← Environmental Law Center← Centro de Derecho Ambiental
Res. 01523-2025 Sala Primera de la Corte · Sala Primera de la Corte · 23/10/2025
OutcomeResultado
The appeals by the State and INTA were partially granted: only the costs award was reversed; otherwise, the partial annulment of Decree 30636-MAG and the INTA order was confirmed, allowing forestry engineers to certify soil use conformity without restriction to forestry projects.Se declararon parcialmente con lugar los recursos del Estado y el INTA: se casó únicamente la condenatoria en costas; en lo demás, se confirma la anulación parcial del Decreto 30636-MAG y del oficio del INTA, permitiendo a los ingenieros forestales certificar el uso conforme del suelo sin restricción a proyectos forestales.
SummaryResumen
The First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice upheld the partial annulment of Decree 30636-MAG and an INTA order that restricted forest engineers to issuing soil use conformity certificates only for forestry projects. The Chamber held that the regulatory restriction exceeded the provisions of the Soil Use, Management and Conservation Law (No. 7779) and its executive regulation, which merely require the certificate to be issued by a professional authorized by the College of Agronomists, without distinguishing between agronomists and forest engineers. The restriction also lacked adequate technical reasoning, violating the principle of objective environmental protection and the professionals' fundamental rights. The Chamber further held that the challenged regulation was autonomous, not executive, and therefore could not regulate fundamental rights. Arguments about forest engineers' lack of qualifications were rejected, and it was noted that other land uses—such as scrubland, fallow land, or green zones—do not justify the exclusion. The appeal was partially allowed only to reverse the costs award, while the rest of the judgment was confirmed.La Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia confirmó la anulación parcial del Decreto 30636-MAG y un oficio del INTA, que limitaban a los ingenieros forestales a emitir certificados de uso conforme del suelo únicamente para proyectos forestales. La Sala determinó que la restricción reglamentaria excedía lo dispuesto en la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos (N° 7779) y su reglamento ejecutivo, los cuales solo exigen que el certificado sea emitido por un profesional autorizado por el Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos, sin distinguir entre ingenieros agrónomos y forestales. Además, la restricción carecía de motivación técnica adecuada, violando el principio de objetivación de la tutela ambiental y los derechos fundamentales de los profesionales. La Sala también sostuvo que el reglamento impugnado era autónomo y no ejecutivo, por lo que no podía regular derechos fundamentales. Se rechazaron los argumentos sobre falta de idoneidad de los forestales y se señaló que otros usos de suelo —como charral, tacotal o zona verde— no justifican la exclusión. Se acogió parcialmente el recurso solo para anular la condenatoria en costas, manteniendo el resto del fallo.
Key excerptExtracto clave
IV. Without a doubt, the Court is correct. Reasons: 1) The Regulation exceeds what the law states. [...] Article 4 of the Organic Law of the College of Agronomists, No. 7221, clearly establishes that: "(...) a professional in agricultural sciences is one who has graduated as an agronomist (generalist, in Production, Plant Sciences, Animal Sciences, Agricultural Economics), forestry engineer, agricultural business administrator, with a bachelor's, licentiate, specialty, master's or doctorate degree..." [...] Evidently, this norm merely requires the certificate to be issued by a professional affiliated with said College, for which they must have specific authorization from that corporate entity. [...] Furthermore, the Chamber notes that the appellants did not identify any regulation requiring that these certifications include recommendations or guidance on how to carry out the activity. [...] Given the absence of such reasoning, there is undoubtedly a defect of absolute nullity, due to the total lack of an essential element of the administrative act (Article 166 of Law 6227), directly affecting the right of forestry engineers not only to fully practice their profession, but also to be treated in a non-discriminatory manner.IV. Sin ninguna duda, lleva razón el Tribunal. Razones: 1) El Reglamento excede de lo que dice la ley. [...] el artículo 4 de la Ley Orgánica del Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos, con no. 7221, se establece con total claridad que: “(…) es un profesional en ciencias agropecuarias quien se haya graduado como ingeniero agrónomo (generalista, en Producción, Fitotecnia, Zootecnia, Economía Agrícola), ingeniero forestal, administrador de empresas agropecuarias, con el grado de bachillerato, licenciatura, especialidad, maestría o doctorado...” [...] Evidentemente, esta norma lo que exige es que sea una persona profesional agremiada al Colegio aludido, quien emita la certificación de uso de suelo conforme correspondiente, para lo cual debe contar con una autorización específica para dicho fin, por parte de dicho ente corporativo. [...] Además de lo anterior, aprecia la Sala que los casacionistas no identifican normativa que exija, como parte del contenido de estas certificaciones, la inserción de recomendaciones u orientaciones de cómo desarrollar la actividad. [...] Al no observarse tal motivación, es indubitable la existencia de un vicio de nulidad absoluta, por total ausencia de un elemento esencial del acto administrativo (canon 166 de la ley 6227), con afectación directa en el derecho de las personas profesionales en ingeniería forestal no solo a ejercer su profesión cabalmente, sino, además, a ser tratadas de manera no discriminatoria.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"El Reglamento excede de lo que dice la ley. [...] el artículo 46 de la ley no. 7779 es el que define que los estudios de uso de suelo pueden ser realizados por profesionales del Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos, sin limitar cuáles de estos pueden hacerlo."
"The Regulation exceeds what the law states. [...] Article 46 of Law No. 7779 defines that soil use studies may be carried out by professionals from the College of Agronomists, without limiting which of them may do so."
Considerando IV
"El Reglamento excede de lo que dice la ley. [...] el artículo 46 de la ley no. 7779 es el que define que los estudios de uso de suelo pueden ser realizados por profesionales del Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos, sin limitar cuáles de estos pueden hacerlo."
Considerando IV
"Al no observarse tal motivación, es indubitable la existencia de un vicio de nulidad absoluta, por total ausencia de un elemento esencial del acto administrativo (canon 166 de la ley 6227), con afectación directa en el derecho de las personas profesionales en ingeniería forestal no solo a ejercer su profesión cabalmente, sino, además, a ser tratadas de manera no discriminatoria."
"Given the absence of such reasoning, there is undoubtedly a defect of absolute nullity, due to the total lack of an essential element of the administrative act (Article 166 of Law 6227), directly affecting the right of forestry engineers not only to fully practice their profession, but also to be treated in a non-discriminatory manner."
Considerando IV
"Al no observarse tal motivación, es indubitable la existencia de un vicio de nulidad absoluta, por total ausencia de un elemento esencial del acto administrativo (canon 166 de la ley 6227), con afectación directa en el derecho de las personas profesionales en ingeniería forestal no solo a ejercer su profesión cabalmente, sino, además, a ser tratadas de manera no discriminatoria."
Considerando IV
"la posibilidad de que este tipo de regulaciones se incluyan en un Reglamento, se limita a los ejecutivos u otros análogos [...] el Reglamento autónomo de organización, como tal, queda excluido de esta posibilidad, conforme a lo dispuesto en el artículo 19 de la LGAP, razón de más para declarar un exceso en la potestad reglamentaria."
"the possibility that this type of regulation be included in a Regulation, is limited to executive or analogous ones [...] the autonomous organizational Regulation, as such, is excluded from this possibility under Article 19 of the LGAP, further reason to declare an excess of regulatory power."
Considerando IV
"la posibilidad de que este tipo de regulaciones se incluyan en un Reglamento, se limita a los ejecutivos u otros análogos [...] el Reglamento autónomo de organización, como tal, queda excluido de esta posibilidad, conforme a lo dispuesto en el artículo 19 de la LGAP, razón de más para declarar un exceso en la potestad reglamentaria."
Considerando IV
Full documentDocumento completo
# Poder Judicial ## First Chamber of the Court ### Resolution No. 01523 - 2025 Date of Resolution: October 23, 2025, at 13:44 Case File: 22-001232-1027-CA Type of Matter: COGNIZANCE Case File 22-001232-1027-CA Res. 001523-F-S1-2025 FIRST CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at thirteen hours forty-four minutes on the twenty-third of October of two thousand twenty-five.
In an ordinary agrarian proceeding, filed by MIGUEL ÁNGEL GÓMEZ RAMÍREZ, identity card 7-950-858; PABLO MARIO RAMÍREZ CASTRO, identity card 7-050-986; JUAN RAMÓN VARGAS ARIAS, identity card 1-533-899; FERNANDO ROJAS CONEJO, identity card 2-518-933; ANTONIO MARÍA RODRÍGUEZ DELGADO, identity card 4-117-368, MARIXENIA CRUZ VARGAS, identity card 2-498-134; FABIO AVENDAÑO GRANADOS, identity card 2-340-606; ANDRÉS PANIAGUA HERNÁNDEZ, identity card 7-115-292; RAFAEL ÁNGEL BOLAÑOS MONTERO, identity card 2-315-573; HANS CORRALES MORALES, identity card 1-909-069, all represented by their special judicial attorney-in-fact, Licenciado Rodolfo Sotomayor Aguilar; against the STATE, represented by the prosecutors Mauricio Castro Lizano and José Barahona Vargas, as well as the Instituto Nacional de Innovación y Transferencia en Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), represented by Licenciada Myrna Brenes Noboa and Licenciado César Artavia Vindas, as special judicial attorneys-in-fact; the defendant entities filed a cassation appeal challenging the judgment of the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, with No. 2024003756 at 13 hours 12 minutes on June 12, 2024, signed by the judges Francisco José Chaves Torres, Evelyn Solano Ulloa, and Lindsay Rodríguez Cubero.
Reporting Magistrate Jorge Leiva Poveda
CONSIDERING
I.The complaint was filed on April 25, 2022. A brief summary follows of the subject matter brought to debate by the plaintiff party, as well as the position assumed by the State and the INTA. In the following clauses, the arguments contained in the appeal are summarized in the same succinct manner, as ordered for the structure and content of the cassation judgment by Article 61.2 of the Código Procesal Civil, of suppletory application to the contentious-administrative proceeding according to the provisions of precept 220 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo (or “CPCA” hereinafter). Basically, the plaintiffs alleged that they are Forestry Engineers and have been harmed in the exercise of their profession through the conducts challenged here. According to their account, the Administration regulated, in a discriminatory manner, that a forestry engineering professional may only issue certificates of conforming land use (uso de suelo conforme) in those cases involving forest land, when Law 7779, on the Use, Management, and Conservation of Soils does not establish such a distinction, nor does the Organic Law of the Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos of Costa Rica.
They asserted that since the entry into force of Law No. 7779, the Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos has prepared its members to perform such function, without excluding Forestry Engineers, in addition to the fact that the official methodology for determining the conforming land capacity of the land is a tool that such professionals can use without problem. The plaintiff party also maintained that the differentiation made by the Administration has limited the supply of certification services, to the detriment of the users of said function. A lack of motivation (falta de motivación) of the challenged restrictive decision was attributed, as well as defects in the content and motive of the administrative conducts challenged. Thus, in the claims, as they were established in the preliminary hearing of December 14, 2022, the annulment of Article 3, second paragraph of subsection b, of Decreto No. 30636-MAG, called “Registro de Certificadores de Usos Conforme de la Tierras,” is sought, as well as of official letter 21-06 of July 30, 2021, from the Office of Technical Services of the INTA, in which said provision is applied.
It was also requested that the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, in addition to the INTA, be ordered to allow Forestry Engineers to perform certifications of conforming land use of the land, in all types of land use, as well as the issuance of a general directive on the matter. Additionally, payment of one million colones to each plaintiff for subjective moral damages (daño moral subjetivo) was requested, as well as the imposition of costs against the defendants. Both the State and the INTA opposed the complaint. The former raised the exceptions of act not susceptible to challenge, expiration (caducidad), and lack of right. The INTA, for its part, raised the material defense of lack of right. Interlocutorily, the preliminary exceptions were denied, although they were reiterated before the Trial Tribunal. However, in the judgment, they were denied again, the lack of right being partially upheld.
Consequently, of the petitionary items, some were granted and others rejected, as follows: “Official letter No. 21-06 of July 29, 2021, issued by the Office of Technical Services of the INTA is annulled; as well as the last paragraph of article 3, subsection b) of decree No. 30636 – MAG Registro de Certificadores de usos conforme de la Tierra, insofar as it states that ‘members of the Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos with a minimum Bachelor's degree in Forest Sciences may serve as Certifiers of Conforming Soil Use (Certificadores de Uso Conforme del Suelo), on lands where forest projects will be developed’; it must be understood from said article that professionals in forest sciences duly incorporated into the Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos, and who have passed the course for Certifiers of Conforming Soil Use taught by the Professional Association, are empowered to issue the ‘certificates of conforming land uses’ described in the Law on the Use, Management, and Conservation of Soils No. 7779 and its Regulations Decreto No. 29375, an affirmation conditioned on the fact that the legal system does not impose another requirement for certifying professionals.
Finally, in accordance with the provisions of Article 130, subsection 3) of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, the declaration of non-conformity with the legal ‘system’ of the paragraph ‘Members of the Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos with a minimum Bachelor's degree in Forest Sciences may serve as Certifiers of Conforming Soil Use, on lands where forest projects will be developed’ contained in subsection b) of Article 3 of decree Decreto No. 30636-MAG published in La Gaceta No. 164 of August 28, 2002, has erga omnes effects, except for rights acquired in good faith and consolidated legal situations; therefore, once this judgment becomes final, it shall be published in its entirety in the Official Journal La Gaceta, charged to the State. The costs of the plaintiff are to be borne by the State and the INTA, which shall be determined in the Judgment Enforcement Stage.” Disagreeing, the State's representation and the INTA's representative appeal in cassation.
II.The appeals filed are practically identical in several of their grievances, both in what is objected to and in their wording. Therefore, those objections that are practically duplicated in both challenges are summarized below. Subsequently, reference will be made to some additional reasoning included in the appeal promoted by the INTA. The first section expressing grievances is called “Violation of norms due to improper assessment, improper application, and lack of application according to article 138, subsections a) and c) of Law 8508” (image 2 of the State's appeal brief and 3 of the document signed by the INTA's representation). After making a reference to the a quo's criterion, the following argumentative sections are developed. FIRST (images 4 and 5 of the cassation appeals of the State and the INTA, respectively). The challenged limitation is in harmony with “superior and related” regulations disregarded in the ruling.
The following precepts are transcribed from Law No. 7221: 11 (“The members of the Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos shall have equal rights and duties, except with regard to professional practice, for which they shall be subject to the regulations established in this Law and its Regulations.”); 15 (“Only members of the Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos are authorized to practice the profession in Agricultural Sciences, in accordance with the provisions of the text of this Law. The Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos shall authorize the practice of the profession in the corresponding areas and levels of each of its members, in accordance with the provisions of Articles 3 and 16 of this Law and its Regulations.”) and 26 (“The Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos, based on the provisions established in this Law, shall regulate, through regulatory means, everything related to the practice of the various professionals that comprise it.”).
In addition, the appealing representations reason that professional practice is conditioned on the parameters established in its Regulations, in articles 15 (“In addition to those established in the Organic Law, members have the following rights: a. Legally practice the profession in the fields of Agricultural and Forest Sciences…”); 16 (“In addition to those established in the Organic Law, members have the following duties: a. Practice the profession in the fields of Agricultural and Forest Sciences…”); 17 (“Members of the Colegio must practice the profession in those fields of Agricultural and Forest Sciences for which their academic and professional orientation accredits them.”) and 18 (“It is the competence of ordinary members of the Colegio who hold a licentiate academic degree or higher to perform the following functions: a) The planning, direction, and supervision of research for official purposes in the agricultural, livestock, forestry, and aquaculture fields. b) The holding of management positions in public administration institutions in fields related to agricultural, livestock, forestry, and aquaculture activities, without prejudice to the provisions of the Descriptive Manual of Civil Service Positions. c) The holding of technical management positions in private sector companies that provide services for the generation and transfer of technology and agricultural, forestry, and aquaculture research. ch) The planning, direction, supervision, and evaluation of regional or national projects and programs in the agricultural, livestock, forestry, and aquaculture fields. d) Evaluation and determination of land uses for agricultural, livestock, forestry, and aquaculture purposes”).
From their perspective, it is inferred from the foregoing that forestry engineering professionals accredited as certifiers of conforming soil uses are not authorized to operate in the evaluation of agricultural, livestock, urban, or residential lands. In their judgment, they lack sufficient studies for such purpose, considering aspects such as the particularities of agriculture and the area where the activity is developed. They maintain that, according to the statement of the witness-official from the INTA, the TEC study programs corresponding to that career only include “a few subjects related to soils.” They opine that the course for certifiers of conforming use with basic modules on topics such as “…filling out forms (use of GPS, map making, current legislation, Methodology for the Determination of Land Use Capacity of Costa Rica) …”, does not equal or substitute the academic training of agronomic engineering in the matter.
They complain that the Tribunal did not perform a systematic interpretation of the legal system. They assert that no administrative act has accredited the plaintiffs to act as certifiers of conforming soil use on all types of land, regardless of its nature. They maintain that the fact that the methodology for determining the land-use capacity (capacidad de uso de tierras) in Costa Rica is the same does not legitimize the “invasion of professional fields.” They consider that the ruling is contrary to Articles 9 and 11 of the Constitution, because without competence to do so, the Tribunal established that forestry engineers may issue the aforementioned certificates for all land uses. They argue against such thesis that professional practice is regulated and subject to a corporate structure. They add that the classification ordered by Law No. 7221 and its Regulations, No. 22688, by areas and levels, seeks to ensure that the services provided satisfy the public interest and the health of users.
They cite constitutional precedents on the subjection of professionals to the regulations of the State and the respective professional Association. SECOND (images 7 and 9 of the appeal briefs of the State and the INTA, respectively). The cassation appellants appeal to the importance of the law protecting fundamental rights such as life, health, and a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. They highlight that, pursuant to Article 19 of Law No. 7779, a series of technical recommendations are required for determining the land-use capacity, recommendations that address the planning and the specific agroecological and socioeconomic aspects of each region. They argue that, for agricultural or agronomic soils, such recommendations must be made by an agronomic engineer. They emphasize that, according to what was stated by the two witnesses offered by the State and the INTA, such professionals receive specific training on crops, fertilization, and pest control to evaluate the suitability of the soil for agricultural uses, according to current regulations.
On this, they also underline that, at the UCR, they take up to ten subjects focused on soils, which reinforces their suitability in the agricultural field. In contrast, they assert, the testimony offered by the plaintiff party could not attest to similar preparation in forestry engineering. Instead, no further reference was made than to the fact that forestry association members who take the course for conforming land use certifications apply the same methodology. They reason, based on constitutional references, that the right to choose a job does not exclude subjection to existing regulations, limitations, supervision, and oversight (fiscalización), in safeguarding other values, the public interest, and consumer rights. The defendants complain of an improper application of Articles 2, subsections c) and e); 5, subsection 1; 36, subsection a); 42, subsections a), b), and e); 119 and 122 of Law No. 8508.
They report a lack of application of Articles 11, 21, 46, 50, and 140 of the Constitution. THIRD (images 8 and 11 of the appeals of the State and the INTA, respectively). The challengers maintain that association members have the right-duty to practice their profession in the area of Agricultural and Forest Sciences for which their degree enables them, pursuant to Articles 15.a and 16.a of Decreto 22688, which cannot be ignored because both careers share a course on life zones, “the course before the Colegio,” and the same methodology on land-use capacity, which are the only coincidences acknowledged by the plaintiff's witnesses. Furthermore, they observe that the testimony offered by the State explains that the foregoing is not sufficient to allow forestry engineers to perform soil evaluations in all areas. They reason that the aforementioned methodology “…is limited to the uses that correspond to them according to their profession and the education and training received.” They emphasize that, according to deponents Loría and Arias, the use certificates contain observations and recommendations, which is pointed out in the challenge as one more reason why it is the agronomic engineers who must issue them in their field.
They assert that in the judgment, the burden of proof (carga de la prueba) that the plaintiffs had to demonstrate that they have the same knowledge as agronomic engineers to make the technical recommendations of Annex I of Decreto 41960 was reversed. They also consider that a proper assessment of the five witnesses examined at trial was omitted, speculating, instead, that the Administrations sought with their questions the subsequent motivation (motivación posterior) of the challenged acts. Both the State's representation and that of the INTA conceive that the foregoing is disproved by what was alleged in the responses to fact five of the complaint —coinciding with ideas already set forth, in aspects such as the importance of the observations and recommendations contained in the conforming soil use certificates, as well as the need for it to be the agronomic engineer who pronounces on matters within their purview—.
They consider that the testimony was unfavorable to the plaintiff party as it did not serve to accredit the suitability of forestry engineers for the preparation of the certificates debated here; however, they complain that the judgment ignored the true scope of the evidence, infringing Article 41.2.4 of the Código Procesal Civil. In addition to the foregoing, the INTA's representation set forth some additional considerations to highlight the difference between the profiles of an agronomic engineering professional and a forestry one. It highlighted the following points of divergence: 1. “Specialized academic training.” On this point, emphasis is placed on the fact that the preparation in both professions is different; particularly, the specialty of agronomy in agricultural technique is highlighted. 2. “Different areas of specialization.” In a similar vein to the previous point, it is highlighted that, despite areas of competency overlap, agronomic and forestry engineers have different specialized fields.
The latter deal with “forest resources,” which “does not always” include a deep focus on agricultural practices and regulations. 3. “Specific regulations and different methodologies.” It maintains that certifications require specific methodologies to evaluate the land-use capacity, especially in agricultural contexts, with which agronomic engineers are familiar. 4. “Practical experience and application of regulations.” The agronomic engineering professional has training and experience in said aspects. The importance of the recommendations and observations that must be issued when improper use is detected is emphasized, which exceeds the scope of competence of the forestry engineering professional in the case of agricultural lands. 5. “Legal and Regulatory Differentiation.” Both Opinion C-040-2013 of the PGR and Decreto No. 30636-MAG clearly establish the competencies and limitations of forestry engineers in issuing conforming soil use certifications, restricting the object of their actions to forest projects.
III.In the criteria of the Tribunal, the limitation imposed in the challenged regulatory norm is illegal. Basically, the adjudicating body made clear that the Law on the Use, Management, and Conservation of Soils, which is what establishes the figure of conforming land use certificates, does not prevent forestry engineering professionals from issuing such technical certificates. Instead, it emphasized that Article 46 ibidem provides the following: “To make effective any tax exemption or incentive, fiscal or tributary, as well as for access to preferential credits approved by the Banking System, related to the use of agricultural land, the beneficiary claiming it must prove, beforehand, before the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería that the current or proposed use of the land for which this benefit is received corresponds to the land-use capacity or potential use, according to the land study prepared beforehand, based on the official methodology, by a professional authorized by the Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos.
If the performance of the activities is incompatible with the optimal use of the land, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, they will not be granted the benefit of exemptions nor the incentives they request.” (The underlining added by the Tribunal is reproduced). That instance body infers from said precept that the legal-rank norm only requires that the certificate be issued by a person who is a member of said professional association, duly authorized by it, in such a way that the regulatory norm goes beyond what is required in the law. Furthermore, it linked said mandate to others, including Article 4 of the Organic Law of the Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos No. 7221, which provides: “Article 4.—Ordinary members of the Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos are graduates of the Escuela Nacional de Agricultura and professionals in agricultural sciences with a title or degree conferred or recognized by a national institution of higher education at the university level, registered in accordance with the legal provisions on the matter.
For the purposes of this article, a professional in agricultural sciences is one who has graduated as an agronomic engineer (generalist, in Production, Phytotechnics, Zootechnics, Agricultural Economics), forestry engineer, agricultural business administrator, with a bachelor's, licentiate, specialty, master's, or doctorate degree...” From this, it highlighted the status of the forestry engineering professional as a “professional in agricultural sciences.” It also noted that the Regulations to said law, issued through Decreto No. 29375 MAG-MINAE-S-HACIENDA-MOPT, published on March 21, 2011, also does not make such a restriction. Instead, based on Articles 6, 34, 36, and 37, it noted that the authorized professional is called a “Certifier of Conforming Soil Use” and is tasked with performing soil studies, following the “Methodology for the Determination of the Land Use Capacity of Costa Rica,” so that what is certified is finally approved by the MAG. Now, on the other hand, it referred to Decreto 30636-MAG, which contains the provision questioned here, this being the basis of the Opinion of the Procuraduría C-040-2013, in which the same position defended here by the State is followed.
The a quo said that the preamble (parte considerativa) of said regulation establishes its purpose, consisting of creating a registry of professionals authorized to issue the certificates; however, it estimates, its content went beyond that, establishing a difference between the scope of competence of forestry and agronomic engineers. It considered this flawed for lacking proper justification, as well as for going beyond the requirements of Law No. 7779, in which no such distinction is established, nor does its regulation do so. The Tribunal also pointed out that after reviewing each of the norms invoked by the State, none of them list the functions of agronomic and forestry professionals. In support of its position, it cited jurisprudence on the reservation of law (reserva de ley) and the impropriety of fundamental rights being limited by executive regulations (reglamentos ejecutivos), much less by autonomous ones, the former being those that can develop legal precepts without creating restrictions not foreseen by the legislator.
It also emphasized the lack of scientific motivation of the regulatory restriction. In the same manner, it highlighted the absence of any technical report on the minimum content of the soil use certificate, from which any impossibility for a forestry engineer to perform the certification in certain cases could be inferred. That said, it noted that when questioning the witnesses, the representations of the defendant Administrations asked questions aimed at justifying the issuance of the debated acts, as well as the difference in treatment between agronomic and forestry professionals, with the intention of thus providing the aforementioned decision with “…a kind of ulterior motivation (motivación ulterior), to overcome the defect that occurred in the administrative venue and described in the preceding clauses.” It considers this effort ineffectual, due both to the aforementioned lack of substantiation and the excess of regulatory authority (exceso de la potestad reglamentaria).
Now, this Chamber warns that, despite the foregoing, the Tribunal performed some assessments of the evidence, also ruling out that it was proven that forestry engineers lack the necessary knowledge to certify soil use. Thus, while it recognized, for example, that witness Loría Solano said that the academic training of forestry engineers is not sufficient to perform an agricultural soil study, it highlighted that he himself differentiated between a “detailed study” and “conforming soil use,” specifying that the course for certifiers taught at the Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos is sufficient to perform a conforming soil use, but not for a detailed study. When referring to the statement of witness Dinier Arias, an INTA official, it noted that he related being in charge of reviewing detailed studies of conforming soil uses and conforming soil use certificates, the latter having the purpose of defining whether the soil is being used in accordance with the methodology.
The Tribunal also reported that, in the opinion of said declarant, a forestry engineer should not certify a soil use that is not of such nature, both because the decree so indicates, and because the course to become a certifier is only for filling out a form, without it substituting an eight-year professional career for making observations and technical recommendations on crop management. Likewise, the a quo considered it particularly relevant to the Procuraduría that the statements of these witnesses show that the most important things in a conforming soil use certificate are the observations that detail the use and conditions of the terrain. In view of this, the Tribunal observed that, although it understands the importance of the recommendations of professionals in agricultural exploitation, “…the soil use certificate has a more administrative utility with a lighter analysis, in the same terms as the witness for the State's representation, in this sense, what is relevant about said certificate is that it complies with the requirement of Articles 46 and 47 of Law No. 7779, that is, the proper classification of soil use in relation to its exploitation, to decide whether the regulatory benefits are granted.” Additionally, the judges noted that the INTA is mistaken in maintaining that the plaintiffs did not demonstrate that the training of Forestry Engineers is insufficient for the purposes discussed here.
That collegiate court observed that this aptitude was already recognized by the legislator in the aforementioned Article 46 of Law No. 7779, insofar as it establishes that the certificate may be issued “by a professional authorized by the Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos,” to which forestry professionals are incorporated. On the other hand, the Tribunal granted merit to the statement of witness Raúl Solórzano, who declared that the methodology was designed for both disciplines, without any distinction. The a quo noted that said declarant explained his participation in the creation of the methodology, within the forestry field. It also highlighted from the testimony of Messrs. Calvo and Solórzano that in the forestry engineering program of the Tecnológico de Costa Rica, at least five courses are taught where the Land Capacity and Use methodology is applied. Another important observation reflected in the judgment consists of the fact that the statements of the witnesses infer that land uses such as “disturbed, infrastructure, Garden or Green Zone, Shrubland (Charral), and Fallow Land (Tacotal)” do not have a defined Agricultural or Forestry activity.
However, it reasoned, Forestry Engineers are not allowed to practice their profession in such cases either, without any justification, despite the fact that in such cases “the argument of invasion of competencies maintained by the defendant Administrations does not apply.” The same was observed with respect to uses contemplated by both disciplines, such as crops and pastures in association with trees (Article 3, section H, of the Ley Forestal). For all these reasons, the Tribunal concluded that the Administration made an illegal distinction, because it was not contemplated in the law, which it did without due motivation (motivación). Ergo, it considered proper the claims for annulment of the regulatory norm that provides the distinction, as well as of the challenged individual application act.
IV.Without any doubt, the Tribunal is correct. Reasons: 1) The Regulation exceeds what the law says. The Procuraduría cites various norms of the legal system, as well as administrative and judicial precedents in which it is correctly established that the practice of professions is subject to oversight (fiscalización) and regulations issued by the State and the respective professional associations. This is true.
Clearly, the public interest and superior values such as environmental protection, the health of consumers and users, social peace, and sustainable development ultimately depend on the adaptation of human activities to a legal framework that ensures the effectiveness of such values and rights, from which the exercise of the different professions recognized by the State is not exempt. Otherwise, serious harm could be caused to individuals and society in their individual, diffuse, and collective rights. However, the public authority cannot impose just any restriction, nor can it do so in whatever manner it sees fit, under the argument that a greater good justifies it. This would be equivalent to saying that the end justifies all means, which is incompatible with a Rule of Law State. Rather, the Public Administration and the Legislative Branch, when issuing regulations concerning the rights and duties of professional persons, must adhere to the procedures and limits imposed by the legal framework, in safeguarding fundamental rights and the public interest.
As already demonstrated above, the lower court (a quo) indicated that none of the legal norms invoked by the Attorney General's Office (Procuraduría) establishes a functional boundary (deslinde funcional) between agronomists and forest engineers that prevents the latter from issuing land-use certificates (certificados de uso de suelo). In the same vein, it should be noted that none of the citations contained in the appeal reflect that distinction, except in the norm challenged here. Instead, Article 4 of the Organic Law of the College of Agronomists (Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos), Law No. 7221, establishes with complete clarity that: “(...) is a professional in agricultural sciences (ciencias agropecuarias) who has graduated as an agronomist (generalist, in Production, Plant Science (Fitotecnia), Animal Science (Zootecnia), Agricultural Economics), forest engineer (ingeniero forestal), agricultural business administrator, with a bachelor's, licentiate, specialty, master's, or doctoral degree...” (Underlining and text emphasis added).
This legal-ranking norm is of utmost importance, since, as the lower court noted, it grants the status of professionals in agricultural sciences (ciencias agropecuarias) to persons holding a degree in forest engineering (ingeniería forestal). Unlike what the defendants' representation claims, what the Court does is employ a systematic method by linking this and other precepts of the legal framework to numeral 46 of Law No. 7779, instead of isolating its reading, taking into account legal and jurisprudential sources that allow for a better understanding of its scope. This numeral provides that: “To make effective any exemption or incentive, fiscal or tax, as well as for access to preferential credits approved by the Banking System, related to the use of agricultural land, the beneficiary claiming it must previously prove, before the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería), that the current or proposed use of the land for which this benefit is received corresponds to the land-use capacity (capacidad de uso) or potential use, according to the land study (estudio de tierras) previously prepared, based on the official methodology, by a professional authorized by the College of Agronomists (Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos)” (Underlining and emphasis added).
Evidently, what this norm requires is that it be a professional person affiliated with the aforementioned College who issues the corresponding land-use (uso de suelo) certification (certificación de uso de suelo conforme), for which they must have a specific authorization for that purpose from said corporate entity.
Now, it is true, as already stated, that other legal norms subject the practice of the professionals who are part of that guild to regulations that are consistent with the nature of their functions. It makes no sense, of course, that everything an agronomist does, for example, could be done by a forest engineer and vice versa, as this would ultimately blur the specialty of each of those professions. Thus, it is expected that certain services may only be provided by the professional person in the respective specialized field. The Chamber shares this reasoning. For this, even, it is possible that norms of lower rank than the law may specify functions that only certain professionals can perform, as well as concrete requirements (e.g., a course taught by the same professional College, among others), based on the provisions of Article 11 of the same Organic Law of the College of Agronomists (Colegio de Agrónomos), according to which: “Only the members of this College can practice the profession of agronomist (ingeniero agrónomo) in the country; and this legally enables them to do so in those branches that constitute the basic and general preparation of the profession.
For the practice of a specialization in agronomic engineering, a certificate issued by the College of Agronomists (Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomo) is required, stating that the interested party has approved courses in the respective subject at the University of Costa Rica, or at other universities recognized by laws and treaties. Cases excepted by international treaties are exempt. The professional field of action of the members, according to their specialization and technical level, shall be established by regulation” (Underlining added). However, in the specific case of land-use conformity certificates (certificados de uso conforme de suelo), Law No. 7779 itself - in its ordinal 46 - established who can be the author of such records. Without further ado, it provided that it is a professional affiliated with the College of Agronomists (Colegio de agrónomos) who can do so, provided they adhere to the official methodology and are authorized for that purpose.
Now, faced with a literal interpretation of the norm, it could be objected that other hermeneutical methods, such as the contextual, finalist, or systematic ones, are incompatible with a mere reading of the legislative wording. However, those other exegetical mechanisms, provided for in numeral 10 of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública), as well as in the tenth precept of the Civil Code, lead to the same conclusion. Thus, if we pay attention to the context of application of the norm, it can be seen that the ultimate purpose of the land-use conformity certificate (certificado de uso de suelo conforme) is to certify that a piece of land is being used according to its vocation or nature, in order to prevent the land from being destined for activities contrary to its productive or ecological potentials. For the Chamber, based on a basic and general notion of natural sciences, it is indisputably expected that a professional in forest engineering (ingeniería forestal) can recognize the use suitability of a given soil, as this is fundamental for them to identify whether or not it can be destined for the development of forestry activities, or to issue an opinion on possible changes of use, which is prohibited in canon 19 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) on lands of such nature.
That is, said engineering is, ultimately, a specialty that necessarily requires a more general knowledge and understanding of land use and natural resources. This explains and gives meaning to the statements (dichos) of the testimonies offered by the plaintiff, according to which the curriculum of that degree has several courses associated with land use, in which the same methodology applied for issuing land-use conformity certificates (usos de suelos conforme) is used, which was not refuted by the appellant.
Ergo, if we look, by resorting to syntactic, systematic, and factual parameters, it can be understood that Article 46 of Law No. 7779 is what defines that land-use studies (estudios de uso de suelo) can be carried out by professionals of the College of Agronomists (Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos), without limiting which of these can do so. It is clear, it also requires that they have the specific qualification for this purpose issued by that public entity. In this aspect, the course given for such purpose, regulated in the same Decree 30636-MAG, is fundamental. The mandatory nature of this course is not debated in this litigation (lite) and is, in any case, clearly justified, since it is important that the Professional College (Colegio Profesional) ensures that the professionals who will carry out these important studies do so correctly. In that sense, Article 3, subsection c, of that normative body requires as a requirement to be part of the list of land-use conformity certifiers (certificadores de uso de suelo conforme), “Take and pass the Soil Conforming Use Certifiers Course (Curso de Certificadores de Uso Conforme del Suelo), taught by the College of Agronomists (Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos) and the MAG-INTA”.
It is imperative to highlight how it was contemplated that the program is designed in such a way that those who pass it have sufficient knowledge to perform that function. Otherwise, there would be no sense, for example, in numeral 5, which provides that: “Those who demonstrate sufficient experience and academic preparation before the Evaluation Committee (Comité Evaluador) may be exempted from the relevant course modules”. Clearly, this norm allows one to glimpse how the training process (íter formativo) in question can be taken by members with different levels of expertise in the study of land use. That is why it has modules that some must necessarily take, if they do not have the same experience and “academic preparation” as others. Evidently then, it must be designed so that, in the end, all the persons who pass it have demonstrated the minimum knowledge required for the function. In this, the College of Agronomists (Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos), as well as MAG-INTA, must pay particular care, since it is their duty that the course fulfills such purpose.
It is worth saying that the Chamber does not agree that it can be concluded that this training is practically reduced to filling out a form, or other superfluous aspects, as the defendant tries to argue or as one of its witnesses suggested.
Faced with this, the following question arises: If the course is limited to formal aspects or lacks depth, how to fill “a form”, why are there modules that those with greater “experience and academic preparation” may not take? The question is rhetorical; the answer, obvious. Because the course should not be limited to a mere filling out of a form, but rather, according to its regulatory design, it requires having, as part of its content, aspects linked to the empirical and theoretical knowledge required for that purpose.
Now, an important observation remains to be made. The State does not deny that the Regulation challenged here (No. 30636-MAG), by establishing the registry of land-use conformity certifying persons, has the purpose of “... self-organizing and serving only as a record of the professional persons who meet the legal requirements to issue the certificates, which will be analyzed and authorized later by the Administration, for better control” (considering VI of the challenged judgment). In light of that observation, it is important to take into account that the Executive Decree of the Law on Soil Use, Management and Conservation (Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos) is Decree No. 29375 MAG-MINAE-S-HACIENDA-MOPT. From this perspective, other administrative acts of normative and general scope that are not properly the regulatory execution of the Law lack the necessary force to regulate the exercise of fundamental rights. Such is the case of the one now being questioned.
It is timely to note that Law No. 7779 does not properly establish the creation of a Registry of land-use conformity certifying persons. The Considerative part of Decree 30636-MAG provides, in what is relevant, that “... through Law No. 7779 of April 30, 1998, the Law on Soil Use, Management and Conservation (Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos) was issued, which is duly regulated and establishes as a function of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería), to keep a Registry of the natural or legal persons of a private nature dedicated to carrying out projects for the better use, management and conservation of soils, as well as to accredit and authorize the respective professionals as Land-Use Conformity Certifiers (Certificadores de Uso Conforme del Suelo)”. However, a review of the law denotes that, although authorization from the college is foreseen for the issuance of land-use conformity certificates (certificados de uso conforme de suelo), nowhere is the need to establish a registry as such set forth, as is done for the case of persons dedicated to carrying out the respective projects -in its numeral 46-, which is different.
Nor is it indicated in the Regulation that the Organic Law of the College of Agronomists (Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos) is being executed. Ergo, the regulation of a registry of certifying professional persons, contained in said regulatory decree, cannot be conceived as a provision for the development or execution of any of those legal compendiums, but rather as a decision of the Administration to promote better service. Certainly, this more closely resembles a provision for self-organization of the Administration by systematizing information, as indicated by the lower court (a quo); however, when issuing provisions of this type, the Regulatory Power does not allow the regulation of fundamental rights, such as the right to freely exercise the respective profession or occupation, without more limits than those that are legitimately imposed, in accordance with the Legal Framework (Ordenamiento Jurídico).
It must be clear that the possibility of including this type of regulation in a Regulation is limited to executive regulations or other analogous ones, when it concerns autonomous institutions acting within the scope of their autonomy, within the limits of the Law, which constitutional doctrine has termed a tertium genus (ruling No. 1963-2012 of 1:50 p.m. on February 15, 2012, of that high Court). However, the autonomous organizational regulation, as such, is excluded from this possibility, in accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of the LGAP (Ley General de la Administración Pública), an additional reason to declare an excess in the regulatory power, since the challenged Regulation is not properly an executive one.
From this perspective, it would be entirely venturesome for the jurisdictional body to classify that training as insufficient, without a detailed study of the content of those courses, as well as their relationship with the function questioned here. A comparison could demonstrate the riskiness and lack of foundation that a conclusion of that sort would have. Consider, for example, how in the Law degree there exist, in various branches, fewer courses per specialty than the five the Court identified in this specific area (e.g., in family law, agrarian law, international law, among others). This is common knowledge for any professional or student of legal sciences. Despite this, multiple professionals work in such branches. Thus, it would be absolutely speculative and overreaching for this Chamber to conclude that five preparation courses in the subject of land-use studies (estudios de usos de suelo) are insufficient for professional practice in this area.
While the criteria of the witnesses offered by the defendant are respected, the truth is that, in harmony with what has been indicated, reliable, detailed, and methodologically supported proof would be required regarding the nature of the certificate, in relation to the academic preparation of professionals in forest engineering (ingeniería forestal) and agronomic engineering (ingeniería agronómica), in order to adopt the state's position.
Nor was the statement of witness Raúl Solórzano disproved, who declared that the methodology used to determine the land-use conformity (uso conforme de suelo) was designed for both disciplines, without any distinction.
It is worth noting that, based on some of the answers of the witnesses offered by the defendants, their representatives allege that these indicated that the certificates subject to this litigation (lite) may contain recommendations and observations. However, the specific and main purpose of such records remains the accreditation of land-use conformity (uso conforme de suelo) and not so much the direction or guidance of the activities carried out there. Numeral 46 of Law No. 7779 requires them for the granting of incentives, as the Court rightly highlighted; not to direct or guide the development of the activity. Furthermore, the Executive Decree of said legal body (Decreto Ejecutivo 29375 MAG-MINAE-S-HACIENDA-MOPT) contemplates their use as requirements in other procedures such as possessory information proceedings, the purchase of land by INDER, and the granting of concessions for mining exploitation (canons 58, 59, 60, 90, among others).
In these cases, certification that the use is in accordance with its suitability is required. However, this does not substitute the other studies and supervisions required in each case, from the perspective of productive technique and environmental protection. It should not be forgotten that there are other types of professional or administrative interventions that fulfill a function of preventing or managing environmental, sanitary, or phytosanitary risks, such as forest management plans (regencias forestales), agricultural technique management plans (regencias de técnica agrícola), or agrochemical sales management plans (regencias de venta de agroquímicos) (Articles 28 and 29 of the Phytosanitary Protection Law (Ley de Protección Fitosanitaria); 9 and 100 of its Regulation, Decree No. 26921 of March 20, 1998), in addition to environmental impact assessments (evaluaciones de impacto ambiental) (numeral 17 of the Organic Law of the Environment (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente)), the oversight work of authorities such as the State Phytosanitary Service (Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado) and the National Animal Health Service (Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal), among other similar figures.
From this perspective, it is clear that the eventual complementary inclusion of recommendations in these land-use conformity certifications (certificaciones de uso conforme de suelo) should clearly be carried out with moderation and corresponding ethical responsibility, ensuring that the aforementioned verifications do not substitute other public or professional functions associated with the proper management of natural and productive resources, which must be carried out by the competent professionals, according to their field of specialization, in accordance with the competence profile of each of the agricultural professions. Therefore, the competent authorities must be zealous in regulating these possible observations, without these being able to substitute the interventions that must necessarily be carried out by the competent professionals, in the prior stages and execution of the different productive and ecological projects.
In addition to the above, the Chamber observes that the appellants do not identify regulations that require, as part of the content of these certifications, the insertion of recommendations or guidance on how to develop the activity. The appeal mentions numeral 19 of Law No. 7779 and says that therein “... a series of technical recommendations are required, detailed in Annex 1 (Anexo 1) of the Methodology for Determining the Land Use Capacity of Costa Rica (Metodología para la Determinación de la Capacidad de Uso de las Tierras de Costa Rica), Decree 41960, aimed at the planning and application of the specific agroecological and socioeconomic aspects of each area, zone, or region”. However, what the indicated legal precept regulates are various aspects that must be considered in the soil management, conservation, and recovery practice plans (planes de prácticas de manejo, conservación y recuperación de suelos).
Said instruments are clearly regulated in said law, being figures totally independent of land-use conformity certificates (certificados de usos de suelo conforme). These are action programs, linked to soil management, designed with the participation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería) and the communities (Articles 15, 16, and 17 ibidem). Even more concretely, regarding their authorship, numeral 18 of that same legal body provides: “The area plans shall be directed and approved by the Committee for the area of soil management, conservation, and recovery (Comité por área de manejo, conservación y recuperación de suelos), created in Article 34 of this law, in coordination with the Regional Environmental Councils (Consejos Regionales Ambientales); the technical elaboration shall be the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería).
To this end, it is authorized to include, within its ordinary budget, the necessary items for the full compliance with this provision.” Clearly, then, the appellant does not have reason when invoking numeral 19 ibid., confusing the content of such strategic plans with that of a land-use conformity certificate (certificado de uso conforme de suelo). For the same reason, the invocation of the content of Annex 1 (Anexo 1) of Executive Decree No. 41960 is equally useless, since this refers to the fields of action that the soil management, conservation, and recovery plans must contain. Thus, even if one of the witnesses offered by the defendants pointed to such a norm as support for the recommendations of the certificates of interest here - as indicated in the cassation appeal -, the truth is that the regulations refute it, since the aforementioned annex refers to other soil management instruments.
Nor do they manage to specify solid and reliable evidence on the type of specific observations and recommendations that can be included in these records. Although the witnesses said they can have them; it would have been ideal to provide documentary evidence on the frequency and typology of the recommendations customarily included in these certificates, which is lacking.
The State does not point to any evidence in this regard. Clearly, the fact that the witnesses offered by the State and officials of the defendant Administrations stated at trial that, in their opinion, the preparation of agronomists (ingenieros agrónomos) is more suitable than that of forest engineers is insufficient. The Chamber agrees that what is sought with this is to provide technical meaning to a restriction that was not based on that. If what they say is so, it should have been justified in a timely manner, in the act itself, or in its background, with an unequivocal reference to them (doctrine of canon 136 of the LGAP (Ley General de la Administración Pública)).
At this point, it is important to highlight again that the professional witnesses in forest engineering (ingeniería forestal) testified that they do have preparation in the subject, as observed by the Court, which the appellant did not refute. Thus, the only thing clear from the statements of the testimonial evidence highlighted by the appellant, when contrasting them with those considered by the Court - which clearly reflected, in general terms, the position set forth by the deponents - is that the agronomist and forest professionals who testified at trial disagree that the latter do not have sufficient preparation to classify land use (uso de los suelos), in different cases. This explains and further demonstrates the essential justification that should have accompanied the challenged norm. However, the absence of that justification has not been able to be disproved. The opinion rendered at trial, by way of testimonial declaration, without the accreditation of prior technical studies on the preparation in each of the careers of interest, as well as on the specific content of the certificates of interest, could never replace the duty to justify acts that restrict rights (an indispensable formal element in accordance with numeral 136, subsection 1, sections “a” and “e” of the LGAP (Ley General de la Administración Pública)).
Clearly, if there were compelling reasons for the debated exclusion, this should have been recorded, with the proper technical justification, in the very act that imposed it. In the absence of such justification, the existence of a defect of absolute nullity is indubitable, due to the total absence of an essential element of the administrative act (canon 166 of Law 6227), directly affecting the right of professional persons in forest engineering (ingeniería forestal) not only to fully exercise their profession, but also to be treated in a non-discriminatory manner. It is not superfluous to say that, if there indeed existed any reason justifying the challenged distinction, the competent authorities must promote the corresponding reforms in the legal system, through channels legitimately in conformity with the constitutional and legal order.
V.Both appeals include an equally coincident section, where the award of costs against the defendants is contested (images 10 and 13 of the filings of the State and INTA, in order). The representation of the defendant entities alleges that a mutual defeat (vencimiento recíproco) operated, as well as sufficient reason for them to litigate, given that part of the claims were denied. Specifically, it points to the "claims for omission", which were rejected as indeterminate, as well as the claims for compensation, for lack of proof. They invoke precept 193 of the Contentious Administrative Procedure Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo) in support of their grievance.
VI.The Court justified the imposition of costs against the State and INTA, based on their defeat (vencimiento). It considered that none of the exclusion causes operated. Now, for what will be stated, the Chamber disagrees with its position, in this aspect. Article 193 of the Contentious Administrative Procedure Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo) imposes the payment of costs on the losing party. That is the general rule, whose application derives from a procedural fact of simple verification: the defeat (vencimiento). The aforementioned precept provides, in this regard, the following: "In judgments and orders with the character of judgment, the losing party shall be ordered to pay the personal and procedural costs, a pronouncement that must be made ex officio." That is, in accordance with the legal mandate, the party immersed in a judicial process must bear the economic consequences of the process. Accreditation of any additional circumstance beyond the rejection of their claims or defenses, as the case may be, is not required in order to apply the mandate contained in the transcribed norm. However, the legislator contemplated certain exceptional situations that allow the jurisdictional body to depart from the general rule and exempt the losing party from the payment of costs.
These are the factual premises contemplated in Article 193 of the CPCA, which consist of the following: “a) The judgment is rendered by virtue of evidence whose existence the opposing party plausibly did not know and, because of this, the party’s opposition has been adjusted. b) Due to the nature of the issues debated, there existed, in the Tribunal’s opinion, sufficient grounds to litigate.” Furthermore, Article 194 ibidem adds as a ground for denial the plus petitio, which applies when the difference between what was claimed and what was definitively obtained is fifteen percent (15%) or more, unless the bases of the complaint are expressly considered provisional or their determination depends on judicial discretion or an expert opinion. Now, the aforementioned exceptions – except for the one contained in Article 194 ejúsdem, which is mandatory – as such, must be applied solely when there are significant reasons specific to the case that justify disregarding the right of the victorious party to obtain compensation for the expenses it had to incur to face the process.
Note that the rule empowers, but does not obligate, the court to disapply the condemnatory provision when it appreciates one or more of the circumstances contemplated in Article 193 ibidem. The foregoing advises conducting a judgment of proportionality and reasonableness in each case, and the referred power must not be applied indiscriminately and unthinkingly. It must be remembered that exempting the losing party from the payment of costs also implies a restriction on the compensatory right of the counterparty and not only a benefit for the former. Therefore, a decision in that sense must be based on a sufficiently relevant reason so that the victorious party is not unjustifiably curtailed. Likewise, the application of the general rule merits a prior examination of the possible applicability of one or more of the legal exceptions, in order to avoid harming the disadvantaged party in the process unnecessarily, because one of the circumstances that allows exoneration from the payment of costs is present.
Otherwise, the decision could be disproportionate and illegitimate. Having said this, the Chamber considers that, on this point, the defendants are correct. It suffices to compare the claims granted with those rejected, to show that several of the requests made were denied, which constitutes the ground for exoneration of mutual loss, previously mentioned. Let us see. In considerandos VIII and IX of the decision appealed here, requests 2, 3, and 4 of the complaint were rejected, described as follows: “That the Ministry and INTA be ordered to allow Forestry Engineers to perform Land Use conformity certifications of the land, in all areas of the different land uses, scrubland (charral), thicket (tacotal), agroforestry systems, silvopastoral systems, green areas, and garden. 3) That the Ministry and INTA be ordered to issue a general directive authorizing Forestry Engineers to perform land-use conformity certifications in any current land use and in any type of land capacity class, according to the official methodology. 4) That the defendants be ordered to jointly pay one million colones to each of my clients for subjective moral damages (daño moral subjetivo), which originates from the official communication being challenged and consists of the restriction on my clients in performing land-use conformity certifications.” Basically, the Tribunal considered, regarding the second and third points, that their terms are highly indeterminate, which prevents their acceptance.
Then, in the case of the requested indemnifications, the lower court (a quo) observed that the claimed subjective moral damages were not duly explained, and that there is no evidence that would allow granting monetary compensation, based on a causal link between the questioned conduct and a damage such as that alleged. Thus, the Chamber considers that, undoubtedly, in addition to mutual loss having occurred, the State and INTA had good reasons to litigate; particularly, in protection of the Public Treasury (Hacienda Pública). This is so because, beyond the unlawfulness declared in this litigation, the plaintiff sought several million colones as compensation, without having demonstrated the necessary elements for its granting. Ergo, the representation of the principal Public Entity, as well as the sued body, would have done poorly to remain passive in the face of what was requested; an observation that also applies with respect to the request that the issuance of administrative acts of general scope be ordered, without this being in accordance with the Law.
VII.In accordance with the foregoing, the appropriate course will be the partial acceptance of the appeals filed; solely with respect to the economic consequences of the process. On this point, what was decided will be partially reversed, to resolve the matter without special ruling on costs. In all other respects, what was decided must be confirmed.
THEREFORE
The appeals filed by the State and INTA are partially granted. Consequently, judgment no. 2024003756 of 13 hours 12 minutes of June 12, 2024, issued by the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, is partially reversed, only insofar as the payment of costs was imposed on them. Instead, each party shall bear its own. In all other respects, the appeals are denied and what was decided remains unchanged. DRUDIN LUIS GUILLERMO RIVAS LOAICIGA - MAGISTRATE (MAGISTRADO/A) CARLOS GUILLERMO ZAMORA CAMPOS - MAGISTRATE (MAGISTRADO/A) DAMARIS MARIA VARGAS VASQUEZ - MAGISTRATE (MAGISTRADO/A) IGNACIO JOSE MONGE DOBLES - MAGISTRATE (MAGISTRADO/A) JORGE LEIVA POVEDA - MAGISTRATE (MAGISTRADO/A) Telephones: (506) 2295-3658 or 2295-3659, email [email protected] It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 08-05-2026 09:36:32.
Sala Primera de la Corte Res. 001523-F-S1-2025 SALA PRIMERA DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las trece horas cuarenta y cuatro minutos del veintitrés de octubre de dos mil veinticinco.
En proceso ordinario agrario, presentado por MIGUEL ÁNGEL GÓMEZ RAMÍREZ, cédula 7-950-858; PABLO MARIO RAMÍREZ CASTRO, cédula 7-050-986; JUAN RAMÓN VARGAS ARIAS, cédula 1-533-899; FERNANDO ROJAS CONEJO, cédula 2-518-933; ANTONIO MARÍA RODRÍGUEZ DELGADO, cédula 4-117-368, MARIXENIA CRUZ VARGAS, cédula 2-498-134; FABIO AVENDAÑO GRANADOS, cédula 2-340-606; ANDRÉS PANIAGUA HERNÁNDEZ, cédula 7-115-292; RAFAEL ÁNGEL BOLAÑOS MONTERO, cédula 2-315-573; HANS CORRALES MORALES, cédula 1-909-069, todos representados por su apoderado especial judicial, el Licenciado Rodolfo Sotomayor Aguilar; contra el ESTADO, representado por los procuradores Mauricio Castro Lizano y José Barahona Vargas, así como del Instituto Nacional de Innovación y Transferencia en Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), representado por la Licenciada Myrna Brenes Noboa y el Licenciado César Artavia Vindas, como apoderados especiales judiciales; los entes demandados formularon recurso de casación impugnando la sentencia del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, con no. 2024003756 de las 13 horas 12 minutos del 12 de junio de 2024, suscrita por las personas juzgadoras Francisco José Chaves Torres, Evelyn Solano Ulloa y Lindsay Rodríguez Cubero.
Magistrado Ponente Jorge Leiva Poveda
CONSIDERANDO
I.La demanda fue presentada el 25 de abril de 2022. De seguido se realiza una breve síntesis del objeto traído a debate por la parte accionante, así como de la postura asumida por el Estado y el INTA. En los siguientes considerandos se resumen, de la misma manera sucinta, los alegatos contenidos en el recurso, tal y como lo ordena para la estructura y contenido de la sentencia de casación el artículo 61.2 del Código Procesal Civil, de aplicación supletoria al proceso contencioso según los recaudos del precepto 220 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo (o “CPCA” en adelante). Básicamente, los accionantes alegaron que son Ingenieros Forestales y se han visto perjudicados en el ejercicio de su profesión, por medio de las conductas aquí impugnadas. Según su relato, la Administración reglamentó, de manera discriminatoria, que una persona ingeniera forestal solamente puede emitir certificados de uso de suelo conforme, en aquellos casos en los que se trate de un terreno forestal, cuando la Ley 7779, de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos no establece tal distinción, como tampoco lo hace la Ley Orgánica del Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Costa Rica.
Aseguraron que, desde la entrada en vigencia de la ley no. 7779, el Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos ha preparado a sus agremiados para realizar tal función, sin excluir a los Ingenieros Forestales, además de que la metodología oficial para la determinación de la capacidad de uso conforme de la tierra es una herramienta que tales profesionales pueden utilizar sin problema. También sostuvo la parte demandante que la diferencia realizada por la Administración ha limitado la oferta de servicios de certificación, en perjuicio de las personas usuarias de dicha función. Se endilgó falta de motivación de la decisión restrictiva cuestionada, así como vicios en el contenido y motivo de las conductas administrativas impugnadas. Así las cosas, en las pretensiones, según quedaron fijadas en audiencia preliminar del 14 de diciembre de 2022, se persigue la anulación del artículo 3, párrafo segundo del inciso b, del Decreto no. 30636-MAG, denominado “Registro de Certificadores de Usos Conforme de la Tierras”, así como del oficio 21-06 del 30 de julio de 2021, de la Oficina de Servicios Técnicos del INTA, en el que se aplica dicha disposición.
También se solicitó que se ordene al Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, además del INTA, que permitan que los Ingenieros Forestales realicen certificaciones de uso de suelo conforme de la tierra, en todos los tipos de uso de esta, así como a la emisión de una directriz general al respecto. Adicionalmente, se requirió el pago de un millón de colones a cada demandante, por concepto de daño moral subjetivo, así como la imposición de costas, a los accionados. Tanto el Estado como el INTA se opusieron a la demanda. El primero, formuló las excepciones de acto no susceptible de impugnación, caducidad y falta de derecho. El INTA, de su parte, interpuso la defensa material de falta de derecho. Interlocutoriamente, se denegaron las excepciones previas, aunque fueron reiteradas ante el Tribunal de Juicio. No obstante, en sentencia fueron negadas nuevamente, acogiéndose parcialmente la falta de derecho.
En consecuencia, de los extremos petitorios fueron estimados unos y rechazados otros, así: “Se anula el oficio N°21-06 del 29 de julio del 2021 emitido por la Oficina de Servicios Técnicos del INTA; así como el último párrafo del ordinal 3 inciso b) del decreto N°30636 – MAG Registro de Certificadores de usos conforme de la Tierra, en cuanto señala que los “miembros del Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos con grado mínimo de Bachiller en ciencias Forestales, podrán fungir como Certificadores de Uso Conforme del Suelo, en tierras en las que se desarrollarán proyectos forestales”; debiendo entenderse de dicho ordinal, que los profesionales en ciencias forestales debidamente incorporados al Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos, y que hayan aprobado el curso de Certificadores de Uso Conforme del Suelo impartido por el Colegio Profesional, están facultados para emitir los “certificados de usos de suelo conforme”, descritos en la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos N°7779 y su Reglamento Decreto N°29375, afirmación condicionada a que el ordenamiento jurídico no imponga otro requisito para los profesionales certificadores.
Finalmente, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el artículo 130 inciso 3) del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, la declaratoria de disconformidad con el “ordenamiento” jurídico del párrafo "Los miembros del Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos con grado mínimo de Bachiller en ciencias Forestales, podrán fungir como Certificadores de Uso Conforme del Suelo, en tierras en las que se desarrollarán proyectos forestales” contenida en el inciso b) del artículo 3 del decreto Decreto Nº 30636-MAG publicado en la Gaceta N°164 del 28 de agosto del 2002, tiene efectos erga omnes, salvo derechos adquiridos de buena fe y situaciones jurídicas consolidadas; por lo que una vez firme esta sentencia, publíquese íntegramente en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta, con cargo al Estado. Son las costas de la actora a cargo del Estado y el INTA, las cuales se determinarán en la Etapa de Ejecución de Sentencia”. Disconformes, recurren en casación la representación estatal, así como la mandataria del INTA.
II.Los recursos formulados son prácticamente idénticos en varios de sus agravios; tanto en lo que se reprocha, como en su redacción. Por ende, se resumen de seguido aquellos reparos que son prácticamente duplicados en sendas impugnaciones. Posteriormente, se hará referencia a algunos razonamientos adicionales incluidos en la gestión promovida por el INTA. El primer apartado de expresión de agravios se denomina “Violación de normas por indebida valoración, aplicación indebida y falta de aplicación según el numeral 138 incisos a) y c) de la Ley 8508” (imagen 2 del libelo recursivo estatal y 3 del escrito suscrito por la representación del INTA). Después de realizarse una referencia al criterio del a quo, se desarrollan los siguientes apartados argumentativos. PRIMERO (imágenes 4 y 5 de las casaciones del Estado y el INTA, respectivamente). La limitación impugnada está en armonía con normativa “superior y conexa” desconocida en el fallo.
Se transcriben, de la ley no. 7221, los preceptos 11 (“Los miembros del Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos tendrán iguales derechos y deberes, excepto en lo que se refiere al ejercicio profesional, para lo que estarán sujetos a las regulaciones establecidas en esta Ley y su Reglamento.”); 15 (“Únicamente, los miembros del Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos están autorizados para ejercer la profesión en Ciencias Agropecuarias, de acuerdo con lo establecido en el texto de esta Ley. El Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos autorizará el ejercicio de la profesión en las áreas y niveles correspondientes de cada uno de sus miembros, de conformidad con lo que establecen los artículos 3 y 16 de esta Ley y su Reglamento.”) y 26 (“El Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos, con fundamento en las disposiciones establecidas en la presente Ley, regulará, mediante la vía reglamentaria, todo lo relativo al ejercicio de los diversos profesionales que lo integran.”).
Además, razonan las representaciones recurrentes que el ejercicio profesional queda condicionado a los parámetros establecidos en su Reglamento, en los numerales 15 (“Además de los establecidos en la Ley Orgánica, los colegiados tienen los siguientes derechos: a. Ejercer legalmente la profesión en los campos de las Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales…”); 16 (“Además de los establecidos en la Ley Orgánica, los colegiados tienen los siguientes deberes: a. Ejercer la profesión en los campos de las Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales…”); 17 (“Los miembros del Colegio deberán ejercer la profesión, en aquellos campos de las Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales que lo acrediten su orientación académica y profesional.”) y 18 (“Es competencia de los miembros ordinarios del Colegio que posean grado académico de licenciatura o superior a éste para realizar las siguientes funciones: a) La planificación, dirección y supervisión de la investigación para fines oficiales en los campos agrícolas, pecuario, forestal y de acuacultura. b) El ejercicio de puestos de dirección en las instituciones de la administración pública en los campos relacionados con actividades agrícolas, pecuarias, forestales y acuacultura, sin perjuicio de lo dispuesto en el Manual Descriptivo de Puestos del Servicio Civil. c) El ejercicio de puestos de dirección técnica en las empresas del sector privado, que brinden servicios de generación y transferencia de tecnología e investigación agropecuaria, forestal, así como en acuacultura. ch) El planeamiento, dirección, supervisión y evaluación de proyectos y programas regionales o nacionales en el campo agrícola, pecuario, forestal y acuacultura. d) Evaluación y determinación de usos de la tierra para fines agropecuarios, forestales y de acuacultura”).
Desde su perspectiva, de lo transcrito se colige que las personas profesionales en ingeniería forestal acreditadas como certificadoras de usos conforme de suelos no están autorizadas a operar en la evaluación de terrenos agrícolas, pecuarios, urbanos o habitacionales. Según su juicio, carecen de estudios suficientes para tal fin, considerando aspectos tales como las particularidades de la agricultura y la zona donde se desarrolle la actividad. Sostienen que, según el dicho del testigo-funcionario del INTA, en los programas de estudio del TEC correspondientes a dicha carrera, únicamente se incluyen “unas materias relacionadas con suelos”. Opinan que el curso para certificadores de uso conforme con módulos básicos sobre temas como “…llenar los formularios (uso del GPS, elaboración de mapas, legislación vigente, Metodología para la Determinación de la Capacidad de Uso de las Tierras de Costa Rica) …”, no equivale ni sustituye a la formación académica de la ingeniería agronómica en la materia.
Se quejan de que el Tribunal no realizó una interpretación sistemática del ordenamiento. Aseveran que ningún acto administrativo ha acreditado a los actores para ejercer como certificadores de uso conforme de suelo en todo tipo de terreno, con independencia a su naturaleza. Sostienen que el hecho de que la metodología para determinar la capacidad de uso de tierras en Costa Rica sea la misma, no legitima la “invasión de campos profesionales”. Consideran que el fallo es contrario a los ordinales 9 y 11 constitucionales, porque sin competencia para ello, el Tribunal estableció que los ingenieros forestales pueden emitir los certificados aludidos, en todos los usos de tierra. Arguyen en contra de tal tesis que el ejercicio de la profesión está reglamentado y sujeto a una estructura corporativa. Añaden que la clasificación que ordena la ley no. 7221 y su reglamento, no. 22688, por áreas y niveles, busca alcanzar que los servicios brindados satisfagan el interés público y la salud de los usuarios.
Traen a colación precedentes constitucionales sobre la sujeción de los profesionales a las regulaciones del Estado y del Colegio profesional respectivo. SEGUNDO (imágenes 7 y 9 de los libelos recursivos del Estado y del INTA, respectivamente). Apelan los casacionistas a la importancia de que el derecho tutele los derechos fundamentales tales como la vida, salud y al ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Destacan que, conforme al numeral 19 de la ley no. 7779, se exigen una serie de recomendaciones técnicas para la determinación de la capacidad de uso de las tierras, mismas que atienden a la planificación y a los aspectos agroecológicos y socioeconómicos específicos de cada región. Aducen que, para los suelos agrícolas o agronómicos, tales recomendaciones deben ser realizadas por un ingeniero agrónomo. Resaltan que, conforme a lo expuesto por los dos testigos ofrecidos por el Estado y el INTA, tales profesionales reciben una formación específica sobre cultivos, fertilización y control de plagas para evaluar la idoneidad del suelo para usos agrícolas, según la normativa vigente.
Sobre esto, también subrayan que, en la UCR, cursan hasta diez materias enfocadas en suelos, lo que refuerza su idoneidad en el ámbito agropecuario. En cambio, aseveran, los testimonios ofrecidos por la parte accionante no pudieron dar fe de una preparación similar, en la ingeniería forestal. En cambio, no se hizo más referencia que al hecho de que, los agremiados forestales que realizan el curso para las certificaciones de uso de suelo conforme, aplican la misma metodología. Razonan, con base en referencias constitucionales, que el derecho a la elección del trabajo no excluye el sometimiento a las regulaciones, limitaciones, supervisión y fiscalización existentes, en resguardo de otros valores, el interés público y de los derechos de los consumidores. Se quejan los demandados de una indebida aplicación de los numerales 2, incisos c) y e); 5, inciso 1; 36, inciso a); 42, incisos a), b), y e); 119 y 122 de la ley no. 8508. |, reportan una falta de aplicación de los ordinales 11, 21, 46, 50 y 140 constitucionales.
TERCERO (imágenes 8 y 11 de los recursos del Estado y el INTA, respectivamente). Sostienen los impugnantes que los colegiados tienen el derecho-deber de ejercer su profesión en el área de las Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales que les habilita su título, conforme a los numerales 15.a y 16.a del Decreto 22688, lo que no puede obviarse porque ambas carreras compartan un curso de zonas de vida, “el curso ante el Colegio” y la misma metodología sobre capacidad de uso de las tierras, que son las únicas coincidencias reconocidas por los testigos de la parte actora. Además, observan que los testimonios ofrecidos por el Estado explican que lo anterior no es suficiente para permitir a los ingenieros forestales realizar las evaluaciones de suelos en todos los ámbitos. Razonan que la aludida metodología “…se contrae a los usos que según su profesión les corresponde según la educación y formación recibida”.
Hacen énfasis en que, conforme a los deponentes Loría y Arias, los certificados de uso contienen observaciones y recomendaciones, lo cual es señalado en la impugnación como un motivo más por el cual son los ingenieros agrónomos quienes deben emitirlas en su campo. Aseguran que en la sentencia se invirtió la carga de la prueba que tenían los demandantes de demostrar que tienen los mismos conocimientos de los ingenieros agrónomos para realizar las recomendaciones técnicas del Anexo I del Decreto 41960. También consideran que se omitió una debida valoración de los cinco testimonios evacuados en juicio, para especularse, en cambio, que las Administraciones procuraron con sus interrogatorios la motivación posterior de los actos impugnados. Conciben tanto la representación estatal como la del INTA que lo anterior se desmiente con lo alegado en las contestaciones del hecho quinto de la demanda -coincidente con ideas ya expuestas, en aspectos tales como la importancia de las observaciones y las recomendaciones que contienen los certificados de uso conforme de suelo, así como a la necesidad de que sea el ingeniero agrónomo quien se pronuncie en lo de su cargo-.
Consideran que la testimonial resultó desfavorable a la parte actora al no haber servido para acreditar la idoneidad de los ingenieros forestales para la confección de los certificados aquí debatidos; sin embargo, se quejan de que la sentencia obvió el verdadero alcance de la prueba, con infracción del numeral 41.2.4 del Código Procesal Civil. Además de lo anterior, la representación del INTA expuso algunas consideraciones adicionales, para resaltar la diferencia entre los perfiles de una persona profesional en ingeniería agronómica y forestal. Destacó los siguientes puntos de divergencia: 1. “Formación académica especializada”. En este punto, se hace énfasis en que la preparación en ambas profesiones es diversa; particularmente, se resalta la especialidad de la agronomía en la técnica agrícola. 2. “Áreas de especialización distintas”. En similar sentido al anterior punto, se destaca que, pese a las áreas de traslape competencial, ingenieros agrónomos y forestales tienen ámbitos especializados diversos.
Los segundos, se ocupan de los “recursos forestales”, lo que “no siempre” incluye un enfoque profundo en las prácticas y normativas agrícolas. 3. “Normativa específica y metodologías diferentes”. Sostiene que las certificaciones requieren de metodologías específicas para evaluar la capacidad de uso de las tierras, especialmente en los contextos agrícolas, con lo que están familiarizados los ingenieros agrónomos. 4. “Experiencia práctica y aplicación de normativa”. La persona profesional en ingeniería agronómica tiene formación y experiencia en dichos aspectos. Se recalca la importancia de las recomendaciones y observaciones que deben emitirse cuando se detecta un mal uso, lo que excede del ámbito de competencia de la persona ingeniera forestal en el caso de las tierras agrícolas. 5. “Diferenciación Legal y Regulatoria”. Tanto el dictamen C-040-2013 de la PGR, como el Decreto No. 30636-MAG, establecen claramente las competencias y limitaciones de los ingenieros forestales en la emisión de certificaciones de uso conforme del suelo, restringiendo el objeto de su actuar a proyectos forestales.
III.En criterio del Tribunal, la limitación impuesta en la norma reglamentaria impugnada es ilegal. Básicamente, el órgano sentenciador hizo ver que la Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos, que es la que establece la figura de los certificados de uso conforme de suelo, no impide a las personas ingenieras forestales expedir tales constancias técnicas. En cambio, resaltó que el ordinal 46 ibídem dispone lo siguiente: “Para hacer efectivos cualquier exoneración o incentivo, fiscal o tributario, así como para el acceso a créditos preferenciales de los que apruebe el Sistema Bancario, relacionados con el uso de la tierra agrícola, el beneficiario que lo reclame tendrá que comprobar, previamente, ante el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería que la utilización actual o propuesta del terreno por el que se percibe este beneficio corresponde a la capacidad de uso o al uso potencial, según el estudio de tierras elaborado, con anterioridad, con base en la metodología oficial, por un profesional autorizado por el Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos.
Si la realización de las actividades fuere incompatible con el uso óptimo del terreno, conforme con lo indicado en el párrafo anterior, no se le concederán el beneficio de exenciones ni los incentivos que solicita.” (Se reproduce el subrayado añadido por el Tribunal). Ese órgano de instancia colige de dicho precepto que la norma de rango legal únicamente exige que el certificado lo emita una persona agremiada a dicho colegio profesional, debidamente autorizada por este, de manera tal que la normativa reglamentaria va más allá de lo exigido en la ley. Además, asoció dicho mandato a otros; entre ellos, el canon 4 de la Ley Orgánica del Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos no. 7221, en el que se dispone: “Artículo 4º—Son miembros ordinarios del Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos, los graduados de la Escuela Nacional de Agricultura y los profesionales en ciencias agropecuarias con un título o grado conferido o reconocido por una institución nacional de enseñanza superior de nivel universitario, registrado conforme a las disposiciones legales sobre la materia.
Para los alcances de este artículo, es un profesional en ciencias agropecuarias quien se haya graduado como ingeniero agrónomo (generalista, en Producción, Fitotecnia, Zootecnia, Economía Agrícola), ingeniero forestal, administrador de empresas agropecuarias, con el grado de bachillerato, licenciatura, especialidad, maestría o doctorado...”. De este, resaltó la condición que tiene la persona ingeniera forestal como ”profesional en ciencias agropecuarias”. También hizo ver que el Reglamento a dicha ley, emitido mediante Decreto no. 29375 MAG-MINAE-S-HACIENDA-MOPT, publicado el 21 de marzo de 2011, tampoco realiza tal restricción. En cambio, con base en los artículos 6, 34, 36 y 37, acotó que al profesional autorizado se le denomina como “Certificador de Uso Conforme del Suelo” y se le atribuye realizar los estudios del suelo, siguiendo la “Metodología para la Determinación de la Capacidad de Uso de las Tierras de Costa Rica”, para que lo certificado sea finalmente aprobado por el MAG. Ahora bien, por otra parte, se refirió al Decreto 30636-MAG, que es el que contiene la disposición aquí cuestionada, siendo este la base del Dictamen de la Procuraduría C-040-2013, en el que se sigue la misma postura aquí defendida por el Estado.
Dijo el a quo que en la parte considerativa de dicho reglamento se establece su finalidad, consistente en crear un registro de profesionales autorizados para emitir los certificados; empero, estima, su contenido fue más allá de eso, estableciendo una diferencia entre el ámbito de competencia de los ingenieros forestales y agrónomos. Esto lo consideró viciado por carecer de una debida justificación, así como por ir más allá de los requisitos de la ley no. 7779, en la que no se establece tal distinción, a como tampoco lo hace su reglamento. También apuntó el Tribunal que, después de revisar cada una de las normas invocadas por el Estado, en ninguna de ellas se enlistan las funciones de los profesionales agrónomos y forestales. En respaldo de su posición, trajo a colación jurisprudencia sobre la reserva de ley y la improcedencia de que los derechos fundamentales sean limitados por reglamentos ejecutivos y menos aún, los autónomos, siendo los primeros los que pueden desarrollar los preceptos legales, sin crear restricciones no previstas por el legislador.
También hizo énfasis en la falta de motivación científica de la restricción reglamentaria. De la misma manera, resaltó que se extraña algún informe técnico sobre el contenido mínimo del certificado de uso de suelo, del cual se infiera una imposibilidad de que un ingeniero forestal realice la certificación en determinados casos. Eso sí, hizo ver que, al interrogar a los testigos, las representaciones de las Administraciones demandadas realizaron preguntas tendientes a justificar la emisión de los actos debatidos, así como la diferencia de trato entre los profesionales agrónomos y forestales, con el ánimo de dotar así a la decisión aludida de “…una suerte de motivación ulterior, para superar el vicio acaecido en sede administrativa y descrito en los considerandos precedentes”. Considera este esfuerzo inocuo, tanto por la carencia de fundamentación aludida, así como por el exceso de la potestad reglamentaria.
Ahora bien, advierte la Sala que, a pesar de lo anterior, el Tribunal realizó algunas valoraciones sobre la prueba, descartando también que se acreditara que los ingenieros forestales carecen del conocimiento necesario para certificar el uso del suelo. Así, si bien reconoció, por ejemplo, que el testigo Loría Solano dijo que la formación académica de los ingenieros forestales no es suficiente para hacer un estudio de suelos agropecuarios, resaltó que él mismo diferenció entre el “estudio detallado” y el “uso conforme de suelos”, precisando que el curso para certificadores impartido en el Colegio de Agrónomos es suficiente para realizar un uso conforme de suelo, pero no así para un estudio detallado. Al referirse al dicho del testigo Dinier Arias, funcionario del INTA, acotó que este relató tener a su cargo la revisión de los estudios detallados de usos de suelo conforme y los certificados de uso conforme de suelo, siendo que el segundo tiene por objeto definir si el suelo está siendo utilizado conforme a la metodología.
También dio cuenta el Tribunal de que, en criterio de dicho declarante, un ingeniero forestal no debería certificar un uso de suelo que no sea de dicha naturaleza, tanto porque el decreto así lo indica, además de que el curso para ser certificador lo es únicamente para el llenado de un formulario, sin que sustituya una carrera profesional de ocho años para realizar observaciones y recomendaciones técnicas en el manejo de cultivos. Asimismo, consideró el a quo, para la Procuraduría, es particularmente relevante que del dicho de esos testigos se desprende que de lo más importante en un certificado de uso conforme de suelo son las observaciones que detallan el uso y condiciones del terreno. Ante ello, observó el Tribunal que, si bien comprende la trascendencia que tienen las recomendaciones de los profesionales en la explotación agrícola, “…el certificado de uso de suelo tiene una utilidad más administrativa con un análisis más ligero, en los mismos términos del testigo de la representación Estatal, en este sentido lo relevante de dicho certificado, es que cumpla con el requerimiento del ordinal 46 y 47 de la Ley N°7779, es decir, la debida clasificación del uso del suelo en relación con su explotación, para decidir si se otorgan los beneficios normativos”.
Adicionalmente, acotaron las personas juzgadoras que se equivoca el INTA al sostener que los demandantes no demostraron que la formación de los Ingenieros Forestales no es suficiente para los fines aquí discutidos. Observó ese colegio de juzgadores que esa aptitud ya fue reconocida por el legislador en el ya mencionado numeral 46 de la ley no. 7779, en el tanto establece que el certificado puede ser emitido “por un profesional autorizado por el Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos”, al cual están incorporados los forestales. Por otra parte, el Tribunal concedió mérito al dicho del testigo Raúl Solórzano, quien declaró que la metodología estaba pensada para ambas disciplinas, sin distinción alguna. Hizo ver el a quo que dicho declarante explicó su participación en la creación de la metodología, dentro del campo de los forestales. También resaltó de los testimonios de los señores Calvo y Solórzano que en la carrera de ingeniería forestal del Tecnológico de Costa Rica se imparten al menos cinco cursos donde se aplica la metodología de Capacidad y Uso del suelo.
Otra observación importante plasmada en la sentencia consiste en que, de las declaraciones de los testigos se infiere que los usos de suelo tales como “disturbado, infraestructura, Jardín o Zona Verde, Charral y Tacotal” no tienen una actividad definida de Agronómica o Forestal. Sin embargo, razonó, a los Ingenieros Forestales no se les permite su ejercicio profesional en tales casos tampoco, sin justificación alguna, pese a que en dichos supuestos “no aplica el argumento de invasión de competencias que se sostiene por las Administraciones accionadas”. Lo mismo observó con respecto a los usos que contemplan ambas disciplinas, como lo son los cultivos y pastos en asocio con árboles (numeral 3, inciso H, de la Ley Forestal). Por todo ello, concluyó el Tribunal que la Administración realizó una diferencia ilegal, por no estar contemplada en la ley, lo que hizo sin la motivación debida. Ergo, consideró procedentes las pretensiones anulatorias de la norma reglamentaria que prevé la distinción, así como del acto de aplicación individual impugnado.
IV.Sin ninguna duda, lleva razón el Tribunal. Razones:
V.En ambos recursos se incluye un apartado igualmente coincidente, en el que se combate la condena en costas a cargo de las demandadas (imágenes 10 y 13 de las gestiones del Estado y el INTA, en su orden). Alegan la representación de los entes demandados que operó un vencimiento recíproco, así como un motivo suficiente para litigar de su parte, habida cuenta de que parte de las pretensiones fueron denegadas. Concretamente, señala las pretensiones “de omisión”, mismas que fueron rechazadas por indeterminadas, así como las indemnizatorias, por falta de prueba. Invocan en respaldo de su agravio el precepto 193 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo.
VI.El Tribunal justificó la imposición de costas a cargo del Estado y el INTA, en su vencimiento. Consideró que no operó ninguna de las causales de exclusión. Ahora bien, por lo que se dirá, la Sala discrepa de su postura, en este aspecto. El artículo 193 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo impone el pago de las costas a cargo de la parte vencida. Esa es la regla general, cuya aplicación deriva de un hecho procesal de simple constatación: el vencimiento. El precepto aludido dispone, al respecto, lo siguiente: “En las sentencias y los autos con carácter de sentencia, se condenará al vencido al pago de las costas personales y procesales, pronunciamiento que deberá hacerse de oficio”. Es decir, de conformidad con el mandato legal, la parte inmersa en un proceso judicial debe cargar con las repercusiones económicas del proceso. No se requiere la acreditación de alguna circunstancia adicional al rechazo de sus pretensiones o defensas, según sea el caso, a efectos de aplicar el mandato contenido en la norma transcrita.
Empero, el legislador contempló ciertos supuestos excepcionales que permiten, al órgano jurisdiccional, separarse de la regla general y eximir a la parte vencida del pago de las costas. Se trata de los presupuestos fácticos contemplados en el ordinal 193 del CPCA, mismos que consisten en lo siguiente: “a) La sentencia se dicte en virtud de pruebas cuya existencia verosímilmente no haya conocido la contraria y, por causa de ello, se haya ajustado la oposición de la parte. b) Por la naturaleza de las cuestiones debatidas haya existido, a juicio del Tribunal, motivo bastante para litigar”. Además, el canon 194 ibidem, añade como supuesto de improcedencia el plus petitio, el que procede cuando la diferencia entre lo reclamado y lo obtenido en definitiva sea de un quince por ciento (15%) o más, a no ser que las bases de la demanda sean expresamente consideradas provisionales o su determinación dependa del arbitrio judicial o dictamen de peritos.
Ahora bien, las excepciones antes aludidas – salvo la contenida en el canon 194 ejúsdem, la que resulta imperativa -, como tales, deben emplearse, únicamente, cuando haya motivos trascendentes y propios del caso concreto que justifiquen desconocer el derecho de la parte victoriosa a obtener un resarcimiento por los gastos en los que debió incurrir para afrontar el proceso. Nótese, la norma faculta, mas no obliga, al tribunal, a desaplicar la disposición condenatoria, cuando aprecie una o más de las circunstancias contempladas en el artículo 193 ibidem. Lo anterior aconseja la realización de un juicio de proporcionalidad y razonabilidad en cada caso, sin que la potestad referida deba ser aplicada indiscriminada e irreflexivamente. Debe recordarse, eximir del pago de las costas a la parte vencida implica también una restricción al derecho resarcitorio de la contraparte y no solamente un beneficio para la primera.
Por ende, una decisión en ese sentido debe fundarse en un motivo lo suficientemente relevante como para que no se esté cercenando a la parte victoriosa de manera injustificada. Del mismo modo, la aplicación de la regla general amerita de un examen previo sobre la eventual procedencia de una o más de las excepciones legales, a efectos de evitar perjudicar a la parte desfavorecida en el proceso de manera innecesaria, por concurrir alguno de los supuestos que permite exonerarla del pago de costas. Caso contrario, la decisión podría ser desproporcionada e ilegítima. Dicho esto, considera la Sala que, en este extremo, los demandados llevan razón. Basta confrontar las pretensiones acogidas con las rechazadas, para evidenciar que varios de los ruegos planteados fueron denegados, lo que configura la causal de exoneración de vencimiento recíproco, antes aludida. Veamos. En los considerandos VIII y IX del fallo aquí recurrido se rechazaron las petitorias 2, 3 y 4 de la demanda, descritas así: “Que se ordene al Ministerio y al INTA a permitir que los Ingenieros Forestales puedan realizar certificaciones de Uso de Suelo conforme de la tierra, en todos los ámbitos de los diferentes usos de la tierra, charral, tacotal, sistemas agroforestales, sirvopastoriles, zonas verdes y jardín. 3) Que se ordene al Ministerio y al INTA a dictar una directriz de carácter general en la que se autoriza a los Ingenieros Forestales para poder realizar certificaciones de uso conforme de suelo en cualquier uso actual de la tierra y en cualquier clase de capacidad de uso, acorde a la metodología oficial. 4) Que se condene a las demandadas al pago solidario de un millón de colones para cada uno de mis clientes por concepto de daño moral subjetivo, el cual es originado a raíz del oficio que se incoa y consiste en la restricción de realizar certificaciones de uso conforme de suelo a mis representados”.
Básicamente, consideró el Tribunal, en los extremos segundo y tercero, que sus términos son sumamente indeterminados, lo que impide su acogimiento. Luego, en el caso de las indemnizaciones requeridas, el a quo observó que el daño moral subjetivo reclamado no fue explicado debidamente, además de que no hay prueba que permita acceder a una reparación monetaria, a partir de un nexo causal entre las conductas cuestionadas y un daño como el alegado. Así, la Sala considera que, indudablemente, además de haber operado un vencimiento recíproco, el Estado y el INTA tenían buenos motivos para litigar; particularmente, en resguardo de la Hacienda Pública. Esto es así puesto que, más allá de la ilicitud declarada en esta lite, la parte actora pretendió varios millones de colones, a título de indemnización, sin haber demostrado los elementos necesarios para su otorgamiento. Ergo, mal habría hecho la representación del Ente público mayor, así como del órgano persona accionado, de permanecer pasivos ante lo solicitado; observación que también opera con respecto a la solicitud de que se ordenara la emisión de actos administrativos de alcance general, sin que esto fuese conforme a Derecho.
VII.Conforme a lo expuesto, lo procedente será el acogimiento parcial de los recursos incoados; únicamente, en lo que respecta a la repercusión económica del proceso. En este extremo, se casará parcialmente lo resuelto, para resolverse el asunto sin especial condenatoria en costas. En todo lo demás, ha de confirmarse lo resuelto.
POR TANTO
Se declaran parcialmente con lugar los recursos incoados por el Estado y el INTA. En consecuencia, se casa parcialmente la sentencia no. 2024003756 de las 13 horas 12 minutos del 12 de junio de 2024, dictada por el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, únicamente, en el tanto se impuso a su cargo el pago de las costas. En su lugar, cada parte correrá con las propias. En todo lo demás, se rechazan las impugnaciones y se mantiene incólume lo resuelto. DRUDIN LUIS GUILLERMO RIVAS LOAICIGA - MAGISTRADO/A CARLOS GUILLERMO ZAMORA CAMPOS - MAGISTRADO/A DAMARIS MARIA VARGAS VASQUEZ - MAGISTRADO/A IGNACIO JOSE MONGE DOBLES - MAGISTRADO/A JORGE LEIVA POVEDA - MAGISTRADO/A
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.