Done in the Presidency of the Republic, on the twenty-seventh day of the month of September of the year two thousand and ten.
SOLE ANNEX The 2002-2012 Sustainable Tourism Development Master Plan and Community Rural Tourism as an alternative for sustainable tourism The premise of the 2002-2012 National Plan, establishes that sustainable tourism development is the quintessential means that the country has to efficiently use its natural and cultural wealth with the objective of generating wealth that can be translated into real benefits for all society.
This premise is based on the changing conditions in the tourism paradigm and its development worldwide. This new paradigm includes aspects such as:
- An increase in the level of awareness and concern about ecological problems worldwide, which generates considerable pressure to promote tourism developments with the least possible disturbance to ecological and cultural variables.
- Sustainability as a new model of economic development is making its way in the world, causing changes in human needs and with it a change regarding new appreciation of the social, cultural and environmental environment as fundamental elements in society.
For this reason, Costa Rica has decided to focus its tourism development strategy on promoting the country as a nature-based tourist destination, assuming leadership in sustainable and responsible tourism, which has yielded important results in the growth of the number and quality of tourists who visit.
In order to achieve the above, the National Development Plan proposes a strategy for planning tourist space based on Planning Units (Unidades de Planeamiento), these being geographic spaces with particular characteristics that allow for specific tourism development, determined by their environmental, social, cultural, economic, and political factors. This system therefore seeks to ensure that the country's tourism offer is presented as a broad combination of options based on a great diversity of products and destinations, which must be complementary to one another and differentiated by a framework of natural wealth.
It also seeks to distribute tourism across the greatest possible proportion of the national territory in pursuit of guaranteeing the social distribution of its benefits.
It is at this point that Rural Tourism becomes an indispensable instrument for achieving these goals. Indeed, community rural tourism represents an advanced stage of ecotourism. It is therefore considered that, in socioeconomic terms, it complements and diversifies the income of farming families, combats economic isolation, develops entrepreneurial capacity, contributes to curbing rural migration, allows for the appreciation and recovery of local culture, and stimulates the development of infrastructure in rural areas.
In environmental terms, community rural tourism develops capacities in communities to provide environmental services, becoming an incentive for conservation, as in the case of private reserves that form biological corridors, or by stimulating protection actions and sustainable productive practices.
In the current Costa Rican context, the participation of local populations in the benefits derived from conservation is imposed as a necessity for the sustainability of the conservation area system itself. The State's limited capacity to guarantee the integrity of protected ecosystems, together with the need to generate productive alternatives in buffer zones, makes the option of sustainable tourism managed by the neighboring populations themselves a possible solution to the eternal conflict between conservation and development.
Community rural tourism is thus envisioned as an option that effectively contributes to generating sustainable livelihoods and thereby reducing pressure on natural resources. The equitable distribution of benefits, the rescue of cultural identity, and the strengthening of local organization for solving environmental problems constitute the basic pillars upon which the community rural tourism effort is based, which has already been developing successfully in Costa Rica, making it urgent that this first seed be given due continuity and the support of all involved sectors.
Community rural tourism.
Rural tourism makes it possible to integrate natural riches, the daily life of the rural community, and the specific dynamics of agricultural activities into an attractive product for the national and international tourism market. It is aimed at tourists interested in knowing and enjoying country life, considering participation in activities such as, for example, horseback riding, hiking, agro-activities, knowledge of alternative production methods, freshwater and saltwater fishing, patron saint festivals and community fairs, without ruling out other possibilities accessible in the area such as adventure tourism, enjoyment of nature, and the practice of sports activities.
It is also characterized by offering visitors personalized contact; providing opportunities to enjoy the natural and human environment of rural areas and to participate in those traditional activities, ways of life, and customs of a community. Services are provided by the producers, through productive organizations or directly as a family business.
Unlike the mass offer of rural tourism, due to the scale of operation of community rural tourism enterprises, the participation of several families or the community as a whole is required to articulate a complete tourism product.
The main difference between rural tourism and community rural tourism is that this economic activity is planned by the community organization, and it is the residents of the communities who directly participate in the management of the ventures and in their benefits.
In Costa Rica, there are many rural communities that wish to develop tourism activities communally. These communities live mainly from agriculture, and tourism is a way to obtain complementary income.
In establishing a Community Rural Tourism program, some fundamental aspects that contribute to its sustainability must be considered:
Environmental aspects:
. That it be environmentally responsible, and that sustainable use of ecosystems be promoted, that is, that the impacts of tourism activity on the natural environment be evaluated and corrective measures and good practices be established to prevent these impacts from jeopardizing the integrity of the ecosystems.
. That it promote environmental education and consolidate the environmental culture.
. That it integrally consider its interaction with other economic and social activities.
Economic aspects:
. That it prioritize businesses that function as a nucleus for other businesses.
. That it seek business articulation for the purpose of facilitating commercialization and marketing channels.
. That it be a model transferable to other regions or countries.
. That they contribute to the diversification and innovation of the offer based on the generation and sustainable use of natural and cultural attractions.
. That they contribute to the equitable distribution at the local and regional level of the benefits generated by tourism activity.
. That it contribute to the development of the economic value chain of the communities.
Sociocultural aspects:
. Socially cohesive: consolidation of the values, institutions, and forms of participation specific to the communities.
. That they contribute to the protection and development of cultural values.
. That they promote the active and decisive participation of women.
. That it contribute to diminishing the processes of social exclusion of marginalized populations, including ethnic communities.
. That it contribute to the local organization and association of tourism services.
. That the comparative advantage and local labor be used, providing the social security established by law.
. That it stimulate the improvement of the quality of life in the regions where they are carried out.
. That it contribute to raising the integral quality of the tourism product, through community training.
. That the service activity, in addition to participating in tourism development, be oriented toward satisfying other local development needs.
. That the best use and maximum advantage be made of the social capital associated with tourism sustainability.
Community rural tourism in Costa Rica To date, community rural tourism in Costa Rica has developed fundamentally from community-based organizations with the financial and technical support of international cooperation agencies and non-governmental organizations. This type of investment arose from the need to generate economic alternatives in response to the exhaustion of the agricultural and fishing model, and the cooperation agencies saw it as an opportunity to develop sustainable livelihoods and reduce direct pressure on natural resources.
In all cases, tourism activities are managed by local organizations of various kinds: cooperatives, producer associations, conservationist associations, women's groups, foundations, committees, etc.
In many cases, these are communities that emerged as IDA settlements on lands with more forestry than agricultural vocation, and that ventured into tourism activity with the support of international donors and in the search for productive alternatives.
A large part of the efforts of the organizations and programs have been directed at strengthening local capacities for insertion into tourism activity. In almost all cases, there has been a transition from the primary sector to the service sector, which has not been an easy process, especially considering the limited access to training opportunities for this activity in rural areas.
The alliance for community rural tourism.
Currently, it can be stated that community rural tourism has entered a stage of seeking sustainability for existing initiatives, and especially of consolidation as a segment. In this sense, the union of efforts in the Alliance for Community Rural Tourism (Alianza por el Turismo Rural Comunitario) has been very important, an entity made up of national non-governmental organizations supporting the development of this type of enterprise, and these, at the same time, with technical and financial support from organizations that manage funds from friendly countries, as well as governmental institutions, seeking to stimulate diversification in production, the elimination of poverty, and the integral use of rural spaces.
In the future, it is expected that international cooperation will continue along the lines of consolidating the initiatives that already exist, supporting the strengthening of the networks that articulate the offer and its insertion into the market, and continuing to finance new investments in places with potential for tourism development that are strategic from the point of view of each donor's objectives. These resources will be an important source of co-financing for the Program, by complementing the services it will provide with non-reimbursable resources directed at community-based organizations for high-risk investments.
The pressing challenge, identified by the Alliance and the ICT in due course, consists of:
1. Incorporating the CRT initiatives into the formal regime for the ICT as governing body.
2. Basic information on the demand of the segment that allows public policy decisions to be made at the governing body level.
3. Continuing the strengthening of the Alliance as a unifying force for CRT service providers.
4. Incorporating the CRT dimension permanently and sustainably into the activities inherent to the ICT.
5. Promoting the strengthening of CRT service providers so that they achieve a minimum categorization through the following efforts:
a. Comprehensive support in investment in structural improvements, training in management and customer service, and technical assistance.
b. A commercialization strategy in accordance with the response capacity of the service providers.
Background for the application of a tool in Rural Tourism enterprises:
In 2005, the ICT undertook the task of applying the Hotel Categorization Manual (Manual de Categorización Hotelera) to rural tourism enterprises in the country that had some form of lodging. The first results achieved reflect an imprecision regarding the modalities of enterprises that make up the sector; from this moment on, the need to have other instruments that facilitate a clear identification and definition of this enterprise modality became evident.
Upon entering this new phase, the Technicians of the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (Instituto Costarricense de Turismo) designed, based on field recognition and experiential experience, an instrument initially called the Manual for the Evaluation of Rural Tourism Enterprises (Manual para la Evaluación de las Empresas de Turismo Rural). This tool was officially presented to the entrepreneurs on January 26, 2006, and was validated by the sector at that time; consequently, this instrument gave way to a methodology that allows evaluating, grading, and classifying Thematic Activities, as one of the main axes of rural tourism. It should be noted that for Community Rural Tourism Lodge (Posada de Turismo Rural Comunitario) activities, the Categorization Manual for Tourist Lodging Enterprises (Manual de Categorización de Empresas de Hospedaje Turístico) (Anexo 3 of the Reglamento de Empresas y Actividades Turísticas) will be used; for the activity of Travel Agencies Specialized in Community Rural Tourism, the parameters established by the Travel Agency Manual (Manual de Agencia de Viajes) itself will be applied; likewise, for the food and beverage service activity, the Categorization Manual for Gastronomic Enterprises (Manual de Categorización de Empresas Gastronómicas) will be applied.