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Res. 00090-2006 Tribunal Agrario · Tribunal Agrario · 09/02/2006

Possessory information denied for double titling on IDA landInformación posesoria denegada por doble titulación sobre terreno del IDA

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OutcomeResultado

ReversedRevocada

The Agrarian Court reversed the judgment that approved the possessory information proceedings, rejected the case, and redirected the party to the administrative route before the IDA, given the double titling on an already registered property.El Tribunal Agrario revocó la sentencia que aprobaba las diligencias de información posesoria, rechazó el trámite y remitió a la parte a la vía administrativa ante el IDA, al existir doble titulación sobre un bien ya inscrito.

SummaryResumen

The Agrarian Court reviews an appeal by the Agrarian Development Institute (IDA) against a judgment that granted possessory information proceedings for a property in Piedras Blancas, Osa. The IDA argued that the property was already registered in its name as part of the Coto Brus land titling project, created under Law 7599 on Land Titling in National Reserves. Although the lower court acknowledged that this law had been declared unconstitutional by Constitutional Court ruling 8560-2001, which had retroactive effects without affecting good-faith acquired rights, the Agrarian Court reversed. It found that the proceedings began after the unconstitutionality declaration, making it impossible to title a property already registered to the IDA. The IDA retained title under the Land and Colonization Law, so the interested party had to pursue the administrative route with that institute. The ruling rejected the proceedings and redirected the party to the appropriate administrative channel, applying the first article of the Possessory Information Law, which prohibits titling already registered properties.El Tribunal Agrario conoce de la apelación del Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario (IDA) contra la sentencia que aprobó las diligencias de información posesoria sobre un terreno en Piedras Blancas de Osa. El IDA alegó que el inmueble ya estaba inscrito a su nombre como parte del proyecto de titulación Coto Brus, creado al amparo de la Ley 7599 de Titulación de Tierras en Reservas Nacionales. Aunque el tribunal de primera instancia reconoció que esta ley fue declarada inconstitucional por el voto 8560-2001 de la Sala Constitucional, la cual tuvo efectos retroactivos pero sin afectar derechos adquiridos de buena fe, el Tribunal Agrario revocó la decisión. Consideró que, al haberse iniciado las diligencias después de la declaratoria de inconstitucionalidad, no era posible titular el bien que ya contaba con inscripción a nombre del IDA. Además, el IDA mantenía la titularidad sustentada en la Ley de Tierras y Colonización, por lo que correspondía al interesado acudir a la vía administrativa ante ese instituto. La resolución rechazó las diligencias y remitió a la parte a la vía correspondiente, aplicando el ordinal primero de la Ley de Informaciones Posesorias que impide titular bienes ya inscritos.

Key excerptExtracto clave

II. In the case under study, the Agrarian Development Institute, hereinafter IDA, was notified of these proceedings as recorded in the minutes at folio 25. This entity expressed disagreement because it stated that the lands are located within the Coto Brus Titling Zone, within the agronomic unit formed by the property registered under folio 6018777-000 of the Puntarenas Party. These lands comprise the project created under Law No. 7599 of August 9, 1996. It further states: '…that it has been declared unconstitutional, however since the various registry entries in the National Registry in the name of my represented party have not yet been canceled, the technical location studies will indicate that the lands to be titled are part of the Institute's Titling Projects…'. The referred Law No. 7599, of April 29, 1996, is the Law on Land Titling in National Reserves, which had come into force on August 9, 1996. By means of ruling No. 8560 of the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, at 3:37 p.m. on August 28, 2001, the Chamber stated, in pertinent part: '... VII. Finally, the Chamber does not deem it appropriate to grant the request of the Office of the Attorney General to declare, by connection, unconstitutional Decrees Nos. 27726-MINAE-MAG of December 22, 1999, No. 27861-MINAE-MAG of March 12, 1999, 28743-MAG-MINAE of June 12, 2000, 28744-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, No. 28745-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, and No. 28746-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, since what is essentially sought is to order that the lands transferred to the IDA under the Law on Land Titling in National Reserves may be acquired by third parties under the terms of the Land and Colonization Law, which the Chamber considers unnecessary to order, since the cited decrees were also based on the Land and Colonization Law, thus remaining in force for the application of that legislation.' In the present case, these proceedings were initiated on May 13, 2002 (receipt stamp at folio 10), while the constitutional ruling is dated August 28, 2001, meaning that when the proceeding began, the law was already unconstitutional. But given what was expressly stated by the aforementioned ruling, the lands are still registered in the name of the IDA based on the Land and Colonization Law, such that in this instance there is a failure to comply with the provisions of the first article of the Possessory Information Law, since it is not feasible to title a property that is already registered in the Public Registry, as is the case here.II. En el caso bajo estudio el Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, en lo sucesivo por sus siglas IDA, fue notificado de las presentes diligencias según consta en acta a folio 25. Tal ente, se mostró disconforme por cuanto manifestó, los terrenos se ubican dentro de la Zona de Titulación Coto Brus, dentro de la unidad agronómica formada por la finca insta al folio real 6018777-000 del Partido de Puntarenas. Estos terrenos comprende el proyecto creado al amparo de la ley Nº7599 del 09 de agosto de 1996. Además señala: “…que ha sido declara inconstitucional, si (sic) embargo al no haberse cancelado todavía los diferentes folios reales en el Registro Nacional, a nombre de mi representada, los estudios técnicos de ubicación indicarán que los terrenos a titular son Proyectos de Titulación del Instituto…”. La referida ley Nº7599, del 29 de abril de 1996, es la Ley de Titulación de Tierras Ubicadas en Reservas Nacionales, que había entrado en vigencia desde 09 de agosto de 1996. Mediante voto Nº8560 de la Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, de las 15 horas con 37 minutos del 28 de agosto del 2001, en lo que interesa expuso: “... VII.- Finalmente, la Sala no estima procedente la pretensión de la Procuraduría General de la República en cuanto a declarar por conexidad inconstitucionales los decretos Nos. 27726-MINAE-MAG de 22 de diciembre de 1999, No. 27861-MINAE-MAG de 12 de marzo de 1999, 28743-MAG-MINAE de 12 de junio del 2000, 28744-MINAE-MAG de 12 de junio del 2000, No. 28745-MINAE-MAG de 12 de junio del 2000 y No. 28746-MINAE-MAG de 12 de junio del 2000, toda vez que en el fondo lo pretendido, es que se ordene que los terrenos traspasados al IDA en virtud de la Ley de Titulación de Tierras en Reservas Nacionales, puedan ser adquiridos por terceros en los términos de la Ley de Tierras y Colonización, lo cual considera la Sala innecesario ordenar, pues los decretos de cita se fundamentaron también en la Ley de Tierras y Colonización, quedando por ende vigentes para la aplicación de esta normativa”. En el subjúdice, estas diligencias se iniciaron el día 13 de mayo del 2002 (sello de recibido a folio 10), mientras que el voto constitucional es del 28 de agosto del 2001, siendo que al iniciar la gestión ya era inconstitucional la ley. Pero dada lo expresamente indicado por el aludido voto, los terrenos aún se encuentran inscritos a nombre del IDA con sustento en la Ley de Tierras y Colonización de forma tal que en la especie se verifica un incumplimiento de lo estatuido en el ordinal primero de la Ley de Informaciones Posesorias, pues no es factible titular un bien que ya cuenta con inscripción en el Registro Público como sucede en este caso.

Pull quotesCitas destacadas

  • "No es factible titular un bien que ya cuenta con inscripción en el Registro Público como sucede en este caso."

    "It is not feasible to title a property that already has a registration in the Public Registry as is the case here."

    Considerando II

  • "No es factible titular un bien que ya cuenta con inscripción en el Registro Público como sucede en este caso."

    Considerando II

  • "La Sala no estima procedente la pretensión de la Procuraduría General de la República en cuanto a declarar por conexidad inconstitucionales los decretos..."

    "The Chamber does not deem it appropriate to grant the request of the Office of the Attorney General to declare, by connection, unconstitutional the decrees..."

    Voto 8560-2001, Considerando VII

  • "La Sala no estima procedente la pretensión de la Procuraduría General de la República en cuanto a declarar por conexidad inconstitucionales los decretos..."

    Voto 8560-2001, Considerando VII

  • "Procede revocar la resolución objeto de apelación y en su lugar rechazar las presentes diligencias y remitir a la parte a la vía correspondiente."

    "It is appropriate to revoke the appealed decision, and in its place, reject the present proceedings and redirect the party to the corresponding avenue."

    Considerando III

  • "Procede revocar la resolución objeto de apelación y en su lugar rechazar las presentes diligencias y remitir a la parte a la vía correspondiente."

    Considerando III

Full documentDocumento completo

Sections

Procedural marks

VOTO Nº 0090-F-06 **TRIBUNAL AGRARIO SECCION SEGUNDA DEL SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL DE SAN JOSE**, Goicoechea, at eleven hours and fifteen minutes on the ninth of February of two thousand six.- **Possessory Information Proceeding (Proceso de Información Posesoria)**, initiated by **[Nombre1]** , of legal age, single, pensioner, resident of Palmar Norte, identity card number CED1- - . The State was considered a party in this proceeding, represented by **Víctor Bulgarelli Céspedes**, of legal age, married, attorney. Resident of Heredia, identity card number CED2- - , in his capacity as agrarian prosecutor; and the **Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario**; represented by **[Nombre2]** , of legal age, married, expert, agronomist, resident of San Francisco de Dos Ríos, identity card number CED3- - , in his capacity as executive president. Acting as directing attorney for the title applicant is the licensed attorney **Roland A. García Navarro**, whose qualifications are unknown in the case file.- **WHEREAS:** **1**.- The title applicant files possessory information proceedings, valued at the sum of one million colones, so that the property described as follows be registered in his name in the Public Property Registry: "is a land for agriculture, located in Piedras Blancas, Palmar, [Dirección1] Osa, province of Puntarenas, from the school [Dirección2] , with an area of 4 ha (sic) 5,612.50 m, according to plan Nº P-111803-93 dated April 27, 1993, duly surveyed and registered, and the boundaries are: North with [Nombre3] and [Nombre4] , South with [Nombre5] and [Nombre6] , West with street [Dirección3] measuring 14 meters, East with [Nombre4] and public street measuring 10 meters", (folio 10).

**2.-** The Procuraduría General de la República and the Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario; appeared in the proceeding under the terms appearing on folio 29 and 32, respectively.

**3.** Licensed attorney Marisel Zamora Arias, judge of the Juzgado Agrario de la Zona Sur, Corredores, in a judgment at fifteen hours and fifty-five minutes on October eighteenth, two thousand five, resolved: " Land for agriculture, LOCATED: Piedras Blancas, [Dirección4] , canton of Osa, province of Puntarenas, CURRENT BOUNDARIES: NORTH: [Nombre3] and [Nombre4] , SOUTH: [Nombre5] and [Nombre6] , EAST: [Nombre4] and public street measuring ten meters, WEST: public street measuring fourteen meters. AREA: four hectares and five thousand six hundred twelve square meters and fifty square decimeters. PLAN: P-111803-93 dated April twenty-seventh, nineteen ninety-three. POSSESSORY ACTS: improvements to the wooden house that I acquired in the possession, improvements to the boundaries and in general throughout the entire property, the foregoing I have carried out in a quiet, public, and peaceful manner, without interruption and in the capacity of owners. ACQUISITION: that the property was acquired by private sale, in a public deed on April fourteenth, nineteen eighty to Mr. [Nombre7] , of legal age, married, farmer, resident of Piedras Blancas with identity card number CED4. VALUATION: The property to be titled and this proceeding were valued at the sum of one million colones, EDICT: Published in the Boletín Judicial No. 167 dated September second, two thousand two, LIENS AND ENCUMBRANCES: on said land there are no encumbrances, nor are there co-owners. POSSESSION: Mr. [Nombre1] , has possessed the land together with his transferor for more than twenty years, as indicated by witnesses [Nombre8] identity card CED5- - , [Nombre9] identity card CED6- - , [Nombre4] , identity card CED7- - four hundred fifty-six. According to statements on folios 39, 40. RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITATIONS: The property to be titled must be registered subject to the reservations indicated in Article 19 of the Ley de Informaciones Posesorias. Likewise, the area adjacent to springs (nacientes) and streams indicated in Article 33, subsections a and b, of the Ley Forestal No. 7575 constitutes a protection area and the cutting or elimination of trees is prohibited and the channel and the waters of that current are of public domain (Ley de Aguas, article 1, subsection IV, and 3 subsection III)." (folios 85 and 86).

**4.-** The generalísimo attorney-in-fact for the Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario filed an appeal before the Tribunal, with express indication of the grounds on which he refutes the trial court's thesis on folio 89. - **5.-** In the procedures and time periods, the legal formalities have not been observed; defects or omissions capable of causing nullity or defenselessness to any of the parties are noted.- Judge Díaz Bolaños writes the opinion; and, **WHEREAS:** **I.** The appeal is filed by licensed attorney Gerardo Vargas Rojas, in his capacity as Executive President of the Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, because he considers the challenged resolution approves the possessory information proceedings, when the land subject to them is registered in its name and is part of the Coto Brus titling project (folio 89).

**II.** In the case under study, the Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, hereinafter by its acronym IDA, was notified of these proceedings as recorded in the record on folio 25. This entity expressed disagreement as it stated that the lands are located within the Coto Brus Titling Zone, within the agronomic unit formed by the property recorded in the real estate folio 6018777-000 of the Partido de Puntarenas. These lands comprise the project created under Law Nº 7599 of August 9, 1996. It also indicates: "...that it has been declared unconstitutional, however, as the different real estate folios in the National Registry have not yet been canceled in the name of my represented party, the technical location studies will indicate that the lands to be titled are Titling Projects of the Institute...". The referenced Law Nº 7599, of April 29, 1996, is the Ley de Titulación de Tierras Ubicadas en Reservas Nacionales, which had come into effect on August 9, 1996. By vote Nº 8560 of the Sala Constitucional of the Corte Suprema de Justicia, at 15 hours and 37 minutes on August 28, 2001, in what is relevant, it stated: "III.- On the merits. As the Sala had well pointed out in judgment No. 2988-99, in a sense similar to the Ley de Titulación de Vivienda Campesina, the law in question aims to solve the cases of possessors in the National Reserve zones, thereby allowing the titling of these properties, which would be subject to the limits established by special laws for environmental protection. These are national reserves whose lands are not registered in the name of natural or legal persons, those that do not belong to State institutions, and those of agricultural suitability that MINAE transfers to IDA, where there exists at least a proportion of 20% of possessors of properties not registered in the Public Registry, whose areas do not exceed three hundred hectares. For its due compliance, the Executive Branch transfers ownership of the previously determined lands to IDA and they are registered in the Public Registry, also issuing a Decree declaring the area subject to the program. Subsequently, the titling of lands proceeds through the transfer and registration in the name of their respective possessors, having previously demonstrated rational use in a peaceful, permanent, public, and uninterrupted manner, and as owner during a period of no less than five years. Said demonstration is carried out through a very summary proceeding (información sumarísima) in charge of officials of the Department of IDA and must necessarily include the requirements of article 3 under study. The intention of the legislative body was to allow current possessors to acquire ownership of those lands and thereby achieve access to the bank credit necessary to intensify and systematize their production, and thus be able to access decent housing. However, in the opinion of the consulting judge, the regulations under study may be harming the property rights of third parties with a better right over the properties intended to be titled, since these regulations do not guarantee, by suitable means, the claim of the same, nor reasonable means for their recovery. He emphasizes regarding article 3 consulted here, that unlike the Ley de Informaciones Posesorias, in the Ley de Titulación de Tierras en Reservas Nacionales, no edict of the titling request and the property on which it falls is published, nor does the Procuraduría General de la República or any other public institution intervene to guarantee that it is not a public domain asset or a protected wild area. He indicates that by establishing in article 15 that the replevin action can only be brought within three years after the registry inscription, this law could be greatly harming fundamental rights such as property, due process, access to justice, the principle of equality, and the right to enjoy a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, by establishing a titling procedure that could leave defenseless the third party who believes they have a better right, whether the owner or a possessor... V.- As in the cited jurisprudence, the Sala believes the consulting party is correct in pointing out that the procedure established in articles 3 and 9 of Law No. 7599 to carry out the transfer request is equally deficient regarding the possibility of defense that a third party may seek over the goods titled through this law. Said procedure is very summary and, in accordance with the requirements demanded by article 3, it cannot be determined with certainty whether within the chosen area there are properties registered in the name of third parties or under possession for more than ten years, precisely because there are no more reliable studies (note that the requirements include, among others: three witnesses, sworn statement from the applicant that the property is not registered nor in judicial or extrajudicial dispute, surveyed plan, statement from adjacent owners regarding the plan data, not having registered properties exceeding 300 hectares through the possessory information procedure). The simple presentation of a surveyed plan is not a sign of any security, according to the registry experience of this country itself, since a multiple titling could even occur on the same land. On the other hand, no means of publicity emerges that allows a third party with better right to have knowledge of the intended titling so that they can exercise their rights beforehand, but rather the defense practically results a posteriori and within a very short term of three years in accordance with article 15 under study, with quite burdensome consequences for the third party, since the property in question could have been mortgaged from the moment it was titled, which also violates the principle of procedural equality, by placing the claiming third party in a situation of great disadvantage in accessing justice, in claiming their rights. Moreover, there is the same problem raised in the cited precedent, in that in this very summary titling procedure there is no appearance of the Procuraduría General de la República, nor of any other state institution that guarantees that public domain assets are not being titled, which would produce two situations: one, that they are areas protected for environmental reasons and that may be damaged by inappropriate use, or two, the fact that the State has to recover them later, incurring excessive unnecessary expenses, which is unreasonable and disproportionate. The foregoing considerations, coupled with the cited vote which is equally applicable to the specific case and on which the Sala maintains the expressed criterion, make the consulted norms unconstitutional. VI.- Likewise, as the existence of the law makes no sense without the titling procedure contemplated in articles 3 and 9 consulted here, it is appropriate to declare the unconstitutionality of the Ley de Titulación de Tierras ubicadas en Reservas Nacionales under study in its entirety, for being contrary to provisions of articles 7, 33, 39, 45, 50, 89, and 121 subsection 14 of the Political Constitution. In accordance with the provisions of article 91 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, this declaration is retroactive to the effective date of the annulled norms, without prejudice to rights acquired in good faith. However, in accordance with the provisions of the cited article 91, the effects of the declaration of unconstitutionality are shaped, in the sense that it does not affect persons who have titled their lands under the Law, which will be declared unconstitutional, provided that the term of three years to challenge the effects of that declaration has elapsed. The foregoing without prejudice to the State being able to exercise actions aimed at recovering those titled lands that constitute public domain assets. VII.- Finally, the Sala does not consider admissible the request of the Procuraduría General de la República to declare by connection unconstitutional Decrees Nos. 27726-MINAE-MAG of December 22, 1999, No. 27861-MINAE-MAG of March 12, 1999, 28743-MAG-MINAE of June 12, 2000, 28744-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, No. 28745-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, and No. 28746-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, since in substance what is requested is that it be ordered that the lands transferred to IDA under the Ley de Titulación de Tierras en Reservas Nacionales may be acquired by third parties under the terms of the Ley de Tierras y Colonización, which the Sala considers unnecessary to order, because the cited decrees were also based on the Ley de Tierras y Colonización, thus remaining in force for the application of these regulations. Magistrate Piza dissents and declares that the consulted norms are not violative of Constitutional Law as they fall within the constitutional powers of the Legislative Assembly... Therefore: The consultation filed is resolved in the sense that Law No. 7599 of April 29, 1996, called "Ley de Titulación de Tierras ubicadas en Reservas Nacionales" in its entirety and its amendments, is unconstitutional. This judgment has declaratory and retroactive effects to the effective date of the annulled norms, without prejudice to rights acquired in good faith. However, in accordance with the provisions of articles 107, 108, and 91 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, the effects are shaped in the sense that the declared unconstitutionality does not affect persons who have titled their lands under the Law that is now declared unconstitutional provided that the term of three years to challenge the effects of that declaration has elapsed. Communicate this pronouncement to the Legislative Branch. Outline this pronouncement in the Diario Oficial La Gaceta and publish it in full in the Boletín Judicial. Notify" (the emphasis is ours. From the study of the case file, it is evident from the possessory information study ballot, issued by the Surveying Area, visible on folio 33, which indicates the land subject to these proceedings, according to IDA records, is located within the Coto Brus Titling Zone. However, as stated by the representative of the state entity upon appearing, the law that created such zone was declared unconstitutional. The vote of the High Court under study expressly refers to a request by the Procuraduría General de la República in the following sense: "...VII.- Finally, the Sala does not consider admissible the request of the Procuraduría General de la República to declare by connection unconstitutional Decrees Nos. 27726-MINAE-MAG of December 22, 1999, No. 27861-MINAE-MAG of March 12, 1999, 28743-MAG-MINAE of June 12, 2000, 28744-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, No. 28745-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, and No. 28746-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, since in substance what is requested is that it be ordered that the lands transferred to IDA under the Ley de Titulación de Tierras en Reservas Nacionales may be acquired by third parties under the terms of the Ley de Tierras y Colonización, which the Sala considers unnecessary to order, because the cited decrees were also based on the Ley de Tierras y Colonización, thus remaining in force for the application of these regulations" (the emphasis is not from the original text). In the case at hand, these proceedings were initiated on May 13, 2002 (received stamp on folio 10), while the constitutional vote is dated August 28, 2001, meaning that the law was already unconstitutional when the action began. But given what is expressly indicated by the aforementioned vote, the lands are still registered in the name of IDA based on the Ley de Tierras y Colonización, so that in this case, a breach of what is established in the first article of the Ley de Informaciones Posesorias is verified, since it is not feasible to title a property that already has an inscription in the Public Registry as happens in this case.-.

**III.** For the reasons given, and under article 6 and 26 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Agraria, and 1 of the Ley de Informaciones Posesorias, it is appropriate to revoke the resolution subject to appeal and in its place dismiss these proceedings and refer the party to the appropriate channel, namely to the Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, so that in light of the analysis carried out, they must go before said body, since it is to this body that the transfer corresponds in accordance with the Ley de Tierras y Colonización, as ordered in the same cited vote of the Sala Constitucional and as established in the Reglamento para la Titulación de Tierras Ubicadas en Reservas Nacionales, published in La Gaceta Number 173 of September 10, 2002.- **THEREFORE:** The challenged resolution is revoked, and in its place these proceedings are dismissed and the party is referred to the appropriate channel.

MAGDA DÍAZ BOLAÑOS ANTONIO DARCIA CARRANZA ALEXANDRA ALVARADO PANIAGUA Process:// Información Posesoria Initiated by:[Nombre1]// lcq.* <span style="font-family:Arial; text-decoration:underline">ESTIMATION:</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> The property to be titled and the present proceeding were estimated in the sum of one million</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> colones, </span><span style="font-family:Arial; text-decoration:underline">NOTICE</span><span style="font-family:Arial">: Published in the Judicial Bulletin No 167 dated</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> September second</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> of two thousand two, </span><span style="font-family:Arial; text-decoration:underline">ENCUMBRANCES AND REAL BURDENS:</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> no real burdens weigh upon said land, nor are there co-owners. </span><span style="font-family:Arial; text-decoration:underline">POSSESSION:</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> Mr. [Name1]</span><span style="font-family:Arial; -aw-import:spaces"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial">, has possessed the land together with his transferor for more than twenty years, as indicated by the witnesses [Name8]</span><span style="font-family:Arial; -aw-import:spaces"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial">identity card CED5-</span><span style="font-family:Arial; -aw-import:spaces"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial">-</span><span style="font-family:Arial; -aw-import:spaces"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial">, [Name9]</span><span style="font-family:Arial; -aw-import:spaces"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial">identity card CED6-</span><span style="font-family:Arial; -aw-import:spaces"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial">-</span><span style="font-family:Arial; -aw-import:spaces"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial">, [Name4]</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial; -aw-import:spaces"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial">, identity card</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> CED7- </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> - four hundred fifty-six.</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> According to statements at folios 39, 40. </span><span style="font-family:Arial; text-decoration:underline">RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITATIONS:</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> The property to be titled must be registered subject to the reservations indicated in Article 19 of the Law of Possessory Informations. Likewise, the area</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> adjacent to the springs (nacientes) and streams indicated in Article 33, subsections a and b, of the Forest Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575 constitutes a protection area and the cutting or elimination of trees is prohibited and the channel and waters of that stream are in the public domain (Water Law, Article 1, subsection IV, and 3 subsection III).”</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> (folios 85 and 86).</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold">4.-</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> The attorney-in-fact of the Instituto Desarrollo Agrario filed</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> an appeal</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> before the Court, with express indication of the reasons for which he refutes the thesis of the lower Court</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> at</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> folio</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> 89 -</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold">5.-</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> In the procedures and time periods, the formalities of law have not been observed, no defects or omissions capable of causing nullity or defenselessness to the parties are noted.- </span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial">Drafted by Judge</span><span style="font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold"> Díaz Bolaños</span><span style="font-family:Arial">; and,</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold">WHEREAS:</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold">I.</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> The appeal is filed by licensed attorney Gerardo Vargas Rojas, in his capacity as Executive President of the Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, because he considers the challenged resolution approves the possessory information proceedings (diligencias de información posesoria), when the land subject thereof is registered in its name and is part of the Coto Brus titling project (folio 89).</span></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-indent:35.4pt; text-align:justify; line-height:150%"><span style="font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold">II.</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> In the case under study</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> the Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, hereinafter by its acronym IDA, was notified of the present proceedings as recorded in the report at folio 25.</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> Said entity, expressed disagreement as it stated that the lands are located within the Coto Brus Titling Zone, within the agronomic unit formed by the farm registered under real folio 6018777-000 of the Registry of Puntarenas.</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> These lands comprise the project created under Law No. 7599 of August 9, 1996.</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> It further points out: “…</span><span style="font-family:Arial; font-style:italic">that it has been declared unconstitutional, however as the different real folios have not yet been canceled in the National Registry in the name of my represented entity, the technical location studies will indicate that the lands to be titled are Titling Projects of the Institute</span><span style="font-family:Arial">…”. The aforementioned Law No. 7599, of</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> April 29, 1996, is the Law on Titling of Lands Located in National Reserves, which had entered into force as of</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> August 9, 1996. By means of vote No. 8560 of the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, at 15:37 on August 28, 2001, with regard to what is relevant, it stated: “</span><span style="font-family:Arial; font-style:italic">III.- On the merits. As the Chamber had already pointed out in judgment No. 2988-99, in a sense similar to that of the Rural Housing Titling Law, the law in question seeks to solve the cases of possessors of areas in the National Reserve, thereby allowing the titling of these properties, which would remain subject to the limits established by special laws for the protection of the environment. These are national reserves whose lands are not registered in the name of natural or legal persons, those that do not belong to State institutions, and those of agricultural suitability that MINAE transfers to the IDA, where there exists at least a proportion of 20% of possessors of farms not registered in the Public Registry, whose areas are not larger than three hundred hectares. For its due compliance, the Executive Branch transfers to the IDA the ownership of the previously determined lands and they are registered in the Public Registry, also issuing a Decree that declares the area subject to the program. Subsequently, the titling of lands is carried out through the transfer and registration in the name of their respective possessors, having previously demonstrated rational use in a peaceful, permanent, public, and uninterrupted manner, and as owner for a period of no less than five years. Said demonstration is carried out through a summary information proceeding (información sumarísima) conducted by officials of the IDA Department and must necessarily include the requirements of Article 3 of study. The intention of the legislative body was to allow current possessors to acquire the ownership of those lands and thereby enable them to access the bank credit necessary to intensify and systematize their production, and thus be able to access decent housing. However, in the judgment of the consulting judge, the regulations under study may be harming the property rights of third parties with a better right over the properties sought to be titled, since this regulation does not guarantee by adequate means the claim thereof, nor reasonable means for its recovery. He emphasizes regarding Article 3 consulted here, that unlike the Law of Possessory Informations, in the Law on Titling of Lands in National Reserves, no notice whatsoever is published regarding the titling application and the property upon which it falls, nor does the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic or any other public institution intervene to guarantee that it is not a public domain asset or a protected wilderness area. He indicates that by establishing in Article 15 that the reivindicatory action can only be brought within three years after the registral inscription, this law could be greatly harming fundamental rights such as those of property, due process, access to justice, the principle of equality, and the right to enjoy a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, by establishing a titling procedure that could be leaving defenseless any third party who believes they have a better right, be it the owner or a possessor… V.- As in the cited jurisprudence, the Chamber considers that the consultant is correct in pointing out that the procedure established in Articles 3 and 9 of Law No. 7599 to carry out the transfer request is equally deficient regarding the possibility of defense that a third party might seek over the assets titled by means of this law. Said procedure is summary and in accordance with the requirements that Article 3 demands, it cannot be determined with certainty whether within the chosen area there exist properties registered in the name of third parties or under a possession longer than ten years, precisely because more reliable studies are not available (note that the requirements, among others, are: three witnesses, sworn declaration by the applicant that the farm is not registered nor is it in judicial or extrajudicial dispute, cadastral map, statement of the adjoining landowners regarding the map data, not having registered properties larger than 300 hectares via the possessory information proceeding). The simple presentation of a cadastral map is not evidence of any security, according to the same registry experience of this country, especially since a multiple titling could even occur on the same land. On the other hand, no means of publicity can be discerned that would allow a third party with a better right to become aware of the intended titling so that they may exercise their rights prior to it, but rather the defense practically results a posteriori and within a quite short period of three years in accordance with Article 15 under study, with quite onerous consequences for the third party, since the farm in question could have been mortgaged from the moment it was titled, which also violates the principle of procedural equality, by placing the third party claimant in a situation of extreme disadvantage in terms of access to justice to claim their rights. On the other hand, the same problem exists as raised in the cited precedent, in that this summary titling procedure does not include the appearance of the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic, nor of any other state institution that guarantees that public domain assets are not being titled, which would produce two situations: one, that they are areas protected for environmental reasons and that could be damaged by improper use; or two, the fact that the State would have to subsequently recover them, incurring excessive unnecessary expenses, which is unreasonable and disproportionate. The foregoing considerations, together with the cited vote that is equally applicable to the specific case and on which the Chamber maintains the expressed opinion, renders the consulted norms unconstitutional. VI.- Likewise, since the existence of the law makes no sense without the titling procedure contemplated in Articles 3 and 9 consulted here, it is appropriate to declare, in its entirety, the unconstitutionality of the Law on Titling of Lands Located in National Reserves under study, for being contrary to the provisions of Articles 7, 33, 39, 45, 50, 89 and 121 subsection 14 of the Political Constitution. In accordance with the provisions of Article 91 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, this declaration is retroactive to the effective date of the annulled norms, without prejudice to rights acquired in good faith. However, in accordance with the aforementioned Article 91, the effects of the declaration of unconstitutionality are dimensioned, in the sense that it does not affect persons who have titled their lands under the Law that is declared unconstitutional, provided that the term of three years to challenge the effects of that declaration has elapsed. The foregoing without prejudice to the fact that the State may exercise the actions aimed at recovering those titled lands that constitute public domain assets. </span><span style="font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline">VII.- Finally, the Chamber does not consider the petition of the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic to be appropriate as regards declaring, by extension, the decrees Nos. 27726-MINAE-MAG of December 22, 1999, No. 27861-MINAE-MAG of March 12, 1999, 28743-MAG-MINAE of June 12, 2000, 28744-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, No. 28745-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000 and No. 28746-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000 to be unconstitutional, since in substance what is sought is that it be ordered that the lands transferred to the IDA by virtue of the Law on Titling of Lands in National Reserves, may be acquired by third parties under the terms of the Law on Lands and Colonization, which the Chamber considers unnecessary to order, as the cited decrees were also based on the Law on Lands and Colonization, thereby remaining in force for the application of this regulation.</span><span style="font-family:Arial; font-style:italic"> Magistrate Piza dissents and declares that the consulted norms are not violative of the Constitutional Law as they fall within the constitutional powers of the Legislative Assembly… Therefore: The consultation filed is resolved in the sense that Law No. 7599 of April 29, 1996 called \"Law on Titling of Lands Located in National Reserves\" in its entirety and its amendments, is unconstitutional. This judgment has declaratory and retroactive effects to the effective date of the annulled norms, without prejudice to rights acquired in good faith. However, in accordance with the provisions of Articles 107, 108 and 91 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, the effects are dimensioned in the sense that the declared unconstitutionality does not affect persons who have titled their lands under the Law that is now declared unconstitutional provided that the term of three years to challenge the effects of that declaration has elapsed. Let this pronouncement be communicated to the Legislative Branch. Let this pronouncement be reported in the Official Gazette La Gaceta and be published in its entirety in the Judicial Bulletin. Let it be notified”</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> (the emphasis is ours. From the study of the file, it can be deduced from the study report of possessory information, issued by the Surveying Department, visible at folio 33, which indicates that the land subject of the present proceedings, according to the IDA records, is located within the Coto Brus Titling Zone.</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> However, as the representative of the state entity stated when appearing, the law that created said zone was</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> declared unconstitutional. The vote of the High Chamber under study expressly refers to a petition by the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic in the following sense: “…</span><span style="font-family:Arial; font-style:italic">VII.- Finally, the Chamber does not consider the petition of the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic to be appropriate as regards declaring, by extension, the decrees Nos. 27726-MINAE-MAG of December 22, 1999, No. 27861-MINAE-MAG of March 12, 1999, 28743-MAG-MINAE of June 12, 2000, 28744-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, No. 28745-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000 and No. 28746-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000 to be unconstitutional</span><span style="font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline">, since in substance what is sought is that it be ordered that the lands transferred to the IDA by virtue of the Law on Titling of Lands in National Reserves, may be acquired by third parties under the terms of the Law on Lands and Colonization, which the Chamber considers unnecessary to order, as the cited decrees were also based on the Law on Lands and Colonization, thereby remaining in force for the application of this regulation”</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> (the emphasis is not from the original text). In the case at hand, these proceedings were initiated</span><span style="font-family:Arial"> </span><span style="font-family:Arial"> on May 13, 2002 (receipt stamp at folio 10), while the constitutional vote is from August 28, 2001, meaning that when the proceeding was initiated the law was already unconstitutional.</span> But given what was expressly indicated by the aforementioned vote, the lands are still registered in the name of the IDA based on the Ley de Tierras y Colonización, such that in this case a breach of what is established in the first article of the Ley de Informaciones Posesorias is verified, since it is not feasible to title a property that already has a registration in the Public Registry, as occurs in this case.

**III.** For the reasons given, and pursuant to articles 6 and 26 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Agraria, and 1 of the Ley de Informaciones Posesorias, it is appropriate to revoke the appealed resolution and instead reject these proceedings and refer the party to the appropriate channel, that is, to the Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, so in light of the analysis conducted, they must appear before said body, as it is the one to which the transfer would correspond in accordance with the Ley de Tierras y Colonización, as ordered in the same vote of the Sala Constitucional cited and in accordance with what is established in the Reglamento para la Titulación de Tierras Ubicadas en Reservas Nacionales, published in Gazette Number 173 of September 10, 2002.

**POR TANTO:** The appealed resolution is revoked, and in its place these proceedings are rejected and the party is referred to the appropriate channel.

**MAGDA DÍAZ BOLAÑOS** **ANTONIO DARCIA CARRANZA** **ALEXANDRA ALVARADO PANIAGUA** Process: Información Posesoria Promoted by: [Nombre1]// lcq.* 28746-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, since in essence what is sought is that it be ordered that the lands transferred to the IDA by virtue of the Law on Land Titling in National Reserves may be acquired by third parties under the terms of the Law on Lands and Colonization, which the Chamber considers unnecessary to order, as the cited decrees were also based on the Law on Lands and Colonization, remaining therefore in force for the application of this regulation.</span><span style=\"font-family:Arial; font-style:italic\"> Judge Piza dissents and declares that the consulted norms do not violate the Constitution because they fall within the constitutional powers of the Legislative Assembly… Therefore: The consultation is resolved in the sense that Law No. 7599 of April 29, 1996, called "Law on Titling of Lands Located in National Reserves," in its entirety and its amendments, is unconstitutional. This judgment has declaratory and retroactive effects to the date of effectiveness of the annulled norms, without prejudice to rights acquired in good faith. However, in accordance with the provisions of articles 107, 108, and 91 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, the effects are dimensioned in the sense that the declared unconstitutionality does not affect persons who have titled their lands under the protection of the Law now declared unconstitutional, provided that the term of three years to challenge the effects of that declaration has elapsed. Communicate this ruling to the Legislative Branch. Summarize this ruling in the Official Gazette La Gaceta and publish it in its entirety in the Judicial Bulletin. Notify.”</span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\"> (highlighting is ours. From the study of the file, it is evident from the possessory information study form, issued by the Topography Area, visible on folio 33, which indicates that the land subject to these proceedings, according to the IDA records, is located within the Coto Brus Titling Zone.</span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\"> However, as stated by the representative of the state entity upon appearing, the law that created said zone was</span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\"> declared unconstitutional. The vote of the High Chamber under study expressly refers to a request from the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic in the following sense: “…</span><span style=\"font-family:Arial; font-style:italic\">VII.- Finally, the Chamber does not deem the claim of the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic admissible regarding declaring, by connection, unconstitutional Decrees Nos. 27726-MINAE-MAG of December 22, 1999, No. 27861-MINAE-MAG of March 12, 1999, 28743-MAG-MINAE of June 12, 2000, 28744-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, No. 28745-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, and No. 28746-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000</span><span style=\"font-family:Arial; font-weight:bold; font-style:italic; text-decoration:underline\">, since in essence what is sought is that it be ordered that the lands transferred to the IDA by virtue of the Law on Titling of Lands in National Reserves may be acquired by third parties under the terms of the Law on Lands and Colonization, which the Chamber considers unnecessary to order, as the cited decrees were also based on the Law on Lands and Colonization, remaining therefore in force for the application of this regulation”</span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\"> (highlighting is not from the original text). In the sub judice, these proceedings were initiated</span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\"> on May 13, 2002 (receipt stamp on folio 10), while the constitutional vote is from August 28, 2001, meaning that when the action was initiated, the law was already unconstitutional. But given what is expressly indicated by the aforementioned vote, the lands are still registered</span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\"> in the name of the IDA under the Law on Lands and Colonization, such that in the specific case a breach of what is established in article one of the Law on Possessory Information is verified, as it is not feasible to title a property that already has registration in the Public Registry, as occurs in this case."</span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Arial\"> </span></p></div></body></html> VI.- Likewise, since the existence of the law makes no sense without the procedure for land titling (titular) contemplated in Articles 3 and 9 consulted here, it is appropriate to declare, in its entirety, the unconstitutionality of the Law for the Land Titling of Lands Located in National Reserves under study, for being contrary to the provisions of Articles 7, 33, 39, 45, 50, 89, and 121(14) of the Political Constitution. In accordance with the provisions of Article 91 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, this declaration is retroactive to the effective date of the annulled norms, without prejudice to rights acquired in good faith. However, in accordance with Article 91 cited above, the effects of the declaration of unconstitutionality are dimensioned, in the sense that it does not affect persons who have titled their lands under the protection of the Law that will be declared unconstitutional, provided that the three-year term to challenge the effects of that declaration has elapsed. The foregoing is without prejudice to the State's ability to exercise actions aimed at recovering those titled lands that constitute public domain property. VII.- Finally, the Chamber does not consider the request of the Procuraduría General de la República to be appropriate insofar as seeking to declare, by connection, the unconstitutionality of Decrees Nos. 27726-MINAE-MAG of December 22, 1999, No. 27861-MINAE-MAG of March 12, 1999, 28743-MAG-MINAE of June 12, 2000, 28744-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, No. 28745-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, and No. 28746-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, given that what is ultimately sought is to order that the lands transferred to IDA by virtue of the Law for the Land Titling of Lands in National Reserves may be acquired by third parties under the terms of the Ley de Tierras y Colonización, which the Chamber considers unnecessary to order, since the cited decrees were also based on the Ley de Tierras y Colonización, therefore remaining in force for the application of this regulation. Judge Piza dissents and declares that the consulted norms are not violative of the Constitution's Law because they fall within the constitutional powers of the Legislative Assembly… Therefore: The consultation is resolved in the sense that Law No. 7599 of April 29, 1996, called "Law for the Land Titling of Lands Located in National Reserves" in its entirety and its amendments, is unconstitutional. This ruling has declaratory and retroactive effects to the effective date of the annulled norms, without prejudice to rights acquired in good faith. However, in accordance with the provisions of Articles 107, 108, and 91 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, the effects are dimensioned in the sense that the declared unconstitutionality does not affect persons who have titled their lands under the protection of the Law now declared unconstitutional, provided that the three-year term to challenge the effects of that declaration has elapsed. Let this pronouncement be communicated to the Legislative Branch. Let this pronouncement be recorded in the Official Gazette La Gaceta and published in full in the Judicial Bulletin. Let it be notified." (emphasis is ours. From the study of the case file, it is evident from the possessory information study report, issued by the Topography Area, visible on folio 33, which indicates that the land subject to these proceedings, according to the records of IDA, is located within the Titling Zone of Coto Brus. However, as stated by the representative of the state entity upon appearing, the law that created such a zone was declared unconstitutional. The ruling of the High Chamber under study expressly refers, in response to a request from the Procuraduría General de la República, in the following sense: "…VII.- Finally, the Chamber does not consider the request of the Procuraduría General de la República to be appropriate insofar as seeking to declare, by connection, the unconstitutionality of Decrees Nos. 27726-MINAE-MAG of December 22, 1999, No. 27861-MINAE-MAG of March 12, 1999, 28743-MAG-MINAE of June 12, 2000, 28744-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, No. 28745-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, and No. 28746-MINAE-MAG of June 12, 2000, given that what is ultimately sought is to order that the lands transferred to IDA by virtue of the Law for the Land Titling of Lands in National Reserves may be acquired by third parties under the terms of the Ley de Tierras y Colonización, which the Chamber considers unnecessary to order, since the cited decrees were also based on the Ley de Tierras y Colonización, therefore remaining in force for the application of this regulation." (emphasis not in the original text). In the sub judice, these proceedings were initiated on May 13, 2002 (receipt stamp on folio 10), while the constitutional ruling is from August 28, 2001, meaning that when the action was initiated, the law was already unconstitutional. However, given what is expressly indicated by the aforementioned ruling, the lands are still registered in the name of IDA based on the Ley de Tierras y Colonización, such that in this case a breach of the provisions of the first section of the Ley de Informaciones Posesorias is verified, since it is not feasible to title a property that already has registration in the Public Registry, as occurs in this case.-.

III.For the reasons given, and pursuant to sections 6 and 26 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Agraria, and 1 of the Ley de Informaciones Posesorias, it is appropriate to revoke the resolution being appealed and instead dismiss the present proceedings and refer the party to the corresponding avenue, that is, to the Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, for which, in light of the analysis conducted, they must seek recourse before said body, since it is that body which would be responsible for transferring it in accordance with the Ley de Tierras y Colonización, as provided in the same cited ruling of the Constitutional Chamber and in accordance with the provisions of the Reglamento para la Titulación de Tierras Ubicadas en Reservas Nacionales, published in Gazette Number 173 of September 10, 2002.-

THEREFORE:

The appealed resolution is revoked, and instead, the present proceedings are dismissed and the party is referred to the corresponding avenue.

MAGDA DÍAZ BOLAÑOS ANTONIO DARCIA CARRANZA ALEXANDRA ALVARADO PANIAGUA Proceeding:// Possessory Information Promotes:[Name1]// lcq.*

Secciones

Marcadores

VOTO Nº 0090-F-06 TRIBUNAL AGRARIO SECCION SEGUNDA DEL SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL DE SAN JOSE, Goicoechea, a las once horas quince minutos del nueve de febrero de dos mil seis.- Proceso de Información Posesoria, promovido por [Nombre1] , mayor, soltero, pensionado, vecino de Palmar Norte, cédula de identidad número CED1- - . En este proceso se tuvo como parte al Estado, representado por Víctor Bulgarelli Céspedes, mayor, casado, abogado. Vecino de Heredia, cédula de identidad número CED2- - , en su condición de procurador agrario; y el Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario; representado por [Nombre2] , mayor, casado, perito, agrónomo, vecino de San Francisco de Dos Ríos, cédula de identidad número CED3- - , en su condición de presidente ejecutivo. Actúa como abogado director del titulante, e licenciando Roland A. García Navarro, de calidades desconocidas en autos.-

RESULTANDO:

1.- El titulante plantea diligencias de información posesoria, estimada en la suma de un millón de colones, a fin de que se inscriba a su nombre en el Registro Público de la Propiedad, la finca que se describe así: “es un terreno para agricultura, situada en Piedras Blancas, Palmar, [Dirección1] Osa, provincia de Puntarenas, de la escuela [Dirección2] , con una medida de 4 ha (sic) con 5.612,50 m, según plano Nº P-111803-93 de fecha 27 de abril de 1993, debidamente catastrado e inscrito, y los linderos son: Al norte con [Nombre3] e [Nombre4] , al sur con [Nombre5] y [Nombre6] , al oeste con calle [Dirección3] que mide 14 metros, al este con [Nombre4] y calle pública que mide 10 metros”, (folio 10).

2.- La Procuraduría General de la República y el Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario; se apersonaron al proceso en los términos que corren de folio 29 y 32, respectivamente.

3. La licenciada Marisel Zamora Arias, jueza del Juzgado Agrario de la Zona Sur, Corredores, en sentencia de las quince horas cincuenta y cinco minutos del dieciocho de octubre del dos mil cinco, resolvió: “ Terreno para agricultura, SITUADO: Piedras Blancas, [Dirección4] , cantón de Osa, de la provincia de Puntarenas, COLINDANCIAS ACTUALES: NORTE: [Nombre3] e [Nombre4] , SUR: [Nombre5] y [Nombre6] , ESTE: [Nombre4] y calle pública que mide diez metros, OESTE: calle pública que mide catorce metros. MIDE: cuatro hectáreas con cinco mil seiscientos doce metros con cincuenta decímetros cuadrados. PLANO: P-111803-93 de fecha veintisiete de abril de mil novecientos noventa y tres. ACTOS POSESORIOS: mejoras en la casa de madera que adquirí en la posesión, mejoras en los linderos y en general en toda la finca, lo anterior lo he realizado de forma, quieta, pública y pacífica, sin interrupción y en calidad de dueños. AQUISICION: que la propiedad fue adquirida por venta privada, en escritura publica el catorce de abril de mil novecientos ochenta al señor [Nombre7] , mayor, casado, agricultor, vecino de Piedras Blancas con cédula número CED4. ESTIMACION: El inmueble a titular y la presente diligencia fue estimada en la suma de un millón de colones, EDICTO: Publicado en el Boletín Judicial No 167 de fecha dos de setiembre del dos mil dos, GRAVAMENES Y CARGAS REALES: sobre dicho terreno no pesan cargas reales, ni tampoco existen condueños. POSESION: El señor [Nombre1] , ha poseído el terreno junto con su trasmitente por mas de veinte años, según lo indican los testigos [Nombre8] cédula de identidad CED5- - , [Nombre9] cédula de identidad CED6- - , [Nombre4] , cédula de identidad CED7- - cuatrocientos cincuenta y seis. Según declaraciones a folios 39, 40. RESTRICCIONES Y LIMITACIONES: El inmueble a titular debe inscribirse sujeto a las reservas que indica el artículo 19 de la Ley de Informaciones Posesorias. Asimismo el área contigua a las nacientes y quebradas que señala el artículo 33, inciso a y b, de la Ley Forestal no. 7575 constituye área de protección y queda prohibida la corta o eliminación de arboles y el cause y las aguas de esa corriente son de dominio público (Ley de aguas, artículo 1, inciso IV, y 3 inciso III).” (folios 85 y 86).

4.- El apoderado generalísimo del Instituto Desarrollo Agrario planteó recurso para ante el Tribunal, con indicación expresa de los motivos por los cuales refuta la tesis del Juzgado de instancia a folio 89 - 5.- En los procedimientos y plazos no se han observado las formalidades de ley, se notan defectos u omisiones capaces de causar nulidad o indefensión alguna a las partes.- Redacta la jueza Díaz Bolaños; y,

CONSIDERANDO:

I.La apelación es interpuesta por el licenciado Gerardo Vargas Rojas, en su condición de Presidente Ejecutivo del Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, porque estima la resolución impugnada aprueba las diligencias de información posesoria, cuando el terreno objeto de tales se encuentran inscritos a su nombre y son parte del proyecto de titulación Coto Brus (folio 89).

II.En el caso bajo estudio el Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, en lo sucesivo por sus siglas IDA, fue notificado de las presentes diligencias según consta en acta a folio 25. Tal ente, se mostró disconforme por cuanto manifestó, los terrenos se ubican dentro de la Zona de Titulación Coto Brus, dentro de la unidad agronómica formada por la finca insta al folio real 6018777-000 del Partido de Puntarenas. Estos terrenos comprende el proyecto creado al amparo de la ley Nº7599 del 09 de agosto de 1996. Además señala: “…que ha sido declara inconstitucional, si (sic) embargo al no haberse cancelado todavía los diferentes folios reales en el Registro Nacional, a nombre de mi representada, los estudios técnicos de ubicación indicarán que los terrenos a titular son Proyectos de Titulación del Instituto…”. La referida ley Nº7599, del 29 de abril de 1996, es la Ley de Titulación de Tierras Ubicadas en Reservas Nacionales, que había entrado en vigencia desde 09 de agosto de1996. Mediante voto Nº8560 de la Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, de las 15 horas con 37 minutos del 28 de agosto del 2001, en lo que interesa expuso: “III.- Sobre el fondo. Como bien lo había señalado la Sala en la sentencia No. 2988-99, en un sentido similar al de la Ley de Titulación de Vivienda Campesina, la ley en cuestión pretende solucionar los casos de los poseedores de las zonas en la Reserva Nacional, permitiendo para ello la titulación de estas propiedades, las cuales quedarían sujetas a los límites establecidos por leyes especiales en protección del medio ambiente. Se tratan de reservas nacionales que sus terrenos no estén inscritos a nombre de personas físicas o jurídicas, los que no pertenezcan a instituciones del Estado y los de aptitud agropecuaria que el MINAE traspase al IDA, donde exista por lo menos, una proporción del 20% de poseedores de fincas no inscritas en el Registro Público, cuyas cabidas no sean superiores a trescientas hectáreas. Para su debido cumplimiento, el Poder Ejecutivo le traspasa al IDA la propiedad de las tierras previamente determinadas y se inscriben en el Registro Público, emitiéndose además un Decreto que declara el área sujeta al programa. Posteriormente, se procede a la titulación de tierras mediante el traspaso e inscripción a nombre de sus respectivos poseedores, habiendo demostrado previamente el uso racional en forma pacífica, permanente, pública e ininterrumpida, y a título de dueño durante un lapso no menor de cinco años. Dicha demostración se realiza mediante una información sumarísima a cargo de funcionarios del Departamento del IDA y debe comprender necesariamente los requisitos del artículo 3 de estudio. La intención del órgano legislador fue permitir a los poseedores actuales, adquirir la propiedad de esos terrenos y lograr mediante ello, que puedan accesar al crédito bancario necesario para intensificar y sistematizar su producción, y poder así acceder a una vivienda digna. Sin embargo, a criterio del juez consultante con la normativa de estudio se puede estar lesionando el derecho de propiedad de terceros con mejor derecho sobre las propiedades que se pretenden titular, toda vez que esta normativa no garantiza por medios idóneos el reclamo de la misma, ni medios razonables para su recuperación. Enfatiza en cuanto al artículo 3 aquí consultado, que a diferencia de la Ley de Informaciones Posesorias, en la Ley de Titulación de Tierras en Reservas Nacionales, no se publica edicto alguno de la solicitud de titulación y del bien sobre el que recae, tampoco interviene la Procuraduría General de la República ni ninguna otra institución pública que garantice que no se trata de un bien demanial o área silvestre protegida. Señala que al establecerse en el artículo 15 que la acción reivindicatoria sólo puede plantearse dentro de los tres años posteriores a la inscripción registral, esta ley podría estar lesionando en gran medida derechos fundamentales como el de propiedad, debido proceso, acceso a la justicia, principio de igualdad y el derecho a disfrutar de un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, al establecerse un procedimiento de titulación que podría estar dejando indefenso al tercero que crea tener un mejor derecho, sea el propietario o un poseedor… V.- Al igual que en la jurisprudencia de cita, la Sala estima que lleva razón el consultante en señalar que el trámite establecido en los artículos 3 y 9 de la Ley No. 7599 para realizar la solicitud de traspaso es igualmente deficiente en cuanto a la posibilidad de defensa que pueda pretender un tercero sobre los bienes que se titulan por medio de esta ley. Dicho procedimiento resulta sumarísimo y de conformidad con los requisitos que exige el artículo 3 no se puede determinar ciertamente si dentro del área escogida existen propiedades inscritas a nombre de terceros o bajo una posesión mayor de diez años, precisamente por no contarse con estudios más seguros (nótese que los requisitos entre otros son: tres testigos, declaración jurada del solicitante de que la finca no está inscrita ni se encuentra en disputa judicial o extrajudicial, plano catastrados, manifestación de los colindantes con relación a los datos del plano, no haber inscrito inmuebles por más de 300 hectáreas mediante el trámite de información posesoria). La simple presentación de un plano catastrado no es muestra de seguridad alguna, según la misma experiencia registral de este país, toda vez que incluso podría darse en un mismo terreno una múltiple titulación. Por otro lado, no se desprende medio de publicidad alguno que le permita a un tercero de mejor derecho tener conocimiento de la titulación pretendida para que pueda ejercer sus derechos previamente, sino que prácticamente la defensa resulta a posteriori y en un plazo bastante corto de tres años de conformidad con el artículo 15 de estudio, con consecuencias bastante gravosas para el tercero, pues la finca en cuestión pudo haber sido hipotecada desde el momento en que se tituló, lo cual también violenta el principio de igualdad procesal, al colocar al tercero reclamante en una situación de suma desventaja de acceso a la justicia, en reclamo de sus derechos. Por otro lado, existe la misma problemática planteada en el antecedente de cita, en cuanto a que en este procedimiento sumarísimo de titulación no se cuenta con el apersonamiento de la Procuraduría General de la República, ni de ninguna otra institución estatal que garantice que no se están titulando bienes de dominio público, lo que produciría dos situaciones, una, que se trate de zonas protegidas por razones ambientales y que puedan resultar dañadas por el uso inadecuado, o dos, el hecho de que el Estado tenga que recuperarlas posteriormente incurriendo en excesivos gastos innecesarios, lo cual resulta irrazonable y desproporcionado. Lo considerado anteriormente, aunado al voto de cita que resulta de igual aplicación al caso concreto y del cual la Sala mantiene el criterio expuesto, hace que las normas consultadas resulten inconstitucionales. VI.- De igual modo, por no tener sentido la existencia de la ley sin el procedimiento para titular contemplado en los artículos 3 y 9 aquí consultados, cabe declarar en su totalidad, la inconstitucionalidad de la Ley de Titulación de Tierras ubicadas en Reservas Nacionales en estudio, por ser contraria a lo dispuesto en los artículos 7, 33, 39, 45, 50, 89 y 121 inc 14 de la Constitución Política. De conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 91 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, esta declaratoria es retroactiva a la fecha de vigencia de las normas anuladas, sin perjuicio de los derechos adquiridos de buena fe. Sin embargo de conformidad con lo expuesto por el artículo 91 citado, se dimensionan los efectos de la declaratoria de inconstitucionalidad, en el sentido de que no afecta a las personas que hayan titulado sus tierras al amparo de la Ley, que se declarará inconstitucional, siempre y cuando haya transcurrido el término de tres años para impugnar los efectos de esa declaratoria. Lo anterior sin perjuicio de que el Estado pueda ejercer las acciones tendentes a recuperar aquellos terrenos titulados, que constituyan bienes de dominio público. VII.- Finalmente, la Sala no estima procedente la pretensión de la Procuraduría General de la República en cuanto a declarar por conexidad inconstitucionales los decretos Nos. 27726-MINAE-MAG de 22 de diciembre de 1999, No. 27861-MINAE-MAG de 12 de marzo de 1999, 28743-MAG-MINAE de 12 de junio del 2000, 28744-MINAE-MAG de 12 de junio del 2000, No. 28745-MINAE-MAG de 12 de junio del 2000 y No. 28746-MINAE-MAG de 12 de junio del 2000, toda vez que en el fondo lo pretendido, es que se ordene que los terrenos traspasados al IDA en virtud de la Ley de Titulación de Tierras en Reservas Nacionales, puedan ser adquiridos por terceros en los términos de la Ley de Tierras y Colonización, lo cual considera la Sala innecesario ordenar, pues los decretos de cita se fundamentaron también en la Ley de Tierras y Colonización, quedando por ende vigentes para la aplicación de esta normativa. El Magistrado Piza salva el voto y declara que las normas consultadas no son violatorias del Derecho de la Constitución por caer dentro de las potestades constitucionales de la Asamblea Legislativa… Por tanto: Se evacua la consulta formulada en el sentido de que la Ley No. 7599 de 29 de abril de 1996 denominada "Ley de Titulación de Tierras ubicadas en Reservas Nacionales" en su totalidad y sus reformas, es inconstitucional. Esta sentencia tiene efectos declarativos y retroactivos a la fecha de vigencia de las normas anuladas, sin perjuicio de derechos adquiridos de buena fe. Sin embargo, de conformidad con lo dispuesto por los artículos 107, 108 y 91 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se dimensionan los efectos en el sentido de que la inconstitucionalidad declarada no afecta a las personas que hayan titulado sus tierras al amparo de la Ley que se declara ahora inconstitucional siempre y cuando haya transcurrido el término de tres años para impugnar los efectos de esa declaratoria. Comuníquese este pronunciamiento al Poder Legislativo. Reséñese este pronunciamiento en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta y publíquese íntegramente en el Boletín Judicial. Notifíquese” (lo destacado es nuestro. Del estudio del expediente, se desprende de la boleta de estudio de información posesoria, emitida por el Área de Topografía, visible a folio 33 que señala el terreno objeto de las presentes diligencias, de acuerdo a los registros del IDA, se ubica dentro de la Zona de Titulación de Coto Brus. Sin embargo, tal y como lo manifestó al apersonarse el representante del ente estatal, la ley que creó tal zona fue declarada inconstitucional. El voto de la Alta Sala en estudio expresamente se refiere ante una petición de la Procuraduría General de la República en el siguiente sentido: “…VII.- Finalmente, la Sala no estima procedente la pretensión de la Procuraduría General de la República en cuanto a declarar por conexidad inconstitucionales los decretos Nos. 27726-MINAE-MAG de 22 de diciembre de 1999, No. 27861-MINAE-MAG de 12 de marzo de 1999, 28743-MAG-MINAE de 12 de junio del 2000, 28744-MINAE-MAG de 12 de junio del 2000, No. 28745-MINAE-MAG de 12 de junio del 2000 y No. 28746-MINAE-MAG de 12 de junio del 2000,toda vez que en el fondo lo pretendido, es que se ordene que los terrenos traspasados al IDA en virtud de la Ley de Titulación de Tierras en Reservas Nacionales, puedan ser adquiridos por terceros en los términos de la Ley de Tierras y Colonización, lo cual considera la Sala innecesario ordenar, pues los decretos de cita se fundamentaron también en la Ley de Tierras y Colonización, quedando por ende vigentes para la aplicación de esta normativa” (lo destacado no es del texto original). En el subjúdice, estas diligencias se iniciaron el día 13 de mayo del 2002 (sello de recibido a folio 10), mientras que el voto constitucional es del 28 de agosto del 2001, siendo que al iniciar la gestión ya era inconstitucional la ley. Pero dada lo expresamente indicado por el aludido voto, los terrenos aún se encuentran inscritos a nombre del IDA con sustento en la Ley de Tierras y Colonización de forma tal que en la especie se verifica un incumplimiento de lo estatuido en el ordinal primero de la Ley de Informaciones Posesorias, pues no es factible titular un bien que ya cuenta con inscripción en el Registro Público como sucede en este caso.-.

III.Por los motivos dados, y al tenor del ordinal 6 y 26 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Agraria, y 1 de la Ley de Informaciones Posesorias, procede revocar la resolución objeto de apelación y en su lugar rechazar las presentes diligencias y remitir a la parte a la vía correspondiente, sea al Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, por lo que a la luz del análisis realizado deberá acudir ante dicho órgano, pues es a éste a quien correspondería traspasarlo conforme a la Ley de Tierras y Colonización, según lo dispuesto en el mismo voto de la Sala Constitucional citado y conforme a lo establecido en el Reglamento para la Titulación de Tierras Ubicadas en Reservas Nacionales, publicado en la Gaceta Número 173 del 10 de setiembre del 2002.-

POR TANTO:

Se revoca la resolución impugnada, y en su lugar se rechazan las presentes diligencias y se remite a la parte a la vía correspondiente.

MAGDA DÍAZ BOLAÑOS ANTONIO DARCIA CARRANZA ALEXANDRA ALVARADO PANIAGUA Proceso:// Información Posesoria Promueve:[Nombre1]// lcq.*

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Implementing decreesDecretos que afectan

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    • Land Tenure and TitlingTenencia y Titulación de Tierras

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      • Ley 139 Possessory Information Law
      • Ley 7599 Land Titling Law for National Reserves

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      • Ley 139 Ley de Informaciones Posesorias
      • Ley 7599 Ley de Titulación de Tierras Ubicadas en Reservas Nacionales

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