being reduced. Accordingly, the claim must be rejected for inadequate reasoning, since the allegations bear no relationship to the content of the provision.
In summary, those allegations lack adequate substantiation regarding the substantive challenges, as required by the aforementioned Section 78 of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction. Beyond a brief reference to the infringement of various constitutional rights and principles, the fact remains that the petitioner fails to set out their specific normative basis or to analyze and develop the particular content and scope of the provisions and principles allegedly infringed, so as to relate and contrast them, individually and with proper reasoning, to the challenged regulations. Ultimately, there is no precise, sufficient, and properly particularized argument concerning the grievances and grounds for the alleged infringement of Constitutional Law. Consequently, the general claims concerning Executive Decree N° 43898, as well as those against Articles 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90, and 98 of Regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, must be dismissed.
The petitioner is hereby advised that, if any paper document was submitted, as well as any objects or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, or telematic device or produced through new technologies, they must be retrieved from the court within a maximum period of 30 business days from notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any materials not retrieved within that period shall be destroyed, pursuant to the “Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial,” approved by the Full Court at session N° 27-11 of 22 de agosto del 2011, Article XXVI, and published in Judicial Bulletin number 19 of 26 de enero del 2012, as well as the resolution approved by the Superior Council of the Judiciary at session N° 43-12 held on 3 de mayo del 2012, Article LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
By majority vote, the constitutional challenge is dismissed on admissibility grounds. Justice Cruz Castro dissents and declares Articles 3, 9, 13, 15, 39, 47, and 98 of the Environmental Assessment, Control, and Monitoring Regulation unconstitutional for violating the right to the environment and the principles of progressivity and non-regression, objectification, and the pro natura principle. He likewise dissents with respect to the claim of violation of the right to citizen participation and standing in defense of municipal autonomy. Let notice be given.
Fernando Castillo V.
Chief Justice Fernando Cruz C. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H. Ana María Picado B.
Res. Nº 2025-006027 Dissenting Opinion of Justice Cruz Castro.- Regressive provisions in the Environmental Assessment, Control, and Monitoring Regulation. Provisions were adopted that disregard the basic principles of constitutional environmental law.
Unlike the majority, I consider that this action should be granted, particularly with respect to Articles 3, 9, 13, 15, 39, 47, and 98 of the Environmental Assessment, Control, and Monitoring Regulation, for violation of the right to the environment and the principles of progressivity and non-regression, objectification, and the pro natura principle. This also applies to the claim of violation of the right to citizen participation and standing in defense of municipal autonomy. I set out my reasons below.
The majority considered that the action was not properly substantiated and that the arguments were presented in general terms, without relating the content of the provisions in any way to the specific grievance. However, I believe that in a matter as sensitive as environmental protection, the arguments presented concerning widespread deregulation and the omission of preventive controls contained in the former regulation are sufficient for this Chamber to examine the merits of each challenged provision.
The regressive nature of a regulation gives rise to a presumption of unconstitutionality. The State must bear the burden of proof in arguing in favor of its reasonableness, suitability, necessity, and/or proportionality. This is also supported by General Comments 13, 14, 15, and 17 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. “The State must demonstrate that the regressive measures are duly justified by reference to the totality of the rights set forth in the Covenant in the context of the full use of the maximum resources available to the State Party.” (General Comment 15, paragraph 19). It should be noted that the Constitutional Chamber, in decision number 2016-00415, provided the following definition of the principle of non-regression:
“The principle stands as a substantive guarantee of rights—in this case, the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment—by virtue of which the State is required not to adopt measures or policies, or approve legal provisions, that worsen, without reasonable and proportionate justification, the status of rights achieved up to that point. This principle does not entail absolute irreversibility, since all States experience domestic situations of an economic, political, or social nature, or caused by natural events, that negatively affect the achievements attained up to that point and require the new level of protection to be reconsidered downward. In such cases, Constitutional Law and the principles under examination require that any reduction in the levels of protection be justified in light of the constitutional standards of reasonableness and proportionality.” The argument that Executive Decree no. 43898 is unconstitutional for violating the principle of non-regression merely because it repealed Decree 31849 and established regulations different from those contained therein is tenable.
Under the principle of non-regression, the Chamber would be required to analyze whether the new regulations that modified the previous regime did in fact reduce the level of protection without reasonable technical justification. I consider that arguing that the Decree modified the existing regime, entails widespread deregulation, and eliminated environmental controls that were included in the former provision constitutes acceptable and relevant reasoning sufficient for this action to be deemed properly substantiated. The majority’s position adopts a formalistic view, failing to consider that environmental matters involve limitations of such importance that the supporting grounds need not be set out in such detail.
The Environmental Assessment, Control, and Monitoring Regulation contains several manifestly regressive provisions. The regulation itself and its content clearly demonstrate the regression. The following provisions illustrate this:
-Article 3:
“Article 3.- Activities, works, or projects that, by their nature, do not require an Environmental Impact Assessment before SETENA. The activities, works, or projects with very low potential environmental impact identified in this article shall not be required to undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment before SETENA. Nevertheless, they shall be subject to the environmental controls established by the Municipalities; the Ministry of Health (MINSA); the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG); the State Phytosanitary Service (SFE); the National Animal Health Service (SENASA); the Ministry of Public Works and Transportation (MOPT); the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE); and other entities with legal authority, as well as the provisions of the Code of Good Environmental Practices, Executive Decree N° 32079 of 14 de setiembre de 2004, or any voluntary mechanism for improving environmental performance: (…)” Indeed, this provision excludes activities that required environmental viability under the previous regulation and lowers the maximum thresholds for classifying them as having a low, medium, or high impact.
Likewise, in some cases it eliminates the obligation to prepare an EIA and, in subsection 8), favors the expansion of dangerous, polluting, and environmentally destructive agricultural activities, such as intensive pineapple cultivation. Pineapple cultivation requires a series of requirements and controls, given the high vulnerability of the soils and regions where it is grown. Similarly, the thresholds for construction areas above which projects are required to undergo environmental impact assessment are raised; this is done without any technical or scientific basis supporting the change to previously established environmental regulations or deregulations contained in the former provision. Such regressive changes require technical studies justifying them. Technical criteria are indispensable in matters as delicate and vulnerable as environmental protection.
As the petitioners point out, this provision raises the thresholds for construction areas. Under the previous regulation, 31849, the ceiling is 500 square meters; in the one before that it was 300, and under this regulation, 43898, it is 1.000. Below that limit, developers are not required to undergo an EIA. As the PGR states in its report, because there is no technical basis whatsoever, these provisions would be contrary to the principle of non-regression in environmental matters, the principles of reasonableness and proportionality, and the principle that environmental protection must be grounded in objective criteria and, consequently, to Article 50 of the Political Constitution. This would, in turn, constitute a violation of the preventive principle, because the environmental impacts of activities potentially affecting the environment would not be assessed and mitigated.
All of which violates the right to the environment and the principles of progressivity and non-regression, objectification, and the pro natura principle.
-Article 9:
“Article 9.- Final environmental rating. The application of the environmental impact significance (SIA) assessment instruments allows the preliminary classification category established for the activity, work, or project through the D1 to be modified, subject to technical justification, or confirmed, thereby obtaining a final environmental rating for decision-making purposes. The environmental impact significance (SIA) shall determine the Environmental Impact Assessment Instrument to be used in D1 forms with EIA instruments.” Indeed, this provision redefines environmental significance by allowing it to be defined by an instrument. This is a matter relevant to safeguarding the substantive content of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, in terms of the principles of full reparation, the polluter-pays principle, and non-regression; environmental impact significance cannot be made dependent on the definition provided by an instrument. The weakening of environmental protection, without technical criteria, is evident, and therefore the arguments raised by the petitioner need not be more extensive. The regression is evident, as is the lack of technical criteria.
All of which violates the right to the environment and the principles of progressivity and non-regression, objectification, and the pro natura principle.
-Articles 13 and 98:
“Article 13.- Technical verification of the case file. The technical verification of the case file to be carried out by the respective department shall follow these steps:
1. Verification of the information submitted in the environmental assessment document regarding environmental impact significance, for which purpose it shall be authorized to conduct an Environmental Inspection of the site in accordance with the procedure established by SETENA to determine the cases in which the inspection must be conducted.
2. Review of the geographic area in which the activity, work, or project will be located, with respect to whether it is located in an environmentally fragile area, and within the context of its surrounding territorial area and any available land-use planning.
3. Verification of the final rating regarding the environmental impact significance (SIA) of the activity, work, or project.” Article 98.- Environmentally Fragile Areas (AAF). Their purpose is to consider, a priori, a series of environmental and legal variables pertaining to a geographic area, in order to facilitate a more informed decision regarding the area in which a project, work, or activity will be undertaken.
By their nature, the AAF are divided into two main groups: a) areas for which the State has established a special use regime (a defined legal and technical framework); b) geographic areas presenting technical and environmental limitations on their use.
The assessment of whether the project area is located within an AAF must be performed by the developer during the initial phases of the project. The fact that the project area forms part of an AAF does not necessarily constitute a prohibition or impediment to the development of the project, work, or activity, unless current legislation so provides. In such a case, knowledge of that circumstance must lead to the identification of the technical and environmental limitations and promote the design of the project, work, or activity in such a manner that those technical limitations can be overcome and, in this way, low-impact projects typically developed in the AAF are not affected.
During the Environmental Impact Assessment process, SETENA shall be required to verify, using the available digital tools, the status of the AP with respect to the defined AAF and to take the result of that analysis into account within the system’s decision-making process. In the event of uncertainty, it may conduct a site inspection to determine the nature of the land.
For the purposes of this Executive Decree, the following shall be deemed environmentally fragile areas: (…)” Indeed, these provisions allow developers of low-impact projects (between 54% and 65 % of all projects processed through SETENA) to build in environmentally fragile areas. Such permissibility requires a technical basis to ensure that the development of projects in these areas will not result in a negative environmental impact.
All of which violates the right to the environment and the principles of progressivity and non-regression, objectification, and the pro natura principle.
-Article 15, “Article 15.- Potential Environmental Viability. Once the requirements specified in Article 11 of these regulations have been submitted, the developer or consultant may request Potential Environmental Viability (VAP) from SETENA, which shall be granted within a maximum period of 7 calendar days. Obtaining it would authorize the developer of the activity, work, or project to initiate or continue permit procedures before other public or private entities.
The foregoing is subject to the understanding that the commencement of activities or the granting of a concession, as defined in these Regulations, could occur only upon the granting of Environmental Viability (License) (VLA), which would be obtained only after completion of the corresponding phase of the Environmental Impact Assessment process.” Indeed, this provision allows the developer to begin processing permits with other institutions before the permit process at SETENA has concluded. Such authorization is counterproductive, because the other public or private institutions should require certainty regarding environmental viability rather than “potential” viability. This category is questionable from the standpoint of environmental protection. In environmental matters, given the environment’s fragility, certainty rather than potentiality is required.
All of which violates the right to the environment and the principles of progressivity and non-regression, objectification, and the pro natura principle.
-Article 39, “Article 39.- Activities with a very low environmental impact. Applications for the extraction of standing trees with a commercial volume of less than 30 cubic meters, and applications for the extraction and use of fewer than 10 fallen trees per property within Protected Wilderness Areas, are activities that will potentially generate localized environmental impacts of low intensity and limited duration; therefore, these applications are classified as activities with a very low environmental impact and, consequently, these activities shall not be required to process the Forestry D4.” Indeed, this provision allows the cutting of trees totaling 30 cubic meters and the removal of 10 fallen trees from protected wilderness areas without requiring the procedure established under regulation 31849. As the PGR states in its report, this provision, in addition to creating an exception from environmental impact assessment for tree extraction and applications for extraction and use in forests within Protected Wilderness Areas, does not distinguish whether the cases involve private properties located within protected wilderness areas and does not provide for environmental impact assessment, contrary to Article 37 of the Organic Law of the Environment and the provisions requiring such assessment on private lands included within protected wilderness areas.
This entire liberalization lacks technical support and demonstrates that private interests are being placed above a collective interest as important as the environment and the protection of our common home.
These changes violate the right to the environment and the principles of progressivity and non-regression, objectification, and the pro natura principle.
-Article 47 “Article 47.- Consolidation of environmental viability approvals. The developer may request that SETENA consolidate several projects for which environmental viability has been granted, subject to the following conditions:
1. When the same developer has one or more projects operating on the same property or on adjoining properties, and the projects are similar or complementary in type and activity, the developer may consolidate the administrative case files to ensure compliance with the environmental commitments undertaken, so that the project is not fragmented. If one or both of the approved activities do not coincide with or complement the project to be undertaken, it must also undergo a modification process as part of the same proceeding.
2. When two adjoining projects that obtained environmental viability wish to consolidate in order to create a joint project that is the same as or different from the project authorized through the environmental viability approvals originally granted, they may request the consolidation of the case files. If one or both of the approved activities do not coincide with or complement the project undertaken or to be undertaken, it must also undergo a modification process as part of the same proceeding.
3. When the size of the project area changes as a result of the consolidation, this must be stated in the consolidation document, indicating the new area and, in all cases, establishing the new environmental commitments undertaken, with those corresponding to the more stringent environmental assessment instrument prevailing.
Once the complete information has been submitted, SETENA shall have a maximum period of 21 calendar days to issue the corresponding decision.
The Environmental Impact Assessment procedure shall be conducted through the digital platform or other means established by SETENA.” Indeed, that provision allows projects smaller than one thousand meters that do not require an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) to be combined and recognized as a single project if they are built on the same property, thereby encouraging the subdivision (fraccionamiento) of megaprojects into smaller projects and thus enabling the avoidance of the studies, controls, and regulations that might apply to a larger project. The provision establishes a mechanism that allows environmental controls intended to protect the interests of the community to be circumvented.
These changes violate the right to a healthy environment (derecho al ambiente) and the principles of progressivity and non-regression (principios de progresividad y no regresión), objective assessment (objetivación), and pro natura.
Under the constitutional principles of protection of the right to a healthy environment (tutela del derecho al ambiente); the preventive principle (principio preventivo) (when there is certainty that environmental damage may occur, the harmful activity must be prohibited, limited, or made subject to compliance with certain requirements); the precautionary principle (principio precautorio) (when there is a threat of serious and irreversible damage, the lack of absolute scientific certainty must not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation); the pro in dubio natura principle (principio pro in dubio natura) (in cases of doubt or uncertainty, disputes must be resolved and provisions must be interpreted in favor of protecting and conserving the environment); the principle of objective environmental protection (principio de objetivación de la tutela ambiental) (also known as the principle of adherence to science and technology, under which decisions in this field must be supported by technical studies, both with respect to individual acts and provisions of general application—whether statutory or regulatory—from which the requirement of “adherence to science and technology” arises, thereby limiting the Administration’s discretion in this field); the principle of progressivity and non-regression in environmental matters (principio de progresividad y no regresión en materia ambiental) (the State’s obligation to progressively increase protection and refrain from adopting measures, policies, or legal provisions that worsen the level of protection already achieved); the principle of rational use of resources (principio de uso racional de los recursos); and the pro natura principle (principio pro natura) (always resolving and interpreting matters in favor of the environment), the cited provisions of the Environmental Assessment, Control, and Monitoring Regulations (Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental), which modified the previous system and reduced the level of environmental protection, are unconstitutional.
The position I express in this dissenting opinion (voto particular) reflects serious concern regarding the deterioration of environmental protection, as principles so essential to that protection are being disregarded, and their violation does not require extensive argument by the petitioner.
Furthermore, in addition to all the foregoing, I consider that the right to citizen participation (derecho de participación ciudadana) has been violated. Standing (legitimación) should also be recognized in this case for the defense of municipal autonomy (autonomía municipal). The challenged regulations clearly do not fully satisfy the criteria required for them to be considered duly submitted for public consultation. It should be noted that the consultation was conducted through a website to which not everyone has access, and those who might have been able to access it were unaware that the consultation was being conducted on that site because it was not adequately publicized. Nor does it appear that the municipalities directly involved in the application of and compliance with these regulations were consulted. The consultation was thus conducted through a Ministry of Commerce website that was not adequately publicized to the general public, that few people can access, and that is not widely known. International law provides that information must be disseminated through means that reach the entire public and allow people to submit their objections easily.
In this field, the Administration generally shows no commitment to citizen participation; it merely creates procedures that cannot properly be characterized as citizen participation. Even this Court does not appear to regard citizen participation as essential, because, by majority vote, it weakened the requirement of effective citizen oversight (control ciudadano efectivo) in projects of environmental interest. Much is said about democracy and participation, but when full compliance is required, neither the Administration nor judicial oversight makes them an effective lived expression of democratic culture.
Fernando Cruz C.
*CO* SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las trece horas cero minutos del veintiseis de febrero de dos mil veinticinco.
Acción de inconstitucionalidad promovida por [Nombre 001], cédula [Valor 001], costarricense, vecina del cantón de Belén de Heredia, viuda, periodista pensionada, y [Nombre 002], cédula [Valor 002], divorciado, abogado, carné [Valor 003], especialista comisionado de Comisión de Política Ambiental, Económica y Social (CPAES), y de la Comisión de Derecho Ambiental CMDA de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, contra los artículos 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90 y 98 del Decreto Ejecutivo No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental, publicado el 19 de abril de 2023 en Alcance No.65 de La Gaceta No. 67. Intervienen en este proceso, Iván Vinicio Vincenti Rojas, mayor, divorciado, abogado, cédula de identidad 106950983, en su condición de procurador general de la República, Francisco Ernesto Gamboa Soto, en su condición de ministro de Economía, Industria y Comercio, Luis Esteban Amador Jiménez en su condición de ministro de Obras Públicas y Transportes, Víctor Julio Carvajal Porras, en su condición de ministro de Agricultura y Ganadería, Franz Tattenbach Capra, en su condición de ministro de Ambiente y Energía, Mary Denisse Munive Angermüller, en su doble condición de vicepresidenta de la República y ministra de Salud. Asimismo, se tiene como coadyuvante pasivo a Ulises Gerardo Alvarez Acosta, en su condición de secretario general de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental.
Resultando:
“Norma Accionada De acuerdo con el artículo 73.a de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se acciona, la norma Reglamento SETENA 43898 MINAE-S-MOPT-MAC-MEIC, publicado el 19 de abril de 2023 en Alcance No.65 de Gaceta No. 67, se anexa dicha norma completa.
Inconstitucionalidad de la norma reglamento de SETENA 43898, en sus artículos 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90, 98 resulta inconstitucional, violatorio de las normas y Principios que se indican.
Hechos justificantes del artículo 75 Como hechos justificantes del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional:
1. En nota de correo electrónico de fecha 24 de abril de 2023, enviada mismo día por correo electrónico a las cuentas de correo [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], se alegó la inconstitucionalidad de la norma accionada. La consulta fue contestada por correo electrónico enviado desde la cuenta [email protected], el día 10 de mayo de 2023 con el oficio número SETENA-SG-0404-2023. Se adjuntan documentos.
2. Por la naturaleza del asunto no existe una lesión individual, ya que el reglamento que contiene la norma impugnada es de acatamiento colectivo para los habitantes del país.
3. Los accionantes forman parte del colectivo Kañík (Bosque en lengua Bribrí) que es colectivo popular integrado por personas de la sociedad que defienden los intereses colectivos y difusos en materia ambiental. Además de ser defensores de derechos humanos en materia ambiental, de acuerdo con las normas y jurisprudencia convencional y constitucional citadas en la Acción, accionan la presente demanda y tienen la capacidad jurídica para accionar en esta materia para defender derechos humanos en materia ambiental.
Fundamentos 1-El reglamento de SETENA 43898 es una reforma del reglamento 31849. Algunos artículos fueron cambiados y, otros incorporados.
2-La norma accionada, el reglamento 43898 omite los controles preventivos que estaban establecidos en normativas anteriores y con ello violenta el principio de “no regresividad”; abre la posibilidad de que se presenten daños ambientales irreversibles y en consecuencia desmejora la calidad de vida. Y, en este caso, se violan los artículos 50, 51 de la Constitución Política. Artículo 3, porque excluye actividades que en el reglamento anterior requerían de viabilidad ambiental y baja los topes máximos para clasificar de bajo, medio o alto impacto.
3-El reglamento 43898 en su creación no fue debidamente consultado, nada más, por medio de una página web a la cual no toda la población tiene acceso y la población que puede accesarla no conocía que estaba en consulta en esa página, porque no tuvo la debida publicidad, por lo que es falso que se haya consultado públicamente. No fue consultado con las municipalidades a las que involucra directamente en el uso y cumplimiento de esta normativa. Artículos 3, 7 (en su punto 6), 51 (en el decreto anterior, este artículo corresponde con el 48). Se violenta art 1 de la Ley de Administración Pública, la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente en su artículo 17, el Principio de Reserva de Ley. El reglamento 43898 no toma en cuenta que aproximadamente el 50% de los cantones del país adolecen de planes reguladores y solo 6 tienen conocimiento de las áreas de su fragilidad ambiental. Consulta Popular, violenta la consulta popular ya que no existió consulta adecuada para reformar el reglamento anterior. Nótese que la consulta realizada fue por medio de una página web del Ministerio de Comercio, que no tuvo la debida difusión a toda la ciudadanía, que pocas personas tienen acceso a una web de este tipo y que es desconocida. La normativa internacional establece que la difusión se debe dar por medios que lleguen a toda la ciudadanía y que puedan presentar sus objeciones de modo fácil.
4-El contenido del reglamento 43898 presenta una desregulación generalizada. Artículos 3, 32 (elimina en algunos casos la obligación de pasar por EIA) 39, 47, 9. Se violenta el Principio de no regresividad. Las regresiones pueden llegar a sufrir, como consecuencia, daños ambientales irreversibles o de difícil reparación. Artículo 50 de la Constitución Política y la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos. El artículo 3, además de lo señalado presenta, en su inciso 8, favorece la expansión de actividades agrícolas peligrosas, contaminantes y destructivas para el ambiente, como el cultivo agresivo de la piña.
5-En el reglamento 43898 se evade totalmente la responsabilidad que SETENA tenía en el reglamento anterior sobre el tema vial, según reglamento 31849, en el artículo 9, punto 12 se menciona la responsabilidad del SETENA de exigir, si así se amerita, un estudio de vialidad aprobada por el MOPT. Violenta el Principio de Desregulación. Violación del Principio de no regresividad.
6-El reglamento 43898 en su artículo 3 reduce los umbrales de las áreas constructivas. En la normativa anterior, la 31849, el techo es de 500 mts cuadrados, en la anterior era de 300 y en esta normativa, la 43898, es de 1.000. Por debajo de ese límite, los desarrolladores no tienen que pasar por los EIA. Reduce al mínimo las EIA, centrándose solamente en los aspectos de control y seguimiento y dejando a un lado la parte preventiva. Violenta el Principio de Desregulación, violación del Principio de no regresividad. Principio Precautorio o Evitación Prudente, la norma accionada anula la actitud, la acción preventiva que debe tener la SETENA para “disponer todo lo que sea necesario – dentro del ámbito permitido por la ley – a efecto de impedir que se produzcan daños irreversibles en el medio ambiente” (Sentencia 14180-10 Sala Constitucional), porque sin un sustento técnico o científico permite el cambio de regulaciones o desregulaciones ambientales previamente establecidas en la norma anterior (Reglamento 31849) pero que pueden dañar el ambiente.
Principio de Actos Propios, la norma accionada ha suprimido por su propia acción los actos que ha emitido, que confieran derechos subjetivos a los particulares y al ambiente, ya que viene a reformar los beneficios ambientales previamente otorgados a Natura. Principio de Irretroactividad e Intangibilidad de los Actos Propios, La norma impugnada vino a anular de oficio la norma anterior favorable establecida en el Reglamento 31849 que establecía beneficios más favorables para el Ambiente que es una declaración de derechos que benefician al administrado, derechos ambientales, sociales y económicos, tal acción únicamente se podría dar como una excepción calificada a la “doctrina de la inderogabilidad de los actos propios y favorables para el administrado o del principio de intangibilidad de los actos propios, al que esta Sala especializada le ha conferido rango constitucional por derivar del ordinal 34 de la Constitución Política.” Sentencia de Sala Constitucional 2186-94, 899-95.
7-El reglamento 43898 en su artículo 47 establece la obligatoriedad institucional de reconocer como un único proyecto la unión de proyectos de tamaño inferior a mil metros que no requieren de EIA si son construidos en una misma propiedad, propiciando la FRAGMENTACIÓN o FRACCIONAMIENTO ILÍCITOS de megaproyectos en mini proyectos con el fin de evadir los estudios, los controles y regulaciones que podría tener un proyecto mayor, engañando a la Administración, a las poblaciones humanas y tratando de engañar a la Natura, variando el instrumento de evaluación” (fraccionamiento por elusión). Desregulación. Violación del Principio de No regresividad, FRAGMENTACIÓN ILÍCITA, Principio de Regulación de la Conducta Humana del artículo 4.d de Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, y el Principio de procuración del mayor bienestar a todos los habitantes del país Constitución Política en su artículo 50, un todo de la EIA artículo 94 Ley de Biodiversidad, Jurisprudencia de la CNUDMI Caso Aven vs Costa Rica (Aven vs Costa Rica, 2018).
8-El reglamento 43898 en su artículo 39 introduce el derecho de cortar árboles de 30 mts cúbicos y extraer 10 árboles caídos de las áreas silvestres protegidas, sin que se requiera ya el trámite establecido en la normativa 31849. Violenta el Principio de Desregulación. Se violenta el Principio de no regresión y contradice lo estipulado en el Decreto 25700-MINAE que declara la veda total en el aprovechamiento de árboles en peligro de extinción, y la Constitución Política en su artículo 50, así como la Lista Roja de la UICN y Lista CITES.
9-El reglamento 43898 advierte, en los artículos 17 y 90, sobre delitos que pudiera cometer la Administración Pública, revirtiendo la carga de comisión de delitos en contra de los administradores, beneficiando a los desarrolladores; violentando los principios constitucionales de la buena fe y atemorizando al funcionario público, con lo que podría llamarse acoso psicológico laboral. En contradicción figuran los artículos 87 y 88 donde se reducen las sanciones para los desarrolladores. En estos se revierten las cargas imponiendo sanciones penales a funcionarios públicos y descargando al privado desarrollador. Se violenta los Principios de No Regresión, Desregulación, causando un desequilibrio de intereses.
10-El reglamento 43898 sobre favorece al sector privado, por encima del público o la colectividad. Es un manual de reducción de trámites ante la Secretaría Técnica Ambiental que obvia por completo el aspecto preventivo y de protección ambiental, para favorecer a los desarrolladores, siendo que el artículo 21 de la Convención de Derechos Humanos señala la necesidad de que prive el interés colectivo sobre el individual y también lo dice la Constitución Política en su artículo 46, nótese que las Normas Ambientales deben favorecer a la parte más débil, en este caso la parte más débil es la Madre Tierra, los habitantes de esta y la parte fuerte es los desarrolladores que cuentan con todos los recursos económicos para aprovecharse del Ambiente lucrando de esta y generando un pasivo ambiental, social y económico.
11-El reglamento 43898 en sus artículos 98 y 13 (en especial el punto 2) permite a los desarrolladores de proyectos de bajo impacto (entre el 54% y el 65 % del total de proyectos que pasan por la SETENA) construir en áreas ambientalmente frágiles. Se viola el Acuerdo De Escazú (CEPAL, 2018), el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política y la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos. Desregulación. Violenta el Principio de no regresividad. Principio Indubio Pro-Natura, artículo 50 de la Constitución Política. Desregulación, violación del Principio de no regresividad. Principio Precautorio o Evitación Prudente, la norma accionada anula la actitud, la acción preventiva que debe tener la SETENA para “disponer todo lo que sea necesario – dentro del ámbito permitido por la ley – a efecto de impedir que se produzcan daños irreversibles en el medio ambiente” (Sentencia 14180-10 Sala Constitucional), porque sin un sustento técnico o científico permite el cambio de regulaciones o desregulaciones ambientales previamente establecidas en la norma anterior (Reglamento 31849) pero que pueden dañar el ambiente.
Principio de Actos Propios, la norma accionada ha suprimido por su propia acción los actos que ha emitido, que confieran derechos subjetivos a los particulares y al ambiente, ya que viene a reformar los beneficios ambientales previamente otorgados a Natura. Principio de Irretroactividad e Intangibilidad de los Actos Propios, La norma impugnada vino a anular de oficio la norma anterior favorable establecida en el Reglamento 31849 que establecía beneficios más favorables para el Ambiente que es una declaración de derechos que benefician al administrado, derechos ambientales, sociales y económicos, tal acción únicamente se podría dar como una excepción calificada a la “doctrina de la inderogabilidad de los actos propios y favorables para el administrado o del principio de intangibilidad de los actos propios, al que esta Sala especializada le ha conferido rango constitucional por derivar del ordinal 34 de la Constitución Política.” Sentencia de Sala Constitucional 2186-94, 899-95.
Principio de Desarrollo Sostenible, la norma accionada desfavorece al ser humano y a la misma naturaleza al romper el balance normativo y natural que debe existir en las poblaciones humanas y el medio ambiente o la naturaleza. Indubio Pro-Natura, la norma recurrida es completamente contraria al principio pro-natura al permitir el desarrollo económico en beneficio de un tercero dentro de zonas ambientalmente frágiles sin que exista un estudio técnico previo o, aunque este exista, siendo que la Natura está al servicio de los Humanos y proveyendo recursos esenciales para la subsistencia y creando un adecuado balance para sustentar la vida en el planeta. Principio de Protección al Medio Ambiente, este principio se violenta al hacer cambio de zonas de desarrollo dentro de zonas ambientalmente frágiles beneficiando únicamente la economía del solicitante o desarrollador sin considerar el Medio Ambiente y los servicios ecosistémicos que este brinda a los humanos, pues este aplicará cuando haya peligro de daño grave o irreversible en el ambiente.” Sentencia 17155-09 Sala Constitucional.
En tal sentido, la norma impugnada tira por el suelo todas las medidas precautorias para evitar cual cualquier daño ambiental o a las personas. Principio de Prevención del Riesgo Ambiental, la norma accionada permite o no previene posibles daños o afectaciones del ambiente que podrían resultar irreversibles a las zonas ambientalmente frágiles, a especies en peligro de extinción, a las fuentes de agua, al suelo, al aire y a los seres humanos.
12-El reglamento 43898 en su artículo 15 permite al desarrollador empezar tramitación de permisos en otras instituciones antes de que acabe el proceso de permisos en SETENA. Violenta el Principio de Desregulación. Jurisprudencia en sentencia N° 008201 del 12 de abril de 2023 los jueces constitucionales declararon parcialmente con lugar una acción de inconstitucionalidad, de modo que anularon una frase concreta contenida en el párrafo cuarto del artículo 15 de la Ley de Protección al Ciudadano del Exceso de Requisitos y Trámites Administrativos Ley 8220 "la materia de salud, ambiente y", reformada por la ley N° 10.072 del 18 de noviembre de 2021: “Para el otorgamiento de licencias, permisos, autorizaciones o cualquier otro trámite requerido por el administrado, incluyendo la materia de salud, ambiente y autorizaciones municipales, las entidades u órganos de la Administración podrán conceder aprobaciones temporales sujetas al cumplimiento de requisitos posteriores en un plazo hasta de seis meses, en los casos que cada una lo defina, debiendo el administrado cumplir con lo pendiente.” 13-El reglamento 43898 en su artículo 35, abandona el control de SETENA una vez que el desarrollador obtiene la viabilidad ambiental, dejando la responsabilidad en terceros.
Violentando los principios de Desregulación. Principio de no regresividad, Principio de derecho a ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado Artículo 50 de la Constitución Política, violentando el Principio de Protección del Ambiente, Principio de Prevención del Daño Ambiental artículo 4.c de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente.
14-El reglamento 43898 prescinde completamente de lo que contiene el reglamento 31849 en su artículo 35, donde se obliga al envío de los EsIAS a otras autoridades relacionadas con los permisos constructivos. Violenta el Principio de Desregulación y de No Regresión y de Irretroactividad de las normas ambientales.
15-El reglamento 43898, en su artículo 41, se impone que distintos “usuarios” pudieran aprovechar los recursos forestales de las áreas silvestres protegidas. Violenta los principios de Principio de no regresividad, Principio de derecho a ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado Constitución Política en su artículo 50, Desregulación, Principio de no regresividad. Principio Indubio Pro-Natura y Ley Forestal 7575.
16-El Reglamento plantea el 43898 prescinde de la obligación del desarrollador de comunicar, dar publicidad en periódico de circulación nacional sobre los estudios de impacto ambiental que está sometiendo ante la SETENA, contrario al reglamento anterior 31849 en su artículo 41 que lo obligaba, la nueva norma lo reduce a una publicación en la página web del SETENA para esos fines. Violentando los Principios de Desregulación. Principio de regresividad, Violenta el derecho a la Información, Principio de no regresividad, Principio de derecho a ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado Constitución Política en su artículo 50, Desregulación, Principio de no regresividad. Principio Indubio Pro-Natura.
17-El reglamento 43898 no contiene el formulario D-6 mencionado en los artículos 24, 25, 26 porque el anexo 7 donde este formulario D-6 debe aparecer, según lo señala el artículo 24, no fue incluido. Tampoco aparece el anexo 9 con el formulario D-4 que se menciona en los artículos 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42. Violenta los Principios de no regresividad, Principio de derecho a ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado Constitución Política en su artículo 50, Desregulación, Principio de no regresividad. Principio Indubio Pro-Natura 18-Que el reglamento 43898, según su artículo 87, se desgravó y se considera falta leve no responder al requerimiento de información solicitados por la SETENA. Violentando los Principios de no regresividad, Principio de derecho a ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado Constitución Política en su artículo 50, Desregulación, Principio de no regresividad. Principio Indubio Pro-Natura.
19-Que el marco de constitucionalidad y de legalidad no autoriza a la SETENA a delegar total ni parcialmente las funciones que le son propias; sin embargo, dispone que los proyectos, obras o actividades a los que les elimina el requisito del proceso de la Viabilidad Ambiental ante SETENA; les basta con el trámite que deberán cumplir en otras instituciones y acatar lo dispuesto en el Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales (Ej.: Artículo 32.c), ya que violenta el Principio de Reserva de Ley y violenta el Principio de No Regresión, la SETENA no tiene la potestad legal de dar órdenes a las municipalidades a través de un reglamento, pues son entes autónomos por disposición constitucional y legal (en el Código Municipal), el artículo 3 traslada a los municipios la responsabilidad sobre todo lo concerniente a la extensión de permisos de obras de muy bajo impacto ambiental que no requieren evaluaciones de impacto ambiental por parte de la Setena. Esta obligación es exclusiva para SETENA y le ha sido otorgada legalmente por los artículos 83 y 84 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y el artículo 3 del Reglamento de Funcionamiento de la Comisión Plenaria de la SETENA número 43212-MINAE.
Cita concreta de normas o principios infringidos La norma accionada violenta los Principios de:
Principio de Legalidad consagrado en artículo 11 constitucional, ya que el reglamento recurrido se insubordina a la Ley Forestal, a la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, a la Ley de Biodiversidad, como está supra anotado.
Principio de Jerarquía de las Normas, artículos 1, 2, 8 de Ley 63 Código Civil, artículo 6 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, la Constitución Política, ya que el reglamento recurrido se insubordina a la Ley Forestal, a la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, a la Ley de Biodiversidad, como está supra anotado.
Principio Precautorio o Evitación Prudente, la norma accionada anula la actitud, la acción preventiva que debe tener la SETENA para “disponer todo lo que sea necesario – dentro del ámbito permitido por la ley – a efecto de impedir que se produzcan daños irreversibles en el medio ambiente” (Sentencia 14180-10 Sala Constitucional), porque sin un sustento técnico o científico permite desgravar las responsabilidades ambientales de los desarrolladores, que pueden dañar el ambiente.
Principio de Actos Propios, la Administración SETENA mediante la norma accionada ha suprimido por su propia acción los actos que haya emitido, Reglamento anterior número 31849, que confieran derechos subjetivos a los particulares, ya que viene a reformar o eliminar la normativa anterior mediante la reforma del Reglamento recurrido.
Principio de Irretroactividad e Intangibilidad de los Actos Propios, La Administración SETENA vino a anular el acto administrativo favorables establecido en el Reglamento número 31849 en que establecía taxativamente regulaciones ambientales más estrictas, que es una declaración de derechos para el administrado, derechos ambientales, sociales y económicos, tal acción únicamente se podría dar como una excepción calificada a la “doctrina de la inderogabilidad de los actos propios y favorables para el administrado o del principio de intangibilidad de los actos propios, al que esta Sala especializada le ha conferido rango constitucional por derivar del ordinal 34 de la Constitución Política.” Sentencia de Sala Constitucional 2186-94, 899-95.
Consulta Popular, violenta la consulta popular ya que no existió una debida, accesible consulta para reformar el reglamento 31849, mediante reglamento impugnado.
Principio de Desarrollo Sostenible, la norma accionada desfavorece al ser humano y a la misma naturaleza al romper el balance normativo y natural que debe existir en las poblaciones humanas y el medio ambiente o la naturaleza.
Indubio Pro-Natura, la norma recurrida es completamente contraria al principio pro-natura al derribar regulaciones anteriores que protegían en mayor forma el Ambiente, sin que exista un estudio técnico previo y conocido por la población y consultores ambientales, siendo que la Natura está al servicio de los Humanos y proveyendo recursos esenciales para la subsistencia y creando un adecuado balance para sustentar la vida en el planeta.
Principio de Protección al Medio Ambiente, este principio se violenta al bajar las regulaciones ambientales, beneficiando únicamente la economía de los desarrolladores sin considerar el Medio Ambiente, siendo carente de “estudios técnicos y científicos con participación d ellos consultores ambientales y la población, pues este aplicará cuando haya peligro de daño grave o irreversible en el ambiente.” Sentencia 17155-09 Sala Constitucional. En tal sentido, la norma impugnada tira por el suelo todas las medidas precautorias para evitar cual cualquier daño ambiental o a las personas.
Principio de Prevención del Riesgo Ambiental, la norma accionada permite o no previene posibles daños o afectaciones del ambiente que podrían resultar irreversibles, por derribar regulaciones que estaban en vigencia anteriormente.
Principio de Vinculación a la Ciencia y la Técnica, la norma citada vino a reformar el reglamento 31849 que contenía normas de base técnica y científica, sometido a la aprobación de varias instituciones, sin tener la reforma un estudio técnico científico que lo sustentara.
Principio de participación ciudadana, basada en: el Principio 1 de la Declaración de Río, el Principio 10 de la Declaración de Río, el principio 2 de la Declaración sobre Bosques (1992), el artículo 23, numeral 1, inciso a), de la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos, el artículo 21 de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, el artículo 3, inciso c), de la Convención de Lucha contra la Desertificación, el artículo 8, inciso j) del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica, el artículo 6 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y 31 de misma norma en que protege el ambiente mediante consultas a los consultores ambientales externos de la SETENA y a la ciudadanía, ya que no se tuvo una apertura total a la ciudadanía para consultar la reforma sino una consulta en una página del MEIC que no es de acceso ni conocimiento general de la ciudadanía, ni de los consultores, tampoco se le envió la propuesta por correo a los consultores ambientales un municipalidades.
Principio de Justicia Social, la citada norma incumple con las exigencias fundamentales de equidad, proporcionalidad y razonabilidad que debe imperar en las normas y actos públicos, que, al degradar en requisitos de la norma anterior, al ser el Medio Ambiente un bien común de la sociedad, se le está arrebatando el derecho al resto de disponer de un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
Lista Roja de la UICN, la norma accionada no previó que se pueda dar una alteración o riesgo en especies migratorias y nativas en peligro de extinción (UICN, 2022) (En total 60 especies en peligro en Costa Rica https://www.iucnredlist.org/es/search?landRegions=CR&searchType=species).
Lista de especies en Peligro de Extinción de CITES, Costa Rica, la norma accionada no previó que se pueda dar una alteración en los individuos y su hábitat de especies incluidas en la lista de CITES (CITES, 2017).
Principios Marco sobre los Derechos Humanos y Medio Ambiente, ONU (ONU, 2018), que tutela los derechos de la ciudadanía a la participación, acceso a la información y protección a los defensores del ambiente.
Convenio de Escazú (CEPAL, 2018), introducida al bloque jurisprudencial interamericano por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, a partir de la sentencia Baraona Bray vs Chile del 24 de noviembre de 2022 (Baraona Bray vs Chile, 2022)1 , en aplicación del principio de progresividad de los derechos humanos, que tutela los derechos de la ciudadanía a la participación, acceso a la información y protección a los defensores del ambiente.
Convenio de Aarhus de la Comisión Económica de las Naciones Unidas para Europa, (ONU, Convenio de Aarhus, 1998), en aplicación del principio de progresividad de los derechos humanos, que tutela los derechos de la ciudadanía a la participación, acceso a la información y protección a los defensores del ambiente.
Pretensiones que se formulan Principales 1. Se permita realizar la vista con especialistas técnicos que aportaremos a la misma, se solicita se permita la participación de 5 especialistas técnicos.
2. Se declare que el Reglamento SETENA 43898 MINAE-S-MOPT-MAC-MEIC, publicado el 19 de abril de 2023 en Alcance No.65 de Gaceta No. 67 es inconstitucional con sus efectos consecuentes en los artículos mencionados (artículos 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90, 98) y en su totalidad al desregular la norma anterior y dejarla sin defensas ambientales ya citadas.
3. Sobre el proceso, siendo que este tema de derechos humanos en materia ambiental es materia especial, se solicita que el Procurador que atienda este expediente sea un procurador del área ambiental que pueda exponer con principios ambientales, humanos y constitucionales sobre la demanda de inconstitucionalidad de manera íntegra, esto en beneficio de la constitucionalidad.”
Redacta la Magistrada Hess Herrera; y,
Considerando:
Esta Sala ha señalado, de forma reiterada, que la acción de inconstitucionalidad es un proceso con determinadas formalidades, que necesariamente deben cumplirse para que este Tribunal pueda pronunciarse válidamente sobre el fondo del asunto. El artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional regula la legitimación para interponer acciones de inconstitucionalidad y prevé situaciones distintas. En el párrafo primero se exige la existencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver, sea en sede judicial –incluyendo los recursos de hábeas corpus o de amparo- o en la administrativa –en el procedimiento de agotamiento de esta vía-, en el que se invoque la inconstitucionalidad de la norma cuestionada, como medio razonable de amparar el derecho o interés que se considera lesionado en el asunto principal. En los párrafos segundo y tercero se regula la acción directa –no se requiere del asunto base-, en los siguientes supuestos: a) cuando por la naturaleza del asunto no exista lesión individual y directa; b) se trate de la defensa de intereses difusos o que atañen a la colectividad en su conjunto; y c) cuando la acción sea promovida por el procurador general de la República, el contralor general de la República, el fiscal general de la República y el defensor de los Habitantes.
Asimismo, en sentencia nro. 04190-95 de las 11:33 horas del 28 de julio de 1995, este Tribunal precisó que la acción de inconstitucionalidad es:
“(…) un proceso de naturaleza incidental, y no de una acción directa o popular, con lo que se quiere decir que se requiere de la existencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver -sea ante los tribunales de justicia o en el procedimiento para agotar la vía administrativa- para poder acceder a la vía constitucional, pero de tal manera que, la acción constituya un medio razonable para amparar el derecho considerado lesionado en el asunto principal, de manera que lo resuelto por el Tribunal Constitucional repercuta positiva o negativamente en dicho proceso pendiente de resolver, por cuanto se manifiesta sobre la constitucionalidad de las normas que deberán ser aplicadas en dicho asunto; y únicamente por excepción es que la legislación permite el acceso directo a esta vía -presupuestos de los párrafos segundo y tercero del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional …”.
Finalmente, existen otras formalidades que deben ser cumplidas, a saber, el escrito de interposición debe estar autenticado y contener una determinación explícita de la normativa impugnada, debidamente fundamentada, con cita concreta de los componentes del bloque de constitucionalidad que se consideren infringidos (artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional). Debe, además, acreditarse las condiciones de legitimación (poderes y certificaciones), procederse al pago del timbre del Colegio de Abogados y aportarse certificación literal del escrito en el que se invocó la inconstitucionalidad de las normas impugnadas en el asunto base (artículo 79 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional).
Según se indicó, la acción de inconstitucionalidad es un proceso con determinadas formalidades, que, si no se reúnen, imposibilitan a la Sala conocer de la impugnación que se pretende. Uno de esos requisitos corresponde a la necesaria fundamentación del escrito en el que se formule la acción de inconstitucionalidad. La Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en su artículo 3, dispone que “Se tendrá por infringida la Constitución Política cuando ello resulte de la confrontación del texto de la norma o acto cuestionado, de sus efectos, o de su interpretación o aplicación por las autoridades públicas, con las normas y principios constitucionales”. Ahora bien, para que este Tribunal tenga por configurada la infracción y pueda declarar la inconstitucionalidad de la norma o acto impugnado, con la consecuente anulación y expulsión del ordenamiento jurídico, quien promueva una acción de inconstitucionalidad tiene la carga de demostrar cómo esa disposición infringe el Derecho de la Constitución y, además, debe indicar por qué debe estimarse la demanda.
Esto es denominado por esta Sala como la carga de la argumentación, es decir, que “una norma que facialmente (sic) sea contraria a la Constitución, vuelca la carga de la argumentación a quienes sostengan que en realidad no hay conflicto entre esa norma y la Constitución Política; lo contrario sucede si se acciona contra una norma que en primer examen no parece contraria a la Constitución, en cuya hipótesis es el accionante el que debe avanzar con los argumentos que convenzan acerca de la inconstitucionalidad” (véase la sentencia nro. 0184-95 de las 16:30 horas del 10 de enero de 1995). En una sentencia posterior, esta Sala expuso, en cuanto a la falta de exposición de los argumentos de inconstitucionalidad en materia de acciones de inconstitucionalidad, lo siguiente:
“La acción de inconstitucionalidad se interpone con el argumento de que el Decreto Ejecutivo impugnado es nocivo, lesiona e infringe los derechos fundamentales a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, el derecho a la salud y a los compromisos internacionales suscritos con el Protocolo de Kyoto. Pese a la oportunidad otorgada a los accionantes, se confirma lo que indica la Procuraduría General de la República, de que no existe un análisis concreto de las disposiciones del Decreto Ejecutivo impugnado que se consideran inconstitucionales, sino que el mismo se limita a establecer discrepancias de forma genérica y en abstracto contra la totalidad del Reglamento, más aún contra toda actividad que desempeñan los ingenios Azucareros y Haciendas, pues sostienen que causan inconvenientes en la calidad de vida y en la salud de los habitantes circunvecinos, sin concretar qué argumentos de constitucionalidad se deben tomar en cuenta en contra de cada una de las disposiciones o grupos del normas del Reglamento impugnado. […] El párrafo primero del artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional establece la obligación de autenticar los escritos de interposición de acciones de inconstitucionalidad, toda vez que se estima necesario que existan argumentos esgrimidos por un profesional en Derecho, que no descarta este Tribunal responda a un serio estudio del fondo técnico y científico de una determinada materia, dada la diversidad y universalidad de las normas del ordenamiento jurídico.
A diferencia de los procesos de garantías, es decir, los recursos de hábeas corpus y de amparo, que los puede interponer directamente cualquier interesado ante la jurisdicción constitucional en defensa de sus derechos fundamentales, generalmente contra actos u omisiones que le lesionan en su esfera particular (aunque no siempre como en los casos ambientales), en los procesos de defensa de la Constitución Política (como la acción de inconstitucionalidad), el legislador confió al abogado autenticante una labor cuya exigencia es aún mayor, si se quiere más elaborada y exhaustiva que debe plasmar en el libelo de interposición en razón de su oficio profesional, para demostrar al Tribunal la lesión a la norma constitucional por parte de una norma de menor rango, socavando el principio de supremacía constitucional contenida en el artículo 10 de la Constitución Política. Precisamente la elaboración material y formal de la Ley, así como de las demás disposiciones secundarias, suponen un proceso sumamente costoso para el Estado, en la que de muchas maneras para su elaboración ha participado la sociedad civil organizada a favor o en contra, y cuyos procedimientos de formación, aprobación y promulgación no debe analizarse a la ligera.
En este sentido, debe reconocer esta Sala que existe un reducido espacio para este Tribunal para socorrer las ausencias manifiestas de los profesionales en derecho que autentican los escritos en esta jurisdicción constitucional, sin exponer la imparcialidad y análisis que se debe a cada una de las acciones de inconstitucionalidad.” (sentencia nro. 2012-05285 de 15:03 horas de 25 de abril de 2012).
El citado artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional exige, en tal sentido, que en el escrito en que se interponga la acción se expongan “sus fundamentos en forma clara y precisa”. En sentencia nro. 2013-016944 de las 14:30 horas del 18 de diciembre de 2013, esta Sala hizo expresa referencia a la exigencia de debida fundamentación del escrito de interposición –como requisito esencial de admisibilidad de la acción, a tenor de lo dispuesto el mencionado ordinal- en los siguientes términos:
“II.- INADMISIBILIDAD POR FALTA DE FUNDAMENTACIÓN. De conformidad con el artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en el escrito en que se interponga la acción de inconstitucionalidad, se deberán exponer los fundamentos en forma clara y precisa, con cita concreta de las normas o principios que se consideren infringidos. Dicho requisito no se traduce en una mera formalidad, sino en un requisito esencial de admisibilidad, pues en virtud del principio pro sentencia –desarrollado en otras ocasiones por esta Sala- según el cual, los requisitos de admisibilidad deben interpretarse en sentido favorable a la acción, además, el Derecho Constitucional es de orden público preferente y en garantía de su supremacía y vigencia hay un interés público en virtud del cual los obstáculos para la admisión y resolución de fondo de una acción, deben interpretarse y aplicarse restrictivamente. Así las cosas, todas las normas procesales deben ser interpretadas y aplicadas de manera tal que se obtenga el dictado de la sentencia, lo anterior, no solo facilita la administración de la justicia, sino que además, evita que se impongan obstáculos para no alcanzarla (ver en igual sentido, las sentencias números 93-5175, 3041-97, 01-06, 2874-06, 1622-08 y 2887-08).
En consecuencia, la falta de fundamentación de la acción, impide el dictado de una sentencia debidamente motivada y congruente con lo pretendido. Asimismo, resulta improcedente que esta Sala se pronuncie por el fondo de normas cuestionadas en una acción, cuando el que acciona no fundamenta las razones por las cuales impugna, toda vez, que ello implicaría efectuar un control constitucional en abstracto a manera de ejercicio académico, lo que no es compatible con la finalidad de un proceso de esta naturaleza.” Finalmente, en el voto nro. 2020-000319 de las 12:15 horas del 8 de enero de 2020, este Tribunal reiteró que:
“(…) dado el formalismo dispuesto legalmente para los procesos de control de constitucionalidad. la carga argumentativa en el trámite de una acción de inconstitucionalidad recae en el accionante, quien debe explicar, sin ambages, la contradicción existente entre una normativa infraconstitucional y el bloque de constitucionalidad, así como la legitimación que le asiste”.
En el sub judice, de la lectura del escrito de interposición, se concluye que el accionante formula inicialmente una serie de reclamos genéricos sobre el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC (Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental), en los cuales señala que la normativa impugnada lesiona: a) El principio de no regresión por haberse derogado el decreto 31849, que presenta desregularización generalizada y que elimina controles ambientales que sí tenía la norma anterior; b) la consulta popular, pues acusa que la normativa no fue consultada correctamente antes de su emisión, ya que únicamente se realizó por medio de la página web del Ministerio de Comercio; y c) señala que hay un favorecimiento al sector privado por encima del público o la colectividad, por tratarse de un manual de reducción de trámites en perjuicio de la naturaleza.
Al respecto, coincide la Sala con el criterio de la Procuraduría General de la República, en el sentido de que no hay un debido esfuerzo argumentativo para demostrar cómo las normas impugnadas violentan la Constitución Política, pues respecto a tales argumentos se tiene que: a) Respecto al principio de no regresión por derogación de normativa, no basta con alegar que se derogó norma y que hay nuevas regulaciones. De igual forma, el accionante no precisa cuáles fueron los controles omitidos, cómo esto constituye una disminución de la tutela ambiental y si existe o no sustento técnico; b) respecto al principio de participación ciudadana, este tutela si durante el proceso de elaboración y emisión de la norma, se contemplaron mecanismos de publicidad y participación, mas no existe una determinación constitucional de cuáles son los mecanismos específicos que deben utilizarse y, en ese sentido, el accionante no indica cómo debió haberse consultado o por qué el medio utilizado fue insuficiente y; c) respecto al supuesto favorecimiento del sector privado, el accionante no explica cómo y a través de cuáles disposiciones se da el supuesto favorecimiento.
En ese sentido, estima este Tribunal que lleva razón la PGR al señalar que no existe una debida motivación de tales alegatos y, por el contrario, se realizan de manera genérica sin relacionar de manera alguna el contenido de las normas con el agravio en concreto, circunstancia que impide a esta Sala pronunciarse sobre estos.
Por otra parte, continuando con la lectura del libelo de interposición, el accionante aduce la inconstitucionalidad de los artículos 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90 y 98 del Reglamento No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, pues considera que son contrarios a los principios de no regresividad, reserva de ley, consulta popular, desregulación, precautorio, pro natura, actos propios, intangibilidad de los actos propios, buena fe, el Acuerdo de Escazú y la protección al medio ambiente, por los siguientes motivos:
El artículo 3 excluye actividades que en el reglamento anterior requerían de viabilidad ambiental y baja los topes máximos para clasificarlas como de bajo, medio o alto impacto. Asimismo, que elimina en algunos casos la obligación de elaborar un EIA y que, en el inciso 8), se favorece la expansión de actividades agrícolas peligrosas, contaminantes y destructivas para el ambiente, como el cultivo agresivo de la piña. De igual forma, señala que se reducen los umbrales de las áreas constructivas según los cuales los proyectos requieren someterse a evaluación de impacto ambiental; lo anterior, sin un sustento técnico o científico que permita el cambio de regulaciones o desregulaciones ambientales previamente establecidas en la norma anterior. En este punto concreto, disiente la Sala de que la Procuraduría General de la República analice por el fondo este numeral y de la remisión al informe que ese órgano rindió en una acción de inconstitucionalidad contra este mismo Reglamento (expediente No. 23-022240-0007-CO), en el sentido de que debe verificarse si la modificación de los supuestos en que no se requiere EIA consta de sustento técnico.
Con ello, tácitamente se admite que sobre esa disposición la acción está debidamente fundamentada, conclusión que no se comparte. Al igual como sucede con otras disposiciones concretas impugnadas, la acción se constriñe a exponer un cambio en la regulación (en el apartado 6 de los alegatos) con un sucinto recuento de principios que se aduce trasgredidos, argumentación que no marca diferencia alguna relevante respecto de aquellas que ya se han calificado que no reúnen los requisitos demandados por el artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. También se afirma que el Reglamento no se consultó de manera adecuada, pues esto se realizó por medio de la página web del Ministerio de Comercio y no tuvo una debida difusión. Agrega que, tampoco se consultó a las municipalidades, pese a que les traslada la responsabilidad sobre todo lo concerniente a la extensión de permisos de obras de muy bajo impacto ambiental que no requieren evaluaciones de impacto ambiental por parte de la Setena.
Nótese que el artículo cuestionado tiene 8 incisos, pero el accionante no especifica cuáles son las actividades que antes requerían vialidad y ahora son excluidas y respecto al inciso 8) no explica cuál es el favorecimiento que se da. Por otra parte, tampoco indica cómo debió haberse consultado, ni por qué la falta de consulta a las municipalidades lesiona la Constitución Política. En todo caso, sobre este último punto, la legitimación que invocan los accionantes -por intereses difusos al actuar en defensa del derecho a un medio ambiente sano- es distinta de la necesaria para poder reclamar una eventual lesión a la autonomía municipal. Esta última, por ejemplo, se reconoció en la sentencia No. 2022013101 de las 12:31 horas del 8 de junio de 2021, en los siguientes términos:
“II.- Sobre la legitimación de la accionante. En el sub lite, la alcaldesa accionante indica que las normas impugnadas inciden en el presupuesto municipal y en la autonomía de las corporaciones locales, con lo que se afecta a los usuarios de los servicios municipales y a los intereses comunales en general. Al respecto, consta que la alcaldesa aportó el acuerdo adoptado por el Concejo de Alajuela en la sesión nro. 28-2019 del 9 de julio de 2019 artículo 1 capítulo IX, mediante el cual se le autorizó para que impugnara las disposiciones de la ley nro. 9635, en defensa de la autonomía municipal. En consecuencia, la Sala estima que la accionante cumple los requisitos de legitimación para interponer esta acción de inconstitucionalidad.” Que los artículos 7 y 51 resultan inconstitucionales, pues el reglamento no se consultó de manera adecuada, al haberse efectuado tal consulta por medio de la página web del Ministerio de Comercio y no tuvo una debida difusión.
Agrega que tampoco se consultó a las municipalidades, pese a que les traslada la responsabilidad sobre todo lo concerniente a la extensión de permisos de obras de muy bajo impacto ambiental que no requieren evaluaciones de impacto ambiental por parte de la SETENA. Sobre este numeral, no se detalla cómo debió haberse consultado. Tampoco indica por qué la falta de consulta a las municipalidades lesiona la Constitución Política. En todo caso, la legitimación que invoca el accionante -por intereses difusos al actuar en defensa del derecho a un medio ambiente sano- le impide reclamar una eventual lesión a la autonomía municipal.
Asimismo, debe tenerse en consideración que el esquema de participación en la adopción de la norma cuestionada es ajeno al ámbito de competencia de la Sala, según se ha establecido en distintos pronunciamientos, desde 2019, en los términos que siguen, extraídos de la sentencia No. 2021-21934 de las 9:50 horas del 1º de octubre de 2021:
Que el artículo 9 elimina en algunos casos la obligación de elaborar un EIA y que el punto 12 indica que SETENA exigirá -se así lo amerita- un estudio de vialidad aprobada por el MOPT. Sin embargo, este reclamo debe rechazarse por indebida motivación, pues los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma.
Acusa que los artículos 13 y 98 permiten a los desarrolladores de proyectos de bajo impacto ambiental construir en áreas ambientalmente frágiles. Lo anterior, porque sin un sustento técnico o científico permite el cambio de regulaciones o desregulaciones ambientales previamente establecidas en la norma anterior (Reglamento 31849), pero que pueden dañar el ambiente. Este reclamo, al igual que el anterior, debe rechazarse por indebida motivación, pues los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma. Por lo demás, respecto a estos numerales, el Acuerdo de Escazú ni siquiera es parámetro de constitucionalidad, al no estar ratificado por el Estado de Costa Rica.
Sobre el artículo 15 refiere que permite al desarrollador empezar la tramitación de permisos en otras instituciones antes de que acabe el proceso de permisos en SETENA. Sin embargo, este reclamo debe rechazarse por indebida motivación, pues los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma.
Respecto a los artículos 17 y 90 afirma que advierten sobre delitos que pudiera cometer la Administración Pública, revirtiendo la carga de comisión de delitos en contra de los administradores, beneficiando a los desarrolladores y atemorizando al funcionario público. Sin embargo, este reclamo debe rechazarse por indebida motivación, pues los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma. Igualmente, la legitimación que invoca el accionante no tiene relación alguna con el principio de la buena fe y las regulaciones a las cuales se debe someter el funcionariado público en el ejercicio de sus labores.
Sobre los artículos 24, 25 y 26 indica que el anexo 7 que debe contener el formulario D-6 que se menciona en esos artículos no fue incluido en el reglamento. Este reclamo, al igual que el anterior, debe rechazarse por indebida motivación, pues los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma. En todo caso, según informa la PGR la documentación que se reclama fue publicada en el Alcance N°65 C, La Gaceta no. 67 del 19 de abril de 2023, como parte del Tomo III del Decreto 43898, en el cual, consta como anexo 7 el denominado “Formulario de Presentación del D-6 Cuadrante Urbano”.
Señala que el artículo 32 elimina en algunos casos la obligación de pasar por evaluación de impacto ambiental. Pese a lo anterior, los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma, pues la norma hace referencia al formulario D1-C, sin embargo, el accionante omite indicar cómo lo ahí dispuesto violenta la Constitución. Es decir, nuevamente se está ante una fundamentación insuficiente.
Indica que el artículo 35 abandona el control de SETENA una vez que el desarrollador obtiene la viabilidad ambiental, dejando la responsabilidad en terceros. No obstante, omite explicar cómo debe hacerse ese control posterior o por qué lo ahí dispuesto resulta insuficiente. Este reclamo, al igual que el anterior, debe rechazarse por indebida motivación, pues los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma.
Afirma que los artículos 36, 37, 38 y 42 son inconstitucionales porque el anexo 9 que debe contener el formulario D-4 que se menciona en esos artículos no fue incluido en el reglamento. Este reclamo, al igual que el anterior, debe rechazarse por insuficiente motivación, en el tanto los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma. Adicionalmente, según informa la PGR la documentación que se reclama fue publicada en el Alcance N°65 C de La Gaceta no. 67 del 19 de abril de 2023, Tomo III del Decreto 43898, anexo 9 denominado “Formulario de Presentación del D4-Forestal”.
En criterio del accionante, el artículo 39 lesiona los principios de no regresión, desregulación y pro natura por las siguientes razones:
“El reglamento 43898 en su artículo 39 introduce el derecho de cortar árboles de 30 mts cúbicos y extraer 10 árboles caídos de las áreas silvestres protegidas, sin que se requiera ya el trámite establecido en la normativa 31849. Violenta el Principio de Desregulación. Se violenta el Principio de no regresión y contradice lo estipulado en el Decreto 25700-MINAE que declara la veda total en el aprovechamiento de árboles en peligro de extinción, y la Constitución Política en su artículo 50, así como la Lista Roja de la UICN y Lista CITES.” Aunque la Procuraduría General señala que es necesario que se demuestren las razones técnicas por las que esas obras o proyectos no requieren ser evaluados por la SETENA y que la disposición impugnada carece de tal respaldo, lo cierto es que la fundamentación de los motivos de inconstitucionalidad son excesivamente lacónicos, con lo que los alcanza el mismo motivo de inadmisibilidad de las demás disposiciones que se han estudiado.
Alega que el artículo 41 es inconstitucional ya que el anexo 9 que debe contener el formulario D-4 que se menciona en ese artículo no fue incluido en el reglamento. Asimismo, aduce que se impone que distintos “usuarios” pudieran aprovechar los recursos forestales de las áreas silvestres protegidas. Este reclamo, al igual que el anterior, debe rechazarse por carecer de motivación, ya que los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma. A mayor abundamiento, según informa la PGR la documentación que se reclama fue publicada en el Alcance N°65 C, La Gaceta no. 67 del 19 de abril de 2023, Tomo III del Decreto 43898, anexo 9 denominado “Formulario de Presentación del D4-Forestal”.
Respecto al artículo 47 señala que establece la obligatoriedad institucional de reconocer como un único proyecto la unión de proyectos de tamaño inferior a mil metros que no requieren de EIA si son construidos en una misma propiedad, propiciando la fragmentación o fraccionamiento ilícitos de megaproyectos en miniproyectos, con el fin de evadir los estudios, los controles y regulaciones que podría tener un proyecto mayor (fraccionamiento por elusión). No obstante, de la lectura de la norma no se extraen tales afirmaciones y al no dar mayor explicación, los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma.
Por último, señala que los artículos 87 y 88 reducen las sanciones para los desarrolladores. En estos se revierten las cargas imponiendo sanciones penales a funcionarios públicos y descargando al particular desarrollador. El artículo 87 desgravó y se considera falta leve no responder al requerimiento de información solicitados por la SETENA. De la lectura de dichos numerales se extrae que no establecen sanciones para funcionarios públicos, sino que, por el contrario, disponen los tipos de infracciones y sus sanciones, así como el dictado de medidas cautelares ante el incumplimiento de compromisos ambientales. Aunado a lo anterior, el accionante no explica por qué se estima que se descarga de responsabilidad al desarrollador ni se detallan cuáles sanciones se están reduciendo. En ese sentido, el reclamo debe rechazarse por indebida motivación, pues los alegatos no guardan relación con el contenido de la norma.
A manera de resumen, tales alegatos carecen de una adecuada fundamentación respecto a los reproches de fondo, tal y como lo exige el mencionado ordinal 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. Más allá de una sucinta alusión a la infracción de distintos derechos y principios constitucionales, lo cierto es que el accionante omite exponer su concreto sustento normativo, así como analizar y desarrollar el contenido específico de las presuntas normas y principios infringidos y de sus alcances, a efectos de relacionarlos y contraponerlos, de forma individualizada y debidamente razonada, con la normativa impugnada. En definitiva, no existe una argumentación precisa, suficiente y debidamente circunstanciada sobre los agravios y fundamentos de la aducida infracción al Derecho de la Constitución. En consecuencia, los reclamos genéricos sobre el decreto ejecutivo N° 43898, así como contra los artículos 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90 y 98 del Reglamento No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, deben desestimarse.
Se previene a la parte recurrente que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, éstos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
Por mayoría, se declara sin lugar la acción de inconstitucionalidad por razones de admisibilidad. El magistrado Cruz Castro salva el voto y declara inconstitucionales los artículos 3, 9, 13, 15, 39, 47 y 98 del Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental, por violación del derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, de objetivación, principio pro natura. Salva igualmente el voto en cuanto al alegato de violación al derecho de participación ciudadana y a la legitimación en defensa de la autonomía municipal. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H. Ana María Picado B.
Res. Nº 2025-006027 Voto salvado del Magistrado Cruz Castro.- Normas regresivas en el Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental. Se aprobaron normas que ignoran los principios básicos del derecho ambiental constitucional.
A diferencia del criterio de mayoría, considero que esta acción debe declararse con lugar. Particularmente en cuanto los artículos 3, 9, 13, 15, 39, 47 y 98 del Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental, por violación del derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, de objetivación, principio pro natura. Además, en cuanto al alegato de violación al derecho de participación ciudadana y a la legitimación en defensa de la autonomía municipal. Lo anterior, conforme lo expreso a continuación.
La mayoría consideró que la acción no estaba debidamente fundamentada y que los argumentos se realizaron de manera genérica sin relacionar de manera alguna el contenido de las normas con el agravio en concreto. Sin embargo, estimo que en esta materia tan delicada, como lo es la ambiental, los argumentos presentados referidos a una desregulación generalizada y omisión de controles preventivos que contenía el reglamento anterior, son suficientes para que esta Sala pueda examinar el fondo de cada una de las normas impugnadas.
La regresividad de una normativa supone la presunción de inconstitucionalidad. Debiendo el Estado tener la carga de la prueba para argumentar a favor de la razonabilidad, idoneidad, necesidad y/o proporcionalidad. Lo anterior encuentra además asidero en las observaciones generales 13, 14, 15 y 17 del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales. “El Estado deberá demostrar que las medidas regresivas están debidamente justificadas por referencia a la totalidad de los derechos enunciados en el Pacto en el contexto de la plena utilización del máximo de los recursos de que dispone el Estado parte.” (Observación 15, párrafo 19). Nótese que la Sala Constitucional, en el voto número 2016-00415, ha dado la siguiente definición sobre el principio de no regresividad:
“El principio se erige como garantía sustantiva de los derechos, en este caso, del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, en virtud del cual el Estado se ve obligado a no adoptar medidas, políticas, ni aprobar normas jurídicas que empeoren, sin justificación razonable y proporcionada, la situación de los derechos alcanzada hasta entonces. Este principio no supone una irreversibilidad absoluta pues todos los Estados viven situaciones nacionales, de naturaleza económica, política, social o por causa de la naturaleza, que impactan negativamente en los logros alcanzados hasta entonces y obliga a replantearse a la baja el nuevo nivel de protección. En esos casos, el Derecho a la Constitución y los principios bajo examen obligan a justificar, a la luz de los parámetros constitucionales de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad, la reducción de los niveles de protección.” El argumento que afirma que el Decreto Ejecutivo no. 43898 es inconstitucional por violentar el principio de no regresión, por el solo hecho de haber derogado el Decreto 31849 y haber establecido regulaciones distintas a las de aquél, es atendible.
En aplicación del principio de no regresión, correspondería a la Sala analizar si en efecto la nueva normativa que modificó el régimen anterior, disminuyó el nivel de protección, sin contar con una justificación técnica razonable. Considero que basta con argumentar que el Decreto modificó el régimen vigente, que presenta una desregulación generalizada y que eliminó controles ambientales que sí contenía la norma anterior, constituye una motivación aceptable y relevante para que se tenga como debidamente fundamentada esta acción. El criterio de la mayoría asume una visión formalista, sin examinar que en materia ambiental existen limitaciones tan importantes, que no es necesario que la fundamentación del argumento, tenga que ser tan detallada.
El Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental contiene varias normas palmariamente regresivas. La propia norma y su contenido evidencia, claramente, la regresión. Así se observan las siguientes normas:
-Artículo 3:
“Artículo 3.- Actividades, obras o proyectos que por su naturaleza no requieren Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental ante la SETENA. Las actividades, obras o proyectos de muy bajo impacto ambiental potencial, indicados en este artículo, no deberán tramitar ante la SETENA una Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental. Sin embargo, estarán sujetas a los controles ambientales establecidos por las Municipalidades, el Ministerio de Salud (MINSA), el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (MAG), Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado (SFE), Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes (MOPT), el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) y otras entidades con competencias legales; así como con lo establecido en el Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales, Decreto Ejecutivo N° 32079 del 14 de setiembre de 2004, o con cualquier mecanismo voluntario para mejorar el desempeño ambiental: (…)” En efecto, dicha norma excluye actividades que en el reglamento anterior requerían de viabilidad ambiental y baja los topes máximos para clasificarlas como de bajo, medio o alto impacto.
Asimismo, elimina en algunos casos la obligación de elaborar un EIA y que, en el inciso 8), se favorece la expansión de actividades agrícolas peligrosas, contaminantes y destructivas para el ambiente, como el cultivo agresivo de la piña. El cultivo de la piña requiere una serie de requisitos y controles, dada la alta vulnerabilidad de los suelos y regiones en la que se cultiva. De igual forma, se reducen los umbrales de las áreas constructivas según los cuales los proyectos requieren someterse a evaluación de impacto ambiental; lo anterior, sin un sustento técnico o científico que permita el cambio de regulaciones o desregulaciones ambientales previamente establecidas en la norma anterior. Esas variaciones regresivas, requieren estudios técnicos que justifiquen tal variación. El criterio técnico es indispensable en materia tan delicadas y vulnerables como la tutela ambiental.
Se observa, tal como lo indican los accionantes, que esta norma reduce los umbrales de las áreas constructivas. En la normativa anterior, la 31849, el techo es de 500 mts cuadrados, en la anterior era de 300 y en esta normativa, la 43898, es de 1.000. Por debajo de ese límite, los desarrolladores no tienen que pasar por los EIA. Tal como lo indica la PGR en su informe, por no existir ninguna fundamentación técnica, esas disposiciones serían contrarias al principio de no regresión en materia ambiental, razonabilidad y proporcionalidad y objetivación de la tutela ambiental, y, en consecuencia, el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política. Ello se traduciría, a su vez, en una violación del principio preventivo, pues se estarían dejando de evaluar y mitigar los impactos ambientales de actividades potencialmente impactantes al ambiente.
Todo lo cual viola el derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, de objetivación, principio pro natura.
-Artículo 9:
“Artículo 9.- Calificación ambiental final. La aplicación de los instrumentos de valoración de significancia de impacto ambiental (SIA) permite, que se modifique, previa justificación técnica, o se confirme la categoría preliminar de clasificación que se estableció para la actividad, obra o proyecto por medio del D1, obteniéndose de esta manera una calificación ambiental final para la toma de decisiones. La significancia de impacto ambiental (SIA), será la que defina el Instrumento de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental a utilizar en los D1 con instrumentos de EIA.” En efecto, dicha norma hace una redefinición de la significancia ambiental permitiendo que sea definida por un instrumento. Se trata de un tema relevante para el resguardo del contenido sustancial del derecho al ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, en la variable de los principios de reparación integral, quien contamina paga y no regresión, sobre el cual, la significancia de impacto ambiental no se puede hacer depender de la definición de un instrumento. El debilitamiento de la tutela ambiental, sin criterio técnico, es evidente, por eso no requiere que los argumentos que plantea el accionante, sean más amplios. La regresión es evidente y la falta de criterio técnico, también.
Todo lo cual viola el derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, de objetivación, principio pro natura.
-Artículo 13 y 98:
“Artículo 13.- Verificación técnica del expediente. La verificación técnica del expediente que debe llevar a cabo el departamento respectivo seguirá los siguientes pasos:
1. Verificación de la información presentada en el documento de evaluación ambiental, sobre la significancia de impacto ambiental, para lo cual se estará facultado a realizar una Inspección Ambiental al sitio según el procedimiento que defina SETENA para determinar en cuales casos se deberá realizar la inspección.
2. Revisión del espacio geográfico en que se localizará la actividad, obra o proyecto, respecto a su localización en un área ambientalmente frágil o no, y en el contexto de su entorno del espacio territorial y de la planificación de uso del suelo de que se disponga.
3. Verificación de la calificación final sobre la significancia del impacto ambiental (SIA) de la actividad, obra o proyecto.” Artículo 98.- Áreas Ambientalmente frágiles (AAF). Tienen por objetivo considerar, a priori, una serie de variables ambientales y jurídicas de un espacio geográfico, a fin de facilitar una decisión más acertada sobre el área en el que se desarrollará un proyecto, obra o actividad.
Las AAF, por su naturaleza, se dividen en dos grupos principales: a) aquellas áreas para las cuales el Estado ha definido un régimen especial de uso (marco jurídico y técnico definido); b) los espacios geográficos que muestran limitantes técnicas y ambientales para su uso.
La evaluación de si el área del proyecto se localiza dentro de un AAF deberá ser realizada por el desarrollador desde las fases iniciales del proyecto. El hecho de que el área de proyecto forma parte de un AAF no constituye necesariamente la prohibición o impedimento para el desarrollo del proyecto, obra o actividad, salvo que la legislación vigente así lo establezca. En este caso, el conocimiento de esa situación debe hacer que se identifiquen las limitantes técnicas ambientales y se promueva un diseño del proyecto, obra o actividad de forma tal que puedan superar dichas limitantes técnicas y de esta manera, no afectar proyectos de bajo impacto que típicamente se desarrollan en las AAF.
La SETENA, durante el trámite de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental tendrá la obligación de verificar mediante las herramientas digitales disponibles, la situación del AP respecto a las AAF definidas y tomar en cuenta el resultado de ese análisis dentro del proceso de toma de decisiones que involucra el sistema. En caso de incertidumbre podrá realizar una inspección al sitio para determinar la naturaleza del terreno.
Para efectos del presente Decreto Ejecutivo, se tendrán como áreas ambientalmente frágiles las siguientes: (…)” En efecto, estas normas permiten a los desarrolladores de proyectos de bajo impacto (entre el 54% y el 65 % del total de proyectos que pasan por la SETENA) construir en áreas ambientalmente frágiles. Tal permisibilidad requiere de fundamento técnico para asegurarse que el desarrollo de proyectos en estas áreas no redundará en un impacto ambiental negativo.
Todo lo cual viola el derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, de objetivación, principio pro natura.
-Artículo 15, “Artículo 15.- Viabilidad Ambiental Potencial. Una vez presentados los requisitos indicados en el artículo 11 del presente reglamento, el desarrollador o consultor podrá solicitar a la SETENA la Viabilidad Ambiental Potencial (VAP), la cual se otorgará en un plazo máximo de 7 días naturales. La obtención de la misma habilitaría al desarrollador de la actividad, obra o proyecto para iniciar o continuar gestiones de trámites ante otras entidades tanto públicas como privadas.
Lo anterior en el entendido de que, el inicio de actividades o concesión tal y como se define en este Reglamento, podrían darse únicamente con el otorgamiento de la Viabilidad (Licencia) Ambiental (VLA), la cual se obtendría hasta que se finalice con la respectiva fase del proceso de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental.” En efecto, dicha norma permite al desarrollador empezar la tramitación de permisos en otras instituciones antes de que acabe el proceso de permisos en SETENA. Autorización que resulta contraproducente, pues el resto de instituciones públicas o privadas deberían requerir de certeza sobre la viabilidad ambiental y no una viabilidad “potencial”. Categoría discutible desde el punto de vista de protección al ambiente. En materia ambiental, dada su fragilidad, se requiere la certeza y no la potencialidad.
Todo lo cual viola el derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, de objetivación, principio pro natura.
-Artículo 39, “Artículo 39.- Actividades de muy bajo impacto ambiental. Las solicitudes de extracción de árboles en pie con un volumen comercial menor que 30 metros cúbicos, y las solicitudes de extracción de aprovechamiento en bosque de menos de 10 árboles caídos por propiedad, dentro de las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas son actividades que potencialmente generarán impactos ambientales puntuales, de baja intensidad y permanencia en el tiempo, por lo que estas solicitudes son tipificadas como actividades de muy bajo impacto ambiental, por lo tanto, estas actividades no deberán gestionar el D4 Forestal.” En efecto, dicha norma permite la corta de árboles de 30 mts cúbicos y la extracción de 10 árboles caídos de las áreas silvestres protegidas, sin que se requiera ya el trámite establecido en la normativa 31849. Tal como lo indica la PGR en su informe, esta norma, además de la excepción que hace para la evaluación de impacto ambiental en la extracción de árboles y las solicitudes de extracción de aprovechamiento en bosque dentro de las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas; no diferencia si se trata de los supuestos de propiedades privadas que se encuentran dentro de áreas silvestres protegidas, no contempla la evaluación de impacto ambiental, en contraposición con el artículo 37 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y las normas en cuanto a la exigencia de esa evaluación en terrenos privados incluidos en áreas silvestres protegidas. Toda esta liberalización no tiene sustento técnico, es una muestra que evidencia que el interés privado se impone a un interés colectivo tan relevante como el ambiente, la tutela de la casa común.
Estas variaciones conculcan el derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, de objetivación, principio pro natura.
-Artículo 47 “Artículo 47.- De la unificación de viabilidades ambientales. El desarrollador podrá solicitar a la SETENA la unificación de varios proyectos con viabilidad ambiental otorgada, bajo las siguientes condiciones:
1. Cuando un mismo desarrollador tenga uno o varios proyectos que operan en una misma propiedad o en propiedades colindantes y que los proyectos sean similares o complementarios en tipo y actividad, podrá unificar los expedientes administrativos para garantizar el cumplimiento de los compromisos ambientales adquiridos de forma que no se dé una fragmentación del proyecto. En caso de que una o ambas de las actividades aprobadas no sean coincidentes o complementarias con el proyecto que desea realizarse, deberá someterse además en el mismo acto a un proceso de modificación.
2. Cuando dos proyectos colindantes que obtuvieron viabilidad ambiental desean unificarse para crear un proyecto en conjunto igual o diferente al otorgado mediante las viabilidades ambientales otorgadas originalmente, podrán solicitar la unificación de expedientes. En caso de que una o ambas de las actividades aprobadas no sean coincidentes o complementarias con el proyecto realizado o por ejecutarse, deberá someterse además en el mismo acto a un proceso de modificación.
3. Cuando el área del proyecto varíe en tamaño debido a la unificación, deberá así constatarse dentro del documento de unificación indicando la nueva área y estableciendo en todos los casos los compromisos ambientales nuevos adquiridos, prevaleciendo los de mayor instrumento de evaluación ambiental.
Presentada la información completa, la SETENA dispondrá de un plazo máximo de 21 días naturales para emitir la resolución respectiva.
El trámite de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental se realizará por medio de la plataforma digital o el medio que SETENA establezca.” En efecto, dicha norma permite reconocer como un único proyecto la unión de proyectos de tamaño inferior a mil metros que no requieren de EIA si son construidos en una misma propiedad, propiciando fraccionamientos de megaproyectos en mini proyectos y con ello evadir los estudios, los controles y regulaciones que podría tener un proyecto mayor. La norma establece un instrumento que permite evadir los controles ambientales en función de los intereses de la colectividad.
Estas variaciones conculcan el derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, de objetivación, principio pro natura.
Conforme a los principios constitucionales de: tutela del derecho al ambiente; el principio preventivo (cuando haya certeza de posibles daños al ambiente, la actividad afectante deba ser prohibida, limitada, o condicionada al cumplimiento de ciertos requerimientos); el principio precautorio (cuando haya peligro de daño grave e irreversible, la falta de certeza científica absoluta no deberá utilizarse como razón para postergar la adopción de medidas eficaces en función de los costos para impedir la degradación del medio ambiente); el principio pro in dubio natura (en caso de duda o incerteza las controversias deben resolverse y las normas deben interpretarse a favor de la protección y conservación del ambiente); el principio de objetivación de la tutela ambiental (o principio de la vinculación a la ciencia y a la técnica, según el cual se impone acreditar con estudios técnicos la toma de decisiones en esta materia, tanto en relación con actos como de las disposiciones de carácter general -tanto legales como reglamentarias-, de donde se deriva la exigencia de la "vinculación a la ciencia y a la técnica", con lo cual, se condiciona la discrecionalidad de la Administración en esta materia); el principio de progresividad y no regresión en materia ambiental (la obligación del Estado de ir aumentado la protección y de no adoptar medidas, políticas o normas jurídicas que empeoren la situación de protección alcanzada); el principio de uso racional de los recursos; el principio pro natura (resolver e interpretar siempre a favor del ambiente); resultan inconstitucionales las normas apuntadas del Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental que modificaron el régimen anterior, desmejorando el nivel de protección al ambiente.
La visión que expreso en este voto particular, expresa una seria preocupación por el deterioro de la tutela ambiental, ignorando principios tan importantes de la tutela ambiental y cuya violación no requiere una argumentación abundante del accionante.
Luego, en adición a todo lo anterior, considero que se ha violentado el derecho de participación ciudadana. Además, procede admitir la legitimación en este caso para la defensa de la autonomía municipal. Claramente el reglamento impugnado no cumple a cabalidad con los criterios para considerarse como debidamente consultado. Nótese que se consultó por medio de una página web a la cual no toda la población tiene acceso y la población que podría accederla, no conocía que estaba en consulta en esa página, porque no tuvo la debida publicidad. Tampoco parece que fue consultado con las municipalidades a las que involucra directamente en el uso y cumplimiento de esta normativa. Así la consulta realizada fue por medio de una página web del Ministerio de Comercio, que no tuvo la debida difusión a toda la ciudadanía, que pocas personas tienen acceso a una web de este tipo y que es desconocida. La normativa internacional establece que la difusión se debe dar por medios que lleguen a toda la ciudadanía y que puedan presentar sus objeciones de modo fácil.
En esta materia, la Administración en general, no evidencia un compromiso con la participación ciudadana, sólo se crean unos procedimientos que no pueden catalogarse como participación ciudadana. Ni siquiera este tribunal le parece trascendental la participación ciudadana, porque por voto de mayoría, se debilitó la exigencia del control ciudadano efectivo en proyectos de interés ambiental. Se habla mucho de democracia, de participación, pero cuando se requiere su cabal cumplimiento, ni la administración ni el control judicial, la convierten en vivencia efectiva de la cultura democrática.
Fernando Cruz C.
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