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Res. 00351-2019 Tribunal Agrario · Tribunal Agrario · 17/05/2019
OutcomeResultado
The Court affirmed the company’s liability and the ₡16,132,958.90 award for damages, lost profits, and emotional distress resulting from the failure of the herbicides recommended for the rice crop.El Tribunal confirmó la responsabilidad de la empresa y la condena de ₡16.132.958,90 por los daños, perjuicios y daño moral derivados del fracaso de los herbicidas recomendados para el arroz.
SummaryResumen
The Agrarian Court affirmed the judgment partially granting a farmer’s claim against the company that supplied and recommended herbicides for a rice plantation. Documentary and testimonial evidence showed that the initial pre-emergent and follow-up applications were wholly ineffective, allowing weeds to overtake the crop before the later technical intervention. The Court concluded that the defendant’s defective product or recommendation was the most reasonably probable cause of the loss. It rejected arguments that third-party products, seed quality, mixture preparation, or application-equipment condition broke the causal link because those alternative explanations were not sufficiently proven and some were contradicted by the evidence. The Court also upheld the award of damages, lost profits, emotional-distress damages, and costs totaling ₡16,132,958.90. Although it agreed that the evidence did not establish that the company had previously undertaken to compensate the farmer, that correction did not alter the company’s liability or the disposition of the appeal.El Tribunal Agrario confirmó la sentencia que declaró parcialmente con lugar la demanda de un agricultor contra la empresa que suministró y recomendó herbicidas para una plantación de arroz. La prueba documental y testimonial permitió concluir que las aplicaciones iniciales de sello y resello fueron completamente ineficaces, por lo que la maleza sobrepasó el cultivo antes de la intervención técnica posterior. El Tribunal consideró que el producto o la recomendación defectuosa de la demandada constituía la causa de mayor probabilidad razonable de la pérdida. Rechazó que el uso alegado de productos de terceros, la calidad de la semilla, la preparación de la mezcla o el estado del equipo rompieran el nexo causal, pues esas explicaciones no fueron demostradas de manera suficiente y algunas fueron contradichas por la prueba. También mantuvo la condena en daños, perjuicios, daño moral y costas por un total de ₡16.132.958,90, aunque descartó que la empresa hubiera aceptado previamente indemnizar al agricultor.
Key excerptExtracto clave
As reiterated at this appellate stage, although there is no conclusive evidence that the plaintiff applied other products not recommended by the defendant, there is evidence that the pre-emergent and follow-up applications were wholly ineffective; therefore, the most reasonably probable cause for the failure to control the weeds was the defendant’s defective product or recommendation. In any event, the defendant was required to prove that the inclusion of other substances, such as “Clincher” in combination with its products, could probably have caused the failure to control the weeds, rather than merely suggesting that causal connection, given the proof of such a compelling fact: the first applications recommended by the defendant did not work, and the second applications were already late. In accordance with the foregoing, the judgment must be affirmed as to the matters challenged on appeal. The judgment is affirmed as to the matters appealed.Conforme se ha reiterado en esta instancia, aunque no hay prueba contundente de que el actor hubiese aplicado otros productos no recomendados por la demandada, lo cierto es que sí hay elementos de que las aplicaciones de sello y resello fueron completamente ineficaces, de manera que la causa de mayor probabilidad razonable del porqué la maleza no se pudo controlar fue el producto o recomendación defectuosa de la demandada. En todo caso, debía la parte demandada demostrar que la inclusión de otras sustancias, como el "clincher" en combinación con sus productos puede ser el motivo probable, por el cual no se podría controlar la maleza, y no meramente insinuar esa causalidad, dada la acreditación de un hecho tan contundente como que las primeras aplicaciones recomendadas por la demandada no funcionaron, y de que las segundas fueron ya tardías. De conformidad con lo anteriormente expuesto, lo procedente es confirmar la sentencia en lo que ha sido objeto de apelación. En lo apelado se confirma la sentencia.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Es evidente que hubo una intervención tardía de la demandada, pues cuando van a visitar ya la maleza había sobrepasado el cultivo, lo que se colige con solamente comparar las fechas de las boletas de folios 3 y 4."
"It is evident that the defendant intervened late, because by the time its representatives visited, the weeds had already overtaken the crop, as may be inferred simply by comparing the dates of the records at pages 3 and 4."
Considerando VIII
"Es evidente que hubo una intervención tardía de la demandada, pues cuando van a visitar ya la maleza había sobrepasado el cultivo, lo que se colige con solamente comparar las fechas de las boletas de folios 3 y 4."
Considerando VIII
"Del peritaje se puede desprender que la segunda aplicación es más para controlar escapes de malezas, pero no para sustituir, ya avanzado el cultivo, la eficacia nula de la etapa de sello y resello."
"The expert report indicates that the second application is intended mainly to control weed escapes, but not to replace, once the crop is already advanced, the wholly ineffective pre-emergent and follow-up treatment stage."
Considerando VIII
"Del peritaje se puede desprender que la segunda aplicación es más para controlar escapes de malezas, pero no para sustituir, ya avanzado el cultivo, la eficacia nula de la etapa de sello y resello."
Considerando VIII
"Una cosa es la boleta del 19 de junio, tantas veces mencionada, que reconoce el producto falló, y otra que la parte demandada accediera a pagar los extremos acá reclamados."
"One thing is the repeatedly mentioned June 19 record acknowledging that the product failed, and another is whether the defendant agreed to pay the amounts claimed here."
Considerando IX
"Una cosa es la boleta del 19 de junio, tantas veces mencionada, que reconoce el producto falló, y otra que la parte demandada accediera a pagar los extremos acá reclamados."
Considerando IX
"Acá se han acogido la mayoría de los daños y perjuicios reclamados, de ahí que no proceda la exención y deba de confirmarse lo resuelto en ese sentido."
"Most of the claimed damages and losses were awarded here; therefore, exemption from costs is unwarranted, and the ruling on that point must be affirmed."
Considerando X
"Acá se han acogido la mayoría de los daños y perjuicios reclamados, de ahí que no proceda la exención y deba de confirmarse lo resuelto en ese sentido."
Considerando X
Full documentDocumento completo
Sign Document * *150000810419AG * * * * CASE FILE:
PROCEEDING:
ORDINARY PLAINTIFF:
[Nombre1] DEFENDANT:
INDUSTRIAS BIOQUIM CENTROAMERICANA S.A.
* * * * DECISION NO.* 351-F-19* * * AGRARIAN COURT. SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT OF SAN JOSÉ.- At thirteen hours and twenty-four minutes on diecisiete de mayo de dos mil diecinueve.-* * ORDINARY PROCEEDING (PROCESO ORDINARIO)* brought by [Nombre1], of legal age, farmer, resident of la Palma de Puerto Jiménez de* Golfito,* holder of identity card number CED1 - - ;* against* INDUSTRIAS* BIOQUIM CENTROAMERICANA SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA, corporate identification number CED2 - - , represented by [Nombre2], of legal age, married, resident of San José,* holder of identity card number* CED3 - - . The following act as special judicial attorneys-in-fact (apoderados especiales judiciales): for the plaintiff, attorneys Víctor [Nombre1]* Castillo, holder of identity card number CED4 - - , and Rafael Guillermo Hernández Trigueros, Bar Association member number seven thousand five hundred seventy-one;* and for the defendant company, attorney Georgia Lorena Mont Villacura, bar card number four thousand thirty-five.
Heard before the Agrarian Court of the Second Judicial Circuit of the Southern Zone, sitting in Corredores.-* WHEREAS:* * I.- The plaintiff, [Nombre1],* filed* this ordinary proceeding, valued at fifty million colones, seeking a judgment declaring as follows: “a) That this* ordinary complaint be granted in all respects. b) That the causal link (nexo causal), as narrated in the facts, be deemed proven and that liability therefor be attributed to the* defendant company. c) I request that the defendant company be ordered to* pay damages and losses (daños y perjuicios) as stated, which are calculated* as follows: Damages for lost profits (daño lucro cesante): Once the causal link has been established, the* defendant’s direct liability is determined; the normal yield from one* hectare of Palmar 18 rice is normally 60 dry and clean sacks* weighing 73.6 kilograms, with a value of C 22.604.41, which* was not achieved due to the ineffectiveness of the herbicides supplied by the* defendant and recommended at the dosages specified by the defendant’s technical* representative; the total area treated and affected was 18 hectares,* resulting in a loss of C 196.153.01 per hectare, which for* the entire plantation amounts to C 3.530.754.18 (three million* five hundred thirty thousand seven hundred fifty-four colones and eighteen* céntimos).
Losses:* In addition to the amount corresponding to the lost* profit, as stated above, the losses also* consist of the initial costs of leasing the parcel of land, the* price of the seed that had been set aside for planting, plus the costs* of agricultural services on the plantation for that first crop of 2012; therefore,* the losses claimed amount to a total of C 7.470.000.00* (seven million four hundred seventy thousand colones exactly), as* stated in the sixteenth fact of this complaint. Non-pecuniary* damage (daño moral): This item must be determined by the judge hearing the proceeding, but* account must be taken of the profound sadness experienced by my* principal and how this affected his state of mind and his performance* as a result of losing the plantation that has supported his* family for years; having to attend constant meetings to prevent the* commercial firms from instituting judicial collection proceedings against him; having to resort to private loans* from friends to meet his family’s needs;* being unable to obtain the projected profits; and, furthermore, having to endure* constant calls from employees of the defendant itself* demanding payment of invoices for products that were used on the plantation* but did not work.
Taken together, these circumstances have caused* both psychological and emotional harm to my* principal, because he is not a person accustomed to facing debts,* as has occurred due to the harm caused by using the* defendant’s products. This has resulted in his being almost unable to sleep during recent* months and experiencing constant mood* swings, because at times he feels sad and overwhelmed by the situation,* while at others he is irritable and anxious for most of the day, constantly thinking about* all the financial obligations he must meet. His immediate family* and several of his friends and* coworkers have witnessed this and can testify as to how it* has affected his emotional health and quality of life. We provisionally assess this* non-pecuniary damage at C [...] (fifteen* million colones). Grand total of damages and losses: The foregoing* damages and losses yield a grand total of* C 26.000.754.90 (twenty-six million seven hundred fifty-four colones and ninety céntimos). d) That the defendant* company be ordered to pay interest at the statutory rate, from the dates on which* the invoices for supplies provided by third parties were issued or, alternatively, from the date* the judgment becomes final until payment in full. e) That the* defendant company be ordered to pay both categories of costs (ambas costas) in this proceeding. f) That the* invoices submitted for collection against my* principal by the defendant company, corresponding to the first* harvest of the [Telf1] period, when he suffered the harm as* a consequence of the complete ineffectiveness of the defendant’s products that* were used and caused damage to the plantation, be deemed extinguished,”* (folios 9 to 25).-* * II.-* After being duly served, the defendant company answered this* action in the terms set forth in its brief at folios 65 to 79 and raised the* defenses of lack of legal entitlement (falta de derecho) and lack of standing as defendant (falta de legitimación pasiva).-* * III.-* Judge Carlos Eduardo Rojas Rojas of the* Agrarian Court of the Second Judicial Circuit of the Southern Zone,* by judgment No.* 183-2018,* issued at thirteen hours and fifty-eight minutes on dieciséis de noviembre del año dos mil dieciocho,* ruled: “THEREFORE:* In accordance with the foregoing, Articles 2 subsection h), 6, 26, 54, 55, and 79 of the Ley* de Jurisdicción Agraria, and the other provisions of the statutes, regulations, and case law* cited, the defenses of lack of standing as defendant and lack of* legal entitlement raised by the defendant are rejected.
This* complaint filed by [Nombre1] against Industrias Bioquim* Centroamericana S.A. is partially granted, as set forth below; any relief not* expressly granted shall be deemed denied, and the relevant aspects shall be deemed modified in light of the* matters disputed and the claim upheld. The request for payment of* interest at the statutory rate from the dates on which the invoices for supplies provided by* third parties were issued or, alternatively, from the date the judgment becomes final until payment in full, and the request that* the invoices submitted for collection against the plaintiff by the defendant* company, corresponding to the first harvest of the [Telf1] period (requests for relief* 4 and 6), be deemed extinguished, are rejected because they were not even described* in the statement of facts and because no reliable evidence was submitted in that regard. Specifically, the following relief is granted: 1) The causal* link concerning the facts and the liability attributed to the defendant company is declared* established. 2) Industrias Bioquim Centroamericana S.A. is declared directly liable for the* damages and losses caused to the plaintiff, the former consisting of the loss of the amount* invested to produce the sacks of rice not obtained from the affected harvest* (the value of the production costs): ten million six hundred two thousand two hundred four* colones and seventy céntimos (¢10.602.204,70); non-pecuniary damage: two million colones* (¢2.000.000); and the losses consisting of the profit not obtained from the sacks of rice* that the [Telf1] harvest failed to produce: three million five hundred thirty thousand seven hundred* fifty-four colones and eighteen céntimos (¢3.530.754,18).
The* defendant is ordered to pay the plaintiff, as damages and losses, the total sum of* sixteen million one hundred thirty-two thousand nine hundred fifty-eight colones* and ninety céntimos (¢16.132.958,90), which Industrias Bioquim Centroamericana S.A.* shall ultimately pay within five days,* under warning that enforcement shall be levied against its assets should it* fail to comply. The defendant shall bear the attorney’s fees and court costs (costas personales y procesales) of this matter,”* (See Escritorio Virtual del Juzgado Agrario de Corredores, Bandeja de Escritos, file dated 16/11/18 at 13:58:28 p.m.).-* * IV.- Attorney Georgia Lorena Mont Villacura, special judicial attorney-in-fact for the defendant entity, filed* an appeal (recurso de apelación), expressly stating the grounds relied upon to challenge the trial court’s reasoning,* (See Escritorio Virtual del Juzgado Agrario de Corredores, Bandeja de Escritos, file dated 20/11/18 at 4:26:04 p.m.).-*
V.In the conduct of the proceeding,* the statutory requirements have been observed, and there are no errors or omissions capable of rendering the judgment null and void.-*
Drafted by Judge FISHER GONZÁLEZ; and* CONSIDERING* * I.* The expert evidence (prueba pericial) offered by the appellant as evidence to assist the Court in reaching its decision (para mejor resolver) is rejected because this Court finds that sufficient elements exist to decide the matter and that the parties had sufficient opportunity at first instance to offer all evidence relevant to their interests.* * II. The Court adopts the proven facts set forth in the judgment under appeal because they reflect the evidence contained in the record, except for fact 11), as there is insufficient evidence regarding it.* * III. The first fact deemed unproven is not adopted because it is considered irrelevant to deciding the merits of this matter. The second is not approved in view of the manner in which it is worded and what will be decided at this instance. The third unproven fact is not adopted because it does not concern matters relevant to deciding the claims asserted in the complaint. * * * * * * * * * IV. The defendant filed its appeal based on the following grounds of appeal (agravios): 1)* Through the expert evidence (prueba pericial), testimonial evidence (prueba testimonial), and party testimony (declaración de parte), it was established that there was no causal link (nexo causal) between the conduct of the party I represent and the outcome of the plaintiff’s harvest.*
Certainly, there is no direct evidence in the record (autos) establishing that anyone observed the moment when the plaintiff prepared the mixture by following the exact instructions, since the witness testimony (declaraciones testimoniales) contained in the record is from his workers, who proceeded to apply the product once it was ready; the fact remains that, under the rules of logic, psychology, and human experience, it may be concluded that the product and recommendations supplied to the plaintiff had effectiveness problems, for the reasons extensively stated.* The causal relationship (relación de causalidad) is not foreign to strict liability (responsabilidad objetiva). It is true that, given the nature of the activity of applying chemical products in agriculture, proof of the causal nexus (nexo causal) regarding the damage that such activity may cause is often indirect or mediate, or circumstantial, which lends its own particular nuances to matters concerning the burden of proof (carga de la prueba) and the assessment of evidence (valoración de la prueba).
Traditional evidentiary requirements are relaxed. Furthermore, legal scholarship, with respect to strict liability for environmental damage (daño ambiental), has already developed principles that this Court considers applicable to hazardous activities (actividades riesgosas), since they logically share the same foundation or structure of strict liability. These new criteria tend to break with rigid or excessively stringent formulas inherited from fault-based civil liability (responsabilidad civil subjetiva), which have evolved into concepts such as “adequate causation” (causalidad adecuada) (Mosset, Tomo I, 1999, p.110 y 111). Demonstrating the causal nexus does not mean that “complete assurance or certainty” is required, since it may validly be presumed or inferred from certain conduct or facts, as what is involved is a definite possibility, a probability meeting a standard of reasonableness (Mosset, Tomo I, 1999, p.113).
Others state that the probability criterion is based on the universal rules of experience; that is, in order to “establish a cause-and-effect connection between two events, it is necessary to make a retrospective judgment of probability or suitability, formulated as follows: is the act or omission being judged, per se, capable or suitable normally to cause that consequence? That judgment must be made not from the perspective of the acting party, but in the abstract, on an objective plane, irrespective of what actually occurred, and with regard to what usually occurs” (Goldenbert, 2001, p 28).* By virtue of the foregoing, grounds of appeal (agravios) 1), 3), 6), 10), 11) and 12), summarized above, must be rejected, since the causal nexus has been proven in accordance with this Chamber’s interpretation of the evidence, and not according to the weight or assessment that the appellant seeks to assign to the body of evidence cited. * * VII.
On the other hand, the objections alleging that the problem arose because certified seed was not used (ground of appeal (agravio) 2) are likewise unfounded. Admittedly, in the complaint, the plaintiff acknowledges that he used seed saved from the previous harvest (third fact at folio 10), and although the defendant has maintained in its defense that the seed’s low quality made it more vulnerable to weeds (in this regard, it submitted a scientific article written on the subject, “Seed Certification and Quality Control,” appearing at folios 148 to 157), the fact remains that, according to logic and the “technical facts of agriculture” as a source for interpreting Agricultural Law (Derecho Agrario), the quality of the seed is unrelated to the effectiveness of the product in this case. According to the witness [Nombre3] and the declarants [Nombre9] and [Nombre10] (record at folios 214 to 226 of the physical case file), the seed germinated well and vigorously, and the problem affecting the crop after germination was that the weeds were not controlled.
The product’s failure or loss was not caused by an issue with seed quality; rather, the weeds did not respond at all to the products recommended and sold to the plaintiff by the defendant. The crop was damaged because the uncontrolled weeds overtook it, not because, once the weeds had been controlled, the seed weakened or failed to withstand them; it is therefore unacceptable to attempt to disclaim liability through this argument. Another challenge to the judgment, or central issue in this matter, is the appellant’s argument that the plaintiff applied products supplied by a third party (grounds of appeal 4 and 5) without following the recommendations of its technical specialist, [Nombre5],* which is likewise unfounded for the reasons set forth below. In its answer to the complaint, when addressing fact twelve, the defendant asserted that the plaintiff used products from other commercial suppliers and did not apply the recommended products (folio 69).
That fact was not acknowledged by the plaintiff in his reply to the answer (folio 106) or in the testimony given during his examination as a party (confesional) (folio 214). Two witnesses offered by the defendant—repeatedly cited by the appellant in its appeal—who work for the defendant, Messrs. [Nombre4] and [Nombre6], addressed this matter. Thus, [Nombre4] (the defendant’s sales representative) stated that when he visited the plaintiff in response to the latter’s complaints that he was unable to control the weeds, he saw a form issued by an engineer named [Nombre8], who had recommended a product that did not work (folio 219). However, even considering this witness’s interest in the matter as the defendant’s sales representative, the overall context of that testimony must be taken into account, pursuant to the principle of the unity of evidence (unidad de la prueba) and free assessment of evidence (libre valoración) established in Article 54 of the Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria.
First, he stated that he went to the farm when the plaintiff was already dissatisfied because a product prescribed by [Nombre5] (the defendant’s engineer) had not worked, and that by the time he made the visit, the weeds had already overtaken the crop. Accordingly, it is understood that the initial applications had already been made without results and that, under the rules of logic and psychology, the dissatisfaction arose precisely from that circumstance. It is understood that, when this visit occurred, the process had already reached the subsequent control stage, after the weeds had emerged, when specific herbicides had to be applied. Therefore, even assuming that the plaintiff did not make the second application after the weeds had emerged, as the aforementioned [Nombre5] had instructed on 19 de junio, this does not disprove the fact that the initial sealing and resealing applications (aplicaciones de sello y resello) were completely ineffective.
It should be noted that the record contains documentary evidence (prueba documental), specifically a second form issued by [Nombre5] himself, dated 19 de junio del 2012, recording the product’s failure. Considering that the truly post-emergence application was not recommended until 19 de junio, and that the initial applications had been prescribed between 24 de abril -8 de mayo and did not work at all, it was understandable that the plaintiff, seeking to save his crop at such a vulnerable stage and facing financial distress, might seek the advice of a third party as a remedial measure. It is evident that the defendant intervened belatedly, since by the time its representatives visited, the weeds had already overtaken the crop, as can be inferred simply by comparing the dates on the forms at folios 3 and 4. Even if the plaintiff had followed those belated recommendations issued in June by [Nombre7], there is evidence that, because the pre-emergence applications were entirely ineffective, the possibility of control was considerably lower.
As has been reiterated at this level of review, although there is no conclusive evidence that the plaintiff applied other products not recommended by the defendant, there is evidence that the sealing and resealing applications were completely ineffective; consequently, the most reasonably probable cause of the failure to control the weeds was the defendant’s defective product or recommendation. In any event,* the defendant was required to demonstrate that the inclusion of other substances, such as “clincher,” in combination with its products, could be the probable reason why the weeds could not be controlled, rather than merely suggesting such causation, given the proof of such a compelling fact as the failure of the initial applications recommended by the defendant and the belated timing of the subsequent applications. It should also be noted that the declarant [Nombre6] (an agricultural engineer employed by the defendant company) stated that he observed on the form issued by that third engineer a reference to the product “clincher” for controlling “echonocloa,” and that it was similar to Bispiribac Sodium (folio 223), the latter having been recommended by the defendant.
In other words, they were similar products. This is without overlooking the contradiction in the defendant’s appeal, in which it asserts that it never recommended “Talcord,” even though it was included on the form issued by its technical officer (folio 3). It should be noted that this witness, [Nombre4], did not visit the farm until June, and he himself stated that the weeds had overtaken the crop; furthermore, the form formalizing [Nombre5]’s own diagnosis is dated 19 de junio. Accordingly, that witness’s account—that the plaintiff did not wish to follow the recommendations for a subsequent application or intervention and that this caused the weeds to become uncontrolled—is unpersuasive, because his visit to the farm coincided with [Nombre5]’s second technical intervention, in a context in which the weeds were already significantly out of control. The expert report (peritaje) indicates that the second application was intended more to control weed escapes, rather than to remedy, once the crop was already advanced, the complete ineffectiveness of the sealing and resealing stage.
It must also be taken into account that the diagnosis of the product’s failure, made by Engineer [Nombre5] himself, occurred on a date when the weeds had already overtaken the crop; therefore, the probable cause of the crop loss was not the failure to follow the subsequent recommendations. In any event, the record contains documentary evidence, specifically an email sent to the lower court by Cooproarrosur through its Administrative Manager, Hazel Elizondo D., stating that the plaintiff did not purchase the product “Clincher” from them. This was provided in response to the court’s request in the ruling issued at catorce horas con seis minutos del diecisiete de febrero del dos mil dieciséis (folios 257 and 255), and was disclosed to the parties for a period of tres días in the ruling issued at catorce horas con veintiocho minutos del veintinueve de febrero del dos mil dieciséis (folio 257), without the defendant making any statement in that regard. * * * * * IX.
In another vein, the statement by the witness [Nombre4] that “the nozzles on the BUM” were not working properly and that this may have affected the effectiveness of the application is likewise unpersuasive. The witness [Nombre9], who was hired by the plaintiff to prepare and maintain the rice planting and was responsible for ensuring that the machinery and irrigation were ready on time, stated that, in this case, he verified that the irrigation equipment was in good condition, the engines were properly sealed, and the nozzles were in good condition, and that applications were performed from five in the morning until ten in the morning at the latest because of the wind conditions (folio 221). Likewise, [Nombre10], an agricultural operator hired by the plaintiff, stated that he participated in the sealing and resealing and that it was done using a new BUM (folio 225). The only person who stated that there was a problem with the BUM nozzles was Mr. [Nombre4], the defendant’s sales representative; however, he could not actually attest that they were in poor condition during the applications because he was never present when they were performed.
Rather, he heard that on one day the BUM could not be used because of the nozzles, but that fact cannot in any way establish that this caused the product’s lack of effectiveness, particularly when two witnesses testified to the contrary. On the other hand, regarding the finding that the defendant agreed to pay for the damage caused (ground of appeal 8), which the appellant argues cannot be deemed proven, the appellant is correct, but this does not alter the decision reached at this level of review. This is because there is indeed no evidence, other than the deemed admission due to failure to appear (confesional ficta), establishing an admission of or consent to paying damages (daños y perjuicios). The form dated 19 de junio, mentioned so many times, acknowledges that the product failed; it is quite another matter to conclude that the defendant agreed to pay the items claimed here. Therefore, on this particular point, it is inappropriate to rely on the deemed admission as the sole evidence. * * * * * * * * * X. Lastly, the objection concerning costs (costas) is likewise unfounded.
This matter commenced before the new Código Procesal Civil entered into force; therefore, the former code applies pursuant to Transitional Provision I (transitorio I). Specifically, Article 222 of the former statute provides for the possibility of exemption, but only when some of the complaint’s principal claims have been rejected. Here, most of the damages claimed have been awarded; therefore, exemption is inappropriate, and the ruling on that matter must be affirmed. * * XI. In accordance with the foregoing, the judgment must be affirmed with respect to the matters under appeal. .* POR TANTO* * The judgment is affirmed as to the matters appealed. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *PFPTUQSLMFQ61* [Nombre12] - DECIDING JUDGE *I9DPXINPJCC61* [Nombre13] - DECIDING JUDGE *WVVUDUMBSDY61* [Nombre14] - DECIDING JUDGE * * *
Firmar Documento * *150000810419AG * * * * ORDINARIO ACTOR/A:
[Nombre1] DEMANDADO/A:
INDUSTRIAS BIOQUIM CENTROAMERICANA S.A.
* * * * VOTO N°* 351-F-19* * * TRIBUNAL AGRARIO. SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL DE SAN JOSÉ.- A las trece horas y veinticuatro minutos del diecisiete de mayo de dos mil diecinueve.-* * PROCESO ORDINARIO* interpuesto por [Nombre1] , mayor, agricultor, vecino de la Palma de Puerto Jiménez de* Golfito,* cédula de identidad número CED1 - - ;* contra* INDUSTRIAS* BIOQUIM CENTROAMERICANA SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA, cédula jurídica CED2 - - , representada por [Nombre2] , mayor, casado, vecino de San José,* cédula de identidad número* CED3 - - . Actúan como apoderados especiales judiciales: del actor los letrados Víctor [Nombre1]* Castillo, cédula de identidad número CED4 - - y Rafael Guillermo Hernández Trigueros, colegiado siete mil quinientos setenta y uno;* y de la sociedad demandada, la licenciada Georgia Lorena Mont Villacura, carné cuatro mil treinta y cinco. Tramitado ante el Juzgado Agrario del Segundo Circuito Judicial de la Zona Sur, con sede en Corredores.-* RESULTANDO:* * I.- La parte actora [Nombre1] * formuló* el presente proceso ordinario estimado en cincuenta millones de colones para que en sentencia se declare lo siguiente: " a) Con lugar en todos sus extremos la presente* demanda ordinaria. b) Que se tenga por probado el nexo causal en la* forma narrada en los hechos y se le atribuya esta responsabilidad a la* sociedad demandada. c) Solicito se condene a la sociedad demandada al* pago de los daños y perjuicios en la forma indicada los cuales se liquidan* así: Daño lucro cesante: Con el Nexo causal demostrado se determina la* responsabilidad directa de la demandada, que la proyección normal de una* hectárea de arroz de la variedad Palmar 18 es normalmente de 60 sacos* secos y limpios de 73.6 kilogramos, con un valor de C 22.604.41 misma* que no se logró por la falta de acción de los herbicidas aportados por la* demandada y recomendados en dosis dichas por el representante técnico* de la demandada, el área total aplicada y afectada fue de 18 hectáreas,* pérdida que asciende a la suma de C 196.153.01 por hectárea, que en* total de la plantación asciende a la suma de C 3.530.754.18 (tres millones* quinientos treinta mil setecientos cincuenta y cuatro colones con dieciocho* céntimos).
Perjuicios:* Aparte del monto que corresponde a la pérdida* de la utilidad como se expuso anteriormente, los perjuicios también* consisten en los costos iniciales de alquiler de la parcela de terreno, el* precio de la semilla que había reservado para la siembra, más los costos* por servicios agrícolas en la plantación para esa primera del 2012, por lo* que los perjuicios reclamados ascienden a la suma total de C 7.470.000.00* (siete millones cuatrocientos setenta mil colones exactos) tal y como se* expuso en el hecho décimo sexto de la presente demanda. Daño* Moral: Este rubro debe ser determinado por el juez del proceso, pero* debe tenerse en cuenta la profunda tristeza que experimentó mi* poderdante, y la manera en que esto afectó su ánimo y su desempeño* como resultado de haber perdido la plantación que es el sustento de su* familia por años, el tener que recurrir a constantes reuniones para que las* casas comerciales no lo lleven a cobro judicial, tener que recurrir a créditos* privados con sus amistades para hacer frente a las necesidades familiares,* no poder obtener las utilidades proyectadas y además, tener que soportar* las constantes llamadas de los empleados de la misma demandada* cobrándole las facturas de los productos que se utilizaron en la plantación* y no sirvieron, circunstancias que en su conjunto han provocado una* afectación tanto en el aspecto psicológico como emocional de mi* poderdante, pues no es una persona acostumbrada a enfrentar deudas,* como le ha sucedido producto del perjuicio ocasionado al emplear los* productos de la demandada, esto le ha llevado a que durante los últimos* meses casi no pueda dormir, experimentando constantes cambios de* humor, pues en ocasiones se encuentra triste y abrumado por la situación,* en otras se muestra irritable y ansioso la mayor parte del día, pensando en* todo momento en las obligaciones económicas que debe afrontar, de lo* cual son testigos su núcleo familiar inmediato* y varios de sus amigos y* compañeros de trabajo, quienes pueden referirse en la forma en que esto* le ha afectado en su salud emocional y en su calidad de vida.
Fijamos este* daño moral en forma provisional en la suma de C [...] (Quince* millones de colones). Gran total de daños y perjuicios: De la suma de los* daños y perjuicios anteriormente expuestos obtenemos un gran total por la* suma de C 26.000.754.90 (veintiséis millones setecientos cincuenta y* cuatro colones noventa céntimos). d) Se condene a la sociedad* demandada al pago de los intereses al tipo legal, desde que se emitieron* las facturas de insumos proveído por terceros o en su defecto, desde la* firmeza de la sentencia y hasta su efectivo pago. e) Se condene a la* sociedad demandada al pago de ambas costas de este proceso. f) Se* tengan por extinguidas las facturas puestas a cobro en contra de mi* poderdante por la sociedad demandada, correspondientes a la primera* cosecha del período [Telf1], cuando se le causó el perjuicio como* consecuencia de la nula efectividad de los productos de la demandada que* se utilizaron y que causaron el perjuicio en la plantación,"* (folios 9 a 25).-* * II.-* La sociedad demandada debidamente notificada contestó la presente* acción en los términos de su escrito de folios 65 a 79 e interpuso las* excepciones de falta de derecho y falta de legitimación pasiva.-* * III.-* El Juez Carlos Eduardo Rojas Rojas, del Juzgado* Agrario del Segundo Circuito Judicial de la Zona Sur,* mediante la sentencia Nº* 183-2018* de las trece horas cincuenta y ocho minutos del dieciséis de noviembre del año dos mil dieciocho,* resolvió: “POR TANTO:* De conformidad con lo expuesto, y los artículos 2 inciso h), 6, 26, 54, 55, 79 de la Ley* de Jurisdicción Agraria, y demás numerales de las leyes, reglamentos y jurisprudencia* citados, se rechazan las excepciones de falta de legitimación pasiva y la de falta de* derecho interpuesta por la demandada.
Se declara parcialmente con lugar la presente* demanda planteada por [Nombre1] contra Industrias Bioquim* Centroamericana S.A, en la forma que se dirá, entendiéndose por denegado lo que no* se conceda expresamente y por modificados los aspectos pertinentes en función de lo* debatido y la acción acogida. Se rechaza lo concerniente a la pretensión del pago de* los intereses al tipo legal, desde que se emitieron las facturas de insumos proveído por* terceros o en su defecto, desde la firmeza de la sentencia y hasta su efectivo pago y* por extinguidas las facturas puestas a cobro en contra del actor por la sociedad* demandada, correspondientes a la primera cosecha del período [Telf1] (petitorias* 4 y 6) ya que ni siquiera fueran descritas en los hechos y por no haberse aportado* prueba fehaciente al respecto. Concretamente se concede: 1) Se declara el nexo* causal respecto a los hechos y la responsabilidad atribuida a la Sociedad demandada.* 2) Se declara a Industrias Bioquim Centroamericana S.A. responsable directa por los* daños y perjuicios ocasionados al actor, consistentes los primeros en la pérdida de lo* invertido para producir los sacos de arroz dejados de obtener en la cosecha afectada* (valor de su costo de producción): diez millones seiscientos dos mil doscientos cuatro* colones con setenta céntimos (¢10.602.204,70), Daño moral: dos millones de colones* (¢2.000.000) y los perjuicios en la ganancia dejada de obtener por los sacos de arroz* que no produjo la cosecha [Telf1]: tres millones quinientos treinta mil setecientos* cincuenta y cuatro colones con dieciocho (¢3.530.754,18) y se condena a la* demandada a pagar al actor por concepto de daños y perjuicios la suma total de* dieciséis millones ciento treinta y dos mil novecientos cincuenta y ocho colones* con noventa céntimos (¢16.132.958,90), suma que en definitiva deberá cubrir la* Sociedad Industrias Bioquim Centroamericana S.A. en un plazo de cinco días para* proceder a su pago, bajo apercibimiento de ser ejecutado en sus bienes en caso de* que no cumpla.
Son las costas personales y procesales de este asunto a cargo de la* demandada,"* (Ver Escritorio Virtual del Juzgado Agrario de Corredores, Bandeja de Escritos, archivo del 16/11/18 de las 13:58:28 p.m.).-* * IV.- La licenciada Georgia Lorena Mont Villacura, apoderada especial judicial de la entidad demandada, interpuso* recurso de apelación con indicación expresa de las razones en que se apoyaron para refutar la tesis del juzgado de instancia,* (Ver Escritorio Virtual del Juzgado Agrario de Corredores, Bandeja de Escritos, archivo del 20/11/18 de las 4:26:04 p.m.).-*
V.En la substanciación del proceso* se han observado las prescripciones legales, y no se observa la existencia de errores u omisiones capaces de producir la nulidad del fallo.-*
Redacta la Jueza FISHER GONZÁLEZ y; * CONSIDERANDO* * I.* Se rechaza la prueba pericial ofrecida para mejor resolver por la parte recurrente, por considerar este Tribunal existen elementos suficientes para resolver, y haber tenido las partes oportunidad suficiente en la primera instancia para ofrecer todas las probanzas de su interés. * * II. El Tribunal prohija los hechos probados contenidos en el fallo recurrido por ser el reflejo de las probanzas que constan en autos, con excepción del 11) en virtud de no existir prueba suficiente en cuanto al mismo.* * III. En relación al primer hecho tenido por no probado no se avala por considerarse irrelevante para resolver el fondo de este asunto. El segundo no se aprueba dada la forma como está redactado y en virtud de lo que será resuelto en esta instancia. El tercer hecho indemostrado no se prohija por no ser parte de lo que sea importante para resolver las pretensiones deducidas en la demanda. * * * * * * * * * IV. La parte demandada interpuso su recurso de apelación con base en los siguientes agravios: 1)* Mediante la prueba tanto pericial, como testimonial, y la declaración de parte se determinó que no existió un nexo causal entre la actuación de mi representada y el resultado de la cosecha del actor.*
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