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Res. 00263-2018 Sala Tercera de la Corte · Sala Tercera de la Corte · 30/04/2018
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber denied the prosecution’s cassation appeal and confirmed that invasion of the protection area on state land absorbs public-property usurpation under the specialty principle, without displacing the separate offense of disobedience.La Sala rechazó la casación fiscal y confirmó que la invasión del área de protección en terreno estatal absorbe, por especialidad, la usurpación de bienes de dominio público, sin excluir el delito separado de desobediencia.
SummaryResumen
The Third Chamber denied the Public Prosecutor’s cassation appeal and confirmed that unlawfully occupying state land within the Limoncito River protection area constitutes a single act governed by an apparent concurrence of criminal provisions. Although the facts appeared to fall under both usurpation of public-domain property under Article 227 of the Criminal Code and invasion under Article 58(a) of the Forestry Law, the latter provision contains the elements of the former while adding the special element of harm to an environmentally protected area. Under the specialty principle established in Article 23 of the Criminal Code, the forestry offense displaces independent application of the public-property usurpation offense. The Chamber also preserved the separate classification of disobedience of authority because the defendant continued construction after receiving notice of the administrative suspension order. Accordingly, the appellate court’s reclassification remained intact, as did its remand limited to determining the appropriate sentence.La Sala Tercera rechazó el recurso de casación del Ministerio Público y confirmó que la ocupación ilegal de un terreno estatal dentro del área de protección del río Limoncito constituye una única acción sometida a un concurso aparente de normas. Aunque los hechos podían parecer comprendidos tanto por la usurpación de bienes de dominio público del artículo 227 del Código Penal como por la invasión prevista en el artículo 58 inciso a) de la Ley Forestal, esta última disposición contiene los elementos de la primera y añade el elemento especial de afectación de un área ambientalmente protegida. Por el principio de especialidad del artículo 23 del Código Penal, la infracción forestal desplaza la aplicación autónoma de la usurpación. La Sala mantuvo, además, la calificación separada por desobediencia a la autoridad, pues el acusado continuó la construcción después de ser notificado de la orden administrativa de suspensión. En consecuencia, quedó firme la recalificación dispuesta en apelación y el reenvío limitado a determinar la pena.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Thus, the conduct attributed to the accused falls within Article 58(a) of the Forestry Law, which contains the elements of the criminal provision governing usurpation of public-domain property (he unlawfully held real property belonging to the State), together with the special element in Article 58(a) of the Forestry Law (he affected a protection area of environmental interest to the State), which is applicable to this case. For that reason, by virtue of the specialty principle—because a specific law regulates environmental matters on state land—the provisions of that body of law apply. In particular, the referenced Article 58 describes more precisely the alleged conduct attributed to the accused and found proven by the Criminal Court of the Second Judicial Circuit of the Southern Zone, sitting in San Vito de Coto Brus. Accordingly, the offense of usurpation of public-domain property does not apply independently but is subsumed within the offense established in Article 58(a) of the Forestry Law. This case therefore involves an apparent concurrence of offenses that excludes autonomous application of the public-property usurpation offense, because the legislature established specific legislation punishing the harm represented by that conduct and protecting the relevant legal interest: water resources located on state-owned property.De esa manera, la conducta atribuida al endilgado encuadra en lo estipulado por el artículo 58 inciso a) de la Ley Forestal, el cual contiene los elementos de la disposición penal del delito de usurpación de bienes de dominio público (detentó ilegalmente un inmueble propiedad del Estado), más el elemento especializante del numeral 58 inciso a) de la Ley Forestal (afectó un área de protección, de interés ambiental para el Estado), el cual resulta aplicable a este caso. Es por lo anterior que, en virtud del principio de especialidad -en razón de existir una ley particular que regula lo relacionado con temas ambientales en terrenos del Estado, resulta aplicable lo regulado por ese cuerpo normativo, cuyo numeral 58 de referencia, recoge con mayor precisión la conducta acusada atribuida al justiciable, y tenida por probada por el Tribunal Penal del II Circuito Judicial de la Zona Sur, sede San Vito de Coto Brus. En esa tesitura, el delito de usurpación de bienes de dominio público no concurre en forma independiente sino que se encuentra subsumido en el delito contemplado en la Ley Forestal -58 inciso a), aplicándose en la especie un concurso aparente de delitos, que excluye la aplicación autónoma del ilícito de usurpación de bienes dominio público, pues el desvalor que representa esa conducta, el legislador estableció una normativa específica que viene a sancionar la lesión al bien jurídico y su tutela como es la protección de los recursos hídricos ubicados en bienes que son propiedad del Estado.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Esta norma penal tutela como bien jurídico el “ambiente”; más concretamente y en lo que atañe a la discusión vinculada con el marco fáctico acreditado en sentencia, protege el recurso hídrico, toda vez que cuando se habla de invasión a un área de protección -sea privada o estatal y cualquiera que sea el área ocupada-, se alude a las áreas de protección de los ríos, quebradas, arroyos, etc, que aparecen definidas en el numeral 33.b) referenciado de la Ley Forestal."
"This criminal provision protects the environment as its legally protected interest; more specifically, as relevant to the facts established in the judgment, it protects water resources because invasion of a protection area—whether private or state-owned and regardless of the area occupied—refers to the protection areas of rivers, streams, creeks, and similar water bodies defined in Article 33(b) of the Forestry Law."
Considerando III.C
"Esta norma penal tutela como bien jurídico el “ambiente”; más concretamente y en lo que atañe a la discusión vinculada con el marco fáctico acreditado en sentencia, protege el recurso hídrico, toda vez que cuando se habla de invasión a un área de protección -sea privada o estatal y cualquiera que sea el área ocupada-, se alude a las áreas de protección de los ríos, quebradas, arroyos, etc, que aparecen definidas en el numeral 33.b) referenciado de la Ley Forestal."
Considerando III.C
"Es decir, invadir implica actos de ocupación del sitio, que se traducen en establecerse en el lugar y disponer del mismo."
"In other words, invasion entails acts of occupation of the site, expressed through establishing oneself there and exercising control over it."
Considerando III.C
"Es decir, invadir implica actos de ocupación del sitio, que se traducen en establecerse en el lugar y disponer del mismo."
Considerando III.C
"Conforme la relación de hechos probados, es claro que estamos ante una única acción entre ambas figuras delictivas: el imputado invade un área de protección para construir una vivienda, usurpando un inmueble propiedad del Estado, adecuación típica diversamente calificada por el tribunal sentenciador, el voto de minoría de alzada y la representante fiscal."
"Under the established facts, it is clear that the two criminal provisions concern a single act: the defendant invaded a protection area to build a house, thereby usurping state-owned property, conduct that the trial court, the appellate dissent, and the prosecutor classified differently."
Considerando III.C
"Conforme la relación de hechos probados, es claro que estamos ante una única acción entre ambas figuras delictivas: el imputado invade un área de protección para construir una vivienda, usurpando un inmueble propiedad del Estado, adecuación típica diversamente calificada por el tribunal sentenciador, el voto de minoría de alzada y la representante fiscal."
Considerando III.C
"Se declara sin lugar el recurso de casación que interpone la licenciada Natalia Hidalgo Porras, representante del Ministerio Público."
"The cassation appeal filed by Natalia Hidalgo Porras, representative of the Public Prosecutor’s Office, is denied."
Por Tanto
"Se declara sin lugar el recurso de casación que interpone la licenciada Natalia Hidalgo Porras, representante del Ministerio Público."
Por Tanto
Full documentDocumento completo
*110004910636PE* *CED02* Case: 11-000491-0636-PE Decision: 2018-00263 SALA TERCERA DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at thirteen hours and zero minutes on April thirtieth, two thousand eighteen.
Appeal in cassation (recurso de casación) filed in these proceedings against Nombre01, of legal age, divorced, Costa Rican, identity card number CED01- born on October 19, 19 63; for the offense of violation of the Ley Forestal, in the form of encroachment (invasión) upon a river protection area (área de protección) and others, to the detriment of Los Recursos Naturales. Participating in the decision on the appeal are Justices Jesús Ramírez Quirós, María Elena Gómez Cortés, Sandra Eugenia Zúñiga Morales, Ronald Cortés Coto, and Rafael Segura Bonilla, the latter four serving as alternate Justices. Also appearing at this stage are attorney Natalia Hidalgo Porras, representative of the Ministerio Público, and attorney Clarencio Bolaños Barth, Criminal State Attorney (Procurador Penal).
Background:
1. By judgment N° 2017-00 414 issued at eleven hours forty-seven minutes on August eighteenth, two thousand seventeen, the Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Cartago ruled: “THEREFORE: Unanimously, the first ground of appeal filed by Nombre02, public defender for the accused Nombre01, is denied. By majority vote, the second and third grounds of this same appeal are partially granted. The challenged judgment is reversed, and the proven facts are legally reclassified as the offenses of violation of the Ley Forestal, in the form of encroachment upon a river protection area, and disobedience of authority, in real concurrence (concurso material). As to this issue, Judge Carranza Cambronero partially dissents. Accordingly, the judgment and the trial preceding it are annulled solely with respect to the determination of the sentence to be imposed; consequently, the matter is remanded (reenvío) to the court of origin so that, with a newly constituted panel, it may conduct a new trial. In all other respects, the ruling remains undisturbed. Let notice be given. Ivette Carranza Cambronero, Geovanni Mena Artavia, and Christian Fernández Mora, Judges. (sic)”.
2. Attorney Natalia Hidalgo Porras, appearing as the representative of the Ministerio Público, filed an appeal in cassation against the foregoing decision.
3. After the corresponding deliberation was completed, the Chamber proceeded to consider the appeal.
4. The relevant legal requirements have been observed in the proceedings.
Justice Ramírez Quirós reporting; and,
Considering:
I.By decision Nº 2017-01092, issued at 11:18 hours on December 15, 2017 (pages 182 to 183), this Chamber admitted for consideration the appeal in cassation filed by attorney Natalia Hidalgo Porras, representative of the Ministerio Público, against decision Nº 2017-414, issued at 11:47 hours on August 18, 2017, by the Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Cartago, which, by majority vote, partially granted the second and third grounds of the appeal filed by the defendant’s public defense counsel, reversed the challenged judgment, and legally reclassified the proven facts as the offenses of Violation of the Ley Forestal, in the form of encroachment upon a river protection area, and disobedience of authority, in real concurrence, ordering the resulting remand solely as concerns determination of the sentence (page 172). The Chamber now proceeds to consider the merits of the appeal and to issue the ruling required by law.
II.As her sole objection, the representative of the Ministerio Público alleges failure to observe a substantive legal provision, specifically Article 227 point 1 of the Criminal Code (Código Penal), and erroneous application of Article 58 subsection a) of the Ley Forestal, in relation to Article 33 subsection b) of that same Law. In her arguments, she states that the error committed by the Tribunal de Apelación lay in the reasoning followed in the ruling, which held that the offenses of usurpation of public-domain property (usurpación de bienes de dominio público) and encroachment upon a protection area regulate or criminalize the same unlawful conduct and that, although they are contained in two different criminal provisions, they are mutually exclusive; therefore, because the second provision is a special provision, the rule contained in the special Law prevails. In the appellant’s view, this assessment by the appellate judges is erroneous because the very wording of Article 227 of the Criminal Code and Article 58 subsection a) of the Ley Forestal describes criminal conduct that is not even similar.
Thus, the prosecutorial representative explains that the conduct described in the two criminal offenses is not in fact the same, because the offense of encroachment upon a protection area does not necessarily concern public-domain property, but may also concern privately owned real property; that is, the act of encroaching upon a protection area does not necessarily entail the act of usurping public-domain property. Likewise, the statutory definition (descripción típica) of the offense of usurpation of public-domain property does not necessarily require the defendant to have encroached upon a protection area, because not every publicly owned parcel of real property contains a protection area. The appellant therefore concludes that, in strict accordance with the description of the facts proven in the conviction, the appellate court’s conclusion is erroneous, because the accused’s conduct fully constituted and violated both of the aforementioned criminal offenses: he not only unlawfully occupied a property belonging to I.D.A, but also built a dwelling ten meters from the bank of the river channel, that is, within the protection area of that tributary.
She identifies as prejudice the fact that, by legally reclassifying the facts as they did, the second-instance judges’ decision impaired the Ministerio Público’s punitive claims, because it not only improperly benefits the accused by convicting him of a single offense, but could also result in a substantially lower sentence, thereby preventing the Ministerio Público from securing a specific punishment for the offense that was eliminated. She requests that the challenged ruling be declared ineffective with respect to the legal reclassification of the facts and that, instead, the error be corrected by restoring the legal classification imposed in the conviction and affirming the sentence imposed therein.
III.The claim is not well-founded. In this particular case, the complainant brings her appeal in cassation (recurso de casación) on the grounds that paragraph 227(1) of the Criminal Code was disregarded and Article 58(a) of the Ley Forestal was erroneously applied in relation to Article 33(b) of that same Law, pursuant to the majority decision issued by the Criminal Judgment Appeals Court of Cartago. In her view, the three offenses established by the trial court were committed in material concurrence (concurso material), and it was incorrect to find an apparent concurrence of laws (concurso aparente de normas) between the offenses of unlawful occupation of public-domain property (usurpación de bienes de dominio público) and violation of the Ley Forestal by encroachment upon a protection area (invasión a un área de protección), as held by the court below (ad quem). To resolve the issue under discussion in the case submitted to this Chamber, it is essential to begin with the specific conduct attributed to the defendant and found proven; the position adopted in the case by the appellate court; and, finally, the reasons why the majority decision of the Appeals Court must be upheld, which entails examining the substantive criminal law that ultimately applies to the established facts.
A. Proven facts (hechos probados). According to judgment Nº 208-2016, issued at sixteen hours fifty-six minutes on veintitrés de setiembre del dos mil dieciséis, the Criminal Court of the Second Judicial Circuit of the Southern Zone, sitting in San Vito de Coto Brus, found the following factual account to have been established, which is transcribed verbatim: “1. On 29 de abril del 2011, at approximately 16:00 hours, the defendant Nombre01, ACCOMPANIED BY TWO OTHER DEFENDANTS, entered and encroached upon the protection area of the río Limoncito, in Coto Brus, 200 meters into the protection zone, where they proceeded to lay the foundations for the construction of a dwelling, without having any authorization from the Administración Forestal del Estado to perform such work. 2- On 29 de abril del 2011, an administrative precautionary measure (Medida Cautelar Administrativa) was issued against the defendant Nombre01, by order entered at 16:00 hours on 29 de abril del 2011, directing the following measures: “1) Suspend construction work within the protection area on the right bank of the río Limoncito. 3- The foregoing administrative measure issued by the Ministerio de Ambiente Energía y Telecomunicaciones del Cantón de Coto Brus was personally served on the defendant Nombre01 at 16:00 hours on 29 de abril de 2011. 4- On an unspecified date between 29 de abril de 2011 and 10 de junio de 2011, the defendant Nombre01, with full knowledge of the measures ordered against him and in complete disregard of authority, disobeyed the administrative measure and built the aforementioned dwelling. 5- Since 29 de abril de 2011, the defendant Nombre01 has been unlawfully occupying and residing in the property recorded in the Registro Público de la Propiedad Inmueble under real-property folio number 6022438-0000 and 6022440-000; owned by the Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, specifically within the Reserva del IDA located in las Vegas de Limoncito in Coto Brus, without holding title to the property or any right of possession authorizing him to do so.” (folio 127, reverse).
Based on those facts, the trial court (Tribunal a quo) convicted the accused of the offenses of violation of the Ley Forestal in the form of encroachment upon a river protection area, disobedience of authority (Desobediencia a la Autoridad), and unlawful occupation of public-domain property, in material concurrence, to the detriment of Natural Resources and Public Authority, imposing a total sentence of two years and six months’ imprisonment and granting him the benefit of a suspended sentence (condena de ejecución condicional) for a period of three years (folio 136, front). Regarding the foregoing legal classification (calificación legal), it stated that the defendant committed the three offenses at different times: “first, the offense of disobedience of authority was committed on 29 de abril del 2011, when a public official notified him of a precautionary measure ordering the suspension of construction of the dwelling and the defendant disregarded the order issued; subsequently, the encroachment upon the protected area corresponding to the parcel located on the bank of the río limoncito, property belonging to the State, was established; and lastly, he unlawfully occupied and possessed the property without the respective authorization to do so, making use of the property in question.” (folios 132, reverse, and 133, front).
It further stated that there was a causal relationship between the action carried out by the accused and the resulting outcome, because he violated the rules and guidelines and impaired the legally protected interests established by the legislature through the commission of the offenses established in the judgment. B. Arguments relied upon in the majority opinion of the Criminal Judgment Appeals Court of Cartago. According to the challenged decision Nº 2017-414, issued at eleven hours forty-seven minutes on dieciocho de agosto del dos mil diecisiete, appellate judges Christian Fernández Mora and Geovanni Mena Artavia partially granted the second and third grounds of the appeal filed by the public defender of the accused Nombre01, reversing the Trial Court’s judgment solely as to the legal classification of the conduct and the sentence imposed, reclassifying the established events as the offenses of violation of the Ley Forestal in the form of encroachment upon a river protection area and disobedience of authority, in material concurrence; it vacated the judgment and the trial proceedings solely with respect to the sentence imposed and remanded the matter to the court of origin for new proceedings on that issue.
Judge Ivette Carranza Cambronero partially dissented, solely insofar as she considered the offenses to be in ideal concurrence (concurso ideal). In their substantive reasoning, the appellate judges, by majority, questioned the reasoning expressed by the trial court when it asserted that the established offenses were in material concurrence because they had been committed “at different times,” without providing further grounds in support. In addition, and specifically as relevant to the issue under discussion, they stated the following: “The first issue that is readily apparent is that, with respect to the offenses of unlawful occupation of public-domain property and violation of the Ley Forestal by encroachment upon a protected area, the same unlawful conduct is addressed by two different criminal provisions, one of which is special in nature; they therefore exclude one another, and only the latter is applicable.
Accordingly, the judgment contains an error in the application of substantive law that must be corrected.” (folio 169, reverse). With respect to the offense of disobedience of authority, the majority decision agreed with the trial court in finding that it was in material concurrence with the offense of violation of the Ley Forestal, an issue that the petitioner does not dispute (f. 176, reverse, and f. 177, front). They therefore reversed the trial court’s judgment solely as to the legal classification of the conduct, in accordance with the appellate judgment. C. Reasons for denying the appeal in cassation filed by the representative of the Prosecutor’s Office. The majority decision of the Appeals Court is upheld. Nature of the conduct charged: analysis of the specific case. Having set forth the foregoing synopsis, the Chamber agrees with the reasoning advanced by the majority of the appellate judges.
Adhering to the factual framework established by the sentencing court, it was determined that the defendant Nombre01 encroached upon the protection area of the río Limoncito, in the Coto Brus area, where he proceeded to lay the foundations of a dwelling, accompanied by two other individuals and without the respective authorizations from the Administración Forestal del Estado; as a result, and upon being caught committing that unlawful act, an administrative precautionary measure was issued against him, ordering him to suspend all construction work within the protection area on the right bank of the río Limoncito, pursuant to Articles 33 and 34 of Ley Forestal 7575; that decision was personally served upon him (folio 6 of the case file). Nevertheless, despite having full knowledge of the measure issued against him, the accused disobeyed it and built the dwelling, as shown in the photograph at folio 4, thereby unlawfully holding and occupying land, since the property on which he built the house belongs to the Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, specifically within the Reserva del IDA—now Inder—located in las Vegas de Limoncito in Coto Brus.
Regarding the issue in question, the criminal offenses charged against the accused and applicable to the case under review include, first, that set forth in paragraph 58 of the Ley Forestal, which establishes a prison sentence of three months to three years for anyone who: “a) Encroaches upon a conservation or protection area, regardless of its management category, or upon other forest areas or land subject to the forestry regime, regardless of the area occupied and irrespective of whether the land is privately owned by the State or other Public Administration bodies or is privately owned. The perpetrators of or participants in the act shall not be entitled to any compensation for any construction or work they may have carried out on the occupied land.” This criminal provision protects the “environment” as its legally protected interest (bien jurídico); more specifically, and as relevant to the discussion concerning the factual framework established in the judgment, it protects water resources, since a reference to encroachment upon a protection area—whether privately or state-owned and regardless of the area occupied—means the protection areas of rivers, ravines, streams, etc., as defined in the referenced paragraph 33.b) of the Ley Forestal.
Indirectly, the cited provision also protects State property insofar as it is, in fact, under State protection. Under the formulation of the criminal offense at issue, the verb “to encroach” is not legally defined in the Ley Forestal or its regulations, and its meaning must therefore be sought in other sources. The case law of this Chamber has so stated, observing that: “According to the Diccionario de la Real Academia Española, invadir means ‘1. To burst in, to enter by force; 2. transitive verb. To occupy a place abnormally or irregularly. The waters invaded the highway; 3. transitive verb. Said of a thing: To enter and spread throughout a specific place or medium…’. Thus, the action punishable under paragraph a) of Article 58 of the Ley Forestal is occupying or entering a conservation or protection area, regardless of whether the land is state-owned or privately owned, and even includes making ‘improvements’ to the location (for which the intruder will not be compensated), as stipulated by the same provision.
In other words, encroachment entails acts of occupation of the site, consisting of settling there and exercising control over it.” (Sala de Casación Penal, decision Nº 2016-01131, at 15:40 hours, on 25 de octubre del 2016).
In accordance with the foregoing, it is understood that the act of invading may consist either of breaking into or forcibly entering a place, or of occupying it in an abnormal or irregular manner, a circumstance that is logically consistent with the civil consequences of the criminal conduct prescribed by that subsection, which denies any claim for compensation for the loss or demolition of any construction or structure erected at the site, although the latter might in fact be considered superfluous, given that the State has no obligation whatsoever to recognize the “improvements” made by a person who illegally invaded the protection area (área de protección), with the resulting harm to the ecosystem. Regarding the meaning of “protection area,” as a normative element of the statutory offense definition (elemento normativo del tipo penal)—a designation considered legally correct for the portion of land adjoining the banks of bodies of water—it is essential to refer to the legal definition established in article 33, subsection b), of that same Law, which provides: “Article 33.- Protection areas.
The following are declared protection areas: […] b) A strip measuring fifteen meters in rural areas and ten meters in urban areas, measured horizontally on both sides along the banks of rivers, creeks, or streams, if the land is flat, and fifty horizontal meters if the terrain is uneven.” These are areas which, because they contain a body of water—for example, a river—are subject to restrictions on construction activities or the pursuit of productive activities that could damage the protected water resource—see in this regard judgment of the Agrarian Court Nº 00596, at 16:13 hours, of 6 de julio del 2017-. For its part, section 227 governs the unlawful occupation of public-domain property (usurpación de bienes de dominio público), stating: “The following shall be punished by imprisonment for six months to four years or by a fine of fifteen to one hundred days: 1) Whoever, without title of acquisition or right of possession, holds land or space corresponding to streets, roads, gardens, parks, promenades, or other public-domain places, or vacant land or any other real property belonging to the State or the municipalities. […]” (emphasis added).
As relevant here, the prohibited act consists of illegally holding possession of property that does not belong to the offender because it forms part of the State’s assets, mere occupation of the property being sufficient, whether because the offender lacks title of acquisition or the right of possession. The accused (justiciable) was charged with the specific act of “entering and invading the protection area of the Limoncito River, in Coto Brus…” for the “construction of a dwelling…,” without any permit from the Administración Forestal del Estado (proven fact number 1, f. 126 verso), work that he performed on property belonging to the former I.D.A., now Nombre03, that is, without the corresponding title of acquisition or any right of possession that would justify his actions. The prosecutorial representative argues that, in this case, the referenced offenses are in material concurrence (concurso material), based on section 22 of the Criminal Code, which provides: “There is material concurrence when the same perpetrator commits several offenses separately or jointly.” According to her appellate submission, the statutory offense established in section 58, subsection a), of the Ley Forestal and article 227, paragraph 1), of the Criminal Code do not address the same conduct, because she proceeds from the hypothesis that, “in most cases,” the offense of invading a protection area occurs on privately owned property, logically excluding commission of the offense of unlawful occupation of public-domain property; a contrario sensu, the latter would be committed when the land on which the protection area is located belongs to the public domain.
To the foregoing she adds a second hypothesis in support of her challenge: the offense of invading a protection area is not necessarily committed in every case in which the offense of unlawfully occupying public-domain property is committed, since not every public-domain property contains a protection area. Neither of the foregoing hypotheses applies in the present matter, as the appellant ultimately concedes. There is no doubt that the charged conduct is specifically encompassed by several statutory offenses under different laws, as is the case here, and it must therefore be determined which statutory provision fully encompasses it. In this regard, consistently with the majority ruling, our legislation resolves the foregoing classification under the statutory offense (adecuación típica) through section 23 of the Criminal Code, which provides as follows: “When the same conduct is described in several mutually exclusive legal provisions, only one of them shall apply, as follows: the special rule shall prevail over the general rule; the rule that fully encompasses another shall be preferred over it; and the rule that the law has not expressly or tacitly subordinated to another shall apply instead of the ancillary rule.” According to the case law of this Chamber, “…the distinction that makes it possible to identify the potential existence of a material concurrence of offenses lies in the fact that one cannot speak of a ‘single act’ (unidad de acción), but rather of multiple acts.
Now, with regard to the application of an apparent concurrence of provisions (concurso aparente de normas), national legislation establishes that: ‘When the same conduct is described in several mutually exclusive legal provisions, only one of them shall apply.’ (Article 23, Criminal Code). Thus, an apparent concurrence of provisions entails an ‘apparent’ injury to several legally protected interests (bienes jurídicos), although in reality only a single injury occurs. The effect produced by an apparent concurrence of provisions is that the application of one statutory offense absorbs another, because the former already encompasses the entirety of the latter’s criminal wrongfulness (injusto penal). This determination is based on a series of principles that make it possible to distinguish whether an apparent concurrence of provisions exists: the principle of specialty (principio de especialidad) and the principle of material or tacit subsidiarity (subsidiariedad material o tácita). ‘According to the prevailing legal scholarship, the principle of specialty exists when a criminal provision—the definition of the offense that applies—contains all the elements of the general criminal provision, plus one or more specializing elements through which the legislature considers the act from distinct perspectives taken into account when defining the offense.’ (Francisco Castillo González, El concurso de delitos en el derecho penal costarricense, Publicaciones de la Facultad de Derecho, UCR, 1981, Pág. 37).
Based on this definition, it is clear that within an apparent concurrence of provisions one cannot speak of multiple acts, but only of a single act. With respect to the principle of material subsidiarity, legal scholarship has stated that: ‘Two statutory offenses stand in a relationship of material subsidiarity when one of them—the applicable offense—either protects the same legally protected interest against a more serious attack than the other, or protects a different legally protected interest that encompasses the interest safeguarded by the displaced statutory offense.’ (Francisco Castillo González, El concurso de delitos en el derecho penal costarricense, Publicaciones de la Facultad de Derecho, UCR, 1981, Pág. 46).” (Sala de Casación Penal, decision Nº 2016-00488, diez horas y uno minutos del veinte de mayo del dos mil dieciséis). In this case, according to the established facts, there is an undisputed event consisting of Nombre01’s abnormal and illegal occupation of State-owned land—belonging to the I.D.A.—located in las Vegas de Limoncito de Coto Brus, because he lacked the corresponding title of acquisition; on that property, he carried out acts of occupation within a protection area and engaged in activities prohibited by the legal system, since he laid the foundations for constructing his dwelling at the site, an activity he was prohibited from undertaking within the protection area.
Accordingly, the conduct attributed to the accused falls within article 58, subsection a), of the Ley Forestal, which contains the elements of the criminal provision defining the offense of unlawful occupation of public-domain property (he illegally held State-owned property), together with the specializing element of section 58, subsection a), of the Ley Forestal (he affected a protection area of environmental interest to the State), which is applicable to this case. For that reason, by virtue of the principle of specialty—because there is a specific law governing environmental matters on State-owned land—the provisions of that body of law apply; specifically, section 58 more precisely encompasses the charged conduct attributed to the accused and found proven by the Tribunal Penal del II Circuito Judicial de la Zona Sur, sede San Vito de Coto Brus. On that understanding, the offense of unlawful occupation of public-domain property does not concur independently but is subsumed within the offense established in the Ley Forestal—58, subsection a)—and an apparent concurrence of offenses (concurso aparente de delitos) therefore applies in this case, excluding the independent application of the offense of unlawful occupation of public-domain property, because, in response to the wrongfulness represented by that conduct, the legislature established specific rules punishing injury to the legally protected interest and safeguarding it, namely the protection of water resources located on State-owned property.
According to the established facts, it is clear that the two offenses involve a single act: the defendant invades a protection area to construct a dwelling, unlawfully occupying State-owned property, a legal classification characterized differently by the trial court, the dissenting appellate opinion, and the prosecutorial representative. Regarding the issue of concurrence between the offense of invading a protection area under article 58, subsection a), of Ley Forestal Nº 7575 and the offense of unlawful occupation of public-domain property—art. 227 Criminal Code—legal scholarship has stated: “When the dispossessory invasion (invasión de despojo) concerns State-owned land, because there is an apparent concurrence of provisions with the unlawful occupation of public-domain property, the principle of specialty may be applied to conclude that the applicable rule is that of the Ley Forestal, since in such cases State property has a special characteristic, as it has been declared to be of environmental interest under every management category.” (GONZALEZ MONTERO, José Pablo.
Manual de Delitos Ambientales. 1ª edition, Escuela Judicial, San José, 2007, p. 146). Accordingly, the prosecution errs in asserting the existence of a material concurrence between the offenses of unlawful occupation of public-domain property and violation of the Ley Forestal—art. 58 subsec. a)—and in criticizing the majority opinion’s conclusion that this case concerns the same conduct and that one of the provisions prevails over the other under the principle of specialty. No error is discernible in the majority decision adopted by the Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Cartago when it applied the substantive law appropriate to the charged and proven act. Consequently, the appeal in cassation (recurso de casación) filed by Licenciada Natalia Hidalgo Porras, Prosecutor of the Fiscalía de Impugnaciones del Ministerio Público, is denied.
Por tanto:
The appeal in cassation (recurso de casación) filed by Natalia Hidalgo Porras, Licentiate, representative of the Ministerio Público, is hereby denied. Let notice be given.
Jesús Ramírez Q.
María Elena Gómez C.
(Alternate Justice) Sandra Eugenia Zúñiga M.
(Alternate Justice) Ronald Cortés C.
(Alternate Justice) Rafael Segura B.
(Alternate Justice) Nombre04
*110004910636PE* *CED02* Res: 2018-00263 SALA TERCERA DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las trece horas y cero minutos del treinta de abril del dos mil dieciocho.
Recurso de casación interpuesto en la presente causa seguida contra Nombre01 , mayor, divorciado, costarricense, cédula de identidad número CED01- nacido el 19 de octu bre de 19 63 ; por el delito de infracción a la ley forestal en la modalidad de invasión en un área de protección de un río y otros , en perjuicio de Los Recursos Naturales . Intervienen en la decisión del recurso los Magistrados y las Magistradas Jesús Ramírez Quirós, María Elena Gómez Cortés, Sandra Eugenia Zúñiga Morales, Ronald Cortés Coto y Rafael Segura Bonilla , estos cuatro últimos como Magistrada s y Magistrados suplentes. Además, en esta instancia, la licenciada Natalia Hidalgo Porras , representante del Ministerio Público y el licenciado Clarencio Bolaños Barth, Procurador Penal .
Resultando:
1. Mediante sentencia N° 2017-00 414 de las once horas cuarenta y siete minutos del dieciocho de agosto de dos mil diecisiete, el Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Cartago , resolvió: “POR TANTO: Por unanimidad, s e declara sin lugar el primer motivo de apelación interpuesto por Nombre02, defensora pública del acusado Nombre01. Por mayoría, se declara parcialmente con lugar los motivos segundo y tercero de esta misma impugnación. Se revoca la sentencia impugnada y se recalifican los hechos demostrados a los delitos de infracción a la Ley Forestal en su modalidad de invasión al área de protección de un río y desobediencia a la autoridad en concurso material. En cuanto a este extremo, la jueza Carranza Cambronero salva parcialmente el voto. Así las cosas, se ordena la nulidad de la sentencia y el debate que le precedió únicamente en lo que atañe a la fijación de la pena que deberá imponerse, en razón de lo cual, se ordena el reenvío del asunto a su tribunal de origen, a fin que mediante su nueva integración se proceda a la celebración de nuevo juicio. En lo demás, el fallo permanece incólume. Notifíquese. Ivette Carranza Cambronero , Geovanni Mena Artavia y Christian Fernández Mora , Jueces . (sic)”.
2. Contra el anterior pronunciamiento la licenciada Natalia Hidalgo Porras , quien figura como representante del Ministerio Público, interpuso recurso de casación.
3. Verificada la deliberación respectiva, la Sala entró a conocer del recurso.
4. En los procedimientos se han observado las prescripciones legales pertinentes.
Informa el Magistrado Ramírez Quirós; y,
Considerando:
I.Mediante resolución Nº 2017-01092, de las 11:18 horas, del 15 de diciembre de 2017 (folios 182 a 183), esta Sala admitió para su trámite, el recurso de casación que interpone la licenciada Natalia Hidalgo Porras, representante del Ministerio Público, contra la resolución Nº 2017-414, de las 11:47 horas, del 18 de agosto de 2017, dictada por el Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Cartago, que , por mayoría declaró parcialmente con lugar los motivos segundo y tercero del recurso de apelación formulado por la defensa pública del imputado, revocó la sentencia impugnada y recalificó los hechos demostrados a los delitos de Infracción a la Ley Forestal en su modalidad de invasión al área de protección de un río y desobediencia a la autoridad, en concurso material, ordenando el consecuente reenvío únicamente en lo que concierne a la fijación de la pena (folio 172). De seguido se procede con el conocimiento de fondo del recurso y se resuelve lo que corresponde a derecho.
II . Como única protesta la representante del Ministerio Público reclama inobservancia de un precepto legal sustantivo, concretamente, el artículo 227 punto 1 del Código Penal, y errónea aplicación del artículo 58 inciso a) de la Ley Forestal, en relación con el artículo 33 inciso b) de esa misma Ley. En sus argumentos, expone que el yerro cometido por el Tribunal de Apelación consistió en el razonamiento seguido en el fallo, que estableció que los ilícitos de usurpación de bienes de dominio público, y la invasión a un área de protección regulan o tipifican una misma conducta delictiva, y que aunque se encuentran en dos normas penales distintas, son excluyentes entre sí, y en virtud de que la segunda disposición es de carácter especial, prevalece la aplicación del precepto contenido en la Ley especial. En criterio de quien recurre, esta apreciación de los jueces de alzada es errada porque, del propio texto de los numerales 227 del Código Penal y lo establecido en el ordinal 58 inciso a) de la Ley Forestal, se hace una descripción de las conductas típicas que no son ni siquiera similares entre sí.
Así, la representante fiscal explica que lo descrito en ambos tipos penales en realidad no se trata de la misma conducta, porque el delito de invasión de un área de protección no necesariamente recae sobre bienes de dominio público, sino que podría recaer también sobre inmuebles de dominio particular, es decir, la acción de invadir un área de protección no implica necesariamente el acto de usurpar un bien de dominio público. En igual sentido, en relación con la descripción típica del ilícito de usurpación de bienes de dominio público, su configuración no necesariamente conlleva la acción del imputado de invadir un área de protección, pues no todo bien inmueble de dominio público ostenta un área de protección. De esta manera, la impugnante concluye que, en estricto apego a la descripción de los hechos demostrados en sentencia condenatoria, resulta errónea la conclusión del Tribunal de alzada, pues con la conducta desplegada por el acusado se han configurado e infringido plenamente los dos tipos penales antes señalados, pues el mismo no sólo detentó de forma ilegítima una finca perteneciente al I.D.A, sino que además, construyó una vivienda a diez metros de la orilla del cauce del río, es decir, dentro del área de protección de dicho afluente.
Señala como agravio que la decisión de los juzgadores de segunda instancia, al recalificar los hechos de la forma en que lo hicieron, causó un gravamen a las pretensiones punitivas del Ministerio Público, porque no sólo beneficia de forma ilegítima al encartado, con una condena en su contra por un único ilícito, sino que además podría resultar favorecido con un extremo de pena que podría resultar mucho menor, imposibilitando al Ministerio Público la fijación de una sanción específica para el delito que fue suprimido. Solicita se declare la ineficacia del fallo impugnado en cuanto a la recalificación jurídica de los hechos, y en su lugar, se enmiende yerro, rectificando la calificación dada, según fue dispuesto en sentencia condenatoria y confirmando la sanción allí impuesta.
III.El reclamo no resulta de recibo. En el caso en particular, la quejosa formula su recurso de casación bajo el supuesto de que existe inobservancia de lo dispuesto en el numeral 227 punto
Por Tanto:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso de casación que interpone la licenciada Natalia Hidalgo Porras, representante del Ministerio Público. Notifíquese.
Jesús Ramírez Q.
María Elena Gómez C.
(Mag. Suplente) Sandra Eugenia Zúñiga M.
(Mag. Suplente) Ronald Cortés C.
(Mag. Suplente) Rafael Segura B.
(Mag. Suplente) Nombre04
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