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Res. 00238-1998 Tribunal Agrario · Tribunal Agrario · 17/04/1998
OutcomeResultado
The Tribunal confirms that neither party proved qualified agrarian or ecological possession; it denies the claims of ownership and possession over the land, and only grants the plaintiff a right of use over the commercial building while ordering the defendant's eviction.El Tribunal confirma que ninguna parte demostró posesión agraria o ecológica calificada, rechaza las pretensiones de propiedad y posesión sobre el terreno, y solo concede a la actora un derecho de aprovechamiento del local comercial ordenando el desalojo de la demandada.
SummaryResumen
The Agrarian Tribunal reviews a possessory dispute between two private parties over land located within the Cordillera Volcánica Central Forest Reserve. The plaintiff claims exclusive ownership and eviction; the defendant counterclaims for a better right of possession and ownership of a commercial business. Neither party proved qualified agrarian or ecological possession: they engaged in no organized cultivation or protection of forest resources; on the contrary, severe deforestation and herbicide use were confirmed. The Tribunal emphasizes that in protected wild areas, possession must predate the reserve’s creation by ten years and be aimed at ecosystem conservation. Because the land is a demanial asset, adverse possession and the recognition of civil ownership or possession are not possible. Only a right of use over the existing commercial building is granted to the plaintiff, given its settled situation, and the eviction of the defendant is ordered.El Tribunal Agrario revisa una disputa posesoria entre dos particulares sobre terrenos dentro de la Reserva Forestal Cordillera Volcánica Central. La actora reclama propiedad exclusiva y desalojo; la demandada reconviene por mejor derecho de posesión y propiedad de un negocio comercial. Ninguna de las partes probó posesión agraria ni ecológica calificada: no ejercieron actos de cultivo organizado ni de protección del recurso forestal; por el contrario, se constató deforestación severa y uso de herbicidas. El Tribunal subraya que en áreas silvestres protegidas la posesión debe ser anterior en diez años a la creación de la reserva y orientada a conservar el ecosistema. Dado que el predio es un bien demanial, no procede la usucapión ni el reconocimiento de propiedad o posesión civil. Se otorga únicamente un derecho de aprovechamiento del local comercial existente a favor de la actora, por su situación consolidada, y se ordena el desalojo de la demandada.
Key excerptExtracto clave
In accordance with what is claimed both in the complaint and in the counterclaim, it should be noted that neither party in this proceeding demonstrated any agrarian or environmental possessory acts of stewardship or rational use of the forested area that encompassed the property in dispute. On the contrary, there has been excessive, unjustified, irrational, and total depredation of what the land presented, without any consideration for the natural resources, showing complete contempt for the ecosystems. [...] In sum, neither of the two proved having exercised any agrarian or ecological productivity. What exists on the property apart from the commercial building is total ecological deterioration and the absence of any agrarian activity, even the use of chemical products such as gramoxone that burned down to the soil of the property, the latter occurring when the defendant-counterclaimant was already in possession.Acorde a lo pretendido tanto en la demanda cuanto en la reconvención, es del caso señalar que ninguna de las partes en este proceso demostró ejercer actos posesorios agrarios o ambientales de tutela, utilización racional de la zona boscosa que tenía y en que está inmersa el predio objeto de este litigio. Más bien ha habido una depredación desmedida, injustificada, irracional y total de la que presentaba el terreno, sin consideración alguna hacia los recursos naturales, notándose un menosprecio total por los ecosistemas. [...] En síntesis, ninguna de las dos probó haber ejercido productividad agraria o ecológica alguna. Lo que hay en el predio fuera del local comercial es un deterioro ecológico total y la no existencia de actividad agraria alguna, donde se observa hasta el uso de productos químicos como el gramoxon que han quemado hasta la tierra del predio, esto último cuando ya estaba en posesión del bien la demandada reconvenida.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"En la posesión ecológica el poder de hecho debe recaer sobre un ámbito territorial donde exista un ecosistema, y los actos posesorios deben ir encaminados a proteger dichos ecosistemas, procurando el estudio y las investigaciones científicas sobre todas las interrelaciones ahí existentes tanto si se trata de seres vivos vegetales (y no únicamente bosques) o animales y su relación con la conservación y la propia existencia humana."
"In ecological possession, the de facto power must fall on a territorial setting where an ecosystem exists, and the possessory acts must be aimed at protecting those ecosystems, promoting the scientific study and research of all the interrelations existing there, whether involving plants (and not only forests) or animals, and their relationship with conservation and human existence itself."
Considerando VI
"En la posesión ecológica el poder de hecho debe recaer sobre un ámbito territorial donde exista un ecosistema, y los actos posesorios deben ir encaminados a proteger dichos ecosistemas, procurando el estudio y las investigaciones científicas sobre todas las interrelaciones ahí existentes tanto si se trata de seres vivos vegetales (y no únicamente bosques) o animales y su relación con la conservación y la propia existencia humana."
Considerando VI
"Ninguna de las partes en este proceso demostró ejercer actos posesorios agrarios o ambientales de tutela, utilización racional de la zona boscosa que tenía y en que está inmersa el predio objeto de este litigio."
"Neither party in this proceeding demonstrated any agrarian or environmental possessory acts of stewardship or rational use of the forested area that encompassed the property in dispute."
Considerando VII
"Ninguna de las partes en este proceso demostró ejercer actos posesorios agrarios o ambientales de tutela, utilización racional de la zona boscosa que tenía y en que está inmersa el predio objeto de este litigio."
Considerando VII
"Sobre los bienes demaniales como lo constituyen las reservas forestales [...] no se puede usucapir, salvo que tal usucapión se hubiere dado porque se hubiere demostrado que mínimo diez años antes de la creación de la reserva, en este caso, se hubiere poseído en la forma requerida para este tipo de propiedad especial y calificada."
"On demanial assets such as forest reserves (...) it is not possible to acquire title through adverse possession, unless such acquisition occurred because it was proven that at least ten years before the creation of the reserve, in this case, possession was exercised in the manner required for this special and qualified type of property."
Considerando VII
"Sobre los bienes demaniales como lo constituyen las reservas forestales [...] no se puede usucapir, salvo que tal usucapión se hubiere dado porque se hubiere demostrado que mínimo diez años antes de la creación de la reserva, en este caso, se hubiere poseído en la forma requerida para este tipo de propiedad especial y calificada."
Considerando VII
Full documentDocumento completo
* * * * * VOTE 238.-* * * * * AGRARIAN TRIBUNAL.- Goicoechea, at ten hours fifty minutes on the seventeenth of April of nineteen ninety-eight.-* * * * * Ordinary Proceeding, filed before the Agrarian Court of Pococí, Guácimo y Sarapiquí, by [Nombre1] , against [Nombre2] , both with qualities known in the record. Also participating are attorneys Erick Núñez Rodríguez and Seyla Meza Pérez, in their capacities as Public Defenders for the plaintiff and defendant, respectively. The Office of the Attorney General of the Republic has been considered a party in this proceeding.-* WHEREAS:* * * * * 1).- The present claim, valued at the sum of five hundred thousand colones without centimes, is for the judgment to declare: "1.- That the property described in the first fact of this claim is the exclusive property of my principal, Mrs. [Nombre1] . 2.- That the defendant inhabits, in bad faith, the real property indicated in the first fact, and by pure tolerance of my principal. 3.- That because my principal has ended the state of tolerance toward the defendant, the latter must vacate the real property, and the business she occupies in bad faith. 4.- That the defendant be ordered to pay both costs of this action, as well as the damages caused".-* * * * * 2).- The defendant answered the claim and interposed against it the defenses of lack of jurisdiction by reason of the subject matter, necessary joinder of passive parties, lack of passive and active standing to sue (falta de legitimatium ab causam pasiva y activa), and lack of right.
And she counterclaimed against the plaintiff for the judgment to declare: "A.- That the counterclaimant [Nombre2] is the sole and legitimate owner of the right of possession exercised over the land described in the first part of the counterclaim, located within the [Dirección1] , as well as of all the improvements existing on it, by virtue of having cared for, worked, and exercised exclusive dominion over that area for more than three years, at the time this litis was established. B.- That [Nombre2] is likewise the legitimate and sole owner of the commercial business named La Reserva, located on the same land, given that she built and established it with her own resources, and has exploited it with all its elements from 1987 to date. C.- That consequently, the contract entered into between the counterdefendant and [Nombre3] , before Notary Fernando Morera Solano, in San José at 1:00 p.m. on July 11, 1990, is null, devoid of all effect and value, given that another person's property was sold, belonging solely to the counterclaimant, without her having granted consent or at least had knowledge about the supposed contract.
D.- That any right of possession claimed by the counterdefendant over the land described in the first fact of the counterclaim has already prescribed by virtue of her not having exercised that possession at any time, for a period of more than three years. E.- That the counterclaimant is not obligated to recognize improvements, damages to the counterdefendant for not having introduced or legally acquired them, nor having suffered them, and because the supposed purchase contracts entered into by [Nombre1] were done in bad faith, with the aim of harming the companion of her son, the counterclaimant. F.- That the counterdefendant [Nombre1] together with the Estate of [Nombre3] , must pay to [Nombre2] the damages caused to her at the time this judgment becomes final, moral damages for the suffering and worries involved in an ordinary lawsuit, and the actions taken within the probate proceeding to deprive her of the elements that constitute the commercial business La Reserva, which are estimated at five hundred thousand colones and the damages represented by the disturbance to her right of possession, the exploitation of the same business and eventual deprivation of some movable goods that the estate might have obtained from the same establishment, which are estimated at three hundred thousand colones.
G.- That both counterdefendants must pay personal and procedural costs of this trial".-* * * * * 3).- The plaintiff-counterdefendant answered the counterclaim filed against her and interposed against it the defenses of lack of right, lack of active and passive standing to sue (falta de legitimatium ad causam activa y pasiva), and the generic defense of sine actione agit.-* * * * * 4).- Attorney Damaris Vargas Vásquez, Judge of first instance, in a judgment issued at thirteen hours on the thirtieth of April of nineteen ninety-seven, ordered: "THEREFORE: Based on the considerations set forth, cited jurisprudence and articles 1, 2, 6, 26, 54, 55, 56 and 79 of the Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria, 693 of the Código Procesal Civil and 277, 295, 330 and following of the Civil Code, applied supplementarily, it is resolved: The defenses of lack of right and lack of active and passive standing interposed by the defendant are rejected and the ORDINARY CLAIM filed by [Nombre1] against [Nombre2] is declared with merit in the manner to be stated:
These, as has been seen, contain various forest property regimes and limit the use and exploitation of resources by private individuals. It is not possible to acquire title over lands with forest cover (cobertura boscosa) unless it is demonstrated that the forest resource has been protected. Its constitutional basis is found in the second paragraph of Article 45 of the Constitution. * Through limitations of social interest, the institution of forest property is protected. It is not the same as civil property or agrarian property; it is property held for conservation, and therefore any possessory acts carried out on it must have that purpose. In summary, we could say that forest possession has had its legal regime in the aforementioned Forest Laws. It applies to a specific good: lands covered by forests or of forest aptitude. The owner or possessor of such goods has the obligation to conserve the forest resources and may not exploit them economically except under the restrictions or limitations imposed by law.
For the legal resolution of conflicts arising from the exercise of forest possession, that special legal regime and the principles of Forest Law must be applied. Article 7 of the Law of Possessory Informations, as amended by Forest Law No. 4465, provided, before its amendment:* "Article 7.- When the property to which the information refers is included within an area declared a national park, biological reserve, forest reserve, or protective zone, the title applicant must demonstrate having exercised decennial possession at least ten years prior to the effective date of the respective law or decree creating the respective wild area. Farms that are outside those areas and have forests may only be titled if the petitioner demonstrates having possessed them for ten years or more and having protected said natural resource, on the understanding that the property must be duly delineated with fences or lanes." In other words, the de facto power in forest possession applies solely to the natural resource "forests" or "lands of forest aptitude," and possessory acts must be directed toward their protection and conservation.
Only if that is demonstrated could lands be acquired or registered in favor of such possessors. VIII.- But when it comes to the ecological function of forest property and ecological possession, the protection of the legal system is more demanding and profound. Ecological possession is distinct from agrarian forest possession and from forest possession itself. This is so because it is an institution belonging to Ecological Law. If its principal object is the protection of natural resources in general and ecological balance, it is evident that ecological possession must "reflect" the object of its discipline. Thus, the scope of ecological possession is, evidently, much broader than that of forest possession. * * * In ecological possession, the de facto power must apply to a territorial area where an ecosystem exists, and possessory acts must be directed toward protecting those ecosystems, ensuring the study and scientific research of all the interrelations existing there, whether involving plant life (and not only forests) or animals and their relationship with conservation and human existence itself.
In other words, possessory acts in ecological possession would be both omissive and active, whose combination allows for the conservation of ecological balance. For this reason, the subject or "ecological possessor" must be a natural or legal person with sufficient technical capacity and knowledge of ecological balance and ecosystem management. The structure of ecological possession, that is, the set of rights and obligations derived from it, would be subject to a series of regulations contained in various special laws, such as the Organic Law of the Environment, the Forest Law, the Wildlife Conservation Law, the Health Law, the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone Law, etc., as well as all those International Conventions signed by our country for the protection of the environment. In general, the applicable legal regime would be agro-environmental law. Indeed, the resolution of conflicts born from the exercise of ecological possession, in the absence of special regulations, must reflect the principles of Ecological Law that, especially at the constitutional level, have been created, such as:* The protection of the landscape, the rational exploitation of resources, the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.-" (See in the same sense the votes of this Tribunal No. 77 of 9:10 hours on February 12, 1997 and No. 154 of 9:20 hours on April 4, 1997).-" (Thus cited in resolution of 14:50 hrs. on February 27, 1998, which is Vote No. 143) And in the same sense and as cited, in part transcribed resolution of 11:40 hrs. on November 7, 1997, corresponding to Vote No. 721 issued in an ordinary proceeding for better right of possession).
The Tribunal also considered in a possessory information proceeding seeking to register a piece of land within the Golfo Dulce Forest Reserve: "...VIII. Forest possession has had its legal regime in the aforementioned Forest Laws. It applies to a specific good: lands covered by forests or of forest aptitude. The owner or possessor of such goods has the obligation to conserve the forest resources and may not exploit them economically except under the restrictions or limitations imposed by law. For the legal resolution of conflicts arising from the exercise of forest possession, that special legal regime and the principles of Forest Law must be applied. The Forest Law establishes as an essential function and priority of the State, to ensure the protection, conservation, exploitation, industrialization, administration, and promotion of the country's forest resources, in accordance with the principle of rational use of renewable natural resources (Article 1).
All lands of forest aptitude and the country's forests, whether state-owned or under private domain, are subject to the purposes of the law. The forest regime is the set of provisions, among others, of a legal, economic, and technical nature, established by the law, its regulations, and other norms, that regulate the conservation, renewal, exploitation, and development of the country's forests and lands of forest aptitude. Therefore, to acquire forest property by usucapion (usucapión), the exercise of forest possession is required. Article 7 of the Law of Possessory Informations, as amended by the Forest Law, provided, before its amendment: "Article 7.- When the property to which the information refers is included within an area declared a national park, biological reserve, forest reserve, or protective zone, the title applicant must demonstrate having exercised decennial possession at least ten years prior to the effective date of the respective law or decree creating the respective wild area.* Farms that are outside those areas and have forests may only be titled if the petitioner demonstrates having possessed them for ten years or more and having protected said natural resource, on the understanding that the property must be duly delineated with fences or lanes." In other words, the de facto power in forest possession applies to the natural resource "forests" or "lands of forest aptitude," and possessory acts must be directed toward their protection and conservation.
Only if that is demonstrated could lands be acquired or registered in favor of such possessors.* Otherwise, they would become part of the natural heritage of the state (Article 13 of the new Forest Law), with an unseizable and inalienable character, and their possession shall not create any right in favor of private individuals (Article 14 of the new Forest Law). IX. The Superior Agrarian Tribunal had interpreted Article 7 of the Law of Possessory Informations, before being amended by the new Forest Law, as requiring personal possession, exercised ten years prior to the creation of the forest reserve or protected area (See in that sense Votes No. 169 of 9 hours 40 minutes on March 22, 1991 and No. 251 of 14 hours on April 17, 1991). It explained:* "This Tribunal has no doubt that Article 7 of the Law of Possessory Informations, before the amendment introduced by Forest Law No. 7124 of June twenty-eighth, nineteen ninety and in its current text, departs from the general rule established in Article 1 of the Law of Possessory Informations which provides:* "When the title applicant has not had decennial possession of the property, they may avail themselves of the possession exercised by their transferors, in accordance with Article 863 of the Civil Code; but in this case, they must present a public document evidencing the transfer of their right, although not that of previous possessors; this is stated for the following reason: as relevant, numeral 7 cited before the amendment provided: "When the property to which the information refers contains a forest area of half or more of its extent, it will be necessary to prove proper acquisition, with a public document executed more than ten years prior." If the title applicant in the latter case was required to provide a public document executed more than ten years prior proving the acquisition of the property to be titled, it was because it was intended that, in those cases, the title applicant had personally exercised the decennial possession, since that proof guaranteed the direct possession of the one promoting the possessory information, as no one would provide a title executed more than ten years earlier if they had not personally maintained possession.
With the amendment, what happened was that what was implicitly stated before the amendment was expressly stated, because now it is established that when the property is located within an area declared a national park, biological reserve, forest reserve, or protective zone, the title applicant must demonstrate having exercised decennial possession at least ten years prior to the effective date of the respective law or decree creating the respective wild area..." However, that interpretation of Article 7 of the Forest Law was challenged as "unconstitutional" by the title applicant here, and the Constitutional Chamber, in Vote No. 4587-97 (published in Judicial Bulletin No. 188 on October 1, 1997) declared, in what is relevant, the following: "The action is partially granted and, consequently, the interpretation of Article 7 of Law of Possessory Informations No. 139 of July 14, 1941, whose text corresponds to the amendment produced by Forest Law No. 7174 of June 28, 1990, according to which, to title lands included in national parks, biological reserves, forest reserves, or protective zones, personal possession is required, exercised ten years prior to the effective date of the law or decree creating the protected wild area, and which does not favor, in these cases, possession transmitted by previous possessors, is unconstitutional.
This judgment is declaratory and its effects retroactive, without prejudice to rights acquired in good faith..." ...X. Forest Law No. 7575 also maintained the restrictions in the Law of Possessory Informations for being able to title lands included in protected areas. In this regard, the current article provides: "Article 7.-When the property to which the information refers is included within a protected wild area, whatever its management category, the title applicant must demonstrate being the holder of legal rights over the decennial possession, exercised at least ten years prior to the effective date of the law or decree creating that wild area." (Emphasis ours). That is, the legislator's intention is that those areas have remained protected, conserved throughout this entire period, even before the creation of the Reserves and protected areas. In the present case, the title applicant has met all the requirements of the special legislation to be able to register in her name a property right acquired by usucapion, within a protected area...
The property, as indicated, is within the Golfo Dulce Forest Reserve, created in April 1978. It is a Protected Wild Area, understood as a "Space, whatever its management category, structured by the Executive Branch to conserve and protect it, taking into consideration its geographic, biotic, social, and economic parameters that justify the public interest." Undoubtedly, the area constitutes an important green space within the zone, as it serves as an area of preservation for the forest Ecosystem, and in turn provides very important environmental services to agroforestry activities such as those carried out by the interested company itself. Therefore, the work that the title applicant has exercised, in the agroforestry possession of said zones, is extremely valuable for current and future generations. Having demonstrated decennial possession, ten years prior to the creation of the Golfo Dulce Forest Reserve, it is appropriate to grant the approval of these proceedings, and order the Public Registry of Property to register the property in her name, subject to the limitations and restrictions of the Forest Law, and the Maritime-Terrestrial Zone Law..." (Consult resolution of 14:50 hrs. on February 20, 1998, which is Vote No. 113). * * * * * VII.- The plaintiff in the prayer of the complaint seeks the following: "1.- That the farm described in fact one of this complaint is the exclusive property of my principal, Mrs. [Name1] .- 2- That the defendant inhabits, in bad faith, the property indicated in fact one and by mere tolerance of my principal.- 3.- That because my principal has put an end to the state of tolerance of the defendant, the latter must vacate the property and the business she occupies in bad faith.- 4.- That the defendant be ordered to pay both costs of this action, as well as the damages caused.-".
(folios 4 v and 5). From another angle, the defendant counterclaims so that the judgment establishes, among other points: "A.- That the counterclaimant [Name2] is the sole and legitimate owner of the right of possession exercised over the land described in section one of the counterclaim, located within Braulio Carrillo Park, as well as all improvements existing on it, by virtue of having cared for it, worked it, and exercised exclusive dominion over that area for more than three years, at the time this litigation was initiated.- B.- That likewise [Name2] is the legitimate and sole owner of the Commercial business called La Reserva, located on the same land, given that she built and established it with her own resources, and has exploited it with all its elements from 1987 to date. C.- That consequently, the contract entered into between the defendant and [Name3] , before Notary Fernando Morera Solano, in San José at 13 hrs on July 11, 1990, is null, lacking all effect and value, given that another person's property was sold, belonging solely to the counterclaimant, without her having granted consent or at least having knowledge of the supposed contract.
D.- That any right of possession claimed by the counter-defendant over the land described in fact one of the counterclaim has already prescribed by virtue of her not having exercised that possession at any time, for a period of more than three years..." . (folio 16). In accordance with what is sought both in the complaint and in the counterclaim, it is appropriate to note that neither of the parties in this proceeding demonstrated exercising agrarian or environmental possessory acts of protection, rational use of the forested area that it had and in which the property subject to this litigation is immersed. Rather, there has been an excessive, unjustified, irrational, and total depredation of what the land presented, without any consideration for the natural resources, noting a total disregard for the ecosystems. The plaintiff, given the possession she alleges and proved having had for ten years on the property, could have reported the excessive and total logging that was carried out on the land, razing all the vegetation that covered it, of which, according to the judicial inspection conducted by the Trial Judge in June 1992 that appears at folios 24 and 25, there was still part of a wooded area.
The only thing that has been demonstrated and that the plaintiff did was to build and maintain the existing commercial premises on the land, for which she obtained permission from the area's Municipality, as well as harvesting coffee and palmito crops on a small scale. Consequently, the right of ownership and possession of the property cannot be declared in this proceeding in favor of any of the parties; in the case sought by the plaintiff, with all the attributes of ownership, since it is not even a property registered in her name in the Public Registry of Property, hence a reivindicatory action does not prosper, as it is an unregistered property; what could eventually be filed is an action for better right of possession, for which, according to reiterated national jurisprudence shared by the Tribunal, three requirements must be met:
Tribunal Agrario * * * * * VOTO 238.-* * * * * TRIBUNAL AGRARIO.- Goicoechea, a las diez horas cincuenta minutos del diecisiete de abril de mil novecientos noventa y ocho.-* * * * * Proceso Ordinario, establecido ante el Juzgado Agrario de Pococí, Guácimo y Sarapiquí, por [Nombre1] , contra [Nombre2] , ambas de calidades en autos conocidas. Intervienen además los licenciados Erick Núñez Rodríguez y Seyla Meza Pérez, en sus condiciones de Defensores Públicos de la parte actora y demandada en su orden. Se ha tenido en este proceso como parte a la Procuraduría General de la República.-* RESULTANDO:* * * * * 1).- La presente demanda, estimada en la suma de quinientos mil colones sin céntimos, es para que en sentencia se declare: "1.- Que la finca descrita en el hecho primero de esta demanda, es de exclusiva propiedad de mi poderdante, señora [Nombre1] . 2.- Que la demandada habita de mala fe, el inmueble indicado en el hecho primero, y por pura tolerancia de mi poderdante. 3.- Que por haber puesto fin mi poderdante al estado de tolerancia de la demandada, ésta debe desalojar el inmueble, y negocio que ocupa de mala fe. 4.- Que se condene a la demandada a pagar ambas costas de esta acción, así como los daños y perjuicios ocasionados".-* * * * * 2).- La accionada contestó la demanda e interpuso a la misma las excepciones de falta de competencia por razón de la materia, litis consorcio pasiva necesaria, falta de legitimatium ab causam pasiva y activa y falta de derecho.
Y contrademandó a la actora para que en sentencia se declare: "A.- Que la reconventora [Nombre2] es la única y legítima dueña del derecho de posesión ejercido sobre el terreno descrito en el aparte primero de la reconvención, ubicado dentro del [Dirección1] , así como de todas las mejoras existentes en el mismo, en virtud de haberlo cuidado, trabajado, y ejercido exclusivo dominio sobre esa área por más de tres años, al momento de establecerse la presente litis. B.- Que igualmente es [Nombre2] , legítima y única dueña del Negocio comercial denominado La Reserva, ubicado en el mismo terreno, dado que lo construyó y constituyó con sus propios recursos, y lo ha explotado con todos sus elementos desde 1987 hasta la fecha. C.- Que en consecuencia es nulo, carente de todo efecto y valor, el contrato celebrado entre la reconvenida y [Nombre3] , ante el Notario Fernando Morera Solano, en San José a las 13hrs del 11 de julio de 1990, dado que se vendió cosa ajena, perteneciente únicamente a la reconventora, sin que ella hubiese otorgado consentimiento o al menos tenido conocimiento sobre el supuesto contrato.
D.- Que cualquier derecho de posesión pretendido por la contrademandada sobre el terreno descrito en el hecho primero de la reconvención ya prescribió en virtud de no haber ella ejercido esa posesión en ningún momento, por espacio de más de tres años. E.-Que la recontrademandante no está obligada a reconocer mejoras daños o perjuicios a la reconvenida por no haberlas introducido ni adquirido legalmente, ni haberlos sufrido, y porque los supuestos contratos de compara celebrados por [Nombre1] lo fueron de mala fe, con el afán de perjudicar a la compañera de su hijo, la reconventora. F.- Que al reconvenida [Nombre1] junto con la Sucesión de [Nombre3] , deberá pagar a [Nombre2] los daños y perjuicios que le hay causado al momento de quedar firme esta sentencia, daños morales por el sufrimiento y las preocupaciones que implican una demanda ordinaria, y las acciones realizadas dentro del juicio sucesorio para despojarle de los elementos que conforma el Negocio comercial La Reserva, que se estiman en quinientos mil colones y los perjuicios representados por la perturbación a su derecho de posesión, a la explotación del mismo negocio y eventual privación de algunos bienes muebles que pudiese haber obtenido la sucesión del mismo establecimiento, los que se estiman en trescientos mil colones.
G.- Que ambos reconvenidos deberán pagar costas personales y procesales de este juicio".-* * * * * 3).- La actora reconvenida contestó la contrademanda establecida en su contra e interpuso a la misma las excepciones de falta de derecho, falta de legitimatium ad causam activa y pasiva y la genérica de sine actione agit.-* * * * * 4).- La licenciada Damaris Vargas Vásquez, Jueza de primera instancia, en sentencia dictada a las trece horas del treinta de abril de mil novecientos noventa y siete, dispuso: "POR TANTO: Con fundamento en las consideraciones expuestas, jurisprudencia citada y artículos 1, 2, 6, 26, 54, 55, 56 y 79 de la Ley de Jurisdicción Agraria, 693 del Código Procesal Civil y 277, 295, 330 y siguientes del Código Civil, aplicado en forma supletoria, se resuelve: Se rechazan las excepciones de falta de derecho y falta de legitimación activa y pasiva opuestas por la demandada y se declara con lugar la DEMANDA ORDINARIA Planteada por [Nombre1] contra [Nombre2] en la forma que se dirá:
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