← Environmental Law Center← Centro de Derecho Ambiental
Res. 00019-2009 Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Sección X · Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Sección X · 13/02/2009
OutcomeResultado
The court confirmed the first-instance ruling dismissing the landowners' lawsuit and upheld the Administrative Environmental Tribunal's sanctions for environmental damage caused by a third party in their primary forest in Drake de Osa.El Tribunal confirmó la sentencia de primera instancia que desestimó la demanda de los propietarios y mantuvo firmes las resoluciones del TAA que los sancionó por daño ambiental causado por un tercero en su bosque primario en Drake de Osa.
SummaryResumen
The Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Section X confirms the first-instance ruling dismissing a lawsuit by farmers from Drake de Osa seeking to annul Administrative Environmental Tribunal (TAA) resolutions that sanctioned them for environmental damage in a 134-hectare primary forest. A third party physically performed the illegal logging and trail construction, but the TAA also held the landowners responsible for failing to adequately monitor their property. The court holds that Articles 98 and 101 of the Organic Environmental Law establish liability by omission for owners who allow a third party to cause environmental damage on their land. It clarifies that criminal acquittal does not bar administrative liability, that the third party's direct liability does not exclude the owners' liability by omission, and that owning ecologically-functional land creates a duty to conserve it. The reversed burden of proof under Article 109 of the Organic Environmental Law is upheld as a fundamental procedural rule.El Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Sección X confirma la sentencia de primera instancia que desestimó la demanda de agricultores de Drake de Osa quienes pretendían anular resoluciones del Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo (TAA) que los sancionó por daño ambiental en un bosque primario de 134 hectáreas. Un tercero realizó físicamente la tala y apertura de trochas, pero el TAA también responsabilizó a los propietarios por no haber vigilado adecuadamente su finca. El Tribunal establece que los artículos 98 y 101 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente consagran responsabilidad por omisión para quienes permitan que un tercero cause daño ambiental en su inmueble. Aclara que la absolución penal no impide la responsabilidad administrativa, que la responsabilidad directa del tercero no excluye la omisión de los propietarios, y que poseer un inmueble con función ecológica impone la obligación de conservarlo. Valida además la inversión de la carga probatoria establecida en el artículo 109 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente como regla procedimental fundamental en materia ambiental.
Key excerptExtracto clave
It must be remembered that a single act may give rise to different types of liability (civil, criminal, administrative), which may be adjudicated under the rules of their respective legal branches, through different proceedings and before different jurisdictional bodies, and it does not follow that exoneration of liability in one venue necessarily exempts one from liability in another. Holding title to or possession of real property that primarily serves an ecological function creates not only rights (such as those recognized by the courts in favor of the plaintiffs) but also obligations, chief among them the duty to conserve the property. There is liability by omission on the part of property owners who failed to prevent environmental damage from occurring, by direct application of the language of Article 101 of the Organic Environmental Law, the text of which has already been cited, and no imprecision is found as alleged. Furthermore, in the case of owners of real property that serves an ecological function, as was the case here, the court does not find that the administrative resolutions at issue applied the law to situations not contemplated by the legislature; rather, they fulfilled the law's purpose of establishing a broad liability regime when confronting environmental damage. Nor does the existence of a form of liability by commission (attributable to the third party) exclude the liability by omission of the plaintiffs here.Debe recordarse que un mismo hecho, puede acarrear distintos tipos de responsabilidad (civil, penal, administrativa), que pueden ser conocidas bajo las reglas propias de los distintos ramos del derecho, por procesos diferentes y ante distintos órganos jurisdiccionales, no implicando en ningún momento que la exoneración de responsabilidad en una vía, conlleve que necesariamente se exima de responsabilidad en otra. el ostentar el dominio o la posesión sobre un bien inmueble que cumple fundamentalmente con la función ecológica, no sólo acarrea derechos (como las reconocidas por los tribunales en su oportunidad a favor de los actores), sino también obligaciones, entre ellas fundamentalmente, la conservación del bien. existe responsabilidad por omisión de los propietarios de inmuebles, que no hayan impedido que se haya cometido el daño ambiental, por aplicación directa de la frase del artículo 101 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, cuyo texto ya citamos, no apreciándose la imprecisión alegada. Aún más, en el caso de los propietarios de una propiedad inmueble que cumple una función ecológica, como es en la que se produjo el daño ambiental, no se encuentra que no exista una aplicación a supuestos no aplicados por el legislador, sino más bien que las resoluciones administrativas cuestionadas, se cumplió con los propósitos de la ley, que son establecer un régimen de responsabilidad amplio, cuando se enfrente el daño ambiental. Tampoco, la existencia de una forma de responsabilidad por comisión (la cometida por Nombre28601 ), excluye la responsabilidad por omisión de los aquí actores.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"los aquí actores, omitieron su deber de vigilar adecuadamente el bien inmueble de su propiedad, lo que posibilitó que un tercero (Nombre28601 ), realizara la tala y construyera las trochas, actividades prohibidas, por tratarse de un bosque primario parte del patrimonio forestal del Estado"
"The plaintiffs here failed in their duty to adequately monitor the real property they owned, which enabled a third party to carry out the logging and construct the trails — activities that are prohibited because the land is a primary forest forming part of the state's forest heritage."
Considerando IV
"los aquí actores, omitieron su deber de vigilar adecuadamente el bien inmueble de su propiedad, lo que posibilitó que un tercero (Nombre28601 ), realizara la tala y construyera las trochas, actividades prohibidas, por tratarse de un bosque primario parte del patrimonio forestal del Estado"
Considerando IV
"Tampoco es relevante, ni exime de la responsabilidad establecida por el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, que en otro proceso jurisdiccional se haya declarado que se establecieron limitaciones excesivas en el disfrute de la propiedad y que esa limitación deba ser indemnizada, por cuanto eso no afecta las obligaciones de protección ambiental que tienen los propietarios, sobre sus inmuebles."
"Nor is it relevant, nor does it exempt from the liability established by the Administrative Environmental Tribunal, that another judicial proceeding declared excessive limitations on the enjoyment of the property requiring compensation, because that does not affect the environmental protection obligations that owners bear with respect to their real property."
Considerando III
"Tampoco es relevante, ni exime de la responsabilidad establecida por el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, que en otro proceso jurisdiccional se haya declarado que se establecieron limitaciones excesivas en el disfrute de la propiedad y que esa limitación deba ser indemnizada, por cuanto eso no afecta las obligaciones de protección ambiental que tienen los propietarios, sobre sus inmuebles."
Considerando III
"En cuanto a la inversión de la carga probatoria, establecida en el art. 109 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, esta es una regla procedimental fundamental en materia ambiental que por lo indicado, no se aplicó indebidamente en el presente caso."
"As regards the reversal of the burden of proof established in Article 109 of the Organic Environmental Law, this is a fundamental procedural rule in environmental matters that, as indicated, was not applied improperly in the present case."
Considerando VI
"En cuanto a la inversión de la carga probatoria, establecida en el art. 109 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, esta es una regla procedimental fundamental en materia ambiental que por lo indicado, no se aplicó indebidamente en el presente caso."
Considerando VI
"Se considera que si los actores estiman inconstitucionales los regímenes de responsabilidad o la decisión del legislador de redistribuir la carga de la prueba en materia ambiental, podrían establecer las acciones correspondientes ante la jurisdicción constitucional."
"It is considered that if the plaintiffs deem the liability regimes or the legislature's decision to redistribute the burden of proof in environmental matters to be unconstitutional, they may bring the corresponding actions before the constitutional jurisdiction."
Considerando IX
"Se considera que si los actores estiman inconstitucionales los regímenes de responsabilidad o la decisión del legislador de redistribuir la carga de la prueba en materia ambiental, podrían establecer las acciones correspondientes ante la jurisdicción constitucional."
Considerando IX
Full documentDocumento completo
Ordinary contentious-administrative proceeding (proceso ordinario contencioso-administrativo) brought by Nombre61168 and others against the State N° 19-2009-S.X Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, Sección Décima. Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José. Goicoechea, Annex A, at eleven hours and fifty-nine minutes on the thirteenth of February two thousand and nine.
An appeal (recurso de apelación) filed by the plaintiffs is heard in the ordinary contentious-administrative proceeding brought by Nombre61168, Nombre159154, and Nombre159155, who are adults, married once, farmers, and residents of Drake de Osa, bearing the following national identity document numbers, respectively: CED125425 and CED125427, against the State, currently represented by Deputy Attorney General Gloria Solano Martínez, an adult, married, attorney, bearing national identity document number CED1449- -, resident of Heredia. Also appearing, in the capacity of special judicial attorney (apoderado especial judicial) for the plaintiffs, is Licenciado Ricardo Granados Calderón, an adult, married once, attorney, bearing national identity document number CED125426- -, resident of Sabana Norte.
Background:
Drafted by Judge Canales Hernández;
Considering:
It is further stated that no evidence was found against the reported individual Nombre28601, who is not the owner of the property and has no connection whatsoever with the plaintiffs. The judgment also fails to analyze the fact that the land was acquired by the undersigned [plaintiffs] in the year 1997 and has since been cared for and protected, despite the denial of any possibility of extracting timber, which even led to the filing of a lawsuit that was ultimately won on grounds of an excessive restriction of the right of ownership (see fs. 314-316).
The ground of appeal raised by the plaintiffs' representative cannot succeed. In the first place, this proceeding does not address the criminal liability of the plaintiffs for the offenses attributed to them in the criminal jurisdiction, but rather the fact that at the time of the events in which environmental damage was caused—a fact not disputed by the parties—they were the owners of the property and failed to exercise the necessary surveillance over it, thereby permitting significant environmental damage to occur in breach of environmental regulations. It must be recalled that a single event may give rise to different types of liability (civil, criminal, administrative), which may be examined under the rules specific to each branch of law, through separate proceedings and before different jurisdictional bodies, without implying in any way that an exoneration of liability in one forum necessarily entails exemption from liability in another.
Nor is it relevant—or does it exempt from the liability established by the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo—that in a separate judicial proceeding it was declared that excessive restrictions had been imposed on the enjoyment of the real property (bien inmueble) and that said restriction must be compensated, since that does not affect the environmental protection obligations that owners hold with respect to their properties. Indeed, upon review of the judgment of the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, the plaintiffs' ownership (dominio) over the parcel (predio) is reaffirmed, and it must be recalled that holding ownership or possession (posesión) over real property that primarily fulfills an ecological function (función ecológica) not only entails rights—such as those recognized by the courts in due course in favor of the plaintiffs—but also obligations, chief among them the conservation of the property.
If a third party exists who is directly responsible for the extraction, the doctrine of strict liability does not apply. The argument concludes as follows: "Now, since the burden of proof (carga de la prueba) is reversed, how [sic] is our 'objective' innocence demonstrated? By proving the guilt of the person who committed the acts; however, the Juzgado Contencioso Administrativo does not note that this was already established by the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, and that this person was Mr. Nombre28601, which is why we should not be required to demonstrate that we were not responsible" (fs. 316-317).
Upon analyzing the challenged judgment, several important situations are found:
The court, and even less the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, can regard this article as granting authorization to punish the owner of a piece of land for acts or omissions by third parties that have nothing to do with us. To interpret it otherwise is to extend the rule to situations not contemplated by the legislature, thereby violating the principle of legality" (fs. 317-318).
This argument likewise cannot succeed. It must be borne in mind that liability by omission attaches to the owners of real property who have failed to prevent the commission of environmental damage, by direct application of the language of Art. 101 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, whose text has already been cited, and no imprecision of the kind alleged is apparent. Moreover, in the case of owners of real property that fulfills an ecological function — as is the case with the property on which the environmental damage occurred — it cannot be said that the administrative resolutions applied provisions to situations not contemplated by the legislature; rather, those resolutions gave effect to the purposes of the law, which are to establish a broad liability regime in the face of environmental damage. Nor does the existence of a form of liability by commission (committed by Nombre28601) exclude the liability by omission of the plaintiffs herein.
The representative argues that the a quo was wrong to conclude that no defenselessness existed. It is also asserted that, through the submission of a certificate showing the archiving of the criminal complaint, "…it was possible to determine that the plaintiffs had no direct or indirect responsibility (sic) for the acts of tree felling, but moreover the challenged judgment also, as we said, clarifies and corrects the assertion in the Por tanto of the judgment of the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo to the effect that Nombre61168, Nombre159155, and Nombre159154 were not responsible for the environmental damage, yet curiously this important fact does not result in the annulment of the act, as would be proper" (uppercase letters appear in the original) (fs. 318-320).
The argument cannot succeed. We have already rejected the contention that the absence of criminal liability attributed to the plaintiffs herein necessarily bears on what is decided in these proceedings, conducted before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction (jurisdicción contenciosa-administrativa). As regards the alleged violation of the right of defense and effective access to due process, arising from the fact that the site inspection requested in connection with the real property was not carried out during the administrative proceedings, the Court likewise finds the argument unconvincing, because a review of the administrative record (expediente administrativo) reveals that there was compelling evidence regarding the characteristics and severity of the environmental damage, and the particular conditions of the property — specifically the alleged multiple points of access to it — could not at any point have exempted the parties from liability for that damage.
It must also be noted that in these judicial proceedings the plaintiffs did not effectively pursue the site inspection of the property, nor did they produce other evidence — witness testimony, photographs, or videos — that would have made it possible to determine that, at the time of the events, any other party could have caused the environmental damage. In the circumstances, no prejudice or defenselessness was caused to the plaintiffs, since despite having had the opportunity to develop procedural activity to prove the facts they considered relevant, they did not do so in the manner required. As for the reversal of the burden of proof established in Art. 109 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, this is a fundamental procedural rule in environmental matters that, for the reasons stated, was not improperly applied in the present case.
Upon analyzing the plaintiffs' argument, the Court finds that it cannot succeed. In that regard, a review of the judgment of the court of first instance reveals that it noted and corrected certain inconsistencies in the challenged administrative resolutions, reaching the well-founded conclusion that, although those inconsistencies existed, the acts of the Administration remained consistent with the law. In that same vein, a review of the challenged administrative resolutions shows that the extensive evidence in the record was analyzed, which demonstrated the environmental damage caused and that such damage occurred on the plaintiffs' property, and that those conclusions are not undermined by the absence of the reporting official.
However, it should also be noted that, although inconsistencies did exist in the challenged administrative resolutions (resoluciones administrativas), the Environmental Administrative Tribunal (Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo) and the authorities of the Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía acted diligently in ascertaining the material truth (verdad real) and afforded the parties opportunities to effectively exercise their right of defense (derecho de defensa). Nor is there any finding of arbitrariness or lack of seriousness, given that even with the existing material limitations, the harm was established and the corresponding liability could be determined, without the absence of the reporting official weakening the probative force of the evidence already in the record.- IX) Seventh Ground of Appeal (agravio): It is argued that the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo violated the rights of defense and due process (debido proceso) established in Article 39 of the Constitution.
The plaintiffs allege that the administrative body should have awaited the outcome of the criminal complaint filed by MINAE against the plaintiffs herein in order to determine the degree of liability. This was not done; rather, guilt was simply presumed and a finding of liability was entered. The plaintiffs' representative takes the position that the doctrine of strict liability (responsabilidad objetiva) and the shifting of the burden of proof (carga de la prueba) onto the accused is contrary to the Constitution. He states that "…strict liability requires laws that establish and create the risk, as in the case of parents with respect to their children, the reason being that only this activity creates the risk; in the present case, the mere fact of owning a farm with forest cover is not sufficient to presume strict liability, for the simple reason that no law has so provided, and were one to do so it would be unconstitutional" (fs. 323-324).
On the basis of the foregoing arguments, the plaintiffs request that the appeal (recurso de apelación) be granted, that the lawsuit be upheld, and that resolution of the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo No. 409-03, issued at fifteen hours and forty-three minutes on the sixth of May of two thousand and three, as well as all other administrative or judicial acts derived from the application of that resolution, be annulled.- It is found that this point of the appeal is a recapitulation of the arguments advanced throughout. It bears repeating, therefore, that in this case no violation of the plaintiffs' rights of defense or due process was found during the administrative proceeding (procedimiento administrativo). Nor is there any finding of a lack of legal basis for the establishment of liability under Articles 98 and 101 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente. It is the view of this Court that if the plaintiffs consider the liability regimes or the legislature's decision to redistribute the burden of proof in environmental matters to be unconstitutional, they may bring the corresponding actions before the constitutional jurisdiction (jurisdicción constitucional).- X) On the basis of the foregoing arguments, the plaintiffs' grounds of appeal against the first-instance judgment (sentencia de primera instancia) must be dismissed and the appellate recourse (recurso de alzada) submitted must be denied.-
Por tanto:
The challenged judgment is affirmed.- Nombre26805 Bernardo Rodríguez Villalobos Jonatán Canales Hernández
Proceso ordinario contencioso-administrativo de Nombre61168 y otros contra el Estado N° 19-2009-S.X Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, Sección Décima. Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José. Goicoechea, Anexo A, a las once horas y cincuenta y nueve minutos del trece de febrero del dos mil nueve.- Se conoce recurso de apelación de los actores dentro de proceso ordinario contencioso-administrativo de Nombre61168 , Nombre159154 y Nombre159155 , quienes son mayores, casados una vez, agricultores, vecinos de Drake de Osa, quienes portan respectivamente, las siguientes cédulas de identidad: CED125425, y CED125427, en contra del Estado, representado últimamente por Procuradora Adjunta Gloria Solano Martínez, mayor, casada, abogada, portadora de la cédula de identidad número CED1449- - , vecina de Heredia. Interviene además en su condición de apoderado especial judicial de los actores, el Licenciado Ricardo Granados Calderón, mayor, casado una vez, abogado, portador de la cédula de identidad número CED125426- - , vecino de Sabana Norte.-
Resultando:
Pidió además, que se condene a los actores al pago de ambas costas por la acción. Asimismo, opuso la excepción de falta de derecho (véase escrito de contestación, fs. 179-188).- III) Que la jueza de instancia, Licda. Gricelda Trejos Vega, por medio de su sentencia N° 294-2008 de las nueve horas cuarenta minutos del veintiocho de marzo del dos mil ocho, desestimó la demanda en su todos sus extremos, señalando en la parte dispositiva de la misma, lo siguiente: "Se acoge la excepción de falta de derecho interpuesta por el Estado y consecuentemente se declara sin lugar en todos sus extremos la demanda intentada. Son ambas costas de esta acción a cargo de la parte actora” (véase sentencia a fs. 296-312).- IV) Que los actores apelaron la sentencia mencionada y dicha apelación fue admitida por el Juzgado y en razón de ello conoce de la misma este Tribunal.- V) Al asunto se le ha dado el trámite que le es propio y no se notan defectos que invaliden lo actuado o que deban ser corregidos, por lo que se procede a dictar sentencia dentro del término que lo permiten las labores del Despacho, previa la deliberación de rigor.- Redacta el Juez Canales Hernández;
Considerando:
Por tanto:
Se confirma la sentencia impugnada.- Nombre26805 Bernardo Rodríguez Villalobos Jonatán Canales Hernández
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.