1. GENERAL PLAN 1.1. PLAN OBJECTIVES The Management Plan has the following objectives:
. Sustainable management of the natural forest aimed at obtaining timber for sawing.
. Harvest timber from the forest sustainably.
. Comply with the Sustainability Standards for Management of Natural Forests: Principles, Criteria and Indicators and Code of Practices.
. Maintain the level of management and harvest impact within the established parameters to maintain ecological functions:
. Natural regeneration processes . Biodiversity . Natural water and soil system 1.2. BASIC INFORMATION Within the category of Forests Without Previous Records are included those intervened forests which, despite having suffered previous interventions, lack a reliable record of silvicultural variables that allows comparing the current condition of the forest with the condition of the undisturbed forest or with a baseline.
1.2.1. Background The background must be included regarding whether the management unit has had a Forest Bond Certificate for Management (Certificado de Abono Forestal para Manejo, CAFMA) or Payment for Environmental Services (Pago de Servicios Ambientales, PSA) and a technical justification for why previous records will not be used for the current harvest. In the case of having contracts with the State, the contract number must be referenced and the areas subject to PSA must be annexed in maps.
1.2.2. Data of the owner or owners Table 1: Owner's data
| Required information | Owner 1 | Owner 2 | Owner..n |
|---|---|---|---|
| Real Folio (Folio Real): | |||
| Cadastral Map: | |||
| Name or company name: | |||
| Identification number or legal ID: | |||
| Name and capacity of the legal representative: | |||
| Address for notifications: | |||
| Telephone: | |||
| Email: |
1.2.3. Registral data Table 2: Registral data
| Property | Real Folio | Area according to Registry | Area with map | Area without map | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Property 1 | |||||
| Property 2 | |||||
| Property 3 |
1.2.4. Adjacent properties Table 3: Current adjacent properties of the farm
| Adjacency | Property 1 | Property 2 |
|---|---|---|
| North | ||
| South | ||
| East | ||
| West |
1.2.5. Location of the properties SINAC Administrative Unit: ____________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Cartographic:
Sheet:
Number:
Lambert Coordinates:
Vertical (North):____________________,________________ Horizontal (East):___________________,_________________ Georeferencing of three points of the boundary description of the cadastral map: The forestry professional who prepares the management plan georeferences at least three points of the boundary description of the property's cadastral map where the area to be managed is located. The points must be taken with a GPS and the information must be delivered in the geographic coordinate system latitude, longitude with the WGS 84 datum. The points to georeference must not be adjacent and must also be chosen in such a way that they circumscribe a triangle within the figure of the farm.
Table 4: Georeferencing of the cadastral map
| Map | Boundary description point | Latitude | Longitude |
|---|---|---|---|
| Map 1 | Point 1 | ||
| Point 2 | |||
| Point 3 |
In the event of a displacement greater than 500 meters from the real location of the property relative to the cartographic location of the cadastral map, a certification of the topographic location issued by a topographer is required, in order to support its actual situation.
1.2.6. Access routes Table 5: Accessibility to the project according to type of road
| Route | Distance | Type of roads |
|---|---|---|
| Total |
Detailed directions to reach the farm:
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 1.2.7. Land Use The forest area to be managed is clearly located within the farm area that has been georeferenced. Its perimeter shape can be determined through a GPS survey, using as support the boundary description of the cadastral map, following the design of the transects used as the basis for planning, or another technically appropriate cartographic method; the area, location, and use will be determined.
Table 6: Distribution of the current land use of the farm
| Farm: | ||
|---|---|---|
| Type of use | Area (ha) | Percentage (%) |
| Forest area | ||
| Area to manage | ||
| Pastures | ||
| Agricultural use | ||
| Infrastructure | ||
| Other uses | ||
| Total |
Note: The current use map must illustrate the location and dimension of each type of use.
General description of the areas adjacent to the forest:
__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ 1.2.8. Location and typification of the forest within the context of the surrounding forest landscape In regions where available forest type maps exist and are contemplated in the Code of Practices, the management unit must be located within the context of the surrounding forest landscape to determine which forest type it belongs to. The name of the corresponding forest type must be indicated in this section.
In the event that the professional preparing the management plan detects ambiguities between the available forest type maps and the reality in the field, the forest type with the highest threshold located closest to the management unit must be used. If the management unit is located between two or more forest types that can be differentiated in the field, the corresponding stratification described in section 1.3.1 described later must be carried out.
1.3. FOREST INVENTORY 1.3.1. Stratification of the forest The types of forest present in the management unit are clearly identified, and the sampling design is carried out. Zones with understory removal (socola), those affected by forest fires, areas of agricultural crops, or grazing activities, or others within the forest, must be excluded from the design and must be added or accounted for within the respective type of use.
________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Table 7: Distribution of the different strata per cutting compartment
| Cutting compartment | Year of harvesting | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Strata | Effective area | Protection | Total (ha) | ||||
| Area ha) | Percentage (%) | Area (ha) | Percentage (%) | ||||
| Stratum 1 | |||||||
| Stratum 2 | |||||||
| Stratum. | |||||||
| Total |
Each cutting compartment requires an independent Annual Operating Plan (Plan Operativo de Aprovechamiento, POAa), if the harvesting of these will be carried out in different intervention periods.
1.3.2. Sampling design Before planning the sampling design, it is necessary to stratify the forest.
At the field level, the following methodology is suggested for the forest inventory: it must begin with the establishment of the main baseline (pica madre, PM). From the PM, the transects emerge, which must be opened perpendicular to the PM. Only for those terrains whose average slope does not exceed 5%, a maximum distance between transects of 100 meters is justified. On the transect, markers (balizas) must be left every 25 meters, marking the transect number and the accumulated distance on the upper edge of the markers or on an adjacent live tree every 100 meters. At least one point of the main baseline is georeferenced, which serves as a basis for the construction of the transects. For the establishment of the PM and the transects, other technological resources such as orthorectified images, digital elevation models, and/or global positioning systems can be used.
Rectangular sampling plots of 30 meters wide by 100 meters long (0.3 ha) will be used, distributed systematically, using the distance between transects perpendicular to the main baseline as the base distance to systematically locate the sampling plots. In this plot, vegetation greater than or equal to 30 centimeters in diameter is sampled.
The transects perpendicular to the main baseline will serve as the center line for the sampling plot. The start and end of the plot must be marked with the initials IP with the plot number at the start and FP with the plot number at the end.
Any change to the methodology suggested above must be described in detail.
Whatever the methodology used in the sampling plots, all vegetation greater than or equal to 30 cm in diameter must be measured. In addition, a subplot equivalent to one-quarter of the area of the sampling plot must be established. In this subplot, individuals greater than or equal to 10 cm in diameter must be measured. These subplots must be located consistently, for example, in rectangular plots of 30 m x 100 m (0.3 ha), the subplots would be 30 m x 25 m (0.075 ha), at the start or end of the sampling plot, synchronized with the survey of the entire plot. (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Example of plot design for the sampling inventory Note: distances of 50, 75, and 100 meters between transects perpendicular to the main baseline have been customary. This design responds to the fact that the transects will be used to conduct the total inventory (census) for the annual operating plan.
1.3.3. Variables In the forest inventory, the tree number, diameter, and species of all individuals with dbh greater than or equal to 10 cm must be recorded in the subplots, and the tree number, diameter, and species of all individuals with dbh greater than or equal to 30 cm in the sampling plots. The trees that have been included within the plot must be marked with a spot of paint (like that produced by a spray directed to a single point, Figure 2), on the face of the tree that is in the direction of the inventory transect. To facilitate the review of the forest inventory data by officials of the AFE, it is recommended to number each of the trees consecutively in the plot and subplot. If the trees are numbered, then it will not be necessary to mark the tree with a point.
Figure 2: Paint mark recommended for trees included in the sampling inventory 1.3.4. Evaluation of forest inventory results It is required that the sampling error of the basal area for all species of trees with dbh greater than or equal to 30 cm be less than or equal to 20%, calculated with a probability of 95%. In an annex (Anexo 1), the list of data collected during the inventory must be included. Based on the forest inventory data, the following tables will be constructed:
Table 8: Diametric distribution of the number of trees per hectare for all species | DIAMETER CATEGORY | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | SPECIES | 10-20 | 20-30 | 30-40 | 40-50 | 50-60 | 60-70 | 70-80 | 80-90 | 90-100 | >100 | Total | % | | TOTAL | | | | | | | | | | | | | | % | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table 9: Diametric distribution of the basal area per hectare for all species | DIAMETER CATEGORY | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | SPECIES | 10-20 | 20-30 | 30-40 | 40-50 | 50-60 | 60-70 | 70-80 | 80-90 | 90-100 | >100 | Total | % | | TOTAL | | | | | | | | | | | | | | % | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table 10: Diametric distribution of the number of trees per hectare according to ecological guild | DIAMETER CATEGORY | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | ECOLOGICAL GUILD | 10-20 | 20-30 | 30-40 | 40-50 | 50-60 | 60-70 | 70-80 | 80-90 | 90-100 | >100 | Total | % | | TOTAL | | | | | | | | | | | | | | % | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table 11: Diametric distribution of the basal area per hectare according to ecological guild | DIAMETER CATEGORY | | | | | | | | | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | ECOLOGICAL GUILD | 10-20 | 20-30 | 30-40 | 40-50 | 50-60 | 60-70 | 70-80 | 80-90 | 90-100 | >100 | Total | % | | TOTAL | | | | | | | | | | | | | | % | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1.4. VERIFICATION OF THRESHOLDS AND REFERENCE VALUES In order to evaluate the possible impacts of harvesting on the residual stand and determine if the forest can accept a new forest harvest, the current values of the parameters that characterize the forest must be compared with pre-established reference values. The reference values are the thresholds that the Sustainability Commission (Comisión de Sostenibilidad) has established must be respected, at minimum, to ensure the conservation of the forests and their vital functions, and thus mitigate the impact of harvesting on the residual stand.
Therefore, to be able to prescribe a new harvest, the current condition of the forest must meet the following thresholds and technical aspects.
1.4.1. Minimum Reference Value of basal area per forest type The forest subject to harvesting is above a Minimum Reference Value (Valor de Referencia Mínimo, VRM) of basal area for individuals above 30 cm dbh for commercial and non-commercial species. This threshold may vary for different forest types within each Subregion of the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación), defined with the participation of experts from the public sector, the private forestry sector, and the academic sector.
The average basal area value per hectare estimated from the forest inventory (G) must be statistically greater than the fixed Minimum Reference Value (VRM). This statistical test can be done through a Student's T-test (Ta/2, 95%) where the basal area per hectare (G) is compared against the fixed Minimum Reference Value established for the forest type to which the management unit belongs. The rule to apply is as follows:
| If G is > VRM Þ | The forest could be subject to harvesting, prior to verifying the other conditions | | --- | --- | | If G is ≤ VRM Þ | The forest cannot be intervened | Graphically, it is represented as follows (Figure 3):
Figure 3: application of the basal area threshold The VRM used and the current average basal area value of the forest must be clearly indicated, as well as the results of the Student's T-test performed.
(*)1.4.2. Maximum Reference Value of the percentage of the guild of ephemeral heliophyte species.
The forest subject to harvesting must be under a Maximum Reference Value (Valor de Referencia Máximo, VRMx) of abundance for the guild of ephemeral heliophyte (heliófitas efímeras) species. The abundance of trees in the ecological guild formed by ephemeral heliophyte species must not exceed 15% of the total trees above 10 cm dbh, based on the results of the number of trees from the sampling inventory. Graphically, the use of the threshold is represented as shown in Figure 4.
The proportion of individuals above 10 cm dbh belonging to the ecological guild of ephemeral heliophytes (heliófitas efímeras) estimated from the forest inventory (H) must be statistically less than or equal to 15%.
Figure 4: Application of the ephemeral heliophyte threshold The VRM used and the current abundance value of the guild of ephemeral heliophyte species must be clearly indicated. The list of species coded by ecological guild is used as the basis for the classification of these species, based on the results of the sampling inventory (Anexo 6). For the purposes of calculating this threshold and as a precautionary principle, individuals identified as unknown species must be considered as part of the guild of ephemeral heliophytes.
(Point 1.4.2) amended by previous resolution N° R-SINAC-CONAC-021-2017 of May 8, 2017) 1.4.3. Minimum cutting diameters are respected to avoid diminishing the regeneration capacity of the managed species due to the elimination of the reproductive population The general minimum cutting diameter (diámetro mínimo de corta, DMC) is established at 60 cm dbh; however, there is a list of exceptions with species for which a different DMC has been defined. Once the species to be harvested are identified, the DMCs to be used in the present harvest must be clearly established.
Table 12: Minimum cutting diameters per species
| No. | Common name | Scientific name | DMC |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | |||
| 2 | |||
| 3. |
1.4.4. Calculation of cutting intensity, to avoid over-harvesting, what the forest grows is harvested A "golden rule" of the proposed management standard is that what the forest grows is harvested. Therefore, to calculate the cutting intensity when historical records are not available, it is based on the data obtained from the current commercial census and uses the methodology called "Projected Time of Passage" (Tiempo de Paso), which contemplates the period in which trees of a certain diameter class (clase diamétrica) pass to the next. The Projected Time of Passage methodology assumes that trees within a diameter class are uniformly distributed throughout the entire class and grow at the same growth rate. The cutting intensity per species is defined as described below:
- a)Projection of the cutting cycle. For the purposes of using the Projected Time of Passage methodology, it is assumed that the time to elapse between the harvest intended to be prescribed here and the next one will be 15 years.
- b)Define commercial species according to market conditions. It must be taken into account that low-abundance species, meaning those with less than 0.3 trees per hectare starting at 30 cm dbh, according to the sampling inventory, are included within the group of non-harvestable trees and are not considered in the determination of the harvest intensity.
Table 13: List of low-abundance species (fewer than 0.3 trees per hectare with dbh greater than or equal to 30 cm, according to the sampling inventory)
| No. | Common name | Scientific name |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ||
| 2 | ||
| 3. |
Table 14: List of species candidates to be harvested (more than 0.3 trees per hectare of trees with dbh greater than or equal to 30 cm, according to the sampling inventory)
| No. | Common name | Scientific name |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ||
| 2 | ||
| 3. |
- c)The average mean annual increment for all harvestable species with a dbh between 50 and 60 cm in the natural forests of Costa Rica is assumed to be 0.5 cm per year.
- d)Natural mortality in the forests of Costa Rica is assumed to be 1.5% annually.
- e)Estimation of the increment in 15 years: considering the above parameters, the increment over a 15-year period will be 75% of the basal area or the number of trees in the diameter class between 50 and 60 cm dbh, or the diameter class immediately below the DMC, minus the corresponding mortality for the period.
Where:
- N = 75% of the number of trees existing today in the 50-60 cm class - Mortality = 0.015 - n = 15 years f) Based on the forest census data (see point 2.1 below), the following tables will be constructed, which will allow the harvest intensity to be defined.
Table 15: Diametric distribution of the number of trees of the species determined in the forest census Table 16: Diametric distribution of the basal area of the species determined in the forest census g) Determination of the harvest intensity per species: the basal area or number of trees to be harvested will be equal to the expected increment in a cutting cycle of 15 years. The harvest intensity per species will be determined by the expected increment in the basal area or number of current trees above the minimum cutting diameter (DMC), and this must never exceed 50%.
Table 17: Maximum proposed cutting intensity per species to be harvested | Species | Increment in basal area or number of trees in 15 years 50-60 | Basal area or number of trees 60->100 | Harvest intensity (% ) | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | m²/ha or trees/ha | m²/ha or trees/ha | | 1.4.5. Criteria for the selection of trees to harvest The trees to harvest will be selected following these criteria:
. The trees to harvest cannot belong to a species with an abundance less than or equal to 0.3 trees per hectare (low-abundance species), as estimated by the preliminary inventory of trees with dbh greater than or equal to 30 cm.
. They must be located within the effective forest area.
. They must be accessible for extraction considering the current and to-be-established road network.
. Care must be taken that their cutting does not affect the remaining commercial trees.
. The distribution of the trees to harvest should try to be as homogeneous as possible, avoiding concentrations.
1.4.6. Criteria for the selection of remaining commercial trees The commercial trees that are not cut are called "remaining commercial trees" (comerciales remanentes) and are selected considering the following criteria:
. The remaining commercial trees correspond to individuals with similar characteristics to those harvested; therefore, they do not correspond to individuals of poor form, damaged, or located in protection areas.
. Among the functions of the remaining commercial trees is seed production to repopulate the forest once it has been intervened and the formation of the upper canopy that will partially reduce the opening of gaps caused by harvesting; therefore, their distribution must be sought to be as homogeneous as possible, avoiding concentrations where possible.
1.5. IMPACT OF HARVESTING ON THE RESIDUAL STAND AND SOIL AND MITIGATION MEASURES The impact of harvesting on the residual stand and soil is contemplated within the Principles, Criteria and Indicators and the Code of Practices for natural forest management in Costa Rica, specifically in Principles 2 and 3. The elements for their evaluation and the corresponding mitigation measures are the following:
. The forest subject to harvesting must be above a Minimum Reference Value (VRM) of basal area for individuals above 30 cm dbh for commercial and non-commercial species.
. The forest subject to harvesting must be under a Maximum Reference Value (VRMx) of abundance for the guild of ephemeral heliophyte (heliófitas efímeras) species.
. Minimum cutting diameters must be respected to avoid diminishing the regeneration capacity of the managed species due to the elimination of the reproductive population.
. When records of the management unit's history are not available, the basal area reduced between the forest harvest and silvicultural treatments (when applied) must not exceed 30% of the basal area of all individuals with dbh greater than or equal to 30 cm. The basal area harvested and damaged by the forest harvest must not exceed 20%, and that corresponding to silvicultural treatments must not exceed 10%.
. Trees belonging to species considered low-abundance, with a frequency less than or equal to 0.3 trees per hectare, as estimated by the preliminary inventory of trees with dbh greater than or equal to 30 cm, must not be harvested.
. No more than what the forest grows is cut, as the cutting intensity is calculated according to what is established by the Code of Practices, which considers two alternatives depending on the existence of records for the management unit.
. Rigorous technical criteria are followed for the selection of trees to harvest.
. Rigorous technical criteria are followed for the selection of remaining commercial trees.
. The forest area impacted by the forest harvest must not be greater than 15% of the total productive area. Primary roads and log landings (patios de acopio) must be clearly located in the field, are reused in each new harvest, and must not cover an area greater than 2% of the effective management area.
. The infrastructure established for forest management cannot show signs of altering water quality at the site. Primary roads must have the necessary conservation works to minimize erosion and excessive sedimentation in hydrological elements.
. Permanent springs (nacientes permanentes), rivers, streams, and creeks located within the forest area cannot show signs of stagnation or obstruction caused by the direct actions of forest management.
. There must be no contamination from solid or liquid waste derived from management activities in the forest.
. Primary roads and log landings must have the necessary conservation works to minimize erosion and excessive sedimentation in permanent springs, rivers, streams, and creeks.
1.6. PROTECTION AND SURVEILLANCE MEASURES TO BE DEVELOPED DURING THE TERM OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN In accordance with the Reglamento a la Ley Forestal Nº 7575, the General Plan of the Management Plan must define the protection and surveillance measures to be developed during the term of the Management Plan.
___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ In areas with high and medium incidence of forest fire risk, according to the classification of the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), preventive measures (firebreaks, rondas cortafuegos) must be established for forest fire control that promote the permanence over time of managed forests.
1.7. SCHEDULE OF MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES PER CUTTING COMPARTMENT Table 18: Schedule of management activities per cutting compartment
| Activity | Schedule |
|---|
2. OPERATING PLAN (One for each cutting compartment) 1.8. CENSUS A tree-by-tree census is conducted over the total effective forest area of all trees with diameters greater than a dbh above the lower limit of the diameter class immediately below the current DMC per species. The productive areas do not include those protection areas defined in Law 7575 (articles 33 and 34).
1.8.1. Census design Using the transects of the forest inventory (see item 1.3.2) or other technological resources (orthorectified images and global positioning systems), a complete traversal of the productive area is conducted for the census of the stand to be harvested. The census must be conducted as follows:
▪ The census is conducted in the effective area. In the event that trees of poor form, damaged, or located in a protection area are censused, they will not form part of the commercial census and will be located on the base map for control purposes.
▪ All trees contemplated within the commercial census, including the trees to harvest, the remaining commercial trees, and the trees of prohibited, restricted, low-abundance, and other species, must be marked with a tag and with paint on the bole with a matching number between both marks.
▪ Trees must be identified with a unique number. It is recommended to number them consecutively without differentiating between harvestable, commercial, remaining trees, or low-abundance species.
▪ The trees to harvest will be identified with an X painted on the bole so that the marks are easily visible when carrying out the cutting activities.
▪ On the base harvesting map, all trees contemplated within the commercial census must be clearly located and differentiated, including the trees to harvest, the remaining commercial trees, and the trees of prohibited, restricted, low-abundance, and other species.
▪ For each tree, its dbh is measured in centimeters and its commercial height is estimated in meters. Additionally, its spatial location within the forest area is determined.
1.8.2. Evaluation of forest census results In an annex (Anexo 2), the list of data collected during the census must be included. Based on the forest census data, the following tables will be constructed, which will allow the harvest intensity to be defined.
Table 19: Diametric distribution of the number of trees to be cut based on the forest census
| DIAMETER CLASS | 60-70 | 70-80 | 80-90 | 90-100 | >100 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | ||||||
| TOTAL | ||||||
| % |
Table 20: Diametric distribution of the basal area of the trees to be cut based on the forest census
| DIAMETER CLASS | 60-70 | 70-80 | 80-90 | 90-100 | >100 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | ||||||
| TOTAL | ||||||
| % |
Table 21: Diametric distribution of the commercial volume of the trees to be cut based on the forest census
| DIAMETER CLASS | 60-70 | 70-80 | 80-90 | 90-100 | >100 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | ||||||
| TOTAL | ||||||
| % |
Table 22: Diametric distribution of the number of trees of the remaining commercial trees based on the forest census
| DIAMETER CLASS | 60-70 | 70-80 | 80-90 | 90-100 | >100 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | ||||||
| TOTAL | ||||||
| % |
Table 23: Diametric distribution of the basal area of the trees remaining commercial trees based on the forest census
| DIAMETER CLASS | 60-70 | 70-80 | 80-90 | 90-100 | >100 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | ||||||
| TOTAL | ||||||
| % |
Table 24: Diametric distribution of the commercial volume of the remaining commercial trees based on the forest census
| DIAMETER CLASS | 60-70 | 70-80 | 80-90 | 90-100 | >100 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | ||||||
| TOTAL | ||||||
| % |
Table 25: Summary of the number of trees to be cut and remaining commercial trees per species
| Species | Trees to be cut | Remaining commercial trees | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of trees | % | Number of trees | % | |
| Total |
Table 26: Summary of the basal area of the trees to be cut and the remaining commercial trees per species
| Species | Trees to be cut | Remaining commercial trees | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basal area | % | Basal area | % | |
| Total |
Table 27: Summary of the commercial volume of the trees to be cut and the remaining commercial trees per species
| Species | Trees to be cut | Remaining commercial trees | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basal area | % | Basal area | % | |
| Total |
1.9. CUTTING OPERATIONS Cutting includes all activities aimed at felling standing trees and preparing them for extraction. The cutting operation comprises the felling of the standing tree, its measurement to determine the ideal size of the logs (trozas), delimbing, and cross-cutting the trunk (and sometimes also the larger branches) into logs (See Dykstra and Heinrich 1996).
The objective of the cutting operation must be to produce trees or boles of good quality in a position that facilitates their extraction, causing the minimum possible damage to the established regeneration and the remaining commercial trees.
The principle of directional felling must be applied with the objective of facilitating extraction operations. As far as possible, the felling direction of the trees should be at an angle between 30 and 60 degrees relative to the adjacent extraction trail, with the butt of the trunk pointing towards the trail. The natural felling direction can be changed by plus or minus 30 degrees relative to the natural lean of the tree.
Bibliographical references:
Dykstra, P; Heinrich, R. 1996. Código modelo de prácticas de aprovechamiento forestal de la FAO. Rome, IT, FAO. Available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/v6530s/v6530s00.htm Tanner, H. 1996. Tala dirigida con motosierra en bosques tropicales. Technical Series, Technical Manual no. 23. Turrialba, Costa Rica, CATIE. 187p.
Venegas, G; Carrera, F. 2006. Tala dirigida. In Orozco, L; Brumér, C; Quirós, D (eds). Turrialba, CR, CATIE. 442 p. (Technical Series. Technical Manual no. 63) The damage caused by cutting is strictly related to the intensity with which it is practiced, that is, the number or volume of trees cut per hectare.
1.10. EXTRACTION OPERATIONS Extraction is the process of transporting roundwood trees from the cutting area to a landing or log landing (patio de acopio) where they will be converted into logs for transport to the industry or to another final destination. Several recognized extraction systems exist: by skidding, with vehicles that transport the load lifted off the ground, by cable, aerial, with draft animals, among others (See Dykstra and Heinrich 1996).
The primary and secondary roads must be laid out in the field before starting harvesting activities.
In mechanized skidding operations, the use of cable must be maximized to reduce the area impacted by skid trails.
Generally, planning secondary extraction trails at the Management Plan level is not justified, since a change in the felling direction of some trees can mean that the effort made in planning these trails is lost.
1.11. LOADING OPERATIONS Landings or log landings are places where logs are gathered during the extraction process. At loading points, logs are sorted or temporarily stored for later transport to industries or to another final destination (See Dykstra and Heinrich 1996).
When possible, landings should be located in an area with a slight slope. A 2% slope (1°) is recommended. Open areas away from watercourses are the best site. Loading points must be well-drained, and their channels must not flow directly into streams but into the surrounding vegetation. The minimum distance between landings and watercourses must be 30 m, or greater when the terrain is steep. To prevent runoff water from accumulating in the landing during rainy periods, it is necessary to construct ditches and drainage pipes on the mountain side of the landing, especially in the places where the skid trails enter (See Dykstra and Heinrich 1996).
Landings must have the smallest possible extent that allows unhooking the logs from the extraction equipment, sorting and temporarily storing them, and loading them onto trucks or other transport vehicles; between 500 and 1000 m2 seems a reasonable surface area when large logs are to be handled. For smaller logs and less mechanized extraction systems, a smaller surface area is required (See Dykstra and Heinrich 1996).
Measures must be adopted to prevent the spillage of fuel and lubricants during repair and maintenance operations. To prevent the discharge of pollutants into streams or the water table, areas designated for refueling and lubrication must be isolated with dikes (See Dykstra and Heinrich 1996).
1.12. TRANSPORT OPERATIONS Truck transportation must be carried out in such a way as to minimize damage to roads, for which transport operations must be adjusted to the load-bearing capacity of the road. Once surface water has been eliminated, exposure to the sun, even for just one hour, can considerably reduce damage. Even in regions where rainfall is intense, the number of dry or partially dry days is usually sufficient to organize a regular schedule of operations (See Dykstra and Heinrich 1996).
Dirt roads and log landings should not be used during periods of intense rainfall. Roads that must be used during the rainy season must be adequately drained (See Dykstra and Heinrich 1996).
The load weight of trucks must be determined not only based on the truck's capacity (which depends on its power, suspension system, transmission, wheelbase, and braking system) but also on the capacity of the roads it must travel and the drainage structures. This type of information must also be considered when choosing the trucks that must circulate in a specific area (See Dykstra and Heinrich 1996).
A compendium of literature and case experiences on points 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6 can be found in:
Dykstra, P; Heinrich, R. 1996. Código modelo de prácticas de aprovechamiento forestal de la FAO. Rome, IT, FAO. Available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/v6530s/v6530s00.htm Orozco, L; Brumér, C; Quirós, D. (eds). 2006. Aprovechamiento de impacto reducido en bosques latifoliados húmedos tropicales. Turrialba, CR, CATIE. 442 p. (Serie Técnica. Manual Técnico no. 63) 1.13. SILVICULTURAL TREATMENTS To carry out silvicultural treatments (silvicultural treatments) (when applied), a special Operating Plan must be attached with the corresponding Post-Harvest Evaluation and the extensively justified prescription (See Hutchinson 1993).
When silvicultural treatments are carried out, these seek to improve the conditions of competition for light and space for future harvest trees (positive silviculture). Silvicultural treatments are operations that modify the forest structure, and are aimed at solving a specific problem, or generally at reducing the intensity of competition on the trees of interest. The main aim is to provide an ideal space or site for the development of each desired individual and also to allow it a good degree of illumination. This is done by eliminating a percentage of the undesirable stand or individuals that affect valuable trees for future harvests. The elimination of competition will always be temporary, since undesirable vegetation recovers and once again becomes an obstacle for the remaining desirable future harvest trees.
When silvicultural treatments are carried out, it is recommended that the basal area reduced between the forest harvesting (aprovechamiento forestal) and the silvicultural treatments does not exceed 40% of the basal area of all individuals with a dbh greater than or equal to 10 cm.
See information regarding details of silvicultural treatments in:
Hutchinson, I. 1993. Puntos de partida y muestreo diagnóstico para la silvicultura de bosques naturales del trópico húmedo. Colección Silvicultura y Manejo de Bosques Naturales no. 7. Turrialba, CR, CATIE. 32 p. (Serie Técnica. Informe Técnico no.204).
Louman, B; Nilsson, M; Quirós, D. 2001. Silvicultura en bosques latifoliados húmedos con énfasis en América Central. Turrialba, CR, CATIE. 265 p. (Serie Técnica. Manual Técnico / CATIE, no.46).
Ministerio de Recursos Naturales Energía y Minas. 1994. Manual de procedimientos para el manejo y aprovechamiento forestal en Costa Rica. San José, CR, Dirección General Forestal, Departamento de Manejo y Producción Forestal. 110 p.
Quirós, D. 1998. Muestreos para la prescripción de tratamientos silviculturales en bosques naturales latifoliados. - Guía de Campo -Manejo Forestal Tropical Nº 4. 12 p.
Quirós, D. 1998. Prescripción de un tratamiento silvicultural en un bosque primario intervenido de la zona atlántica de Costa Rica. Manejo Forestal Tropical Nº 5. 12 p.
1.14. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EVALUACIÓN DE IMPACTO AMBIENTAL) AND MITIGATION MEASURES IN THE ANNUAL OPERATING PLAN OF THE FOREST MANAGEMENT UNIT (UNIDAD DE MANEJO FORESTAL) The information required in this chapter must be recorded by a professional in the forestry field, duly registered with the Colegio de Ingenieros Agrónomos.
1.14.1. Information related to the use of fossil fuels The volumes and type of fossil fuels to be used in chainsaws, mobile equipment, plants to produce electricity, etc., must be indicated. Likewise, information regarding fuel storage and measures to be taken in case of spills must be indicated.
1.14.2. Information related to the supply of potable water The source from which the forestry activity workers will be supplied must be indicated, explaining whether it will be taken from a surface source, artisan well, or another form.
1.14.3. Information related to waste in general It must be indicated how waste produced from camps, log collection sites, or others will be disposed of, indicating its method of elimination.
1.14.4. Management of residual waters (aguas negras) The number of latrines to be built and their distance from surface water sources must be indicated.
1.14.5. Personnel who will work in the activity The quantity and type of direct employment generated by the forestry activity and its impact on surrounding communities must be indicated.
1.14.6. Use of agrochemicals If agrochemicals are used for silvicultural treatment activities in the forest, the quantity, chemical composition, storage system, and destruction mechanism for remnants, if required, must be indicated.
1.14.7. Environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) of SETENA In accordance with Article 5 of Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 34559-MINAE, published in La Gaceta Nº 115 of June 16, 2008, for those cases in which management plans require the environmental viability of the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) according to current provisions, the Administración Forestal del Estado will send to SETENA a copy of the resolution approving the management plan, a sworn statement signed by the interested party, and the commitment of the forestry regent (regente forestal) before SETENA regarding environmental impact (impacto ambiental). The presentation of these documents satisfies the requirement of SETENA's environmental viability.
1.15. MAPS The maps must be prepared at a scale that allows for adequate detail but a functional size, in addition to all the basic elements to be qualified as a map (title block, north arrow, cartographic location, date, name, and signature of the person who prepared it, etc.).
1.15.1. Base harvesting map The base map must include the following aspects:
. Base information ñ Base line (pica madre) and transect system ñ Internal road system and access routes ñ Contour lines: the frequency of contour line display is at the discretion of the forestry professional ñ Hydrography: compliance with articles 33 and 34 of the Ley Forestal is required. Only those channels of permanent water flow will be included ñ Location of the censused trees (cut, seed bearer, protected, scarce, and restricted) ñ Roads and log landings (patios de acopio) to be built in the effective area (área efectiva): the forestry professional must use existing infrastructure to the maximum extent ñ Hydrographic and slope protection areas ñ Dry or fallen trees desired for extraction (if applicable) ñ Location of forest inventory (inventario forestal) plots . Geographical location of the management unit (unidad de manejo) and the property . Political location of the property . Identification and signature of the forestry professional . Name of the owner . Date of preparation . Scale: the minimum scale must be 1:10000 . North arrow . Legend 1.15.2. Map of current land use (uso actual) of the property The map of current land use must present the following aspects:
. Delimitation of the different types of current land use (Table 5) . Delimitation of the forest area:
ñ Delimitation of the different forest strata ñ Delimitation of the effective areas
| # Plot | # tree | Species | Dbh (cm) | Basal area per tree (m2) | Subtotal basal area per plot (m2) |
|---|
| # | Common name | Scientific name | Ecological guild |
|---|
| # tree | Species | Dbh (cm) | Commercial height (m) | Volume per tree (m3) | Volume formula used | Type Cut Remaining Others | North1 | East1 |
|---|
1In geographic coordinates latitude and longitude, in decimal degrees, with the WGS84 datum and with a precision of at least 6 digits.
METHODOLOGICAL GUIDE FOR POLYCYCLIC MANAGEMENT (MANEJO POLICÍCLICO) AND PROTOCOL FOR REDUCED-IMPACT FOREST HARVESTING (APROVECHAMIENTO FORESTAL DE IMPACTO REDUCIDO) IN NATURAL FORESTS WITH RELIABLE HISTORICAL RECORDS LEGAL FRAMEWORK Ley Forestal Nº 7575. Article 16:
"The management plan duly signed by a responsible forestry professional according to article 21 of the Law, must be accompanied by a formal petition, according to the previous article. The Forestry Science professional who prepares a forest management plan shall have broad discretion when structuring and designing the plan, depending on the area, topography, climate, type of forests, related activities, etc. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the cited plan must expressly adjust to the principles and criteria of sustainability, recommended by the CNCF, or failing that, those that the AFE temporarily establishes through an administrative resolution." Reglamento a la Ley Forestal Nº 7575. Article 17:
"The management plan must have a structure containing a General Plan, in which an evaluation must be presented of the possible impacts of harvesting specifically referred to the impact on the residual stand and the soil, as well as their corresponding mitigation measures. In addition, it must contain a broad justification for the definition of the cutting cycle (ciclo de corta) and the cutting intensity, and likewise define the protection and surveillance measures to be developed during the term of the management plan. The General Plan is complemented by Operating Plans in which the trees to be extracted, the seed bearer trees, the extraction infrastructure, and the water network must be censused and located on a map; likewise, the measures to mitigate the impact of the operations must be detailed. If the forest harvesting is executed in several intervention periods, the operating plan must clarify the different units and the scheduling of the cuts.
The forestry professional may determine the cutting cycle, based on information about the growth of natural forests that exists and taking into account the particular dynamics of the forest and the conditions of the zone. In cases where this information is not available, the cutting cycle may not be less than 15 years, with the AFE reserving the power to extend or reduce this term; upon prior technical recommendation of the C.N.S.F." Decreto Ejecutivo Nº 34559-MINAE, published in La Gaceta Nº 115 of June 16, 2008: