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Res. 06027-2025 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 26/02/2025
OutcomeResultado
The Constitutional Chamber, by majority, dismissed the unconstitutionality action on admissibility grounds, without analyzing the merits of the claims.La Sala Constitucional, por mayoría, declaró sin lugar la acción de inconstitucionalidad por razones de admisibilidad, sin analizar el fondo de los alegatos.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber, by majority, dismissed the unconstitutionality action filed against Executive Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, the Regulation for Environmental Assessment, Control and Monitoring. The majority decision was based on admissibility grounds, primarily the lack of sufficient and precise argumentation in the claim, without addressing the merits of the numerous challenges alleging environmental deregulation, violation of the principle of non-regression, inadequate public consultation, and other constitutional principles. The dissenting vote by Judge Cruz Castro declared several articles (3, 9, 13, 15, 39, 47 and 98) unconstitutional, finding they violated the right to a healthy environment and the principles of progressivity and non-regression, among others, and also addressed the claim on citizen participation.La Sala Constitucional, por mayoría, declara sin lugar la acción de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta contra el Decreto Ejecutivo No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, Reglamento de Evaluación, Control y Seguimiento Ambiental. La decisión mayoritaria se basa en razones de admisibilidad, principalmente por falta de una argumentación suficiente y precisa en la demanda, sin entrar al fondo de las múltiples impugnaciones sobre la supuesta desregulación ambiental, violación al principio de no regresión, falta de consulta pública adecuada, y otros principios constitucionales. El voto salvado del magistrado Cruz Castro declara inconstitucionales varios artículos (3, 9, 13, 15, 39, 47 y 98) por considerar que vulneran el derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, entre otros, así como por el alegato sobre participación ciudadana.
Key excerptExtracto clave
By majority, the unconstitutionality action is dismissed on admissibility grounds. Judge Cruz Castro issues a dissenting vote and declares articles 3, 9, 13, 15, 39, 47 and 98 of the environmental assessment, control and monitoring regulation unconstitutional, for violation of the right to a healthy environment and the principles of progressivity and non-regression, objectification, and the pro natura principle. He also dissents regarding the claim of violation of the right to citizen participation and standing in defense of municipal autonomy.Por mayoría, se declara sin lugar la acción de inconstitucionalidad por razones de admisibilidad. El magistrado Cruz Castro salva el voto y declara inconstitucionales los artículos 3, 9, 13, 15, 39, 47 y 98 del Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental, por violación del derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, de objetivación, principio pro natura. Salva igualmente el voto en cuanto al alegato de violación al derecho de participación ciudadana y a la legitimación en defensa de la autonomía municipal.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"El artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional dispone que en el escrito de interposición de una acción de inconstitucionalidad deben exponerse sus fundamentos en forma clara y precisa, con cita concreta de las normas o principios que se consideren infringidos."
"Article 78 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction provides that the grounds for an unconstitutionality action must be set out clearly and precisely, with specific citation of the rules or principles considered infringed."
Resultando 4. Sobre el fondo de la acción
"El artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional dispone que en el escrito de interposición de una acción de inconstitucionalidad deben exponerse sus fundamentos en forma clara y precisa, con cita concreta de las normas o principios que se consideren infringidos."
Resultando 4. Sobre el fondo de la acción
"No le corresponde a este Tribunal revisar de oficio las normas para determinar donde pueden existir inconstitucionalidades; esa tarea le corresponde al accionante."
"It is not for this Court to review rules ex officio to determine where unconstitutionalities may exist; that task belongs to the claimant."
Resultando 4. Sobre el fondo de la acción, citando Voto 6202-2021
"No le corresponde a este Tribunal revisar de oficio las normas para determinar donde pueden existir inconstitucionalidades; esa tarea le corresponde al accionante."
Resultando 4. Sobre el fondo de la acción, citando Voto 6202-2021
"El principio de no regresión en materia ambiental impone al Estado el deber de no adoptar medidas, políticas, ni aprobar normas jurídicas que disminuyan el nivel de tutela o protección del ambiente alcanzado hasta entonces, si no se cuenta con fundamento técnico suficiente para ello."
"The principle of non-regression in environmental matters imposes on the State the duty not to adopt measures, policies, or approve legal norms that diminish the level of environmental protection achieved up to that point, unless there is sufficient technical basis for doing so."
Resultando 4. Sobre los alegatos referidos a todo el Reglamento
"El principio de no regresión en materia ambiental impone al Estado el deber de no adoptar medidas, políticas, ni aprobar normas jurídicas que disminuyan el nivel de tutela o protección del ambiente alcanzado hasta entonces, si no se cuenta con fundamento técnico suficiente para ello."
Resultando 4. Sobre los alegatos referidos a todo el Reglamento
Full documentDocumento completo
Date of Resolution: February 26, 2025, at 1:00 p.m.
Case File: 23-020177-0007-CO Type of Matter: Unconstitutionality action Constitutional Review: Dismissive judgment Judgment with Dissenting Vote Judgments from the same case file Judgment with protected data, in accordance with current regulations Content of Interest:
Type of content: Majority vote Branch of Law: 3. MATTERS OF CONSTITUTIONALITY REVIEW Topic: ENVIRONMENT Subtopics:
NOT APPLICABLE.
ENVIRONMENT. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT, CONTROL AND MONITORING Case File: 23-020177-0007-CO Judgment: 006027-25 of February 26, 2025 Type of matter: Unconstitutionality action Challenged regulation: Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental. No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAC-MEIC. Published in Alcance No. 65 of La Gaceta No. 67 of 04-19-2023 Operative part: By majority, the unconstitutionality action is dismissed for reasons of admissibility. Magistrate Cruz Castro dissents and declares Articles 3, 9, 13, 15, 39, 47, and 98 of the Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental unconstitutional, for violation of the right to the environment and the principles of progressivity and non-regression, objectification, and the pro natura principle. He likewise dissents regarding the claim of violation of the right to citizen participation and standing in defense of municipal autonomy. Let it be notified.
CO03/26 ... See more *CO* SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at thirteen hours and zero minutes on February twenty-sixth, two thousand twenty-five.
Unconstitutionality action filed by [Name 001], ID number [Value 001], Costa Rican, resident of the canton of Belén de Heredia, widow, retired journalist, and [Name 002], ID number [Value 002], divorced, attorney, license number [Value 003], commissioned specialist of the Comisión de Política Ambiental, Económica y Social (CPAES), and of the Comisión de Derecho Ambiental CMDA of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, against Articles 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90, and 98 of Decreto Ejecutivo No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental, published on April 19, 2023, in Alcance No. 65 of La Gaceta No. 67. Appearing in this proceeding are Iván Vinicio Vincenti Rojas, of legal age, divorced, attorney, identity card number 106950983, in his capacity as Procurador General de la República; Francisco Ernesto Gamboa Soto, in his capacity as Minister of Economía, Industria y Comercio; Luis Esteban Amador Jiménez, in his capacity as Minister of Obras Públicas y Transportes; Víctor Julio Carvajal Porras, in his capacity as Minister of Agricultura y Ganadería; Franz Tattenbach Capra, in his capacity as Minister of Ambiente y Energía; Mary Denisse Munive Angermüller, in her dual capacity as Vice President of the Republic and Minister of Salud. Likewise, Ulises Gerardo Alvarez Acosta appears as a passive intervener, in his capacity as Secretario General of the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental.
Considering:
“Challenged Regulation In accordance with Article 73.a of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, the challenged regulation is Reglamento SETENA 43898 MINAE-S-MOPT-MAC-MEIC, published on April 19, 2023, in Alcance No. 65 of La Gaceta No. 67; the complete regulation is attached.
The unconstitutionality of the SETENA regulation 43898, in its Articles 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90, 98, is unconstitutional, violating the norms and Principles indicated below.
Justifying facts under Article 75 As justifying facts under Article 75 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional:
1. In an email communication dated April 24, 2023, sent the same day by email to the email accounts [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], the unconstitutionality of the challenged regulation was alleged. The inquiry was answered by email sent from the account [email protected], on May 10, 2023, with official letter number SETENA-SG-0404-2023. Documents are attached.
2. Due to the nature of the matter, there is no individual injury, since the regulation containing the challenged norm is of collective compliance for the inhabitants of the country.
3. The plaintiffs are part of the collective Kañík (Forest in the Bribrí language), which is a popular collective composed of members of society who defend collective and diffuse interests in environmental matters. In addition to being human rights defenders in environmental matters, in accordance with the conventional and constitutional norms and jurisprudence cited in the Action, they file this lawsuit and have the legal capacity to act in this matter to defend human rights in environmental matters.
Grounds 1- The SETENA regulation 43898 is a reform of regulation 31849. Some articles were changed, and others were incorporated.
2- The challenged regulation, regulation 43898, omits the preventive controls that were established in previous regulations and thereby violates the principle of ‘non-regressivity’; it opens the possibility of irreversible environmental damage occurring and consequently diminishes the quality of life. And, in this case, Articles 50 and 51 of the Constitución Política are violated. Article 3, because it excludes activities that under the previous regulation required environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) and lowers the maximum thresholds for classifying low, medium, or high impact.
3- Regulation 43898, in its creation, was not duly consulted, just by means of a web page to which not all the population has access, and the population that can access it did not know it was under consultation on that page, because it did not have due publicity, therefore it is false that it was publicly consulted. It was not consulted with the municipalities, which are directly involved in the use and compliance with this regulation. Articles 3, 7 (in its point 6), 51 (in the previous decree, this article corresponded to 48). Article 1 of the Ley de la Administración Pública is violated, the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente in its Article 17, the Principle of Legal Reserve. Regulation 43898 does not take into account that approximately 50% of the country's cantons lack regulatory plans (planes reguladores) and only 6 are aware of the areas of their environmental fragility. Popular Consultation, it violates popular consultation since there was no adequate consultation to reform the previous regulation. Note that the consultation carried out was through a web page of the Ministerio de Comercio, which did not have due dissemination to the entire citizenry, few people have access to a website of this type, and it is unknown. International regulations establish that dissemination must be done through means that reach all citizens and that they can easily present their objections.
4- The content of regulation 43898 presents a generalized deregulation. Articles 3, 32 (in some cases eliminates the obligation to undergo an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA)) 39, 47, 9. The Principle of non-regressivity is violated. Regressions may end up causing, as a consequence, irreversible or difficult-to-repair environmental damage. Article 50 of the Constitución Política and the American Convention on Human Rights. Article 3, in addition to what has been indicated, in its subsection 8, favors the expansion of dangerous, polluting, and destructive agricultural activities for the environment, such as aggressive pineapple cultivation.
5- In regulation 43898, the responsibility that SETENA had in the previous regulation regarding road matters is completely evaded; according to regulation 31849, Article 9, point 12 mentions SETENA's responsibility to require, if warranted, a road study approved by the MOPT. It violates the Deregulation Principle. Violation of the Principle of non-regressivity.
6- Regulation 43898 in its Article 3 reduces the thresholds for construction areas. In the previous regulation, 31849, the ceiling was 500 square meters; in the one before that it was 300; and in this regulation, 43898, it is 1,000. Below that limit, developers do not have to undergo EIAs. It minimizes EIAs, focusing only on the aspects of control and monitoring and leaving aside the preventive part. It violates the Deregulation Principle, violation of the Principle of non-regressivity. Precautionary Principle or Prudent Avoidance: the challenged regulation nullifies the attitude, the preventive action that SETENA must have to “provide everything that is necessary – within the scope permitted by law – in order to prevent irreversible damage to the environment” (Judgment 14180-10 Sala Constitucional), because without technical or scientific support it allows the change of environmental regulations or deregulations previously established in the prior regulation (Regulation 31849) that can harm the environment.
Principle of Own Acts: the challenged regulation has suppressed, by its own action, the acts it has issued that confer subjective rights to individuals and the environment, since it comes to reform the environmental benefits previously granted to Nature. Principle of Non-retroactivity and Intangibility of Own Acts: The challenged regulation came to annul ex officio the previous favorable regulation established in Regulation 31849, which established more favorable benefits for the Environment, which is a declaration of rights that benefit the administered party—environmental, social, and economic rights. Such action could only occur as a qualified exception to the “doctrine of the non-revocability of own acts favorable to the administered party, or the principle of intangibility of own acts, to which this specialized Chamber has conferred constitutional rank as deriving from Article 34 of the Constitución Política.” Judgment of Sala Constitucional 2186-94, 899-95.
7- Regulation 43898 in its Article 47 establishes the institutional obligation to recognize as a single project the union of projects smaller than one thousand meters that do not require an EIA if they are built on the same property, promoting the ILLICIT FRAGMENTATION or SUBDIVISION (fraccionamiento) of mega-projects into mini-projects in order to evade the studies, controls, and regulations that a larger project could have, deceiving the Administration, human populations, and trying to deceive Nature, varying the assessment instrument” (subdivision (fraccionamiento) by elusion). Deregulation. Violation of the Principle of Non-regressivity, ILLICIT FRAGMENTATION, Principle of Regulation of Human Conduct of Article 4.d of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, and the Principle of Procuring the Greatest Well-being for All Inhabitants of the Country, Constitución Política in its Article 50, a whole of the EIA, Article 94 of the Ley de Biodiversidad, Jurisprudence of UNCITRAL Case Aven vs Costa Rica (Aven vs Costa Rica, 2018).
8- Regulation 43898 in its Article 39 introduces the right to cut 30 cubic meters of trees and extract 10 fallen trees from protected wild areas (áreas silvestres protegidas), without the procedure established in regulation 31849 now being required. It violates the Deregulation Principle. The Principle of non-regression is violated, and it contradicts what is stipulated in Decreto 25700-MINAE, which declares a total ban on the use (veda total en el aprovechamiento) of trees in danger of extinction, and Article 50 of the Constitución Política, as well as the IUCN Red List and the CITES List.
9- Regulation 43898 warns, in Articles 17 and 90, about crimes that the Public Administration could commit, reversing the burden of committing crimes against the administrators, benefiting the developers; violating the constitutional principles of good faith and intimidating the public official, with what could be called workplace psychological harassment. In contradiction, Articles 87 and 88 appear, where sanctions for developers are reduced. In these, the burdens are reversed, imposing criminal sanctions on public officials and relieving the private developer. The Principles of Non-Regression and Deregulation are violated, causing an imbalance of interests.
10- Regulation 43898 unduly favors the private sector over the public or the community. It is a manual for reducing procedures before the Secretaría Técnica Ambiental that completely ignores the preventive and environmental protection aspect, to favor developers. Article 21 of the Convention on Human Rights indicates the need for the collective interest to prevail over the individual interest, and the Constitución Política also states this in its Article 46; note that Environmental Regulations must favor the weaker party; in this case, the weaker party is Mother Earth and its inhabitants, and the strong party is the developers who have all the economic resources to take advantage of the Environment, profiting from it and generating an environmental, social, and economic liability.
11- Regulation 43898 in its Articles 98 and 13 (especially point 2) allows developers of low-impact projects (between 54% and 65% of the total projects that go through SETENA) to build in environmentally fragile areas. The Escazú Agreement (CEPAL, 2018) is violated, Article 50 of the Constitución Política, and the American Convention on Human Rights. Deregulation. It violates the Principle of non-regressivity. In Dubio Pro Natura Principle, Article 50 of the Constitución Política. Deregulation, violation of the Principle of non-regressivity. Precautionary Principle or Prudent Avoidance: the challenged regulation nullifies the attitude, the preventive action that SETENA must have to “provide everything that is necessary – within the scope permitted by law – in order to prevent irreversible damage to the environment” (Judgment 14180-10 Sala Constitucional), because without technical or scientific support it allows the change of environmental regulations or deregulations previously established in the prior regulation (Regulation 31849) that can harm the environment.
Principle of Own Acts: the challenged regulation has suppressed, by its own action, the acts it has issued that confer subjective rights to individuals and the environment, since it comes to reform the environmental benefits previously granted to Nature. Principle of Non-retroactivity and Intangibility of Own Acts: The challenged regulation came to annul ex officio the previous favorable regulation established in Regulation 31849, which established more favorable benefits for the Environment, which is a declaration of rights that benefit the administered party—environmental, social, and economic rights. Such action could only occur as a qualified exception to the “doctrine of the non-revocability of own acts favorable to the administered party, or the principle of intangibility of own acts, to which this specialized Chamber has conferred constitutional rank as deriving from Article 34 of the Constitución Política.” Judgment of Sala Constitucional 2186-94, 899-95.
Principle of Sustainable Development: the challenged regulation disfavors the human being and nature itself by breaking the regulatory and natural balance that must exist in human populations and the environment or nature. In Dubio Pro Natura: the contested regulation is completely contrary to the pro natura principle by allowing economic development for the benefit of a third party within environmentally fragile zones without a prior technical study, or even if one exists, given that Nature is at the service of Humans, providing essential resources for subsistence and creating an adequate balance to sustain life on the planet. Principle of Environmental Protection: this principle is violated by changing development zones within environmentally fragile zones, benefiting only the economy of the applicant or developer without considering the Environment and the ecosystem services it provides to humans, “as this shall apply when there is a danger of serious or irreversible damage to the environment.” Judgment 17155-09 Sala Constitucional.
In this sense, the challenged regulation throws to the ground all precautionary measures to avoid any environmental or personal damage. Principle of Prevention of Environmental Risk: the challenged regulation allows or does not prevent possible damages or impacts to the environment that could be irreversible to environmentally fragile zones, to species in danger of extinction, to water sources, to the soil, to the air, and to human beings.
12- Regulation 43898 in its Article 15 allows the developer to begin processing permits in other institutions before the permit process at SETENA ends. It violates the Deregulation Principle. In jurisprudence in judgment No. 008201 of April 12, 2023, the constitutional judges partially granted an unconstitutionality action, thereby annulling a specific phrase contained in the fourth paragraph of Article 15 of the Ley de Protección al Ciudadano del Exceso de Requisitos y Trámites Administrativos, Law 8220 “the matter of health, environment and”, reformed by Law No. 10,072 of November 18, 2021: “For the granting of licenses, permits, authorizations or any other procedure required by the administered party, including the matter of health, environment and municipal authorizations, the entities or bodies of the Administration may grant temporary approvals subject to the fulfillment of subsequent requirements within a period of up to six months, in the cases that each one defines, the administered party being obliged to comply with what is pending.” 13- Regulation 43898 in its Article 35 abandons SETENA's control once the developer obtains environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental), leaving the responsibility with third parties.
Violating the principles of Deregulation. Principle of non-regressivity, Principle of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, Article 50 of the Constitución Política, violating the Principle of Environmental Protection, Principle of Prevention of Environmental Damage, Article 4.c of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente.
14- Regulation 43898 completely dispenses with what is contained in regulation 31849 in its Article 35, where the sending of the EsIAs to other authorities related to construction permits is mandated. It violates the Deregulation Principle and the Principles of Non-Regression and Non-retroactivity of environmental regulations.
15- Regulation 43898, in its Article 41, imposes that different “users” could utilize the forest resources of protected wild areas (áreas silvestres protegidas). It violates the principles of the Principle of non-regressivity, Principle of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, Constitución Política in its Article 50, Deregulation, Principle of non-regressivity. In Dubio Pro Natura Principle and Ley Forestal 7575.
16- The Regulation 43898 dispenses with the obligation of the developer to communicate and publicize in a nationally circulated newspaper the environmental impact studies that it is submitting before SETENA; contrary to the previous regulation 31849 in its Article 41, which required it, the new regulation reduces it to a publication on the SETENA website for those purposes. Violating the Deregulation Principles. Principle of regressivity, It violates the right to Information, Principle of non-regressivity, Principle of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, Constitución Política in its Article 50, Deregulation, Principle of non-regressivity. In Dubio Pro Natura Principle.
17- Regulation 43898 does not contain Form D-6 mentioned in Articles 24, 25, 26 because Anexo 7, where this Form D-6 must appear, as indicated by Article 24, was not included. Neither does Anexo 9 appear with Form D-4, which is mentioned in Articles 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42. It violates the Principles of non-regressivity, Principle of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, Constitución Política in its Article 50, Deregulation, Principle of non-regressivity. In Dubio Pro Natura Principle.
18- That regulation 43898, according to its Article 87, was downgraded, and failing to respond to a request for information requested by SETENA is considered a minor offense. Violating the Principles of non-regressivity, Principle of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, Constitución Política in its Article 50, Deregulation, Principle of non-regressivity. In Dubio Pro Natura Principle.
19- That the framework of constitutionality and legality does not authorize SETENA to partially or totally delegate the functions that are its own; however, it provides that projects, works, or activities for which the requirement of the Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental) process before SETENA is eliminated, only need to complete the procedure that must be fulfilled in other institutions and comply with the provisions of the Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales (E.g., Article 32.c), since it violates the Principle of Legal Reserve and violates the Principle of Non-Regression; SETENA does not have the legal power to give orders to municipalities through a regulation, as they are autonomous entities by constitutional and legal provision (in the Código Municipal). Article 3 transfers to the municipalities the responsibility for everything concerning the issuance of permits for works of very low environmental impact that do not require environmental impact assessments by Setena. This obligation is exclusive to SETENA and has been legally granted to it by Articles 83 and 84 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and Article 3 of the Reglamento de Funcionamiento de la Comisión Plenaria de la SETENA number 43212-MINAE.
Specific citation of infringed norms or principles The challenged regulation violates the Principles of:
Principle of Legality enshrined in Article 11 of the Constitution, since the contested regulation disobeys the Ley Forestal, the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, the Ley de Biodiversidad, as noted above.
Principle of Hierarchy of Norms, Articles 1, 2, 8 of Law 63 Código Civil, Article 6 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, the Constitución Política, since the contested regulation disobeys the Ley Forestal, the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, the Ley de Biodiversidad, as noted above.
Precautionary Principle or Prudent Avoidance: the challenged regulation nullifies the attitude, the preventive action that SETENA must have to “provide everything that is necessary – within the scope permitted by law – in order to prevent irreversible damage to the environment” (Judgment 14180-10 Sala Constitucional), because without technical or scientific support it allows reducing the environmental responsibilities of developers, which can harm the environment.
Principle of Own Acts: the SETENA Administration, through the challenged regulation, has suppressed, by its own action, the acts it may have issued, the previous Regulation number 31849, which confer subjective rights to individuals, since it comes to reform or eliminate the previous regulation through the reform of the contested Regulation.
Principle of Non-retroactivity and Intangibility of Own Acts: The SETENA Administration came to annul the favorable administrative act established in Regulation number 31849, which exhaustively established stricter environmental regulations, which is a declaration of rights for the administered party—environmental, social, and economic rights. Such action could only occur as a qualified exception to the “doctrine of the non-revocability of own acts favorable to the administered party, or the principle of intangibility of own acts, to which this specialized Chamber has conferred constitutional rank as deriving from Article 34 of the Constitución Política.” Judgment of Sala Constitucional 2186-94, 899-95.
Popular Consultation, it violates popular consultation since there was no due, accessible consultation to reform regulation 31849 through the contested regulation.
Principle of Sustainable Development: the challenged regulation disfavors the human being and nature itself by breaking the regulatory and natural balance that must exist in human populations and the environment or nature.
In Dubio Pro Natura: the contested regulation is completely contrary to the pro natura principle by tearing down previous regulations that protected the Environment to a greater extent, without a prior technical study known to the population and environmental consultants, given that Nature is at the service of Humans, providing essential resources for subsistence and creating an adequate balance to sustain life on the planet.
Principle of Environmental Protection: this principle is violated by lowering environmental regulations, benefiting only the economy of the developers without considering the Environment, lacking “technical and scientific studies with the participation of environmental consultants and the population, as this shall apply when there is a danger of serious or irreversible damage to the environment.” Judgment 17155-09 Sala Constitucional. In this sense, the challenged regulation throws to the ground all precautionary measures to avoid any environmental or personal damage.
Principle of Prevention of Environmental Risk: the challenged regulation allows or does not prevent possible damages or impacts to the environment that could be irreversible, by tearing down regulations that were previously in force.
Principle of Linkage to Science and Technique: the cited regulation came to reform regulation 31849, which contained technically and scientifically based norms, subject to the approval of several institutions, without the reform having a technical-scientific study to support it.
Principle of citizen participation, based on: Principle 1 of the Rio Declaration, Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration, Principle 2 of the Forest Declaration (1992), Article 23, numeral 1, subparagraph a), of the American Convention on Human Rights, Article 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 3, subparagraph c), of the Convention to Combat Desertification, Article 8, subparagraph j) of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Article 6 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and Article 31 of the same law, which protects the environment through consultations with external environmental consultants of SETENA and the citizenry, since there was not full openness to the citizenry to consult the reform but rather a consultation on a page of the MEIC that is neither accessible nor generally known to the citizenry, nor to consultants; the proposal was not sent by mail to environmental consultants or municipalities.
Principle of Social Justice: the cited regulation fails to comply with the fundamental requirements of equity, proportionality, and reasonableness that must prevail in public norms and acts, since, by degrading the requirements of the previous regulation, as the Environment is a common good of society, the right of others to have a healthy and ecologically balanced environment is being taken away.
IUCN Red List: the challenged regulation did not foresee that an alteration or risk to migratory and native species in danger of extinction (IUCN, 2022) could occur (In total 60 endangered species in Costa Rica https://www.iucnredlist.org/es/search?landRegions=CR&searchType=species).
CITES List of Endangered Species, Costa Rica: the challenged regulation did not foresee that an alteration to individuals and their habitat of species included in the CITES list (CITES, 2017) could occur.
Framework Principles on Human Rights and the Environment, UN (UN, 2018), which protects the rights of citizens to participation, access to information, and protection of environmental defenders.
Escazú Convention (CEPAL, 2018), introduced into the inter-American jurisprudential block by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, starting from the judgment Baraona Bray vs Chile of November 24, 2022 (Baraona Bray vs Chile, 2022)1, in application of the principle of progressivity of human rights, which protects the rights of citizens to participation, access to information, and protection of environmental defenders.
Aarhus Convention of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN, Aarhus Convention, 1998), in application of the principle of progressivity of human rights, which protects the rights of citizens to participation, access to information, and protection of environmental defenders.
Claims formulated Primary 1. Allow the hearing to be held with technical specialists that we will provide for it; the participation of 5 technical specialists is requested.
2.
Declare that SETENA Regulation 43898 MINAE-S-MOPT-MAC-MEIC, published on April 19, 2023 in Supplement No. 65 to Gazette No. 67, is unconstitutional with its consequent effects on the aforementioned articles (articles 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90, 98) and in its entirety by deregulating the prior norm and leaving it without the environmental defenses already cited.
3. Regarding the proceeding, given that this human rights issue in environmental matters is a specialized subject, it is requested that the Procurador attending this case file be a procurator from the environmental area who can present arguments regarding the unconstitutionality claim in an integral manner, based on environmental, human, and constitutional principles, for the benefit of constitutionality."
Regarding the elimination of the requirement to submit environmental impact studies for construction permits to other institutions, within the idea of improving procedures, if the user indicates that such a study exists and is already on file with another public agency, they should not be required to submit it again. It considers that the publicity of a procedure on the SETENA website guarantees its broad awareness, since the website is fully accessible. With respect to categorizing failure to respond to SETENA's requests as a minor fault, it notes that the developer is interested in obtaining environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) and omitting to respond to the secretariat's requests works to their own detriment, as it could mean not obtaining said feasibility.
With which it is concluded that there is no environmental lack of protection insofar as the existing rules for those low-impact projects imposed by other institutions have been and must be applied, and therefore what this Chamber, as cited supra, has indicated in explaining that environmental regression cannot be understood in absolute terms is fulfilled. The regulatory part of the Regulation under analysis is clear in stating: “IX. That from a technical point of view, this new EIA regulation considers the evolution and transformation in terms of the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) processes that have been determined worldwide and in the country, where there are new environmental variables to contemplate within the EIA processes, moving towards policies based on compliance with sustainable development objectives, and with new available technology, establishing technical and legal requirements, specific to the EIA processes, delimiting institutional competencies, and consistent with the moment in which the EIA is applied for the formalization of an activity, work or project in Costa Rica, generating legal certainty and reducing review periods in full adherence to the Law for the Protection of Citizens from Excessive Administrative Requirements and Procedures No. 8220 of March 4, 2002 and its amendments.
X. That it is necessary for the Environmental Impact Assessment to focus more on the fragility conditions of the areas where projects are intended to be developed, rather than on the magnitude of the projects, establishing environmental measures that mitigate significant negative impacts, with a model that gives greater weight to environmental monitoring with field verification and greater responsibility to the environmental managers who prepare the EIA processes.” 4. Regarding the Precautionary Principle, non-retroactivity, intangibility of one’s own acts, regulation of human conduct, pursuit of the greatest well-being, deregulation, legal reserve, and in dubio pro natura: The precautionary principle stipulates that when the environmental risks incurred by regulatory inaction are somewhat uncertain, but must be addressed, regulatory inaction is unjustified, which translates into adopting protective measures before having complete scientific proof of a risk.
The non-retroactivity of the law is a guarantee in favor of the governed, insofar as a norm cannot be given retroactive effect (application of new norms to legal acts, past facts, or events prior to the law) to the detriment of acquired rights or consolidated legal situations. A contrario sensu, if the norm favors the person, it can be given retroactive effect. The intangibility of one’s own acts establishes that the Administration cannot revoke acts that declare rights, except in exceptional cases and through legally established procedures. The regulation of human conduct is fundamental to public service and refers to the conduct to be followed in a certain situation or regarding other norms of the legal system. When speaking of the pursuit of the greatest well-being, it is a further realization of the Social State of Law in its function of procuring the greatest well-being for its inhabitants.
Deregulation or minimal regulation dictates that an act of the Administration will be considered authorized if the subject, the purpose, and the motive or content are regulated (Article 11 of the General Public Administration Law, LGAP). The principle in dubio pro natura indicates that when there is danger or threat of serious or imminent damage to the elements of biodiversity and the knowledge associated with them, the absence of scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason to postpone the adoption of effective protection measures. With respect to the previous definitions, it is not true that any of the aforementioned guiding elements are being violated, insofar as the Regulation was issued so that the Environmental Impact Assessment is more effective and directed at projects that actually require the implementation of additional environmental measures beyond those already regulated to prevent or compensate for impacts, and along that line, that they be provided with greater controls and more efficient monitoring.
It proceeds below to explain technically and legally why this is so in light of each allegation filed. SECOND. On the merits: Article 136 of the General Public Administration Law No. 6227 empowers the Administration to motivate its acts through explicit or unequivocal reference to the motives of the petition of the governed or to prior opinions that have actually determined the adoption of the act. Likewise, Article 302, subsection 1) of the same regulatory body establishes that technical opinions of any type from the Administration shall be entrusted to the public bodies expert in the branch in question. Therefore, in order to address this petition, a report was requested from the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA) of this Ministry. Given this situation, through official communication SETENA-SG-1123-2023 dated November 20, signed by the Secretary General of SETENA, the arguments raised in the unconstitutionality action against Articles 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90, and 98 of Executive Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC called the Regulation for Environmental Assessment, Control and Monitoring are set forth, which indicates: 1.
Regarding the claim that Article 3 of Decree 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC violates the principle of non-regression: The petitioners' position is incorrect because category C activities, works, and projects did not actually undergo an environmental impact assessment; an Environmental Viability License was not obtained; it was a REGISTRATION, with purely administrative and not technical requirements. Likewise: a) Category C low-impact projects were not submitted to an Environmental Impact Assessment to obtain an Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental); they only obtained a registration before SETENA, as was regulated by the Reform of the General Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Procedures, No. 41815-MINAES-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, of June 25, 2019; b) Decree No. 43898 maintains the thresholds for category C AOPs (actividades, obras o proyectos), for construction of less than 1000m2 and up to 999 m3 of earthworks (movimiento de tierra), just as Executive Decree 31849 was reformed through Decree No. 37803-MINAE-SMOPT-MAG-MEIC, to the Environmental Assessment Regulation, which were not submitted to an EIA; they only obtained an environmental registration; c) Executive Decree 43898 did not raise the thresholds; it is not deregulating several classifications.
Previously, they were already not subject to an EIA, only to a registration; d) Nor is the threshold changed for AOPs of more than 1000m2, which are AOPs that require submitting to the EIA and Environmental Monitoring; e) Likewise, SETENA maintains in the current decree what was established in the previous decree, 31849-MINAE, that for category C projects, with a threshold greater than 500m2 and less than 1000m2, and which are located in an environmentally fragile area defined in Article 98 of this regulation, they do require submitting to an Environmental Impact Assessment to obtain an Environmental Viability License approved by the Plenary Commission of SETENA; f) Responsibilities in EIA matters are not being given to other entities; what is being done is exempting some activities from EIA, but these maintain environmental controls by other institutions, always within their legal powers; g) It does not lower the maximum thresholds for classifying activities as low, medium, or high impact, as can be observed in Executive Decree No. 43898, in its Article 7.
On the other hand, it must be considered that the Comptroller General of the Republic, in its study No. 04-PFA “Audit of the 2000 Environmental Impact Assessment,” concludes: “(…) that entity is not being efficient and effective in its management of preliminary environmental assessment, monitoring, and follow-up processes, as it is diverting its resources into the assessment of many projects with little environmental impact...” “...the excessive workload saturates the response capacity of SETENA, since, by attending to activities of little environmental relevance, it diverts economic, human, and technical resources that could be used more profitably on activities and projects to be developed that represent greater risk to the environment (…)”. That is, the controlling body itself calls on SETENA to prioritize the environmental impact assessment on those activities, works, or projects (AOPs) that represent a greater risk to the environment and not to divert its resources to AOPs with little environmental impact that have their own regulatory framework, for whose compliance the intervention of this secretariat is not necessary.
Based on this report, the Executive Branch initiated an analysis process to filter the number of projects entering SETENA, in order to prioritize those that did represent a greater risk to the environment. This prioritization process for EIA processes was even ratified by the Constitutional Chamber itself, under case file 01-002886-0007-CO, where the following was indicated via Vote No. 01220-2002: “It is not meant by this that the Executive Branch cannot, through regulatory means, determine based on precise technical studies that a specific activity or project does not require environmental impact studies, but this implies that such a definition must be duly motivated and justified.” For this reason, since the implementation of Executive Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, and now with the implementation of Executive Decree No. 43898- MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, SETENA indicated which projects required processing an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and those that did not.
This is consistent with what is established by the Organic Environmental Law No. 7554, which indicates in its Article 17 the following: “(…) Environmental impact assessment. Human activities that alter or destroy elements of the environment or generate waste, toxic or hazardous materials, shall require an environmental impact assessment by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat created in this law. Its prior approval by this body shall be an indispensable requirement to initiate the activities, works, or projects. Laws and regulations shall indicate which activities, works, or projects will require the environmental impact assessment (...)”. Note that from the very law that creates the environmental impact assessment, it is made clear that laws and regulations will be the ones to indicate which activities, works, or projects must require the EIA process; therefore, Article 3 as such of Decree No. 43898 is not unconstitutional, as this norm is a mechanism provided for in the law to determine what must be processed by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat.
Regarding the exclusion of AOPs from the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), according to subsection 4 of Article 3 of Executive Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, it must be clarified that since 2008, the Plenary Commission of SETENA, through agreements and resolutions (Resolutions No. 583-2008, 2376-2016, 1909-2017, 1462-2018), has established activities of very low environmental impact that do not require submitting to the EIA. And what Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC does, through its Anexo 2, is to regularize, via decree, the activities that via administrative resolution had already been defined as not requiring submission to the EIA, as they are activities of very low environmental impact and, furthermore, are already amply regulated and controlled via regulation by other institutions that, although they do not have the function of conducting the EIA, have the obligation to carry out environmental controls as part of their competencies.
Thus concluding that no impairment of the environmental right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment that this Tribunal must correct is observed, and therefore the filed unconstitutionality action was declared without merit. 2. Regarding that Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC was not duly consulted in its creation: The petitioners' position is incorrect. It should be noted that for the drafting of the new Regulation (Executive Decree 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC), SETENA conducted a review and analysis of the previous decree proposals RECSA and the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation, which were made known in the Joint Advisory Technical Commission for Environmental Impact Assessment, created by Article 121 of Executive Decree No. 31849- MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, of May 24, 2004, and in the Mixed Technical Advisory National Commission of the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), Decree No. 40505-MINAE, dated July 28, 2017.
Furthermore, the National Environmental Technical Secretariat, starting in 2018, initiated a strengthening and transformation process based on 3 axes of action: Process Reengineering, Digital Transformation, and Regulatory Modernization. As part of the technical and legal support for the reform, work was done from 2019, hand in hand with PROCOMER, within the framework of the Single Investment Window (Ventanilla Única de Inversión, VUI) project, in Kaizen events. These workshops had broad participation from experts, both internally from SETENA and external actors, including environmental consultants and consulting firms from both the private and institutional spheres, where an exhaustive analysis was carried out of the decrees regulating the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), of the technical studies that are the baseline for the EIA, and of the environmental assessment instruments with the purpose of simplifying procedures and improving the legal certainty of the governed, as well as the technical content of the studies to seek a balance between AOPs and the environment.
This reform complied with the entire official public consultation process through the Prior Control System (SICOPRE), of the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Commerce (MEIC), according to Article 361 of the General Public Administration Law No. 6227, the Law for the Protection of Citizens from Excessive Administrative Requirements and Procedures No. 8220, and concordant regulations, a process which can be consulted in said system, through form number 2452. More than 20 entities participated in the public consultation process; approximately 172 observations were received, of which SETENA performed the technical and legal analysis, and accepted 34%, partially accepted 15%, and did not accept 51% of the observations presented. 3. That Regulation 43898 does not take into account that approximately 50% of the country's cantons lack regulatory plans (planes reguladores) and only 6 have knowledge of their areas of environmental fragility: On this matter, the Secretariat must indicate that the topic of Strategic Environmental Assessment is indeed considered by the institution; however, this topic is not part of the scope of Decree 43898, given that the regulation governing the integration of the environmental variable in regulatory plans has been regulated in Decree No. 32967, which is in force.
Furthermore, it must be clarified that the responsibility for having regulatory plans with the environmental variable incorporated is the responsibility of each municipality. Regarding the allegation that Decree 43898 does not take into account that 50% of the country's cantons lack regulatory plans and only 6 are aware of their environmental fragility, the statement is not correct, because regarding environmental conditioning factors such as public domain watercourses, wetlands, forest covers (coberturas boscosas), natural hazards, among others, a geospatial verification can be carried out to visualize and identify special geo-environmental elements and conditions of the specific site where the project is intended to be developed, as well as its environmental surroundings, and also to verify aspects of vulnerability. The use of official geospatial viewers and layers from various public entities of the country, such as: the Water Directorate, the Geology and Mines Directorate, MINAE, SINAC, CNE, SENARA, Municipalities (those that have them), and many others, can be consulted both by the general public and by other public entities in the country; therefore, it is important to make it clear that the geospatial information and data used by SETENA to carry out its geospatial verification process of AOP case files come from all these public sources and platforms, without this causing a detriment to Developers regarding projects submitted to different institutions for obtaining permits.
On the contrary, the use of these public inputs corresponding to official layers, viewers, and data serves to reinforce the planning process for generating permits by the different institutions involved in the permit generation processes. Furthermore, it is important to consider that Executive Decree No. 37773-JP-H-MINAE-MICITT, corresponding to the official repository of geospatial layers and data for Costa Rica, whose platform is called the SNIT Viewer of the National Registry, states in its Article 3, Point E, that one of the specific objectives of said platform is “to give access, whether free or onerous, to the public territorial information contained in the system to all citizens as well as to public entities and bodies, whether or not they are providers of territorial information for the system, thereby fostering the democratization in the use of territory information at all levels of society”; Therefore, the allegation raised by the appellant is not correct in saying that if there is no Approved Regulatory Plan, there is no knowledge of the environmental conditioning factors for the different cantons of the country, because, as already detailed in the preceding paragraphs, there is official, updated, available, free, and open information for decision-making by all institutions and the country, and it is used by the Municipalities for the preparation of Regulatory Plans and for obtaining the Environmental Variable according to what is established in Decree No. 32967.
On the other hand, Decree 43898, in its Article 98, maintains the Environmentally Fragile Areas, and by their nature, they are divided into two main groups: a) those areas for which the State has defined a special use regime (defined legal and technical framework); b) the geographic spaces that show technical and environmental limitations for their use. Finally, SETENA does NOT transfer the obligation to process EIA procedures to other institutions, because what the norm indicates is that activities, works, or projects of very low potential environmental impact, indicated in this article, must not process an Environmental Impact Assessment before SETENA. However, they will be subject to the environmental controls established by the Municipalities, the Ministry of Health (MINSA), the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG), the State Phytosanitary Service (SFE), the National Animal Health Service (SENASA), the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MOPT), the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE), and other entities with legal competencies; as well as with what is established in the Code of Good Environmental Practices, Executive Decree No. 32079 of September 14, 2004, or with any voluntary mechanism to improve environmental performance.
So, what the norm indicates is that even though some AOPs do not require an EIA, the State, through other entities, will have the obligation to carry out, according to their competencies, the corresponding environmental controls, obligations which are also not new. The Constitutional Chamber itself has already indicated this, by establishing that the municipalities of our country play an important role in the protection of the environment and health. Specifically, the following has been established: “(…) There is an obligation for the State -as a whole- to take the necessary measures to protect the environment, in order to avoid degrees of contamination, deforestation, extinction of flora and fauna, excessive or inadequate use of natural resources, which endanger the health of the governed. In this task, public institution is understood to mean both the Central Administration -Ministries, such as the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the Ministry of Health-, which, by reason of the subject matter, have broad participation and responsibility regarding the conservation and preservation of the environment; which act, most of the time, through their specialized dependencies in the matter, such as, for example, the General Directorate of Wildlife, the Forestry Directorate, and the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA)-, as well as decentralized institutions such as the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo), SENARA, the Costa Rican Tourism Institute, or the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers.
Likewise, in this task, the municipalities have great responsibility regarding their territorial jurisdiction (…)”. (Resolution No. 17552- 2007 of 12:22 p.m. of November 30, 2007, reiterated, among others, in Resolution No. 16167-2013 of 9:05 a.m. of December 2013). With respect to the specific role of Municipalities in the environmental control of their territory “(…) The role of municipalities in environmental matters. In accordance with the foregoing, municipalities, as an integral part of the whole that is the State, have within the scope of their competencies and obligations a high dose of responsibility in environmental matters, whether through the direct approval of permits or licenses for which prior compliance with requirements that accredit adequate environmental management before other instances of public power is demanded, or through regular inspections and channeling of risk situations to the instances with greater intervention competence.
It has already been established that local governments are bound by the obligation of coordination and prevention in environmental matters within the scope of their territorial jurisdiction, from which it follows that municipalities are certainly important actors in the task of protecting the environment (...)”. (Constitutional Chamber, Vote No. 18471-2008 of 18:29 hours of December 11, 2008). 4. Regarding that the content of Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC presents a generalized deregulation: As for Article 3, the response is considered addressed in the first allegation presented; this regulation excludes activities, works, and projects of low environmental impact that did not undergo an EIA according to the previous norm; what they presented was a Registration, with purely administrative and not technical requirements; they did not obtain an Environmental Viability granted by the Plenary Commission.
Regarding the exclusion of AOPs from the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), according to Article 3 of Executive Decree No. 43898- MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, it must be clarified that since 2008, the Plenary Commission of SETENA, through agreements and resolutions (Resolutions No. 583-2008, 2376-2016, 1909-2017, 1462-2018), has established activities of very low environmental impact that do not require submitting to the EIA. And what Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC does, through its Anexo 2, is to regularize, via decree, the activities that via administrative resolution had already been defined as not requiring submission to the EIA, as they are activities of very low environmental impact and, furthermore, are already amply regulated and controlled via regulation by other institutions that, although they do not have the function of conducting the EIA, have the obligation to carry out environmental controls as part of their competencies.
Additionally, it is not true that the obligation to undergo environmental impact studies is eliminated in some cases by Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, since Article 7 of the mentioned decree establishes the AOPs subject to the presentation of an Environmental Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, EsIA) or the EIA, according to specific laws, or to international conventions signed by the country. 5. That the current regulation favors the expansion of dangerous, polluting, and destructive agricultural activities for the environment, such as aggressive pineapple cultivation: It is pointed out that the foregoing is not correct for the following reasons: agricultural activities are not excluded from the EIA; they form part of the list of activities that require submission to the EIA (Anexo 1, Decree 43898), as in the previous regulation (Decree 31849-MINAE). The agricultural activities that do not require submission to the EIA are those that have had prior activity on the property, based on the fact that the EIA is predictive.
For existing activities or those in operation, they may obtain an environmental permit by submitting an Environmental Diagnosis Study (Estudio de Diagnóstico Ambiental, EDA) to SETENA in accordance with what is established in the current Decree No. 42837-MINAE. Regarding the claimants' indication that the referred Article 3 reduces the thresholds for construction areas, and that in the previous regulation, No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, the ceiling was 500 square meters and, in this regulation, No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, it is 1,000. Below that limit, developers do not have to undergo environmental impact studies, the previous claim is not correct for the following reasons: • Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC maintains the thresholds for category C AOPs, for construction of less than 1000 m2, just as Executive Decree 31849 was reformed through Decree No. 37803-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, to the Environmental Assessment Regulation, which were not submitted to an Environmental Impact Assessment; they only obtained an environmental registration. • Executive Decree 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC did not raise the thresholds; it is not deregulating several classifications.
Previously, they were already not subject to an EIA, only to a registration. • Nor is the threshold changed for AOPs of more than 1000 m2, which are AOPs that require submitting to the EIA and Environmental Monitoring. • Likewise, SETENA maintains in the current decree what was established in the previous decree, Executive Decree 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, that for category C projects, with a threshold greater than 500 m2 and less than 1000m2, and which are located in an environmentally fragile area defined in Article 98 of this regulation, they do require submitting to an Environmental Impact Assessment to obtain an Environmental Viability License approved by the Plenary Commission. 6. That Article 9 of the regulation eliminates in some cases the obligation to undergo environmental impact studies, which violates the principle of non-regression: This is not true, because this article establishes the final environmental rating through the Significance of Environmental Impact (Significancia de Impacto Ambiental, SIA) to specify the Environmental Impact Assessment Instrument, which can be a Sworn Declaration of Environmental Commitments (Declaración Jurada de Compromisos Ambientales, DJCA), an Environmental Management Plan Forecast (Pronóstico Plan de Gestión Ambiental, PPGA), or an Environmental Impact Study (EsIA).
This does not vary with respect to how it was done under the previous Executive Decree 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, and which was established in its Article 19. The claimants indicate that Article 32 of this EIA regulation eliminates in some cases the obligation to undergo EIA (environmental impact studies), which violates the principle of non-regression. However, what Article 32 refers to are those low-impact activities that do require an Environmental Viability License (Licencia de Viabilidad Ambiental, LVA), when they are activities contemplated in Anexo 1 and located in the environmentally fragile areas defined in Article 98. Here it must be indicated that SETENA, even though there are low-impact AOPs that in principle do not require an EIA, has determined that there are exceptions to the rule, in order to regulate those AOPs that, due to being located in fragile areas, do require an EIA process, noting that all AOPs greater than 500 m2 would fall under this, and pointing out also that those that do not require the EIA will be subject to complying with all the environmental regulations in force in the country, and the Municipalities will be responsible for requiring them to comply with the Code of Good Environmental Practices, Executive Decree No. 32079 of September 14, 2004. 7.
Regarding that Article 39 of this EIA regulation eliminates in some cases the obligation to undergo EIA (environmental impact studies), which violates the principle of non-regression: Regarding this article, the first thing that must be clarified is that SETENA does not grant forest harvesting (aprovechamiento forestal) permits; this is an exclusive competency of the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, SINAC), which must continue to observe the regulations in this matter to approve the forest harvesting permits submitted as a procedure by the public.
The requirement of Environmental Viability (License) for this type of timber harvesting indicates in its Article 36 the following: "The D4 Forestry form is created for the assessment of environmental impacts, for which the D4 form indicated in Annex 9 of this regulation must be completed. This form contemplates the assessment of environmental impacts generated by the forestry activity of timber harvesting in forests within Protected Wild Areas, when there is no express prohibition for it." As can be observed, the article does not open the possibility for harvests contrary to existing forestry regulations, as it makes clear that the process is possible as long as there is no express prohibition for it, so it is evident that it is not attempting to deregulate existing regulations and that decrees such as 25700-MINAE remain in force and must be complied with by entities and users in general.
Additionally, regarding some activities that do not require an EIA, such as the harvesting of 10 fallen trees, it must be clarified that this decision is consistent with the provisions of Executive Decree No. 40477-MINAE, Regulations for the harvesting and extraction of wood from naturally fallen trees in private forests, which in its Article 1 establishes the following: "This Decree aims to establish the regulations for the harvesting and extraction of sawn wood from naturally fallen trees in forests on private property duly registered in the Property Registry or by legally accredited possessors in accordance with the provisions of Article 89 of the regulation to the Forest Law (Ley Forestal). It is the responsibility of the regional and subregional offices of the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, SINAC) of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) in their capacity as State Forest Administration (Administración Forestal del Estado, AFE) to evaluate and process requests for the harvesting and extraction of fallen wood in private-property forests." Furthermore, through its articles 4, 5, and 6, it establishes the requirements for this activity, where the requirement for environmental viability is not included. In addition, Article 8 states the following: "Article 8. Provisions for the harvesting of fallen wood in the forest.
43898- MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, and neither does Annex 9 appear with form D-4 mentioned in Articles 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42: Regarding this allegation that form D-4 does not appear in Annex 9, it is incorrect; said form can be viewed in the mentioned annex, in scope No. 65 C to Gaceta 67, of Wednesday, April 19, 2023. Furthermore, it can be located in the National System of Current Legislation (SINALEVI). 19. Regarding that Regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, in Article 87, decriminalized an omission and considers failure to respond to the request for information required by SETENA to be a minor offense: Regarding this allegation, that Regulation No. 43898- MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, within the framework of constitutionality and legality, does not authorize SETENA to delegate, totally or partially, the functions that are its own. However, it provides that projects, works, or activities for which the requirement of the Environmental Viability process before SETENA is eliminated only need to complete the procedure they must fulfill in other institutions and comply with the provisions of the Code of Good Environmental Practices, and that SETENA does not have the power to delegate or give orders to municipalities through a regulation.
On this, firstly, it is important to indicate that Decree 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC already contemplated this in its Article 4. Finally, regarding that SETENA transfers the obligation to process EIA procedures to other institutions, it is not true, because what the rule indicates is that activities, works, or projects with very low potential environmental impact shall not process an Environmental Impact Assessment before SETENA; however, they will be subject to complying with all environmental regulations in force in the country, and the Municipalities will be responsible for requiring them to comply with the Code of Good Environmental Practices, Executive Decree No. 32079 of September 14, 2004. So what the rule indicates is that even though some AOP do not require an EIA, the State through other entities will have the obligation to carry out, according to their competencies, the corresponding environmental controls, obligations which, moreover, are not new.
Regarding the specific role of Municipalities in the environmental control of their territory, it is important to establish the following: "The role of municipalities in environmental matters. In accordance with what has been said, municipalities, as an integral part of the whole that is the State, have within the scope of their competencies and obligations a high degree of responsibility in environmental matters, whether through the direct approval of permits or licenses for which prior compliance with requirements is demanded that accredit adequate environmental management before other instances of public power, or through regular inspections and channeling of risk situations to the instances with greater intervention competence. It has already been established that local governments are subject to the obligation of coordination and prevention in environmental matters within the scope of their territorial jurisdiction, from which it results that municipalities are certainly important actors in the task of environmental protection.
(...)". (Sala Constitucional, Vote No. 18471-2008 of 6:29 p.m. on December 11, 2008). THIRD. Conclusion: That there is no violation of the precautionary principle, non-retroactivity, intangibility of one's own acts, regulation of human conduct, procuring the greatest well-being, deregulation, reserve of law, and in dubio pro natura, insofar as the Regulation was issued with the aim of making the Environmental Impact Assessment more effective and targeted at projects that effectively require the implementation of additional environmental measures beyond those already regulated to prevent or compensate for impacts, and accordingly, that they are provided with greater controls and more efficient follow-up. We proceed to explain technically and legally why this is so with regard to each allegation filed. That the technical conditions under which regulations are issued, as this honorable Chamber has already indicated, are not a matter of constitutionality.
That no impairment of the environmental right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment that this Tribunal must correct is observed. That Category C low-impact projects were not subjected to an Environmental Impact Assessment to obtain Environmental Viability; they only obtained a registration before SETENA, as was regulated through the Reform of the General Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Procedures, No. 41815-MINAE-S-MOPTMAG-MEIC, of June 25, 2019. That Regulation No. 43898 maintains the thresholds for Category C AOP, for construction of less than 1000m2 and up to 999 m3 of earthworks (movimientos de tierra), just as DE 31849 was reformed through Decree No. 37803-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC to the Environmental Assessment Regulation, which were not subject to an EIA and only obtained an environmental registration. That Executive Decree No. 43898 did not raise the thresholds, nor is it deregulating various classifications.
Previously, they were already not subject to an EIA, only to a registration. That the threshold is not changed for AOP of more than 1000m2, which, if they are AOP, require undergoing an EIA and Environmental Follow-up. That SETENA maintains, in the current Decree, what was established in the previous decree, 31849-MINAE, for Category C projects, with a threshold greater than 500m2 and less than 1000m2, and which are located in an environmentally fragile area defined in Article 98 of this regulation, they do require undergoing an Environmental Impact Assessment to apply for an Environmental Viability License approved by the Plenary Commission. That responsibilities regarding Environmental Impact Assessment are not being given to other entities; what is being done is exempting some activities from Registration before SETENA, but environmental controls by other institutions are maintained, always within their legal powers.
It is worth emphasizing that beyond SETENA's own rules that regulate the Environmental Impact Assessment, there are other institutions that possess the legal tools for baseline environmental control, aimed at environmental protection in the face of development and which are mandatory; without omitting that, furthermore, they fall within the regulatory framework of agencies that are indeed responsible for granting final permits. This was recognized by this Constitutional Court through vote No. 17792-2019, in which it indicated, citing judgment number 2017-5994, of 11:00 a.m. on April 26, 2017, that it inclined toward endorsing the constitutionality of what was regulated with respect to projects of very low environmental impact, which it clearly set forth in the referenced judgment.
Regarding the violation of the principle of non-regression in environmental matters pointed out by the plaintiffs as harmed, this principle establishes that environmental regulations and jurisprudence should not be reviewed if this implies a step backward with respect to the levels of protection achieved previously, and as is further recognized by this Chamber, it has been made clear that neither does it imply that it be understood in absolute terms, which this same Chamber recognized, for example, in vote No. 13367-2012 of December 21, 2012. In that sense, the first thing that must be determined is whether a specific regulatory modification diminishes the level of protection. Along these lines, it must be kept in mind that not every modification of environmental regulations that formally presents itself as a reduction in the level of protection must be considered a violation of the principle of non-regression in environmental matters.
(…) This principle does not imply absolute irreversibility, since all States experience national situations—of an economic, political, or social nature, or caused by nature itself—that negatively impact the achievements reached until then and force a downward reconsideration of the new level of protection. In such cases, the Law of the Constitution and the principles under examination require justifying, in light of the constitutional parameters of reasonableness and proportionality, the reduction in the levels of protection. (see in this regard vote 5994-2017 of April 26, 2017).
In accordance with the foregoing, Executive Decree No. 43898-MINAE-SMIOPT-MAGMEIC was created with the purpose of complying with the efficiency obligation mandated by the Biodiversity Law, given that this new regulation seeks to legally and technically adapt the Environmental Impact Assessment processes to the current reality. It is along these lines that for the so-called low-environmental-impact projects or Environmental Registries, it was determined that, in view of the fact that SETENA does not generate additional value in terms of environmental measures, technical studies, or environmental control and monitoring instruments, but rather that the baseline or regulatory measures imposed by other institutions and agencies apply, it was considered that registering them with SETENA was not necessary for compliance with said regulations. This is because, due to their low environmental significance and because the environmental measures are already regulated, only the environmental measures set forth in other regulations apply to them.
The Constitutional Chamber, in resolution number 2017-5994, of 11:00 a.m. on April 26, 2017, indicated: (…) "The determination of in which cases an environmental assessment is or is not applicable is a matter determined by laws and regulations, under the general criterion that human activities that must be environmentally assessed are those that alter the environment to a significant degree such that said assessment is necessary." These low-impact projects are requested to comply with the Code of Good Environmental Practices and with the regulation applicable to them, depending on the type of project inspected by some other entity. For cases of non-compliance, there are the Environmental Prosecutors' Offices, the Contentious-Administrative Court, the Administrative Environmental Tribunal, or the Ministry of Health as oversight entities that can order some sanction or measure against the individual who failed to comply; and those regulations that apply to them are sufficient for their environmental control and inspection.
It is for this reason that, for the issuance of the new Environmental Assessment, Control, and Monitoring Regulation, these aspects were evaluated, and efforts were focused efficiently and effectively on those activities, works, or projects that, due to their characteristics and greater environmental impact, do require the application of the Environmental Impact Assessment and, therefore, environmental monitoring by SETENA and the adoption of additional environmental measures and oversight of their compliance by the Secretariat. Along these lines, it was determined that it is necessary for the Environmental Impact Assessment to focus more on those projects where the combination of the environmental fragility conditions of the areas where development is desired and, according to their magnitude, the necessary additional environmental measures and environmental commitments are established, and efficient monitoring thereof is ensured to mitigate significant negative environmental impacts.
This is achieved by placing emphasis on environmental oversight and monitoring, field inspections, and review of the responsibilities of environmental managers, in order to channel institutional efforts into inspecting higher-impact projects, since low-environmental-impact projects, it is insisted, are covered by the regulations and competencies of other administrative and judicial agencies.
Thus, it is demonstrated that there is no violation of the principle of non-regression in environmental matters because, in effect, there are other regulations that apply to those projects and that do have a bearing, as well as both administrative and judicial bodies to which one may turn in the event of non-compliance with those regulations.
Precautionary principle, principle of non-retroactivity, principle of the intangibility of one's own acts, regulation of human conduct, procuring the greatest well-being, deregulation, principle of legal reserve, and in dubio pro natura. The Regulation was issued so that the Environmental Impact Assessment would be more effective and would regulate projects that indeed require the implementation of environmental measures additional to those already regulated to prevent or compensate for impacts, and along those lines, that they be provided with greater controls and more efficient monitoring.
The plaintiffs, as a first point, allege that Article 3 of Decree 43898-MINAE-SMOPT-MAG-MEIC violates the principle of non-regression and that this opens the possibility of irreversible environmental damage occurring, consequently worsening the quality of life, because according to them, activities that in the previous regulation required environmental feasibility are excluded, and it lowers the maximum thresholds for classifying activities as low, medium, or high impact. Likewise, they indicate that SETENA does not have the legal power to issue orders to municipalities through a regulation, as they are autonomous entities by constitutional and legal provision (in the Municipal Code). Regarding what was stated by the plaintiffs, the following is indicated:
1. Category C low-impact projects were not subjected to an Environmental Impact Assessment to obtain an Environmental Feasibility. They only obtained a registration before SETENA, in accordance with the provisions of the Reform to the General Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Procedures, No. 41815-MINAES-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, of June 25, 2019. 2. Decree No. 43898 maintains the thresholds for Category C AOPs, of construction of less than 1000 m² and up to 999 m³ of earthworks (movimientos de tierra), just as DE-31849 was reformed through Decree No. 37803-MINAE-S-MOPTMAGMEIC, to the Environmental Assessment Regulation, which were not subjected to an EIA, but only obtained an environmental registry. 3. DE 43898 did not raise the thresholds and is not deregulating several classifications. Previously, they were already not subject to an EIA, only to a registry. 4. Neither is the threshold changed for AOPs greater than 1000 m², which, if they are AOPs, require undergoing the EIA and Environmental Monitoring. 5.
Likewise, SETENA maintains in the current decree what was established in the previous decree, 31849-MINAE, that for Category C projects, with a threshold greater than 500 m² and less than 1000 m², and that are located in an environmentally fragile area defined in Article 98 of this regulation, these do require undergoing an Environmental Impact Assessment to obtain an Environmental Feasibility License approved by the Plenary Commission of SETENA. 6. Responsibilities regarding the EIA are not being given to other entities; what is done is to exempt some activities from the EIA, but such that they maintain environmental controls by other institutions, always within their legal powers. 7. It does not lower the maximum thresholds for classifying activities as low, medium, or high impact, as can be observed in Executive Decree No. 43898, in its article.
On the other hand, it must be considered that the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic, in its study No. 04-PFA "Inspection of the Environmental Impact Assessment of 2000," concluded that SETENA "...is not being efficient and effective in the management it carries out in the processes of preliminary environmental assessment, monitoring, and follow-up, since it is diverting its resources into the assessment of many projects with low environmental impact...". Based on this report, the Executive Branch began an analysis process in order to filter the number of projects entering SETENA, to prioritize those that did represent a greater risk to the environment. This prioritization process for EIA processes was ratified by the Constitutional Chamber itself in vote No. 01220-2002: "This is not meant to say that the Executive Branch cannot, via regulations, determine based on precise technical studies that a specific activity or project does not require environmental impact studies, but this assumes that such a definition is duly reasoned and justified…".
The law that creates the environmental impact assessment makes it clear that laws and regulations shall indicate which activities, works, or projects must require the EIA process. Therefore, Article 3 of Decree No. 43898 is not unconstitutional, as this rule is a mechanism provided for in the law to determine what must be processed by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat. Additionally, the Constitutional Chamber, in resolution No. 05994–2017, of April 26, 2017, analyzed the power of the Executive Branch to determine which activities, works, or projects (AOPs) require processing an Environmental Impact Assessment and declared the action of unconstitutionality filed to that effect without merit.
Regarding the exclusion of AOPs from the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), according to subsection 4 of Article 3 of D.E. No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC, it must be clarified that since 2008, the Plenary Commission of SETENA, through agreements and resolutions (Resolutions No. 583-2008, 2376-2016, 1909-2017, 1462-2018), has established activities of very low environmental impact that do not require undergoing the EIA. What Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC does, through its Annex 2, is to formalize via decree those activities that, via administrative resolution, had already been defined as not requiring undergoing the EIA, for being activities of very low environmental impact and, furthermore, that are already broadly regulated and controlled via regulations by other institutions that, although they do not have the function of carrying out the EIA, do have the obligation to carry out environmental controls as part of their competencies.
The plaintiffs, as a second point, state that Decree No. 43898-MINAE-SMOPT-MAG-MEIC, in its creation, was not duly consulted. In this regard, the Secretary of SETENA states that more than 20 entities participated in the public consultation process. Approximately 172 observations were received, of which SETENA carried out the technical and legal analysis, and accepted 34%, partially accepted 15%, and did not accept 51% of the observations presented.
Thirdly, the plaintiffs indicate that Regulation 43898 does not take into account that approximately 50% of the country's cantons lack regulatory plans and only 6 have knowledge of their areas of environmental fragility. In relation to this allegation, the representative of SETENA affirms that it is not correct. The possibility exists of using official geospatial viewers and the layers of the country's various public entities, such as: the Water Directorate, the Directorate of Geology and Mines, MINAE, SINAC, CNE, SENARA, Municipalities (those that have them). The geospatial information and data used by SETENA to carry out its geospatial verification process for AOP files come from all these public sources and platforms. Therefore, the allegation raised by the plaintiffs that if there is no approved Regulatory Plan, there is no knowledge of the environmental conditions for the country's different cantons is not correct because, as already detailed, official, updated, available, free, and open information exists for decision-making by all the country's institutions.
This information is used by Municipalities for the preparation of Regulatory Plans, and for obtaining the Environmental Variable in accordance with the provisions of Decree No. 32967. On the other hand, Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, in its Article 98, maintains the Environmentally Fragile Areas, and by their nature, they are divided into two main groups: a) those areas for which the State has defined a special use regime (defined legal and technical framework); b) geographic spaces that show technical and environmental limitations for their use.
Finally, he affirms that SETENA does not transfer the obligation to process EIA processes to other institutions, given that what the regulation indicates is that the activities, works, or projects of very low potential environmental impact, indicated in this article, shall not process an Environmental Impact Assessment before SETENA. However, they will be subject to the environmental controls established by, among other institutions, Municipalities, the Ministry of Health (MINSA), the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG), etc.
As a fourth allegation, it is indicated that the content of Decree No. 43898-MINAE-SMOPT-MAG-MEIC presents generalized deregulation. Articles 3, 9, 32, 39, and 47 eliminate, in some cases, the obligation to undergo an EIA (environmental impact studies), which violates the principle of non-regression. The regressions could lead to irreversible or difficult-to-repair environmental damage. What Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC does, through its Annex 2, is to formalize via decree the activities that via administrative resolution had already been defined as not requiring undergoing the EIA, for being activities of very low environmental impact and that, furthermore, are broadly regulated and controlled by other institutions that have the obligation to carry out environmental controls as part of their competencies.
The plaintiffs indicate that the current regulation favors the expansion of dangerous, polluting, and destructive agricultural activities for the environment, such as aggressive pineapple cultivation. However, this statement is not correct. Agricultural activities are not excluded from the EIA and are part of the list of activities that require undergoing it (Annex 1, Decree 43898), just as the previous regulation (Decree 31849-MINAE) stipulated. The agricultural activities that do not require undergoing the EIA are those that have carried out previous activity on the property, based on the fact that the EIA is predictive. For existing activities or those in operation, they may obtain an environmental permit by submitting to SETENA an Environmental Diagnostic Study (EDA), in accordance with the provisions of the current Decree No. 42837-MINAE.
Regarding what was indicated by the plaintiffs that the referenced Article 3 reduces the thresholds for construction areas, and that, in the previous regulation, No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, the ceiling was 500 square meters, and, in this regulation, No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, it is 1,000, such a statement is not correct for the following reasons: • Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC maintains the thresholds for Category C AOPs, of construction of less than 1000 m², just as DE No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC was reformed through Decree No. 37803-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, to the Environmental Assessment Regulation, which were not subjected to an Environmental Impact Assessment, they only obtained an environmental registry. • D.E. No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC did not raise the thresholds, it is not deregulating various classifications. Previously, they were already not subject to an EIA, only a registry was required. • Neither is the threshold changed for AOPs greater than 1000 m², which, if they are AOPs, require undergoing the EIA and Environmental Monitoring. • Likewise, SETENA maintains in the current decree what was established in the previous decree, DE No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC: Category C projects, with a threshold greater than 500 m² and less than 1000 m², and that are located in an environmentally fragile area, defined in Article 98 of this regulation, do require undergoing an Environmental Impact Assessment to obtain an Environmental Feasibility License approved by the Plenary Commission.
The plaintiffs indicate that Article 9 of the present regulation eliminates, in some cases, the obligation to undergo environmental impact studies, which violates the principle of non-regression. The representative of SETENA indicates that this is not true. What this article establishes is the final environmental classification through the Environmental Impact Significance (SIA) to specify the Environmental Impact Assessment Instrument, which can be a Sworn Declaration of Environmental Commitments (Declaración Jurada de Compromisos Ambientales, DJCA), an Environmental Management Plan Forecast (Pronóstico Plan de Gestión Ambiental, PPGA), or an Environmental Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, EsIA). This does not vary with respect to how it was done under the previous Executive Decree 31849-MINAE-S-MOPTMAG-MEIC, Article 19.
The plaintiffs indicate that Article 32 of the present EIA regulation eliminates, in some cases, the obligation to undergo an EIA (environmental impact studies), which violates the principle of non-regression. Article 32 refers to those low-impact activities that do require an LVA when they are activities that are contemplated in Annex 1 and that are located in the environmentally fragile areas defined in Article 98. Here it must be indicated that SETENA, despite the existence of low-impact AOPs that in principle do not require an EIA, has determined that there are exceptions to the rule, in order to regulate those AOPs that, because they are located in fragile areas, do require an EIA process, with all AOPs greater than 500 m² falling under this category, and further noting that those that do not require the EIA will be subject to complying with all the environmental regulations in force in the country, and Municipalities will be responsible for requiring them to comply with the Code of Good Environmental Practices, Executive Decree No. 32079 of September 14, 2004.
The plaintiffs indicate that Article 39 of the present EIA regulation eliminates, in some cases, the obligation to undergo an EIA for the cutting of 30 cubic meters of trees and the extraction of other protected wild species, without requiring the procedure established in Regulation 31849. This would violate the principle of non-regression. Regarding this article, the first thing that must be clarified is that SETENA does not grant forest use permits. This is an exclusive competence of the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), which must continue to observe the regulations on this matter to approve the forest use permits submitted as a procedure by the citizenry. The article does not open the possibility for uses contrary to the existing forest regulations, since it makes it clear that the procedure is possible provided there is no express prohibition against it. It is evident that it is not intended to deregulate existing regulations and that decrees such as 25700-MINAE remain in force and must be complied with by entities and users in general.
Furthermore, regarding some activities that do not require an EIA, such as the use of 10 fallen trees, it must be clarified that this decision is consistent with the provisions of Executive Decree No. 40477-MINAE, Regulations for the use and extraction of wood from naturally fallen trees in private forests, Article 1. Articles 4, 5, and 6 establish the requirements for this activity, among which environmental feasibility is not included. From the text of Article 39, it can be concluded that it is not true that there is deregulation or regression, because specific regulations already exist that govern this activity. It is important to indicate to the Chamber that since 2004, through Decree 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, which was the specific regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment, timber use from agroforestry systems, forest plantations, and uses on agricultural lands have been exempt from processing environmental feasibility.
The plaintiffs indicate that Article 47 of the present EIA regulation eliminates the obligation to undergo environmental impact studies for some cases, which violates the principle of non-regression. Article 47 establishes the institutional obligation to recognize the union of projects of less than one thousand meters that do not require an EIA as a single project if they are built on the same property, promoting the illegal fragmentation or subdivision (fraccionamiento) of mega-projects into mini-projects, in order to evade the studies, controls, and regulations that a larger project might have. The foregoing is incorrect. What this article proposes is the unification of environmental feasibilities, with the objective of avoiding the subdivision (fraccionamiento) of projects, and thus complying with the provisions of Article 94 of the Biodiversity Law No. 7788. Furthermore, for these cases, the environmental control, monitoring, and inspection are governed by the most rigorous instrument, and they remain subject to compliance with all environmental regulations and the processing of the respective permits for the changes made before the competent institutions, such as the respective municipality, for example.
With the implementation of Decree No. 43898, this express regulation of the Biodiversity Law No. 7788 does not change, as the regulation is clear that projects cannot be subdivided (fraccionados) to avoid the EIA process. In that sense, if from the outset SETENA detects that as part of the processing of a new project, a possible subdivision (fraccionamiento) exists, it has the duty to sanction the project and order that the evaluation be carried out comprehensively, not observing within Decree No. 43898 that a procedure exists to fail to comply with what the Biodiversity Law No. 7788 indicates.
The plaintiffs indicate that Regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC completely evades the responsibility that SETENA had in the previous regulation regarding road matters (Regulation 31849, Article 9, point 12). The foregoing is incorrect. Regulation No. 43898 does not evade any type of competence with respect to the EIA for all its components, in accordance with the functions assigned in the Organic Environmental Law No. 7554. What it does is order the presentation of permits according to the stages of the processing procedures for the formalization of activities, works, and projects, and the competencies and functions, according to Law No. 8220, without neglecting to protect the environment and complying with the provisions of constitutional Article 50, contemplating the analysis of the road component as part of the EIA, not as a permit that is granted by and corresponds to another institution.
SETENA is empowered to request the studies and documents it deems pertinent to determine the environmental feasibility of the project. The determination of these must be established by the entity itself, although logically it must be noted that the decisions it adopts must be reasoned and reasonable and are subject to jurisdictional control, and the foregoing is based on Legal Opinion 319-2009 of the PGR. Furthermore, any construction project fronting a national route that has vehicle parking spaces must have authorization from the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MOPT) (Article 19 of Law No. 5060, "General Law of Public Roads"). Therefore, Regulation No. 43898 does not evade any type of competence with respect to the EIA for all its components, in accordance with the functions assigned in the Organic Environmental Law No. 7554; what it does is order the presentation of permits according to the stages of the processing procedures for the formalization of activities, works, and projects, and the competencies and functions, according to Law 8220, without neglecting to protect the environment and complying with the provisions of constitutional Article 50, contemplating the analysis of the road component as part of the EIA, not as a permit that is granted by and corresponds to another institution.
Likewise, SETENA is empowered to request the studies and documents it deems pertinent to determine the environmental feasibility of the project. The determination thereof must be established by the entity itself, although logically it must be noted that the decisions it adopts must be reasoned and reasonable and are subject to jurisdictional control, and the foregoing is based on the following: Legal Opinion 319-2009 of the PGR. Additionally, any construction project fronting a national route that has vehicle parking spaces must have authorization from the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MOPT). Due to what was described above, in order to obtain that approval or authorization for vehicular access to National Routes for the project to be developed, one of the essential requirements that the developer must present is the road analysis of the project, which must include the current and projected road conditions in the development's surroundings, but which are not the competence of SETENA to approve.
It is important to highlight that the preparation of a road impact and road safety study is not exclusive to justifying vehicular access to a specific route. The parameters and scope of this Guide are applicable to determine the impact on vehicular traffic caused by the construction of any project that generates attraction of vehicles or pedestrians. Having clarified said impact, mitigation measures may be established to improve the road network and the safety of public road users.
The plaintiffs indicate that Regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC, specifically the referenced Article 3, reduces the thresholds for construction areas. In the previous regulation, No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, the ceiling was 500 square meters, and in this regulation, No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPTMAG-MEIC, it is 1,000 m². Below that limit, developers do not have to undergo the EIA (environmental impact studies). It reduces the EIA to a minimum, focusing only on control and monitoring aspects and leaving aside the preventive part. The questioned regulation annuls the preventive action that SETENA must have to "provide everything that is necessary – within the scope permitted by law – in order to prevent irreversible damage to the environment from occurring" (judgment No. 14180-10 Constitutional Chamber), because without technical or scientific support, it allows changes to environmental regulations or deregulations previously established in Regulation 31849, which can harm the environment.
The foregoing statement is not correct for the following reasons: Decree No. 43898-MINAE-SMOPT-MAG-MEIC maintains the thresholds for Category C AOPs, of construction of less than 1000 m², just as DE 31849 was reformed through Decree No. 37803-MINAES-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, to the Environmental Assessment Regulation, which were not subjected to an EIA, only obtained an environmental registry; D.E. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC did not raise the thresholds, it is not deregulating various classifications. Previously, they were already not subject to an EIA, only required a registry. Neither is the threshold changed for AOPs greater than 1000 m², which, if they are AOPs, require undergoing the EIA and Environmental Monitoring. Likewise, SETENA maintains in the current decree what was established in the previous decree, D.E. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, that for Category C projects, with a threshold greater than 500 m² and less than 1000 m², and that are located in an environmentally fragile area defined in Article 98 of this regulation, they do require undergoing an Environmental Impact Assessment to obtain an Environmental Feasibility License approved by the Plenary Commission.
The claimants indicate that the current regulation reduces EIAs (evaluaciones de impacto ambiental) to a minimum, focusing only on the aspects of control and follow-up and leaving aside the preventive part, an entirely erroneous position, for the following reason: Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, entirely contrary to what the claimants indicate, strengthens the baseline of the EIA, regarding the technical and legal content of the baseline studies and the EIA instruments, and establishing, for all environmental assessment forms and instruments, that environmental control measures be provided, with environmental follow-up and monitoring indicators, defining their frequency, methodology, point of measurement or application, and the type of indicator, so that all activities, works, and projects are subject to the follow-up and oversight of SETENA. The claimants allege that Regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC, in articles 17 and 90, regarding crimes that the Public Administration could commit, reverses the burden of the commission of crimes against the administrators, benefiting developers; violating the constitutional principles of good faith and intimidating the public official, with what could be called workplace psychological harassment.
The foregoing statement is not correct for the following reason: What is indicated in relation to articles 17 and 90 of decree 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC does not refer to the commission of crimes, but rather to the administrative and disciplinary liability that a public official could incur for breach of their legal duties in the review of proceedings submitted for their assessment. The provision makes an allusion to compliance with other regulations applicable to the case and of legal rank, such as articles 10 of Law 8220 on the Protection of the Citizen from Excessive Administrative Requirements and Procedures, and 190 of the General Law of Public Administration No. 6227. No burden of proof is reversed against administrators, nor is it a violation of the principle of good faith, nor does it seek to intimidate officials, since the use of disciplinary power or administrative liability is inherent to the State, and is regulated in legislation of legal rank, in accordance with the constitutional guarantees of due process.
The claimants indicate that, in Regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC, articles 87 and 88 appear in contradiction, where sanctions for developers are reduced. In these, burdens are reversed, imposing criminal sanctions on public officials and relieving the private developer. The Principles of Non-Regression and Deregulation are violated, causing an imbalance of interests. That Regulation 43898-MINAE-SMOPT-MAG-MEIC, according to its article 87, was relieved of taxation and is considered a fault. The challenged articles, far from seeking to deregulate the regulations, aim for there to be, within the sanctions and conducts classified in articles 99 and 101 of the Organic Environmental Law No. 7554, and under the principles of proportionality and reasonableness, a classification of conducts or omissions to have a parameter so that the Administration can exercise its sanctioning power under coinciding conditions for similar cases, on the understanding that not every conduct can be judged with the same sanction, since some are indeed more serious than others and have diverse consequences, so there must be a proportional distinction in relation to the possible sanctions.
In this case, the sanctions established according to the type of action or omission are fully aligned with article 99 of the Organic Environmental Law. In relation to article 88, it is important to indicate that its antecedent is found in article 105 of the General Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures, Decree No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, of May 24, 2004. As can be verified, far from seeking to give an advantage to developers as the claimant tries to make it seem, it establishes, on the contrary, the possibilities for the administration to impose a precautionary measure of suspension, in relation to non-compliance with environmental commitments, for the purpose of seeking the necessary corrective measures or definitively suspending the projects if ultimately appropriate. The foregoing derives from the preventive principle or in dubio pro natura in environmental matters, which indicates, as defined in article 11 of the Biodiversity Law.
It is important to indicate that both the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic and the Constitutional Court have reiterated the administrative power to establish precautionary measures, especially in environmental matters. " (Constitutional Chamber, judgment No. 6237-2005 of 14 hours 39 minutes of May 31, 2005). The claimants indicate that Regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC, in its articles 98 and 13 (especially point 2), allows developers of low-impact projects (between 54% and 65% of the total projects that go through SETENA) to build in environmentally fragile areas. The challenged rule discards all precautionary measures to prevent any environmental damage or harm to people. Furthermore, it does not prevent possible damage or impacts to the environment that could be irreversible to environmentally fragile areas, to endangered species, to water sources, to the soil, to the air, and to human beings.
The foregoing statement is not correct. Neither article 13 nor article 98 allows developers of low environmental impact projects to build in environmentally fragile areas; what article 13 establishes is the procedure for the verification of the information of the files submitted to the EIA process, by the respective department, both for the environmental assessment stage and for the environmental follow-up and control stage. The claimants indicate that Regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC, in its article 15, allows the developer to begin processing permits in other institutions before the permit process at SETENA concludes, which violates the principle of deregulation. In vote No. 008201 of April 12, 2023, the Constitutional Chamber partially upheld an unconstitutionality action and annulled the phrase "the matter of health, environment, and", contained in the fourth paragraph of article 15 of the Law for the Protection of the Citizen from Excessive Administrative Requirements and Procedures, Law 8220, amended by Law No. 10,072 of November 18, 2021.
The foregoing statement is not correct. What was already established in decree 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC is maintained. The Potential Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental Potencial) allows for initiating or continuing processing procedures before other entities, both public and private, as was the case with the repealed decree. This does not mean that an early Environmental Viability License is thereby granted, nor does it create any acquired right, given that the same, at the end of the process, may be approved or denied. This potential viability facilitates, for example, that a developer can begin procedures to obtain a loan from a banking entity, but for the entities that issue their final permits for the construction or operational stage, the potential viability is not sufficient, inasmuch as they must wait for the institution to issue a ruling regarding the granting of environmental viability, if this is a requirement within their procedures in application of what is established by decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPTMAGMEIC.
The claimants indicate that Regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC, in article 35 of the challenged regulation, allows SETENA to stop controlling the project being processed once the developer obtains the environmental viability, leaving the responsibility in the hands of third parties. Regulation 43898 completely dispenses with the obligation to refer the EsIAs (Environmental Impact Studies) to other authorities related to construction permits (Regulation No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPTMAG-MEIC contained this in its article 35). What the claimants indicate is not correct, since SETENA is the entity that oversees the work of the environmental managers (responsables ambientales), who must be registered in the SETENA Registry and must ensure compliance with the environmental commitments acquired by a developer of an activity, work, or project, who have the obligation to officially inform SETENA and the environmental authority of the results of the follow-up and control in accordance with what is established in this regulation and other applicable regulations.
Likewise, the current EIA regulation, in its article 51, contemplates the Environmental Compliance Inspections, and in its article 54, the technical closure inspections, which are carried out by the SETENA Inspections Unit when it deems it appropriate, for the verification of compliance with environmental measures, as part of the oversight processes, in addition to the other environmental follow-up instruments such as the environmental logbook (bitácora ambiental) and the environmental management reports (informes de regencia ambiental). In addition to addressing environmental complaints that are submitted by the citizenry. These processes are described within Regulation 43898, for which there is absolute clarity regarding the institution's role in the oversight processes, for which it is absolutely necessary to carry out inter-institutional coordination to obtain the technical criteria required from the competent entities in different branches, as is the case of SINAC in forestry matters, the Directorate of Geology and Mines in mining matters, or the Water Directorate regarding the use of water, for example.
Regarding the allegation that the obligation to refer EsIAs (Environmental Impact Studies) to other authorities related to construction permits is completely dispensed with, the first thing that must be indicated is that SETENA will publish on its website the list of Environmental Impact Studies, in compliance with article 23 of Executive Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC. It is, therefore, that what is established in this decision is consistent with article 35 of Decree 31849, and which was replaced by Executive Decree 43898-MINAE-MOPT-MAGMEIC. In conclusion, what article 23 of Executive Decree 43898 MINAE-SMOPT-MAG-MEIC does is guarantee that, for the most impactful projects and where an Environmental Impact Study must be processed, the institutions related to the procedures for construction permits and the citizens have a differentiated site to be able to inform themselves and, if they so require, access the Digital Platform to be able to view the file in its entirety, without diminishing the citizens' own access to view any file processed in the institution and within which they can proceed to manage their consultations, oppositions, or other tools for citizen participation that the regulations confer on them.
The claimants indicate that Regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC, in article 41, provides that different "users" can take advantage of the forest resources of protected wild areas. The Regulation dispenses with the obligation of the developer to communicate, to publicize in a nationally circulated newspaper, the environmental impact studies that it is submitting for consideration to SETENA. The current article 41 reduces the obligation to a publication on the SETENA website for these purposes. Regarding this allegation, it has already been made clear that all files processed under Executive Decree No. 43898 are 100% digital and are available to be consulted by any user, so asserting that there would be no knowledge about the AOPs processed in the institution is unacceptable. The claimants indicate that Regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC does not contain the D-6 form mentioned in articles 24, 25, 26 because Annex 7, where this D-6 form must appear, as indicated in article 24, was not included.
It notes that this allegation regarding the D6 form is incorrect. Said form, as well as the table of environmental measures with their indicators for environmental follow-up, the content that the Geotechnical study, archaeological study, hydrogeological study must possess, as well as the visual guide for the presentation of the site design, can be viewed in the mentioned annex, in Scope No. 65 C to Gazette 67, of Wednesday, April 19, 2023. Furthermore, it can be located in the National System of Current Legislation (SINALEVI). Said D6 form is available for use on the SETENA digital platform, which can be accessed via a link. The claimants indicate that, in Regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC, Annex 9 with the D-4 form mentioned in articles 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42 also does not appear. This allegation is also incorrect. Said form can be viewed in the mentioned annex, in Scope No. 65 C to Gazette 67, of Wednesday, April 19, 2023.
Furthermore, it can be located in the National System of Current Legislation (SINALEVI). Said D4 form is available for use on the SETENA digital platform. The claimants indicate that Regulation No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAGMEIC, in article 87, relieved an omission and considers failure to respond to the request for information requested by SETENA a minor fault. The constitutional and legal framework does not authorize SETENA to delegate, totally or partially, the functions that are proper to it. However, it provides that the projects, works, or activities for which the requirement of the Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental) process before SETENA is eliminated, it is sufficient for them to carry out the procedure they must complete in other institutions and comply with what is provided in the Code of Good Environmental Practices (Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales), and that SETENA does not have the power to delegate or to give orders to the municipalities through a regulation.
Regarding this, firstly, it is important to indicate that this was already contemplated by decree 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, in its article 4. Finally, regarding SETENA transferring the obligation to process EIA processes to other institutions, it is not true, because what the rule indicates is that activities, works, or projects with very low potential environmental impact shall not undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment before SETENA. However, they will be subject to complying with all current environmental regulations in the country, and the Municipalities will be responsible for requiring them to comply with the Code of Good Environmental Practices, Executive Decree No. 32079 of September 14, 2004. Finally, observing the allegations indicated in this unconstitutionality action, this concerns the same issue already analyzed by the Constitutional Chamber regarding the Environmental Impact Assessment processes, where it has been established that there is no unconstitutionality since the determination of which activities, works, or projects require Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Licencia Ambiental) is not its competence.
Drafted by Magistrate Hess Herrera; and,
Considering:
This Chamber has repeatedly indicated that the unconstitutionality action is a process with determined formalities, which must necessarily be fulfilled so that this Court can validly rule on the merits of the matter. Article 75 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction regulates the standing to file unconstitutionality actions and provides for different situations. The first paragraph requires the existence of a matter pending resolution, whether in a judicial venue—including habeas corpus or amparo remedies—or in an administrative one—in the procedure for exhausting this route—in which the unconstitutionality of the challenged rule is invoked as a reasonable means of protecting the right or interest considered injured in the main matter. The second and third paragraphs regulate the direct action—a base matter is not required—in the following cases: a) when, by the nature of the matter, there is no individual and direct injury; b) it involves the defense of diffuse interests or those that concern the community as a whole; and c) when the action is brought by the Attorney General of the Republic, the Comptroller General of the Republic, the Prosecutor General of the Republic, and the Ombudsman.
Likewise, in judgment No. 04190-95 of 11:33 hours of July 28, 1995, this Court specified that the unconstitutionality action is:
"(…) a process of an incidental nature, and not a direct or popular action, meaning that the existence of a matter pending resolution is required—whether before the courts of justice or in the procedure to exhaust the administrative route—in order to access the constitutional route, but in such a way that the action constitutes a reasonable means to protect the right considered injured in the main matter, so that what is resolved by the Constitutional Court has a positive or negative repercussion on said process pending resolution, as it rules on the constitutionality of the rules that must be applied in said matter; and it is only by exception that the legislation allows direct access to this route—assumptions of the second and third paragraphs of article 75 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction …".
Finally, there are other formalities that must be met, namely, the brief of filing must be authenticated and contain an explicit determination of the challenged regulations, duly reasoned, with a specific citation of the components of the constitutionality framework that are considered infringed (article 78 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction). Furthermore, the conditions of standing (powers of attorney and certifications), the payment of the Bar Association stamp must be accredited, and a literal certification of the brief in which the unconstitutionality of the challenged norms was invoked in the base matter must be provided (article 79 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction).
As indicated, the unconstitutionality action is a process with determined formalities, which, if not met, prevent the Chamber from hearing the challenge intended. One of those requirements corresponds to the necessary reasoning of the brief in which the unconstitutionality action is filed. The Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, in its article 3, provides that "The Political Constitution shall be deemed infringed when this results from the comparison of the text of the rule or act challenged, its effects, or its interpretation or application by public authorities, with the constitutional norms and principles." Now, for this Court to deem the infringement configured and to be able to declare the unconstitutionality of the challenged rule or act, with the consequent annulment and expulsion from the legal system, the party bringing an unconstitutionality action has the burden of demonstrating how that provision infringes the Law of the Constitution and, furthermore, must indicate why the claim must be upheld.
This is termed by this Chamber as the burden of argumentation, that is, that "a norm that facially (sic) is contrary to the Constitution shifts the burden of argumentation to those who maintain that in reality there is no conflict between that norm and the Political Constitution; the opposite occurs if action is brought against a norm that at first glance does not seem contrary to the Constitution, in which case it is the claimant who must advance the arguments that convince of the unconstitutionality" (see judgment No. 0184-95 of 16:30 hours of January 10, 1995). In a later judgment, this Chamber stated, with respect to the lack of exposition of unconstitutionality arguments in matters of unconstitutionality actions, the following:
"The unconstitutionality action is filed with the argument that the challenged Executive Decree is harmful, injures, and infringes the fundamental rights to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, the right to health, and the international commitments signed with the Kyoto Protocol. Despite the opportunity granted to the claimants, what the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic indicates is confirmed, that there is no specific analysis of the provisions of the challenged Executive Decree that are considered unconstitutional, but rather it is limited to establishing discrepancies in a generic and abstract manner against the entirety of the Regulation, even more so against all the activity carried out by Sugar Mills and Plantations, since they maintain that they cause inconveniences in the quality of life and health of the surrounding inhabitants, without specifying what constitutionality arguments must be taken into account against each one of the provisions or groups of norms of the challenged Regulation. […] The first paragraph of article 78 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction establishes the obligation to authenticate the briefs for filing unconstitutionality actions, since it is deemed necessary that there exist arguments put forth by a legal professional, which this Court does not rule out should respond to a serious study of the technical and scientific background of a specific matter, given the diversity and universality of the norms of the legal system.
Unlike guarantee processes, that is, habeas corpus and amparo remedies, which can be directly filed by any interested party before the constitutional jurisdiction in defense of their fundamental rights, generally against acts or omissions that injure them in their particular sphere (although not always, as in environmental cases), in processes for the defense of the Political Constitution (such as the unconstitutionality action), the legislator entrusted the authenticating attorney with a task whose demand is even greater, if you will, more elaborate and exhaustive, which must be reflected in the filing brief by virtue of their professional office, to demonstrate to the Court the injury to the constitutional norm by a norm of lower rank, undermining the principle of constitutional supremacy contained in article 10 of the Political Constitution. Precisely, the material and formal drafting of the Law, as well as other secondary provisions, involves an extremely costly process for the State, in which organized civil society has participated in many ways, for or against, and whose procedures for formation, approval, and promulgation must not be analyzed lightly.
In this sense, this Chamber must recognize that there is a reduced space for this Court to remedy the manifest deficiencies of legal professionals who authenticate briefs in this constitutional jurisdiction, without sacrificing the impartiality and analysis owed to each unconstitutionality action." (judgment No. 2012-05285 of 15:03 hours of April 25, 2012).
The cited article 78 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction requires, in that sense, that in the brief in which the action is filed, "its grounds be set forth in a clear and precise manner." In judgment No. 2013-016944 of 14:30 hours of December 18, 2013, this Chamber made express reference to the requirement of due reasoning of the filing brief—as an essential requirement for the admissibility of the action, pursuant to the provisions of the mentioned article—in the following terms:
"II.- INADMISSIBILITY DUE TO LACK OF REASONING. In accordance with article 78 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, the grounds must be set forth in a clear and precise manner in the brief filing the unconstitutionality action, with a specific citation of the norms or principles considered infringed. This requirement does not translate into a mere formality but into an essential requirement of admissibility, since by virtue of the pro sentencia principle—developed on other occasions by this Chamber—according to which, admissibility requirements must be interpreted in a sense favorable to the action, and furthermore, Constitutional Law is of preferential public order and, in guarantee of its supremacy and validity, there is a public interest by virtue of which obstacles to the admission and resolution on the merits of an action must be interpreted and applied restrictively. Thus, all procedural norms must be interpreted and applied in such a way that the issuance of the judgment is obtained; the foregoing not only facilitates the administration of justice but also avoids the imposition of obstacles to prevent achieving it (see in the same sense, judgments numbers 93-5175, 3041-97, 01-06, 2874-06, 1622-08, and 2887-08).
Consequently, the lack of reasoning of the action prevents the issuance of a duly reasoned judgment congruent with what is sought. Likewise, it is inappropriate for this Chamber to rule on the merits of norms challenged in an action when the claimant does not substantiate the reasons for which they challenge, since this would imply carrying out an abstract constitutional review as an academic exercise, which is not compatible with the purpose of a process of this nature." Finally, in vote No. 2020-000319 of 12:15 hours of January 8, 2020, this Court reiterated that:
"(…) given the formalism legally provided for constitutional review processes, the argumentative burden in the processing of an unconstitutionality action falls on the claimant, who must explain, without ambiguity, the contradiction existing between an infraconstitutional regulation and the constitutionality framework, as well as the standing that assists them."
In the sub judice, from reading the filing brief, it is concluded that the claimant initially formulates a series of generic complaints about Executive Decree No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC (Regulation for environmental assessment, control, and follow-up), in which they indicate that the challenged regulation injures: a) The principle of non-regression due to the repeal of decree 31849, which presents widespread deregulation and eliminates environmental controls that the previous norm did have; b) popular consultation, as it accuses that the regulation was not correctly consulted before its issuance, since it was only carried out through the Ministry of Commerce's website; and c) indicates that there is a favoring of the private sector over the public or the community, as it is a manual for reducing procedures to the detriment of nature.
In this regard, the Chamber agrees with the criterion of the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic, in the sense that there is no due argumentative effort to demonstrate how the challenged norms violate the Political Constitution, since regarding such arguments it is held that: a) Regarding the principle of non-regression due to repeal of regulations, it is not sufficient to allege that a norm was repealed and that there are new regulations. Similarly, the claimant does not specify which controls were omitted, how this constitutes a reduction of environmental protection, and whether or not there is technical support; b) regarding the principle of citizen participation, this protects whether, during the process of drafting and issuing the norm, mechanisms for publicity and participation were contemplated, but there is no constitutional determination of which specific mechanisms must be used and, in that sense, the claimant does not indicate how it should have been consulted or why the means used was insufficient; and c) regarding the alleged favoring of the private sector, the claimant does not explain how and through which provisions the alleged favoring occurs.
In that sense, this Court considers that the PGR is correct in pointing out that there is no due motivation for such allegations and, on the contrary, they are made in a generic manner without relating in any way the content of the norms to the specific grievance, a circumstance that prevents this Chamber from ruling on them.
Furthermore, continuing with the reading of the filing brief, the claimant argues the unconstitutionality of articles 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90, and 98 of Regulation No.
43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, as it considers them contrary to the principles of non-regression, legal reserve, popular consultation, deregulation, precautionary, pro natura, own acts, intangibility of own acts, good faith, the Escazú Agreement, and environmental protection, for the following reasons:
Article 3 excludes activities that, under the previous regulation, required environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental) and lowers the maximum thresholds for classifying them as low, medium, or high impact. Likewise, it eliminates in some cases the obligation to prepare an EIA, and in subsection 8), it favors the expansion of hazardous, polluting, and environmentally destructive agricultural activities, such as aggressive pineapple cultivation. Similarly, it points out that the thresholds for constructive areas under which projects are required to undergo an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) are reduced; the foregoing, without a technical or scientific basis that allows for the change of environmental regulations or deregulations previously established in the prior rule. On this specific point, the Chamber disagrees that the Procuraduría General de la República analyzes this article on the merits, and with the referral to the report that this body rendered in an unconstitutionality action against this same Regulation (expediente No. 23-022240-0007-CO), in the sense that it must be verified whether the modification of the cases in which an EIA is not required is supported by a technical basis.
This tacitly admits that the action regarding that provision is duly grounded, a conclusion that is not shared. As occurs with other specific contested provisions, the action limits itself to stating a change in the regulation (in section 6 of the arguments) with a succinct recounting of principles that are alleged to have been violated, an argumentation that makes no relevant difference from those that have already been deemed not to meet the requirements demanded by Article 78 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. It is also stated that the Regulation was not adequately consulted, as this was carried out through the website of the Ministry of Commerce and did not have due dissemination. It adds that municipalities were not consulted either, despite the fact that it transfers responsibility to them for everything concerning the issuance of permits for works with very low environmental impact that do not require environmental impact assessments by SETENA.
Note that the questioned article has 8 subsections, but the plaintiff does not specify which are the activities that previously required feasibility and are now excluded, and regarding subsection 8) does not explain what the favoring is. Furthermore, it also does not indicate how it should have been consulted, nor why the lack of consultation with the municipalities violates the Political Constitution. In any case, on this last point, the standing invoked by the plaintiffs—for diffuse interests when acting in defense of the right to a healthy environment—is different from that necessary to be able to claim a possible injury to municipal autonomy. The latter, for example, was recognized in judgment No. 2022013101 of 12:31 p.m. on June 8, 2021, in the following terms:
“II.- On the standing of the plaintiff. In the sub lite case, the plaintiff mayor indicates that the challenged rules affect the municipal budget and the autonomy of local corporations, thereby affecting the users of municipal services and communal interests in general. In this regard, the record shows that the mayor provided the agreement adopted by the Council of Alajuela in session no. 28-2019 of July 9, 2019, article 1, chapter IX, by which she was authorized to challenge the provisions of Law No. 9635, in defense of municipal autonomy. Consequently, the Chamber considers that the plaintiff meets the standing requirements to file this unconstitutionality action.” That Articles 7 and 51 are unconstitutional, since the regulation was not adequately consulted, such consultation having been carried out through the website of the Ministry of Commerce and not having due dissemination. It adds that municipalities were not consulted either, despite the fact that responsibility is transferred to them for everything concerning the issuance of permits for works with very low environmental impact that do not require environmental impact assessments by SETENA.
Regarding this article, no detail is provided on how it should have been consulted. Nor does it indicate why the lack of consultation with the municipalities violates the Political Constitution. In any case, the standing invoked by the plaintiff—for diffuse interests when acting in defense of the right to a healthy environment—prevents them from claiming a possible injury to municipal autonomy.
Likewise, it must be taken into consideration that the participation scheme in the adoption of the challenged rule is outside the scope of the Chamber's competence, as has been established in various pronouncements since 2019, in the terms that follow, extracted from judgment No. 2021-21934 of 9:50 a.m. on October 1, 2021:
That Article 9 eliminates in some cases the obligation to prepare an EIA and that point 12 indicates that SETENA will require—if it so merits—a feasibility study approved by the MOPT. However, this claim must be dismissed for improper grounding, as the arguments are not consistent with the content of the rule.
It alleges that Articles 13 and 98 allow developers of low environmental impact projects to build in environmentally fragile areas (áreas ambientalmente frágiles). The foregoing, because without a technical or scientific basis, it allows the change of environmental regulations or deregulations previously established in the prior rule (Regulation 31849), which could harm the environment. This claim, like the previous one, must be dismissed for improper grounding, as the arguments are not consistent with the content of the rule. Moreover, regarding these articles, the Escazú Agreement is not even a parameter of constitutionality, as it has not been ratified by the State of Costa Rica.
Regarding Article 15, it states that it allows the developer to start the processing of permits in other institutions before the permitting process at SETENA is finished. However, this claim must be dismissed for improper grounding, as the arguments are not consistent with the content of the rule.
With respect to Articles 17 and 90, it affirms that they warn about crimes that the Public Administration could commit, reversing the burden of committing crimes onto the administrators, benefiting developers, and intimidating the public official. However, this claim must be dismissed for improper grounding, as the arguments are not consistent with the content of the rule. Likewise, the standing invoked by the plaintiff has no relationship whatsoever with the principle of good faith and the regulations to which public officials must submit in the exercise of their duties.
Regarding Articles 24, 25, and 26, it indicates that Annex 7 (Anexo 7), which should contain the D-6 form mentioned in those articles, was not included in the regulation. This claim, like the previous one, must be dismissed for improper grounding, as the arguments are not consistent with the content of the rule. In any case, according to the PGR, the documentation claimed was published in Alcance N°65 C, La Gaceta no. 67 of April 19, 2023, as part of Volume III of Decree 43898, in which Annex 7 appears as the document called “Formulario de Presentación del D-6 Cuadrante Urbano.” It points out that Article 32 eliminates in some cases the obligation to go through an environmental impact assessment. Despite the foregoing, the arguments are not consistent with the content of the rule, as the rule refers to the D1-C form, however, the plaintiff omits to indicate how what is stipulated therein violates the Constitution. That is, this is again a case of insufficient grounding.
It indicates that Article 35 abandons SETENA’s control once the developer obtains environmental feasibility (viabilidad ambiental), leaving the responsibility with third parties. However, it omits to explain how this subsequent control should be carried out or why what is stipulated therein is insufficient. This claim, like the previous one, must be dismissed for improper grounding, as the arguments are not consistent with the content of the rule.
It affirms that Articles 36, 37, 38, and 42 are unconstitutional because Annex 9 (Anexo 9), which should contain the D-4 form mentioned in those articles, was not included in the regulation. This claim, like the previous one, must be dismissed for insufficient grounding, insofar as the arguments are not consistent with the content of the rule. Additionally, according to the PGR, the documentation claimed was published in Alcance N°65 C of La Gaceta no. 67 of April 19, 2023, Volume III of Decree 43898, Annex 9 called “Formulario de Presentación del D4-Forestal.” In the plaintiff's opinion, Article 39 violates the principles of non-regression, deregulation, and pro natura for the following reasons:
“Regulation 43898 in its Article 39 introduces the right to cut 30 cubic meters of trees and extract 10 fallen trees from protected wilderness areas (áreas silvestres protegidas), without requiring the procedure established in regulation 31849. It violates the Principle of Deregulation. The Principle of Non-regression is violated and contradicts what is stipulated in Decreto 25700-MINAE, which declares a total ban on the use of endangered trees, and Article 50 of the Political Constitution, as well as the IUCN Red List and the CITES List.” Although the Procuraduría General points out that it is necessary to demonstrate the technical reasons why these works or projects do not need to be evaluated by SETENA and that the contested provision lacks such support, the truth is that the grounding of the reasons for unconstitutionality is excessively laconic, so they suffer from the same ground for inadmissibility as the other provisions that have been examined.
It alleges that Article 41 is unconstitutional since Annex 9, which should contain the D-4 form mentioned in that article, was not included in the regulation. Likewise, it argues that it is imposed that different "users" could exploit the forest resources of protected wilderness areas. This claim, like the previous one, must be dismissed for lack of grounding, as the arguments are not consistent with the content of the rule. More abundantly, according to the PGR, the documentation claimed was published in Alcance N°65 C, La Gaceta no. 67 of April 19, 2023, Volume III of Decree 43898, Annex 9 called “Formulario de Presentación del D4-Forestal.” Regarding Article 47, it points out that it establishes the institutional obligation to recognize as a single project the union of projects with a size of less than one thousand meters that do not require an EIA if they are built on the same property, promoting the illicit fragmentation or subdivision (fraccionamiento) of megaprojects into miniprojects, in order to evade the studies, controls, and regulations that a larger project might have (subdivision by elusion). However, from a reading of the rule, such assertions cannot be extracted, and by not providing further explanation, the arguments are not consistent with the content of the rule.
Finally, it points out that Articles 87 and 88 reduce sanctions for developers. In these, the burdens are reversed by imposing criminal sanctions on public officials and exonerating the private developer. Article 87 reduced the penalty and it is considered a minor offense not to respond to the request for information requested by SETENA. From a reading of these articles, it is clear that they do not establish sanctions for public officials but, on the contrary, they provide for the types of infractions and their sanctions, as well as the imposition of precautionary measures in the event of non-compliance with environmental commitments. In addition to the above, the plaintiff does not explain why it is considered that the developer is exonerated from responsibility, nor are the sanctions that are being reduced detailed. In this regard, the claim must be dismissed for improper grounding, as the arguments do not relate to the content of the rule.
By way of summary, such arguments lack adequate grounding regarding the substantive objections, as required by the aforementioned Article 78 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. Beyond a succinct allusion to the violation of different constitutional rights and principles, the truth is that the plaintiff omits to set forth its specific normative support, as well as to analyze and develop the specific content of the alleged infringed rules and principles and their scope, in order to relate and contrast them, in an individualized and duly reasoned manner, with the challenged regulations. In short, there is no precise, sufficient, and duly detailed argumentation regarding the grievances and grounds of the alleged violation of Constitutional Law. Consequently, the generic claims against Executive Decree No. 43898, as well as against Articles 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90, and 98 of Reglamento No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, must be dismissed.
The appellant is warned that if they have provided any documents on paper, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be removed from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not removed within this period will be destroyed, as stipulated in the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", approved by the Corte Plena in session N° 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI and published in the Boletín Judicial number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in session N° 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
By majority, the unconstitutionality action is dismissed on admissibility grounds. Magistrate Cruz Castro issues a dissenting vote and declares Articles 3, 9, 13, 15, 39, 47, and 98 of the Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental unconstitutional, for violation of the right to the environment and the principles of progressivity and non-regression, objectification, and the pro natura principle. He also issues a dissenting vote regarding the claim of violation of the right to citizen participation and standing in defense of municipal autonomy. Let it be notified.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H. Ana María Picado B.
Res. Nº 2025-006027 Dissenting vote of Magistrate Cruz Castro.- Regressive rules in the Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental. Rules were approved that ignore the basic principles of constitutional environmental law.
Unlike the majority opinion, I consider that this action should be granted. Particularly with regard to Articles 3, 9, 13, 15, 39, 47, and 98 of the Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental, for violation of the right to the environment and the principles of progressivity and non-regression, objectification, and the pro natura principle. Additionally, regarding the claim of violation of the right to citizen participation and standing in defense of municipal autonomy. The foregoing, as I express below.
The majority considered that the action was not properly grounded and that the arguments were made generically without relating the content of the rules to the specific grievance in any way. However, I consider that in such a sensitive matter as environmental law, the arguments presented referring to a generalized deregulation and omission of preventive controls that the previous regulation contained are sufficient for this Chamber to examine the merits of each of the challenged rules.
The regressivity of a regulation implies a presumption of unconstitutionality. The State must bear the burden of proof to argue in favor of reasonableness, suitability, necessity, and/or proportionality. The foregoing also finds support in General Comments 13, 14, 15, and 17 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. "The State shall demonstrate that regressive measures are duly justified by reference to all the rights enunciated in the Covenant in the context of the full use of the maximum of the State party's available resources." (General Comment 15, paragraph 19). Note that the Constitutional Chamber, in ruling number 2016-00415, has given the following definition of the principle of non-regression:
"The principle stands as a substantive guarantee of rights, in this case, of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, by virtue of which the State is obliged not to adopt measures, policies, nor approve legal norms that worsen, without reasonable and proportionate justification, the situation of the rights achieved up to that point. This principle does not imply an absolute irreversibility since all States experience national situations, of an economic, political, social nature, or due to nature, that negatively impact the achievements attained until then and force a downward reconsideration of the new level of protection. In those cases, the Constitution and the principles under examination require justification, in light of the constitutional parameters of reasonableness and proportionality, for the reduction of levels of protection." The argument asserting that Executive Decree No. 43898 is unconstitutional for violating the principle of non-regression, by the mere fact of having repealed Decree 31849 and having established regulations different from those in the former, deserves consideration.
In application of the principle of non-regression, it would fall upon the Chamber to analyze whether in effect the new regulation that modified the previous regime decreased the level of protection, without having a reasonable technical justification. I consider that it is enough to argue that the Decree modified the regime in force, that it presents a generalized deregulation, and that it eliminated environmental controls that the previous rule did contain, constituting an acceptable and relevant motivation for this action to be considered properly grounded. The majority opinion assumes a formalistic view, without examining that in environmental matters there are such important limitations that the grounding of the argument need not be so detailed.
The Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental contains several glaringly regressive rules. The rule itself and its content clearly evidence the regression. The following rules are thus observed:
-Article 3:
"Article 3.- Activities, works, or projects that by their nature do not require an Environmental Impact Assessment before SETENA. The activities, works, or projects with very low potential environmental impact, indicated in this article, shall not process an Environmental Impact Assessment before SETENA. However, they will be subject to the environmental controls established by the Municipalities, the Ministry of Health (MINSA), the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG), the State Phytosanitary Service (SFE), the National Animal Health Service (SENASA), the Ministry of Public Works and Transport (MOPT), the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE), and other entities with legal competences; as well as to what is established in the Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales, Executive Decree No. 32079 of September 14, 2004, or any voluntary mechanism to improve environmental performance: (...)" In effect, this rule excludes activities that in the previous regulation required environmental feasibility and lowers the maximum thresholds for classifying them as low, medium, or high impact.
It also eliminates in some cases the obligation to prepare an EIA and, in subsection 8), favors the expansion of hazardous, polluting, and environmentally destructive agricultural activities, such as aggressive pineapple cultivation. Pineapple cultivation requires a series of requirements and controls, given the high vulnerability of the soils and regions where it is grown. Similarly, the thresholds for constructive areas under which projects are required to undergo an environmental impact assessment are reduced; the foregoing, without a technical or scientific basis that allows for the change in environmental regulations or deregulations previously established in the prior rule. These regressive variations require technical studies justifying such a change. Technical criteria are indispensable in such sensitive and vulnerable matters as environmental protection.
It is observed, as the plaintiffs indicate, that this rule reduces the thresholds for constructive areas. In the previous regulation, 31849, the ceiling is 500 square meters, in the one before that it was 300, and in this regulation, 43898, it is 1,000. Below that limit, developers do not have to go through EIAs. As the PGR indicates in its report, lacking any technical foundation, these provisions would be contrary to the principle of non-regression in environmental matters, reasonableness and proportionality, and objectification of environmental protection, and, consequently, to Article 50 of the Political Constitution. This would result, in turn, in a violation of the preventive principle, as it would mean ceasing to evaluate and mitigate the environmental impacts of potentially environmentally impactful activities.
All of which violates the right to the environment and the principles of progressivity and non-regression, objectification, and the pro natura principle.
-Article 9:
"Article 9.- Final environmental classification. The application of the environmental impact significance (SIA) assessment instruments allows the preliminary classification category established for the activity, work, or project by means of the D1 to be modified, with prior technical justification, or confirmed, thereby obtaining a final environmental classification for decision-making. The environmental impact significance (SIA) will be what defines the Environmental Impact Assessment Instrument to be used in D1s with EIA instruments." In effect, this rule redefines environmental significance, allowing it to be defined by an instrument. This is a relevant issue for safeguarding the substantial content of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, in the context of the principles of comprehensive reparation, polluter pays, and non-regression, upon which the environmental impact significance cannot be made dependent on the definition of an instrument. The weakening of environmental protection, without technical criteria, is evident, and therefore it does not require the arguments raised by the plaintiff to be more extensive. The regression is evident, and the lack of technical criteria is also evident.
All of which violates the right to the environment and the principles of progressivity and non-regression, objectification, and the pro natura principle.
-Article 13 and 98:
"Article 13.- Technical verification of the file. The technical verification of the file to be carried out by the respective department shall follow these steps:
1. Verification of the information submitted in the environmental assessment document, regarding environmental impact significance, for which it shall be empowered to conduct an Environmental Inspection of the site according to the procedure defined by SETENA to determine in which cases the inspection must be carried out.
2. Review of the geographic space where the activity, work, or project will be located, regarding its location in an environmentally fragile area or not, and in the context of its territorial space environment and available land-use planning.
3. Verification of the final classification regarding the environmental impact significance (SIA) of the activity, work, or project." Article 98.- Environmentally Fragile Areas (AAF). Their objective is to consider, a priori, a series of environmental and legal variables of a geographic space, in order to facilitate a more accurate decision about the area where a project, work, or activity will be developed.
AAFs, by their nature, are divided into two main groups: a) those areas for which the State has defined a special use regime (defined legal and technical framework); b) geographic spaces that show technical and environmental limitations for their use.
The evaluation of whether the project area is located within an AAF must be carried out by the developer from the initial stages of the project. The fact that the project area forms part of an AAF does not necessarily constitute a prohibition or impediment to the development of the project, work, or activity, unless current legislation so establishes. In this case, knowledge of this situation must lead to the identification of technical environmental limitations and promote a design for the project, work, or activity in such a way that these technical limitations can be overcome, so as not to affect low-impact projects that typically develop in AAFs.
SETENA, during the Environmental Impact Assessment process, will have the obligation to verify, through available digital tools, the situation of the project area with respect to the defined AAFs and to take the result of that analysis into account within the decision-making process that involves the system. In case of uncertainty, it may carry out a site inspection to determine the nature of the land.
For the purposes of this Executive Decree, the following shall be considered environmentally fragile areas: (...)" In effect, these rules allow developers of low-impact projects (between 54% and 65% of the total projects that go through SETENA) to build in environmentally fragile areas. Such permissibility requires a technical basis to ensure that the development of projects in these areas will not result in a negative environmental impact.
All of which violates the right to the environment and the principles of progressivity and non-regression, objectification, and the pro natura principle.
-Article 15, "Article 15.- Potential Environmental Feasibility. Once the requirements indicated in Article 11 of this regulation have been submitted, the developer or consultant may request Potential Environmental Feasibility (Viabilidad Ambiental Potencial, VAP) from SETENA, which will be granted within a maximum period of 7 calendar days. Obtaining this would enable the developer of the activity, work, or project to start or continue processing procedures with other entities, both public and private.
The foregoing with the understanding that the start of activities or the concession, as defined in this Regulation, could only occur with the granting of Environmental Feasibility (License) (Viabilidad (Licencia) Ambiental, VLA), which would be obtained once the respective phase of the Environmental Impact Assessment process is completed." In effect, this rule allows the developer to start the processing of permits in other institutions before the permitting process at SETENA is finished. This authorization is counterproductive, as the rest of the public or private institutions should require certainty about environmental feasibility and not a "potential" feasibility. A category that is debatable from the environmental protection standpoint. In environmental matters, given its fragility, certainty is required, not potentiality.
All of which violates the right to the environment and the principles of progressivity and non-regression, objectification, and the pro natura principle.
-Article 39, "Article 39.- Activities with very low environmental impact. Requests for the extraction of standing trees with a commercial volume of less than 30 cubic meters, and requests for extraction by harvesting in forest of less than 10 fallen trees per property, within Protected Wilderness Areas are activities that will potentially generate specific, low-intensity environmental impacts of limited duration over time, so these requests are classified as activities with very low environmental impact; therefore, these activities shall not process the D4 Forestal form." In effect, this rule allows the felling of trees measuring 30 cubic meters and the extraction of 10 fallen trees from protected wilderness areas, without requiring the procedure established in regulation 31849.
As the PGR indicates in its report, this provision, in addition to the exception it makes for the environmental impact assessment in the extraction of trees and requests for extraction of timber in forest within Protected Wilderness Areas (Áreas Silvestres Protegidas), does not differentiate whether it involves cases of private properties located within protected wilderness areas; it does not contemplate the environmental impact assessment, in contrast with Article 37 of the Organic Law of the Environment and the norms regarding the requirement of that assessment on private lands included in protected wilderness areas. All of this liberalization has no technical basis; it is a demonstration that evidences that private interest prevails over a collective interest as relevant as the environment, the guardianship of the common home.
These variations violate the right to the environment and the principles of progressivity and non-regression, of objectivization, and the pro natura principle.
-Article 47 "Article 47.- On the unification of environmental viabilities. The developer may request from SETENA the unification of several projects with granted environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental), under the following conditions:
1. When the same developer has one or more projects operating on the same property or on adjacent properties and the projects are similar or complementary in type and activity, they may unify the administrative files to guarantee compliance with the acquired environmental commitments so that no fragmentation of the project occurs. In the event that one or both of the approved activities are not coincident or complementary with the project to be carried out, they must also submit, in the same act, to a modification process.
2. When two adjacent projects that obtained environmental viability wish to unify to create a joint project equal to or different from that granted through the originally granted environmental viabilities, they may request the unification of files. In the event that one or both of the approved activities are not coincident or complementary with the project carried out or to be executed, they must also submit, in the same act, to a modification process.
3. When the area of the project varies in size due to the unification, this must be recorded within the unification document indicating the new area and establishing, in all cases, the new acquired environmental commitments, with those from the higher environmental assessment instrument prevailing.
Once the complete information is submitted, SETENA shall have a maximum period of 21 calendar days to issue the respective resolution.
The Environmental Impact Assessment process shall be carried out through the digital platform or the means that SETENA establishes." In effect, this provision permits recognizing as a single project the union of projects smaller than one thousand meters that do not require an EIA if they are built on the same property, fostering the subdivision (fraccionamiento) of megaprojects into mini-projects and thereby evading the studies, controls, and regulations that a larger project might have. The provision establishes an instrument that allows evading environmental controls at the expense of the interests of the community.
These variations violate the right to the environment and the principles of progressivity and non-regression, of objectivization, and the pro natura principle.
In accordance with the constitutional principles of: guardianship of the right to the environment; the preventive principle (when there is certainty of possible damage to the environment, the affecting activity must be prohibited, limited, or conditioned upon compliance with certain requirements); the precautionary principle (when there is danger of serious and irreversible damage, the lack of absolute scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason to postpone the adoption of effective measures based on the costs to prevent environmental degradation); the in dubio pro natura principle (in case of doubt or uncertainty, controversies must be resolved and norms must be interpreted in favor of the protection and conservation of the environment); the principle of objectivization of environmental protection (or the principle of linkage to science and technique, according to which it is required to substantiate decision-making in this matter with technical studies, both in relation to acts and provisions of a general nature—both legal and regulatory—from which the requirement of "linkage to science and technique" is derived, thereby conditioning the Administration's discretion in this matter); the principle of progressivity and non-regression in environmental matters (the obligation of the State to continually increase protection and not to adopt measures, policies, or legal norms that worsen the level of protection achieved); the principle of rational use of resources; the pro natura principle (to resolve and interpret always in favor of the environment); the indicated provisions of the Regulation for environmental assessment, control, and monitoring that modified the prior regime, deteriorating the level of environmental protection, are unconstitutional.
The view that I express in this dissenting opinion (voto particular) expresses a serious concern for the deterioration of environmental guardianship, ignoring such important principles of environmental protection, the violation of which does not require an abundant argument from the petitioner.
Then, in addition to all the foregoing, I consider that the right to citizen participation has been violated. Furthermore, it is appropriate to admit standing in this case for the defense of municipal autonomy. Clearly, the challenged regulation does not fully comply with the criteria to be considered as duly consulted. Note that it was consulted through a website to which not all of the population has access, and the population that could access it did not know that it was under consultation on that page, because it did not have due publicity. Nor does it appear that it was consulted with the municipalities that it directly involves in the use and enforcement of this regulation. Thus, the consultation carried out was through a website of the Ministry of Commerce, which did not have due dissemination to all citizens, which few people have access to, and which is unknown. International norms establish that dissemination must be given through means that reach all citizens, and that they can present their objections easily.
In this matter, the Administration in general does not demonstrate a commitment to citizen participation; only some procedures are created that cannot be classified as citizen participation. Not even this tribunal considers citizen participation to be transcendental, because by majority vote, the requirement for effective citizen control in projects of environmental interest was weakened. Much is said about democracy, about participation, but when its full compliance is required, neither the administration nor judicial control make it an effective experience of democratic culture.
Fernando Cruz C.
Magistrate (Magistrado) Observations of the CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER (SALA CONSTITUCIONAL) voted by ballot Classification prepared by the CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER of the Judicial Branch. Reproduction and/or distribution for profit prohibited.
It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 08-05-2026 09:12:46.
Control constitucional: Sentencia desestimatoria Sentencia con Voto Salvado Sentencias del mismo expediente Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 3. ASUNTOS DE CONTROL DE CONSTITUCIONALIDAD Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
AMBIENTE. EVALUACIÓN, CONTROL Y SEGUIMIENTO AMBIENTAL Sentencia: 006027-25 del 26 de febrero del 2025 Tipo de asunto: Acción de inconstitucionalidad Norma impugnada: Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental. No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAC-MEIC. Publicado en el Alcance No. 65 de la Gaceta No. 67 del 19-04-2023 Parte dispositiva: Por mayoría, se declara sin lugar la acción de inconstitucionalidad por razones de admisibilidad. El magistrado Cruz Castro salva el voto y declara inconstitucionales los artículos 3, 9, 13, 15, 39, 47 y 98 del Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental, por violación del derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, de objetivación, principio pro natura. Salva igualmente el voto en cuanto al alegato de violación al derecho de participación ciudadana y a la legitimación en defensa de la autonomía municipal. Notifíquese.
CO03/26 ... Ver más *CO* SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las trece horas cero minutos del veintiseis de febrero de dos mil veinticinco.
Acción de inconstitucionalidad promovida por [Nombre 001], cédula [Valor 001], costarricense, vecina del cantón de Belén de Heredia, viuda, periodista pensionada, y [Nombre 002], cédula [Valor 002], divorciado, abogado, carné [Valor 003], especialista comisionado de Comisión de Política Ambiental, Económica y Social (CPAES), y de la Comisión de Derecho Ambiental CMDA de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, contra los artículos 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90 y 98 del Decreto Ejecutivo No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental, publicado el 19 de abril de 2023 en Alcance No.65 de La Gaceta No. 67. Intervienen en este proceso, Iván Vinicio Vincenti Rojas, mayor, divorciado, abogado, cédula de identidad 106950983, en su condición de procurador general de la República, Francisco Ernesto Gamboa Soto, en su condición de ministro de Economía, Industria y Comercio, Luis Esteban Amador Jiménez en su condición de ministro de Obras Públicas y Transportes, Víctor Julio Carvajal Porras, en su condición de ministro de Agricultura y Ganadería, Franz Tattenbach Capra, en su condición de ministro de Ambiente y Energía, Mary Denisse Munive Angermüller, en su doble condición de vicepresidenta de la República y ministra de Salud. Asimismo, se tiene como coadyuvante pasivo a Ulises Gerardo Alvarez Acosta, en su condición de secretario general de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental.
Resultando:
“Norma Accionada De acuerdo con el artículo 73.a de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se acciona, la norma Reglamento SETENA 43898 MINAE-S-MOPT-MAC-MEIC, publicado el 19 de abril de 2023 en Alcance No.65 de Gaceta No. 67, se anexa dicha norma completa.
Inconstitucionalidad de la norma reglamento de SETENA 43898, en sus artículos 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90, 98 resulta inconstitucional, violatorio de las normas y Principios que se indican.
Hechos justificantes del artículo 75 Como hechos justificantes del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional:
1. En nota de correo electrónico de fecha 24 de abril de 2023, enviada mismo día por correo electrónico a las cuentas de correo [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], se alegó la inconstitucionalidad de la norma accionada. La consulta fue contestada por correo electrónico enviado desde la cuenta [email protected], el día 10 de mayo de 2023 con el oficio número SETENA-SG-0404-2023. Se adjuntan documentos.
2. Por la naturaleza del asunto no existe una lesión individual, ya que el reglamento que contiene la norma impugnada es de acatamiento colectivo para los habitantes del país.
3. Los accionantes forman parte del colectivo Kañík (Bosque en lengua Bribrí) que es colectivo popular integrado por personas de la sociedad que defienden los intereses colectivos y difusos en materia ambiental. Además de ser defensores de derechos humanos en materia ambiental, de acuerdo con las normas y jurisprudencia convencional y constitucional citadas en la Acción, accionan la presente demanda y tienen la capacidad jurídica para accionar en esta materia para defender derechos humanos en materia ambiental.
Fundamentos 1-El reglamento de SETENA 43898 es una reforma del reglamento 31849. Algunos artículos fueron cambiados y, otros incorporados.
2-La norma accionada, el reglamento 43898 omite los controles preventivos que estaban establecidos en normativas anteriores y con ello violenta el principio de “no regresividad”; abre la posibilidad de que se presenten daños ambientales irreversibles y en consecuencia desmejora la calidad de vida. Y, en este caso, se violan los artículos 50, 51 de la Constitución Política. Artículo 3, porque excluye actividades que en el reglamento anterior requerían de viabilidad ambiental y baja los topes máximos para clasificar de bajo, medio o alto impacto.
3-El reglamento 43898 en su creación no fue debidamente consultado, nada más, por medio de una página web a la cual no toda la población tiene acceso y la población que puede accesarla no conocía que estaba en consulta en esa página, porque no tuvo la debida publicidad, por lo que es falso que se haya consultado públicamente. No fue consultado con las municipalidades a las que involucra directamente en el uso y cumplimiento de esta normativa. Artículos 3, 7 (en su punto 6), 51 (en el decreto anterior, este artículo corresponde con el 48). Se violenta art 1 de la Ley de Administración Pública, la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente en su artículo 17, el Principio de Reserva de Ley. El reglamento 43898 no toma en cuenta que aproximadamente el 50% de los cantones del país adolecen de planes reguladores y solo 6 tienen conocimiento de las áreas de su fragilidad ambiental. Consulta Popular, violenta la consulta popular ya que no existió consulta adecuada para reformar el reglamento anterior. Nótese que la consulta realizada fue por medio de una página web del Ministerio de Comercio, que no tuvo la debida difusión a toda la ciudadanía, que pocas personas tienen acceso a una web de este tipo y que es desconocida. La normativa internacional establece que la difusión se debe dar por medios que lleguen a toda la ciudadanía y que puedan presentar sus objeciones de modo fácil.
4-El contenido del reglamento 43898 presenta una desregulación generalizada. Artículos 3, 32 (elimina en algunos casos la obligación de pasar por EIA) 39, 47, 9. Se violenta el Principio de no regresividad. Las regresiones pueden llegar a sufrir, como consecuencia, daños ambientales irreversibles o de difícil reparación. Artículo 50 de la Constitución Política y la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos. El artículo 3, además de lo señalado presenta, en su inciso 8, favorece la expansión de actividades agrícolas peligrosas, contaminantes y destructivas para el ambiente, como el cultivo agresivo de la piña.
5-En el reglamento 43898 se evade totalmente la responsabilidad que SETENA tenía en el reglamento anterior sobre el tema vial, según reglamento 31849, en el artículo 9, punto 12 se menciona la responsabilidad del SETENA de exigir, si así se amerita, un estudio de vialidad aprobada por el MOPT. Violenta el Principio de Desregulación. Violación del Principio de no regresividad.
6-El reglamento 43898 en su artículo 3 reduce los umbrales de las áreas constructivas. En la normativa anterior, la 31849, el techo es de 500 mts cuadrados, en la anterior era de 300 y en esta normativa, la 43898, es de 1.000. Por debajo de ese límite, los desarrolladores no tienen que pasar por los EIA. Reduce al mínimo las EIA, centrándose solamente en los aspectos de control y seguimiento y dejando a un lado la parte preventiva. Violenta el Principio de Desregulación, violación del Principio de no regresividad. Principio Precautorio o Evitación Prudente, la norma accionada anula la actitud, la acción preventiva que debe tener la SETENA para “disponer todo lo que sea necesario – dentro del ámbito permitido por la ley – a efecto de impedir que se produzcan daños irreversibles en el medio ambiente” (Sentencia 14180-10 Sala Constitucional), porque sin un sustento técnico o científico permite el cambio de regulaciones o desregulaciones ambientales previamente establecidas en la norma anterior (Reglamento 31849) pero que pueden dañar el ambiente.
Principio de Actos Propios, la norma accionada ha suprimido por su propia acción los actos que ha emitido, que confieran derechos subjetivos a los particulares y al ambiente, ya que viene a reformar los beneficios ambientales previamente otorgados a Natura. Principio de Irretroactividad e Intangibilidad de los Actos Propios, La norma impugnada vino a anular de oficio la norma anterior favorable establecida en el Reglamento 31849 que establecía beneficios más favorables para el Ambiente que es una declaración de derechos que benefician al administrado, derechos ambientales, sociales y económicos, tal acción únicamente se podría dar como una excepción calificada a la “doctrina de la inderogabilidad de los actos propios y favorables para el administrado o del principio de intangibilidad de los actos propios, al que esta Sala especializada le ha conferido rango constitucional por derivar del ordinal 34 de la Constitución Política.” Sentencia de Sala Constitucional 2186-94, 899-95.
7-El reglamento 43898 en su artículo 47 establece la obligatoriedad institucional de reconocer como un único proyecto la unión de proyectos de tamaño inferior a mil metros que no requieren de EIA si son construidos en una misma propiedad, propiciando la FRAGMENTACIÓN o FRACCIONAMIENTO ILÍCITOS de megaproyectos en mini proyectos con el fin de evadir los estudios, los controles y regulaciones que podría tener un proyecto mayor, engañando a la Administración, a las poblaciones humanas y tratando de engañar a la Natura, variando el instrumento de evaluación” (fraccionamiento por elusión). Desregulación. Violación del Principio de No regresividad, FRAGMENTACIÓN ILÍCITA, Principio de Regulación de la Conducta Humana del artículo 4.d de Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, y el Principio de procuración del mayor bienestar a todos los habitantes del país Constitución Política en su artículo 50, un todo de la EIA artículo 94 Ley de Biodiversidad, Jurisprudencia de la CNUDMI Caso Aven vs Costa Rica (Aven vs Costa Rica, 2018).
8-El reglamento 43898 en su artículo 39 introduce el derecho de cortar árboles de 30 mts cúbicos y extraer 10 árboles caídos de las áreas silvestres protegidas, sin que se requiera ya el trámite establecido en la normativa 31849. Violenta el Principio de Desregulación. Se violenta el Principio de no regresión y contradice lo estipulado en el Decreto 25700-MINAE que declara la veda total en el aprovechamiento de árboles en peligro de extinción, y la Constitución Política en su artículo 50, así como la Lista Roja de la UICN y Lista CITES.
9-El reglamento 43898 advierte, en los artículos 17 y 90, sobre delitos que pudiera cometer la Administración Pública, revirtiendo la carga de comisión de delitos en contra de los administradores, beneficiando a los desarrolladores; violentando los principios constitucionales de la buena fe y atemorizando al funcionario público, con lo que podría llamarse acoso psicológico laboral. En contradicción figuran los artículos 87 y 88 donde se reducen las sanciones para los desarrolladores. En estos se revierten las cargas imponiendo sanciones penales a funcionarios públicos y descargando al privado desarrollador. Se violenta los Principios de No Regresión, Desregulación, causando un desequilibrio de intereses.
10-El reglamento 43898 sobre favorece al sector privado, por encima del público o la colectividad. Es un manual de reducción de trámites ante la Secretaría Técnica Ambiental que obvia por completo el aspecto preventivo y de protección ambiental, para favorecer a los desarrolladores, siendo que el artículo 21 de la Convención de Derechos Humanos señala la necesidad de que prive el interés colectivo sobre el individual y también lo dice la Constitución Política en su artículo 46, nótese que las Normas Ambientales deben favorecer a la parte más débil, en este caso la parte más débil es la Madre Tierra, los habitantes de esta y la parte fuerte es los desarrolladores que cuentan con todos los recursos económicos para aprovecharse del Ambiente lucrando de esta y generando un pasivo ambiental, social y económico.
11-El reglamento 43898 en sus artículos 98 y 13 (en especial el punto 2) permite a los desarrolladores de proyectos de bajo impacto (entre el 54% y el 65 % del total de proyectos que pasan por la SETENA) construir en áreas ambientalmente frágiles. Se viola el Acuerdo De Escazú (CEPAL, 2018), el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política y la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos. Desregulación. Violenta el Principio de no regresividad. Principio Indubio Pro-Natura, artículo 50 de la Constitución Política. Desregulación, violación del Principio de no regresividad. Principio Precautorio o Evitación Prudente, la norma accionada anula la actitud, la acción preventiva que debe tener la SETENA para “disponer todo lo que sea necesario – dentro del ámbito permitido por la ley – a efecto de impedir que se produzcan daños irreversibles en el medio ambiente” (Sentencia 14180-10 Sala Constitucional), porque sin un sustento técnico o científico permite el cambio de regulaciones o desregulaciones ambientales previamente establecidas en la norma anterior (Reglamento 31849) pero que pueden dañar el ambiente.
Principio de Actos Propios, la norma accionada ha suprimido por su propia acción los actos que ha emitido, que confieran derechos subjetivos a los particulares y al ambiente, ya que viene a reformar los beneficios ambientales previamente otorgados a Natura. Principio de Irretroactividad e Intangibilidad de los Actos Propios, La norma impugnada vino a anular de oficio la norma anterior favorable establecida en el Reglamento 31849 que establecía beneficios más favorables para el Ambiente que es una declaración de derechos que benefician al administrado, derechos ambientales, sociales y económicos, tal acción únicamente se podría dar como una excepción calificada a la “doctrina de la inderogabilidad de los actos propios y favorables para el administrado o del principio de intangibilidad de los actos propios, al que esta Sala especializada le ha conferido rango constitucional por derivar del ordinal 34 de la Constitución Política.” Sentencia de Sala Constitucional 2186-94, 899-95.
Principio de Desarrollo Sostenible, la norma accionada desfavorece al ser humano y a la misma naturaleza al romper el balance normativo y natural que debe existir en las poblaciones humanas y el medio ambiente o la naturaleza. Indubio Pro-Natura, la norma recurrida es completamente contraria al principio pro-natura al permitir el desarrollo económico en beneficio de un tercero dentro de zonas ambientalmente frágiles sin que exista un estudio técnico previo o, aunque este exista, siendo que la Natura está al servicio de los Humanos y proveyendo recursos esenciales para la subsistencia y creando un adecuado balance para sustentar la vida en el planeta. Principio de Protección al Medio Ambiente, este principio se violenta al hacer cambio de zonas de desarrollo dentro de zonas ambientalmente frágiles beneficiando únicamente la economía del solicitante o desarrollador sin considerar el Medio Ambiente y los servicios ecosistémicos que este brinda a los humanos, pues este aplicará cuando haya peligro de daño grave o irreversible en el ambiente.” Sentencia 17155-09 Sala Constitucional.
En tal sentido, la norma impugnada tira por el suelo todas las medidas precautorias para evitar cual cualquier daño ambiental o a las personas. Principio de Prevención del Riesgo Ambiental, la norma accionada permite o no previene posibles daños o afectaciones del ambiente que podrían resultar irreversibles a las zonas ambientalmente frágiles, a especies en peligro de extinción, a las fuentes de agua, al suelo, al aire y a los seres humanos.
12-El reglamento 43898 en su artículo 15 permite al desarrollador empezar tramitación de permisos en otras instituciones antes de que acabe el proceso de permisos en SETENA. Violenta el Principio de Desregulación. Jurisprudencia en sentencia N° 008201 del 12 de abril de 2023 los jueces constitucionales declararon parcialmente con lugar una acción de inconstitucionalidad, de modo que anularon una frase concreta contenida en el párrafo cuarto del artículo 15 de la Ley de Protección al Ciudadano del Exceso de Requisitos y Trámites Administrativos Ley 8220 "la materia de salud, ambiente y", reformada por la ley N° 10.072 del 18 de noviembre de 2021: “Para el otorgamiento de licencias, permisos, autorizaciones o cualquier otro trámite requerido por el administrado, incluyendo la materia de salud, ambiente y autorizaciones municipales, las entidades u órganos de la Administración podrán conceder aprobaciones temporales sujetas al cumplimiento de requisitos posteriores en un plazo hasta de seis meses, en los casos que cada una lo defina, debiendo el administrado cumplir con lo pendiente.” 13-El reglamento 43898 en su artículo 35, abandona el control de SETENA una vez que el desarrollador obtiene la viabilidad ambiental, dejando la responsabilidad en terceros.
Violentando los principios de Desregulación. Principio de no regresividad, Principio de derecho a ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado Artículo 50 de la Constitución Política, violentando el Principio de Protección del Ambiente, Principio de Prevención del Daño Ambiental artículo 4.c de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente.
14-El reglamento 43898 prescinde completamente de lo que contiene el reglamento 31849 en su artículo 35, donde se obliga al envío de los EsIAS a otras autoridades relacionadas con los permisos constructivos. Violenta el Principio de Desregulación y de No Regresión y de Irretroactividad de las normas ambientales.
15-El reglamento 43898, en su artículo 41, se impone que distintos “usuarios” pudieran aprovechar los recursos forestales de las áreas silvestres protegidas. Violenta los principios de Principio de no regresividad, Principio de derecho a ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado Constitución Política en su artículo 50, Desregulación, Principio de no regresividad. Principio Indubio Pro-Natura y Ley Forestal 7575.
16-El Reglamento plantea el 43898 prescinde de la obligación del desarrollador de comunicar, dar publicidad en periódico de circulación nacional sobre los estudios de impacto ambiental que está sometiendo ante la SETENA, contrario al reglamento anterior 31849 en su artículo 41 que lo obligaba, la nueva norma lo reduce a una publicación en la página web del SETENA para esos fines. Violentando los Principios de Desregulación. Principio de regresividad, Violenta el derecho a la Información, Principio de no regresividad, Principio de derecho a ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado Constitución Política en su artículo 50, Desregulación, Principio de no regresividad. Principio Indubio Pro-Natura.
17-El reglamento 43898 no contiene el formulario D-6 mencionado en los artículos 24, 25, 26 porque el anexo 7 donde este formulario D-6 debe aparecer, según lo señala el artículo 24, no fue incluido. Tampoco aparece el anexo 9 con el formulario D-4 que se menciona en los artículos 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42. Violenta los Principios de no regresividad, Principio de derecho a ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado Constitución Política en su artículo 50, Desregulación, Principio de no regresividad. Principio Indubio Pro-Natura 18-Que el reglamento 43898, según su artículo 87, se desgravó y se considera falta leve no responder al requerimiento de información solicitados por la SETENA. Violentando los Principios de no regresividad, Principio de derecho a ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado Constitución Política en su artículo 50, Desregulación, Principio de no regresividad. Principio Indubio Pro-Natura.
19-Que el marco de constitucionalidad y de legalidad no autoriza a la SETENA a delegar total ni parcialmente las funciones que le son propias; sin embargo, dispone que los proyectos, obras o actividades a los que les elimina el requisito del proceso de la Viabilidad Ambiental ante SETENA; les basta con el trámite que deberán cumplir en otras instituciones y acatar lo dispuesto en el Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales (Ej.: Artículo 32.c), ya que violenta el Principio de Reserva de Ley y violenta el Principio de No Regresión, la SETENA no tiene la potestad legal de dar órdenes a las municipalidades a través de un reglamento, pues son entes autónomos por disposición constitucional y legal (en el Código Municipal), el artículo 3 traslada a los municipios la responsabilidad sobre todo lo concerniente a la extensión de permisos de obras de muy bajo impacto ambiental que no requieren evaluaciones de impacto ambiental por parte de la Setena. Esta obligación es exclusiva para SETENA y le ha sido otorgada legalmente por los artículos 83 y 84 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y el artículo 3 del Reglamento de Funcionamiento de la Comisión Plenaria de la SETENA número 43212-MINAE.
Cita concreta de normas o principios infringidos La norma accionada violenta los Principios de:
Principio de Legalidad consagrado en artículo 11 constitucional, ya que el reglamento recurrido se insubordina a la Ley Forestal, a la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, a la Ley de Biodiversidad, como está supra anotado.
Principio de Jerarquía de las Normas, artículos 1, 2, 8 de Ley 63 Código Civil, artículo 6 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, la Constitución Política, ya que el reglamento recurrido se insubordina a la Ley Forestal, a la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, a la Ley de Biodiversidad, como está supra anotado.
Principio Precautorio o Evitación Prudente, la norma accionada anula la actitud, la acción preventiva que debe tener la SETENA para “disponer todo lo que sea necesario – dentro del ámbito permitido por la ley – a efecto de impedir que se produzcan daños irreversibles en el medio ambiente” (Sentencia 14180-10 Sala Constitucional), porque sin un sustento técnico o científico permite desgravar las responsabilidades ambientales de los desarrolladores, que pueden dañar el ambiente.
Principio de Actos Propios, la Administración SETENA mediante la norma accionada ha suprimido por su propia acción los actos que haya emitido, Reglamento anterior número 31849, que confieran derechos subjetivos a los particulares, ya que viene a reformar o eliminar la normativa anterior mediante la reforma del Reglamento recurrido.
Principio de Irretroactividad e Intangibilidad de los Actos Propios, La Administración SETENA vino a anular el acto administrativo favorables establecido en el Reglamento número 31849 en que establecía taxativamente regulaciones ambientales más estrictas, que es una declaración de derechos para el administrado, derechos ambientales, sociales y económicos, tal acción únicamente se podría dar como una excepción calificada a la “doctrina de la inderogabilidad de los actos propios y favorables para el administrado o del principio de intangibilidad de los actos propios, al que esta Sala especializada le ha conferido rango constitucional por derivar del ordinal 34 de la Constitución Política.” Sentencia de Sala Constitucional 2186-94, 899-95.
Consulta Popular, violenta la consulta popular ya que no existió una debida, accesible consulta para reformar el reglamento 31849, mediante reglamento impugnado.
Principio de Desarrollo Sostenible, la norma accionada desfavorece al ser humano y a la misma naturaleza al romper el balance normativo y natural que debe existir en las poblaciones humanas y el medio ambiente o la naturaleza.
Indubio Pro-Natura, la norma recurrida es completamente contraria al principio pro-natura al derribar regulaciones anteriores que protegían en mayor forma el Ambiente, sin que exista un estudio técnico previo y conocido por la población y consultores ambientales, siendo que la Natura está al servicio de los Humanos y proveyendo recursos esenciales para la subsistencia y creando un adecuado balance para sustentar la vida en el planeta.
Principio de Protección al Medio Ambiente, este principio se violenta al bajar las regulaciones ambientales, beneficiando únicamente la economía de los desarrolladores sin considerar el Medio Ambiente, siendo carente de “estudios técnicos y científicos con participación d ellos consultores ambientales y la población, pues este aplicará cuando haya peligro de daño grave o irreversible en el ambiente.” Sentencia 17155-09 Sala Constitucional. En tal sentido, la norma impugnada tira por el suelo todas las medidas precautorias para evitar cual cualquier daño ambiental o a las personas.
Principio de Prevención del Riesgo Ambiental, la norma accionada permite o no previene posibles daños o afectaciones del ambiente que podrían resultar irreversibles, por derribar regulaciones que estaban en vigencia anteriormente.
Principio de Vinculación a la Ciencia y la Técnica, la norma citada vino a reformar el reglamento 31849 que contenía normas de base técnica y científica, sometido a la aprobación de varias instituciones, sin tener la reforma un estudio técnico científico que lo sustentara.
Principio de participación ciudadana, basada en: el Principio 1 de la Declaración de Río, el Principio 10 de la Declaración de Río, el principio 2 de la Declaración sobre Bosques (1992), el artículo 23, numeral 1, inciso a), de la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos, el artículo 21 de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos, el artículo 3, inciso c), de la Convención de Lucha contra la Desertificación, el artículo 8, inciso j) del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica, el artículo 6 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y 31 de misma norma en que protege el ambiente mediante consultas a los consultores ambientales externos de la SETENA y a la ciudadanía, ya que no se tuvo una apertura total a la ciudadanía para consultar la reforma sino una consulta en una página del MEIC que no es de acceso ni conocimiento general de la ciudadanía, ni de los consultores, tampoco se le envió la propuesta por correo a los consultores ambientales un municipalidades.
Principio de Justicia Social, la citada norma incumple con las exigencias fundamentales de equidad, proporcionalidad y razonabilidad que debe imperar en las normas y actos públicos, que, al degradar en requisitos de la norma anterior, al ser el Medio Ambiente un bien común de la sociedad, se le está arrebatando el derecho al resto de disponer de un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
Lista Roja de la UICN, la norma accionada no previó que se pueda dar una alteración o riesgo en especies migratorias y nativas en peligro de extinción (UICN, 2022) (En total 60 especies en peligro en Costa Rica https://www.iucnredlist.org/es/search?landRegions=CR&searchType=species).
Lista de especies en Peligro de Extinción de CITES, Costa Rica, la norma accionada no previó que se pueda dar una alteración en los individuos y su hábitat de especies incluidas en la lista de CITES (CITES, 2017).
Principios Marco sobre los Derechos Humanos y Medio Ambiente, ONU (ONU, 2018), que tutela los derechos de la ciudadanía a la participación, acceso a la información y protección a los defensores del ambiente.
Convenio de Escazú (CEPAL, 2018), introducida al bloque jurisprudencial interamericano por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, a partir de la sentencia Baraona Bray vs Chile del 24 de noviembre de 2022 (Baraona Bray vs Chile, 2022)1 , en aplicación del principio de progresividad de los derechos humanos, que tutela los derechos de la ciudadanía a la participación, acceso a la información y protección a los defensores del ambiente.
Convenio de Aarhus de la Comisión Económica de las Naciones Unidas para Europa, (ONU, Convenio de Aarhus, 1998), en aplicación del principio de progresividad de los derechos humanos, que tutela los derechos de la ciudadanía a la participación, acceso a la información y protección a los defensores del ambiente.
Pretensiones que se formulan Principales 1. Se permita realizar la vista con especialistas técnicos que aportaremos a la misma, se solicita se permita la participación de 5 especialistas técnicos.
2. Se declare que el Reglamento SETENA 43898 MINAE-S-MOPT-MAC-MEIC, publicado el 19 de abril de 2023 en Alcance No.65 de Gaceta No. 67 es inconstitucional con sus efectos consecuentes en los artículos mencionados (artículos 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90, 98) y en su totalidad al desregular la norma anterior y dejarla sin defensas ambientales ya citadas.
3. Sobre el proceso, siendo que este tema de derechos humanos en materia ambiental es materia especial, se solicita que el Procurador que atienda este expediente sea un procurador del área ambiental que pueda exponer con principios ambientales, humanos y constitucionales sobre la demanda de inconstitucionalidad de manera íntegra, esto en beneficio de la constitucionalidad.”
Redacta la Magistrada Hess Herrera; y,
Considerando:
Esta Sala ha señalado, de forma reiterada, que la acción de inconstitucionalidad es un proceso con determinadas formalidades, que necesariamente deben cumplirse para que este Tribunal pueda pronunciarse válidamente sobre el fondo del asunto. El artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional regula la legitimación para interponer acciones de inconstitucionalidad y prevé situaciones distintas. En el párrafo primero se exige la existencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver, sea en sede judicial –incluyendo los recursos de hábeas corpus o de amparo- o en la administrativa –en el procedimiento de agotamiento de esta vía-, en el que se invoque la inconstitucionalidad de la norma cuestionada, como medio razonable de amparar el derecho o interés que se considera lesionado en el asunto principal. En los párrafos segundo y tercero se regula la acción directa –no se requiere del asunto base-, en los siguientes supuestos: a) cuando por la naturaleza del asunto no exista lesión individual y directa; b) se trate de la defensa de intereses difusos o que atañen a la colectividad en su conjunto; y c) cuando la acción sea promovida por el procurador general de la República, el contralor general de la República, el fiscal general de la República y el defensor de los Habitantes.
Asimismo, en sentencia nro. 04190-95 de las 11:33 horas del 28 de julio de 1995, este Tribunal precisó que la acción de inconstitucionalidad es:
“(…) un proceso de naturaleza incidental, y no de una acción directa o popular, con lo que se quiere decir que se requiere de la existencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver -sea ante los tribunales de justicia o en el procedimiento para agotar la vía administrativa- para poder acceder a la vía constitucional, pero de tal manera que, la acción constituya un medio razonable para amparar el derecho considerado lesionado en el asunto principal, de manera que lo resuelto por el Tribunal Constitucional repercuta positiva o negativamente en dicho proceso pendiente de resolver, por cuanto se manifiesta sobre la constitucionalidad de las normas que deberán ser aplicadas en dicho asunto; y únicamente por excepción es que la legislación permite el acceso directo a esta vía -presupuestos de los párrafos segundo y tercero del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional …”.
Finalmente, existen otras formalidades que deben ser cumplidas, a saber, el escrito de interposición debe estar autenticado y contener una determinación explícita de la normativa impugnada, debidamente fundamentada, con cita concreta de los componentes del bloque de constitucionalidad que se consideren infringidos (artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional). Debe, además, acreditarse las condiciones de legitimación (poderes y certificaciones), procederse al pago del timbre del Colegio de Abogados y aportarse certificación literal del escrito en el que se invocó la inconstitucionalidad de las normas impugnadas en el asunto base (artículo 79 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional).
Según se indicó, la acción de inconstitucionalidad es un proceso con determinadas formalidades, que, si no se reúnen, imposibilitan a la Sala conocer de la impugnación que se pretende. Uno de esos requisitos corresponde a la necesaria fundamentación del escrito en el que se formule la acción de inconstitucionalidad. La Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en su artículo 3, dispone que “Se tendrá por infringida la Constitución Política cuando ello resulte de la confrontación del texto de la norma o acto cuestionado, de sus efectos, o de su interpretación o aplicación por las autoridades públicas, con las normas y principios constitucionales”. Ahora bien, para que este Tribunal tenga por configurada la infracción y pueda declarar la inconstitucionalidad de la norma o acto impugnado, con la consecuente anulación y expulsión del ordenamiento jurídico, quien promueva una acción de inconstitucionalidad tiene la carga de demostrar cómo esa disposición infringe el Derecho de la Constitución y, además, debe indicar por qué debe estimarse la demanda.
Esto es denominado por esta Sala como la carga de la argumentación, es decir, que “una norma que facialmente (sic) sea contraria a la Constitución, vuelca la carga de la argumentación a quienes sostengan que en realidad no hay conflicto entre esa norma y la Constitución Política; lo contrario sucede si se acciona contra una norma que en primer examen no parece contraria a la Constitución, en cuya hipótesis es el accionante el que debe avanzar con los argumentos que convenzan acerca de la inconstitucionalidad” (véase la sentencia nro. 0184-95 de las 16:30 horas del 10 de enero de 1995). En una sentencia posterior, esta Sala expuso, en cuanto a la falta de exposición de los argumentos de inconstitucionalidad en materia de acciones de inconstitucionalidad, lo siguiente:
“La acción de inconstitucionalidad se interpone con el argumento de que el Decreto Ejecutivo impugnado es nocivo, lesiona e infringe los derechos fundamentales a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, el derecho a la salud y a los compromisos internacionales suscritos con el Protocolo de Kyoto. Pese a la oportunidad otorgada a los accionantes, se confirma lo que indica la Procuraduría General de la República, de que no existe un análisis concreto de las disposiciones del Decreto Ejecutivo impugnado que se consideran inconstitucionales, sino que el mismo se limita a establecer discrepancias de forma genérica y en abstracto contra la totalidad del Reglamento, más aún contra toda actividad que desempeñan los ingenios Azucareros y Haciendas, pues sostienen que causan inconvenientes en la calidad de vida y en la salud de los habitantes circunvecinos, sin concretar qué argumentos de constitucionalidad se deben tomar en cuenta en contra de cada una de las disposiciones o grupos del normas del Reglamento impugnado. […] El párrafo primero del artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional establece la obligación de autenticar los escritos de interposición de acciones de inconstitucionalidad, toda vez que se estima necesario que existan argumentos esgrimidos por un profesional en Derecho, que no descarta este Tribunal responda a un serio estudio del fondo técnico y científico de una determinada materia, dada la diversidad y universalidad de las normas del ordenamiento jurídico.
A diferencia de los procesos de garantías, es decir, los recursos de hábeas corpus y de amparo, que los puede interponer directamente cualquier interesado ante la jurisdicción constitucional en defensa de sus derechos fundamentales, generalmente contra actos u omisiones que le lesionan en su esfera particular (aunque no siempre como en los casos ambientales), en los procesos de defensa de la Constitución Política (como la acción de inconstitucionalidad), el legislador confió al abogado autenticante una labor cuya exigencia es aún mayor, si se quiere más elaborada y exhaustiva que debe plasmar en el libelo de interposición en razón de su oficio profesional, para demostrar al Tribunal la lesión a la norma constitucional por parte de una norma de menor rango, socavando el principio de supremacía constitucional contenida en el artículo 10 de la Constitución Política. Precisamente la elaboración material y formal de la Ley, así como de las demás disposiciones secundarias, suponen un proceso sumamente costoso para el Estado, en la que de muchas maneras para su elaboración ha participado la sociedad civil organizada a favor o en contra, y cuyos procedimientos de formación, aprobación y promulgación no debe analizarse a la ligera.
En este sentido, debe reconocer esta Sala que existe un reducido espacio para este Tribunal para socorrer las ausencias manifiestas de los profesionales en derecho que autentican los escritos en esta jurisdicción constitucional, sin exponer la imparcialidad y análisis que se debe a cada una de las acciones de inconstitucionalidad.” (sentencia nro. 2012-05285 de 15:03 horas de 25 de abril de 2012).
El citado artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional exige, en tal sentido, que en el escrito en que se interponga la acción se expongan “sus fundamentos en forma clara y precisa”. En sentencia nro. 2013-016944 de las 14:30 horas del 18 de diciembre de 2013, esta Sala hizo expresa referencia a la exigencia de debida fundamentación del escrito de interposición –como requisito esencial de admisibilidad de la acción, a tenor de lo dispuesto el mencionado ordinal- en los siguientes términos:
“II.- INADMISIBILIDAD POR FALTA DE FUNDAMENTACIÓN. De conformidad con el artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en el escrito en que se interponga la acción de inconstitucionalidad, se deberán exponer los fundamentos en forma clara y precisa, con cita concreta de las normas o principios que se consideren infringidos. Dicho requisito no se traduce en una mera formalidad, sino en un requisito esencial de admisibilidad, pues en virtud del principio pro sentencia –desarrollado en otras ocasiones por esta Sala- según el cual, los requisitos de admisibilidad deben interpretarse en sentido favorable a la acción, además, el Derecho Constitucional es de orden público preferente y en garantía de su supremacía y vigencia hay un interés público en virtud del cual los obstáculos para la admisión y resolución de fondo de una acción, deben interpretarse y aplicarse restrictivamente. Así las cosas, todas las normas procesales deben ser interpretadas y aplicadas de manera tal que se obtenga el dictado de la sentencia, lo anterior, no solo facilita la administración de la justicia, sino que además, evita que se impongan obstáculos para no alcanzarla (ver en igual sentido, las sentencias números 93-5175, 3041-97, 01-06, 2874-06, 1622-08 y 2887-08).
En consecuencia, la falta de fundamentación de la acción, impide el dictado de una sentencia debidamente motivada y congruente con lo pretendido. Asimismo, resulta improcedente que esta Sala se pronuncie por el fondo de normas cuestionadas en una acción, cuando el que acciona no fundamenta las razones por las cuales impugna, toda vez, que ello implicaría efectuar un control constitucional en abstracto a manera de ejercicio académico, lo que no es compatible con la finalidad de un proceso de esta naturaleza.” Finalmente, en el voto nro. 2020-000319 de las 12:15 horas del 8 de enero de 2020, este Tribunal reiteró que:
“(…) dado el formalismo dispuesto legalmente para los procesos de control de constitucionalidad. la carga argumentativa en el trámite de una acción de inconstitucionalidad recae en el accionante, quien debe explicar, sin ambages, la contradicción existente entre una normativa infraconstitucional y el bloque de constitucionalidad, así como la legitimación que le asiste”.
En el sub judice, de la lectura del escrito de interposición, se concluye que el accionante formula inicialmente una serie de reclamos genéricos sobre el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC (Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental), en los cuales señala que la normativa impugnada lesiona: a) El principio de no regresión por haberse derogado el decreto 31849, que presenta desregularización generalizada y que elimina controles ambientales que sí tenía la norma anterior; b) la consulta popular, pues acusa que la normativa no fue consultada correctamente antes de su emisión, ya que únicamente se realizó por medio de la página web del Ministerio de Comercio; y c) señala que hay un favorecimiento al sector privado por encima del público o la colectividad, por tratarse de un manual de reducción de trámites en perjuicio de la naturaleza.
Al respecto, coincide la Sala con el criterio de la Procuraduría General de la República, en el sentido de que no hay un debido esfuerzo argumentativo para demostrar cómo las normas impugnadas violentan la Constitución Política, pues respecto a tales argumentos se tiene que: a) Respecto al principio de no regresión por derogación de normativa, no basta con alegar que se derogó norma y que hay nuevas regulaciones. De igual forma, el accionante no precisa cuáles fueron los controles omitidos, cómo esto constituye una disminución de la tutela ambiental y si existe o no sustento técnico; b) respecto al principio de participación ciudadana, este tutela si durante el proceso de elaboración y emisión de la norma, se contemplaron mecanismos de publicidad y participación, mas no existe una determinación constitucional de cuáles son los mecanismos específicos que deben utilizarse y, en ese sentido, el accionante no indica cómo debió haberse consultado o por qué el medio utilizado fue insuficiente y; c) respecto al supuesto favorecimiento del sector privado, el accionante no explica cómo y a través de cuáles disposiciones se da el supuesto favorecimiento.
En ese sentido, estima este Tribunal que lleva razón la PGR al señalar que no existe una debida motivación de tales alegatos y, por el contrario, se realizan de manera genérica sin relacionar de manera alguna el contenido de las normas con el agravio en concreto, circunstancia que impide a esta Sala pronunciarse sobre estos.
Por otra parte, continuando con la lectura del libelo de interposición, el accionante aduce la inconstitucionalidad de los artículos 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90 y 98 del Reglamento No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, pues considera que son contrarios a los principios de no regresividad, reserva de ley, consulta popular, desregulación, precautorio, pro natura, actos propios, intangibilidad de los actos propios, buena fe, el Acuerdo de Escazú y la protección al medio ambiente, por los siguientes motivos:
El artículo 3 excluye actividades que en el reglamento anterior requerían de viabilidad ambiental y baja los topes máximos para clasificarlas como de bajo, medio o alto impacto. Asimismo, que elimina en algunos casos la obligación de elaborar un EIA y que, en el inciso 8), se favorece la expansión de actividades agrícolas peligrosas, contaminantes y destructivas para el ambiente, como el cultivo agresivo de la piña. De igual forma, señala que se reducen los umbrales de las áreas constructivas según los cuales los proyectos requieren someterse a evaluación de impacto ambiental; lo anterior, sin un sustento técnico o científico que permita el cambio de regulaciones o desregulaciones ambientales previamente establecidas en la norma anterior. En este punto concreto, disiente la Sala de que la Procuraduría General de la República analice por el fondo este numeral y de la remisión al informe que ese órgano rindió en una acción de inconstitucionalidad contra este mismo Reglamento (expediente No. 23-022240-0007-CO), en el sentido de que debe verificarse si la modificación de los supuestos en que no se requiere EIA consta de sustento técnico.
Con ello, tácitamente se admite que sobre esa disposición la acción está debidamente fundamentada, conclusión que no se comparte. Al igual como sucede con otras disposiciones concretas impugnadas, la acción se constriñe a exponer un cambio en la regulación (en el apartado 6 de los alegatos) con un sucinto recuento de principios que se aduce trasgredidos, argumentación que no marca diferencia alguna relevante respecto de aquellas que ya se han calificado que no reúnen los requisitos demandados por el artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. También se afirma que el Reglamento no se consultó de manera adecuada, pues esto se realizó por medio de la página web del Ministerio de Comercio y no tuvo una debida difusión. Agrega que, tampoco se consultó a las municipalidades, pese a que les traslada la responsabilidad sobre todo lo concerniente a la extensión de permisos de obras de muy bajo impacto ambiental que no requieren evaluaciones de impacto ambiental por parte de la Setena.
Nótese que el artículo cuestionado tiene 8 incisos, pero el accionante no especifica cuáles son las actividades que antes requerían vialidad y ahora son excluidas y respecto al inciso 8) no explica cuál es el favorecimiento que se da. Por otra parte, tampoco indica cómo debió haberse consultado, ni por qué la falta de consulta a las municipalidades lesiona la Constitución Política. En todo caso, sobre este último punto, la legitimación que invocan los accionantes -por intereses difusos al actuar en defensa del derecho a un medio ambiente sano- es distinta de la necesaria para poder reclamar una eventual lesión a la autonomía municipal. Esta última, por ejemplo, se reconoció en la sentencia No. 2022013101 de las 12:31 horas del 8 de junio de 2021, en los siguientes términos:
“II.- Sobre la legitimación de la accionante. En el sub lite, la alcaldesa accionante indica que las normas impugnadas inciden en el presupuesto municipal y en la autonomía de las corporaciones locales, con lo que se afecta a los usuarios de los servicios municipales y a los intereses comunales en general. Al respecto, consta que la alcaldesa aportó el acuerdo adoptado por el Concejo de Alajuela en la sesión nro. 28-2019 del 9 de julio de 2019 artículo 1 capítulo IX, mediante el cual se le autorizó para que impugnara las disposiciones de la ley nro. 9635, en defensa de la autonomía municipal. En consecuencia, la Sala estima que la accionante cumple los requisitos de legitimación para interponer esta acción de inconstitucionalidad.” Que los artículos 7 y 51 resultan inconstitucionales, pues el reglamento no se consultó de manera adecuada, al haberse efectuado tal consulta por medio de la página web del Ministerio de Comercio y no tuvo una debida difusión.
Agrega que tampoco se consultó a las municipalidades, pese a que les traslada la responsabilidad sobre todo lo concerniente a la extensión de permisos de obras de muy bajo impacto ambiental que no requieren evaluaciones de impacto ambiental por parte de la SETENA. Sobre este numeral, no se detalla cómo debió haberse consultado. Tampoco indica por qué la falta de consulta a las municipalidades lesiona la Constitución Política. En todo caso, la legitimación que invoca el accionante -por intereses difusos al actuar en defensa del derecho a un medio ambiente sano- le impide reclamar una eventual lesión a la autonomía municipal.
Asimismo, debe tenerse en consideración que el esquema de participación en la adopción de la norma cuestionada es ajeno al ámbito de competencia de la Sala, según se ha establecido en distintos pronunciamientos, desde 2019, en los términos que siguen, extraídos de la sentencia No. 2021-21934 de las 9:50 horas del 1º de octubre de 2021:
Que el artículo 9 elimina en algunos casos la obligación de elaborar un EIA y que el punto 12 indica que SETENA exigirá -se así lo amerita- un estudio de vialidad aprobada por el MOPT. Sin embargo, este reclamo debe rechazarse por indebida motivación, pues los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma.
Acusa que los artículos 13 y 98 permiten a los desarrolladores de proyectos de bajo impacto ambiental construir en áreas ambientalmente frágiles. Lo anterior, porque sin un sustento técnico o científico permite el cambio de regulaciones o desregulaciones ambientales previamente establecidas en la norma anterior (Reglamento 31849), pero que pueden dañar el ambiente. Este reclamo, al igual que el anterior, debe rechazarse por indebida motivación, pues los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma. Por lo demás, respecto a estos numerales, el Acuerdo de Escazú ni siquiera es parámetro de constitucionalidad, al no estar ratificado por el Estado de Costa Rica.
Sobre el artículo 15 refiere que permite al desarrollador empezar la tramitación de permisos en otras instituciones antes de que acabe el proceso de permisos en SETENA. Sin embargo, este reclamo debe rechazarse por indebida motivación, pues los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma.
Respecto a los artículos 17 y 90 afirma que advierten sobre delitos que pudiera cometer la Administración Pública, revirtiendo la carga de comisión de delitos en contra de los administradores, beneficiando a los desarrolladores y atemorizando al funcionario público. Sin embargo, este reclamo debe rechazarse por indebida motivación, pues los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma. Igualmente, la legitimación que invoca el accionante no tiene relación alguna con el principio de la buena fe y las regulaciones a las cuales se debe someter el funcionariado público en el ejercicio de sus labores.
Sobre los artículos 24, 25 y 26 indica que el anexo 7 que debe contener el formulario D-6 que se menciona en esos artículos no fue incluido en el reglamento. Este reclamo, al igual que el anterior, debe rechazarse por indebida motivación, pues los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma. En todo caso, según informa la PGR la documentación que se reclama fue publicada en el Alcance N°65 C, La Gaceta no. 67 del 19 de abril de 2023, como parte del Tomo III del Decreto 43898, en el cual, consta como anexo 7 el denominado “Formulario de Presentación del D-6 Cuadrante Urbano”.
Señala que el artículo 32 elimina en algunos casos la obligación de pasar por evaluación de impacto ambiental. Pese a lo anterior, los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma, pues la norma hace referencia al formulario D1-C, sin embargo, el accionante omite indicar cómo lo ahí dispuesto violenta la Constitución. Es decir, nuevamente se está ante una fundamentación insuficiente.
Indica que el artículo 35 abandona el control de SETENA una vez que el desarrollador obtiene la viabilidad ambiental, dejando la responsabilidad en terceros. No obstante, omite explicar cómo debe hacerse ese control posterior o por qué lo ahí dispuesto resulta insuficiente. Este reclamo, al igual que el anterior, debe rechazarse por indebida motivación, pues los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma.
Afirma que los artículos 36, 37, 38 y 42 son inconstitucionales porque el anexo 9 que debe contener el formulario D-4 que se menciona en esos artículos no fue incluido en el reglamento. Este reclamo, al igual que el anterior, debe rechazarse por insuficiente motivación, en el tanto los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma. Adicionalmente, según informa la PGR la documentación que se reclama fue publicada en el Alcance N°65 C de La Gaceta no. 67 del 19 de abril de 2023, Tomo III del Decreto 43898, anexo 9 denominado “Formulario de Presentación del D4-Forestal”.
En criterio del accionante, el artículo 39 lesiona los principios de no regresión, desregulación y pro natura por las siguientes razones:
“El reglamento 43898 en su artículo 39 introduce el derecho de cortar árboles de 30 mts cúbicos y extraer 10 árboles caídos de las áreas silvestres protegidas, sin que se requiera ya el trámite establecido en la normativa 31849. Violenta el Principio de Desregulación. Se violenta el Principio de no regresión y contradice lo estipulado en el Decreto 25700-MINAE que declara la veda total en el aprovechamiento de árboles en peligro de extinción, y la Constitución Política en su artículo 50, así como la Lista Roja de la UICN y Lista CITES.” Aunque la Procuraduría General señala que es necesario que se demuestren las razones técnicas por las que esas obras o proyectos no requieren ser evaluados por la SETENA y que la disposición impugnada carece de tal respaldo, lo cierto es que la fundamentación de los motivos de inconstitucionalidad son excesivamente lacónicos, con lo que los alcanza el mismo motivo de inadmisibilidad de las demás disposiciones que se han estudiado.
Alega que el artículo 41 es inconstitucional ya que el anexo 9 que debe contener el formulario D-4 que se menciona en ese artículo no fue incluido en el reglamento. Asimismo, aduce que se impone que distintos “usuarios” pudieran aprovechar los recursos forestales de las áreas silvestres protegidas. Este reclamo, al igual que el anterior, debe rechazarse por carecer de motivación, ya que los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma. A mayor abundamiento, según informa la PGR la documentación que se reclama fue publicada en el Alcance N°65 C, La Gaceta no. 67 del 19 de abril de 2023, Tomo III del Decreto 43898, anexo 9 denominado “Formulario de Presentación del D4-Forestal”.
Respecto al artículo 47 señala que establece la obligatoriedad institucional de reconocer como un único proyecto la unión de proyectos de tamaño inferior a mil metros que no requieren de EIA si son construidos en una misma propiedad, propiciando la fragmentación o fraccionamiento ilícitos de megaproyectos en miniproyectos, con el fin de evadir los estudios, los controles y regulaciones que podría tener un proyecto mayor (fraccionamiento por elusión). No obstante, de la lectura de la norma no se extraen tales afirmaciones y al no dar mayor explicación, los alegatos no son congruentes con el contenido de la norma.
Por último, señala que los artículos 87 y 88 reducen las sanciones para los desarrolladores. En estos se revierten las cargas imponiendo sanciones penales a funcionarios públicos y descargando al particular desarrollador. El artículo 87 desgravó y se considera falta leve no responder al requerimiento de información solicitados por la SETENA. De la lectura de dichos numerales se extrae que no establecen sanciones para funcionarios públicos, sino que, por el contrario, disponen los tipos de infracciones y sus sanciones, así como el dictado de medidas cautelares ante el incumplimiento de compromisos ambientales. Aunado a lo anterior, el accionante no explica por qué se estima que se descarga de responsabilidad al desarrollador ni se detallan cuáles sanciones se están reduciendo. En ese sentido, el reclamo debe rechazarse por indebida motivación, pues los alegatos no guardan relación con el contenido de la norma.
A manera de resumen, tales alegatos carecen de una adecuada fundamentación respecto a los reproches de fondo, tal y como lo exige el mencionado ordinal 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. Más allá de una sucinta alusión a la infracción de distintos derechos y principios constitucionales, lo cierto es que el accionante omite exponer su concreto sustento normativo, así como analizar y desarrollar el contenido específico de las presuntas normas y principios infringidos y de sus alcances, a efectos de relacionarlos y contraponerlos, de forma individualizada y debidamente razonada, con la normativa impugnada. En definitiva, no existe una argumentación precisa, suficiente y debidamente circunstanciada sobre los agravios y fundamentos de la aducida infracción al Derecho de la Constitución. En consecuencia, los reclamos genéricos sobre el decreto ejecutivo N° 43898, así como contra los artículos 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 17, 24, 25, 26, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 51, 87, 88, 90 y 98 del Reglamento No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC, deben desestimarse.
Se previene a la parte recurrente que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, éstos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
Por mayoría, se declara sin lugar la acción de inconstitucionalidad por razones de admisibilidad. El magistrado Cruz Castro salva el voto y declara inconstitucionales los artículos 3, 9, 13, 15, 39, 47 y 98 del Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental, por violación del derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, de objetivación, principio pro natura. Salva igualmente el voto en cuanto al alegato de violación al derecho de participación ciudadana y a la legitimación en defensa de la autonomía municipal. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C. Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H. Ana María Picado B.
Res. Nº 2025-006027 Voto salvado del Magistrado Cruz Castro.- Normas regresivas en el Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental. Se aprobaron normas que ignoran los principios básicos del derecho ambiental constitucional.
A diferencia del criterio de mayoría, considero que esta acción debe declararse con lugar. Particularmente en cuanto los artículos 3, 9, 13, 15, 39, 47 y 98 del Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental, por violación del derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, de objetivación, principio pro natura. Además, en cuanto al alegato de violación al derecho de participación ciudadana y a la legitimación en defensa de la autonomía municipal. Lo anterior, conforme lo expreso a continuación.
La mayoría consideró que la acción no estaba debidamente fundamentada y que los argumentos se realizaron de manera genérica sin relacionar de manera alguna el contenido de las normas con el agravio en concreto. Sin embargo, estimo que en esta materia tan delicada, como lo es la ambiental, los argumentos presentados referidos a una desregulación generalizada y omisión de controles preventivos que contenía el reglamento anterior, son suficientes para que esta Sala pueda examinar el fondo de cada una de las normas impugnadas.
La regresividad de una normativa supone la presunción de inconstitucionalidad. Debiendo el Estado tener la carga de la prueba para argumentar a favor de la razonabilidad, idoneidad, necesidad y/o proporcionalidad. Lo anterior encuentra además asidero en las observaciones generales 13, 14, 15 y 17 del Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales. “El Estado deberá demostrar que las medidas regresivas están debidamente justificadas por referencia a la totalidad de los derechos enunciados en el Pacto en el contexto de la plena utilización del máximo de los recursos de que dispone el Estado parte.” (Observación 15, párrafo 19). Nótese que la Sala Constitucional, en el voto número 2016-00415, ha dado la siguiente definición sobre el principio de no regresividad:
“El principio se erige como garantía sustantiva de los derechos, en este caso, del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, en virtud del cual el Estado se ve obligado a no adoptar medidas, políticas, ni aprobar normas jurídicas que empeoren, sin justificación razonable y proporcionada, la situación de los derechos alcanzada hasta entonces. Este principio no supone una irreversibilidad absoluta pues todos los Estados viven situaciones nacionales, de naturaleza económica, política, social o por causa de la naturaleza, que impactan negativamente en los logros alcanzados hasta entonces y obliga a replantearse a la baja el nuevo nivel de protección. En esos casos, el Derecho a la Constitución y los principios bajo examen obligan a justificar, a la luz de los parámetros constitucionales de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad, la reducción de los niveles de protección.” El argumento que afirma que el Decreto Ejecutivo no. 43898 es inconstitucional por violentar el principio de no regresión, por el solo hecho de haber derogado el Decreto 31849 y haber establecido regulaciones distintas a las de aquél, es atendible.
En aplicación del principio de no regresión, correspondería a la Sala analizar si en efecto la nueva normativa que modificó el régimen anterior, disminuyó el nivel de protección, sin contar con una justificación técnica razonable. Considero que basta con argumentar que el Decreto modificó el régimen vigente, que presenta una desregulación generalizada y que eliminó controles ambientales que sí contenía la norma anterior, constituye una motivación aceptable y relevante para que se tenga como debidamente fundamentada esta acción. El criterio de la mayoría asume una visión formalista, sin examinar que en materia ambiental existen limitaciones tan importantes, que no es necesario que la fundamentación del argumento, tenga que ser tan detallada.
El Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental contiene varias normas palmariamente regresivas. La propia norma y su contenido evidencia, claramente, la regresión. Así se observan las siguientes normas:
-Artículo 3:
“Artículo 3.- Actividades, obras o proyectos que por su naturaleza no requieren Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental ante la SETENA. Las actividades, obras o proyectos de muy bajo impacto ambiental potencial, indicados en este artículo, no deberán tramitar ante la SETENA una Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental. Sin embargo, estarán sujetas a los controles ambientales establecidos por las Municipalidades, el Ministerio de Salud (MINSA), el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (MAG), Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado (SFE), Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal (SENASA), el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes (MOPT), el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía (MINAE) y otras entidades con competencias legales; así como con lo establecido en el Código de Buenas Prácticas Ambientales, Decreto Ejecutivo N° 32079 del 14 de setiembre de 2004, o con cualquier mecanismo voluntario para mejorar el desempeño ambiental: (…)” En efecto, dicha norma excluye actividades que en el reglamento anterior requerían de viabilidad ambiental y baja los topes máximos para clasificarlas como de bajo, medio o alto impacto.
Asimismo, elimina en algunos casos la obligación de elaborar un EIA y que, en el inciso 8), se favorece la expansión de actividades agrícolas peligrosas, contaminantes y destructivas para el ambiente, como el cultivo agresivo de la piña. El cultivo de la piña requiere una serie de requisitos y controles, dada la alta vulnerabilidad de los suelos y regiones en la que se cultiva. De igual forma, se reducen los umbrales de las áreas constructivas según los cuales los proyectos requieren someterse a evaluación de impacto ambiental; lo anterior, sin un sustento técnico o científico que permita el cambio de regulaciones o desregulaciones ambientales previamente establecidas en la norma anterior. Esas variaciones regresivas, requieren estudios técnicos que justifiquen tal variación. El criterio técnico es indispensable en materia tan delicadas y vulnerables como la tutela ambiental.
Se observa, tal como lo indican los accionantes, que esta norma reduce los umbrales de las áreas constructivas. En la normativa anterior, la 31849, el techo es de 500 mts cuadrados, en la anterior era de 300 y en esta normativa, la 43898, es de 1.000. Por debajo de ese límite, los desarrolladores no tienen que pasar por los EIA. Tal como lo indica la PGR en su informe, por no existir ninguna fundamentación técnica, esas disposiciones serían contrarias al principio de no regresión en materia ambiental, razonabilidad y proporcionalidad y objetivación de la tutela ambiental, y, en consecuencia, el artículo 50 de la Constitución Política. Ello se traduciría, a su vez, en una violación del principio preventivo, pues se estarían dejando de evaluar y mitigar los impactos ambientales de actividades potencialmente impactantes al ambiente.
Todo lo cual viola el derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, de objetivación, principio pro natura.
-Artículo 9:
“Artículo 9.- Calificación ambiental final. La aplicación de los instrumentos de valoración de significancia de impacto ambiental (SIA) permite, que se modifique, previa justificación técnica, o se confirme la categoría preliminar de clasificación que se estableció para la actividad, obra o proyecto por medio del D1, obteniéndose de esta manera una calificación ambiental final para la toma de decisiones. La significancia de impacto ambiental (SIA), será la que defina el Instrumento de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental a utilizar en los D1 con instrumentos de EIA.” En efecto, dicha norma hace una redefinición de la significancia ambiental permitiendo que sea definida por un instrumento. Se trata de un tema relevante para el resguardo del contenido sustancial del derecho al ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, en la variable de los principios de reparación integral, quien contamina paga y no regresión, sobre el cual, la significancia de impacto ambiental no se puede hacer depender de la definición de un instrumento. El debilitamiento de la tutela ambiental, sin criterio técnico, es evidente, por eso no requiere que los argumentos que plantea el accionante, sean más amplios. La regresión es evidente y la falta de criterio técnico, también.
Todo lo cual viola el derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, de objetivación, principio pro natura.
-Artículo 13 y 98:
“Artículo 13.- Verificación técnica del expediente. La verificación técnica del expediente que debe llevar a cabo el departamento respectivo seguirá los siguientes pasos:
1. Verificación de la información presentada en el documento de evaluación ambiental, sobre la significancia de impacto ambiental, para lo cual se estará facultado a realizar una Inspección Ambiental al sitio según el procedimiento que defina SETENA para determinar en cuales casos se deberá realizar la inspección.
2. Revisión del espacio geográfico en que se localizará la actividad, obra o proyecto, respecto a su localización en un área ambientalmente frágil o no, y en el contexto de su entorno del espacio territorial y de la planificación de uso del suelo de que se disponga.
3. Verificación de la calificación final sobre la significancia del impacto ambiental (SIA) de la actividad, obra o proyecto.” Artículo 98.- Áreas Ambientalmente frágiles (AAF). Tienen por objetivo considerar, a priori, una serie de variables ambientales y jurídicas de un espacio geográfico, a fin de facilitar una decisión más acertada sobre el área en el que se desarrollará un proyecto, obra o actividad.
Las AAF, por su naturaleza, se dividen en dos grupos principales: a) aquellas áreas para las cuales el Estado ha definido un régimen especial de uso (marco jurídico y técnico definido); b) los espacios geográficos que muestran limitantes técnicas y ambientales para su uso.
La evaluación de si el área del proyecto se localiza dentro de un AAF deberá ser realizada por el desarrollador desde las fases iniciales del proyecto. El hecho de que el área de proyecto forma parte de un AAF no constituye necesariamente la prohibición o impedimento para el desarrollo del proyecto, obra o actividad, salvo que la legislación vigente así lo establezca. En este caso, el conocimiento de esa situación debe hacer que se identifiquen las limitantes técnicas ambientales y se promueva un diseño del proyecto, obra o actividad de forma tal que puedan superar dichas limitantes técnicas y de esta manera, no afectar proyectos de bajo impacto que típicamente se desarrollan en las AAF.
La SETENA, durante el trámite de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental tendrá la obligación de verificar mediante las herramientas digitales disponibles, la situación del AP respecto a las AAF definidas y tomar en cuenta el resultado de ese análisis dentro del proceso de toma de decisiones que involucra el sistema. En caso de incertidumbre podrá realizar una inspección al sitio para determinar la naturaleza del terreno.
Para efectos del presente Decreto Ejecutivo, se tendrán como áreas ambientalmente frágiles las siguientes: (…)” En efecto, estas normas permiten a los desarrolladores de proyectos de bajo impacto (entre el 54% y el 65 % del total de proyectos que pasan por la SETENA) construir en áreas ambientalmente frágiles. Tal permisibilidad requiere de fundamento técnico para asegurarse que el desarrollo de proyectos en estas áreas no redundará en un impacto ambiental negativo.
Todo lo cual viola el derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, de objetivación, principio pro natura.
-Artículo 15, “Artículo 15.- Viabilidad Ambiental Potencial. Una vez presentados los requisitos indicados en el artículo 11 del presente reglamento, el desarrollador o consultor podrá solicitar a la SETENA la Viabilidad Ambiental Potencial (VAP), la cual se otorgará en un plazo máximo de 7 días naturales. La obtención de la misma habilitaría al desarrollador de la actividad, obra o proyecto para iniciar o continuar gestiones de trámites ante otras entidades tanto públicas como privadas.
Lo anterior en el entendido de que, el inicio de actividades o concesión tal y como se define en este Reglamento, podrían darse únicamente con el otorgamiento de la Viabilidad (Licencia) Ambiental (VLA), la cual se obtendría hasta que se finalice con la respectiva fase del proceso de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental.” En efecto, dicha norma permite al desarrollador empezar la tramitación de permisos en otras instituciones antes de que acabe el proceso de permisos en SETENA. Autorización que resulta contraproducente, pues el resto de instituciones públicas o privadas deberían requerir de certeza sobre la viabilidad ambiental y no una viabilidad “potencial”. Categoría discutible desde el punto de vista de protección al ambiente. En materia ambiental, dada su fragilidad, se requiere la certeza y no la potencialidad.
Todo lo cual viola el derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, de objetivación, principio pro natura.
-Artículo 39, “Artículo 39.- Actividades de muy bajo impacto ambiental. Las solicitudes de extracción de árboles en pie con un volumen comercial menor que 30 metros cúbicos, y las solicitudes de extracción de aprovechamiento en bosque de menos de 10 árboles caídos por propiedad, dentro de las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas son actividades que potencialmente generarán impactos ambientales puntuales, de baja intensidad y permanencia en el tiempo, por lo que estas solicitudes son tipificadas como actividades de muy bajo impacto ambiental, por lo tanto, estas actividades no deberán gestionar el D4 Forestal.” En efecto, dicha norma permite la corta de árboles de 30 mts cúbicos y la extracción de 10 árboles caídos de las áreas silvestres protegidas, sin que se requiera ya el trámite establecido en la normativa 31849. Tal como lo indica la PGR en su informe, esta norma, además de la excepción que hace para la evaluación de impacto ambiental en la extracción de árboles y las solicitudes de extracción de aprovechamiento en bosque dentro de las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas; no diferencia si se trata de los supuestos de propiedades privadas que se encuentran dentro de áreas silvestres protegidas, no contempla la evaluación de impacto ambiental, en contraposición con el artículo 37 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y las normas en cuanto a la exigencia de esa evaluación en terrenos privados incluidos en áreas silvestres protegidas. Toda esta liberalización no tiene sustento técnico, es una muestra que evidencia que el interés privado se impone a un interés colectivo tan relevante como el ambiente, la tutela de la casa común.
Estas variaciones conculcan el derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, de objetivación, principio pro natura.
-Artículo 47 “Artículo 47.- De la unificación de viabilidades ambientales. El desarrollador podrá solicitar a la SETENA la unificación de varios proyectos con viabilidad ambiental otorgada, bajo las siguientes condiciones:
1. Cuando un mismo desarrollador tenga uno o varios proyectos que operan en una misma propiedad o en propiedades colindantes y que los proyectos sean similares o complementarios en tipo y actividad, podrá unificar los expedientes administrativos para garantizar el cumplimiento de los compromisos ambientales adquiridos de forma que no se dé una fragmentación del proyecto. En caso de que una o ambas de las actividades aprobadas no sean coincidentes o complementarias con el proyecto que desea realizarse, deberá someterse además en el mismo acto a un proceso de modificación.
2. Cuando dos proyectos colindantes que obtuvieron viabilidad ambiental desean unificarse para crear un proyecto en conjunto igual o diferente al otorgado mediante las viabilidades ambientales otorgadas originalmente, podrán solicitar la unificación de expedientes. En caso de que una o ambas de las actividades aprobadas no sean coincidentes o complementarias con el proyecto realizado o por ejecutarse, deberá someterse además en el mismo acto a un proceso de modificación.
3. Cuando el área del proyecto varíe en tamaño debido a la unificación, deberá así constatarse dentro del documento de unificación indicando la nueva área y estableciendo en todos los casos los compromisos ambientales nuevos adquiridos, prevaleciendo los de mayor instrumento de evaluación ambiental.
Presentada la información completa, la SETENA dispondrá de un plazo máximo de 21 días naturales para emitir la resolución respectiva.
El trámite de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental se realizará por medio de la plataforma digital o el medio que SETENA establezca.” En efecto, dicha norma permite reconocer como un único proyecto la unión de proyectos de tamaño inferior a mil metros que no requieren de EIA si son construidos en una misma propiedad, propiciando fraccionamientos de megaproyectos en mini proyectos y con ello evadir los estudios, los controles y regulaciones que podría tener un proyecto mayor. La norma establece un instrumento que permite evadir los controles ambientales en función de los intereses de la colectividad.
Estas variaciones conculcan el derecho al ambiente y los principios de progresividad y no regresión, de objetivación, principio pro natura.
Conforme a los principios constitucionales de: tutela del derecho al ambiente; el principio preventivo (cuando haya certeza de posibles daños al ambiente, la actividad afectante deba ser prohibida, limitada, o condicionada al cumplimiento de ciertos requerimientos); el principio precautorio (cuando haya peligro de daño grave e irreversible, la falta de certeza científica absoluta no deberá utilizarse como razón para postergar la adopción de medidas eficaces en función de los costos para impedir la degradación del medio ambiente); el principio pro in dubio natura (en caso de duda o incerteza las controversias deben resolverse y las normas deben interpretarse a favor de la protección y conservación del ambiente); el principio de objetivación de la tutela ambiental (o principio de la vinculación a la ciencia y a la técnica, según el cual se impone acreditar con estudios técnicos la toma de decisiones en esta materia, tanto en relación con actos como de las disposiciones de carácter general -tanto legales como reglamentarias-, de donde se deriva la exigencia de la "vinculación a la ciencia y a la técnica", con lo cual, se condiciona la discrecionalidad de la Administración en esta materia); el principio de progresividad y no regresión en materia ambiental (la obligación del Estado de ir aumentado la protección y de no adoptar medidas, políticas o normas jurídicas que empeoren la situación de protección alcanzada); el principio de uso racional de los recursos; el principio pro natura (resolver e interpretar siempre a favor del ambiente); resultan inconstitucionales las normas apuntadas del Reglamento de evaluación, control y seguimiento ambiental que modificaron el régimen anterior, desmejorando el nivel de protección al ambiente.
La visión que expreso en este voto particular, expresa una seria preocupación por el deterioro de la tutela ambiental, ignorando principios tan importantes de la tutela ambiental y cuya violación no requiere una argumentación abundante del accionante.
Luego, en adición a todo lo anterior, considero que se ha violentado el derecho de participación ciudadana. Además, procede admitir la legitimación en este caso para la defensa de la autonomía municipal. Claramente el reglamento impugnado no cumple a cabalidad con los criterios para considerarse como debidamente consultado. Nótese que se consultó por medio de una página web a la cual no toda la población tiene acceso y la población que podría accederla, no conocía que estaba en consulta en esa página, porque no tuvo la debida publicidad. Tampoco parece que fue consultado con las municipalidades a las que involucra directamente en el uso y cumplimiento de esta normativa. Así la consulta realizada fue por medio de una página web del Ministerio de Comercio, que no tuvo la debida difusión a toda la ciudadanía, que pocas personas tienen acceso a una web de este tipo y que es desconocida. La normativa internacional establece que la difusión se debe dar por medios que lleguen a toda la ciudadanía y que puedan presentar sus objeciones de modo fácil.
En esta materia, la Administración en general, no evidencia un compromiso con la participación ciudadana, sólo se crean unos procedimientos que no pueden catalogarse como participación ciudadana. Ni siquiera este tribunal le parece trascendental la participación ciudadana, porque por voto de mayoría, se debilitó la exigencia del control ciudadano efectivo en proyectos de interés ambiental. Se habla mucho de democracia, de participación, pero cuando se requiere su cabal cumplimiento, ni la administración ni el control judicial, la convierten en vivencia efectiva de la cultura democrática.
Fernando Cruz C.
Observaciones de SALA CONSTITUCIONAL votado con boleta Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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