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Res. 02347-2022 Sala Primera de la Corte · Sala Primera de la Corte · 27/10/2022
OutcomeResultado
The First Chamber summarily dismisses the cassation appeal for lack of proper foundation, upholding the ruling that declared properties null for invading the maritime terrestrial zone and mangrove.La Sala Primera rechaza de plano el recurso de casación por carecer de fundamentación adecuada, confirmando la sentencia que declaró la nulidad de inmuebles por invadir zona marítimo terrestre y manglar.
SummaryResumen
The First Chamber summarily dismisses the cassation appeal filed by the defendant companies against the Administrative Contentious Tribunal's ruling that granted the State's lesividad action. The lawsuit sought nullification of 16 property registrations and cadastral maps for encompassing public domain assets: maritime terrestrial zone, mangrove areas, and the Nosara River estuary. The companies alleged procedural defects in the complaint, erroneous assessment of technical evidence, and improper application of mangrove regulations. The Chamber finds that the Tribunal did address the arguments and that the appeal lacks proper legal foundation, merely expressing disagreement. It concludes no due process violation, inconsistency, or lack of reasoning is proven, thus applying summary dismissal under Article 140(c) of the Administrative Contentious Procedure Code.La Sala Primera rechaza de plano el recurso de casación interpuesto por las sociedades demandadas contra la sentencia del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo que declaró con lugar el proceso de lesividad interpuesto por el Estado. La demanda buscaba la nulidad de 16 matrículas y planos catastrados por abarcar bienes de dominio público: zona marítimo terrestre, áreas de manglar y ría del río Nosara. Las sociedades alegaron defectos procesales en la demanda, error en la valoración de prueba técnica y aplicación indebida de normas sobre manglares. La Sala considera que el Tribunal sí se pronunció sobre los argumentos y que el recurso carece de fundamentación adecuada, limitándose a expresar disconformidad. Concluye que no se acredita violación al debido proceso, incongruencia o falta de motivación, por lo que aplica el rechazo de plano conforme al artículo 140 inciso c) del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo.
Key excerptExtracto clave
In this Body's view, the mere mention of the articles it considers violated is insufficient for admission to cassational review. It is necessary to indicate how they were infringed, interweaving them with the grounds of the appeal and the reasoning given by the Tribunal. As can be seen, the appellant develops simple interpretations of the challenged ruling and merely expresses disagreement with the decision. This Chamber has reiterated regarding the nature of the cassation appeal: 'it is not sufficient for the appeal's admissibility to express general and merely argumentative disagreements; rather, it is essential to show the contrast between the decision and the infringement that, in its view, occurred' (vote 1042-2013 of 8:50 a.m. on August 14, 2013, among others). It is clear that the appellant does not attack the arguments used by the judge to uphold the lesividad complaint, but merely reiterates its theory of the case in the cassation appeal, without contributing any element that would allow confronting the conclusions of the challenged judgment. Thus, given the evident omission to systematically and specifically combat the grounds of the appealed ruling with other normative reasons, and not with simple and generic disagreements, its claims are insufficient to require review of the contested decision before this Court, wherefore, due to its informality, the appeal must be summarily dismissed.En criterio de este Órgano, no es suficiente, para el ingreso al control casacional, la somera mención de los artículos que estima violentados. Es preciso indicar cómo resultan conculcados, entrelazándolos con los motivos del recurso y los fundamentos dados por el Tribunal. Como se ve, el accionante desarrolla simples interpretaciones sobre lo expuesto en el fallo impugnado, y expresa únicamente su desacuerdo con lo resuelto. Esta misma Sala ha reiterado en cuanto a la naturaleza del recurso de casación, lo siguiente: “no resulta suficiente para la procedencia del recurso, la manifestación de disconformidades generales y meramente argumentativas, sino que es indispensable a los efectos, mostrar el contraste de lo decidido con la infracción que, en su criterio, tuvo lugar” (voto 1042-2013 de las 08 horas con 50 minutos del 14 de agosto de 2013, entre otros). Es claro que el recurrente no ataca los argumentos utilizados por el juez para la declaratoria con lugar de la demanda de lesividad, sino que se limita a reiterar su teoría del caso en el recurso de casación, sin abonar ningún elemento que permitiera confrontar las conclusiones de la sentencia impugnada. De esta forma, ante la evidente omisión en combatir de manera sistemática y específica los fundamentos de la resolución recurrida, con otras razones normativas, y no con simples y genéricas discrepancias de criterio, sus reclamos resultan insuficientes para generar la revisión del fallo controvertido ante esta Sede, en virtud de lo cual, dada su informalidad, procede rechazar de plano el recurso.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"no resulta suficiente para la procedencia del recurso, la manifestación de disconformidades generales y meramente argumentativas, sino que es indispensable a los efectos, mostrar el contraste de lo decidido con la infracción que, en su criterio, tuvo lugar"
"it is not sufficient for the admissibility of the appeal to express general and merely argumentative disagreements; rather, it is essential to show the contrast between the decision and the infringement that, in its view, occurred"
Considerando III
"no resulta suficiente para la procedencia del recurso, la manifestación de disconformidades generales y meramente argumentativas, sino que es indispensable a los efectos, mostrar el contraste de lo decidido con la infracción que, en su criterio, tuvo lugar"
Considerando III
"es claro que el recurrente no ataca los argumentos utilizados por el juez para la declaratoria con lugar de la demanda de lesividad, sino que se limita a reiterar su teoría del caso en el recurso de casación, sin abonar ningún elemento que permitiera confrontar las conclusiones de la sentencia impugnada"
"it is clear that the appellant does not attack the arguments used by the judge to uphold the lesividad complaint, but merely reiterates its theory of the case in the cassation appeal, without contributing any element that would allow confronting the conclusions of the challenged judgment"
Considerando III
"es claro que el recurrente no ataca los argumentos utilizados por el juez para la declaratoria con lugar de la demanda de lesividad, sino que se limita a reiterar su teoría del caso en el recurso de casación, sin abonar ningún elemento que permitiera confrontar las conclusiones de la sentencia impugnada"
Considerando III
Full documentDocumento completo
CONSIDERING
I.The current contentious-administrative procedural legislation provides in its provision 140 the possibility of flatly rejecting the appeal in cassation when: “a) From the document it is clear that the challenged decision cannot be the subject of cassation, b) It was filed untimely, c) It completely lacks legal grounds or, having them, the Court or the Court of Cassation clearly deduces the inadmissibility of the appeal, either for procedural or substantive reasons” (highlighting does not belong to the original). In this last scenario, the legislator proposed an alternative that in this subject matter is innovative and expeditious, such that, in the interest of resolving judicial processes promptly and completely, it allows those hearing this extraordinary appeal, to determine from the outset, whether the submission is clearly inadmissible, despite compliance with strictly formal matters, such as filing within the time limit and respect for the technique of cassation itself, in accordance with canon 139 of the Contentious-Administrative Procedural Code (CPCA). This is because postponing the resolution of an appeal of this nature serves no purpose if its content clearly shows that the criticism raised will be dismissed.
II.The special judicial representative of the defendants files an appeal in cassation on procedural and substantive grounds. In the first procedural ground, he complains that the Court did not rule on arguments by the defendant party regarding serious defects in the complaint, the facts, the grounds, and the claim that precluded granting it. He alludes to what is established in article 121 of the CPCA. He adds, although numeral 137 does not expressly establish a specific procedural cause when the judgment has omitted to declare inadmissibility due to serious defects in the claim, it is clear that such non-compliance results in the possibility of appealing through this channel, even though it was alleged in the conclusions. In this specific case, he considers applicable, in accordance with numeral 220 of the CPCA, article 69.2 of the Civil Procedural Code, which allows basing the appeal in cassation on procedural grounds in the event of infringement or erroneous application of procedural rules that are essential for guaranteeing due process, and this is especially clear when the complaint and the claim are so incomprehensible or confusing that they fail to meet the basic requirements that the CPCA establishes as such.
Additionally, he explains, precept 137 in its subsection d) includes as a possible procedural cause, the lack of statement of reasons, and that is possible when the judgment fails to rule on aspects requested in the debate phase or the conclusions and that have to do with pointing out fundamental deficiencies of the complaint, its facts, grounds, and claims. In this specific case, the complaint does not meet the basic requirements established by ordinal 59 subsections b) and c) of the CPCA, because it lacks a specific exposition of the facts and background and also does not contain the legal grounds it intends to invoke in its support. He relates, in fact five of the complaint, which is the only one that is controversial, as decided in the Preliminary Hearing of July 19, 2018, it does not point out or indicate the fundamental elements that a contentious-administrative action must contain, in accordance with Canon 49 of the Political Constitution, 1 and 58 subsection b) of the CPCA.
He maintains, the State merely indicates that a list of sixteen properties, whose plan numbers it specifies, “...encompass lands of the terrestial maritime zone...”, according to two official letters it cites, one from the Property Registry and another from the National Geographic Institute. In the second paragraph of the fact numbered as five, it refers that there are some properties that are within the Ostional National Wildlife Refuge, without detailing what area and part of the Refuge zone is invaded, whether it is beach, mangroves, rias, because it simply refers to an official letter from the Tempisque Conservation Area, as if the signatories of that document possessed the competence to describe the fact in a precise and detailed manner and not the plaintiff. He argues, it is clear then that the State did not set forth the fact or the complaint in a specific manner, because it does not detail the reason why it considers that those properties encompass lands of the terrestial maritime zone or of the Refuge itself.
To specify is to detail, to point out in a precise and concrete manner the factual element it intends to prove, and therefore it is required that it indicate the circumstances of manner, time, and place in which the facts occurred, to later demonstrate them with the probative aspects contained in the administrative record. It is not possible that fact number five indicates that some properties encompass lands of the terrestial maritime zone, without specifying partially or totally, which lands were invaded or encompassed, where, since when, whether it is a beach, coastal, mangrove, or ria zone, concepts used by the Procurator in his initial pleading, but which do not appear in the complaint. He complains, the State can pretend that the fact is deduced from the evidence, when the procedure operates inversely. He details, the evidence has the function of demonstrating the fact already specified and detailed, its role is not to complete or define it, because in such a case the factual element would be incomplete and it would not be the plaintiff who sues but the author of the evidence, which would be a disorder that completely "upends" the legal procedure.
He alludes to what article 82.1 of the CPCA details. That is, he notes, first the relevant facts of the process must be known in a clear, precise, and detailed manner in order to then attempt to prove them. It is not possible therefore to admit complaints in which the facts are not specified, because the evidence would become the fact and that is not legally possible. He reproaches, neither is the administrative record the complaint, but rather the evidence of the complaint. He emphasizes, if the complaint does not meet the legal requirements, it is not possible to reconstruct it with the administrative record, because it would be an illegal construction of the cause petendi and a reformulation of the complaint through the record that should attempt to prove what is correctly defined and specified from the origin of the cause. He alludes to what numeral 58 subsection c) of the CPCA indicates.
It is enough to read the legal grounds section contained in the complaint to easily realize that it merely relates that lands located on public domain property are not susceptible to private ownership, that they must therefore be annulled, that they are inalienable and imprescriptible, and to this end it cites some rulings and legal norms. But, he outlines, the reasons why those lands supposedly located in public domain zones are not indicated, nor does it normatively support the fact that it proposes to prove. He states, the plaintiff wants the evidence to be what specifies the fact and what grounds the claim, something not proper to procedural litigation. The claim formulated only determines that because they are public domain property, a group of registrations must be annulled. But that does not derive from the facts or the legal grounds of the complaint, but rather it is sought to be deduced from the probative reports, as if the means of proof were the facts and the documents were the grounds.
In his view, this cannot be admitted, because it would lead the Courts to define the facts and the grounds as derived from the evidence and to construct the claim a posteriori, without the facts being adequately known or properly grounded, so the claim itself incurs the same defects already pointed out, and thereby generates a decision that exceeds or surpasses the claims of the party, incurring the defect of ultra petita and even completely reworking the facts and the petition itself. This is clear when the plaintiff herself expressed in the debate that she only sought to declare the nullity of the registrations “IN THE AREAS THAT INVADE THE MANGROVE AND THE RIA ZONES”, not in their entirety, and therefore she clarified that her claim was a partial annulment. Strangely, the Court completely omitted this reference and annulled the entirety of the registrations, as if the entire area of the farms was invading public domain areas.
He states, regarding the foregoing aspects, the Court simply decided that these were novel aspects, not timely alleged, and that therefore these are precluded elements and cannot be alleged at this instance. This, he deems, is absolutely wrong, because the determination of the claim is a matter of public order and must be the subject of analysis by the court, even if it is not alleged by the other party, and with greater reason if it has been invoked in the debate and in the conclusions themselves. He relates, the Court omitted a ruling regarding all these arguments and thereby violated procedural rules due to lack of statement of reasons, in accordance with numeral 137.d), disrespected due process and the procedural impulse to which article 2.5 of the Civil Procedural Code obligates it. He maintains, it is impossible to grant the complaint, with its facts and its claim, however, the Court, with its omissions and errors, reformulated the State's petition, in violation of its duties of objectivity.
In the second section, he alleges that the Court erroneously dismissed an argument by the defendants that the claim was not proper to a contentious-administrative action of lesividad. He states, despite the fact that the plaintiff party seeks to indicate to the Judges that the proceeding derives from a declaration of lesividad, and to this end proof number 1 is provided, neither the claim nor the facts adequately refer to this. He refers, article 10.3) of the CPCA establishes that, in cases such as these, what the State must do is challenge its own act, which is final and creates subjective rights, but in the facts and in the claim it omits to specify which act or acts it challenges. He adduces, part of the doctrine says that, in a contentious action of lesividad the administration sues itself, in the sense that it seeks to challenge its own acts. But, he explains, in the claim what is indicated is that registrations be annulled and cancelled without referring to the acts being challenged, nor is it demonstrated that these are final acts that create subjective rights, perhaps pretending that the record of the declaration of lesividad forms part of the facts of the claim, when, he assures, it is nothing more than evidence.
He reproaches, the Court only refers in the judgment that the formal requirements of a claim for a declaration of lesividad are met, but it does not indicate which ones or the reasons, and omits the defendants' arguments, not even to reject them. This implies, he says, a lack of statement of reasons, by omission, which is common when one does not want to accept a party's position, but chooses the thesis of ignoring it when deciding. In the first ground for violation of substantive rules, he alleges that the Court improperly assessed the plaintiff's evidence. According to what he sets forth, it is not true that Official Letter RIM-CCT-CR-0145-2015 from the Cadastral Department of the Property Registry of December 11, 2015, signed by the licenciado, Guillermo Rodríguez Rodríguez, indicates in any of its pages that the properties owned by the defendants encompass lands of the terrestial maritime zone.
He indicates, the document consists of 29 pages and in none of them is such a thing stated, but rather it merely explains the procedure for registering a farm numbered 7302. He notes, neither in the content nor in the conclusions of that report is reference made to the terrestial maritime zone or to the Ostional Wildlife Refuge. He adds, from Official Letter ACT-ORPP-SIG-219 from the Regional Directorate of the Tempisque Conservation Area, dated November 27, 2015, the only thing that emerges is that four of those properties partially invade zones of the Ostional Wildlife Refuge, which was accepted by the defendant companies in those same percentages and it has even been indicated that when the State Notary's Office so orders, the corresponding transfers will be made at their expense. In the response to the complaint, he notes, they indicated the percentages that the properties encompass, in the same terms as that official letter, so in this section there is no controversy whatsoever.
Nor does the Conservation Area seek to appropriate or claim more lands than those indicated in that official letter, it is clear that the state claim, due to its non-compliance with legal requirements, is confusing and contradictory and offers evidence that contradicts itself. Official Letter, DTO-IGN-RN-0454-2015 of November 30, 2015, signed by Engineer Raquel Irías Brenes, of the National Registry, merely indicates that several of the defendants' properties are located within the State's heritage, in a one-and-a-half page document, without any foundation or support. He details, the text states that there are properties that encompass mangrove areas, without any evidence, it affirms that areas contiguous to it must be defined as a public zone and even that areas within 200 meters contiguous to the ria of the Nosara river be defined as a public zone, without substantiating it in any way and as if these were majestic affirmations that have public faith merely by subscribing to them.
In his view, the State did not provide the signatories as expert witnesses to detail its claim, which is poorly configured, and it seems rather that it proposes that the evidence configure the facts and the claim itself. In his view, for the judges, it is enough that a document refers an aspect on any subject for, not only that to be taken as true, but for it not to be necessary to analyze the relevant legal aspects derived from said factual element. He recriminates, the Court established that since the documents determine the existence of a ria, it exists, but, additionally to this existence derived from a single criterion on a single page, they conclude that this ria requires a setback of 150 meters from its boundary, without citing a single legal norm or a single normative support. He points out, this style of reasoning, which confers on the evidence not only a value of factual evidence, but also a kind of legal expertise, is absurd and dangerous, because it not only represents an express resignation to the role of the Judge as interpreter of the Law, but it "upends" the probative role of documents that do not have the function of laying down the law regarding the law and its correct application.
In the second section he alleges that the Court erroneously interpreted various substantive rules contained in the decision and applied a derogated article of an Executive Decree. According to what he sets forth, article 9 of Law no. 6043, of March 2, 1977, defines the 200-meter terrestial maritime zone as the strip of that extension along the entire length of the coastlines. Article 11 limits the public zone occupied by mangroves to 50 meters, not 200, because they are not coastlines or coasts, so it is not appropriate to apply the same regime as those. He maintains, the Procurator's Office insists on applying numeral 4 of the Regulation to Law 6043, not of the law itself, which is an executive decree no. 7841-P of December 16, 1977, and which of course cannot go beyond what Law 6043 establishes. But, he maintains, what the Procurator's Office does not admit is that numeral 4 of executive decree 7841, refers to another executive decree which is 7210, of July 19, 1977, derogated by ordinal 8 of executive decree no. 22550-MIRENEM, of September 14, 1993, that is, it has not been applicable for more than 25 years.
He warns, as precept 4 of executive decree 7481 refers to a derogated decree, which is 7210, it also could not be applied on its own, because its value and content derive from a derogated norm. Therefore, should it be considered that the complaint meets the requirements of the law, it would also not be admissible due to the lack of legal grounds. Based on that executive decree 22550, the wetland is a new category that replaces the mangrove category, all based on articles 7 and 17 of the Wildlife Conservation Law no. 7317, of December 7, 1992, and furthermore the regulation of the so-called Ramsar Convention, approved by Law no. 7224, of April 9, 1991, would be applicable to it. He asserts, if wetlands are protected wild areas, in accordance with article 32 of the Organic Law of the Environment, number 7554, of October 4, 1995, reiterated by precept 58 of the Biodiversity Law, no. 7788, of April 30, 1998, mangroves and wetlands became protected wild areas.
He refers to what was set forth by the Attorney General's Office in opinions numbers C-174-87 of September 8, 1987 and C-191-96 of November 27, 1996, that those protected wild areas have the typological category of equivalent reserve. Therefore, equivalent reserves are excluded from the regulation of the Terrestial Maritime Zone Law, in accordance with numeral 73 of that same law 6043. He reproaches, in the indicated scenario, the mangrove areas would be delimited by the demarcated zone, which, as the expert Guadamuz Chavarría indicated, exists in the area of the defendants' properties and has been fully respected. He complains, the Judges merely cited the legal rules again and stated that they do not share the defendant's thesis, but without stating the reasons for this. They do not cite any argument regarding article 4 of the Regulation to the Terrestial Maritime Zone Law and the citation of a derogated norm, as if nothing had been raised about it, and they cite norms that, according to them, refer to mangroves and rias in a bundled fashion, without any reasoning or argumentative logic.
III.In attention to the particularities that characterize cassation, the legal and factual substantiation of the grievance stands as an impassable admissibility requirement, the mere allegation of disagreements of criteria with what was decided being improper. In order to meet such requirements, in a correct cassation technique, the appeal must be self-sufficient in terms of its complete understanding, so that this Body may carry out the reviewing task that is proper to it and avoid having to be obliged to interpret it, even more so, to carry out the work of a trial court judge, in order to clarify everything that the appellant should have indicated explicitly and understandably. The appeal is ambiguous and imprecise. As can be seen, the procedural grievances aim to establish that due process and procedural impulse were violated, insofar as he considers that the arguments of the defendants were not addressed in relation to the serious defects of the complaint, the facts, the grounds, and the claim, which he says precluded granting the complaint.
Furthermore, he reproaches that the Court erroneously considered an argument by the defendants that the claim was not proper to a contentious-administrative action of lesividad. Therefore, he affirms, the defect of inconsistency due to ultra petita was incurred, contained in article 69.2 of the Civil Procedural Code, which he says applies by reference of numeral 220 of the CPCA and, in turn, he accuses a lack of statement of reasons (article 137 subsection d) of the CPCA). Regarding inconsistency, this Court has indicated that it occurs when there is disharmony between the claims of the litigants and what was decided in the operative part of the judgment; that is, if the judge decides on issues not petitioned in the different stages where it can be done, grants more than what was requested, or omits to decide on the claims or defenses. Likewise, if what was decided in any way exceeds the cause of action (See in that sense, decision no. 520-2012 of 9:50 a.m. on May 3, 2012, of this deciding body).
This deciding body has also expressed (decision no. 328-F-S1-2012 of 8:50 a.m. on March 8, 2012), that the statement of reasons, in the terms of norm 137, subsection d) of the CPCA, should not be understood as a mechanism to question the legal grounds of the judgment. It arises when there is no statement of reasons, either because it does not exist, or because its development is extremely confusing or contradictory, such that it prevents clarity regarding the reasoning that led to the decision adopted in the operative part of the judgment, which would violate the procedural rights of the parties, in particular, due process and the right of defense. Now, the Court in Considering I.-, indicated: “On November 30, 2016, the State filed a lesividad proceeding against the defendant companies, formulating and clarifying in the preliminary hearing, the following claims: "1) Declare the nullity and order the cancellation of the registrations of the Partido of Guanacaste 31829-000, 35294-000, 35342-000, 70893- 000, 70894-000, 70895-000, 70896-000, 70903-000, 70904-000, 81481-000, 82757-000, 119004-000, 157417-000, 157418-000, 157419-000, 157420-000, their liens and plans G-0660243-2000, G-1368780-2009, G-1338346-2009, G-0511121-1983, G-0511118-1983, G-0511119-1983, G-1172999-2007, G-1194813-2007, G-0555446-1984, G-0062505-1992, G-0104087-1993, G-0643557-2000, G-1157517-2007, G-1157286-2007, G-1157283-2007, G-1157284-2007, because they encompass demanial property, where the self-enforcement powers under the charge of the active Administration will govern. 2) The payment of both costs to be borne by the defendants".
(See complaint and preliminary hearing in images 2 to 7, 198 to 200 and 230 to 232 of the digital judicial record).”. And, in Considering “VII. ON THE MERITS OF THE MATTER: REVIEW OF THE ARGUMENTS OF THE DEFENDANT PARTIES”, it states: “Next, the arguments put forward by the representation of the defendant companies will be reviewed, with the caveat that novel arguments or those precluded by the stage we are in, such as the one referring to non-compliance with the provisions of articles 58 and 59 subsections b) and c) of the Contentious-Administrative Procedural Code, and that referring to supposedly derogated regulations applicable to mangroves, are not admissible as they violate the right of defense and due process that govern in this jurisdiction, as they were not alleged at their proper procedural time and the counterpart did not argue about them.
Court’s Reasoning: Given that the defendant companies acknowledge that in cadastral plans G-62505-1992, 75.95% of the area belongs to the Ostional Wildlife Reserve (Reserva Silvestre Ostional), that cadastral plan G-104087-1993 has 36.19% of the area belonging to the Ostional Wildlife Reserve, that cadastral plan G-1194813-2007 has 5.28% of the area belonging to the Ostional Wildlife Reserve, and cadastral plan G-555446-1984 has 31.13% belonging to the Ostional Wildlife Reserve, it is clear that the State’s request that the aforementioned cadastral plans and the properties to which they gave rise be annulled through this proceeding is correct, because they included areas that should not have been cadastrally surveyed, much less registered, as parts of properties of the Partido de Guanacaste numbers 81481, 82757, 70903, and 70904—information that must be eliminated from legal existence. This is the lawful course of action, not as proposed by the defendants’ representative, of simply appearing before the State Notary Office (Notaría del Estado) and transferring the percentages indicated in official communication ACT-ORPP-SIG-219 of November 27, 2015, from the Tempisque Conservation Area (Área de Conservación Tempisque), because those legal entities cannot transfer lands that do not belong to them, as they are public domain property (bienes demaniales), and there is no way to validate through such action the absolute defects contained in the already-identified cadastral plans, even with the defendants’ acknowledgment. 4) The cadastral plans G-1157823-2007, …, encroach upon the maritime-terrestrial zone (zona marítimo terrestre), mangrove (manglar), and the Nosara River estuary (ría del Río Nosara), according to official communication DTO-IGN-RN-0454-2015 of November 30, 2015, from the National Geographic Institute (Instituto Geográfico Nacional).
That official communication was not rebutted by the defendant parties and constitutes technical evidence. (…). Court’s Reasoning: The defendants attempt to rebut what is stated in official communication DTO-IGNRN-0454-2015 simply by arguing, without providing suitable evidence demonstrating that what is recorded therein is untrue. Regarding the validity of what is recorded in that communication, it is necessary to consider that the entity issuing that information is the National Geographic Institute, which is the official authority and the scientific and technical body governing national cartography, and which, moreover, issues the basic map of the Republic of Costa Rica. Now, if any doubt remained about the competence of that Institute regarding the demarcation, boundary marking, or monumentation of the maritime-terrestrial zone, Regulation 7841-P, which is the Regulation to Law No. 6043, the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone Law (Ley de la Zona Marítimo Terrestre), gives the National Geographic Institute the mandate (in its article 62) to demarcate the public zone of the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone.
Based on that, the only way to rebut the assertions recorded in that official communication is through technical and scientific counter-evidence, and the defendants did not do so. The only evidence brought to the case file by the defendants to rebut the matter concerning the maritime-terrestrial zone was the witness Mainor Guadamuz Chavarría, who, however, was emphatic in stating that he did not know whether the defendants’ properties encroached upon the maritime-terrestrial zone, and that, despite having knowledge of bathymetry, he stated in his testimony that he had not carried out any specific work on the subject under discussion, thereby contributing nothing of significance to the proceeding. Now, upon reviewing the aforementioned official communication, we find that, contrary to what was asserted by the companies’ representative, it does contain support and basis for the conclusions it reaches.
First, it was asked to review, based on an orthophoto of the area in question, whether 11 (in fact there were 12) cadastral plans encompass a maritime-terrestrial zone of 200 meters adjacent to the Nosara River estuary, as well as mangrove areas and the 150 meters adjacent to it. For this, it used notice 2009-16, which contains the monumentation of the public zone between sectors of Playa Ostional to Playa Guiones, located in the Nosara district, Nicoya canton, Provincia de Guanacaste. Likewise, it used notice 2014-05, which is the delimitation of the public zone corresponding to the Nosara River Estuary, published in La Gaceta No. 8 of January 13, 2015—records that were not challenged by the defendants, or at least, there is no evidence that they filed any objection at the time of issuance or in the context of this proceeding. And based on that information, the survey conducted from the aforementioned cadastral plans is provided, superimposed on the orthophoto, perfectly delimited by the already-officialized boundary markers (mojones), with the requested information.
From this, it concludes that the lands listed in cadastral plans G-1157823-2007, G-1157824-2007, G-1157826-2007, G-1157517-2007, G-511119-1983, G-511118-1983, G-511121-1983, G-1338346-2009, G-660243-2000, G-643557-2000, and G-1368780-2009 are located within the State Patrimony constituted by the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone adjacent to the 150 meters of mangrove areas. That the lands described in cadastral plans G-1194813-2007, G-555446-1984, G-104087-1993, G-62505-1992 encompass mangrove area, which is delimited with boundary markers ZP5020041 to ZP50020206. Regarding the property described in cadastral plan G-1172999-2007, it states that it encompasses areas within the 150 meters adjacent to the mangrove, for 20% of its total area. That the 200-meter sector corresponding to the maritime-terrestrial zone of the Nosara River estuary is incorporated within the mangrove areas and the restricted zone (150 meters).
Said official communication is corrected several years later by official communication DIG-TOT-0294-2018 of July 10, 2018, from the National Geographic Institute, Topographic and Territory Observation Department (Departamento Topográfico y Observación del Territorio), in which the material error contained in official communication DTO-IGN-RN-0454-2015 of November 30, 2015, is corrected, in the sense that the numbers of three cadastral plans were erroneously recorded, the correct ones being: G-1157283-2007, G-1157284-2007, and G-1157286-2007, and that these are located within the State Patrimony constituted by the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone, adjacent to the 150 meters of mangrove areas. This technical-scientific evidence, it is reiterated, has not been rebutted, and therefore this Chamber of Judges considers it has full applicability and probative value in the present proceeding. 5) The Maritime-Terrestrial Zone Law is applicable to mangroves regarding the delimitation of the public and restricted zones.
The representative of the defendant companies indicates that the plaintiff does not substantiate the reasons why it determines that those properties encompass lands of the public-domain maritime-terrestrial zone; that from the evidence provided, two aspects are extracted that lead the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (Procuraduría General de la República) to believe that this encroachment upon the maritime-terrestrial zone occurs: first, because they encompass mangrove areas, totally or partially, and second, because they are located within the 150-meter zone adjacent to said mangrove areas. Based on this, he points out that the mangroves were declared wetlands as a technical-legal category by Executive Decree (Decreto Ejecutivo) number 22550 of September 14, 1993, and that wetlands are defined in Article 2 of the Wildlife Conservation Law (Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre) number 7317 of October 30, 1992, and derive their regulation and protection from the international obligation assumed under the Ramsar Convention on this matter, approved by Law 7224 of April 9, 1991.
He mentions that the Organic Environmental Law (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente) number 7554 of October 4, 1995, in its Article 32, clearly establishes that Wetlands are protected wild areas (áreas silvestres protegidas), which is reiterated by Article 58 of the Biodiversity Law (Ley de Biodiversidad) number 7788 of April 30, 1998, from which he concludes that mangroves are legally configured as Protected Wild Areas, having the typology of wetlands. If mangroves legally have the characteristic of Wetlands, and these constitute protected wild areas, they also have the typological quality of equivalent reserve (reserva equivalente), as determined by the same Office of the Attorney General of the Republic in its authoritative opinions C-174-87 of September 8, 1987, and C-191-96 of November 27, 1996. And that, being an equivalent reserve, by virtue of Article 73 of the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone Law, number 6043 of March 2, 1977, and its reforms, that law is not applicable to said equivalent reserves.
This being so, the regulation of Articles 9, 10, and especially 11 of said Law 6043 and Article 4 of its Regulation, which is Executive Decree number 7841 of December 16, 1977, are not applicable to mangroves, whose delimitation extends to what has been declared and monumented, without the 150-meter restricted zone regulations being applicable, since that provision is excluded from the regime of equivalent reserves, pursuant to article 73 of the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone Law. Court’s Reasoning: The defendants’ representative argues that the 150 meters of restricted zone are not applicable to mangroves, claiming that this provision is excluded from the regime of equivalent reserves, pursuant to article 73 of the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone Law, and is not applicable to the properties of his clients. This Court does not share that view. Let us review what that Article 73 states, …. It is clear that if that article were applied in isolation and there were no other regulations concerning mangroves, one could reach the erroneous conclusion drawn by the defendant parties.
However, through an integration of norms—Articles 9, 10, 11, 22, 39, and 61 of the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone Law, Articles 2 and 97 of the Wildlife Conservation Law, Article 69 of the Water Law (Ley de Aguas), Article 1 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal), articles 32, 39 to 45 of the Organic Environmental Law—which call for the protection of mangroves and river estuaries as maritime-terrestrial zone, … it concludes that what is not applicable to National Parks or Reserves is the management of the maritime-terrestrial zone in its entirety by the municipalities, the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (Instituto Costarricense de Turismo), or another institution that must grant an authorization for its management. This is not the case, however, for the delimitation of the 50 meters corresponding to the public zone, from which point one can ascertain the 150 meters of the restricted zone, as stated in Article 4 of the Regulation to the Law on the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone, due to the relevant public interest as State Forest Patrimony (Patrimonio Forestal del Estado) of those zones, with the characteristics of inalienability and imprescriptibility, which entails the protection of mangroves and the estuary of any river—zones that, it has not been rebutted, are encompassed in cadastral plans G-1157823-2007, …, and which, by force of law, must be excluded with respect to the 50 meters of the public zone, and the 150 meters of restricted zone must be recorded—a parameter referred to in Article 4 of the Regulation to the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone Law No. 7841-P, which states: “…the mangroves or saltwater forests (bosques salados) that exist on the continental or insular coastlines and estuaries (esteros) of the national territory, and which form part of the public zone in the maritime-terrestrial zone, constitute Forest Reserve (Reserva Forestal) and are subject to the Forestry Law and all the provisions of this decree.
Beginning from the vegetation line at the edge of the estuaries and from the limit of the mangroves or saltwater forests when these extend more than 50 meters from the ordinary high tide, the restricted zone begins.” This coincides with the State’s position, concluding that the claim for annulment brought in this proceeding is proper. 6) Subject matter of the lesividad proceeding. The nullity (nulidad) of cadastral plans and registrations of properties registered as a result thereof is proper, being the subject matter of a lesividad proceeding. In another point of his conclusions, the defendants’ representative states—and this is also a novel aspect—that the claim is not proper for a lesividad administrative proceeding because there are no acts that are their own, final, and creators of subjective rights (actos propios, firmes y creadores de derechos subjetivos), as the complaint does not indicate what they are.
Court’s Reasoning: Even though novel arguments are not normally reviewed, since this is directly related to the claim brought, it is briefly noted that it is clear that what is sought in this lesividad proceeding is the annulment of cadastral plans numbers G-1157823-2007, G-1157824-2007, G-1157826-2007, G-1157517-2007, G-511119-1983, G-511118-1983, G-511121-1983, G-1338346-2009, G-660243-2000, G-643557-2000, G-1368780-2009, G-1194813-2007, G-555446-1984, G-104087-1993, G-62505-1992, and G-1172999-2007, because their registrations before the National Registry (Registro Nacional) constitute acts that are their own, final, and creators of subjective rights, through which other acts were originated—the registration of properties of the Partido de Guanacaste belonging to the defendant companies, numbers 31829, 32294, 35342, 70893, 70894, 70895, 70896, 70903, 70904, 81481, 82757, 119004, 157417, 157418, 157419, and 157420.
This is extensively explained in resolution 595 of October 24, 2016, of the Ministry of Justice and Peace (Ministerio de Justicia y Paz), when the National Registry explains the reasons why it cannot proceed to annul the cadastral plans in question and the corresponding properties, and for that reason, annulment of the same is requested in this jurisdiction. In the present case, as can be seen from the foregoing, the Court did not omit to address the arguments made by the defendants that it claims were not analyzed by the Court. For this reason, it is held that the challenged decision does not incur in the defect of incongruence; there is no discordance between what was requested in the complaint and what was decided in the judgment. Nor does the alleged lack of reasoning occur, since the judges set forth the reasons and grounds upon which they arrived at the adopted decision, it being clear that what the appellant sets forth is his disagreement with the judgment because it is unfavorable to his interests.
In the first grievance for violation of substantive rules, even though he accuses improper weighing of the evidence, he properly refers to official communications RIM-CCT-CR-0145-2015 from the Cadastral Department of the Real Property Registry (Departamento Catastral del Registro Inmobiliario) of December 11, 2015, and DTO-IGN-RN-0454-2015 of November 30, 2015, without mentioning or explaining how that improper weighing of evidence occurred or how it could vary the Court’s decision. In the second section, he alleges that the Court erroneously interpreted various substantive rules contained in the decision and that it applied a repealed article of an Executive Decree. However, his citation of the precepts—Article 9, 11, and 73 of Law No. 6043; Article 4 of the Regulation to Law 6043; Article 8 of Executive Decree No. 22550-MIRENEM; Article 4 of Executive Decree 7481, which refers to the repealed Decree No. 7210; Executive Decree 22550; Articles 7 and 17 of the Wildlife Conservation Law No. 7317; Article 32 of the Organic Environmental Law No. 7554; opinions C-174-87 of September 8, 1987, and C-191-96 of November 27, 1996—does not provide this deciding body with broader elements in relation to what was decided by the lower-court judges, since he does not specify how their violation occurred.
In the view of this Body, the cursory mention of the articles he considers violated is not sufficient for admission to cassation review. It is necessary to indicate how they are infringed, linking them with the grounds for the appeal and the reasoning given by the Court. As can be seen, the claimant develops simple interpretations of what is set forth in the challenged ruling and merely expresses his disagreement with what was decided. This same Chamber has reiterated, regarding the nature of the cassation appeal, the following: “the expression of general and merely argumentative disagreements is not sufficient for the admissibility of the appeal; rather, it is essential, for these purposes, to demonstrate the contrast between what was decided and the infringement that, in his view, took place” (Voto 1042-2013 at 08:50 hours of August 14, 2013, among others). It is clear that the appellant does not attack the arguments used by the judge to grant the lesividad complaint, but merely reiterates his theory of the case in the cassation appeal, without providing any element that would allow the conclusions of the challenged judgment to be contested.
Thus, given the evident omission in systematically and specifically contesting the grounds of the appealed decision with other normative reasons, and not with simple and generic differences of opinion, his claims are insufficient to generate a review of the contested ruling before this Venue, by virtue of which, given its informality, the appeal must be rejected outright. In summary, the appeal filed by the attorney-in-fact of the defendants must be rejected outright, in accordance with the provisions of article 140(c) of the CPCA.
THEREFORE
The cassation appeal is rejected outright.
Luis Guillermo Rivas Loaiciga Rocío Rojas Morales Damaris Vargas Vásquez Jessica Alejandra Jiménez Ramírez Ana Isabel Vargas Vargas Telephones: (506) 2295-3658 or 2295-3659, email [email protected] It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 26-03-2026 07:11:16.
Sala Primera de la Corte Res. 002347-A-S1-2022 SALA PRIMERA DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las diez horas cero minutos del veintisiete de octubre de dos mil veintidos .
En proceso de lesividad interpuesto por el Estado, representado por el Procurador, licenciado Mauricio Guillermo Castro Lizano, contra Panorama Lagarta Limitada, Cerro Lagarta Ltda., Refugio de Aguas Nosara R.L., Reserva Biológica Nosara Ltda., todas representadas por su apoderado especial judicial, licenciado José Miguel Villalobos Umaña. Intervienen como terceros interesados, la Asociación Cívica de Nosara, representada por su apoderada generalísima, señora Nice Alterman, con un solo apellido por su nacionalidad; y el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (en adelante SINAC) representado por su apoderada especial judicial, licenciada Deifilia Dávila Ruiz. El apoderado de las demandadas formula recurso de casación contra la sentencia no. 17-2022-I, dictada por la Sección Primera del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José, a las 10 horas 30 minutos del 21 de febrero de 2022.
CONSIDERANDO
I.La actual legislación procesal contenciosa administrativa, prevé en su mandato 140, la posibilidad de rechazar de plano el recurso de casación cuando: “a) Del escrito quede claro que la resolución recurrida no puede ser objeto de casación, b) Se haya presentado extemporáneamente, c) Carezca de total fundamentación jurídica o, teniéndola, la Sala o el Tribunal de Casación deduzcan con claridad, la improcedencia del recurso, ya sea por razones procesales o de fondo” (resaltado no pertenece a su original). En este último supuesto, el legislador propuso una alternativa que en esta materia resulta innovadora y expedita, de modo que, en aras de resolver en forma pronta y cumplida los procesos judiciales, permite a quienes conocen este recurso extraordinario, determinar desde el inicio, si en realidad el planteamiento es a todas luces improcedente, pese al cumplimiento de cuestiones estrictamente formales, tales como la presentación dentro del plazo y el respeto de la técnica misma de la casación, conforme al canon 139 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo (CPCA). Lo anterior en virtud de que, a nada conduce postergar la resolución de un recurso de esta naturaleza, si de su contenido se deduce con absoluta claridad que el reproche planteado será desestimado.
II.El apoderado especial judicial de las demandadas formula recurso de casación por razones procesales y sustantivas. En el primer motivo procesal, reclama que el Tribunal no se pronunció sobre argumentos de la parte demandada en relación con graves defectos de la demanda, los hechos, los fundamentos y la pretensión que impedían declararla con lugar. Alude a lo que establece el artículo 121 del CPCA. Agrega, aunque expresamente no se establece en el numeral 137 una causal específica por razones procesales cuando la sentencia haya omitido la declaratoria de improcedencia por graves defectos de la pretensión, es claro que dicho incumplimiento deviene en la posibilidad de recurrir en esta vía, pese a que fue alegado en las conclusiones. En este caso específico, estima aplicable conforme al numeral 220 del CPCA, el artículo 69.2 del Código Procesal Civil, que permite fundar el recurso de casación por razones procesales en caso de infracción o errónea aplicación de normas procesales que sean esenciales para la garantía del debido proceso, y ello es especialmente claro cuando la demanda y la pretensión sean de tal modo incomprensibles o confusas, que incumplan los requisitos básicos que el CPCA establece como tales.
Adicionalmente, explica, el precepto 137 en su inciso d) incluye como una posible causal procesal, la carencia de motivación y ello es posible cuando la sentencia deje de pronunciarse sobre aspectos pedidos en la fase del debate o las conclusiones y que tienen que ver con el señalamiento de carencias fundamentales de la demanda, sus hechos, fundamento y pretensiones. En este caso concreto, la demanda no cumple con los requisitos básicos que establece el ordinal 59 incisos b) y c) del CPCA, por cuanto carece de una exposición especifica de los hechos y antecedentes y tampoco contiene los fundamentos de Derecho que pretende invocar en su apoyo. Relata, en el hecho quinto de la demanda, que es el único que tiene carácter de controvertido, tal y como se decidió en la Audiencia Preliminar del 19 de julio de 2018, no señala ni indica los elementos fundamentales que debe contener una acción contencioso administrativa, conforme al Canon 49 de la Constitución Política, 1 y 58 inciso b) del CPCA.
Sostiene, el Estado se limita a indicar que una lista de dieciséis inmuebles, cuyos números de plano señala, "...abarcan terrenos de la zona marítimo terrestre...", conforme a dos oficios que cita, uno del Registro Inmobiliario y otro del Instituto Geográfico Nacional. En el segundo párrafo del hecho numerado como quinto, refiere que existen unos inmuebles que están dentro del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Ostional, sin que se detalle que área y parte de la zona del Refugio se invade, si se trata de playa, manglares, rias, pues simplemente se remite a un oficio del Área de Conservación Tempisque, como si fueran los firmantes de ese documento quienes posean competencia para describir de forma precisa y circunstanciada el hecho y no el actor. Argumenta, es claro entonces que el Estado no planteó el hecho ni la demanda de forma específica, pues no detalla la razón por la cual estima que esos inmuebles abarcan terrenos de la zona marítimo terrestre o del propio Refugio.
Especificar es detallar, señalar en forma precisa y concreta el elemento fáctico que pretenda probar y por ello se exige que indique las circunstancias de modo, tiempo y lugar en que ocurrieron los hechos, para posteriormente demostrarlos con los aspectos probatorios que rolan en el expediente administrativo. No es posible que se indique en el hecho número cinco que unos inmuebles abarcan terrenos de zona marítimo terrestre, sin precisar de forma parcial o total, cuáles son los terrenos que fueron invadidos o abarcados, dónde, desde cuándo, si se trata de zona de playa, costera, de manglares o rías, conceptos empleados por el Procurador en su alegato inicial, pero que no constan en la demanda. Reclama, el Estado puede pretender que el hecho se deduzca de la prueba, cuando el procedimiento opera a la inversa. Detalla, la prueba tiene la función de demostrar el hecho ya especificado y detallado, su rol no es completarlo ni definirlo, porque en tal caso el elemento fáctico estaría incompleto y no sería el actor quien demanda sino el autor de la prueba, lo que sería un desorden que "trastoca" por completo el procedimiento legal.
Alude, a lo que detalla el artículo 82.1 del CPCA. Es decir, acota, primero deben conocerse de forma clara, precisa y circunstanciada los hechos relevantes del proceso para luego intentar probarlos. No es posible por ello admitir demandas en las que los hechos no están precisados, porque la prueba se convertiría en el hecho y ello no es jurídicamente posible. Reprocha, tampoco el expediente administrativo es la demanda, sino la prueba de la demanda. Enfatiza, si la demanda no cumple con los requisitos legales, no es posible reconstruirla con el expediente administrativo, porque se trataría de una construcción ilegal de la causa petendi y de una reformulación de la demanda a través del expediente que debe intentar probar lo que está correctamente definido y precisado desde el origen de la causa. Alude a lo que indica, el numeral 58 inciso c) del CPCA. Basta con leer el acápite de fundamento jurídico que contiene la demanda para percatarse fácilmente que se limita a relatar que los terrenos que se encuentran en bienes de dominio público no son susceptibles de propiedad privada, que por ello deben anularse, que son inalienables e imprescriptibles y para ello cita unas sentencias y normas jurídicas.
Pero, reseña, no se indican las razones por las que esos terrenos que pretende se encuentren en zonas de dominio público, ni respalda normativamente el hecho que se propone probar. Manifiesta, el actor quiere que sean las pruebas las que especifiquen el hecho y las que fundamenten la pretensión, lo que no es propio del litigio procesal. La pretensión que se formula nada más determina que por ser bienes de dominio público, se deben anular un grupo de matrículas. Pero ello no deriva de los hechos ni del fundamento jurídico de la demanda, sino que se quiere deducir de los informes probatorios, como si los medios de prueba fueran los hechos y los documentos fueran la fundamentación. En su criterio, ello no es posible de admitir, porque llevaría a los Tribunales a definir los hechos y los fundamentos como derivados de la prueba y construir la pretensión a posteriori, sin que se conozcan adecuadamente los hechos ni se fundamenten de forma apropiada, por lo que la propia pretensión incurre en los mismos vicios ya señalados y con ello genera una decisión que excede o supera las pretensiones de la parte, incurriendo en el vicio de ultrapetita e incluso a reelaborar por completo los hechos y la propia petición.
Ello es claro cuando la propia actora expresó en el debate que solo pretendía declarar la nulidad de las matrículas “EN LAS ÁREAS QUE INVADEN EL MANGLAR Y LAS ZONAS DE RIA”, no en su totalidad, y por ello aclaró que su pretensión era la anulación parcial. Extrañamente, el Tribunal omitió del todo esta referencia y anuló la totalidad de las matrículas, como si toda el área de las fincas estuviese invadiendo áreas de dominio público. Manifiesta, en cuanto a los aspectos anteriores, el Tribunal simplemente decidió que se trataba de aspectos novedosos, no alegados oportunamente y que por ello se trata de elementos precluidos y no alegables en esta instancia. Ello, estima, es absolutamente errado, por cuanto la determinación de la pretensión es materia de orden público y debe ser objeto de análisis por el tribunal, incluso aunque no se alegue por la otra parte y con mayor razón si se ha invocado en el debate y en las propias conclusiones.
Relata, el Tribunal omitió pronunciamiento en relación con todos estos argumentos y con ello violentó normas de carácter procesal por falta de motivación, conforme al numeral 137.d) irrespetó el debido proceso y el impulso procesal a que le obliga el artículo 2.5 del Código Procesal Civil. Sostiene, es imposible declarar con lugar la demanda, con sus hechos y su pretensión, sin embargo, el Tribunal con sus omisiones y errores, reformuló la petición del Estado, en violación de sus deberes de objetividad. En el segundo apartado, alega que el Tribunal desestimó erróneamente un argumento de las demandadas respecto a que la pretensión no era propia de un contencioso de lesividad. Manifiesta, pese a que la parte actora pretende indicarle a los Jueces que el expediente es derivado de una declaratoria de lesividad, y para ello se aporta la prueba número 1, ni la pretensión ni los hechos se refieren de forma adecuada a ello.
Refiere, el artículo 10.3) del CPCA establece que, en casos como estos, el Estado lo que debe hacer es impugnar un acto propio, firme y creador de derechos subjetivos, pero en los hechos y en la pretensión se omite señalar cual o cuales son los actos que impugna. Aduce, parte de la doctrina dice que, en el contencioso de lesividad la administración se demanda a sí misma, en el sentido de que pretende impugnar actos propios. Pero, explica, en la pretensión lo que se indica es que se anulen y cancelen matrículas sin referir los actos que se impugnan, ni se demuestra que se trata de actos firmes y creadores de derechos subjetivos, pretendiendo quizás que el expediente de la declaratoria de lesividad forme parte de los hechos de la pretensión, cuanto, asegura, no es más que una prueba. Reprocha, el Tribunal únicamente refiere en la sentencia que se cumplen los requisitos formales de una pretensión de declaratoria de lesividad, pero no indica cuales ni las razones y omite los argumentos de las demandadas, ni siquiera para rechazarlos.
Eso implica, dice, una carencia de motivación, por omisión, lo que es común cuando no se quiere acoger una posición de una parte, pero se escoge la tesis de ignorarla al resolver. En el primer motivo por violación a normas sustantivas, alega que el Tribunal valoró de forma indebida la prueba de la actora. Según expone, no es cierto que el Oficio RIM-CCT-CR-0145-2015 del Departamento Catastral del Registro Inmobiliario del 11 de diciembre del 2015, que suscribe el licenciado, Guillermo Rodríguez Rodríguez, indique en alguno de sus folios que los inmuebles propiedad de las demandadas abarquen terrenos de la zona marítimo terrestre. Indica, el documento consta de 29 folios y en ninguno de ellos se afirma tal cosa, sino que se limita a explicar el procedimiento para inscribir una finca numerada 7302. Apunta, ni en el contenido ni en las conclusiones de ese informe se hace referencia a la zona marítimo terrestre ni al Refugio de Vida Silvestre Ostional.
Añade, del Oficio ACT-ORPP-SIG-219 de la Dirección Regional del Área de Conservación Tempisque, fechado 27 de noviembre del 2015, lo único que se desprende es que cuatro de esos inmuebles invaden parcialmente zonas del Refugio de Vida Silvestre Ostional, lo que fue aceptado por las accionadas en esos mismos porcentajes e incluso se ha indicado que cuando la Notaría del Estado lo disponga, se efectuaran a su cargo los traspasos correspondientes. En la respuesta a la demanda, acota, indicaron los porcentajes que abarcan los inmuebles, en los mismos términos de ese oficio, por lo que en este aparte no existe controversia alguna. Tampoco pretende el Área de Conservación apropiarse ni reclamar más terrenos que los que se indican en ese oficio, es claro que la pretensión estatal, por su incumplimiento de los requisitos legales, es confusa y contradictoria y ofrece pruebas que se contradicen entre sí.
El Oficio, DTO-IGN-RN-0454-2015 del 30 de noviembre del 2015, suscrito por la Ing. Raquel Irías Brenes, del Registro Nacional, se limita a indicar que varios de los inmuebles de las demandadas se encuentran dentro del patrimonio del Estado, en un documento de una página y media, sin fundamento ni respaldo alguno. Detalla, señala el texto que hay inmuebles que abarcan áreas de manglar, sin evidencia alguna, afirma que deben definirse como zona publica las áreas contiguas a él e incluso que se definan como zona pública las áreas de 200 metros contiguas a la ría del río Nosara, son fundamentar de ninguna manera y como si se tratara de afirmaciones mayestáticas que tuvieren fe pública por solo suscribirlas. A su juicio, el Estado no aportó a los firmantes como testigos peritos para detallar su pretensión, que está mal configurada y pareciera que más bien propone que la prueba configure los hechos y la propia pretensión.
En su criterio, para los jueces, basta que un documento refiera un aspecto sobre cualquier tema para que, no solo se dé, por cierto, sino que con ello no sea preciso analizar los aspectos jurídicos relevantes que deriven de dicho elemento fáctico. Recrimina, el Tribunal estableció que como los documentos determinan la existencia de una ría, ella existe, pero, adicionalmente a esta existencia que deriva de un solo criterio en una sola hoja, concluyen que esa ría exige un retiro de 150 metros de su lindero, sin citar una sola norma jurídica ni un solo sustento normativo. Puntualiza, este estilo de razonamiento, que confiere a la prueba no solo un valor de evidencia fáctica, sino, además, de una especie de pericia jurídica, es absurdo y peligroso, porque no solo representa una renuncia expresa al papel del Juez como intérprete del Derecho, sino que "trastoca" el rol probatorio de documentos que no tienen la función de sentar catedra acerca de la ley y de su correcta aplicación.
En el segundo apartado alega que el Tribunal interpretó erróneamente diversas normas de fondo contenidas en la resolución y aplicó un artículo derogado de un Decreto Ejecutivo. Según expone, el artículo 9 de la Ley no. 6043, del 2 de marzo de 1977, define a la zona marítimo terrestre de 200 metros como la franja de esa extensión a todo lo largo de los litorales. El artículo 11 limita a 50 metros, no a 200, la zona pública ocupada por manglares, pues no son litorales ni costas, por lo que no es dable aplicar el mismo régimen que los de estos. Sostiene, la Procuraduría insiste en aplicar el numeral 4 del Reglamente a la Ley 6043, no de la ley, que es un decreto ejecutivo no. 7841-P del 16 de diciembre de 1977, y que desde luego no puede ir más allá de lo que establece la Ley 6043. Pero, sostiene, lo que la Procuraduría no admite es que el numeral 4 del decreto ejecutivo 7841, remite a otro decreto ejecutivo que es el 7210, del 19 de julio de 1977, derogado por el ordinal 8 del decreto ejecutivo no. 22550-MIRENEM, del 14 de setiembre de 1993, es decir, no puede aplicarse desde hace más de 25 años.
Advierte, como el precepto 4 del decreto ejecutivo 7481, remite a un decreto derogado, que es el 7210, tampoco podría aplicarse por sí solo, pues su valor y contenido derivan de una norma derogada. Por ello, en caso de considerarse que la demanda cumple con los requisitos de ley, tampoco sería admisible por la carencia de fundamentación jurídica. Con base en ese decreto ejecutivo 22550, el humedal es una nueva categoría que sustituye a la de manglar, todo con base en los artículos 7 y 17 de la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre no. 7317, del 7 de diciembre de 1992 y además le sería aplicable la regulación de la denominada Convención de Ramsar, aprobada por Ley no. 7224, del 9 de abril de 1991. Asevera, si los humedales son áreas silvestres protegidas, conforme al artículo 32 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, numero 7554, del 4 de octubre de 1995, reiterado por el precepto 58 de la Ley de Biodiversidad, no. 7788, del 30 de abril de 1998, los manglares y humedales pasaron a ser áreas silvestres protegidas.
Refiere a lo expuesto por la Procuraduría General en los dictámenes, números C-174-87 del 8 de setiembre de 1987 y C-191-96 del 27 de noviembre de 1996, sobre que esas áreas silvestres protegidas tienen la categoría tipológica de reserva equivalente. Por ello, las reservas equivalentes están excluidas de la regulación de la Ley de Zona Marítimo Terrestre, conforme al numeral 73 de esa misma ley 6043. Reprocha, en el escenario indicado, las áreas de manglar estarían delimitadas por la zona amojonada, que tal y como indicó el perito Guadamuz Chavarría, existe en la zona de las propiedades de las demandadas y se ha venido respetando plenamente. Reclama, los Jueces se limitaron a citar nuevamente las normas legales y a señalar que no comparten la tesis de la demandada, pero sin fundamentar las razones para ello. No cotan argumento alguno en relación con el artículo 4 del Reglamento a la Ley de Zona Marítimo Terrestre y la cita de una norma derogada, como si no se hubiere planteado nada al respecto y cita normas que según ellos se refieren a manglares y rías en forma de bulto, sin razonamiento alguno ni ilación argumentativa.
III.En atención a las particularidades que reviste la casación, como requisito infranqueable de admisibilidad se erige la fundamentación jurídica y fáctica del agravio, siendo impropia la mera alegación de disconformidades de criterio con lo resuelto. En orden a tales exigencias, en una correcta técnica casacional, el recurso debe bastarse a sí mismo en cuanto a su cabal entendimiento, para que este Órgano lleve a cabo la labor contralora que le es propia y evitar que tenga que verse obligado a interpretarlo, más aún, a realizar una labor de juez de instancia, a fin de esclarecer todo aquello que el recurrente debió indicar de modo explícito y comprensible. El recurso es ambiguo e impreciso. Como puede apreciarse los agravios procesales, se dirigen a establecer que se violentó el debido proceso e impulso procesal, en tanto estima que no fueron atendidos los argumentos de las demandadas en relación a los graves defectos de la demanda, los hechos, los fundamentos y la pretensión, que dice impedía declarar con lugar la demanda.
Además, reprocha que el Tribunal estimó erróneamente un argumento de las demandadas respecto a que la pretensión no era propia de un contencioso de lesividad. Por lo que, afirma, se incurrió en el vicio de incongruencia por extrapetita, contenida en el artículo 69.2 del Código Procesal Civil, que dice se aplica por remisión del numeral 220 del CPCA y, a su vez acusa una falta de motivación (artículo 137 inciso d) del CPCA). Sobre la incongruencia esta Cámara ha indicado, se presenta cuando existe desarmonía entre las pretensiones de los litigantes y lo resuelto en la parte dispositiva del fallo; esto es, si el juez decide sobre cuestiones no peticionadas en las diferentes etapas donde puede hacerse, otorga más de lo pedido u omite decidir las pretensiones o excepciones. De igual manera, si lo resuelto excede en modo alguno la causa de pedir (Véase en tal sentido, la resolución no. 520-2012 de las 9 horas 50 minutos del 3 de mayo de 2012, de este órgano decisor).
También ha expresado este órgano decisor, (resolución no. 328-F-S1-2012 de las 8 horas 50 minutos del 8 de marzo de 2012), que la motivación, en los términos de la norma 137, inciso d) del CPCA, no debe entenderse como un mecanismo para cuestionar los fundamentos jurídicos de la sentencia. Surge cuando no hay motivación, ya sea porque no existe, o bien, por cuanto su desarrollo resulta en extremo confuso o contradictorio, de modo que impide tener claridad en cuanto a los razonamientos que derivaron en la decisión adoptada en el dispositivo del fallo, lo que vulneraría los derechos procesales de las partes, en particular, el del debido proceso y el derecho de defensa. Ahora bien, el Tribunal en el Considerando I.-, indicó: “En fecha 30 de noviembre de 2016, el Estado interpone proceso de lesividad en contra de las sociedades demandadas, formulando y aclarando en audiencia preliminar, las siguientes pretensiones: "1) Declarar la nulidad y ordenar la cancelación de las matrículas del Partido de Guanacaste 31829-000, 35294-000, 35342-000, 70893- 000, 70894-000, 70895-000, 70896-000, 70903-000, 70904-000, 81481-000, 82757-000, 119004-000, 157417-000, 157418-000, 157419-000, 157420-000, sus gravámenes y planos G-0660243-2000, G-1368780-2009, G-1338346-2009, G-0511121-1983, G-0511118-1983, G-0511119-1983, G-1172999-2007, G-1194813-2007, G-0555446-1984, G-0062505-1992, G-0104087-1993, G-0643557-2000, G-1157517-2007, G-1157286-2007, G-1157283-2007, G-1157284-2007, por abarcar bienes demaniales, donde regirán las potestades de autotutela a cargo de la Administración activa. 2) El pago de ambas costas a cargo de las demandadas".
(Ver demanda y audiencia preliminar en imágenes 2 a 7, 198 a 200 y 230 a 232 del expediente digital judicial).”. Y, en el Considerando “VII. SOBRE EL FONDO DEL ASUNTO: REVISION DE LOS ARGUMENTOS DE LAS PARTES DEMANDADAS”, señala: “A continuación se procederá a revisar los argumentos esgrimidos por la representación de las sociedades demandadas, haciendo la salvedad de que los argumentos novedosos o precluidos por la etapa en que nos encontramos, como el referente a que no se cumple con lo dispuesto en los artículos 58 y 59 incisos b) y c) del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, y lo referente a normativa supuestamente derogadas y aplicable a los manglares, no son atendibles por violentar el derecho de defensa y debido proceso que rige en esta jurisdicción, al no haber sido alegados en su momento procesal oportuno y la contraparte no argumentar sobre los mismos.
POR TANTO
Se rechaza de plano el recurso de casación.
Luis Guillermo Rivas Loaiciga Rocío Rojas Morales Damaris Vargas Vásquez Jessica Alejandra Jiménez Ramírez Ana Isabel Vargas Vargas
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