← Environmental Law Center← Centro de Derecho Ambiental
Res. 03007-2025 Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo · Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo · 27/03/2025
OutcomeResultado
The Court held the two companies liable for unpermitted dikes and earthworks, attributed the failure to conduct studies to them and the public entities, and ordered the State, Municipality, and CNE to coordinate flood-prevention and mitigation measures.El Tribunal declaró responsables a las dos compañías por ejecutar diques y movimientos de tierra sin permisos, atribuyó también a estas y a los entes públicos la omisión de estudios y ordenó al Estado, la Municipalidad y la CNE adoptar coordinadamente medidas contra las inundaciones.
SummaryResumen
The Court partially granted the action brought by residents of San Pancracio, Siquirres, who were affected by flooding. It found that Bandeco and Chiquita Brands Costa Rica constructed dikes and carried out earthworks in rivers and canals without the legally required permits. It also held those companies, together with the State, the Municipality of Siquirres, and the National Commission for Risk Prevention and Emergency Response, responsible for failing to conduct the studies required for the works. The Court rejected the statute-of-limitations and standing defenses: the collective constitutional-amparo proceeding filed in 2003 interrupted the limitations period, and the claimants had standing as affected landowners or possessors. It further determined that the settlement’s location in a flood-prone area and the former Agrarian Development Institute’s conduct did not eliminate the defendants’ responsibility. The public entities were ordered to coordinate measures, within one year after the judgment becomes final, to prevent, avoid, and reduce flood impacts, subject to judicial enforcement review.El Tribunal declaró parcialmente con lugar la demanda promovida por habitantes de San Pancracio de Siquirres afectados por inundaciones. Determinó que Bandeco y Chiquita Brands Costa Rica realizaron construcciones de diques y movimientos de tierra en ríos y canales sin los permisos exigidos, y que esas empresas, junto con el Estado, la Municipalidad de Siquirres y la Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, omitieron los estudios necesarios para ejecutar las obras. Rechazó las excepciones de prescripción y falta de legitimación activa y pasiva: el amparo colectivo interpuesto en 2003 interrumpió la prescripción y los actores estaban legitimados por su condición de propietarios o poseedores afectados. Asimismo, descartó que la ubicación inundable del asentamiento o la actuación del antiguo IDA eliminaran la responsabilidad de los demandados. Ordenó a los entes públicos coordinar, dentro de un año desde la firmeza, medidas para prevenir, evitar y reducir los impactos de las inundaciones, sujetas a verificación judicial.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Corporación de Desarrollo Agrícola del Monte, Sociedad Anónima and Chiquita Brands Costa Rica, Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada are declared responsible for constructing dikes and carrying out earthworks in rivers and canals in the San Pancracio area of Siquirres without the permits required by law; those companies, as well as the State, the Municipality of Siquirres, and the National Commission for Risk Prevention and Emergency Response, are responsible for failing to conduct the studies necessary to perform those works. The defendant public entities are also ordered, within one year after this judgment becomes final, to coordinate the actions and works necessary, within the scope of their respective powers, to prevent, avoid, and reduce the negative impacts of flooding on the claimants and the inhabitants of San Pancracio and neighboring areas. At a party’s request, compliance with all ordered actions and works must be verified in accordance with the legal system by the enforcement judge of this Court.Se declara que Corporación de Desarrollo Agrícola del Monte, Sociedad Anónima y Chiquita Brands Costa Rica, Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada, son responsables de realizar sin los permisos exigidos por la ley, las construcciones referentes a los diques, movimientos de tierras en los ríos y canales, en la zona de San Pancracio de Siquirres, siendo responsables tanto dichas compañías, como el Estado, la Municipalidad de Siquirres y la Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, de omitir la realización de los estudios necesarios para realizar dichas obras. Se condena además a los entes públicos demandados, en el plazo de un año a partir de la firmeza de esta sentencia, realizar de forma coordinada las acciones y obras necesarias, dentro del ámbito sus competencias, para prevenir, evitar y reducir los impactos negativos de las inundaciones, en perjuicio de los aquí actores y los habitantes de San Pancracio y lugares vecinos. A iniciativa de parte, todas las acciones y obras ordenadas deben ser verificadas en su cumplimiento conforme al ordenamiento, por el juez o jueza de Ejecución de este Tribunal.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Mientras que se tramite un proceso de protección de derechos fundamentales, como lo es por antonomasia el amparo constitucional, no puede operar el plazo de prescripción."
"While a proceeding for the protection of fundamental rights—most notably constitutional amparo—is pending, the limitation period cannot run."
Considerando XI
"Mientras que se tramite un proceso de protección de derechos fundamentales, como lo es por antonomasia el amparo constitucional, no puede operar el plazo de prescripción."
Considerando XI
"No es indispensable para reclamar por las acciones y omisiones que provocan las omisiones, haber sido adjudicatario del Proyecto, habida cuenta que las inundaciones en esa región, no solo afectan al Asentamiento, sino a otras muchas comunidades cercanas."
"To bring a claim concerning the actions and omissions that cause the harm, it is not essential to have been a beneficiary of the project, given that flooding in the region affects not only the settlement but many nearby communities."
Considerando XI
"No es indispensable para reclamar por las acciones y omisiones que provocan las omisiones, haber sido adjudicatario del Proyecto, habida cuenta que las inundaciones en esa región, no solo afectan al Asentamiento, sino a otras muchas comunidades cercanas."
Considerando XI
"No pudiendo a partir de esa obligaciones de las entidades públicas, existir culpa de la víctima, por parte de los pobladores, que no manejaban esa información, a partir de sus limitadas condiciones educativas, según se evidenció en el juicio."
"Given those obligations of the public entities, the residents—who lacked that information because of their limited educational circumstances, as shown at trial—cannot be deemed at fault as victims."
Considerando XI
"No pudiendo a partir de esa obligaciones de las entidades públicas, existir culpa de la víctima, por parte de los pobladores, que no manejaban esa información, a partir de sus limitadas condiciones educativas, según se evidenció en el juicio."
Considerando XI
"La situación mencionada, no inhibe la responsabilidad de compañías privadas y entidades públicas, en la situación de la falta de evaluación ambiental de los diques, canalizaciones y movimientos de tierra y la desprotección de los pobladores, ante la situación de inundaciones existentes."
"That circumstance does not eliminate the responsibility of private companies and public entities for the lack of environmental assessment of dikes, channel works, and earthworks, or for leaving residents unprotected against the existing flood conditions."
Considerando XI
"La situación mencionada, no inhibe la responsabilidad de compañías privadas y entidades públicas, en la situación de la falta de evaluación ambiental de los diques, canalizaciones y movimientos de tierra y la desprotección de los pobladores, ante la situación de inundaciones existentes."
Considerando XI
Full documentDocumento completo
EV Template Generation: F:\Gestion-Judicial\Servidor de Archivos\Modelos\Contencioso\TCRESOL016.dpj ????????????????
CASE FILE:
PROCEEDING:
ORDINARY PROCEEDING (PROCESO DE CONOCIMIENTO) PLAINTIFF:
[Nombre 003] DEFENDANT:
ATLANTICA LIMITADA COMPAÑIA BANANERA N° 2025003007 TRIBUNAL CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO Y CIVIL DE HACIENDA, SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL, SAN JOSÉ, GOICOECHEA, at nine forty-seven in the morning on veintisiete de Marzo del dos mil veinticinco.- By order of the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, judgment is issued again in the ordinary proceeding involving the following persons:
1. [Nombre 001], [...]; 2. [Nombre 002], [...]; 3. [Nombre 003], [...]; 4. [Nombre 004] [...]; 5. [Nombre 005], [...]; 6. [Nombre 006], [...]; 7. [Nombre 007], [...]; 8. [Nombre 008], [...]; 9. [Nombre 009], [...]; 10. [Nombre 010], [...]; 11. [Nombre 011], [...]; 12. Estate (sucesión) of the late [Nombre 012], [...], represented by the provisional executor (albacea provisional), [Nombre 013], [...] (registered with the Registro de Personas Jurídicas under entry [Valor 001]); 13. [Nombre 014], [...]; 14. [Nombre 015], [...]; 15. [Nombre 016], [...]; 16. [Nombre 017], [...]; 17. [Nombre 018], [...]; 18. [Nombre 019], [...]; 19. [Nombre 020], [...]; 20. [Nombre 021], [...]; · 21. [Nombre 022], [...]; 22. [Nombre 023], [...]; 23. [Nombre 024], [...]; 24. [Nombre 025], [...]; 25. [Nombre 026], [...].
26. [Nombre 027], [...]; 27. [Nombre 028], [...], all represented by Mariela Martínez Gómez, bar-card N° 20792, Roger Guevara Vega, bar-card N° 10097, and John Brenes Rodríguez, bar-card N° 27072 (special judicial attorneys-in-fact (apoderados especiales judiciales)); against:
1. Corporación de Desarrollo Agrícola del Monte, Sociedad Anónima (hereinafter, “Bandeco”), represented by Álvaro Meza Lázarus, bar-card N° 2502, and Jimmy Meza Lázarus, bar-card N° 5938 (special judicial attorneys-in-fact); 2. Chiquita Brands Costa Rica Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada (formerly known as Compañía Bananera Atlántica Limitada, “COBAL”), hereinafter “CB,” represented by Aldo Milano Sánchez, bar-card N° 4730, and María Lourdes Echandi Gurdián, bar-card N° 4932 (special judicial attorneys-in-fact); 3. The State, represented by Bernardo Lara Flores, bar-card N° 8009 (Deputy Attorney General (Procurador Adjunto)); 4. The Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, hereinafter “the CNE,” represented by Arianna Jiménez Espinoza, bar-card N° 12211, and José Fernando Rodríguez Paniagua, bar-card 12301 (special judicial attorneys-in-fact); and 5. The Municipalidad de Siquirres, hereinafter “the Municipalidad” or “the municipality,” represented by José Alonso Valverde Fonseca, bar-card N° 11209 (special judicial attorney-in-fact).- The Instituto de Desarrollo Rural (initially known as Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario), hereinafter “the INDER,” appears as an interested third party (tercero interesado), represented by Natanael Barrantes Azofeifa, bar-card N° 19857 (special judicial attorney-in-fact). All of the aforementioned persons are of legal age, and the representatives are attorneys.-
Whereas:
a- The CNE filed its answer on 9 de junio del 2011. It raised no defenses (excepciones) (1287-1296); b- The State filed its answer on 9 de junio del 2011. It raised the defenses of statute of limitations (prescripción), lack of standing to sue and be sued (falta de legitimación activa y pasiva), and failure to state a legal right (falta de derecho). It requests that the action be dismissed and that the opposing party be ordered to pay both categories of costs (ambas costas), with interest thereon (1297-1324); c- Bandeco filed its answer on 23 de junio del 2011. It raised the defenses of defective representation (defectuosa representación), lack of capacity of those filing the complaint, lack of standing (falta de legitimación), and failure to state a legal right. It requests that the action be dismissed and that the opposing party be ordered to pay both categories of costs, with interest thereon (1326-1529); d- CB filed its answer on 23 de junio del 2011. It raised the defenses of lack of standing to sue and failure to state a legal right. It requests that the action be dismissed and that the plaintiffs be ordered to pay both categories of costs (1659-1686).
e- The Municipalidad de Siquirres filed its answer on 24 de junio del 2011. It raised the defenses of failure to exhaust administrative remedies (falta de agotamiento de la vía administrativa), failure to join all necessary parties (falta de integración de la litis consorcio necesaria), and failure to state a legal right. It requests that the action be dismissed and that the plaintiffs be ordered to pay both categories of costs (1689-1712); By an order issued at thirteen hours and eleven minutes on veintiuno de setiembre del año dos mil once, the Tribunal deemed the action answered in a timely and proper manner (1817-1818).-
a- CNE, 8 de noviembre del 2012 (2053-2055); b- Bandeco, 12 de noviembre del 2012 (2056-2066); c- CB, 13 de noviembre del 2012 (2072); e- The State, 4 de diciembre del 2012 (2089-2091); 8) The preliminary hearing (audiencia preliminar) was conducted by Judge Godelieve López Salas and held on 12 de abril del 2013. On that occasion, the claims for relief (pretensiones) were established, and the preliminary defense of a defective complaint (demanda defectuosa) raised by CB was granted. The plaintiffs were directed to make the following corrections: 1-Set forth clear, precise, and detailed facts, which must be plain and straightforward; 2- Identify the affirmative acts and omissions attributed to each defendant (the minutes appear at images 2139-2144); 9) The court-ordered restatement of the complaint (reformulación de la demanda) was completed on 19 de abril del 2013 (2145-2236); 10) The co-defendants answered the restated complaint as follows:
a- Bandeco, 1 de julio del 2013 (2388-2393); b- COBAL, 3 de julio del 2013 (2394-2396); COBAL again on 8 de julio del 2013 (2398-2408); c- The CNE, 8 de julio del 2013 (2428-2440); d- The State, 12 de julio del 2013 (2448-2472); e- Bandeco, 28 de agosto del 2013 (2476-2531); f- The Municipalidad, 30 de agosto del 2013 (2544); 11) The preliminary hearing continued on 30 de agosto y 11 de noviembre del 2013 y el 21 de marzo del 2014. On those occasions, the proceeding was procedurally regularized (se saneó el proceso), the evidence was admitted, and the matter was set for trial (véanse las minutas a imágenes 2545-2550, 2697-2701 y 2721-2724).
One eleven-cubic-foot refrigerator 158.000,00 One six-piece living-room set 118.000,00 One wooden wardrobe 62.000,00 Three single beds 318.000,00 Paint damage to a small house 250.000,00
Two thousand six hundred meters of fencing 1.3000.000,00 (sic)
barbed wire Eight culvert crossings 240.000,00 Four thousand board inches of lumber 320.000,00 Forty hectares of pasture 5.923.620,00 One water pump 25.000,00 Repair of a livestock scale 10.000,00 Repair of a cattle squeeze chute 30.000,00 Fifteen sacks of livestock salt 60.000,00 Eight sacks of fertilizer 40.000,00 Four drowned calves 600.000,00 Three drowned pigs weighing 30 kilograms 90.000,00 each TOTAL DAMAGES 9.544.620 b) NON-PECUNIARY HARM (DAÑO MORAL): This corresponds to the distress suffered by Mr. [Name 001] upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants jeopardized his life, family finances, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing his life plan and disrupting his professional and personal expectations.
The non-pecuniary harm is estimated at 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 69.544.620,00.
One ATLAS electric stove 133.377,15 Two wardrobes 24.000,00 One three-piece living-room set 118.000,00 One eleven-piece refrigerator l58.000,00 One four-piece dining set 130.915,04 Four complete single beds 204.000,00 One kitchen cabinet 58.000,00 One fourteen-pound-capacity washing machine 78.000,00 One 42m2 wooden house 1.000.000,00 Four hectares of pasture 592.362,00 Half a hectare of plantains 262.928,04 Eight hundred meters of fencing 400.000,00 Six drowned pigs weighing twenty kilograms 240.000,00 each Twenty chickens 80.000,00 Two sacks of fertilizer 10.000,00 TOTAL DAMAGES 3.589.579,23 b) NON-PECUNIARY HARM: This corresponds to the distress suffered by Mr. [Name 002] upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants jeopardized his life, the lives of his family members, family finances, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing his life plan and disrupting his professional and personal expectations. Additionally, he was left entirely without institutional or state assistance despite being the victim of a situation that endangered his life and the lives of close family members for approximately 8 years. The non-pecuniary harm is estimated at 10.000.000,00.
Consequential losses resulting from the loss of the plantain plantation amount to 1.377.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 24.966.579,23.
The origin of the damage is the same as for Mr. [Name 001] a) DAMAGES:
One 48 m2 mixed-material house 8.000.000,00 Four sacks of manure 20.000,00 One cow 150.000,00 TOTAL DAMAGES 8.170.000,00 b) Non-pecuniary harm: for the same reason and in the same amount as for Mr. [Name 002].- e) CONSEQUENTIAL LOSSES: The parcel is uninhabitable, and the feasibility of rehabilitating it for agricultural and livestock activities is limited by the high risk and the refusal of banking institutions to provide credit and financing for such activities; the resulting loss is therefore estimated at 12.000.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 30.170.000,00 4) [Name 004]:
The origin of the damage is the same as for Mr. [Name 001].
The damages and losses consist of the following:
One ATLAS refrigerator 118.000,00 One electric stove 133.3 77,15 One wardrobe 62.000,00 One freezer 450.000,00 One living-room set 118.000,00 One dining set 130. 915,04 Ten sacks of salt 50.000,00 Two sacks of chicken feed 10.000,00 Five pigs weighing approximately thirty kilos each 300.000,00 Thirty chickens 60.000,00 Twenty-five broiler chickens 25.000,00 Ten hectares of pasture 1.539.696,90 A 64m2 wooden house 2.000.000,00 TOTAL DAMAGES 4.996.989,09 b) Non-pecuniary damage (daño moral): for the same reason and amount as Mr. [Nombre 002].- e) LOSSES (PERJUICIOS): The parcel is uninhabitable, and the feasibility of rehabilitating it for agricultural and livestock activities is limited by the high risk and the refusal of banking institutions to provide credit and financing for such activities; therefore, the losses caused are estimated at 20.000.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 23.996.989,09.
A nine-cubic-foot ATLAS refrigerator 158.000,00 A twenty-inch PANASONIC color television 139.000,00 A SONY stereo system 215 .000,00 An OSTER blender 22.000,00 A coffee maker 12.000,00 A fan 18.000,00 A rice cooker 15.618,57 An All Star washing machine 150.000,00 A living-room set 180.000,00 A double mattress 57.315,60 A single mattress 52.859,50 TOTAL DAMAGES 1.019.793,67 b) Non-pecuniary damage: for the same reason and amount as Mr. [Nombre 002].- c) LOSSES: The parcel is uninhabitable, and the feasibility of rehabilitating it for agricultural and livestock activities is limited by the high risk and the refusal of banking institutions to provide credit and financing for such activities; therefore, the losses caused are estimated at 20.000.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 31.019. 793,67.
The damages and losses consist of the following:
An ATLAS electric stove 133.377,15 A wardrobe 62.000,00 A three-piece living-room set 118.000,00 A twenty-one-inch PANASONIC television 139.000,00 A twelve-cubic-foot ATLAS refrigerator 203.000,00 A four-piece dining-room set 130.915,64 A double bed 140.000,00 A crib 51.000,00 A kitchen cabinet 58.000,00 A dresser 80.000,00 A PANASONIC stereo system 158.000,00 A twelve-pound washing machine 82.000,00 A fan l8.000,00 A 42m2 wooden house l.600.000,00 Three forty-kilo pigs 240.000,00 TOTAL DAMAGES 3.213.292,79 e) Non-pecuniary damage: for the same reason and amount as Mr. [Nombre 002].- d) LOSSES: He has had to leave the San Pancracio Settlement due to the damage to his property and the devastating consequences of the initial floods. The parcel is uninhabitable, and the feasibility of rehabilitating it for agricultural and livestock activities is limited by the high risk and the refusal of banking institutions to provide credit and financing for such activities; therefore, the losses caused are estimated at 8.000.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 21.213.292,10.
The damages and losses consist of the following:
An electric stove 133.377,15 Two wardrobes 124.000,00 A three-piece living-room set 118.000,00 A refrigerator 203.000,00 A 21-inch SONY television 278.000,00 A four-piece dining-room set 130.975,04 A double bed 140.000,00 A kitchen cabinet 58.000,00 A dresser 80.000,00 A SANKEY stereo system l03.000,00 A SAMSUNG washing machine 82.000,00 A 56 m2 mixed-material house 1.500.000,00 Two thirty-kilo pigs l80.000,00 Ten chickens 20.000,00 Two sacks of feed concentrate 10.000,00 TOTAL DAMAGES 3.160.352,10 Non-pecuniary damage: for the same reason and amount as Mr. [Nombre 002].- b) LOSSES: The 800 m2 parcel is uninhabitable, so he had to leave the San Pancracio Settlement to find another place to live and begin his life and that of his family again from scratch; furthermore, the feasibility of rehabilitating it for agricultural and livestock activities is limited by the high risk and the refusal of banking institutions to provide credit and financing for such activities; therefore, the losses caused are estimated at 11.000.000,00 .
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 24.160.352,10.
The cause of the damages is the same as for Mr. [Nombre 001].
The damages and losses consist of the following:
A gas stove 84.588,00 A living-room set 180.000,00 A dining-room set 130.915,04 A kitchen cabinet 58.000,00 A wardrobe 62.000,00 A gas cylinder 12.000,00 Two double beds 280 . 000,00 A single bed 106.000,00 A 63m2 wooden house 950.000,00 Fifty chickens lOO.OOO,OO Four sacks of feed concentrate 20.000,00 One thousand meters of fencing 500.000,00 Half a hectare of plantains 262 . 928,04 Half a hectare of beans 88.301,72 Half a hectare of rice 117.408,00 Two hectares of pasture 296.181,00 TOTAL DAMAGES 3.248.322,20 Non-pecuniary damage: for the same reason and amount as Mr. [Nombre 002].- b) LOSSES: The parcel is uninhabitable, and the feasibility of rehabilitating it for agricultural and livestock activities is limited by the high risk and the refusal of banking institutions to provide credit and financing for such activities; therefore, the losses caused are estimated at 9.000.000,00 .
Losses resulting from the loss of the plantain crop in the amount of 1.377.000,00.
Losses resulting from the loss of the rice crop in the amount of 150.000,00.
Losses resulting from the loss of the bean crop in the amount of 100.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 23.875.322,00.
The same as for Mr. [Nombre 001].
The damages and losses consist of the following:
A gas stove ~130.900,00 A living-room set 118.000,00 A dining-room set 130.915,04 A kitchen cabinet 58.000,00 A wardrobe 62.000,00 A double bed l40.000,00 Three single beds 318.000,00 A refrigerator 158.000,00 A wooden house 2.000.000,00 Twenty-five chickens 50.000,00 Two sacks of feed concentrate 10.000.00 Two sacks of cattle salt 10.000.00 Two thirty-kilo pigs l20.000,00 Seven hundred meters of fencing 350.000,00 A sewing machine 95.717,52 Two thousand meters of fencing 1.000.000,00 TOTAL DAMAGES 4.751.532,50 b) NON-PECUNIARY DAMAGE: This corresponds to the anguish suffered by the residents of the San Pancracio Settlement upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants endangered their lives, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing their life plans and disrupting their employment and personal expectations. The non-pecuniary damage is estimated at 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 23.751.532,50 10) [Nombre 008] The same as for Mr. [Nombre 001] The damages and losses consist of the following:
A gas stove 84.588,00 A living-room set 118.833,00 A dining-room set 130.915,04 A kitchen cabinet 58.000,00 A double mattress 57.315,66 A single mattress 17.619,83 A 42 m2 wooden house 950.000,00 A 56 m2 mixed-material house 1.200 .000,00 Twenty chickens 40.000,00 Two sacks of feed concentrate 10.000,00 Two thirty-kilo pigs 120.000,00 Six hundred meters of fencing 300 .000,00 Half a hectare of plantains 262.928,04 TOTAL DAMAGES 3.051.199.50 d) This corresponds to the anguish suffered (...) upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants endangered his life, family finances, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing his life plan and disrupting his employment and personal expectations. The non-pecuniary damage is estimated at 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 18.428.199,50 11) [Nombre 027]:
The damages and losses consist of the following:
An electric stove 113.377,15 A living-room set 180.000,00 A dining-room set 130.915,04 A kitchen cabinet 58.000,00 A double bed 140.000,00 A single bed 106 .000,00 A 99 m2 wooden house 6.000.000,00 A washing machine 128.000,00 A refrigerator 158.000,00 A SONY stereo system 220.000,00 A twenty-one-inch HITACHI television 139.000,00 An electric planer 56 .000,00 A coffee maker 10.000,00 A wardrobe 62.000,00 Total loss of kitchen utensils 450.000,00 TOTAL DAMAGES 7.971.292,10 b) NON-PECUNIARY DAMAGE: This corresponds to the anguish suffered by the residents of the San Pancracio Settlement upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants endangered their lives, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing their life plans and disrupting their employment and personal expectations. The non-pecuniary damage is estimated at 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 19.471.292,10 12) [Nombre 009]: The same as for Mr. [Nombre 001].
The damages and losses consist of the following:
A three-piece living-room set 118.000,00 An eleven-cubic-foot refrigerator 158.000,00 A twenty-one-inch TOSHIBA television 139.000,00 A four-piece dining-room set 130.915,04 A double bed 140.000,00 A dresser 80.000,00 An orthopedic mattress 57.315,66 A 60 m2 concrete house 4.500.000,00 One and a half hectares of pasture 222.135,75 Half a hectare of plantains 262.928,04 Two hundred meters of fencing 1OO.OOO,OO Two drowned pigs weighing thirty kilos each 120.000,00 Thirty chickens 60.000,00 Two sacks of feed concentrate 10.000,00 Two five-month-old calves 160 .000,00 TOTAL DAMAGES 6.258.293,00 b) NON-PECUNIARY DAMAGE: This corresponds to the anguish suffered by the residents of the San Pancracio Settlement upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants endangered their lives, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing their life plans and disrupting their employment and personal expectations. The non-pecuniary damage is estimated at 10.000.000,00.
Losses resulting from the loss of the plantain crop in the amount of 1.377 .000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 31.635.293,00.
The same as for Mr. [Nombre 001].
The damages and losses consist of the following:
. a) DAMAGES:
A three-burner gas stove 84.588,00 A wardrobe 62 .000,00 A four-piece living-room set l80.000,00 A SAMSUNG television 139.000,00 A twelve-cubic-foot ATLAS refrigerator 203 .000,00 One six-piece dining set 130.915,00 One medium-sized fan 12.000,00 One double bed 140.000,00 One single bed 106.000,00 One pantry cabinet 58.000,00 One dresser 80.000,00 One PANASONIC five-CD stereo system 158.000,00 One sack of groceries 40.000,00 One twelve-pound washing machine 78 .000,00 One 30 m2 wooden house 350.000 ,00 One 70m2 wooden house 1.500.000,00 Two hectares of pasture 296.181,00 One hectare of plantains 525.856,09 Half a hectare of corn 98.757,15 One thousand eight hundred meters of fencing 900.000,00 Six fifty-kilogram pigs 600.000,00 Fifty hens 1OO.OOO,OO Fifty four-week-old broiler chickens 150.000,00 Six sacks of fertilizer 30.000,00 Two sacks of cattle salt 1.OOO,OO Two sacks of feed concentrate 2.OOO,OO TOTAL DAMAGES 5.952.297,10 b) MORAL DAMAGES (DAÑO MORAL): This corresponds to the anguish suffered by the residents of the San Pancracio settlement upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants endangered their lives, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing their life plans and disrupting their employment and personal expectations. Moral damages are estimated at 10.000.000,00.
Losses caused by the loss of the plantain crop in the amount of 2.754.000,00.
Losses caused by the loss of the bean crop in the amount of 138.757,15.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 27.845.054,25.
One 56m2 wooden house 3,360,000.00 One living room set 118,000.00 One dining set 130,915.04 One pantry cabinet 58,000.00 One wardrobe 62,000.00 Two single beds 212,000.00 One 21-inch color television 139,000.00 One fan 12,000.00 One electric stove 133,377.15 One sack of groceries 40,000.00 One manual typewriter 95,717.15 One sewing machine 30,000.00 One radio cassette recorder 95,000.00 One 90m2 dwelling 5,400,000.00 TOTAL DAMAGES 9,886,009.20 b) MORAL DAMAGES: This corresponds to the anguish suffered by the residents of the San Pancracio settlement upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants endangered their lives, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing their life plans and disrupting their employment and personal expectations. Moral damages are estimated at 10.000.000,00.
The damages and losses are as follows:
One dwelling 3,500,000.00 One 20-inch L.G. television 139,000.00 One 10-cubic-foot Atlas refrigerator 158,000.00 One Panasonic-brand stereo system 215,000.00 One 18-liter Daewoo washing machine 128,000.00 One living room set 118,000.00 One wardrobe 62,000.00 One double bed 140,000.00 One single bed 106,000.00 One dining set for four people 130,915.04 One gas cooktop 48,000.00 One six-drawer dresser 80,000.00 One rice cooker 15,618.57 One blender ... 12,000.00 TOTAL DAMAGES 4,852,533.50 b) MORAL DAMAGES: This corresponds to the anguish suffered by the residents of the San Pancracio settlement upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants endangered their lives, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing their life plans and disrupting their employment and personal expectations. Moral damages are estimated at 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 23.852.533,50.
One Atlas-brand four-burner electric stove 133,377.15 One three-burner gas stove 84,588.00 Two wardrobes 124,000.00 One three-piece living room set 118,000.00 One 21-inch Hitachi-brand television 139,000.00 One 12-cubic-foot Atlas-brand refrigerator 203,000.00 One six-piece dining set 130,915.04 Two medium-sized fans 24,000.00 One electric iron 12,000.00 One Oster blender 22,000.00 One Panasonic-brand VHS player 56,000.00 One Atlas-brand microwave oven 35,000.00 One double bed 140,000.00 Three single beds 318,000.00 One pantry cabinet 58,000.00 Four hectares of pasture 444,271.50 Half a hectare of plantains 262,928.04 One thousand five hundred meters of fencing 750,000.00 Three sacks of fertilizer 15,000.00 Two sacks of cattle salt 10,000.00 One hundred four-week-old broiler chickens 100,000.00 Fifty hens 100,000.00 One 30 m2 mixed-construction house and one 48 m2 wooden house 4,225,000.00 TOTAL DAMAGES 7,505,079.60 b) MORAL DAMAGES: This corresponds to the anguish suffered by the residents of the San Pancracio settlement upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants endangered their lives, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing their life plans and disrupting their employment and personal expectations. Moral damages are estimated at 10.000.000,00.
Losses caused by the loss of the plantain crop: 1.377.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: f. 27.882.079,60 17) [Nombre 015] The origin of the damages is the same as that indicated for Mr. [Nombre 001] The damages and losses are as follows a) DAMAGES:
One two-burner gas stove 84,588.00 One three-piece living room set 118,000.00 One fourteen-inch television 55,501.75 One four-piece dining set 130,915.00 One double bed 140,000.00 One single bed 51,000.00 One pantry cabinet 58,000.00 One dresser 80,000.00 One 30m2 mixed-construction house 950,000.00 Two thirty-kilogram pigs 240,000.00 Ten hens 20,000.00 Two sacks of feed concentrate 10,000.00 Eight hundred meters of fencing 400,000.00 One hectare of plantains 525,856.09 One-quarter hectare of corn 98,757.00 One and one-quarter hectares of rice 293,521.48 Seventy-five teak trees 3,750,000.00 TOTAL DAMAGES 6,926,139.10 b) MORAL DAMAGES: This corresponds to the anguish suffered by the residents of the San Pancracio settlement upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants endangered their lives, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing their life plans and disrupting their employment and personal expectations. Moral damages are estimated at 10.000.000,00.
Losses caused by the loss of the plantain crop: 2.754.000,00.
Losses caused by the loss of the rice crop: 880.564,44 .
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 29.560.713,54.
One electric stove 133,377.15 One Hitachi stereo system 158,000.00 One wardrobe 62,000.00 One three-piece living room set 118,000.00 One 14-inch television 55,501.75 One 12-pound washing machine 78,000.00 One refrigerator 203,000.00 One four-piece dining set 130,915.00 One double mattress 57,315.66 Two single mattresses 35,239.80 One dresser 80,000.00 One 50m2 mixed-construction house 4,000,000.00 Twelve quintals of paddy rice 1,324,800.00 One young bull and two Brahman cows weighing approximately 400 kg 3,000,000.00 One thousand meters of fencing 500,000.00 Half a hectare of plantains 242,407.40 Half a hectare of rice 224,520.59 TOTAL DAMAGES 10,403,076.00 b) MORAL DAMAGES: This corresponds to the anguish suffered by the residents of the San Pancracio settlement upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants endangered their lives, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing their life plans and disrupting their employment and personal expectations. Moral damages are estimated at 10.000.000,00.
Losses resulting from the loss of the plantain crop: 1.377.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 38.780.076,00.
One 126 m2 concrete house with ceramic flooring, two bedrooms, a living room, dining room, kitchen, and commercial premises used as a beauty salon 15,000,000.00 One 36 m2 wooden house 1,000,000.00 Two wardrobes 144,000.00 Two dressers 160,000.00 One 15-cubic-foot Atlas refrigerator 203,000.00 One 18-pound washing machine 128,000.00 One four-burner electric stove 133,377.15 One All Star stereo system 158,000.00 One kitchen cabinet and utensils 220,000.00 Clothing and footwear 300,000.00 One blender 22,000.00 One living room set 118,000.00 One double bed 140,000.00 Two single beds 124,000.00 One Singer sewing machine 95,717,75 Two hair clippers 50,000.00 Two hair dryers 50,000.00 Four pigs weighing approximately 60 kg each 480,000.00 Twenty hens 42,000.00 Seventy 1x5 wooden boards and 50 4x4 manú wood posts 100,000.00 One hectare of pasture 148,090.50 Three head of cattle 500,000.00 One cattle pen 400,000.00 TOTAL DAMAGES 19,716,184.00 b) MORAL DAMAGES: This corresponds to the anguish suffered by the residents of the San Pancracio settlement upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants endangered their lives, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing their life plans and disrupting their employment and personal expectations. Moral damages are estimated at 10.000.000,00.
One 42m2 prefabricated house 4,000,000.00 One two-story wood and fiber-cement house 7,000,000.00 One cattle pen 500,000.00 Two living-room sets 236,000.00 One dining-room set 130,915.04 One wardrobe 62,000.00 One cupboard 58,000.00 One eleven-cubic-foot Atlas refrigerator 158,000.00 One washing machine 82,000.00 Ten fiber-cement sheets 60,000.00 One gas stove 84,588.00 Three single beds 318,000.00 One double bed 140,000.00 One television stand 48,000.00 One pigsty 50,000.00 Ten hens 20,000.00 TOTAL DAMAGES 15,467,503.00 b) NON-PECUNIARY DAMAGES (DAÑO MORAL): These correspond to the distress suffered by the residents of the San Pancracio settlement upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants endangered their lives, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing their life plans and disrupting their employment and personal expectations. The non-pecuniary damages are estimated at 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 29.967.503,00.
The damages and losses are as follows:
One 96m2 wooden house 5,760,000.00 One living-room set 118,000.00 One six-person dining-room set 130,915,04 One cupboard 58,000.00 Two wardrobes 124,000.00 One double bed 140,000.00 Two single beds 212,000.00 One four-burner electric stove 133,377.15 One two-lid freezer 350,000.00 Two two-door Atlas refrigerators 316,000.00 Commercial premises used as a small grocery store (pulpería), together with its inventory 2,000,000.00 Fifteen head of cattle 1,875,000.00 Twenty-five pigs 3,000,000.00 Thirty hens 60,000.00 TOTAL DAMAGES 14,277,292.00 b) NON-PECUNIARY DAMAGES: These correspond to the distress suffered by the residents of the San Pancracio settlement upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants endangered their lives, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing their life plans and disrupting their employment and personal expectations. The non-pecuniary damages are estimated at 10.000.000,00.
The losses caused by the loss of commercial premises used as a small grocery store, with average monthly profits of 145,833.33, are determined to be 3.500.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 29.777.292,00 22) [Nombre 020] The cause of the damages is the same as that indicated for Mr. [Nombre 001] The damages and losses are as follows:
One living-room set 180,000.00 One four-person dining-room set 180,915.00 One cupboard 80,000.00 One wardrobe 62,000.00 One double bed 140,000.00 One single bed 106,000.00 One gas stove 133,377.15 Kitchen utensils and clothing 450,000.00 TOTAL DAMAGES 1,332,922.15 b) NON-PECUNIARY DAMAGES: These correspond to the distress suffered by the residents of the San Pancracio settlement upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants endangered their lives, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing their life plans and disrupting their employment and personal expectations. The non-pecuniary damages are estimated at 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 15.332.922,15.
One Atlas-brand four-burner electric stove 133,377.15 Two wardrobes 124,000.00 One three-piece living-room set 118,000.00 One Panasonic-brand 21-inch television 139,000.00 One two-door Atlas refrigerator 203,000.00 One six-piece dining-room set 130,915.04 Three double beds 420,000.00 One cupboard 58,000.00 One dresser 80,000.00 One LG five-CD sound system 158,000.00 One LG-brand twelve-pound washing machine 128,000.00 One medium-sized microwave oven 35,000.00 One 80m2 mixed-material house ... 2,000,000.00 One 48 m2 wooden house 1,500,000.00 One hectare of pasture 148,090.50 Half a hectare of plantains 262,928.04 Four hundred meters of fencing 200,000.00 Six thirty-kg pigs 360,000.00 Twenty hens 80,000.00 Two sacks of fertilizer 10,000.00 TOTAL DAMAGES 6,282,310.70 b) NON-PECUNIARY DAMAGES: These correspond to the distress suffered by the residents of the San Pancracio settlement upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants endangered their lives, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing their life plans and disrupting their employment and personal expectations. The non-pecuniary damages are estimated at 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 24.659.310,70.
One 56m2 wooden house 3,360,000.00 One living-room set 118,000.00 One dining-room set 130,915.04 One Atlas-brand 11-cubic-foot refrigerator 158,000.00 One washing machine 128,000.00 One double bed 140,000.00 Two single beds 212,000.00 •<" One cupboard 58,000.00 One wardrobe 62,000.00 One electric stove 133,377.15 One rice cooker 15,618.57 Three mattresses 103,000.00 One sound system 103,000.00 One 21-inch color television 139,000.00 Eleven 40-kg pigs 640,000.00 Fifteen hens 30,000.00 Two sacks of fertilizer 10,000.00 Three sacks of animal feed 15,000.00 One water pump 25,000.00 TOTAL DAMAGES 5,349,901.60 b) NON-PECUNIARY DAMAGES: These correspond to the distress suffered by the residents of the San Pancracio settlement upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants endangered their lives, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing their life plans and disrupting their employment and personal expectations. The non-pecuniary damages are estimated at 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 24.349.901,60.
One three-burner electric stove 133,377.15 One wardrobe 62,000.00 One three-piece living-room set 118,000.00 One television stand 28,000.00 One eleven-cubic-foot refrigerator 158,000.00 One double bed 140,000.00 One cupboard 58,000.00 One 60m2 mixed-material house with three bedrooms, living room, kitchen, laundry room, polished floor, etc. 5,000,000.00 Two thousand four hundred meters of fencing 1,200,000.00 Six sacks of fertilizer 30,000.00 Four hectares of pasture 592,362.00 One kitchen cabinet 60,000.00 One dresser 80,000.00 One-quarter hectare of plantains 131,464.02 TOTAL DAMAGES 7,851,203.17 b) NON-PECUNIARY DAMAGES: These correspond to the distress suffered by the residents of the San Pancracio settlement upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants endangered their lives, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing their life plans and disrupting their employment and personal expectations. The non-pecuniary damages are estimated at 10.000.000,00.
The losses caused by the loss of the plantain plantation are estimated at 688.500,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 28.539.703,17.
One two-story 190m2 wooden house 11,522,000.00 One living-room set 118,000.00 One dining-room set 130,915.04 One cupboard 58,000.00 Two single beds 212,000.00 One double bed 140,000.00 One 21-inch color television 139,000.00 One electric stove 133,377.00 One Mabe-brand 13-cubic-foot refrigerator 158,000.00 One four-lid freezer 200,000.00 Inventory of the small grocery store 800,000.00 Four 30-kg pigs 240,000.00 Twenty hens 40,000.00 Six sacks of fertilizer 30,000.00 Three sacks of animal feed 15,000.00 Four sacks of cattle salt 20,000.00 One hundred coconut trees 1,000,000.00 Two hectares of plantains 1,051,712.29 TOTAL DAMAGES 16,008,004.29 b) NON-PECUNIARY DAMAGES: These correspond to the distress suffered by the residents of the San Pancracio settlement upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants endangered their lives, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing their life plans and disrupting their employment and personal expectations. The non-pecuniary damages are estimated at 10.000.000,00.
Losses caused by the loss of the plantain plantation are estimated at 5.508.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 41.516.004,29.
Thirty-five hectares of pasture 5,183,167.50 Two wooden houses 3,000,000.00 One 25x15 pen 500,000.00 Five thousand inches of lumber 400,000.00 Four thousand meters of fencing 2,000,000.00 One well with five culverts 150,000.00 One pigsty with six pigs weighing 60 kg each 720,000.00 One water pump 25,000.00 Three cattle-crossing bridges 50,000.00 One two-door Atlas refrigerator 158,000.00 One living room set 118,000.00 One dining room set 130,915.04 One gas stove 84,588.00 One washing machine 82,000.00 TOTAL DAMAGES 12,601,670.54 a) NON-PECUNIARY DAMAGE (DAÑO MORAL): This corresponds to the anguish suffered by the residents of the San Pancracio settlement upon being exposed to a situation in which the defendants jeopardized their lives, health, property, and peace of mind, in addition to obstructing their life plans and disrupting their employment and personal expectations. The non-pecuniary damage is estimated at 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DAMAGES AND LOSSES: 57.601.670,54.
This representation requests that the Court consider those answers when weighing the evidence, because a party has an obligation to become informed of the facts when giving a judicial confession (confesión) in these proceedings. Although both Chiquita Brands and BANDECO attempted, through expert witnesses (testigos-peritos) Allan Astorga Gattgens and John Matheis Urbina, to lead the Court to believe that the Asentamiento San Pancracio should never have existed, much less been inhabited by the plaintiffs, it is clear that their rebuttal evidence was not compelling in support of their defense and, on the contrary, actually provides a basis for this action. Not one witness stated that the existing levees (diques) on the properties of the Imperio I, Doble Alianza and Gigante farms provide the benefit of protecting both the plantations and San Pancracio; rather, it was shown that their sole benefit is to protect only the banana companies’ properties and plantations.
None of the witnesses refuted that those levees and drainage systems (drenajes) serve that purpose, because what they even went so far as to say was that, because the banana companies have been established in Siquirres since the 1960s, when there were virtually no settlements around them, they are entitled to do whatever they want without obtaining the respective permits—that is, OUTSIDE THE LAW. We believe that this defense fails to rebut the plaintiffs’ theory of the case, because there is abundant evidence supporting the claims made here. It is very important for this representation to highlight the testimony of Mr. Allan Astorga Gattgens concerning flood vulnerability (vulnerabilidad de inundación) in the middle section of the Río del Pacuare channel, the purpose of whose study was: ‘to generate a flood-hazard map and determine the vulnerability to river flooding of the Gigante and Doble Alianza farms and their areas of direct and indirect influence, including the settlements located therein, in order to determine the overall condition of the study area, taking into account the canal infrastructure and possible solutions to the identified problems.’ Although the witness was very skillful in manipulating his report—which could even be described as highly theoretical and academic, with very general conclusions—he did not lie, because he did in fact state, and it was demonstrated, that San Pancracio lies outside the high-flood-risk zone.
To establish this, it is sufficient to compare images 13 and 14 of his report with the answers he gave to this representation at the hearing held on May 12: (...) Based on the foregoing, we may conclude that none of the conclusions stated by Allan Astorga in his report may be applied to the Asentamiento San Pancracio, specifically when he refers to residents and human activities within the VERY HIGH-RISK floodplain (llanura de inundación), because Astorga confirmed that it lies outside that zone. In other words, the report does not disprove the fact that the levees, earthworks (movimientos de tierra) and canals (with their modifications) exist solely to protect the defendant companies’ banana plantations and not to protect the other communities. It is therefore clear that the mitigation plan (plan de mitigación) must be implemented to prevent the harm suffered by the families who have lived in the community of San Pancracio for twenty years.
One conclusion we can clearly reach is that this is a case of ‘Bananas first, families second.’ For his part, Mr. Allan Astorga clearly did not analyze or review the technical studies conducted by SENARA and IDA that supported granting these lands to the smallholders (parceleros) so that they could continue their agricultural activities, given the lands’ agricultural and productive suitability. He simply did not consider them relevant to the preparation of his report, which is clearly misguided, because, relying on images he obtained from IGN, he seeks to claim that the land on which the plaintiffs’ parcels are located is unsuitable for habitation. Co-defendant BANDECO attempted to divert attention from the severity of the high-water events that caused flooding on the plaintiffs’ parcels in 2002 and 2003 by having its witnesses discuss the severity of the flooding suffered in the area in 1970 and 1996; however, neither Donald Murray nor John Matheis was in the area.
They then described flooding in other hamlets, and the second underlined paragraph on page 9 of the report states: ‘Por tanto, it is clear that the levees built along the banks of the Ríos Reventazón and Pacuare, far from causing flooding, are structures necessary to mitigate the effects of large runoff flows resulting from extraordinary weather conditions.’ In this regard, levees on both banks of a watercourse clearly provide flood protection; but if they are built on only one side, they protect the properties along the bank where the levees are located while magnifying the harm on the bank without levees—as though, if one or several properties flood, then all of them flood. - Neither this representation nor the residents who are plaintiffs in these proceedings have denied that the Asentamiento San Pancracio is currently vulnerable to the risk of flooding from extraordinary hydrometeorological events.
But this vulnerable condition was created by having levees on only one bank of the Canal Chiquerón, resulting in undeniable harm to the Asentamiento San Pancracio. (...) 3. Presumption of the truth of the allegations in the complaint (presunción de verdad de los hechos de la demanda)// It cannot be overlooked that the Sala Constitucional’s ruling on the application for constitutional relief (recurso de amparo) filed by the plaintiffs contains proven facts that cannot be disregarded by the parties or by the honorable Court. In addition to the evidence offered in the complaint by this representation, the State offered as evidence a complete copy of the case file for the application for constitutional relief processed before the Sala Constitucional under expediente 03-009991-00007-CO, which was admitted into evidence and forms part of the evidentiary record (acervo probatorio) available to the Court when rendering judgment.
(...) The foregoing demonstrates that sufficient grounds exist to deem proven Chiquita Brands’ construction and reconstruction of the two levees on the Quebrada La Mona, which crosses the Doble Alianza and Gigante farms, and BANDECO’s construction of the levee bordering the Canal Chiquerón and Finca Imperio I, as well as the earthworks and the creation of internal canals by both companies, based on the applicable presumption of truth. It has been demonstrated that those actions were carried out outside the law, in violation of Articles 2, 17 and 18 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Articles 92, 93 and 94 of the Ley de Biodiversidad, Article 89 of the Ley de Aguas, and other environmental legislation. All of the foregoing occurred with the complete acquiescence and inaction of MINAET. Furthermore, in addition to the content of the Sala Constitucional’s decision, the technical studies submitted, the certifications showing that no permit applications were filed with the competent Public Authorities, BANDECO’s acknowledgment that it had ‘reconstructed’ levees (without applying for permits, environmental impact assessments (estudios de impacto ambiental), social-impact studies, environmental approvals (viabilidad ambiental), among others), and the official communications issued by the defendant institutions when the application for constitutional relief was filed and the Sala Constitucional’s decision was handed down must also be considered evidence supporting the presumption of truth.
These are summarized below: (...) By means of a clarifying submission dated February 7, 2005, to which a two-page report entitled ‘Report on the inspection of the levees built along Quebrada Mona between the communities of La Lucha and San Pancracio’ was attached and which was addressed by the acting mayor of the Municipalidad de Siquirres to the Sala Constitucional regarding the ‘alleged disobedience of authority,’ [EVIDENCE NUMBER FORTY-THREE], the Municipalidad de Siquirres cited a lack of resources to fulfill its constitutional and legal obligation, stating that:// a. The causal link (nexo de causalidad) between the defendants’ actions and omissions and the harm caused to the residents of the Asentamiento San Pancracio// Consistently seeking to adhere to Costa Rican legislation and case law, and duly informed by classical and contemporary legal scholarship, the actions and omissions of the Companies, the Municipalidad and the other public institutions satisfy the necessary requirements for non-contractual and strict civil liability (responsabilidad civil extracontractual y objetiva), namely: Not only because of the unlawful conduct under which the Companies have operated for several years, compounded by the public administration’s inaction despite its knowledge of the recurring serious property damage, the ongoing risk to human life, and the emotional, psychological and health-related harm generally.
But also because Article 1045 of the Código Civil provides: ‘…any person who, through willful misconduct, fault, negligence or recklessness, causes harm to another is required to repair it together with the resulting losses….’ The foregoing provision has been described as the general principle of non-contractual civil liability, as stated by Alberto Brenes Córdoba in the Tratado de las Obligaciones y Contratos, in conjunction with the provisions of Article 35 of Ley Núm. 7472. The damage is always apparent at first glance, but it is preceded by human conduct or activity; consequently, the damage must always be attributed to a human activity, and that human activity affects legally protected interests. This is especially so if we consider that the natural or legal person engaging in the harmful human activity obtains an economic benefit from it. In analyzing the foregoing, the case law has established a general principle: do no harm to anyone.
From this arises non-contractual civil liability, which may consist of an affirmative act or an omission, and even of lawful or unlawful conduct. In summary, BANDECO’s and Chiquita Brands’ concurrent acts and the omissions of the Municipalidad de Siquirres, the Ministerios de Salud y MINAET, and the Comisión Nacional de Emergencias resulted in the harm suffered by the plaintiffs.// b. Strict civil liability (responsabilidad civil objetiva) in national case law// The duty to compensate under fault-based civil liability (responsabilidad civil subjetiva) arises from the culpable breach of the general principle of ‘causing no harm to others.’ For liability to arise, the damage must have been caused through fault (culpa) (negligence, recklessness, or lack of skill), or through the agent’s willful misconduct (dolo). The burden of proof (carga de la prueba) therefore rests with the creditor, that is, with the victim seeking compensation (resarcimiento).
However, in accordance with the principles stated and adopted in the case law of the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice regarding strict tort liability (responsabilidad extracontractual objetiva), it has held, in summary, that: “The law requires anyone who entrusts another person with the performance of a particular task to select a suitable person and supervise the performance of that assignment. If the person entrusted with the task, while carrying it out and within the scope of the trust granted by the principal, causes damage to third parties, those third parties are entitled to bring a direct action against the person who made the assignment. Indirect liability (responsabilidad indirecta), where the person entrusted with the task causes damage to a third party, is assumed by the principal upon the occurrence of one event: the damage must arise from an intentional or negligent act.
Once this condition is met, indirect liability arises because the principal is presumed to have been at fault in the selection or supervision of that person. Thus, the presumption is directed not at the conduct of the person entrusted with the task, but at the conduct of the principal, who may be released from liability only by proving that, even if every precaution had been taken in supervising the work, the event would nevertheless have occurred. The fault of the direct perpetrator is not presumed in matters of tort liability; what is presumed is fault in supervision or selection on the part of the principal.” Based on the foregoing judgment, the strict-liability regime (régimen de responsabilidad objetiva) extends beyond the contractual or tort context in which the legal relationship between the parties originated. The First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice has also concluded that a merchant’s liability under Ley 7472 and pursuant to the First Chamber’s approach is strict liability, which, as such, does not require the existence of fault, as expressly stated in Article 35 of that Law when it provides that “the producer, supplier, and merchant shall be concurrently liable, independently of the existence of fault.” In our view, under these provisions and Article 190 of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública), strict liability arises for the defendant Companies and the public, state, and local entities that are also defendants.
(iii) THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE NON-PECUNIARY OR EXTRA-PATRIMONIAL DAMAGE (DAÑO NO PATRIMONIAL O EXTRAPATRIMONIAL) SUFFERED BY THE RESIDENTS OF ASENTAMIENTO SAN PANCRACIO a. The establishment of pecuniary and extra-patrimonial damage (daño patrimonial y extra patrimonial) resulting from the defendants’ acts and omissions and verification of causation (relación de causalidad)// The events arising from the Companies’ harmful acts, as well as from the inaction of the public bodies named as co-defendants herein, caused various forms of moral and extra-patrimonial damage (daños de índole moral y extra patrimonial). Similarly, the author Pacchioni states that when a person organizes an economic activity of their own for profit, that person must necessarily bear the disadvantages arising from their conduct and compensate third parties for the damage caused, even if that person was not at fault. With reference to the concept of non-pecuniary or moral damage (daño no patrimonial o moral), our legislation, case law, and legal scholarship understand it to mean damage that does not directly or indirectly cause a change in a person’s assets, but instead causes unjust disturbances in a person’s emotional state (emotional suffering and physical pain).
Along the same lines, we may elaborate by citing Fernández Sessarego, who understands moral damage to refer to a person’s pain, suffering, and distress—that is, emotional or sentimental harm of a psychological nature. This may even be understood through what some legal scholars define as “damage to one’s life plan” (“daño al proyecto de vida”). Applying this concept, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in San José de Costa Rica has itself recognized compensation for “damage to one’s life plan” that a person may suffer. Thus, alongside traditional compensation for material damage (lost profits (lucro cesante) and actual loss (lucro emergente)), compensation for moral or extra-patrimonial damage has also been recognized. In this regard, the extra-patrimonial or moral damage must be related to the case before us because of the infringement of the right to health and to a healthy environment.
Cases involving non-pecuniary damage frequently arise in situations involving harm to both physical and mental health caused by environmental deterioration; one clear example is the ongoing contamination of the drinking-water sources of Asentamiento San Pancracio. Nineteen declarants appeared at trial after being offered as witnesses, and they shared the particular circumstance of also being plaintiffs, a situation that the defendants’ special judicial attorneys found difficult to understand and to which they objected merely for the sake of objecting. We cannot overlook the fact that, in this case, no one is better suited than the plaintiffs themselves to recount what occurred during the floods of 2002 and 2003, which, incidentally, have not ceased (the latest having occurred recently, on 15 de abril). During these floods, all residents of the San Pancracio community relive again and again what happened—the moment when they lost the little they had and had to start over from nothing—because the plots on which they live not only provide them with shelter but also provide their livelihood, as they are plots intended for agricultural use.
It was regrettable to see how, at trial, opposing counsel based their defense on disparaging the feelings of the plaintiff-witnesses by asking whether they were squatters or unlawful occupants of the land. There has never been contributory fault by the victim (culpa de la víctima) here; this is simply a group of people of modest means and lacking resources who, although they took possession of a land settlement, had the necessary arrangements made by IDA and are legally entitled to occupy the land because they were designated as beneficiaries and awarded their plots or because they privately purchased their land. That does not make them criminals, particularly considering that through this lawsuit the plaintiffs do not seek to become millionaires; they simply seek to recover what they lost, but above all to secure comprehensive mitigation and a permanent solution to the effects of the flooding, because although they have managed to adapt over the years, every time a flood occurs, they lose the little they have.
The victims cannot be at fault because they obtained access through the proper channel (IDA) to a better life by those means; holding otherwise would amount to punishing the poor. The reality is that the companies have profited, carried out earthworks (movimientos de tierra) and constructed channels, and to this day they remain in breach because they continue to act outside the law in plain view and with the acquiescence of the defendant institutions.// b. The loss of opportunity (pérdida de oportunidad) suffered by the residents of Asentamiento San Pancracio and its direct effect on their “life plan” (“plan de vida”). It is important to clarify at the outset, following the analysis and conclusions of Professors Víctor Pérez and Federico Torrealba in support of national case law in judicial and arbitral proceedings, that loss of chance (pérdida del chance) is compensable as damage: when a plaintiff seeks compensation for damages (indemnización por daños y perjuicios), the judge does not commit an extra petita error by awarding compensation for loss of opportunity, because it falls within the range of possible meanings of the word damage.
The concept of lost profits requires a causal relationship between the harmful event and the frustration of an expected gain. The harmful result is evident from the evidence we submit with this complaint, and the causal link (nexo causal) arising from that evidence is clear when the defendants’ acts and omissions—which directly and indirectly produced the harmful consequences—are verified. Because of their agricultural suitability, the plots once granted to the plaintiffs have, from 2003 to the present, experienced a considerable decline in their inherent qualities and have lost the development potential they possessed in those years as a result of erosion, nutrient loss, and the repeated floods caused by the acts reported and challenged herein. These events transformed the community’s routine and made it impossible to use the land as an asset to obtain credit, other inputs, and added value for each plaintiff.
Furthermore, our courts—guided by national and comparative legal scholarship and case law—have consistently held that, to prove loss of chance, the plaintiff must establish two categories of facts: first, the circumstances that existed before the harmful event; and second, the circumstances resulting from the responsible party’s act or omission. In this case, attempts have been made to discredit the expert reports (peritajes) of Luis Rodríguez Astúa (mathematical actuary) and Fernando Quintanilla Bonilla (surveyor) on the grounds that they are based on assumptions and that the subject matter of their reports falls outside their areas of expertise. This disregards the fact that a mathematical expert may also establish variables; it is therefore false to claim that the expert works only with predetermined variables, because the expert may formulate their own variables. As for the surveyor, a surveyor does not merely measure land or draw contour lines but also performs other functions.
By way of example, there is not a single SETENA environmental-viability report that does not rely on a surveyor. A surveyor conducts other analyses of the land and may therefore assess soil conditions, gradients, etc. The other objections are based on the causal link required to prove damage, but when an assessment is requested, it proceeds from the premise that the damage exists; there can be no dispute about that. In this case, Rodríguez Astúa’s expert report is based on the surveyor’s Report, which determined the value of the land by considering two factors: (i) the land-use capacity factor (factor de capacidad de uso de suelo); and (ii) the factor relating to the loss of water quality and its effects on human health, because this affects quality of life. As shown in the attached table, Quintanilla deducted 25% from the value of the properties, while the expert Rodríguez Astúa deducted 75% (as a conservative estimate) (...) Regarding the household goods, crops, plantings, animals, and livestock lost by the plaintiffs in the floods, the defendant party has attempted to discredit the value determined by the expert Rodríguez Astúa because he did not have receipts or invoices establishing that the property alleged to have been lost was in fact the property that was lost.
Clearly, it is impossible to demand or expect the plaintiffs to possess such documentation when, as a result of the floods, the water entering their homes reached levels of up to 2 meters, making it impossible for them to retain that documentation. Just as they lost their property, they also lost those documents and, as has been stated, everything requested has been calculated conservatively, without any intent to profit from these proceedings, but rather to resolve and mitigate the problems and consequences they have suffered since 2002 as a result of the defendants’ acts and omissions. Lastly, but no less importantly, the significant work performed by the geologist Gabriela Calvo must not be overlooked. As stated, she fulfilled the purpose of her work, which was to identify all corrective, mitigating, and necessary civil works (obras civiles) required to prevent the harmful effects caused year after year by flooding in Asentamiento San Pancracio, so that the defendant Companies, together with the defendant state and local public institutions, may carry out those works.
The record shows that Ms. Calvo always acted as a professional who, in addition to being a geologist, was an environmental consultant and presented a duly detailed report on the actions of the defendants that she observed from 2003 and during 2016 and 2017, when she conducted inspections in the settlement and its surrounding areas. It is clear that many matters remain to be resolved by all the defendants, each according to its share of responsibility. In her report, the geologist determined that a comprehensive solution must be provided; although the families have adapted over time, it was established that some of them had to leave the community because they lost everything. The photographic record provided by Ms. Calvo in her report is a clear example of what the plaintiffs are experiencing.// c. Possible overarching defense of the defendants// The defendants have focused their strategy on defenses based on an external cause (causa extraña), such as force majeure (fuerza mayor), fault of the victim (culpa de la víctima), and even the act of a third party (hecho de un tercero).
These types of defenses seek to challenge the existence of a causal relationship (relación de causalidad) between the defendant’s conduct and the alleged harm. Furthermore, as the First Chamber has aptly stated: “anyone asserting the defense of an external cause must prove it,” which entails proving its existence and the effect of that cause on the legal relationship at issue in the litigation. Before addressing the matter, it must be clearly understood that what is alleged here is the defendants’ own conduct, which caused and continues to cause harm to the plaintiffs. Specifically: 1) the conduct of the Banana Companies in a) constructing and operating works that influence and contribute to the flooding and b) failing to take the measures necessary to minimize their harmful effects on third parties; as well as 2) the failure of the public authorities to a) oversee the works that have been constructed, and b) take the measures necessary to resolve the problems caused by the flooding and guarantee the plaintiffs’ right to live in a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, their right to personal integrity, their right to property, and even their right to life.
In this case, the defendants have been unable to identify and substantiate the existence of facts that could be regarded as breaking the chain of causation or exempting them from liability. This will be analyzed below: - Force majeure// The defendants’ principal line of defense rests on force majeure, emphasizing that the properties are located in what they have called a “flood zone” because the area lies between two major rivers, the Reventazón and the Pacuare. In general terms, the defendants have been unable to identify a specific natural event constituting an external cause; instead, they have merely offered evidence concerning general circumstances, namely that the area receives heavy rainfall and that it is normal for the rivers to overflow periodically. The force majeure defense requires that a person be prevented from fulfilling an obligation by an external and unavoidable event, which case law defines as an “unavoidable event even if due diligence had been exercised.” In other words, it is an insurmountable impediment that renders the cause of the harm unrelated to the affirmative conduct or omission of the person invoking that defense.
What is alleged in this case is that the defendants’ conduct has caused the flooding to affect the plaintiffs so severely and recurrently. This entails an aggravation of the impact through their affirmative conduct or omissions, as applicable. The construction of civil works that increase the impact, as well as the failure to take the measures necessary to prevent or at least reasonably mitigate the effects caused by the flooding, is sufficient reason to find that none of the defendants is unrelated to those effects. They must therefore offer a solution to the underlying situation—mitigating the effects of the flooding—and compensate the plaintiffs for their losses. Several specific observations are important in this regard: a) The Banana Companies bear concurrent liability (responsabilidad concurrente) for the impact caused:// The State has acknowledged the effect that the civil works operated by the Banana Companies have on the flooding affecting the plaintiffs: The direct contribution of the banana companies to the impact is that the construction of levees protecting the banana companies’ infrastructure and plantations reduces the area available to hold water from the overflowing Reventazón and Pacuare rivers, thereby increasing the water level and partially affecting that community.
The State has also acknowledged that the civil works operated by the Banana Companies are insufficient to prevent harm to third parties. Specifically, it stated: In addition to the foregoing, the hydraulic capacity of the Canal Chiquerón channel is far too limited to drain those flows, as shown by its hydraulic analysis, because it was designed to drain drainage water and runoff from the watersheds comprising the various banana plantations that drain into that channel, rather than the flows contributed by the Reventazón and Pacuare rivers during extraordinary floods. This is aggravated by the fact that, as various witnesses stated, both Canal Chiquerón and Quebrada la Mona, which are bodies of water used by the banana companies for profit, have levees along only one bank: the bank protecting the companies’ infrastructure, leaving the people living on the other side of the bank unprotected.
Indeed, the change in attitude by the Banana Companies and the State itself is highly striking, given that official documents issued by the MINAE Water Department—in connection with the constitutional amparo proceeding (proceso de amparo constitucional) in which the defendants herein were ordered to resolve the flooding problem—show that both the State and the Companies acknowledged the flooding problem and the impact of the banana companies’ actions and expressed their interest in providing a coordinated solution. In this regard, the then-representatives of Del Monte and Chiquita stated: Mr. Steinvorth then took the floor to present his response regarding the situation, also indicating that DEL MONTE is fully willing to cooperate, in coordination with State institutions (Water Department, CNE, Municipality), the communities, and the company COBAL, in seeking to reduce the impacts that may be caused by actions undertaken by the company he represents, with the understanding that minimizing the impacts caused by flooding from the Pacuare and Reventazón rivers and Canal Chiquerón requires a comprehensive solution, as indicated in the various reports prepared by the Water Department.
Ms. Diana Guzmán, representative of COBAL, then presented her response and agreed with Mr. Steinvorth, indicating that the company she represented was likewise fully willing to seek a solution to the situation. In summary, the Banana Companies share responsibility for the recurrent and exceptionally severe effects on the plaintiffs, their families, and their property. They must therefore be ordered to take the measures necessary to mitigate the impact on the communities and, under the principle that degrees of civil fault are not apportioned (principio de no graduación de la culpa civil), must compensate the plaintiffs for the damages and losses they have suffered. b) The flooding does NOT depend exclusively on the overflowing of the Reventazón and Pacuare rivers. In addition to the fact that the overflowing of the rivers does not exclude the defendants’ liability, it must be taken into account that flooding in San Pancracio is not caused solely by such overflows.
Regardless of how strongly the defendants’ legal representatives argue that this is a case of force majeure, the evidence shows that attributing the flooding exclusively to the overflowing of the rivers is incorrect. The Water Department itself states that this is a complex problem that cannot be attributed to a single party and in which natural and anthropogenic causes (causas naturales y antrópicas), meaning human-made works, converge. Ultimately, it may be concluded that the impacts caused by flooding in this region and/or other areas cannot be attributed to one company or another, but instead result from a series of accumulated natural and anthropogenic factors and actions, including those mentioned above; what is needed is comprehensive intervention by the State, Local Governments, and Civil Society so that development and the environment may advance hand in hand for the benefit of the community, reducing the impact of disasters and implementing measures to adapt to flooding and other phenomena.
Engineer Rafael Oreamuno acknowledged that flooding may be caused by factors other than rivers overflowing, because the water levels of Quebrada la Mona and Canal Chiquerón can cause overflows during ordinary events such as heavy rainfall. This is linked to the numerous MINAE documents stating that the Canal Chiquerón channel receives a flow nine times greater than its capacity, as well as to the numerous witness statements concerning the existence of a levee along only one bank of the canal. To validate this hypothesis, it is sufficient to consider Del Monte’s defense evidence. Note that Del Monte’s witnesses, John Matheis and Donald Murray, refer to flooding at Finca Imperio in early 1996; indeed, Matheis specifically mentions the months of January and February 1996, adding that the flood was the event that “greeted him” and caused damage to his property. Assuming that these witnesses are telling the truth, we would have to conclude that this event was NOT caused by the Reventazón River, because throughout 1996 the Reventazón’s maximum flow was 534 m3/s (reported on 11 de enero de 1996), which is more than 200 m3/s below the natural maximum capacity of the narrowest part of the Reventazón—and without taking any levee into account.
This conclusion is drawn from the specialist offered by Del Monte itself, Rafael Oreamuno, who stated that the Reventazón River, at its narrowest point and without considering the role of the levees, overflows when its maximum flow is between 750-800 m3/s; consequently, it cannot be maintained that the river overflowed during 1996. c) The effects of flooding can be mitigated through civil works. Engineer Rafael Oreamuno correctly stated that rises in river levels are measurable events for which sufficient historical information is available thanks to the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad’s monitoring stations; indeed, the companies use those data to construct their levees. In other words, even the overflowing of the rivers is reasonably foreseeable. Using these data—as the defendant companies do—it is possible to construct civil works that will counteract or at least reasonably mitigate the effects of flooding on the many families living in the settlement.
It is therefore incorrect to regard the effects of flooding as unavoidable. The testimonial evidence, including that of expert witnesses (testigos peritos) Allan Astorga and Rafael Oreamuno, indicated that it is entirely feasible to undertake works that would mitigate the effects of flooding on the lands located throughout the plain lying between the aforementioned rivers.
Engineer Oreamuno, presented by Del Monte, was clear that the proper way to adapt the land was through the construction of civil works (obras civiles), such as: • Drainage systems (drenajes) • Levees (diques) • Reservoirs (embalses)// d) The companies and the State must carry out that adaptation. The defendants must undertake the necessary adaptations to control the effects of flooding on the plaintiffs’ property, as well as compensate them for the resulting losses and damages (daños y perjuicios). The banana companies have altered the environment through the construction and maintenance of an extensive network of levees, canals, and drainage systems. This infrastructure protects the banana companies’ infrastructure from the forces of nature and, according to various expert witnesses—such as Allan Astorga—is in fact what has enabled these companies to establish themselves in the area. Moreover, the companies benefit from the conditions of the plain to such an extent that Engineer Oreamuno, Del Monte’s witness, stated: “The area is prosperous precisely because it is very fertile, because the river overflows.” In other words, flooding has a positive impact on the banana companies insofar as flooding of the land is part of a soil-renewal process that allows the soil to remain fertile (...) From this perspective, and pursuant to the created-risk doctrine (teoría del riesgo creado) developed in the case law of the Sala Primera: “Anyone who creates, carries on, or benefits from a lawful profit-making activity that presents potentially dangerous elements to others must also bear its adverse consequences.” Put differently: if the banana companies benefit from flooding, and if they have constructed, modified, maintained, and generally used infrastructure to control the flow of water—whether rainwater or river floodwaters—that affects their plantations, these companies have a duty to i) ensure that the use of such infrastructure does not affect third parties and ii) bear liability for compensating the damage caused as a result of that infrastructure.
The State, the CNE, and the Municipality, for their part, are required to find a permanent solution to reasonably mitigate the risk that flooding will affect the residents of San Pancracio. This follows from Article 50 of the Constitution; Article 89 of the Ley de Aguas; Articles 1, 2, 26, 27, and 30 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente; Article 4, subsections c and h, of the Código Municipal; and Article 14, subsections d, e, f, and h, of the Ley Nacional de Emergencias. It also follows from constitutional judgment number 4944-2004, issued at eleven minutes past three in the afternoon on May sixth, two thousand four. Finally, the State itself has acknowledged that any action taken must involve both the State and the local government, which have been notable for their inaction. In this regard, the Departamento de Aguas stated in official letter IMN-DA-0246: …what is required is comprehensive intervention by the State, Local Governments, and Civil Society, so as to help development and the environment move forward hand in hand for the benefit of the community and to reduce the impact of disasters, while also establishing measures for adaptation to flooding and other phenomena.
Engineer Oreamuno shared this view, emphasizing i) the technical feasibility of carrying out civil works and implementing an operational plan to address flooding and ii) the need for such action to be undertaken by various public and private entities. e) Regarding the timing of the construction work. It is important to reiterate that the preexistence of the infrastructure is no excuse for the banana companies’ failure to adopt the measures necessary to prevent the operation of that infrastructure from continuing to affect third parties. Regardless of who built the works or when they did so, the evidence admitted and heard (prueba evacuada) supports the conclusion that the companies have operated and maintained the levees, canals, and drainage systems that protect their farms. In other words, the companies benefit from this infrastructure and are therefore obligated to ensure that their productive and commercial operations do not adversely affect third parties.
Likewise, absolute compliance with the law must be required, as the Sala Constitucional expressly admonished the banana companies in the context of the flooding in San Pancracio. In this regard, the high court stated in 2004, referring to the events at issue here: “(…) the absence of technical environmental impact studies (estudios técnicos de impacto ambiental) makes it impossible to determine whether the effects of such flooding were intensified and magnified by the earthworks (movimientos de tierra) and construction of levees undertaken, as noted above, by the aforementioned banana companies. It is also understandable that these companies would take action to protect their assets and the agricultural activity in which they engage; nevertheless, in doing so, they must ensure the effective implementation of the concept of sustainable development (desarrollo sostenible) and respect the ecosystem.
It is therefore wholly unacceptable for them to act while bypassing the procedures prescribed by law, endangering the environment as well as the health and lives of local residents by altering natural resources in this manner. It should be noted that today, fifteen years after that judgment, the banana companies have been unable to submit an environmental impact study such as the one required by the Sala. Furthermore, the defendant public entities cannot claim that no regulations existed when the levees were constructed, for two fundamental reasons:
That is to say, none of his purported conclusions are actually conclusions, but merely speculation, which he himself states is based on his own reading of Constitutional Chamber ruling 4944-04 and on the statements of the claimant residents themselves (...) In any event, we reiterate that no suitable evidence has been submitted to demonstrate the existence of the alleged damages he claims, regarding which the case law of the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice has repeatedly stated that “They must also be real and will naturally require evidence, since, as facts to be proven, the mere assertion of their existence is insufficient.” (emphasis added, decision NC 38 at 15:15 hrs. on April 22, 1998). It is essential to recall that, regardless of the liability regime applied, the alleged damage must be actual, quantifiable, and attributable to an individual—elements that are entirely absent from the complaint at issue here—since it is evident that the claim was assessed at a substantial sum without proper and genuine substantiation and without providing suitable and relevant supporting evidence, thereby failing to satisfy the obligations imposed on the claimant by the burden of proof (carga de la prueba) and reducing it to an unsupported request that cannot give rise to a judgment granting relief.// In view of the foregoing, it is evident that the alleged damages suffered have not been substantiated and that the monetary claim is manifestly excessive.
REGARDING THE BREAK IN THE CAUSAL LINK (NEXO CAUSAL) THAT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED// Not only is there no possibility of claiming any damages from the party I represent, but it must also be noted that such damages could not be established because we are dealing with force majeure (fuerza mayor) and the fault of the residents of San Pancracio themselves, who invaded a floodplain (planicie de inundación). As we have explained above, and as is demonstrated by abundant evidence, both our own and that submitted by the claimants, there is no causal relationship whatsoever between the works carried out by the party I represent and the flooding that occurs in the area due to natural causes. Even so, we assert the following grounds excluding liability and any causal relationship:
The following plaintiffs were not beneficiaries of a parcel granted by IDA in Asentamiento San Pancracio when the complaint was filed: [Nombre 024], identification card [Valor 017]; [Nombre 025], identification card [Valor 018]; [Nombre 026], identification card [Valor 019]; [Nombre 027], identification card [Valor 020]; [Nombre 028], identification card [Valor 021]; [Nombre 001], identification card [Valor 022]; [Nombre 004], identification card [Valor 023]; [Nombre 008], identification card [Valor 024]; [Nombre 009], identification card [Valor 025]; [Nombre 016], identification card [Valor 026]; [Nombre 017], identification card [Valor 027]; [Nombre 035], identification card [Valor 028]; [Nombre 019], identification card [Valor 029]; [Nombre 021], identification card [Valor 030], approximately (See Document No. 1 submitted by Chiquita Brands Costa Rica SRL with its answer to the complaint, manually numbered folio 1180).
We draw this distinction because the cause of action (causa petendi) underlying the claim for compensation is based on the allegation that all the plaintiffs were residents of Asentamiento San Pancracio, which was shown during the taking of evidence to be untrue. Thus, the characterization of the land on which the affected parcels are located, the alleged influence of Canal Chiquerón on that land, and the canals on land adjoining Asentamiento San Pancracio, on which the claim for compensation is based, could not extend to those who own land outside that settlement in other communities, such as those located on the other side of recta de Imperio. For that reason, the alleged damages will be examined separately for those who are—or were at the time of the events—residents of San Pancracio and those who are not or were not. To that end, the aforementioned judicial precedent will be applied: to be compensable, damage “A) Must be certain, actual, and effective, and not merely contingent or hypothetical; it cannot be based on presumed or conjectural occurrences.” Furthermore, “C) It must have been caused by a third party and must continue to exist; that is, if it has been remedied by the responsible party or a third party (insurer), it no longer exists.
Ultimately, the chosen means of proof was unsuitable because testimonial evidence cannot establish in detail which movable assets the plaintiffs lost as a result of the floods at the end of 2002 and the beginning of 2003. Vague and imprecise answers concerning the quantity, quality, and condition of the property, livestock (semovientes), or crops allegedly lost do not constitute evidence of sufficient probative value. As noted, for damage to be compensable, it must be certain, actual, and effective and cannot be based on presumed or conjectural occurrences. It is therefore clear that compensation for the claimed damages cannot be ordered in this specific case, because the attempt to prove their existence through witness statements was unsuccessful, as those statements were imprecise, conjectural, and vague. Consequently, it was not possible to establish that the witness offered in each case had personal knowledge of the itemized damages claimed by each plaintiff.
For purposes of assessing those statements, it must also be noted that most of the witnesses offered are themselves plaintiffs, and their credibility is therefore compromised because they have a clear interest in the outcome of the proceedings. As an example that serves as a benchmark for the remaining statements, let us examine the claim made in the case of Mr. [Nombre 002], identification card [Valor 004], parcel No. 11, awarded as of 10 de octubre del 2005, whose claim for damages was stated in the following terms (...) To prove those damages, the testimony of Mr. [Nombre 017] was offered; he was not a resident of Asentamiento San Pancracio at the time of the events. In his statement, he said: “He always had little animals, pigs, chickens. They were swept away in a flood. He planted plantains, corn, bananas. His house was damaged....” As can be seen, the witness did not mention a large portion of the movable property that plaintiff Mr. [Nombre 002] alleges he lost.
Accordingly, the damages suffered by Mr. [Nombre 002] were not proven with the requisite detail and precision, and the requested compensation therefore cannot be ordered. As for the expert evidence offered to quantify the damages, expert Luis RODRÍGUEZ, who testified regarding the expert report he prepared, admitted the following on cross-examination: “Each affected person made a list of the losses he had sustained....” “I made an individual valuation of what each person told me.” “It is based on good faith.” “There is no way to prove whether it existed or did not exist.” “Zero documentation. There were no invoices, receipts, or anything of that kind.” “Zero documentation.” As can be seen, the expert’s work did not consist of verifying the existence of the damages, but rather of collecting lists of damages provided to him by the plaintiffs themselves and estimating their values, with no way to prove “...whether it existed or did not exist.” Moreover, regarding the valuation of the damages, it should be noted that the expert stated that he did not submit quotations; rather, the figures were based on “research” that he conducted to determine values.
He further stated that “in the case of household goods, I researched values and entered them. I did not prepare a worksheet. I did not do that.” Thus, no record whatsoever exists of the research conducted, and his report therefore has no probative value because it is purely speculative, not only in determining the damages but also in quantifying them. Finally, the expert himself stated: “They told me that this type of flooding had not occurred in that area. The report was prepared on the assumption that those works could cause such flooding. If it is technically established that those works had no influence whatsoever, this expert report is meaningless. The loss in value is based on that reason.” In other words, his expert opinion was based on the unproven premise that the floods that caused the damages resulted from works carried out by third parties, a fact that he does not personally know to be true.
For his part, surveying engineer Fernando QUINTANILLA MOLINA, who estimated the alleged loss in value of the plaintiffs’ properties, admitted in his testimony that he too proceeded from the premise that the depreciation in the value of the land claimed by the plaintiffs resulted from an increased flood risk arising from works attributed to the co-defendants. However, the reclassification from class 4 to class 5, based on the conclusion that the land had subsequently become subject to a very severe flood risk, is not supported by an objective and documented assessment. As noted, the land has always been highly vulnerable to flooding, and this is therefore not a subsequently arising condition that can be linked to any action by third parties. Consequently, the alleged loss in value due to the supposed increase in flood risk is inadmissible because it rests on a premise that was not shown to be true during the proceedings, much less in the expert study under discussion.
Moreover, as was established during cross-examination, the accuracy of the mathematical calculation performed by the expert to estimate the loss in value is not documented in any worksheets attached to his study. Therefore, in this instance as well, his expert opinion has no probative value whatsoever, either because it was based on a false premise—a loss in value resulting from a subsequently increased flood risk—or because the mathematical calculations are not transparent enough to permit verification of their accuracy. In sum, neither the nature and actual existence of the damages nor their value has been proven. The evidence does not establish either matter, as required in this type of damages proceeding.// b.- Damages alleged by residents of other communities// In the case of the plaintiffs who were shown not to reside in San Pancracio, or not to have resided in that settlement at the time of the events, it must be added to the foregoing that it is unclear what, under their theory, caused the damages claimed.
As stated in the facts underlying the complaint (causa petendi), the relevant allegations are based on the theory concerning the settlement’s location in relation to canals, dikes, and the plantations of the co-defendants engaged in that activity. Thus, the complaint lacks a factual basis for establishing the origin of the damages claimed by plaintiffs who did not reside in the settlement in question. Accordingly, as an additional ground for finding that the damages are not compensable, not only were their existence and amount not established, but no theory concerning their origin was even alleged.// C.- EXEMPTIONS FROM LIABILITY// Finally, should it very hypothetically be found that the substantive requirements for non-contractual civil liability (responsabilidad civil extracontractual) are present in this specific case, it must be considered that irresistible and unforeseeable forces of Nature beyond human control intervened in this case.
Indeed, it has been demonstrated that, on the dates of the events, torrential rains were recorded in the Zona Atlántica, resulting on 30 de noviembre de 2002 in an instantaneous maximum flow rate (caudal máximo instantáneo) of 3569 m3/segundos at stream-gauging station (estación fluviográfica) 73.0912, Pascua (document dated 21 de junio de 2011 signed by Ing. Rafael OREAMUNO V and submitted by DEL MONTE; expert-witness testimony of Mr. Rafael OREAMUNO), a record that clearly establishes the causal relationship between that extraordinary meteorological event and the floods that the plaintiffs allege caused the losses for which they seek compensation. Furthermore, through Decreto Ejecutivo No. 30866-MP, published in the Diario Oficial La Gaceta on viernes 6 de diciembre de 2002, a State of Emergency was declared for various cantons, including Siquirres. As a result of that declaration, a Regulatory Plan for Addressing the Atlantic Watershed Flood Emergency (Plan Regulador para la Atención de la Emergencia por Inundaciones Vertiente Atlántica) was adopted, from which the following information is worth extracting: “Between 21 de noviembre and 1 de diciembre, two very severe storms occurred in the province of Limón (with effects extending until 15 de diciembre), classified as the most intense in the last 50 years.
The first was recorded between 22 and 24 de noviembre and the second between 29 de noviembre and 1 de diciembre. The first was caused by the effects of cold fronts, which, particularly that year, were accompanied by a high-pressure system in the Gulf of Mexico”—see handwritten folio 863 of the document filed on 9 de junio de 2011 by the CNE—. “The accumulated rainfall (mm) in the city of Limón during both storms was extraordinarily high: 490.8, between 21 and 24 de noviembre, and 298.0, between 29 de noviembre and 1 de diciembre. Such rainy conditions in Limón during noviembre establish that this month of the year 2002 was the rainiest in the last 50 years, setting a new precipitation record…” see handwritten folio 864 of the document filed on 9 de junio de 2011 by the CNE—. Accordingly, this was an extraordinary force majeure event (evento de fuerza mayor), with rainfall levels not recorded during the preceding 50 years, a circumstance under which it is obvious that no liability whatsoever may be attributed to our client.
Clearly, this evidence demonstrates that the damages claimed by the plaintiffs are not compensable because they are not attributable to Chiquita Brands Costa Rica SRL, but rather to extraordinary natural events that also caused our client material losses of a very substantial amount, which likewise were not compensable and instead had to be borne as part of the business risk of locating the plantations in an area vulnerable to flooding but having soils and conditions suitable for banana production (...) As can be seen, extraordinary natural events occurred in both 2002 and 2003 that relieve our client of all liability, since even its plantations and canals were affected by the flooding of the Pacuare and Reventazón rivers, which exceeded the protection afforded by the levees built in the area, thereby demonstrating the magnitude of both events and their extraordinary nature, beyond normal ranges.”- The State’s representatives stated in their closing arguments: “1.
That, prior to 1992, the site where Asentamiento San Pancracio is located was forest land (See testimony of Eng. Allan Astorga Gatgens and José Luis Gómez Solana).// 2. The plaintiffs, together with a group of families from Imperio and the surrounding areas, occupied the property known as San Pancracio, owned by [Nombre 038], in 1994, whereupon the owner began negotiations with the IDA authorities for the purchase of that property. Under pressure from the occupying group, the IDA Board of Directors’ resolution was published on 20 de marzo de 1998; Article IX of session 019-98 of 10 de marzo de 1998 approved the purchase. See plaintiffs’ evidence No.46 and the testimony of [Nombre 014] given on 12 de mayo de 2021. 3. That the San Pancracio property is located on the alluvial or floodplain (llanura aluvial o de inundación) of Río Pacuare and therefore has soils of alluvial origin, with very high water tables (niveles freáticos), which fall within hydrologic group III (grupo hidrológico III), meaning that they have low permeability; consequently, the corresponding drainage infrastructure (infraestructura de drenaje) must be developed so that those soils may be suitable for agriculture.
See Proven Fact g of voto 4944-2004 of the Sala Constitucional, the Senara Report appearing at physical folio 118 et seq., entitled Análisis de descarga de aguas de drenaje de la finca San Pancracio, the expert report and testimony of Eng. Fernando Quintanilla, the expert report submitted by Eng. Gabriela Calvo Vargas (2003 y 2017), the expert report of Eng. Allan Astorga Gatgens, the testimony of Eng. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón of MINAE, the testimony of Roney Paniagua, Ministerio de Salud, the report of the Departamento de Aguas of MINAET IMN-DA-244-2004(evidence 29 of the plaintiffs), the report and statement of Eng. John Matheis Urbina, and Official Letter IMN-DA-1797-2004.// 4. The region’s climate is characteristic of the Zona Atlántica, with rainfall exceeding 120 mm in 24 hours. The months with the highest recorded rainfall are November and December, with values close to 400 mm.
The annual average is close to 4000 mm. This intensity of rainfall, coupled with the characteristics of the soils and the topographic and hydraulic conditions of the area, clearly indicates the need for drainage systems to support crop cultivation, livestock farming, and the development of communities with good living conditions. See Proven Fact g of voto 4944-2004 of the Sala Constitucional, the Senara Report appearing at physical folio 118 et seq., entitled Análisis de descarga de aguas de drenaje de la finca San Pancracio, the expert report and testimony of Eng. Fernando Quintanilla, the expert report submitted by Eng. Gabriela Calvo Vargas (2003 y 2017), the expert report of Eng. Allan Astorga Gatgens, the testimony of Eng. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón of MINAE, the testimony of Roney Paniagua, Ministerio de Salud, the report of the Departamento de Aguas of MINAET IMN-DA-244-2004(evidence 29 of the plaintiffs), the report and statement of Eng.
John Matheis Urbina, and Official Letter IMN-DA-1797-2004. // 5. That, since 1952, the site where the Asentamiento is located has been an active flood zone and that flood risk was never considered when communities were established there (Testimony of Eng. Allan Astorga Gatgens). // 6. That, when purchasing that property, IDA did not conduct soil studies, but rather a SWOT inspection (inspección FODA) of the land. It subsequently conducted the study entitled Relación Tierra-Familia, whose observations section states that the members of San Pancracio proposed using 60% of the property for plantain and cassava production. Likewise, under the heading “Conclusions,” section 7.2 suggested that “each of the beneficiaries of the plots must construct the channels needed to drain any water pooling that may occur; the property’s drainage was also classified as imperfect.” See the Asentamiento San Pancracio Development Plan prepared in febrero de 2000 and the Relación Tierra-Familia report prepared by IDA in agosto del año 1999.// 7.
That the land use (uso de suelo) that should have been designated was forest use, but it was changed, although even that would not ensure safety if an extraordinary event occurred (Testimony of Eng. Allan Astorga Gatgens).// 8. That the party primarily responsible for what occurred is Municipalidad de Siquirres, because it granted land-use permits (permisos de suelo) (Testimony of Eng. Allan Astorga Gatgens). // 9. That the beneficiaries are members of Asociación San Pancracio and, for the most part, use those lands for crops and raising a few animals, the latter activity not having been contemplated in the aforementioned studies because of the land’s low water absorption. We reiterate that the members of San Pancracio proposed using 60% of the property for plantain and cassava production. // 10. That the Asentamiento borders banana plantations owned by the co-defendants herein, Chiquita Brands and Corporación Del Monte, to the east and south.// 11.
That, in the area where the Asentamiento is located, rainfall of between 750 and 800 cubic meters may be considered normal, an amount that the existing river channels could withstand. Any rainfall exceeding that amount must be considered an extraordinary event (See statements and report of Eng. Rafael Alfredo Oreamuno Vega and testimony and report of Eng. Allan Astorga Gatgens).// 12. That, in al año 2002, severe flooding occurred in Asentamiento San Pancracio as a consequence of the intense rainfall occurring in the Zona Atlántica. On 30 de noviembre de ese año 2002, rainfall was so heavy that 3.569,0 cubic meters per second flowed through Río Reventazón, causing severe flooding on Llanura de Siquirres and, consequently, in Asentamiento San Pancracio (See statements and report of Eng. Rafael Alfredo Oreamuno Vega, physical folio 1175, and testimony of Donald Murray Unwin).// 13. That the flooding is not confined to the Asentamiento, since eight emergency decrees were issued from año 1996 through 2008.
During the 2002 emergency, the storms occurring in the area were classified as the most intense in the previous 50 years, since three cold fronts occurred in noviembre as a result of the El Niño phenomenon, causing heavy rainfall and rivers to overflow, primarily in the area where the Asentamiento is located (Expert report and testimony of Eng. John Matheis Urbina). // 14. These settlements are affected by an average of three major floods per year. In 2003, an emergency was declared in the area for the third consecutive time due to a low-pressure atmospheric system that caused rivers to rise significantly. (See testimony of Ronney Pérez Paniagua of Ministerio de Salud).// 15. That the flooding suffered by the Asentamiento was foreseeable because, since 1861, studies had existed regarding floods in that area that destroyed the Ferrocarril bridge (See statements and report of Eng. Rafael Alfredo Oreamuno Vega).// 16.
That the properties owned by Corporación Del Monte and Chiquita Brands are located around the Asentamiento and, consequently, are also within the Río Pacuare floodplain.// 17. That Canal Chiquerón is located within Finca Imperio and discharges into the lagoons of Río Pacuare (See testimony of Donald Murray Unwin).// 18. That the levees (diques) were built to protect Finca Imperio 30 years before Asentamiento San Pancracio was established and already existed at the time of the año 1970 flood (testimony of Eng. John Matheis Urbina and Donald Murray Unwin).// 19. That, if the levees along the banks of Ríos Reventazón and Pacuare did not exist, 75% u 80% of the rivers’ flow would move toward the plain where Asentamiento San Pancracio is located (See statements and report of Eng. Rafael Alfredo Oreamuno Vega).// 20. That the levees do not guarantee that flooding will not occur (See statements and reports of Eng.
Rafael Alfredo Oreamuno Vega and Eng. Allan Astorga Gatgens).// 21. The levees built along the riverbanks contain the water within the riverbed; they do not redirect it toward another area (Testimony and report of Eng. Allan Astorga Gatgens).// 22. That neither the construction nor the repair of channels requires permits from MINAE or Ministerio de Salud Pública, pursuant to artículo 89 of Ley de Aguas No. 76 (Testimony of Engineer José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Head of Departamento de Aguas of MINAE, and Lic. Roney Pérez Paniagua of Ministerio de Salud Pública).// 23. That the flooding of the Asentamiento cannot be attributed to the construction and repair of the channels. During an extraordinary event, water flows across the plains, and this would cause flooding (See statements and report of Eng. Rafael Alfredo Oreamuno Vega).// 24. As a result of the problems caused by the flooding, the residents of San Pancracio filed an amparo petition (recurso de amparo) before the Sala constitucional, which was processed under expediente número 03-009991-0007-CO and decided by Voto Número 2004-04944 at 15:11 hours on 6 de mayo del 2004 (Plaintiffs’ Evidence No. 23).// 25.
In that Voto, the Sala Constitucional ordered, among other things, the following: “Likewise, Ministerio de Salud, Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, and Municipalidad de Siquirres are ordered to conduct the technical studies necessary to conclusively determine the impact on the environment of the levees, earthworks (movimientos de tierra), and water diversions carried out by the respondent banana companies, and they shall report thereon to this Sala within the non-extendable period of two months from notification of this judgment.” // 26. That, in these proceedings, the State was sued in its capacity as representative of Ministerio de Salud and Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, but the plaintiffs, both when filing the complaint and during the oral-trial hearing, failed to specify the omissions committed by those Ministries and likewise failed to identify the administrative acts (actos administrativos) issued that harmed the plot holders of Asentamiento San Pancracio.
It was not proven that:// 1. The overflowing of the rivers was caused by the construction of levees and channels on the banana plantations.// 2. Ministerio de Salud committed any omission in the performance of the duties conferred on it by law or issued any administrative act detrimental to the plaintiffs before, during, or after the floods.// 3. Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía failed to comply with the order issued by Sala Constitucional in voto Número 2004-04944, or issued any administrative act detrimental to the claimants before, during, or after the floods.// Regarding the actions of Ministerio de Salud// As a result of the filing of the amparo petition, Lic. Roney Pérez Paniagua, of Departamento de Salud Ocupacional of Ministerio de Salud, submitted a report through Official Letter UPAH/RPP-001-2004 of 14 de enero de 2003, addressed to Licda. Olga Magdalena Carrillo Bianchi, Attorney for Dirección de Asuntos Jurídicos of that same Ministry, stating that there are no levees in the immediate vicinity of Asentamiento San Pancracio, but rather several kilometers before and after it.
He adds that a channel (the Chiquerón) passes through the Asentamiento and collects water from the properties of the co-defendant banana companies. The works referred to as having been performed by the co-defendants were reportedly carried out where their properties border those two Ríos.
It states that the flooding that affected him in recent years, including in December 2003, affected a large part of the Canton of Siquirres. The commentary memorandum supplements DASS-008-2004 and DASS-009-2004 (folios 295-296 of amparo proceeding 03-9991-0007-CO). The first reports that no complaints alleging sanitary problems had been received by that Health Area and that the co-defendant banana companies had the required health permits. The second states that the co-defendant banana companies had not submitted an application to that Health Area for earthworks (movimientos de tierra) or levees (diques). It clarifies that Asentamiento San Pancracio borders only the Carmen 2b banana plantation (formerly Carmen 3), owned by COBAL, which has a health permit for banana production. Lastly, the memorandum cited in this fact attaches IC-SI099-03, issued by the Engineering Division of the Unidad Técnica de Asistencia Municipal del Atlántico.
It reported on the reconstruction of levees along Quebrada La Mona between the communities of San Pancracio and La Lucha. It also states that, because San Pancracio is located behind COBAL’s plantation, the levee that was built also prevents water from entering that settlement. It further stated that the defendant companies COBAL and BANDECO performed earthworks, reconstructed existing levees, and built new levees on COBAL’s Gigante and Doble Alianza properties and BANDECO’s Imperio I property. The works were carried out in areas at risk of overflow from the Pacuare River (left bank) and the Reventazón River (right bank). Through this inspection, the Ministerio de Salud also verified that COBAL and BANDECO had performed the works without the required technical environmental impact studies (estudios técnicos de impacto ambiental). In response to the flooding in that area, the Ministry undertook corrective and preventive measures, cleaning 69 hand-dug water wells between February and March of that year to prevent disease and thereby avoid an increase in cases of dengue and malaria.
In his testimony on 18 de mayo de 2021, Lic. Roney Pérez Paniagua stated that, in cases of flooding, the Ministry acted when the emergency committee was activated, performing such duties as supervising shelters, checking people’s health, and assisting with well cleaning. The Ministry only issued operating permits to commercial establishments and, in the case of banana companies, only issued construction permits for packing plants, warehouses, and offices, as well as health operating permits for those companies. At the time of the events in San Pancracio, environmental impact studies did not exist, and he did not know whether they were mandatory at that time. Although Lic. Roney Pérez Paniagua recommended the construction of levees in his reports, those were not duties legally assigned to the Ministerio de Salud. Moreover, none of the witnesses or experts argued or even asserted that the Ministerio de Salud had engaged in any irresponsible act or omission before, during, or after the flooding.
Accordingly, through the previously cited memoranda, the Ministerio de Salud Pública clearly established that the duties assigned to it by law do not include supervising or constructing levees or drainage or discharge channels (canales de desagüe o desfogue) on private properties, whether used for banana cultivation or other agricultural purposes. This refutes the plaintiffs’ reckless assertions that the Ministry failed to order the banana companies to refrain from performing earthworks and their allegations that the Ministerio de Salud committed omissions—omissions that, we reiterate, do not exist because those matters are neither within the Ministry’s jurisdiction nor among its duties.// Regarding the actions taken by the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía// Pursuant to the decision of the Sala Constitucional in judgment Número 2004-04944 at 15:11 hours on 6 de mayo del 2004, the Departamento de Aguas addressed comprehensively the flooding affecting the Reventazón, Pacuare, and Siquirres rivers, preparing, among other reports and memoranda, the aforementioned memorandum-report IMN-DA-244-2004 del 13 de enero de 2004.
That document describes the area’s vulnerability to flooding and, as stated, constitutes comprehensive mitigation action. The Departamento de Aguas identified the works that had to be undertaken to mitigate flood risks along the Río Reventazón and Quebrada La Mona. Subsequently, by decision R-566-2005-MINAE issued by the Ministro de Ambiente at 8 hours on 16 de noviembre del 2005, the order of the Departamento de Aguas, decision IMN-DA-2459-2005, was annulled, and it was ordered that, before the works were carried out, they first be submitted to the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental for completion of the environmental assessment process (proceso de evaluación ambiental). It is important to note that the file of the Departamento de Aguas, number 213- Q, contains no complaint reporting the works that were allegedly to be performed in julio de 2006. The fact remains that, if they had been performed, they would have been contrary to the provisions issued by the Departamento de Aguas and MINAE, because that Department still had not received notice of any SETENA decision granting environmental feasibility approval (viabilidad ambiental).
In his appearance as a witness for one of the parties (El Estado), Ingeniero José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Head of the Departamento de Aguas of MINAE, stated that, pursuant to Article 89 of the Ley de Aguas, the construction of levees does not require a permit because they are civil works located on private land. If any permit were required, its issuance and oversight of compliance with the works would fall to the Municipality of the relevant locality and the Comisión Nacional de Emergencias. In this specific case, MINAE performs only governance and project-management functions and does not issue permits for the construction of new levees, much less for the repair of existing ones, because its jurisdiction and duties consist of administrative, technical, and legal work, with its reports being forwarded to other institutions for implementation. In accordance with the order of the Sala constitucional, all necessary actions were taken, including site visits, preparation of reports, and the provision of four options for resolving the problem.
Those options were rejected by the residents, which led the Ministro de Ambiente to revoke decision IMN-DA-244-2004 del 13 de enero de 2004.// For the foregoing reasons, it has been demonstrated that the Ministerio de Ambiente complied fully and entirely with the order of the Sala Constitucional and, more recently, provided assistance to the residents through SENARA so that water could drain properly from the settlement; nevertheless, the residents divert it elsewhere (Testimony of [Nombre 010]).// Moreover, none of the witnesses or experts argued or even asserted that the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía had engaged in any irresponsible act or omission before, during, or after the flooding. All the foregoing clearly established that MINAE’s duties in these cases are limited to management and governance activities, thereby refuting the plaintiffs’ reckless assertions that the Ministry failed to order the banana companies to refrain from performing earthworks and their allegations that MINAE committed omissions—omissions that, we reiterate, do not exist because those matters are neither within its jurisdiction nor among its duties.// Regarding the expert report submitted by GEODESA// With respect to the expert report submitted by Ing. Geóloga Gabriela Calvo Vargas of Geodesarrollos Ambientales de América, S.A. (GEODESA), we must make clear that it was a highly confusing and imprecise report, containing information presented on cartographic sheets that, among other things, incorrectly located various places, fabricated topographic conditions for the properties, and incorrectly located Canal Chiquerón.
During her oral testimony on 11 y 18 de mayo de 2021, she appeared uncertain about the information set forth in her written opinion, repeatedly using the phrases “it could be,” “that is what it looks like,” “perhaps,” and “it would appear.” That uncertainty was later confirmed by the other experts presented by the banana companies, as well as by the attorneys for Compañía Chiquita Brands during their examination of that professional. All of this confirmed that what was presented to the Court, both in the expert report and in her oral testimony, is inconsistent with the actual conditions in the area, making the report unreliable for the purposes of this proceeding. In addition to the large number of both graphic and written errors, Ing. Calvo Vargas, in response to a question from the defendants, concluded that the problem is the volume of water discharged into the channel, but she does not know what that volume is.
Nor does she know the channel’s water-carrying capacity. According to Ing. Calvo, much of the information provided in the expert opinion was supplied by the residents. Likewise, as part of this extensive accumulation of errors, she divided Asentamiento San Pancracio into two sections separated by the road known as la recta a Imperio, even though the settlement is a single unit. See testimony of [Nombre 014], [Nombre 017], [Nombre 023], [Nombre 015], Ing. John Matheis Urbina. Her examination concluded by stating what we already know: that the area where Asentamiento San Pancracio is located is a very large, broad, and flat alluvial plain, which causes the river to overflow when it carries a large volume of water. This statement is inconsistent with the assertion in her report that the flooding is caused by the construction of levees and drainage channels.// Regarding the expert report submitted by Ing. Fernando Quintanilla.// In his expert opinion, Ing. Quintanilla made a highly personal and subjective decision: he changed the land use (uso del suelo) and hydrological factor (factor hidrológico) assigned to the settlement without conducting technical or market studies of the properties.// Likewise, his report omitted an individual study of each parcel (parcela).
This is vitally important for valuation purposes because each parcel of land has different topographic characteristics. In other words, no two properties anywhere in the world are identical. Furthermore, according to the Órgano de Normalización Técnica del Ministerio de Hacienda, the settlement’s hydrological factor is factor 3, but the expert subjectively changed it to 4 without providing technical grounds for doing so. It must be recalled that Ing. Quintanilla is a land surveyor by profession, and changing the settlement’s hydrological factor is a matter that should be addressed by a hydrology expert employed by an official State entity. Lastly, he did not submit the calculation sheets—an indispensable task in such cases—that could substantiate his determination of the per-square-meter value of each parcel, an essential requirement according to court precedent. For the foregoing reasons, I request that this expert report be disregarded.// Regarding the expert report submitted by Lic. Luis A. Rodríguez Astúa.// This report was based on the report supplied by Ing. Fernando Quintanilla.// It is a damages-calculation expert report that included no documents substantiating the alleged losses suffered by the plaintiffs in 2003. His report was based on the statements of the allegedly affected persons.
The calculation of the value of the household goods and animals lacked the documentary substantiation or support required in such cases. That is, a study (or pro forma invoices) that would have allowed us to ascertain at least the approximate value of each item that the alleged affected parties claimed to have lost in the flood. To the chain of errors already noted, we must add another: he did not conduct a market study to support his conclusion that the properties had lost 75% of their value; this was a subjective assertion lacking the documentary support essential for such purposes. He did not provide the spreadsheets with which he could have demonstrated that his report was accurate and reliable. All the foregoing means that, because the expert report (informe pericial) generally lacks technical and documentary support, it should not be deemed suitable, as it fails to fulfill the purposes required herein.// Regarding the report submitted by Ing. Allan Astorga Gatgens (Geologist)// A highly technical report, owing to Ing. Astorga’s professional training as a geologist, as well as his postgraduate studies.
During his oral appearance, relying on his professional report and reliable data, Ing. Astorga informed us that Costa Rica’s Caribbean region is one of the rainiest areas in the world. Consequently, flooding is very frequent. // He also explained that the floodplain (valle de inundación) is a very common natural phenomenon in the Caribbean (See images 26 and Figure 12 of his report) (...) DEFENSES// Statute of limitations (Prescripción)// According to the allegations in the complaint, the floods occurred in noviembre del año 2002, and the complaint was filed on 25 de febrero de 2011, that is, 8 years and 4 months after the events occurred.
In view of the foregoing and pursuant to Article 198 of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública), had damage attributable to the Public Administration occurred, the period for claiming damages would be four years counted from the dismissal of the complaint in all respects and the order requiring the plaintiffs to pay both categories of costs and interest thereon until paid in full. Act of a third party (hecho de un tercero)// Both at the oral hearing and through the documentary evidence entered into the record, it became clear that, after the property had been occupied, INDER proceeded to conduct insufficiently rigorous studies of the soils of Asentamiento San Pancracio. Those studies failed to verify that the lands occupied by the plaintiffs formed part of the floodplain (llanura de inundación) of the Ríos Reventazón y Pacuare, which infrequently caused flooding in the lowlands and plains of that sector of Siquirres but which, after a certain period and upon the occurrence of extraordinary events, flooded those properties.
It was established that flooding had occurred throughout the canton of Siquirres since 1861, causing damage to the properties located there. Nevertheless, in the absence of studies, INDER awarded properties to families from the area. The foregoing clearly shows the involvement of INDER as a third party that caused the alleged damage to the plaintiffs. Lack of legal right (falta de derecho)// It was not established that the alleged damage caused to the claimants resulted from administrative acts (actos administrativos) issued by the Administration or from any failure to act on its part. On the contrary, it was established that the consequences of the flooding were caused by an extraordinary rainfall event that occurred on 30 de noviembre de 2002, on which date, according to the records of the Estación Fluviográfica Pascua (physical folio 1175), a total flow of 3.659 cubic meters of water per second descended through the Río Reventazón in the area where the Asentamiento is located.
This establishes that such events are the result of an act of nature (hecho de la naturaleza), and therefore the allegations against the State, although imprecise, are without merit; accordingly, the defense of lack of legal right must be upheld and the plaintiffs ordered to pay both categories of costs and interest thereon until paid in full.// Force majeure (fuerza mayor)// As we know, force majeure is an event arising from nature that, although foreseeable, is unavoidable. Force majeure was established by the report and testimony of Eng. Rafael Alfredo Oreamuno Vega, specifically at physical folio 117, where he showed us a graph of rainfall recorded at the Estación Fluviográfica Pascua for the rainfall that occurred on 30 de noviembre de 2002 in the area where the Asentamiento is located. In his presentation, he explained that normal rainfall in the Siquirres area produces a flow of between 700 and 800 cubic meters per second.
Once 800 cubic meters per second is exceeded, the event may be considered extraordinary. On 30 de noviembre de 2002, a total flow of 3.659 cubic meters per second occurred in the area where Asentamiento San Pancracio is located, thereby establishing that the flooding and resulting damage were caused not by the construction and repair of dikes and canals, but by an extraordinary rainfall event—that is, an event of nature and thus a case of force majeure. In view of the foregoing, I request that the complaint be dismissed in all respects and that the plaintiffs be ordered to pay both categories of litigation costs and interest thereon until paid in full. // Lack of active standing (falta de legitimación activa)// During the proceedings, we observed that some of the plaintiffs do not reside in Asentamiento San Pancracio, and therefore lack active standing to bring these proceedings in pursuit of compensation to which they are not entitled. // Lack of passive standing (falta de legitimación pasiva)// Although they did not specify the acts attributable to the Administration, the claimants proceeded to file a complaint against the State and other defendants.// Both the documentary evidence offered and the testimony of officials from the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía and Salud Pública established that, in the case at hand, both institutions fulfilled their respective statutory and functional responsibilities, resulting in a lack of passive standing; accordingly, the complaint against my clients must be dismissed and the plaintiffs ordered to pay both categories of litigation costs and the corresponding interest thereon until paid in full."- The representative of the CNE stated in its closing arguments that, in judgment 2004-4944 of the Constitutional Chamber, “(...) the application filed by the residents of the San Pancracio settlement, who at that time were organized under the Asociación Administradora de la Producción Agrícola y Coordinación Institucional del Asentamiento San Pancracio, was granted, and the ‘CNE’ WAS NOT ORDERED TO TAKE ANY AFFIRMATIVE ACTION DUE TO AN OMISSION, OR TO REFRAIN FROM TAKING ANY ACTION, NOR TO UNDERTAKE ANY COORDINATION WORK WITH THE INSTITUTIONS IDENTIFIED; that is, in the most important precedent for the present lawsuit, our client was not singled out by the Constitutional Court, nor did that Court issue any order concerning the ‘CNE,’ since we had no involvement whatsoever in the violations of constitutional rights (tutelas constitucionales) established therein, which were attributed to other government institutions and banana corporations.
Furthermore, at the request of the Defensoría de los Habitantes, and pursuant to our authority specifically concerning prevention within the field of risk management (gestión del riesgo), the CNE prepared the requested reports, followed up on them, and issued the recommendations documented in the judicial record (expediente judicial); from the recommendations report issued by the Office of the Ombudsperson itself, it may be inferred that the ‘CNE’ had no involvement whatsoever in the matter reported. In this regard, within the dual scope of its powers set forth in sections 14 (ordinary and preventive powers) and 15 (management of risk-prevention situations and emergency response), the ‘CNE,’ in its actions concerning the case at hand, has acted consistently with the contentious-administrative jurisdiction (jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa) as guarantor of legality in our country, ensuring the timely, coordinated, and efficient management of its technical, administrative, and financial resources specifically in relation to the executive decrees and the actions documented in the General Emergency Plans arising from the emergency decrees issued by the Executive Branch for the area during the historical period in which the plaintiffs were affected.
In other words, although judgment of the Constitutional Chamber No.4944-2004 did not require the CNE to take any measure, actions were nevertheless carried out within the scope of our powers, as evidenced by the General Emergency Plans decreed by the Executive Branch. In this respect, we refer to the documentary evidence (prueba documental) submitted by the ‘CNE’ and the State. Regarding the plaintiffs’ reference to the Interinstitutional Committee for River Management, at that time the CNE consistently carried out specific actions in implementation of the General Emergency Plans under the decrees then in force; those actions were performed through institutional personnel and the Emergency Committees, now through the technical-operational bodies and advisory committees that coordinate with the different institutions (art. 10.b Ley Nacional de Emergencias y Prevención del Riesgo No.8488).
In this respect, we refer to the documentary evidence submitted by the ‘CNE’ and the State. It should also be noted that, in responding to emergency situations such as the one that occurred in the area in the year 2002, which gave rise to Decreto Ejecutivo No.30866-MP del año 2002 and Decreto Ejecutivo No. 31540- MP del año 2003, the ‘CNE’ carried out what are known as initial-impact actions (acciones de primer impacto), as provided in article 15, final paragraph, of Ley Nacional de Emergencias y Prevención del Riesgo No.8488. Those actions are documented by evidence, and, in view of the situation of necessity and urgency, the measures required to safeguard the most important legally protected interest (bien jurídico), namely human life, the physical integrity of the residents of the area, and public infrastructure, were taken. Evidence of this is found in the record regarding the report on damage and impacts prepared by the public institutions, which was incorporated into the General Emergency Plan under the aforementioned decrees.
Therefore, our actions were always consistent with our principles of legality, urgency, and public calamity. (...) Moreover, the following are among the duties and obligations incumbent upon the Municipalities and other government bodies:// The Municipality is responsible for administering cantonal interests and services and for approving and executing budgets as provided in articles 3 and 4 of Código Municipal.// Prevention is the responsibility of the State, and therefore all state institutions are required to incorporate the concepts of risk and disaster into their programs and to include the appropriate ordinary-management measures within their respective areas of responsibility (Artículo 25, Ley 8488). // The advice provided by the ‘CNE’ to institutions is directed toward an effective land-use and territorial-planning policy (política de uso de la tierra y del ordenamiento territorial) and must contribute to the adoption of control measures intended to reduce people’s vulnerability, bearing in mind that, at the municipal level, primary responsibility for addressing this problem rests with the municipality.
(Artículo 14 Ley No.8488, inciso h).// All works within a watercourse (obras en cauce) must be processed through the Departamento de Aguas del MINAE, because that agency is responsible for administering publicly owned watercourses, in accordance with article eighty-nine (89) of “Ley de Aguas” No.276 and its amendments, de veintisiete de agosto de mil novecientos cuarenta y dos, and its respective amendments.// Furthermore, as is well known, maintenance work on watercourses and investment in public infrastructure must be carried out by other government bodies, whether the Municipalities or the Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes, because maintenance, as ordinary public works (obra pública ordinaria), cannot be provided by the ‘CNE’ since, as indicated (...) Along the same lines, in the present proceeding the inexorable causal link (vínculo de causalidad) between our client’s conduct and the alleged damages was neither identified nor proven.
The record contains an absolute lack of suitable evidence (medios probatorios idóneos) concerning the essential basis of the claim against the CNE. In other words, THERE IS NO LEGAL LIABILITY IF THERE IS NO DAMAGE capable of giving rise to liability; there must have been an unlawful act (acto antijurídico) attributable to our client, whether on the basis of fault (culpa) (in the broad sense—intent or negligence) or another objective basis of attribution (factor de atribución objetivo) (risk, legal duty to guarantee, etc.), together with an adequate causal relationship (relación de causalidad adecuada) between the attributable act and the damage. Accordingly, at least two basic requirements must be met for an award of damages (daños y perjuicios) in this type of proceeding: proof of the causal nexus (nexo causal) and demonstration through suitable evidence of the damages sought; the burden of proving these matters rests on the plaintiffs, and in our case the complaint and the evidence presented in court are entirely devoid of such proof.
Regarding the need to demonstrate the causal nexus between the conduct giving rise to the damage and the damage itself, the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice, in judgment 46-2013, de las once horas cuarenta minutos del 9 de mayo del 2013, ruled as follows: “To decide the present case in accordance with the applicable law and therefore with justice, it is essential to determine whether a causal nexus exists between the damages described by the plaintiffs and the administrative conduct, which consists of the train’s passage. The causal relationship creates a link that makes it possible to discern the origin of the alleged harm. Regarding the causal nexus, scholar Eduardo García De Enterría states that ‘for an event to merit consideration as the cause of damage, it must itself be capable of producing that damage according to common experience; that is, it must have a particular capacity to produce the harmful effect.
Only in such cases (adequate causation) can it rigorously be said that the activity under consideration’.” Based on the foregoing, it is clear and evident that the plaintiffs are not entitled to any type of compensation, since they have not demonstrated what affirmative conduct or omission by the CNE (based on the powers established in Ley No. 8488) caused the alleged damages claimed by them. Furthermore, it cannot be determined how the itemized damages in the complaint were quantified; they are manifestly unfounded and contrary to the principles of reasonableness and proportionality (...) It is likewise important to point out that the evidence submitted in the record shows that the location of the San Pancracio settlement is an area at HIGH RISK OF FLOODING, where there is a strong likelihood that all or a substantial portion of the alleged damages resulted from natural events, without the direct or indirect involvement of our client or even of other institutions.
Because this constitutes force majeure (fuerza mayor), that doctrine is particularly significant in the field of noncontractual civil liability (responsabilidad civil extracontractual), where it constitutes a legal ground for exclusion of and exemption from liability. It is identified with natural occurrences or events that could not have been foreseen or that, if foreseen, were unavoidable and external to the Administration’s sphere of control, provided that the damage caused by nature could not have been avoided through the timely performance of the administrative entity’s own activities. In this regard, article one hundred ninety (190) of Ley General de la Administración Pública, which is based on that premise, provides: “The Administration shall be liable for all damage caused by its lawful, unlawful, or abnormal functioning, except in cases of force majeure, fault of the victim, or act of a third party…” (...) The expert report (informe pericial) submitted by Fernando Quintanilla Molina, a land-surveying engineer, is contradictory insofar as the expert completes his study by economically valuing the impacts sustained by each parcel; nevertheless, in point number 1 of his conclusions, he states that it is impossible to quantify the damages because the initial condition of the parcels is unknown.
It is therefore apparent that the supposed initial baseline needed to substantiate the amounts stated, based on a comparison between the prior condition of the land and its current condition, does not exist, and the calculation was therefore made without any actual difference being established. Likewise, the expert appraisal (peritaje) lacks material verification capable of substantiating the damages allegedly sustained by the plaintiffs; neither the methodology used by the expert nor the report demonstrates that technical tests were performed that would enable him to quantify any deterioration of the claimants’ properties. Consequently, it has been established that the conclusions set forth in the expert opinion (dictamen pericial) lack technical support and validity, thereby discrediting the economic differences identified as impacts. Moreover, the information used as input is the same as that used in the other expert appraisals—namely, information supplied by the plaintiffs—which is manifestly improper and violates the principle of evidentiary objectivity (principio de objetividad probatoria).
Regarding the addendum to his expert appraisal, it remains the case that the supposed initial baseline required to substantiate the amounts stated, based on a comparison between the prior condition of the land and its current condition, does not exist, and the calculation was therefore made without any actual point of reference.
Likewise, the expert appraisal (peritaje) lacks material verification capable of substantiating the damages that the claimants allege they suffered; nowhere in the methodology used by the expert is it shown that technical tests were performed that would enable him to quantitatively determine any deterioration of the claimants’ properties. The evidence submitted by the State’s counsel, official letter DVAT-263-2017 of 29 de noviembre de 2017, issued by the Dirección General de Tributación, is of utmost importance, as it makes clear that the reports of expert Quintanilla Molina contain a series of technical deficiencies that undermine their reliability, that he did not apply an appraisal method demonstrating actual market value, and that he did not use the hydrology and land-use capability variables. In this regard, he fails to establish the characteristics identifying each parcel, and omits any description of the market and its characteristics against which their value could be compared; thus, not only did he fail to conduct an individual and comparative appraisal, but he also omitted evidence useful for the appraisal (...) The expert report (informe pericial) submitted by Ms.
Gabriela Calvo Vargas reveals that it consists of repeated subjective assessments and is not supported by technical and scientific criteria, as would be expected of an expert report. Furthermore, the expert treats as established the historical data concerning rises or changes in water levels in the area, without reliable evidence such as HYDROLOGICAL STUDIES (ESTUDIOS HIDROLOGICOS) of the micro-watershed (micro cuenca), the maximum height of the water column, and the potential inundation area (zona de anegamiento potencial), which could establish the accuracy of those data regarding flooding, effective precipitation volume, the distribution of water across the plain, velocity distribution, and how floodwaters spread with and without infrastructure. Instead, she relies solely on statements by local residents, who are plaintiffs in this case, thereby causing the expert report to lose credibility.
In other words, the principle of objectivity (principio de objetividad) is violated, as stated above. Likewise, her geological study should have presented a historical record of variations in the river channel within the river valley, using aerial or historical photographs to verify that the area was not potentially subject to flooding before the construction of the levees (diques); her expert analysis is deficient in this respect. Furthermore, the report includes information from residents concerning repairs made to their homes, for which they provide neither invoices nor any other evidence demonstrating that the repairs were carried out because of the situation the residents allegedly face today. The analytical report refers to the residents’ health problems without the corresponding discharge summaries (epicrisis) or medical opinions (dictámenes médicos) that would allow those conditions to be verified.
The report submitted by expert Allan Astorga Gattgens, with the scientific support of Mr. Andreas Mende, is considered by this counsel to be of the utmost importance in establishing the substantive truth of the facts, given its technical and scientific content and its use, for purposes of the investigation, of essential information concerning the area’s historical background, bibliographic references, and the interpretation of official aerial-photograph records from IGN. Those records show land use (uso del suelo) within the active floodplain (llanura de inundación activa), and the report is unequivocal in establishing as fact that, because of the proximity of Asentamiento San Pancracio to the alluvial plain (llanura aluvial) of the Rio Reventazón and Pacuare river systems, the settlement is located on a floodplain and is clearly subject to a VERY HIGH flood hazard. It also establishes that, after the 1960s, evidence already existed of the construction of levees in the area to reduce the severity of flooding, and that the construction of those levees significantly reduced the flood hazard, thereby enabling the development of new banana plantations.
This reduction benefited not only the banana farms but the entire expanse of the floodplain. It further establishes that the VERY HIGH-RISK situation affecting communities within the flood zone, including San Pancracio, entails a high probability that, during a maximum-flood event caused by extraordinary or even ordinary circumstances, the containment works (obras de contención) may be unable to withstand the force of the water, potentially resulting in a catastrophic event in the floodplain area. Added to all of this is the condition of climate change, under which extreme events involving heavy precipitation and even drought are occurring with increasing frequency. When asked by one of the members of the court about the condition of the levees in the area in relation to the location of the settlements on the floodplain, he stated unequivocally that, far from causing the flooding, the containment works are human-made structures (obras antrópicas) that help floods recede in the area and are not their cause.
He attributed the flooding to conditions inherent in nature and the area itself, as well as to improper land use and a lack of urban planning. (...) In conclusion, CNE rejects the present claim in its entirety, affirming through the documentary evidence in the record and what was seen and discussed at the trial hearing that we have been joined to litigation in which we should never have been involved, based solely on subjective assertions unsupported by any body of evidence, thereby requiring the use of valuable time and Public Treasury resources that could have been directed toward the work falling within CNE’s ordinary and extraordinary powers. Accordingly, this counsel requests that the defense of lack of a legal right and lack of standing as a defendant (falta de legitimación pasiva) be sustained. It further requests that the present claim be dismissed and that the plaintiffs be ordered to pay both categories of costs, with interest until paid in full."- INDER’s counsel stated in its conclusions that, because INDER was joined to the proceedings as an interested third party (tercero interesado) and no claims were brought against it, no judgment may be entered against it; rather, it was made clear that the entity has continuously cooperated with the co-claimants.
Counsel invokes judgment 2004-4944 of the Sala Constitucional, which ordered the defendant private companies not to construct dikes, carry out earthworks (movimientos de tierra), or divert water until they had obtained the corresponding permits. Counsel states that, in 1999, the former Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario (IDA) conducted the Land-Family Relationship Study for Finca San Pancracio, as was made clear by the testimony of all the witnesses. Counsel asserts that it was proven that the dikes constructed alongside the banana plantations of the defendant companies near Asentamiento San Pancracio are located on the side of those plantations and not on the side of the Asentamiento, and that earthworks were carried out in 2003 to construct and rebuild dikes. Counsel considers that the defendants share liability because no studies exist to determine the proper feasibility and functionality of the dikes constructed and rebuilt, with a view to anticipating possible flooding.
Counsel emphasizes that, according to the testimony of José Miguel Zeledón Calderón (Director de Aguas del MINAE), the dikes do not cause the flooding, but they do increase the risk to the Asentamiento, and that the Dirección de Aguas requested through SETENA that the respective studies be conducted, but no response has been received in that regard. Counsel challenges the expert report (peritaje) submitted by Dr. Allan Astorga because it is not impartial, given that he was retained by one of the parties. Counsel requests that, because INDER is merely an interested third party and no claim whatsoever has been brought against it, it be exempted from paying attorneys’ fees and litigation costs (costas personales y procesales).- Counsel for the Municipalidad reiterates the terms of its response to the complaint submitted at the appropriate time, to the effect that the municipality’s authority in emergency matters is marginal in nature, while primary authority lies with CNE and the State.
Counsel states that maintenance of the dikes (which date back many years) is performed by laborers using shovels and that, if no report is filed, it is impossible to exercise any oversight. Counsel reiterates that judgment 2004-4944 does not demonstrate a causal link (nexo causal) between the flooding and the alleged earthworks and construction of dikes. As a defense against non-contractual civil liability (responsabilidad civil extracontractual), counsel invokes, in this case, the existence of fault on the part of the victim (culpa de la víctima), because the claimants settled at that location, as well as the act of a third party (hecho de un tercero), namely the entity that awarded them the land, INDER; under those circumstances, holding the municipality liable would allow them to benefit from their own willful misconduct. Counsel states that, based on the testimony of witnesses and experts in these proceedings (Fernando Quintanilla Molina, surveyor; Allan Astorga Gatgens, geologist; Gabriela Calvo Vargas, geologist; Rafael Oreamuno Vega, civil engineer), all of whom are experts and professionals in their respective fields, a rural settlement should never have been established at the location occupied by San Pancracio because of the possible overflow of the Pacuare and Reventazón river channels, and that this circumstance must be taken into account in deciding the case.
Counsel explains that, in any event, the municipality bears no liability because the claimants never formally filed any complaint or request for specific intervention in the matter. Counsel invokes article 89 of the Ley de Aguas, which provides that owners may construct “protective works (obras de defensa)” without requiring permits, emphasizing that the flooding is not due to a problem with the dikes, but rather to the fact that the community is located in a flood-prone area. Counsel reiterates the request that the complaint against the municipality be dismissed and that the claimants be ordered to pay both categories of costs.- IV) The following facts relevant to the resolution of this matter are deemed proven:
Name of claimant Legal status at the site 1. [Nombre 001] Co-owner (with [Nombre 037]) of registered property [Valor 031] (images 646-647) 2. [Nombre 002] Recipient of a land award in Proyecto San Pancracio, official letter ORS-370-2011 dated 25 de mayo del 2011 from Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (images 1563-1565) 3. [Nombre 003] Recipient of a land award in Proyecto San Pancracio, official letter ORS-370-2011 dated 25 de mayo del 2011 from Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (images 1563-1565) 4. [Nombre 004] Precarious possessor (poseedor en precario) in the San Pancracio area (has neither registered title nor a deed transferring unregistered land). Regarding the acts of possession, listen to the testimony of [Nombre 022] at the oral trial 5. [Nombre 005] Recipient of a land award in Proyecto San Pancracio, official letter ORS-370-2011 dated 25 de mayo del 2011 from Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (images 1563-1565) 6. [Nombre 006] Recipient of a land award in Proyecto San Pancracio, official letter ORS-370-2011 dated 25 de mayo del 2011 from Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (images 1563-1565) 7. [Nombre 007] Recipient of a land award in Proyecto San Pancracio, official letter ORS-370-2011 dated 25 de mayo del 2011 from Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (images 1563-1565) 8. [Nombre 008] Recipient of a land award in Proyecto San Pancracio, Junta Directiva IDA, resolution VIII, session 91-01 of 3/12/2001 (image 481) 9. [Nombre 009] Transfer of land located in Laguna de Imperio de Siquirrres, by deed dated 12 de julio de 1991, executed by IDA (images 676-679) 10. [Nombre 010] Recipient of a land award in Proyecto San Pancracio, official letter ORS-370-2011 dated 25 de mayo del 2011 from Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (images 1563-1565) 11. [Nombre 011] Recipient of a land award in Proyecto San Pancracio, official letter ORS-370-2011 dated 25 de mayo del 2011 from Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (images 1563-1565) 12.
Estate of the late [Nombre 012] Recipient of a land award in Proyecto San Pancracio, official letter ORS-370-2011 dated 25 de mayo del 2011 from Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (images 1563-1565) 13. [Nombre 014] Recipient of a land award in Proyecto San Pancracio, official letter ORS-370-2011 dated 25 de mayo del 2011 from Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (images 1563-1565) 14. [Nombre 015] Recipient of a land award in Proyecto San Pancracio, official letter ORS-370-2011 dated 25 de mayo del 2011 from Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (images 1563-1565) 15. [Nombre 016] Co-owner of land transferred by IDA, located in Asentamiento Imperio, pursuant to a deed dated 26 de febrero de 1993; property No. [Valor 033] (images 692-698) 16. [Nombre 017] Owner of property transferred by [Nombre 025], located in Imperio de Siquirres, property No. [Valor 032], on 10 de marzo del 2006 (images 699-703) 17. [Nombre 018] Precarious possessor in the San Pancracio area (has neither registered title nor a deed transferring unregistered land).
Regarding the acts of possession, listen to the testimony of [Nombre 010] at the oral trial 18. [Nombre 019] Precarious possessor in the San Pancracio area (has neither registered title nor a deed transferring unregistered land). Regarding the acts of possession, listen to the testimony of [Nombre 028] at the oral trial 19. [Nombre 020] Recipient of a land award in Proyecto San Pancracio, official letter ORS-370-2011 dated 25 de mayo del 2011 from Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (images 1563-1565) 20. [Nombre 021] Precarious possessor (poseedora en precario) in the San Pancracio area (she has neither registered title nor a deed transferring unregistered land). Regarding the facts of possession (hechos posesorios), hear the testimony of [Nombre 015] and [Nombre 027] at the oral trial.
21. [Nombre 022] Allottee (adjudicatario) of Proyecto San Pancracio, Oficio ORS-370-2011 del 25 de mayo del 2011 de Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (images 1563-1565) 22. [Nombre 023] Allottee of Proyecto San Pancracio, Oficio ORS-370-2011 del 25 de mayo del 2011 de Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (images 1563-1565) 23. [Nombre 024] Allottee of Proyecto Maryland. Junta Directiva del IDA, acuerdo III de la sesión 90-87 del 24 de noviembre de 1987 (image 587) 24. [Nombre 025] Owner of property N° [Valor 034], purchased on 25 de enero de 2005 from Carlos Quinto Cerdas Solano (images 718-720) 25. [Nombre 026] Precarious possessor in the San Pancracio area (she has neither registered title nor a deed transferring unregistered land). Regarding the facts of possession, hear the testimony of [Nombre 007].
26. [Nombre 027] Precarious possessor in the San Pancracio area (she has neither registered title nor a deed transferring unregistered land). Regarding the facts of possession, hear the testimony of [Nombre 015].
27. [Nombre 028] Precarious possessor in the San Pancracio area (he has neither registered title nor a deed transferring unregistered land). Regarding the facts of possession, hear the testimony of [Nombre 019] at the oral trial.
The case file shows that oficio DASS-009-2004 del 13 de enero del 2004, issued by the Unidad de Protección al Ambiente Humano del Área Rectora de Salud de Siquirres, states that neither Bandeco nor COBAL had submitted any application for earthworks (movimiento de tierras) or for the construction of levees (diques) (folio 281). In that case file, judgment 2004-4944 de las quince horas con once minutos del seis de mayo del dos mil cuatro was issued (folios 353-362), in which the following facts were deemed proven:
“I.- (...) The following facts, which are important to the decision in this matter, are deemed duly established, either because they have been proven or because the respondent failed to address them as ordered in the initial order:
“VIII.- In the case before us, the reports submitted by the respondent officials, the representatives of the respondent banana companies, and the evidence in the record establish that Compañía Bananera del Atlántico Limitada (COBAL) performed work to rebuild and reinforce an existing levee whose purpose is to prevent water from reaching the banana plantations when the rivers rise, specifically at quebrada La Mona, whose outlet is obstructed by the río Siquirres, which is in turn obstructed by the río Pacuare, both of which receive water from the río Reventazón. Likewise, it has been established that a levee complex exists along the right bank of the latter river, built at the initiative of the Municipalidad de Siquirres and several government institutions over approximately the last 30 years. Following the floods that occurred during the months of noviembre y diciembre de 2002, several sections of those levees were damaged; accordingly, both COBAL and Corporación de Desarrollo Agrícola del Monte S.A. applied to the local municipal authority for the respective permits to carry out the necessary repairs (folio 169 and attached document #13).
Nevertheless, the head of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía states that none of the respondent banana corporations submitted levee projects concerning the Río Reventazón or Río Pacuare for an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental). Similarly, although—as indicated above—permit applications were submitted to the Concejo Municipal de Siquirres—which, in turn, forwarded them to the Dirección General de Geología y Minas—the repairs, including the earthworks, were evidently performed without proper authorization from the competent officials. Of even greater concern to the Sala is the report submitted by the Directora de la Unidad de Ambiente Humano del Area Rectora de Salud de Siquirres following an inspection of the site, which states that the respondent companies not only rebuilt existing levees but also erected new levees in areas at risk of overflow from the río Pacuare and río Reventazón, without the corresponding permits or technical environmental impact studies (folio 282).
IX.Accordingly, it is evident that the conduct of the respondent banana companies is not only contrary to the legal system but also constitutes a violation of the right to health and to a healthy environment, enshrined in Articles 21 and 50 of the Political Constitution. This is so not only because they constructed dikes without authorization from either the state environmental regulatory body or the local government, but also because, in the absence of environmental impact studies (estudios de impacto ambiental), it is impossible to clearly ascertain the effects that a structure of this type has on the behavior of the river, including the possibility that it could increase the hydraulic capacity of the channel and thereby facilitate conditions conducive to flooding in adjacent areas. This Chamber is mindful that Asentamiento San Pancracio—where the appellant resides—as well as certain properties belonging to the respondent companies—such as Finca Gigante—are located within the floodplain of the Ríos Pacuare and Reventazón, and that this, together with the high rainfall characteristic of the area, facilitates flooding when those rivers overflow.
Nevertheless, it is precisely the absence of technical environmental impact studies that prevents a determination of whether the effects of such flooding were increased and magnified by the earthworks (movimientos de tierra) and construction of dikes carried out by the aforementioned banana companies, as indicated above. It is likewise understandable that these companies would take measures to protect their property and the agricultural activity in which they engage; however, in doing so, they must ensure the effective implementation of the concept of sustainable development (desarrollo sostenible) and respect the ecosystem. It is therefore wholly unacceptable for them to act while disregarding the procedures prescribed by law, endangering the environment and the health and lives of local residents by altering natural resources in such a manner.
X.Furthermore, the Chamber concludes that, in the case under review, the violation of the right to health and to an ecologically balanced environment is also attributable to the Ministerio de Salud, the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, and the Municipalidad de Siquirres, as a result of their negligence or failure to exercise the oversight powers (facultades de fiscalización) required under the Constitution and ordinary law with respect to ensuring the proper management of natural resources. They are required to verify not only whether the construction of a structure at that location is permissible, through the corresponding environmental impact studies, but also whether that structure satisfies all necessary technical and legal requirements before it is built. Nevertheless, the respondent municipal entity and the heads of the aforementioned ministries merely state that they had no knowledge of the situation raised by the appellant until they were served notice of this proceeding.
In reviewing similar matters, the Chamber has held that human beings cannot be denied the right to a healthy environment, the right to health, and, consequently, the essential right to life because public authorities are unable to exercise effectively the supervisory powers conferred on them by law and the mechanisms provided to them by the legal system for the purpose of controlling the actions of third parties that directly threaten such an important fundamental right. In light of the foregoing, this proceeding must be upheld against the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, the Ministerio de Salud, and the Municipalidad de Siquirres."
The operative portion (parte dispositiva) of the judgment provided: "The petition is granted. Accordingly, Compañía Bananera del Atlántico Limitada (COBAL) and Corporación de Desarrollo Agrícola del Monte S.A. are ordered to refrain from constructing dikes, carrying out earthworks, or diverting waters along the banks of the rivers Reventazón and Pacuare until they have obtained the corresponding permits from the competent authorities. The Ministerio de Salud, the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, and the Municipalidad de Siquirres are likewise ordered to conduct the technical studies necessary to establish conclusively the effects on the environment of the dikes, earthworks, and diversion of waters carried out by the respondent banana companies, and they must report their findings to the Chamber within the non-extendable period of two months counted from service of notice of this judgment.
Compañía Bananera del Atlántico Limitada (COBAL), Corporación de Desarrollo Agrícola del Monte S.A., the State, and the Municipalidad de Siquirres are ordered to pay the costs and the damages and losses caused by the facts underlying this ruling, which shall be assessed in proceedings to enforce the judgment before the civil and administrative courts, respectively" (emphasis added; see the certified court record of the amparo proceeding (amparo) and the online address: https://nexuspj.poder-judicial.go.cr/document/sen-1-0007-286491, where the cited judgment may be viewed); 6) In the cited court record, the appellant Asociación filed a motion alleging noncompliance (gestión de desobediencia), which was decided by resolution Nº 2008-007190 de las 14 horas del 25 de abril del 2008. On that occasion, the following was held:
"I.- The purpose of this judgment is to determine compliance with the order issued by this Court in judgment número 2004-004944 de las quince horas once minutos del seis de mayo de dos mil cuatro, which ordered Corporación de Desarrollo Agrícola del Monte S.A. to refrain from constructing dikes, carrying out earthworks, or diverting waters along the banks of the rivers Reventazón and Pacuare until it had obtained the corresponding permits from the competent authorities. The Ministerio de Salud, the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, and the Municipalidad de Siquirres were likewise ordered to conduct the technical studies necessary to establish conclusively the effects on the environment of the dikes, earthworks, and diversion of waters carried out by the banana companies and to report their findings to the Chamber.
II.Regarding the technical studies submitted by the respondent authorities. First, José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, in his capacity as Jefe del Departamento de Aguas del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, submitted a report under official communication número OMN- DA-1851-04 del veintiuno de julio de dos mil cuatro, in which he concluded that the dike works carried out by the respondent companies constituted mitigation measures (medidas paliativas) against the overflowing and flooding expected during extreme events. He emphasized, however, that such dikes are not, by themselves, the cause of the flooding phenomenon, because even without the dike the civilian area would still be expected to be affected. For its part, the Municipalidad de Siquirres submitted report número IC-SI019-05 del siete de febrero de dos mil cinco, stating that it had verified that there were no recent earthworks or containment works in the area concerned in this amparo proceeding.
It also agreed with the respondent authorities that addressing the existing problem required a comprehensive approach, meaning the involvement of different institutions [sic]. From the foregoing, it follows not only that the authorities complied with the order to submit the report, but also that the reports support the conclusion that the dikes constructed by the respondent banana companies were not, by themselves, the cause of the environmental contamination.
III.The judgment at issue also ordered Compañía Bananera del Atlántico Limitada (COBAL) and Corporación de Desarrollo Agrícola S.A. to refrain from constructing dikes, carrying out earthworks, or diverting waters along the banks of the rivers Reventazón and Pacuare until they had obtained the corresponding permits. In this regard, the representatives of the respondent companies report that, as of junio de dos mil cuatro, those companies had not reconstructed any dike along the banks of the rivers Reventazón or Pacuare or within preexisting internal natural streams. These assertions are supported by the Municipalidad de Siquirres, which informed this Chamber that the inspection conducted determined that there were no recent earthworks or containment works in the area in question. The respondent Municipalidad further states that the dikes and spillways or overflow channels (vertederos o aliviaderos) had undergone no changes as a result of rising waters, that vehicles could also travel over the dike itself, and that there was no evidence of damage from the recent rising waters. Accordingly, this Court finds it proven that the respondent banana companies have fully complied with the order issued in judgment 2004-04944 by refraining from carrying out further activities in the vicinity of the rivers Reventazón and Pacuare.
IV.Furthermore, Marco Machore Levi appeared before this Chamber in el mes de diciembre de dos mil seis to again allege noncompliance with the order issued by this Chamber in judgment número 2004-004944 de las quince horas once minutos del seis de mayo de dos mil cuatro, on the ground that entre los días diez y catorce de julio de dos mil seis, illegal works intended to reconstruct a dike at Quebrada La Mona had been carried out at Finca Gigante, owned by Compañía Bananera Atlántica. In this regard, the Gerente de la Compañía Bananera Atlántica Limitada reports that, during la semana número veintiséis del años dos mil seis, heavy rains and flooding occurred in the Siquirres area, damaging the dike located at Quebrada La Mona. For that reason, entre los días diez y catorce de julio de dos mil seis, reconstruction began on the sluice gate located on one side of the dike. He emphasized that the work performed was not new construction as such, but rather an emergency reconstruction of an existing dike.
In connection with these events, the Municipalidad de Siquirres reports that it halted the repair work being performed by Compañía Bananera Atlántica Limitada through official communication AMS-159-06, against which a motion for reconsideration (recurso de revocatoria) was filed and subsequently denied by resolution de las diez horas del veintidós de setiembre de dos mil seis; consequently, the work was shut down el veinte de julio de dos mil seis. In view of the foregoing, and because the appellant Municipalidad refused to approve reconstruction of the dike, Compañía Bananera Atlántica Limitada proceeded only to block the damaged sluice gate with tires. In addition, the Ministro de Ambiente y Energía and the Director Ejecutivo de la Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias reiterated their previous position that the problem of the impacts caused by flooding cannot be attributed to one company or another, but instead results from a series of cumulative natural and anthropogenic factors and actions requiring comprehensive intervention by the State, Gobiernos Locales, and Sociedad Civil.
From the foregoing, this Chamber concludes that the Public Administration has diligently performed its duty of oversight, preventing any construction or reconstruction work lacking the corresponding permits from being carried out on the dike at Quebrada La Mona. The appropriate course is therefore to deny the motion alleging noncompliance.
V.Conclusion.- In view of the foregoing, the appropriate course is to deny the motion alleging noncompliance (gestión de desobediencia), as is hereby ordered” ((emphasis added; see the certified judicial record of the amparo proceeding (amparo) and the online address: https://nexuspj.poder-judicial.go.cr/document/sen-1-0007-423896, where the cited judgment may be viewed);
It should be noted that, to decide the case properly, it must first be determined whether the facts analyzed in this action (covering the years 2002 through 2018, in light of the amendments adding facts to the complaint filed in this case) are covered by res judicata (cosa juzgada) arising from the rulings of the Sala Constitucional, numbers 2004-04944 de las quince horas con once minutos del seis de mayo del dos mil cuatro and Nº 2008-007190 de las 14 horas del 25 de abril del 2008 (which respectively decided the constitutional protection petition (amparo) filed by [Nombre 010], in his capacity as Presidente de la Asociación Administradora de la Producción Agrícola y Coordinación Institucional del Asentamiento San Pancracio, and the noncompliance application (gestión de desobediencia) filed by the petitioner regarding the Constitutional Court’s ruling).- It must then be determined whether the actions of private parties and the omissions of public institutions (to the extent they are not covered by the substantive res judicata (cosa juzgada material) effect of the amparo or barred by the statute of limitations (prescripción)) caused the damages claimed by the plaintiffs.
This requires first determining which plaintiffs own or possess unregistered land (terrenos sin inscribir) in the San Pancracio de Siquirres area and then whether the flooding alleged in the complaint and the successive amendments to the action was in fact caused by the alleged actions and omissions, or instead resulted from an act of nature (force majeure (fuerza mayor)) or the act of a third party (hecho de un tercero), circumstances that, under the criteria of the Código Civil (for the private defendants) and the Ley General de la Administración Pública (for the public entities sued), constitute grounds for exemption from financial liability (responsabilidad patrimonial).- Once the foregoing has been determined, the remaining claims—those seeking compensation—must be analyzed.- VII) Relationship between this case and the judgments of the Sala Constitucional issued in 2004 and 2008: A review of the list of facts alleged in the complaint (filing restating the facts of the action, received on 19 de abril del 2013, at images 2145-2236) and its subsequent amendments adding facts, through filings dated: 17 de setiembre del 2012, addressing events from July and August of that year (images 2026-2030); and 31 de agosto del 2018, addressing events from July of that year (images 3571-3597), shows that the flooding claim begins with the events that occurred in 2002 and 2003 and concludes with the events of August 2018.- Thus, in the reformulation of the complaint received on 19 de abril del 2013, it is alleged: Regarding the origin of the Asentamiento and the situation of the plaintiffs herein, it is stated that Asentamiento San Pancracio was established on the property recorded under real-property folio registration number [Valor 002], located in Distrito Siquirres, Cantón Siquirres, Provincia Limón, which was owned by Mr. [Nombre 038], who sold the property to IDA (now INDER) by means of a deed executed at 15:00 hours on 26 de marzo de 1998.
It is stated that, before purchasing the property, IDA conducted preliminary agrological studies (estudios agrológicos), which determined that the property was suitable for agricultural and livestock activities. It states that, before granting title to the parcels, the entity conducted studies of the lands comprising Asentamiento San Pancracio and determined that the parcels were suitable for annual and permanent crops, including staple grains, tubers, Musaceae crops, and fruit trees. It explains that, in the aforementioned IDA resolution number IV from session 091-01, held on 3 de diciembre del 2001, the following plaintiffs were declared beneficiaries of the Asentamiento so that the corresponding supplementary title of ownership (título supletorio de dominio) could be issued to them: [Nombre 010], who was awarded Parcel number 5 (referring to the properties in Partido de Limón recorded under real-property folio registration numbers [Valor 036] and [Valor 037]); [Nombre 014], who was awarded Parcel number 7 (referring to the properties in Partido de Limón recorded under real-property folio registration numbers [Valor 038] and [Valor 039]); [Nombre 023], who was awarded Parcel number 9 (referring to the properties in Partido de Limón recorded under real-property folio registration numbers [Valor 040] and [Valor 041]); and [Nombre 022], who was awarded Parcel number 8 (referring to the properties in Partido de Limón recorded under real-property folio registration numbers [Valor 042] and [Valor 043]).
Likewise, by resolution adopted by the IDA Board of Directors in Article VIII of session No 093-01, held on 10 de diciembre de 2001, plaintiff [Nombre 008] was declared a beneficiary of the Asentamiento so that the corresponding supplementary title of ownership could be issued to her, and she was awarded Parcel number 4 (referring to the properties in Partido de Limón recorded under real-property folio registration numbers [Valor 044] and [Valor 045]). It mentions that, by resolution adopted by the IDA Board of Directors in session N° 014-03, held on 17 de marzo del 2003, plaintiff [Nombre 011] was declared a beneficiary of the Asentamiento so that the corresponding supplementary title of ownership could be issued to him, and he was awarded Parcel number 2 (referring to the property in Partido de Limón recorded under real-property folio registration number [Valor 046]). By resolution adopted by the IDA Board of Directors in session No 060- 00, held on 21 de agosto de 2000, the following plaintiffs were declared beneficiaries of the Asentamiento so that the corresponding supplementary titles of ownership could be issued to them: [Nombre 002], who was awarded Parcel number 11 (referring to cadastral plans (planos catastrados) numbers [Valor 047] and [Valor 048]); [Nombre 039], who was awarded Parcel number 21 (referring to cadastral plan [Valor 049]); and [Nombre 003], who was awarded Parcel number 10.
By resolution adopted by the IDA Board of Directors in session N° 042-2004, held on 15 de noviembre del 2004, the following plaintiffs were declared beneficiaries of the Asentamiento so that the corresponding supplementary titles of ownership could be issued to them: [Nombre 006], who was awarded Parcel number 15; [Nombre 007], who was awarded Parcel number 13-1; [Nombre 015], who was awarded farm number A-3; and [Nombre 020], who was awarded Parcel number 14. It alleges that plaintiffs [Nombre 001], [Nombre 007], [Nombre 008], [Nombre 009], [Nombre 010], [Nombre 011], [Nombre 012], [Nombre 014], [Nombre 016], [Nombre 017], [Nombre 018], [Nombre 022], [Nombre 023], [Nombre 024], [Nombre 025], and [Nombre 004], in addition to having the IDA allocation resolutions (acuerdos de adjudicación), possess the deeds transferring their parcels issued by IDA or private deeds of sale executed with former private owners or possessors; and that plaintiffs [Nombre 005], [Nombre 026], [Nombre 017], [Nombre 019], [Nombre 021], and [Nombre 028] have possessed their parcels, which have formed part of Asentamiento San Pancracio since its establishment in 1997, and since then have exercised acts of possession peacefully, publicly, and openly, and have also engaged in agricultural and livestock operations since that time; this will be established through the testimonial evidence offered.
Origin of the damage caused by the defendant companies: Cobal Company: Both COBAL and BANDECO are represented nationally and internationally as exporting companies that are environmentally committed to development and have “serious policies” of Corporate Social Responsibility, while the Asentamiento is situated adjacent to the defendant banana companies as follows: (i) BANDECO: to the east, it borders the property known as Finca Imperio I. (ii) COBAL: to the south, it borders the properties known as Doble Alianza· and Gigante. It recounts that COBAL owns the banana properties in Partido de Limón recorded under real-property folio registration numbers [Valor 050] and [Valor 051], corresponding to Finca Gigante and Doble Alianza. BANDECO, for its part, owns the banana property in Partido de Limón recorded under real-property folio registration number [Valor 052], corresponding to Finca Imperio I. In 2002 and mainly in 2003, COBAL constructed, without municipal permits and without environmental studies, two dikes, one on each side of Quebrada La Mona, crossing the Doble Alianza and Gigante banana properties and extending two thousand three hundred meters along the north side and one thousand eight hundred meters along the south side of Quebrada La Mona, for the purpose of draining water from the internal channels located on the Doble Alianza and Gigante banana properties into Canal Chiquerón, preventing water caused by the overflow of río Pacuare from flooding its plantations and properties, and diverting it entirely to Canal Chiquerón.
In addition to constructing the two dikes identified in the preceding allegation, defendant COBAL constructed on its properties, without municipal permits and without environmental studies, secondary and tertiary channels that collect stormwater from its Gigante and Doble Alianza banana properties and direct it, as part of the drainage system, to Quebrada La Mona and to a peripheral channel known as Canal Chiquerón. In 2003, it also constructed a floodgate that prevents water from Quebrada La Mona from reaching its plantations. Bandeco Company: During the same years, 2002 and 2003, BANDECO constructed and reconstructed, without municipal permits and without environmental studies, a dike running along the entire Canal Chiquerón between the geographic coordinates [Valor 053]; [Valor 054]; [Valor 054]; and [Valor 055], which in turn borders the Imperio l banana property. This dike is divided into several segments, as indicated below: a. The dike begins at geographic coordinate [Valor 056], heading 277° 13', for a distance of 239 meters; b. It continues on a heading of 280° 30', for a distance of 215 meters; c. It reaches a curve with a radius of 19 meters and a distance of 32 meters, on a heading of 185°36', for a distance of 1580 meters; d. It reaches another curve with a radius of 29 meters and a distance of 39 meters, continuing on a heading of 87° 06', for a distance of 440 meters; and e. The dike ends at coordinates [Valor 057], [Valor 058].
BANDECO constructed this dike without permits, intending to prevent its plantations on Finca Imperio I from being flooded when extraordinary events occur, caused mainly by the overflow of río Reventazón and the rise in rainwater levels and overflow of río Pacuare, resulting in the dike diverting the overflowing waters toward Asentamiento San Pancracio. It explains that in 2002 and 2003, COBAL and BANDECO performed earthworks (movimientos de tierra) and placed compaction material to construct the dikes and internal water-channeling systems on the Gigante and Doble Alianza properties and Imperio I, respectively, as described in allegations eighteen, nineteen, and twenty, without obtaining the geological studies, SETENA environmental impact assessment (estudio de impacto ambiental), and municipal, environmental, and urban-planning permits that they were required to obtain pursuant to Articles 17 and 18 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and municipal legislation.
Construction without permits: BANDECO never submitted the applications or fulfilled the requirements necessary to obtain mining concessions for the construction of the dikes, according to the records of the Dirección de Geología y Minas and the Departamento de Aguas, both departments of MINAET. Likewise, COBAL never submitted the applications or fulfilled the requirements necessary to obtain mining concessions for the construction of the dikes, according to the records of the Dirección de Geología y Minas. It is further asserted that COBAL’s construction of the two dikes along Quebrada La Mona, which crosses the Doble Alianza and Gigante properties, and BANDECO’s dike bordering Canal Chiquerón and Finca Imperio 1, as well as the earthworks and creation of stormwater channels by both companies, were carried out without prior permission or authorization, without any coordination with CNE, and with CNE’s complete acquiescence and omission.
Damage in 2002 and 2003 and its cause (the defendant companies’ activities): The agricultural and livestock use (vocación agropecuaria) of the parcels comprising Asentamiento San Pancracio has as its principal—if not sole—purpose the subsistence of the Asentamiento’s residents. This subsistence purpose was lost following the repeated and devastating floods caused by the overflowing of ríos Pacuare and Reventazón during noviembre and diciembre del año 2002 and diciembre del año 2003 and continuing to the present, as a result of COBAL’s construction of the two dikes along Quebrada La Mona, which crosses the Doble Alianza and Gigante properties, and BANDECO’s dike bordering Canal Chiquerón and Finca Imperio 1, as well as the earthworks and construction of stormwater channels undertaken for the sole purpose of protecting their property interests. During the first “high-water events” in these rivers in noviembre and diciembre del año 2002 and diciembre del año 2003, cattle, pigs, poultry, fertilizers, seeds, various types of agricultural inputs, and entire plantations were lost in the community of San Pancracio; the force of the floodwaters tore homes from their foundations, carrying away furniture, appliances, clothing, personal belongings, and other household effects, as well as the peace of mind of living in the area because of the imminent threat of losing everything in a flood.
The Informe de Visita de Reconocimiento Geológico -Ambiental of julio del año 2003, prepared by geologist Gabriela Calvo Vargas, concluded, among other matters, in items 5 and 6 of its conclusions and recommendations, that management of the internal channel system together with Quebrada La Mona could cause water to be directed toward Asentamiento San Pancracio (referring to the dikes constructed by COBAL).
This report also concludes that, because the levees bordering the plantations lack vegetation cover (cobertura vegetal) on their surfaces to prevent erosion, an extraordinary flood event may cause significant erosion of the levees’ soil and, consequently, a substantial influx of sediment into the waters reaching the Settlement, thus demonstrating the consequences suffered by the Settlement. It later states that they currently remain in place as a result of reconstruction carried out after 2003, such as the reconstruction performed by BANDECO in junio del 2012. These levees have drastically and dramatically altered the course of stormwater and river water from the río Pacuare, and their sole purpose is to prevent flooding on the banana farms and protect their banana plantations. It then asserts that the Municipalidad certified in junio del año 2009 that the companies COBAL and BANDECO neither had nor had applied for any construction or earthworks (movimientos de tierras) permits during the década del 2000, except for COBAL, which applied for a permit for a leachate lagoon dated 14 de abril del 2009; the municipal government took no administrative action intended to prevent, stop, or require the defendant companies to refrain from constructing levees to protect their plantations and properties, reflecting a clear failure to perform its administrative duties (omissive conduct (conducta omisiva)) and to exercise its legal authority (administrative power (potestad administrativa)).
Reference is made to the matters raised and decided by the Sala Constitucional in the protection proceeding (recurso de amparo) filed by the Asociación de Productores de San Pancracio: through Voto 2004-04944, the Sala Constitucional granted the protection proceeding filed by the Asociación San Pancracio and ordered COBAL and BANDECO to refrain from constructing levees, carrying out earthworks, and diverting waters along the banks of the ríos Reventazón and Pacuare until they had obtained the corresponding permits from the competent authorities. The application by the residents of the Asentamiento San Pancracio, who at that time were organized as the Asociación, was thus granted, openly demonstrating the causal link between the actions of COBAL and BANDECO and the regrettable events that occurred during the floods in noviembre y diciembre del 2002 and subsequently in diciembre del 2003. That decision ordered a series of mitigation measures, including requiring the Municipalidad, the Ministerio de Salud, and MINAE to conduct the relevant studies to conclusively determine the impact on the environment of the levees, earthworks, and water diversions carried out by the banana companies COBAL and BANDECO.
The aforementioned administrative authorities were required to report their findings to the Sala within the non-extendable period of dos meses from notice of the judgment, and the defendant companies, the State, and the respondent public institutions were also ordered to pay the damages caused. It questions the fact that, despite the foregoing order, earthworks on the levees and banks of the ríos Pacuare and Reventazón remain common today, always under the claim of an “emergency need.” The companies continue to carry out these works to protect their plantations, including raising and repairing the levees despite the order of the Sala Constitucional, while the respondent national and local public entities continue their omissive conduct, allowing the companies to perform this work. Consequently, year after year since 2002, the claimants’ properties, belongings, and assets continue to be harmed, including but not limited to the loss of livestock, poultry, fertilizers, and crops; most importantly, the nature of the land as it existed when IDA subdivided and conveyed it has deteriorated, and the soil has been contaminated by the companies’ chemicals, while the drinking-water wells have also been contaminated, directly affecting health.
Regarding enforcement of the protection judgment: It explains that, after the protection proceeding filed with the Sala Constitucional was granted, and pursuant to that judgment, the affected residents—organized as the Asociación San Pancracio—pursued enforcement of the judgment through civil proceedings before the Juzgado Civil de Mayor Cuantía del Segundo Circuito Judicial de la Zona Atlántica. The action was dismissed because of a series of technical and procedural errors and a lack of standing (legitimación activa), since the direct damages (Daños Directos) caused to the members could be claimed only by those directly affected and not by the Asociación San Pancracio, as stated in first-instance judgment número 37-2008 and affirmed by the Tribunal del Segundo Circuito de la Zona Atlántica, Pococí, through Voto No 67-2008 del 12 de setiembre del año 2008. Events subsequent to the protection proceeding: It is asserted that the companies COBAL and BANDECO have not undertaken the procedures or studies necessary to make modifications to the levees and channels they own in order to remedy the harmful actions that caused the floods beginning in 2003 as a result of work performed by the companies in 2002, 2003, and subsequent years.
Nevertheless, they have carried out other earthworks and construction, even though the records of the Municipalidad de Siquirres show that they have not applied for the corresponding permits. It is stated that the flooding problems persist because the competent institutions—namely, the Municipalidad, the Ministerio de Salud, CNE, and MINAET—have not ordered the companies to take the appropriate measures or, at a minimum, to refrain from carrying out further earthworks and construction. The omissive conduct of these national and local public entities also includes their failure either to take or arrange the actions necessary to ensure that the floods that began in 2003 do not continue, or that their effects are minimized or reduced. Even CNE has failed to fulfill its legal duty and has not exercised its public authority in managing this emergency situation, which occurs year after year, nor has it fulfilled its duty to coordinate the Comisión Interinstitucional.
CNE has a duty to carry out comprehensive interinstitutional management, which it has failed to do; see oficio IMN-DA-0518-2004 de fecha 3 de marzo del 2004 sent by Mr. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón of the Departamento de Aguas to the president of CNE. It maintains that CNE is regarded and identified by all other State institutions as the “COORDINATOR” of the “Comité Interinstitucional de Gestión de Ríos del País” and, under the risk-management approach assigned to it by law, also has the authority and duty to seek a comprehensive solution to the problems caused by the companies and the omissions of the other public entities. It asserts that, since 2003, the residents of the Asentamiento San Pancracio (including the claimants), each in proportion to their respective interests and assets, have lost the opportunity to develop and make productive use of their parcels as indicated in the certifications issued by IDA.
The agricultural and livestock potential of the parcels has diminished and been curtailed because of the constant flooding and the change in the course of the waters since the companies COBAL and BANDECO constructed the levees. It is alleged that the representatives of the Asociación de San Pancracio, who are claimants in this action, agreed with the recommendation made by the Departamento de Aguas del MINAE to demolish the levee at Canal Chiquerón, pursuant to resoluciones IMN-DA-2459-05 de las 8:00 horas del 13 de setiembre del 2005 IMN-DA-1671-05 del 30 de junio del 2005 y IMN-DA-1045-05 e IMN-DA-1134-05. It states that, to date, none of the proposals and recommendations ordered by the Departamento de Aguas del MINAE in the following official communications: (a) IMNDA- 2910-2004; (b) IMN-DA-1134-05; (c) IMN-DA-1660-05; (d) IMN-DA-1671-05; (e) IMN-DA-1671-05; (f) IMN-DA-2459-05; (g) IMN-DA-0246-2007, have been implemented or carried out in the field.
It states that, to date—considering that the floods began in 2003—a considerable number of livestock have drowned or died from ingesting mud and sediment. Likewise, exposure to disease has increased since the flooding began. This is due not only to stagnant waters that create conditions for the spread of diseases such as dengue, as well as mosquitoes, foul odors, and other risks and nuisances, but also because, when the parcels flood, the protective structures surrounding the septic tanks are undermined and lifted, creating a disease vector through the overflow of sewage. Year after year, the residents of the Asentamiento San Pancracio experience social distress and suffering; they are emotionally affected by the floods and must cope with feelings of frustration, anguish, despair, uncertainty, fear, and even generalized anxiety. All these feelings arise whenever a downpour begins in the area.- The Tribunal considers that the facts set forth in the reformulation of the complaint (filed on 19 de abril del 2013) fundamentally correspond to those raised and adjudicated in Constitutional Chamber case file N° 03-9991-0007-CO, in which the Asociación Administradora de la Producción Agrícola y Coordinación Institucional del Asentamiento San Pancracio, representing the collective environmental interests of the residents of the community, had obtained a declaration that the work on the existing levees (diques) and the earthworks (movimientos de tierra) in the channels carried out by the same companies sued herein (at that time, COBAL and Bandeco) violated the fundamental right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment because, with the acquiescence of the respondent authorities (the Ministries of Health and Environment and the Municipalidad de Siquirres), they lacked the corresponding environmental approvals (viabilidades ambientales), as required by Article 17 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (N° 7554 de 4 de octubre de 1995), which states: “Human activities that alter or destroy elements of the environment or generate waste or toxic or hazardous materials shall require an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) by the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental created under this law.
Prior approval by that body shall be an indispensable requirement for commencing the activities, works, or projects. Laws and regulations shall specify which activities, works, or projects require an environmental impact assessment.”- Now, given that the aforementioned Association represented the residents of San Pancracio and it was shown that all the plaintiffs are, or have in the past been, residents of that community and other nearby settlements, all of which were affected by the flooding, under Article 13 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, the ruling is binding upon this Administrative Litigation Tribunal, and the matters analyzed and decided by the Constitutional Chamber may not be questioned or undermined. Accordingly, it is deemed proven that the private companies owning the neighboring properties carried out earthworks and diverted water along the banks of the Reventazón and Pacuare rivers without environmental approval or the corresponding permits from the competent authorities, thereby violating the constitutional right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, with the acquiescence of the respondent authorities in that proceeding, namely the Ministerio de Salud and the Municipalidad de Siquirres.
The plaintiffs herein, as owners and precarious possessors (poseedores en precario), benefited from that neighborhood action not only for the purpose of protecting the right established in Article 50 of the Constitution, but also for purposes of the corresponding claim for damages, as acts interrupting the statute of limitations (prescripción) applicable to the claim for property damage (as will be explained below).- It should be recalled that Article 13 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional establishes that judgments of the Constitutional Chamber are binding erga omnes (obviously including courts with jurisdiction over other subject matters, such as this Tribunal). Thus, pursuant to that provision and judgment 2004-4944 de las quince horas con once minutos del seis de mayo del dos mil cuatro, any civil works carried out by private parties or public institutions in the area must have the corresponding environmental approval issued by the competent public body established under the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA).
Any construction or earthworks carried out without approval from that body after abril del año 2008 are likewise unlawful, because at that time the Constitutional Chamber issued ruling Nº 2008-007190 de las 14 horas del 25 de abril del 2008, which concluded the proceedings in that amparo action (recurso de amparo), finding that the respondent companies in that proceeding (which were again sued in this case) had not disobeyed the order prohibiting work on the existing levees and earthworks in the channels without the corresponding permits.- This Chamber considers that the 2004 constitutional-jurisdiction judgment remains in effect because the evidence in this case shows that flooding has remained a constant phenomenon from that time to the present, and also because the Constitutional Chamber required compliance with the obligation to obtain permits for work on the levees and earthworks on the agricultural properties neighboring San Pancracio—an obligation grounded in Article 50 of the Constitution and the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente—and because the constitutional court itself did not limit the temporal effects of its ruling.- As a consequence of the foregoing and of the Constitutional Chamber’s rulings—both the 2004 amparo judgment, specifically proven fact j): “By official letter UPAH/RPP-001-200 del 14 de enero de 2003 (sic), the Human Protection Unit (Unidad de Protección Humano) of the Ministerio de Salud Pública stated that an inspection conducted in the area determined that the respondent companies had carried out earthworks, reconstructed certain existing levees, and erected new ones.
The works were undertaken in areas at risk of overflow from the Pacuare and Reventazón rivers. Furthermore, the works were performed without technical environmental-impact studies (folio 282)”; and the 2008 ruling dismissing the application alleging noncompliance with the decision of that same high court—as well as proven fact 8 above, the following is deemed proven:
Compensation for any harm that may be caused shall be borne by the owner who ordered construction of the defenses.” Nevertheless, that statutory provision cannot be applied in isolation, but must instead be applied in harmony with the promulgation of the fundamental right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment through the addition of a second paragraph to Article 50 of the Constitution by Ley N° 7412 de 3 de junio de 1994 and with the enactment of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente. It cannot authorize owners of land bordering rivers to carry out any activity whatsoever without demonstrating that it does not harm the natural environment and neighboring communities. It should be borne in mind that the Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) (Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849 de 24 de mayo de 2004) expressly includes, in the “List of projects, works, and activities required under specific laws to undergo the Environmental Impact Assessment or Environmental Impact Study process before SETENA,” work performed in public-domain waterways and the modification of waterways—as occurred in this case—among the activities for which an environmental impact assessment is mandatory (and which, by its nature, may be conducted beforehand or even afterward in a case such as this, where an urgent situation exists requiring the protection of crops).- It is thus established that the earthworks and maintenance of levees carried out during julio y agosto del 2012 by Bandeco directly violated the Constitutional Chamber’s 2004 judgment, Article 17 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, and the Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, the latter two provisions having already been violated by the company through the works carried out in 2003.- With respect to Chiquita Brands, the failure to comply with those provisions occurred only in connection with the works carried out in 2003.- VIII) It should be added that the amendment to the complaint filed on 31 de agosto del 2018 alleges that, on 13 de julio de ese año, a high-pressure system developed and caused heavy and moderate rainfall in the Caribbean region, and that, as a result of that rainfall, the actions of the defendant companies, and the omissions of the government entities, flooding occurred in Asentamiento San Pancracio, causing the loss of existing agricultural production and damage to homes and properties.
Counsel for the State challenged whether videos could prove that the flooding had actually occurred. Counsel for CNE states that flooding did in fact occur in the area and that such flooding is to be expected when extraordinary hydrometeorological events (eventos hidrometeorológicos extraordinarios) occur, because the community is located on the Río Pacuare floodplain (llanura de inundación). Counsel reports that, in response to the events, machinery was hired to serve the San Pancracio area under contract N° 2018PI-000249-000650000 with Andremu Sociedad Anónima, and that the Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial Municipal de Siquirres and Engineer William Solano Ocampo, an official of that municipality, were responsible for the technical management and supervision of the work.- This Chamber considers that, although the occurrence of flooding in julio del 2018 has been proven beyond any doubt, that circumstance does not give rise to liability on the part of either the defendant companies or the public entities that were also sued, because it has not been shown that the flooding caused by natural events was aggravated by the condition of the levees and channelization works (canalización); therefore, no liability of any kind can arise from that circumstance.- IX) Analysis of claims 2, 3, 7, and 9 of the complaint: In support of what was stated in the second preceding recital (considerando): it was proven that those situations were never anticipated or prevented by the authorities of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, specifically by the Dirección de Aguas (see the testimony at trial of its Director, José Miguel Zeledón Calderón), which failed to fulfill its duty to ensure that the protective works (defensas) constructed by private parties in public-domain waterways (cauces de dominio público) to protect their properties would not cause harm to third parties (Article 89 of the Ley de Aguas), or by the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, which, although it has known since 2004 that it is responsible for safeguarding against the environmental impact on nature and the inhabitants of the San Pancracio area resulting from the condition of the levees (diques) and channeling works (canalizaciones), has never fulfilled the duties established by the Sala Constitucional and the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and has not required the environmental studies necessary for the works undertaken by neighboring agricultural companies.- Furthermore, the Municipalidad de Siquirres has failed to fulfill its legal duties.
Pursuant to the provisions of constitutional Article 169, Article 1 of the Código Municipal, and Article 26 of the Ley de Emergencias (N° 7914, which will be explained below), it has the duty to safeguard and administer local interests and those of each municipal resident, yet it failed to adopt control measures or carry out works to prevent or mitigate flooding in the area (which places the lives, health, and property of many people at risk, including people of limited means). It also failed to prevent the IDA from establishing, at the relevant time, a rural settlement (asentamiento campesino) with a substantial population in a flood-prone area, with the inevitable risk to persons and property, and even issued the municipal building permits required by the Ley de Construcciones for all construction.- Likewise, the CNE, in its capacity as the lead agency for emergency prevention and management, failed to fulfill the duties prescribed by Article 26 of the Ley de Emergencias, N° 7914 of 28 September 1999, which was in force from that year through 2005.
That provision stated: “The Commission shall be required to issue resolutions ordering that no permits be granted for forestry, mining, river, and other forms of exploitation in places facing an imminent risk of emergency. It may also issue such resolutions on the basis of threats or risks existing anywhere within the national territory. Such resolutions shall be binding and, therefore, mandatory for the institutions responsible for the corresponding sector.// Likewise, the Commission shall prepare an official, mandatory, and binding document identifying the places where, and the reasons why, no construction, building, expansion, or modification project involving human settlements may be authorized, whether partially or entirely, in previously designated zones facing an imminent risk of emergency. This document shall be sent to the following entities: a) Each municipality, specifying the geographic risk zones located within its jurisdiction.// b) The entities responsible for authorizing construction.// c) The Colegio de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica, which shall be required to publicize it.// Under no circumstances may the officials empowered to issue such authorizations disregard the official document or any specific resolutions issued by the Commission prohibiting particular buildings, under penalty of removal from office and the applicable administrative, civil, and criminal liability.// Natural or legal persons, whether public or private, that build in the prohibited zones referred to in this article shall be required to demolish the structure in accordance with the second paragraph of Article 11 of this law.” Furthermore, the duties prescribed by Article 14, subsections h) and k), of the current Ley de Emergencias (N° 8488 of 22 November 2005) have not been fulfilled: “Article 14.-The Commission’s ordinary prevention powers.
The Commission shall be the lead agency for risk prevention and emergency preparedness. It shall exercise the following powers: (...) h) Advise municipalities on managing information concerning the risk conditions affecting them, including guidance for an effective land-use policy (política de uso de la tierra) and territorial planning (ordenamiento territorial). Such advice shall contribute to the preparation of regulatory plans (planes reguladores), the adoption of control measures, and the promotion of organizational efforts aimed at reducing people’s vulnerability, bearing in mind that, at the municipal level, primary responsibility for addressing this issue rests with the municipality. (...) k) Promote the creation and strengthening of regional, municipal, and local capacities for managing emergency situations.// Where necessary, this shall include participation in actions involving alerts, alarms, mobilization, and assistance to the population.”- The Court finds it striking that, although almost 19 years have elapsed since the first floods examined and there are judgments of the Sala Constitucional restoring the residents’ exercise of their fundamental rights following the acts and omissions of private companies and public authorities, even the submission and conduct of environmental impact studies (estudios de impacto ambiental) concerning the operation of the existing levees and channeling works has still not been achieved.
This serious situation must be resolved in accordance with law.- For the foregoing reasons, claims 2), 3), and 7) cited above must be granted, declaring that the two defendant companies were responsible for carrying out, without the permits required by law, construction involving levees and earthworks (movimientos de tierras) in rivers and canals in the San Pancracio de Siquirres area. Those companies, the State (because of the aforementioned omissions by the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental and the Dirección de Aguas, both agencies of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía), the Municipalidad, and the CNE are responsible for failing to conduct the studies necessary to prevent flooding at that location. These public entities shall, in a coordinated manner and within the scope of their respective powers, undertake the actions and works necessary to prevent, avoid, and reduce the adverse impacts of flooding on the plaintiffs herein and the inhabitants of San Pancracio and neighboring places.
At the parties’ initiative, compliance with all ordered actions must be supervised by the Enforcement Judge (Juez o Jueza de Ejecución) of this Court, exercising the powers provided for in Articles 155 et seq. of the Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo. A period of one year from the date this judgment becomes final is deemed reasonable for the State and the other institutions to carry out such activities and works.- The ninth claim described above, seeking a declaration that none of them has taken the steps necessary to resolve the urgent situation that continues to cause constant harm to the plaintiffs, both personally and collectively, through damage to the environment and the ecosystems of the area, must be dismissed because its substance is deemed encompassed by the preceding three claims.- X) Analysis of claims 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 of the complaint: The aforementioned claims must be dismissed in their entirety for various reasons:
Por tanto:
The defenses of expiration of the limitations period and lack of standing, both active and passive, are denied. The defense of lack of legal entitlement is granted with respect to the claims denied, and that defense is denied with respect to the claims dismissed. Consequently, the complaint is declared partially meritorious, and any relief not mentioned in this operative portion shall be deemed denied. Corporación de Desarrollo Agrícola del Monte, Sociedad Anónima and Chiquita Brands Costa Rica, Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada are declared liable for carrying out, without the permits required by law, construction work relating to levees and earthworks (movimientos de tierras) in rivers and canals in the San Pancracio de Siquirres area. Those companies, as well as the State, Municipalidad de Siquirres, and Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, are held liable for failing to conduct the studies necessary to carry out such works.
The defendant public entities are further ordered, within one year after this judgment becomes final, to coordinate the actions and works necessary, within the scope of their respective powers, to prevent, avert, and reduce the adverse impacts of flooding upon the plaintiffs herein and the residents of San Pancracio and neighboring areas. Upon a party’s application, compliance with all actions and works ordered herein shall be verified in accordance with the legal system by the enforcement judge of this Court. This matter is resolved without any specific award of costs as to any party or the interested third party, Instituto de Desarrollo Rural. Let notice be given.- Jonatán Canales Hernández, Rosa María Cortés Morales, Fabián Núñez Castrillo, Judges.- ???????????????
JONATHAN CANALES HERNÁNDEZ - DECIDING JUDGE ???????????????
ROSA MARÍA CORTES MORALES - DECIDING JUDGE ????????????????
FABIAN NUÑEZ CASTRILLO - PROCEDURAL JUDGE
EV Generación de Machote: F:\Gestion-Judicial\Servidor de Archivos\Modelos\Contencioso\TCRESOL016.dpj ????????????????
CONOCIMIENTO ACTOR/A:
[Nombre 003] DEMANDADO/A:
ATLANTICA LIMITADA COMPAÑIA BANANERA N° 2025003007 TRIBUNAL CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO Y CIVIL DE HACIENDA, SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL, SAN JOSÉ, GOICOECHEA, a las nueve horas con cuarenta y siete minutos del veintisiete de Marzo del dos mil veinticinco.- Por disposición de la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, se vuelve a emitir sentencia, en el proceso de conocimiento de las siguientes personas:
l. [Nombre 001], [...]; 2. [Nombre 002], [...]; 3. [Nombre 003], [...]; 4. [Nombre 004] [...]; 5. [Nombre 005], [...]; 6. [Nombre 006], [...]; 7. [Nombre 007], [...]; 8. [Nombre 008], [...]; 9. [Nombre 009], [...]; 10. [Nombre 010], [...]; 11. [Nombre 011], [...]; 12. Sucesión de quien en vida fue [Nombre 012], [...], representada por la albacea provisional, [Nombre 013], [...] (inscrita en el Registro de Personas Jurídicas, en el asiento [Valor 001]); 13. [Nombre 014], [...]; 14. [Nombre 015], [...]; 15. [Nombre 016], [...]; 16. [Nombre 017], [...]; 17. [Nombre 018], [...]; 18. [Nombre 019], [...]; 19. [Nombre 020], [...]; 20. [Nombre 021], [...]; · 21. [Nombre 022], [...]; 22. [Nombre 023], [...]; 23. [Nombre 024], [...]; 24. [Nombre 025], [...]; 25. [Nombre 026], [...].
26. [Nombre 027], [...]; 27. [Nombre 028], [...], todos representados por Mariela Martínez Gómez, carné N° 20792, Roger Guevara Vega, carné N° 10097 y John Brenes Rodríguez, carné N° 27072 (apoderados especiales judiciales); contra:
1. Corporación de Desarrollo Agrícola del Monte, Sociedad Anónima (en adelante, "Bandeco"), representados por Álvaro Meza Lázarus, carné N° 2502 y Jimmy Meza Lázarus, carné N° 5938 (apoderados especiales judiciales); 2. Chiquita Brands Costa Rica Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada (anteriormente denominada Compañía Bananera Atlántica Limitada, "COBAL"), en adelante, "CB", representada por Aldo Milano Sánchez, carné N° 4730 y María Lourdes Echandi Gurdián, carné N° 4932 (apoderados especiales judiciales); 3. El Estado, representado por Bernardo Lara Flores, carné N° 8009 (Procurador Adjunto); 4. La Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, en adelante, "la CNE", representada por Arianna Jiménez Espinoza, carné N° 12211 y José Fernando Rodríguez Paniagua, carné 12301 (apoderados especiales judiciales) y; 5. La Municipalidad de Siquirres, en adelante, "la Municipalidad" o "el ayuntamiento", representado por José Alonso Valverde Fonseca, carné N° 11209 (apoderado especial judicial).- Aparece como tercero interesado, el Instituto de Desarrollo Rural (inicialmente denominado, Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario), en adelante, "el INDER", representada por Natanael Barrantes Azofeifa, carné N° 19857 (apoderado especial judicial). Todas las personas antes mencionadas son mayores de edad y los representantes son abogados.-
Considerando:
a- La CNE contestó el 9 de junio del 2011. No presentó excepciones (1287-1296); b- El Estado contestó el 9 de junio del 2011. Opone las excepciones de prescripción, falta de legitimación activa y pasiva y falta de derecho. Pide que se declare sin lugar la acción, condenándose a la contraparte al pago de ambas costas, con sus intereses (1297-1324); c- Bandeco contestó el 23 de junio del 2011. Opone las excepciones de defectuosa representación, falta de capacidad de quienes interponen la demanda; falta de legitimación; falta de derecho. Pide que se declare sin lugar la acción, condenándose a la contraparte al pago de ambas costas, con sus intereses (1326-1529); d- CB contestó el 23 de junio del 2011. Opone las excepciones de falta de legitimación activa y falta de derecho. Pide que se declare sin lugar la acción, condenándose al pago de ambas costas (1659-1686) .
e- la Municipalidad de Siquirres contestó el 24 de junio del 2011. Opone las excepciones de falta de agotamiento de la vía administrativa, falta de integración de la litis consorcio necesaria y falta de derecho. Pide que se declare sin lugar la acción, condenándose al pago de ambas costas (1689-1712); El Tribunal por resolución de las trece horas y once minutos del veintiuno de setiembre del año dos mil once, dio por contestada la acción en tiempo y forma (1817-1818).-
a- CNE, el 8 de noviembre del 2012 (2053-2055); b- Bandeco, el 12 de noviembre del 2012 (2056-2066); c- CB, el 13 de noviembre del 2012 (2072); e- el Estado, el 4 de diciembre del 2012 (2089-2091); 8) Que la audiencia preliminar fue dirigida por la Jueza Godelieve López Salas y fue celebrada el 12 de abril del 2013. En esa oportunidad: se fijaron las pretensiones; se acogió la defensa previa de demanda defectuosa interpuesta por CB. Se le indica a la parte actora que deben realizar las siguientes correcciones: 1-Establecer hechos claros, precisos y circunstanciados, los cuales deben ser puros y simples; 2- Indicar las conductas activas y omisivas que se imputan a cada uno de los demandados (la minuta se aprecia a imágenes 2139-2144); 9) Que la reformulación de la demanda ordenada, se realizó el 19 de abril del 2013 (2145-2236); 10) Que la reformulación fue contestada por los codemandados, en esa oportunidad:
a- Bandeco 1 de julio del 2013 (2388-2393); b- COBAL 3 de julio del 2013 (2394-2396); la misma COBAL en fecha 8 de julio del 2013 (2398-2408); c- la CNE 8 de julio del 2013 (2428-2440); d- el Estado; 12 de julio del 2013 (2448-2472); e- Bandeco, el 28 de agosto del 2013 (2476-2531); f- la Municipalidad, el 30 de agosto del 2013 (2544);
Una refrigeradora de once pies 158.000,00 Un juego de sala de seis piezas 118.000,00 Un ropero de madera 62.000,00 Tres camas individuales 318.000,00 Daños en pintura de una casa pequeña 250.000,00
Dos· mil seiscientos metros de cerca de 1.3000.000,00 (sic)
alambre de púa Ocho pasos de alcantarilla 240.000,00 Cuatro mil pulgadas de madera 320.000,00 Cuarenta hectáreas de pastos 5.923.620,00 Una bomba de agua 25.000,00 Reparación de romana para pesar ganado 10.000,00 Reparación de una prensa para ganado 30.000,00 Quince sacos de sal para ganado 60.000,00 Ocho sacos de fertilizantes 40.000,00 Cuatro terneros ahogados 600.000,00 Tres cerdos ahogados de 30 kilos cada 90.000,00 uno TOTAL DE DAÑOS 9.544.620 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por el señor [Nombre 001], al verse expuesto a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, la economía familiar, la salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales.
El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: 69.544.620,00.
Una cocina eléctrica marca ATLAS 133.377,15 Dos roperos 24.000,00 Un juego de sala de tres piezas 118.000,00 Una refrigeradora de once piezas l58.000,00 Un juego de comedor de cuatro piezas 130.915,04 Cuatro camas individuales completas 204.000,00 Un trastero 58.000,00 Una lavadora de catorce libras 78.000,00 Una casa de madera de 42m2 1.000.000,00 Cuatro hectáreas de pasto 592.362,00 Media hectárea de plátano 262.928,04 Ochocientos metros de cerca 400.000,00 Seis cerdos ahogados de veinte kilos 240.000,00 cada uno Veinte gallinas 80.000,00 Dos sacos de fertilizantes 10.000,00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 3.589.579,23 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por el señor [Nombre 002], al verse expuesto a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, la de sus familiares, la economía familiar, la salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. Adicionalmente, estar totalmente abandonado institucional y estatalmente, a pesar de ser víctima de una situación que ha puesto en peligro su vida y la de familiares cercanos, por un período que alcanza aproximadamente 8 años. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
Por concepto de perjuicios por la pérdida de plantación de plátano la suma de 1.377.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: 24.966.579,23.
El origen de los daños es el mismo del señor [Nombre 001] a) DAÑOS:
Una casa mixta de 48 m2 8.000.000,00 Cuatro sacos de abono 20.000,00 Una vaca 150.000,00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 8.170.000,00 b) Daño moral: el mismo motivo y monto del señor [Nombre 002].- e) PERJUICIOS: La parcela es inhabitable además de que la viabilidad para su rehabilitación para desarrollar actividades agrícolas y ganaderas está limitada por el alto riesgo y la negativa de los entes bancarios para otorgar créditos y apalancamiento para dichas actividades, por lo que se estima el perjuicio causado en la suma de 12.000.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: 30.170.000,00 4) [Nombre 004]:
El origen de los daños es el mismo del señor [Nombre 001].
Los daños y perjuicios consisten en los siguientes:
Una refrigeradora marca ATLAS 118.000,00 Una cocina eléctrica 133.3 77,15 Un ropero 62.000,00 Un congelador 450.000,00 Un juego de sala 118.000,00 Un juego de comedor 130. 915,04 Diez sacos de sal 50.000,00 Dos sacos de concentrado para gallinas 10.000,00 Cinco cerdos de aproximadamente 300.000,00 treinta kilos Treinta gallinas 60.000,00 Veinticinco pollos de engorde 25.000,00 Diez hectáreas de pasto 1.539.696,90 Una casa de madera de 64m2 2.000.000,00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 4.996.989,09 b) Daño moral: el mismo motivo y monto del señor [Nombre 002].- e) PERJUICIOS: La parcela es inhabitable además de que la viabilidad para su rehabilitación para desarrollar actividades agrícolas y ganaderas está limitada por el alto riesgo y la negativa de los entes bancarios para otorgar créditos y apalancamiento para dichas actividades, por lo que se estima el perjuicio causado en la suma de 20.000.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PERJUICIOS: 23.996.989,09.
Una refrigeradora ATLAS de nueve pies 158.000,00 Un televisor a color de veinte pulgadas PANASONIC 139.000,00 Un equipo de sonido marca SONY 215 .000,00 Una licuadora marca OSTER 22.000,00 Un coffe maker 12.000,00 Un abanico 18.000,00 Una olla arrocera 15.618,57 Una lavadora All Star 150.000,00 Un juego de sala 180.000,00 Un colchón matrimonial 57.315,60 Un colchón individual 52.859,50 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 1.019.793,67 b) Daño moral: el mismo motivo y monto del señor [Nombre 002].- c) PERJUICIOS: La parcela es inhabitable además de que la viabilidad para su rehabilitación para desarrollar actividad,es agrícolas y ganaderas está limitada por el alto riesgo y la negativa de los entes bancarios para otorgar créditos y apalancamiento para dichas actividades, por lo que se estima el perjuicio causado en la suma de 20.000.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: 31.019. 793,67.
Los daños y perjuicios consisten en los siguientes:
Una cocina eléctrica marca ATLAS 133.377,15 Un ropero 62.000,00 Un juego de sala de tres piezas 118.000,00 Un televisor PANASONIC de veintiún pulgadas 139.000,00 Una refrigeradora marca ATLAS de doce pies 203.000,00 Un juego de comedor de cuatro piezas 130.915,64 Una cama matrimonial 140.000,00 Una cuna 51.000,00 Un trastero 58.000,00 Una cómoda 80.000,00 Un equipo de sonido PANASONIC 158.000,00 Una lavadora de doce libras 82.000,00 Un abanico l8.000,00 Una casa de madera de 42m2 l.600.000,00 Tres cerdos de cuarenta kilos 240.000,00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 3.213.292,79 e) Daño moral: el mismo motivo y monto del señor [Nombre 002].- d) PERJUICIOS: Ha tenido que salir del Asentamiento San Pancracio debido a los daños sufridos en su patrimonio y las consecuencias devastadoras de las primeras inundaciones. La parcela es inhabitable además de que la viabilidad para su rehabilitación para desarrollar actividades agrícolas y ganaderas está limitada por el alto riesgo y la negativa de los entes bancarios para otorgar créditos y apalancamiento para dichas actividades, por lo que se estima el perjuicio causado en la suma de 8.000.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PERJUICIOS: 21.213.292,10.
Los daños y perjuicios consisten en los siguientes:
Una cocina eléctrica 133.377,15 Dos roperos 124.000,00 Un juego de sala de tres piezas 118.000,00 Una refrigeradora 203.000,00 Un televisor SONY 21 pulgadas 278.000,00 Un juego de comedor de cuatro piezas 130.975,04 Una cama matrimonial 140.000,00 Un trastero 58.000,00 Una cómoda 80.000,00 Un equipo de sonido SANKEY l03.000,00 Una lavadora SAMSUNG 82.000,00 Una casa mixta de 56 m2 1.500.000,00 Dos cerdos de treinta kilos l80.000,00 Diez gallinas 20.000,00 Dos sacos de concentrado 10.000,00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 3.160.352,10 Daño moral: el mismo motivo y monto del señor [Nombre 002].- b) PERJUICIOS: La parcela de 800 m2 es inhabitable, por lo que tuvo que salir del Asentamiento San Pancracio a buscar otro lugar donde vivir y empezar desde cero su vida y la de su familia; además de que la viabilidad para su rehabilitación para desarrollar actividades agrícolas y ganaderas está limitada por el alto riesgo y la negativa de los entes bancarios para otorgar créditos y apalancamiento para dichas actividades, por lo que se estima el perjuicio causado en la suma de 11.000.000,00 .
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: 24.160.352,10.
El origen de los daños es el mismo del señor [Nombre 001].
Los daños y perjuicios consisten en los siguientes:
Una cocina de gas 84.588,00 Un juego de sala 180.000,00 Un juego de comedor 130.915,04 Un trastero 58.000,00 Un ropero 62.000,00 Un cilindro de gas 12.000,00 Dos camas matrimoniales 280 . 000,00 Una cama individual 106.000,00 Una casa de madera de 63m2 950.000,00 Cincuenta gallinas lOO.OOO,OO Cuatro sacos de concentrado 20.000,00 Mil metros de cerca 500.000,00 Media hectárea de plátano 262 . 928,04 Media hectárea de frijoles 88.301,72 Media hectárea de arroz 117.408,00 Dos hectáreas de pasto 296.181,00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 3.248.322,20 Daño moral: el mismo motivo y monto del señor [Nombre 002].- b) PERJUICIOS: La parcela es inhabitable además de que la viabilidad para su rehabilitación para desarrollar actividades agrícolas y ganaderas está limitada por el alto riesgo y la negativa de los entes bancarios para otorgar créditos y apalancamiento para dichas actividades, por lo que se estima el perjuicio causado en la suma de 9.000.000,00 .
Perjuicios ocasionados por la pérdida de la plantación de plátano la suma de 1.377.000,00.
Perjuicios ocasionados por la pérdida de plantación de arroz la suma de 150.000,00.
Perjuicios ocasionados por la pérdida de plantación de frijoles la suma de 100.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: 23.875.322,00.
Los mismos del señor [Nombre 001].
Los daños y perjuicios consisten en los siguientes:
Una cocina de gas ~130.900,00 Un juego de sala 118.000,00 Un juego de comedor 130.915,04 Un trastero 58.000,00 Un ropero 62.000,00 Una cama matrimonial l40.000,00 Tres camas individuales 318.000,00 Una refrigeradora 158.000,00 Una casa de madera 2.000.000,00 Veinticinco gallinas 50.000,00 Dos sacos de concentrado 10.000.00 Dos sacos de sal para ganado 10.000.00 Dos cerdos de treinta kilos l20.000,00 Setecientos metros de cerca 350.000,00 Una máquina de coser 95.717,52 Dos mil metros de cerca 1.000.000,00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 4.751.532,50 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio, al verse expuesta a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PERJUICIOS: 23.751.532,50 10) [Nombre 008] Los mismos del señor [Nombre 001] Los daños y pe1juicios consisten en los siguientes:
Una cocina de gas 84.588,00 Un juego de sala 118.833,00 Un juego de comedor 130.915,04 Un trastero 58.000,00 Un colchón matrimonial 57.315,66 Un colchón individual 17.619,83 Una casa de madera de 42 m2 950.000,00 Una casa mixta de 56 m2 1.200 .000,00 Veinte gallinas 40.000,00 Dos sacos de concentrado 10.000,00 Dos cerdos de treinta kilos 120.000,00 Seiscientos metros de cerca 300 .000,00 Media hectárea de plátano 262.928,04 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 3.051.199.50 d) Corresponde a la angustia sufrida (...) al verse expuesto a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, la economía familiar, la salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: 18.428.199,50 11) [Nombre 027]:
Los daños y perjuicios consisten en los siguientes:
Una cocina eléctrica 113.377,15 Un juego de sala 180.000,00 Un juego de comedor 130.915,04 Un trastero 58.000,00 Una cama matrimonial 140.000,00 Una cama individual 106 .000,00 Una casa de madera de 99 m2 6.000.000,00 Una lavadora 128.000,00 Una refrigeradora 158.000,00 Un equipo de sonido SONY 220.000,00 Un televisor HITACHI de veintiún pulgadas 139.000,00 Un cepillo eléctrico 56 .000,00 Un coffe maker 10.000,00 Un ropero 62.000,00 Pérdida total de utensilios de cocma 450.000,00 TOTAL DE DANOS 7.971.292,10 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio, al verse expuesta a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑ0S Y PREJUICIOS: 19.471.292,10 12) [Nombre 009]: Los mismos del señor [Nombre 001].
Los daños y perjuicios consisten en los siguientes:
Un juego de sala de tres piezas 118.000,00 Una refrigeradora de once pies 158.000,00 Un televisor de veintiún pulgadas 139.000,00 TOSHIBA Un juego de comedor de cuatro piezas 130.915,04 Una cama matrimonial 140.000,00 Una cómoda 80.000,00 Un colchón ortopédico 57.315,66 Una casa de cemento de 60 m2 4.500.000,00 Hectarea y media de pasto 222.135,75 Media hectárea de píátano 262.928,04 Doscientos metros de cerca 1OO.OOO,OO Dos cerdos ahogados de treinta kilos cada uno 120.000,00 Treinta gallinas 60.000,00 Dos sacos de concentrado 10.000,00 Dos terneros de cinco meses cada uno 160 .000,00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 6.258.293,00 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio, al verse expuesta a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
Perjuicios ocasionados por la pérdida de la plantación de plátano la suma de 1.377 .000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: 31.635.293,00.
Los mismos del señor [Nombre 001].
Los daños y perjuicios consisten en los siguientes:
. a) DAÑOS:
Una cocina de gas de tres quemadores 84.588,00 Un ropero 62 .000,00 Un juego de sala de cuatro piezas l80.000,00 Un televisor marca SAMSUNG 139.000,00 Una refrigeradora marca ATLAS de doce pies 203 .000,00 Un juego de comedor de seis piezas 130.915,00 Un abanico mediano 12.000,00 Una cama matrimonial 140.000,00 Una cama individual 106.000,00 Un trastero 58.000,00 Una cómoda 80.000,00 Un equipo de sonido PANASONIC de cinco CD 158.000,00 Un saco de comestible 40.000,00 Una lavadora de doce libras 78 .000,00 Una casa de madera de 30 m2 350.000 ,00 Una casa de madera de 70m2 1.500.000,00 Dos hectáreas de pasto 296.181,00 Una hectárea de plátano 525.856,09 Media hectárea de maíz 98.757,15 Mil ochocientos metros de cerca 900.000,00 Seis cerdos de cincuenta kilos 600.000,00 Cincuenta gallinas 1OO.OOO,OO Cincuenta pollos de engorde con cuatro semanas 150.000,00 Seis sacos de fertilizantes 30.000,00 Dos sacos de sal para ganado 1.OOO,OO Dos sacos de concentrado 2.OOO,OO TOTAL DE DAÑOS 5.952.297,10 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio, al verse expuesta a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
Perjuicios ocasionados por pérdida de la plantación de plátano en la suma de 2.754.000,00.
Perjuicios ocasionados por pérdida de la plantación de frijoles en la suma de 138.757,15.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PERJUICIOS: 27.845.054,25.
Una casa de madera de 56m2 3,360,000.00 Un juego de sala 118,000.00 Un juego de comedor 130,915.04 Un trastero 58,000.00 Un ropero 62,000.00 Dos camas individuales 212,000.00 Un televisor a color de 21 pulgadas 139,000.00 Un abanico 12,000.00 Una cocina eléctrica 133,377.15 Un saco de comestible 40,000.00 Una máquina de escribir manual 95,717.15 Una máquina de coser 30,000.00 Una radio grabadora 95,000.00 Una casa de habitación de 90m2 5,400,000.00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 9,886,009.20 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio, al verse expuesta a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
Los daños y perjuicios consisten en los siguientes:
Una casa de habitación 3,500,000.00 Un televisor L.G. de 20 pulgadas 139,000.00 Una refrigeradora Atlas de 10 pies 158,000.00 Un equipo de sonido marca Panasonic 215,000.00 Una lavadora Daewoo de 18 litros 128,000.00 Un juego de sala 118,000.00 Un ropero 62,000.00 Una cama matrimonial 140,000.00 Una cama individual 106,000.00 Un juego de comedor para cuatro personas 130,915.04 Una plantilla de gas 48,000.00 Una cómoda de 6 gavetas 80,000.00 Una olla arrocera 15,618.57 Una licuadora ... 12,000.00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 4,852,533.50 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio, al verse expuesta a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: 23.852.533,50.
Una cocina eléctrica marca Atlas de cuatro discos 133,377.15 Una cocina de gas de tres quemadores 84,588.00 Dos roperos 124,000.00 Un juego de sala de 3 piezas 118,000.00 Televisor marca Hitachi de 21 pulgadas 139,000.00 Refrigerador marca Atlas de 12 pies 203,000.00 Un juego de comedor de 6 piezas 130,915.04 Dos abanicos medianos 24,000.00 Una plancha eléctrica 12,000.00 Una licuadora Oster 22,000.00 Un VHS marca Panasonic 56,000.00 Un microondas marca Atlas 35,000.00 Una cama matrimonial 140,000.00 Tres camas individuales 318,000.00 Un trastero 58,000.00 Cuatro hectáreas de pasto 444,271.50 Media hectárea de plátano 262,928.04 Mil quinientos metros de cerca 750,000.00 Tres sacos de fertilizantes 15,000.00 Dos sacos de sal para ganado 10,000.00 Cien pollos de engorde de cuatro semanas 100,000.00 Cincuenta gallinas 100,000.00 Una casa mixta de 30 m2 y una de madera de 48 m2 4,225,000.00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 7,505,079.60 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio, al verse expuesta a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
Perjuicios ocasionados por la pérdida de la plantación de plátano: 1.377.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: f. 27.882.079,60 17) [Nombre 015] El origen de los daños es el mismo indicado para el señor [Nombre 001] Los daños y perjuicios consisten en los siguientes a) DAÑOS:
Una cocina de gas de dos quemadores 84,588.00 Un juego de sala de 3 piezas 118,000.00 Un televisor de catorce pulgadas 55,501.75 Un juego de comedor de cuatro piezas 130,915.00 Una cama matrimonial 140,000.00 Una cama individual 51,000.00 Un trastero 58,000.00 Una cómoda 80,000.00 Una casa mixta de 30m2 950,000.00 Dos cerdos de treinta kilos 240,000.00 Diez gallinas 20,000.00 Dos sacos de concentrado 10,000.00 Ochocientos metros de cerca 400,000.00 Una hectárea de plátano 525,856.09 Un cuarto de hectárea de maíz 98,757.00 Hectárea y cuarto de arroz 293,521.48 Setenta y cinco árboles de teca 3,750,000.00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 6,926,139.10 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio, al verse expuesta a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
Perjuicios ocasionados por la pérdida de la plantación de plátano: 2.754.000,00.
Perjuicios ocasionados por la pérdida de la plantación de arroz: 880.564,44 .
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: 29.560.713,54.
Una cocina eléctrica 133,377.15 Un equipo de sonido Hitachi 158,000.00 Un ropero 62,000.00 Un juego de sala de 3 piezas 118,000.00 Un televisor de 14 pulgadas 55,501.75 Una lavadora de 12 libras 78,000.00 Una refrigeradora 203,000.00 Un juego de comedor de 4 piezas 130,915.00 Un colchón matrimonial 57,315.66 Dos colchones individuales 35,239.80 Una cómoda 80,000.00 Una casa mixta de 50m2 4,000,000.00 Doce quintales de arroz en granza 1,324,800.00 Un torete y dos vacas raza braham de 400 kg aproximadamente 3,000,000.00 Mil metros de cerca 500,000.00 Media hectárea de plátano 242,407.40 Media hectárea de arroz 224,520.59 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 10,403,076.00 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio, al verse expuesta a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
Perjuicios ocasionados producto de las pérdidas de la plantación de plátano: 1.377.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: 38.780.076,00.
Una casa de cemento de 126 m2, piso de cerámica, dos habitaciones, sala, comedor, cocina y un local comercial dedicado a sala de belleza 15,000,000.00 Una casa de madera de 36 m2 1,000,000.00 Dos roperos 144,000.00 Dos cómodas 160,000.00 Una refrigeradora Atlas de 15 pies 203,000.00 Una lavadora de 18 libras 128,000.00 Una cocina eléctrica de cuatro discos 133,377.15 Un equipo de sonido All Star 158,000.00 Un mueble de cocina y utensilios 220,000.00 Vestido y calzado 300,000.00 Una licuadora 22,000.00 Un juego de sala 118,000.00 Una cama matrimonial 140,000.00 Dos camas individuales 124,000.00 Una máquina de coser Singer 95,717,75 Dos máquinas de cortar pelo 50,000.00 Dos secadoras de pelo 50,000.00 Cuatro cerdos de aproximadamente 60 kg cada uno 480,000.00 Veinte gallinas 42,000.00 Setenta reglas de madera de 1x5 y 50 postes de madera manú de 4x4 100,000.00 Una hectárea de pasto 148,090.50 Tres reses 500,000.00 Un corral para ganado 400,000.00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 19,716,184.00 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio, al verse expuesta a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
Una casa prefabricada de 42m2 4,000,000.00 Una casa de madera de dos plantas de madera y fibrolit 7,000,000.00 Un corral para ganado 500,000.00 Dos juegos de sala 236,000.00 Un juego de comedor 130,915.04 Un ropero 62,000.00 Un trastero 58,000.00 Una refrigeradora Atlas de once pies 158,000.00 Una lavadora 82,000.00 Diez láminas de fibrolit 60,000.00 Una cocina de gas 84,588.00 Tres camas individuales 318,000.00 Una cama matrimonial 140,000.00 Un mueble para televisor 48,000.00 Una chanchera 50,000.00 Diez gallinas 20,000.00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 15,467,503.00 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio, al verse expuesta a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: 29.967.503,00.
Los daños y perjuicios consisten en los siguientes:
Una casa de madera de 96m2 5,760,000.00 Un juego de sala 118,000.00 Un juego de comedor para seis personas 130,915,04 Un trastero 58,000.00 Dos roperos 124,000.00 Una cama matrimonial 140,000.00 Dos camas individuales 212,000.00 Una cocina eléctrica de cuatro discos 133,377.15 Un congelador de dos tapas 350,000.00 Dos refrigeradoras Atlas de dos puertas 316,000.00 Un local comercial dedicado a pulpería, así como el inventario de la misma 2,000,000.00 Quince reses 1,875,000.00 Veinticinco cerdos 3,000,000.00 Treinta gallinas 60,000.00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 14,277,292.00 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio, al verse expuesta a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
Los perjuicios ocasionados por la pérdida de un local comercial dedicado a pulpería con un promedio de 145,833.33 de ganancias mensuales, se determinan en la suma de 3.500.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: 29.777.292,00 22) [Nombre 020] El origen de los daños es el mismo indicado para el señor [Nombre 001] Los daños y perjuicios consisten en los siguientes:
Un juego de sala 180,000.00 Un juego de comedor para cuatro personas 180,915.00 Un trastero 80,000.00 Un ropero 62,000.00 Una cama matrimonial 140,000.00 Una cama individual 106,000.00 Una cocina de gas 133,377.15 Utensilios de cocina y vestido 450,000.00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 1,332,922.15 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio, al verse expuesta a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: 15.332.922,15.
Una cocina eléctrica marca Atlas de 4 discos 133,377.15 Dos roperos 124,000.00 Un juego de sala de tres piezas 118,000.00 Un televisor marca Panasonic de 21 pulgadas 139,000.00 Una refrigeradora Atlas de dos puertas 203,000.00 Un juego de comedor de 6 piezas 130,915.04 Tres camas matrimoniales 420,000.00 Un trastero 58,000.00 Una cómoda 80,000.00 Un equipo de sonido LG de cinco CD 158,000.00 Una lavadora marca LG de doce libras 128,000.00 Un microondas mediano 35,000.00 Una casa mixta de 80m2 ... 2,000,000.00 Una casa de madera de 48 m2 1,500,000.00 Una hectárea de pasto 148,090.50 Media hectárea de plátano 262,928.04 Cuatrocientos metros de cerca 200,000.00 Seis cerdos de treinta kg 360,000.00 Veinte gallinas 80,000.00 Dos sacos de fertilizantes 10,000.00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 6,282,310.70 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio, al verse expuesta a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: 24.659.310,70.
Una casa de madera de 56m2 3,360,000.00 Un juego de sala 118,000.00 Un juego de comedor 130,915.04 Una refrigeradora marca Atlas de 11 pies 158,000.00 Una lavadora 128,000.00 Una cama matrimonial 140,000.00 Dos camas individuales 212,000.00 •<" Un trastero 58,000.00 Un ropero 62,000.00 Una cocina eléctrica 133,377.15 Una olla arrocera 15,618.57 Tres colchones 103,000.00 Un equipo de sonido 103,000.00 Un televisor a color de 21 pulgadas 139,000.00 Once cerdos de 40 kg 640,000.00 Quince gallinas 30,000.00 Dos sacos de fertilizantes 10,000.00 Tres sacos de concentrado 15,000.00 Una bomba de agua 25,000.00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 5,349,901.60 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio, al verse expuesta a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: 24.349.901,60.
Una cocina eléctrica de tres discos 133,377.15 Un ropero 62,000.00 Un juego de sala de 3 piezas 118,000.00 Un mueble de televisor 28,000.00 U na refrigeradora de once pies 158,000.00 Una cama matrimonial 140,000.00 Un trastero 58,000.00 Una casa mixta de 60m2 de tres cuartos, sala, cocina, cuarto de pilas, piso lujado,etc. 5,000,000.00 Dos mil cuatrocientos metros de cerca 1,200,000.00 Seis sacos de fertilizantes 30,000.00 Cuatro hectáreas de pasto 592,362.00 Un mueble de cocina 60,000.00 Una cómoda 80,000.00 Un cuarto de hectárea de plátano 131,464.02 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 7,851,203.17 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio, al verse expuesta a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
Los perjuicios ocasionados por la pérdida de la plantación de plátano, se estima en la suma de 688.500,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: 28.539.703,17.
Una casa de madera de dos plantas de 190m2 11,522,000.00 Un juego de sala 118,000.00 Un juego de comedor 130,915.04 Un trastero 58,000.00 Dos camas individuales 212,000.00 Una cama matrimonial 140,000.00 Un televisor a color de 21 pulgadas 139,000.00 Una cocina eléctrica 133,377.00 Una refrigeradora marca Mabe de 13 pies 158,000.00 Un congelador de 4 tapas 200,000.00 Inve.ntario de la pulpería 800,000.00 Cuatro cerdos de 30 kg 240,000.00 Veinte gallinas 40,000.00 Seis sacos de fertilizantes 30,000.00 Tres sacos de concentrado 15,000.00 Cuatro sacos de sal para ganado 20,000.00 Cien palos de coco 1,000,000.00 Dos hectáreas de plátano 1,051,712.29 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 16,008,004.29 b) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio, al verse expuesta a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
Perjuicios ocasionados por la pérdida de la plantación de plátano, se estima en la suma de 5.508.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PREJUICIOS: 41.516.004,29.
Treinta y cinco hectáreas de pasto 5,183,167.50 Dos casas de madera 3,000,000.00 Un corral de 25x15 500,000.00 Cinco mil pulgadas de madera 400,000.00 Cuatro mil metros de cerca 2,000,000.00 Un pozo con cinco alcantarillas 150,000.00 Una chanchera con seis chanchos de 60 kg cada uno 720,000.00 Una bomba de agua 25,000.00 Tres puentes de paso de ganado 50,000.00 Una refrigeradora Atlas de dos puertas 158,000.00 Un juego de sala 118,000.00 Un juego de comedor 130,915.04 U na cocina de gas 84,588.00 Una lavadora 82,000.00 TOTAL DE DAÑOS 12,601,670.54 a) DAÑO MORAL: Corresponde a la angustia sufrida por los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio, al verse expuesta a una situación donde los demandados comprometieron la vida, salud, el patrimonio y la tranquilidad, en adición a la obstrucción del plan de vida y ver alteradas sus expectativas laborales y personales. El daño moral se estima en la suma de 10.000.000,00.
TOTAL DE DAÑOS Y PERJUICIOS: 57.601.670,54.
En razón de lo anterior y de conformidad con el artículo 198 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, de haberse producido un daño atribuible a la Administración Pública, el plazo para reclamar los daños y perjuicios sería de cuatro años contados a declararse sin lugar la demanda en todos sus extremos y condenar a los actores al pago de ambas costas y sus intereses hasta su efectivo pago. Hecho de un tercero// Tanto en la audiencia oral, como con la prueba documental aportada a los autos quedó de manifiesto que luego de invadida la finca, el INDER procedió a realizar estudios poco serios de los suelos del Asentamiento San Pancracio. Dichos estudios no verificaron que los terrenos invadidos por los actores formaban parte de la llanura de inundación de los Ríos Reventazón y Pacuare, mismos que con poca frecuencia producían inundaciones en las llanuras y planicies de ese sector de Siquirres, pero que transcurrido cierto tiempo y ante la ocurrencia de eventos extraordinarios, inundaban dichas fincas.
Quedó demostrado que desde 1861 ya se producían inundaciones en todo el cantón de Siquirres que causaban daños en las fincas ahí ubicadas. Sin embargo, ante la falta de estudios, el INDER adjudicó fincas a familias de la zona. Con lo antes narrado, su puede ver con claridad la intervención del INDER como un tercero que provocó los supuestos daños a los actores. Falta de derecho// No se logró demostrar que los supuestos daños ocasionados a los accionantes fueran consecuencia de actos administrativos emitidos por la Administración ni como consecuencia de una inacción por parte de ésta. Al contrario, quedó demostrado que las consecuencias de las inundaciones fueron causadas por un evento extraordinario de lluvias sucedido el 30 de noviembre de 2002, fecha para la cual según registros de la Estación Fluviográfica Pascua (folio 1175 físico), en la zona en la que se encuentra el Asentamiento se produjo un total de 3.659 metros cúbicos por segundo de aguas que descendieron por el Río Reventazón, con lo cual queda demostrado que tales eventos son producto de un hecho de la naturaleza, motivo por el cual no son de recibo las acusaciones (aunque inprecisas) contra el Estado, razón por la cual deberá acogerse la defensa de falta de derecho y condenar a los actores al pago de ambas costas y sus intereses hasta su efectivo pago.// Fuerza mayor// El caso de fuerza mayor, como sabemos, es un hecho producto de la naturaleza, que, aunque pudiera preverse, resulta inevitable.
La fuerza mayor quedó demostrada con el informe y testimonio del Ing. Rafael Alfredo Oreamuno Vega, específicamente en el folio 117 físico en donde nos mostró una gráfica de lluvias que fueron registradas en la Estación Fluviográfica Pascua de las lluvias que se produjeron el 30 de noviembre de 2002 en la zona en la que se encuentra el Asentamiento. En su presentación nos explicó que una lluvia normal en la zona de Siquirres es de entre 700 a 800 metros cúbicos por segundo. Superados esos 800 metros cúbicos por segundo, el evento puede ser considerado de extraordinario. Para el 30 de noviembre de 2002 en la zona donde se ubica el Asentamiento San Pancracio se produjo un total de 3.659 metros cúbicos por segundo, con lo cual queda demostrado que lo que produjo las inundaciones y los consecuentes daños, no fue la construcción y reparación de diques y canales, sino un evento extraordinario de lluvias, esto es, un evento de la naturaleza, sea, un caso de fuerza mayor.
En razón de lo expuesto, solicito se declare sin lugar la demanda en todos sus extremos y se condene a los actores al pago de ambas costas del proceso y sus intereses hasta su efectivo pago. // Falta de legitimación activa// Durante el proceso, pudimos observar que algunos de los demandantes no residen en el Asentamiento San Pancracio, lo cual hace que carezcan de legitimación activa para acudir a este proceso procurando para sí una indemnización que no les corresponde. // Falta de legitimación pasiva// Aunque sin precisar los hechos atribuibles a la Administración, los accionantes procedieron a interponer denuncia contra el Estado y otros demandados.// Tanto con la prueba documental ofrecida, como con los testimonios de los funcionarios del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y Salud Pública, se demostró que para el caso de marras, ambas instituciones cumplieron con sus respectivas competencias legales y funcionales, lo cual deviene en una falta de legitimación pasiva, motivo por el cual deberá declararse sin lugar la demanda en contra de mis representados y condenar a los actores al pago de ambas costas del proceso y sus respectivos intereses hasta su efectivo pago".- La representación de la CNE, manifestó en sus conclusiones que en el voto 2004-4944 de la Sala Constitucional, "(...) se declaró con lugar la solicitud de los vecinos del asentamiento San Pancracio en aquel momento agrupados en la Asociación Administradora de la Producción Agrícola y Coordinación Institucional del Asentamiento San Pancracio y donde la “CNE”, NO FUE CONDENADA A NINGUNA ACCION DE HACER, POR OMISIÓN, O DE ABSTENERSE A NO HACER, NI LABOR DE COORDINACION ALGUNA CON LAS INSTITUCIONES SEÑALADAS, es decir, desde el antecedente más importante de la presente demanda nuestra representada no fue señalada por el Tribunal Constitucional, ni estableció ninguna ordenanza con respecto a la “CNE”, toda vez que no tuvimos injerencia alguna en las violaciones a tutelas constitucionales ahí acreditadas y que fueron direccionadas a otras institucionas de gobierno y a corporaciones bananeras.
Además, ante solicitud de la Defensoría de los Habitantes debido a nuestra competencia en materia de prevención propiamente dentro del ámbito de la gestión del riesgo, la CNE realizó los informes solicitados, mismos a los cuales se les dio seguimiento y la emisión de las recomendaciones que se encuentran acreditadas en el expediente judicial y donde la propia defensoría en su informe de recomendaciones se puede inferir a que la “CNE”, no tenía injerencia alguna en el caso denunciado En este sentido, la “CNE” dentro de la dualidad de sus competencias enmarcadas en los numerales 14 (competencias ordinarias y de prevención) y 15 (de atención de situaciones de prevención de riesgo y atención de emergencias) en las actuaciones propias del caso que nos ocupa ha sido conteste con la jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa como garante de la legalidad en nuestro país, siendo que ha asegurado el manejo oportuno, coordinado y eficiente de sus recursos técnicos, administrativos y económicos propiamente en cuanto a los decretos ejecutivos y las acciones acreditadas en los planes generales de la emergencia, de los decretos por emergencia promulgados por el Poder Ejecutivo en la zona para el momento histórico en que se vieron afectados los actores.
Es decir, pese a que el voto de la Sala Constitucional No.4944-2004 no estableció que la CNE debiera de tomar alguna medida, siempre dentro del marco de nuestras competencias se han materializado actuaciones, como así se desprende de los Planes Generales de las Emergencias decretadas por el Ejecutivo. De esto nos remitimos a la prueba documental aportada por la “CNE” y el Estado. En cuanto al señalamiento de la parte actora sobre el Comité Interinstitucional para la gestión de Ríos, la CNE para ese momento histórico, siempre realizó acciones específicas en ejecución de los Planes Generales de la Emergencia de los decretos vigentes para esas fechas, ejecuciones realizadas a través del personal institucional, de los Comités de Emergencia, hoy por las instancias técnicas-operativas y los comités asesores que se coordinan con las diferentes instituciones (art. 10.b Ley Nacional de Emergencias y Prevención del Riesgo No.8488).
De esto nos remitimos a la prueba documental aportada por la “CNE” y el Estado. Asimismo, cabe indicar que en la atención de situaciones por emergencia como la ocurrida en el año 2002 en la zona, de donde se gestó el Decreto Ejecutivo No.30866-MP del año 2002 y el Decreto Ejecutivo No. 31540- MP del año 2003, donde la “CNE” realizó acciones denominadas de primer impacto conforme lo establecido el artículo 15, párrafo último de la Ley Nacional de Emergencias y Prevención del Riesgo No.8488, acciones acreditadas en prueba documental y ante la situación de necesidad y urgencia se tomaron medidas necesarias en resguardo del bien jurídico más importante a tutelar cual es la vida humana, la integridad física de las y los ciudadanos de la zona y de la infraestructura pública. Muestra de ello es la prueba aportada en autos en cuanto a el reporte de daños y afectaciones realizado por las instituciones públicas que quedó plasmado en el Plan General de la Emergencia de los decretos señalados.
Ergo, nuestras actuaciones siempre estuvieron apegadas a nuestro principio de legalidad y de urgencia y calamidad pública. (...) A mayor abundamiento, corresponden entre otros deberes y obligaciones a las Municipalidades y otras instancias de gobierno lo siguiente:// Le corresponde a la Municipalidad el administrar los intereses y servicios cantonales, acordar los presupuestos y ejecutarlos conforme lo establecen los artículos 3 y 4 del Código Municipal.// La prevención es responsabilidad estatal y por ello todas las instituciones del estado están obligadas a considerar en sus programas los conceptos de riesgo y desastre e incluir las medidas de gestión ordinaria que les son propias y oportunas (Artículo 25, Ley 8488). // La asesoría que la “CNE” brinda a las instituciones está orientada a una política efectiva de uso de la tierra y del ordenamiento territorial y deberá contribuir con la adopción de medidas de control tendientes a reducir la vulnerabilidad de las personas, considerando que, en el ámbito municipal, recae en primera instancia la responsabilidad de enfrentar esta problemática.
(Artículo 14 Ley No.8488, inciso h).// Todas las obras en cauce deben de ser tramitadas ante el Departamento de Aguas del MINAE, pues en este ente recae la administración de los cauces de dominio público, lo anterior de conformidad con el artículo ochenta y nueve (89) de la “Ley de Aguas” No.276 y sus reformas, de veintisiete de agosto de mil novecientos cuarenta y dos y sus respectivas modificaciones.// Además, como es conocido, las labores de mantenimiento en cauces e inversión en infraestructura pública corresponde ejecutarlas a otras instancias de gobierno, sea las Municipalidades o el Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transportes, ya que el mantenimiento, como obra pública ordinaria, no puede ser brindado por la “CNE” en razón de que, como se indicado (...) Dentro de este mismo orden de ideas, en el presente proceso no se logró señalar ni probar el inexorable vínculo de causalidad, entre la conducta de mi representada y los daños alegados.
Hay una carencia absoluta de medios probatorios idóneos en los autos sobre el tema esencial de la demanda contra la CNE. Es decir, NO HAY RESPONSABILIDAD JURIDICA SINO HAY DAÑO para generar responsabilidad, siendo necesario haberse producido un acto antijurídico que pueda ser atribuido a mi representada sea a título de culpa (en sentido lato-dolo o culpa) u otro factor de atribución objetivo (riesgo, obligación legal de garantía, etc.) mediando una relación de causalidad adecuada en el acto imputable – atribuido – y el daño. Así las cosas, se requieren al menos dos requisitos básicos para conceder daños y perjuicios en este tipo de procesos, sea la acreditación del nexo causal y la demostración mediante prueba idónea de los daños y perjuicios solicitados, y donde corresponde a la parte actora su acreditación, siendo que en nuestro caso la demanda y la prueba evacuada en estrados es totalmente ayuna de ello.
Sobre la necesidad de demostrar el nexo causal entre la conducta generadora del daño como tal, la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, mediante el voto 46-2013, de las once horas cuarenta minutos del 9 de mayo del 2013, resolvió lo siguiente: “Para resolver el presenta caso, ajustados al derecho aplicable y por ende a la justicia, es de rigor, determinar si existe un nexo causal entre los daños expuestos por la parte actora y la conducta administrativa, que consiste en el paso del tren. La relación causal produce un lazo, que permite vislumbrar el origen del menoscabo que se alega. En lo que respecta al nexo causal, el tratadista Eduardo García De Enterría, apunta que “para que un hecho merezca ser considerado como causa del daño es preciso sea en sí mismo idóneo para producirlo según la experiencia común, es decir, que tenga una especial aptitud parta producir el efecto lesivo.
Solo en estos casos (causalidad adecuada) puede decirse, con rigor, que la actividad tomada en consideración". Con base en lo anteriormente expuesto, es claro y evidente, que los actores no les asiste ningún tipo de indemnización, toda vez que no han demostrado cuál es la conducta activa u omisiva de la CNE (con base en las competencias dispuestas en la Ley No. 8488), que ha ocasionado los supuestos daños reclamados por los actores. Además, no se logra desprender como se cuantificaron los daños desglosados en la demanda, los cuales a todas lucen resultan infundados y contrarios a los principios de razonabilidad y proporcionalidad (...) Asimismo y de no menos importancia resulta hacer ver de que la prueba aportada en autos, que el lugar donde se encuentra ubicado el asentamiento San Pancracio, es una zona de ALTO RIESGO DE INUNDACIONES, donde existe una gran probabilidad de que todo o gran parte de los supuestos daños alegados sean producto de hechos provocados por la naturaleza, sin intermediación directa o indirecta de nuestra representación o de otras instituciones inclusive, siendo que al ser un asunto de fuerza mayor, la figura como tal cuenta con una singular importancia en el ámbito de la responsabilidad civil extracontractual, la cual constituye una causa legal de exclusión y exoneración de la misma, y que se identifica como aquellos sucesos o hechos de la naturaleza que no hubieran podido preverse o que previstos fueren inevitables y externos a la esfera de control de la Administración, en tanto los daños producidos por la naturaleza no se hubieren podido evitar mediante el despliegue oportuno de las actividades propias del ente administrativo.
En este sentido, el artículo ciento noventa (190) de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, que tiene su razón de ser en dicha premisa, dispone: “La Administración responderá por todos los daños que cauce su funcionamiento legítimo o ilegítimo o anormal, salvo la fuerza mayor, culpa de la víctima o hecho de un tercero…” (...) Que el informe pericial rendido por el señor Fernando Quintanilla Molina, ingeniero topógrafo, resulta ser contradictorio en el tanto el experto consuma su estudio mediante la determinación económica de las afectaciones sufridas en cada parcela, no obstante, en el punto número 1 de sus conclusiones afirma que no es posible establecer de manera cuantitativa los daños ya que se desconoce el estado inicial de las parcelas. Se denota así que la supuesta base inicial para lograr acreditar los montos indicados, en una relación del estado previo de los terrenos en la actualidad, es inexistente, realizándose así un cálculo sin una diferencia real.
Asimismo, el peritaje carece de una comprobación material a efectos de lograr acreditar los daños que afirma sufrieron los actores, en ninguna condición de la metodología utilizada por el perito ni del informe se demuestra la realización de pruebas técnicas que le posibiliten a éste determinar cuantitativamente eventuales deterioros sobre las propiedades de los accionantes. Consecuentemente, queda comprobado que las conclusiones concertadas en el dictamen pericial carecen de sustento técnico, así como de validez, desacreditándose de esta manera las diferencias económicas determinadas como afectaciones. Así mismo, el insumo de información tomado es el mismo de las otras pericias sea el de la información de los actores lo cual a todas luces es improcedente y rompe con el principio de objetividad probatoria. En cuanto a la ampliación de su pericia, se mantiene que la supuesta base inicial para lograr acreditar los montos indicados, en una relación del estado previo de los terrenos a la actualidad, es inexistente, realizándose así un cálculo sin referencia real.
Asimismo, el peritaje carece de una comprobación material a efectos de lograr acreditar los daños que afirma sufrieron los actores, en ninguna condición de la metodología utilizada por el perito se demuestra la realización de pruebas técnicas que le posibiliten a éste determinar cuantitativamente eventuales deterioros sobre las propiedades de los accionantes. Resulta de suma importancia ver la prueba aportada por la representación del Estado, oficio DVAT-263-2017 de 29 de noviembre de 2017, de la Dirección General de Tributación, mediante la cual se queda claro que los informes del perito Quintanilla Molina, tienen una serie de deficiencias técnicas como para afectar la confiabilidad de esta y donde no aplicó un método de valoración que evidencie el valor real de mercado y no utilizó las variables de hidrología y capacidad de uso de las tierras. En este sentido, no acredita referir las características que identifican cada una de las parcelas, así como la omisión de mercado y las características de este con el cual comparar su valor, siendo que no solo no hizo una valoración individual y comparada, sino que omitió pruebas útiles en la valoración (...) Que del informe pericial rendido por la señora Gabriela Calvo Vargas se desprende que el mismo consiste en reiterados criterios subjetivos y no se sustenta en criterios técnico – científicos, conforme se espera de un informe pericial.
Además, la perito señala como ciertos los datos históricos en relación al aumento o desnivel de las aguas en la zona, sin contar con prueba fehaciente tales como ESTUDIOS HIDROLOGICOS de la micro cuenca, de la altura máxima de la columna de agua y de la zona de anegamiento potencial, que determinen la veracidad de esos datos sobre las inundaciones, volumen de precipitación efectiva, distribución del agua sobre la planicie, distribución de la velocidad y cómo se distribuye la creciente con infraestructura y sin ella, sino que únicamente cuenta con las manifestaciones de los vecinos de la zona, demandantes en el presente caso y que hacen que el informe pericial pierda credibilidad. Es decir, se rompe con el principio de objetividad tal y como se indicó supra. Igualmente, en su estudio geológico debió presentar un registro histórico de las variaciones del cauce en el valle fluvial mediante fotografías aéreas, o históricas que verifiquen que dicha zona no era de potencial inundación antes de la construcción de los diques, lo cual adolece su pericia.
Además, el informe incluye información de los vecinos sobre arreglos realizados en las casas de los cuales no presentan ni facturas ni otro elemento que permita demostrar que los arreglos se realizaron debido a la supuesta situación que viven hoy en día los vecinos. El informe de análisis se refiere a problemas de salud de los vecinos sin contar con las respectivas epicrisis o dictámenes médicos que permitan la comprobación de esas condiciones. Que el informe rendido por el perito experto Allan Astorga Gattgens con el apoyo científico del señor Andreas Mende, el cual considera esta representación de extrema importancia para esclarecer la verdad real de los hechos, dado su contenido técnico - científico y haber tomado para su investigación elementos esenciales en cuanto a antecedentes históricos de la zona, notas bibliográficas y la interpretación de registro de fotografías aéreas oficiales del IGN, donde se muestra el uso del suelo, dentro de la llanura de inundación activa y donde resulta ser contundente en cuanto a tomar como hechos ciertos, que como consecuencia de la cercanía del Asentamiento San Pancracio a la llanura aluvial de los sistemas fluviales del Rio Reventazón y del Pacuare, dicho asentamiento se ubica en una llanura de inundación y presenta evidentemente una condición de MUY ALTA amenaza a las inundaciones.
Asimismo, acredita que posterior a lo década de 1960 ya existían vestigios de la construcción de diques en la zona, para tratar de reducir la intensidad de las inundaciones y donde con la construcción de estos se disminuyó significativamente la amenaza a las inundaciones, con lo que fue posible el desarrollo de nuevas plantaciones bananeras. Esta disminución no solo ayudó a las fincas bananeras, sino a toda la extensión de la llanura de inundación. También acredita que la situación de MUY ALTO RIESGO que se presenta para las localidades dentro de la zona de inundación entre ellas San Pancracio existe la alta probabilidad de que las obras de contención ante un evento de avenida máximo por una situación extraordinaria, incluso ordinaria, no puedan retener la fuerza del agua, con lo que se puede producir un evento catastrófico para la zona de la llanura de inundación. A todo esto, debe de sumarse la condición de cambio climático con el que se desarrolla cada vez más frecuentes eventos extremos de altas precipitaciones e inclusive sequías.
Ante la consulta realizada por uno de los miembros del tribunal en cuanto a la situación de los diques en la zona frente a la ubicación de los asentamientos en la llanura de inundación, manifestó de forma contundente que las obras de contención lejos de ser una causante de las inundaciones son obras antrópicas que contribuyen a que las inundaciones cedan en la zona y no son los causantes de las mismas, las cuales atribuye a situaciones propias de la naturaleza y de la zona, así como a un inadecuado uso de la tierra y de una carencia de planificación urbana. (...) Como colorario, la CNE rechaza en todos sus extremos la presente demanda, ratificando a través de la prueba documental que obra en autos y a lo visto y discutido en la audiencia de juicio, que hemos sido incorporados a una litis donde nunca deberíamos de haber estado, por simples manifestaciones subjetivas sin acervo probatorio alguno, teniéndose que tomar recursos valiosos de nuestro tiempo y recursos de la Hacienda Pública, que pudieron haber sido canalizados en la labor que tiene la CNE en sus competencias ordinarias como nextraordinarias.
Así las cosas, esta representación solicita que se declare con lugar la excepción de falta de derecho y falta de legitimación pasiva. Asimismo, que se declare sin lugar la presente demanda y se condene a la parte demandante al pago de ambas costas con intereses hasta su efectivo pago".- La representación del INDER indicó en sus conclusiones que al haber sido integrado a la institución como tercero interesado y sin pretensiones en su contra, no cabe ninguna condenatoria en su contra, quedando más bien claro que la entidad le ha brindado permanente colaboración a los coaccionantes. Invoca el voto 2004-4944 de la Sala Constitucional, que dispuso que sobre las empresas privadas demandadas, que no debían construir diques, movimientos de tierras y desvíos de aguas, hasta que cuenten con los permisos correspondientes. Señala que el antiguo Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario (IDA), realizó en el año 1999, el Estudio de Relación Tierra y Familia para la Finca San Pancracio, quedando claro con la declaración de todos los testigos.
Afirma que quedó por demostrado que los diques construidos al costado de las fincas bananeras de las compañías demandadas cercanas al Asentamiento San Pancracio, se encuentran del lado de dichas fincas y no del lado del Asentamiento, realizándose para el año 2003, movimientos de tierra para la construcción y reconstrucción de diques. Estima que existe responsabilidad compartida de los demandados por no existir estudios que determinen la viabilidad y funcionalidad correcto de los diques construidos y reconstruidos, con el fin de prever posibles inundaciones. Recalca que de acuerdo con la declaración de José Miguel Zeledón Calderón (Director de Aguas del MINAE), los diques no son los que causan las inundaciones, pero estos sí aumentan el riesgo para el Asentamiento y que esa Dirección de Aguas tramitó ante la SETENA, que se realizaran los respectivos estudios, pero no ha habida respuesta al respecto.
Cuestiona el peritaje de parte del Dr. Allan Astorga por cuanto no es imparcial la haber sido contratado por una de las partes. Solicita que en razón que el INDER es solamente un tercero interesado y no existe pretensión alguna contra él, se le debe exonerar del pago de las costas personales y procesales.- La representación de la Municipalidad, reitera lo términos de la contestación de la demanda que realizó en su oportunidad, en el sentido que las competencias del ayuntamiento son de carácter marginal en materia de emergencias, siendo las competencias principales de la CNE y del Estado. Manifiesta que el mantenimiento de los diques (que datan de hace muchos años), se realiza por medio de peones paleros y si no se realiza un reporte, es imposible realizar control alguno. Reitera que la sentencia 2004-4944, no demuestra un nexo causal entre las inundaciones y los presuntos movimientos de tierra y construcción de diques.
Invoca como eximente de responsabilidad civil extracontractual, en el presente caso, la existencia de culpa de la víctima, al haberse asentado los actores en ese sitio y hecho de un tercero del ente que les adjudicó las tierras, el INDER, siendo que en esas condiciones, condenar al ayuntamiento, es aprovecharse de su propio dolo. Señala que a partir de la declaración de testigos y peritos en este proceso (Fernando Quintanilla Molina, topógrafo; Allan Astorga Gatgens, geólogo; Gabriela Calvo Vargas, geóloga; Rafael Oreamuno Vega, ingeniero civil), todos expertos y profesionales en sus respectivos campos, nunca se debió realizar un asentamiento campesino en el lugar que ocupa San Pancracio, por el posible desborde del cauce de los ríos Pacuare y Reventazón, debiendo ser tomada en cuenta esa situación para la resolución de la causa. Explica que en todo caso, al ayuntamiento no le cabe ninguna responsabilidad, porque los actores nunca formalizaron ninguna denuncia o solicitud de intervención específica sobre el caso.
Invoca el artículo 89 de la Ley de Aguas, que establece la posibilidad de que los propietarios puedan construir "obras de defensa" sin necesidad de permisos, recalcando que el tema de las inundaciones, se debe no a un problema de diques, sino a que la comunidad está ubicada en una zona propensa a inundación. Reitera su pedido para que se desestime la demanda en contra del ayuntamiento y se condene al pago de ambas costas.- IV) De importancia para la resolución de este asunto, se tienen como probados los siguientes hechos:
Nombre del accionante Situación jurídica en el sitio l. [Nombre 001] Copropietario (con [Nombre 037]) finca inscrita [Valor 031] (imágenes 646-647) 2. [Nombre 002] Adjudicatario Proyecto San Pancracio, Oficio ORS-370-2011 del 25 de mayo del 2011 de Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (imágenes 1563-1565) 3. [Nombre 003] Adjudicatario Proyecto San Pancracio, Oficio ORS-370-2011 del 25 de mayo del 2011 de Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (imágenes 1563-1565) 4. [Nombre 004] Poseedor en precario en la zona de San Pancracio (no tiene título registrado, ni escritura de traspaso de terreno no inscrito). Sobre los hechos posesorios escúchese declaración de [Nombre 022], en el juicio oral 5. [Nombre 005] Adjudicatario Proyecto San Pancracio, Oficio ORS-370-2011 del 25 de mayo del 2011 de Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (imágenes 1563-1565) 6. [Nombre 006] Adjudicatario Proyecto San Pancracio, Oficio ORS-370-2011 del 25 de mayo del 2011 de Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (imágenes 1563-1565) 7. [Nombre 007] Adjudicatario Proyecto San Pancracio, Oficio ORS-370-2011 del 25 de mayo del 2011 de Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (imágenes 1563-1565) 8. [Nombre 008] Adjudicatario Proyecto San Pancracio, Junta Directiva IDA, acuerdo VIII, sesión 91-01 del 3/12/2001 (imagen 481) 9. [Nombre 009] Traspaso de terreno ubicado en Laguna de Imperio de Siquirrres, por escritura del 12 de julio de 1991, realizado por el IDA (imágenes 676-679) 10. [Nombre 010] Adjudicatario Proyecto San Pancracio, Oficio ORS-370-2011 del 25 de mayo del 2011 de Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (imágenes 1563-1565) 11. [Nombre 011] Adjudicatario Proyecto San Pancracio, Oficio ORS-370-2011 del 25 de mayo del 2011 de Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (imágenes 1563-1565) 12.
Sucesión de quien en vida fue [Nombre 012] Adjudicatario Proyecto San Pancracio, Oficio ORS-370-2011 del 25 de mayo del 2011 de Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (imágenes 1563-1565) 13. [Nombre 014] Adjudicatario Proyecto San Pancracio, Oficio ORS-370-2011 del 25 de mayo del 2011 de Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (imágenes 1563-1565) 14. [Nombre 015] Adjudicatario Proyecto San Pancracio, Oficio ORS-370-2011 del 25 de mayo del 2011 de Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (imágenes 1563-1565) 15. [Nombre 016] Copropietario de terreno traspasado por el IDA, ubicado en Asentamiento Imperio, según escritura del 26 de febrero de 1993; finca N° [Valor 033] (imágenes 692-698) 16. [Nombre 017] Propietario de finca traspasada por [Nombre 025], ubicado en Imperio de Siquirres, finca N° [Valor 032], en fecha 10 de marzo del 2006 (imágenes 699-703) 17. [Nombre 018] Poseedor en precario en la zona de San Pancracio (no tiene título registrado, ni escritura de traspaso de terreno no inscrito).
Sobre los hechos posesorios escúchese declaración de [Nombre 010], en el juicio oral 18. [Nombre 019] Poseedora en precario en la zona de San Pancracio (no tiene título registrado, ni escritura de traspaso de terreno no inscrito). Sobre los hechos posesorios escúchese declaración de [Nombre 028], en el juicio oral 19. [Nombre 020] Adjudicatario Proyecto San Pancracio, Oficio ORS-370-2011 del 25 de mayo del 2011 de Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (imágenes 1563-1565) 20. [Nombre 021] Poseedora en precario en la zona de San Pancracio (no tiene título registrado, ni escritura de traspaso de terreno no inscrito). Sobre los hechos posesorios escúchese declaración de [Nombre 015] y [Nombre 027], en el juicio oral 21. [Nombre 022] Adjudicatario Proyecto San Pancracio, Oficio ORS-370-2011 del 25 de mayo del 2011 de Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (imágenes 1563-1565) 22. [Nombre 023] Adjudicatario Proyecto San Pancracio, Oficio ORS-370-2011 del 25 de mayo del 2011 de Oficina Subregional de Siquirres del IDA (imágenes 1563-1565) 23. [Nombre 024] Adjudicatario Proyecto Maryland.
Junta Directiva del IDA, acuerdo III de la sesión 90-87 del 24 de noviembre de 1987 (imagen 587) 24. [Nombre 025] Propietario de la finca N° [Valor 034], comprada el 25 de enero de 2005 a Carlos Quinto Cerdas Solano (imágenes 718-720) 25. [Nombre 026] Poseedora en precario en la zona de San Pancracio (no tiene título registrado, ni escritura de traspaso de terreno no inscrito). Sobre los hechos posesorios escúchese declaración de [Nombre 007] 26. [Nombre 027] Poseedora en precario en la zona de San Pancracio (no tiene título registrado, ni escritura de traspaso de terreno no inscrito). Sobre los hechos posesorios escúchese declaración de [Nombre 015] 27. [Nombre 028] Poseedor en precario en la zona de San Pancracio (no tiene título registrado, ni escritura de traspaso de terreno no inscrito). Sobre los hechos posesorios escúchese declaración de [Nombre 019], en el juicio oral 5) Que el tema de las inundaciones en la zona de San Pancracio de Siquirres, durante los años 2002 y 2003, fue analizado y resuelto por la Sala Constitucional, en el expediente (N° 03-9991-0007-CO), en que se tramitó del recurso de amparo presentado por la Asociación Administradora de la Producción Agrícola y Coordinación Institucional del Asentamiento San Pancracio, contra la Compañía Bananera del Atlántico Limitada (COBAL), la Corporación de Desarrollo Agrícola del Monte S.A., el Ministerio de Salud, el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y la Municipalidad de Siquirres.
Dicho amparo constitucional por fue admitido por resolución de las 16:30 horas del 1° de octubre del 2003 y en ese acto, como medida cautelar se ordenó a los recurridos: "(...) tomar de inmediato las medidas necesarias para evitar los daños ambientales que se acusan en este amparo, hasta tanto la Sala no resuelva en sentencia el recurso, o no disponga otra cosa (...)" (folios 104-107). Se observa en el expediente, que en oficio DASS-009-2004 del 13 de enero del 2004, de la Unidad de Protección al Ambiente Humano del Área Rectora de Salud de Siquirres, se indica que ni Bandeco ni COBAL han presentado solicitud alguna para el movimiento de tierras ni para construcción de diques (folio 281). En dicho expediente, se emitió la sentencia 2004-4944 de las quince horas con once minutos del seis de mayo del dos mil cuatro (folios 353-362), en que se tuvo como hechos probados:
"I.- (...) De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque el recurrido haya omitido referirse a ellos según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
"VIII.- En el caso que nos ocupa, del informe rendido por los funcionarios recurridos, los representantes de la compañías bananeras accionadas y la prueba que obra en autos, se tiene por acreditado que la Compañía Bananera del Atlántico Limitada (COBAL), realizó obras de reconstrucción y fortalecimiento de un dique ya existente, cuya función es impedir el paso de agua hacia las plantaciones de banano en los eventos de crecidas de los ríos, específicamente en la quebrada La Mona, la cual se ve tapada en su salida por el río Siquirres y éste a su vez por el río Pacuare, mismos que reciben aguas del río Reventazón. Asimismo, sobre este último se tiene por acreditada la existencia de un complejo de diques sobre su margen derecha, construidos por iniciativa de la Municipalidad de Siquirres y varias instituciones gubernamentales, durante los últimos 30 años, aproximadamente. Luego de las inundaciones acontecidas durante los meses de noviembre y diciembre de 2002, varias secciones de esos diques se vieron dañadas, por lo que se observa que tanto COBAL como la Corporación de Desarrollo Agrícola del Monte S.A., solicitaron los permisos respectivos ante el ente municipal local, con el fin de realizar las reparaciones necesarias (folio 169 y documento adjunto #13).
No obstante, el titular del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía señala que ninguna de las corporaciones bananeras accionadas ha presentado proyectos de diques en los Ríos Reventazón o Pacuare, para evaluación de impacto ambiental. De igual modo, si bien es cierto –como se indicó anteriormente- se presentaron solicitudes para obtención de permisos ante el Concejo Municipal de Siquirres –que a su vez fueron tramitadas ante la Dirección General de Geología y Minas-; se aprecia que las reparaciones se realizaron, incluyendo los movimientos de tierras, sin la debida autorización de los funcionarios competentes. Preocupa aún más a la Sala el informe rendido por la Directora de la Unidad de Ambiente Humano del Area Rectora de Salud de Siquirres –con ocasión de una inspección al lugar-, quien señala que las empresas accionadas no solamente reconstruyeron diques existentes, sino también levantaron diques nuevos, en las zonas de riesgo de desbordamiento de los ríos Pacuare, y Reventazón, sin contar con los permisos correspondientes, ni los estudios técnicos de impacto ambiental (folio 282).
IX.Por ello, es evidente que la actuación de la compañías bananeras recurridas, no solo es contraria al ordenamiento jurídico, sino que constituye una lesión al derecho a la salud y un ambiente sano, consagrados en los artículos 21 y 50 de la Constitución Política. Lo anterior, no solamente por haber construido diques sin la autorización tanto del órgano estatal regulador en materia ambiental, como del gobierno local, sino también porque al no contar con estudios de impacto ambiental no es posible tener claro las repercusiones que una estructura de este tipo tiene en el comportamiento del río, existiendo la posibilidad de que aumente la capacidad hidráulica del cauce, y que de esta forma facilite las condiciones para que se produzcan inundaciones en las áreas adyacentes. Esta Sala no desconoce que el Asentamiento San Pancracio –donde habita el recurrente-, así como algunas fincas de las compañías recurridas –tal como Finca Gigante- se localizan dentro de la llanura de inundación de los Ríos Pacuare y Reventazón, y que ello aunado a las altas precipitaciones que caracterizan la zona, facilita inundaciones por el desbordamiento de dichos ríos.
No obstante, precisamente la ausencia de los estudios técnicos de impacto ambiental impiden determinar si los efectos de tales inundaciones fueron acrecentados y magnificados por los movimientos de tierra y construcción de diques que, como se indicó en líneas anteriores realizaron las compañías bananeras citadas. Asimismo, resulta comprensible que estas compañías, realicen actuaciones en protección de su patrimonio, y de la actividad agropecuaria a la que se dedican; sin embargo, para ello deben velar por una efectiva implementación del concepto de desarrollo sostenible, y respetar el ecosistema; por lo que es absolutamente inaceptable que actúen omitiendo los trámites previstos por ley, poniendo en peligro el medio ambiente, así como la salud y la vida de los vecinos del lugar, al alterar de tal manera los recursos naturales.
X.Por otra parte, la Sala concluye que en el caso bajo análisis, la infracción al derecho a la salud y a un ambiente ecológicamente equilibrado, es también imputable al Ministerio de Salud, al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, y a la Municipalidad de Siquirres, producto de la negligencia u omisión del ejercicio de las facultades de fiscalización exigidas por vía constitucional, y legal ordinaria, en cuanto a velar por la adecuada disposición de los recursos naturales, pues están en la obligación de verificar no sólo si procede o no la construcción de una estructura en ese lugar, a través de los estudios de impacto ambiental que correspondan, sino que dicha estructura, cumpla con todos los requisitos técnicos y legales necesarios, de previo a realizar su edificación. No obstante, la entidad municipal recurrida y los titulares de las carteras ministeriales supra citadas, se limitan a manifestar que no tuvieron conocimiento de la situación planteada por el recurrente, hasta la notificación del presente recurso.
Analizando asuntos similares, la Sala ha dicho que no se puede aceptar que a los seres humanos se les niegue el derecho a un ambiente sano, el derecho a la salud, y como consecuencia el esencial a la vida, en razón de la incapacidad de las autoridades públicas para ejercer efectivamente las potestades de vigilancia otorgadas por ley, así como los instrumentos que el ordenamiento jurídico les otorga, con el fin de controlar las acciones de terceros que atenten directamente contra tan importante derecho fundamental. En virtud de lo anteriormente expuesto, el presente recurso debe ser declarado con lugar en contra del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, del Ministerio de Salud y de la Municipalidad de Siquirres"
En la parte dispositiva de la sentencia, se estableció: "Se declara con lugar el recurso. En consecuencia se ordena a la Compañía Bananera del Atlántico Limitada (COBAL), a la Corporación de Desarrollo Agrícola del Monte S.A., que se abstengan de construir diques realizar movimientos de tierras, así como desvío de aguas sobre las márgenes de los ríos Reventazón y Pacuare, hasta tanto cuenten con lo permisos correspondientes de las autoridades competentes. Asimismo, se ordena al Ministerio de Salud, al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, y a la Municipalidad de Siquirres, que realicen los estudios técnicos necesarios para determinar fehacientemente la incidencia de los diques, movimientos de tierra, y desvío de aguas efectuados por las compañías bananeras recurridas, sobre el medio ambiente, de lo cual deberá informar a la Sala en el improrrogable plazo de dos meses contado a partir de la notificación de la presente sentencia.
Se condena a la Compañía Bananera del Atlántico Limitada (COBAL), a la Corporación de Desarrollo Agrícola del Monte S.A., al Estado y a la Municipalidad de Siquirres, al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo civil y de lo contencioso administrativo, respectivamente" (los subrayados son propios; véase el expediente judicial certificado del amparo y dirección virtual: https://nexuspj.poder-judicial.go.cr/document/sen-1-0007-286491, en la que se aprecia la sentencia citada); 6) Que en el expediente judicial citado, se planteó gestión de desobediencia por la Asociación recurrente, que fue resuelta por resolución Nº 2008-007190 de las 14 horas del 25 de abril del 2008. En esa oportunidad se consideró:
"I.- El objeto de la presente sentencia es determinar el cumplimiento de la orden emanada de este Tribunal en la sentencia número 2004-004944 de las quince horas once minutos del seis de mayo de dos mil cuatro, en la que se ordenó a la Corporación de Desarrollo Agrícola del Monte S.A., abstenerse de construir diques, realizar movimientos de tierras así como desvío de aguas sobre los márgenes de los ríos Reventazón y Pacuare, hasta tanto no cuenten con los permisos correspondientes de las autoridades competentes. Asimismo, se ordenó al Ministerio de Salud, al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y a la Municipalidad de Siquirres realizar los estudios técnicos necesarios para determinar fehacientemente la incidencia de los diques , movimientos de tierra y desvío de aguas efectuados por las compañías bananeras, sobre el medio ambiente, de lo cual debía informar a la Sala.
II.Sobre los estudios técnicos presentados por las autoridades recurridas. En primera instancia rindió el informe José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, en su condición de Jefe del Departamento de Aguas del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, ello bajo el oficio número OMN- DA-1851-04 del veintiuno de julio de dos mil cuatro, en el que concluyó que las obras del dique realizado por las empresas recurridas corresponden a medidas paliativas contra el desbordamiento e inundaciones esperadas en eventos extremos; sin embargo, resaltó que por sí solos este tipo de diques no son los causantes del fenómeno de inundación, ya que sin este siempre se espera que la parte civil se vea afectada. Por su parte la Municipalidad de Siquirres rindió el informe número IC-SI019-05 del siete de febrero de dos mil cinco, en el que informó que se constató que no existen obras recientes de movimientos de tierra o de contención en el área objeto del presente amparo.
Asimismo, coincide con las autoridades recurridas en que para dar solución a la problemática actual, se debe dar una atención integral, es decir involucrar a diferentes institucional (sic). De lo esbozado anteriormente se colige no solo que las autoridades cumplieron con la orden de rendir el informe, sino también que de los mismos se puede concluir que los diques elaborados por las bananeras accionadas no son los causantes por si solos de la contaminación ambiental.
III.En la sentencia de marras también se le ordenó a la Compañía Bananera del Atlántico Limitada (COBAL) y a la Corporación de Desarrollo Agrícola S.A., abstenerse de construir diques, realizar movimientos de tierras, así como el desvío de aguas sobre los márgenes de los ríos Reventazón y Pacuare, hasta tanto no contaran con los permisos correspondientes. Sobre el particular informan los representantes de las accionadas que dichas empresas a junio de dos mil cuatro, no reconstruyeron ningún dique en los márgenes de los ríos Reventazón o del Pacuare, ni en quebradas naturales internas ya existentes. Tales aseveraciones son apoyadas por la Municipalidad de Siquirres, al informarle a esta Sala que en la inspección realizada se determinó que no existen obras recientes de movimientos de tierra o de contención en el área en cuestión. Agrega además la Municipalidad recurrida los diques y los vertederos o aliviaderos no tuvieron variaciones por efectos de las crecidas, además los vehículos pueden transitar por el dique mismo, aunado a ello tampoco se evidenciaron daños por las crecidas recientes. Así las cosas, este Tribunal tiene por probados que las bananeras recurridas han cumplido a cabalidad con lo ordenado en la sentencia 2004-04944, al abstenerse de realizar más acciones en las inmediaciones de los ríos Reventazón y Pacuare.
IV.Por otra parte, Marco Machore Levi, en el mes de diciembre de dos mil seis se apersona a esta Sala a efecto de acusar nuevamente desobediencia a lo ordenado por esta Sala en la sentencia número 2004-004944 de las quince horas once minutos del seis de mayo de dos mil cuatro, lo anterior por cuanto entre los días diez y catorce de julio de dos mil seis en la Finca Gigante propiedad de la Compañía Bananera Atlántica realizaron obras ilegales orientadas a la reconstrucción de un dique en Quebrada La Mona. Sobre el particular, el Gerente de la Compañía Bananera Atlántica Limitada informa que en la semana número veintiséis del años dos mil seis, se produjeron en el área de Siquirres fuertes aguaceros e inundaciones, que provocaron que el dique ubicado en Quebrada La Mona resultara dañado, razón por la cual entre los días diez y catorce de julio de dos mil seis se inició la reconstrucción de la compuerta ubicada a uno de los costados del dique, resaltando que lo realizado no fue una construcción en si misma, sino una reconstrucción de emergencia en un dique ya existente.
Con relación a tales hechos, la Municipalidad de Siquirres informa que clausuro las obras de reparación que estaba llevando a cabo la Compañía Bananera Atlántica Limitada, ello mediante oficio AMS-159-06, contra el cual se interpuso un recurso de revocatoria, mismo que fue rechazado por resolución de las diez horas del veintidós de setiembre de dos mil seis, teniéndose que como consecuencia el veinte de julio de dos mil seis se clausuraron las obras. En vista de lo anterior, la Compañía Bananera Atlántica Limitada, por la negativa de la Municipalidad recurrente de avalar la reconstrucción del dique, procedió solamente bloquear la compuerta dañada con llantas. Aunado a ello, el Ministro de Ambiente y Energía, así como el Director Ejecutivo de la Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, destacan lo que ya habían indicado con anterioridad en el sentido de que el problema de los impactos causados por las inundaciones, no se le pueden achacar a una u otra empresa, sino que es causa de una serie de factores y acciones naturales y antropicas acumuladas, para las que se requiere una intervención integral del Estado, Gobiernos Locales y Sociedad Civil.
De lo esbozado anteriormente, concluye esta Sala que la Administración Pública ha efectuado su deber de vigilancia de manera diligente, evitando que se produzca en el dique de la Quebrada La Mona construcciones o reconstrucciones que no cuenten con los respectivos permisos, razón por la cual lo procedente es desestimar la gestión de desobediencia.
V.Conclusión.- En mérito de lo expuesto, lo procedente de rechazar la gestión de desobediencia presentada, como en efecto se ordena" ((los subrayados son propios; véase el expediente judicial certificado del amparo y dirección virtual: https://nexuspj.poder-judicial.go.cr/document/sen-1-0007-423896, en la que se aprecia la sentencia citada);
Cabe señalar que para resolver adecuadamente el caso, primero deberá determinarse si a partir de los hechos analizados en esta acción (comprendidos entre los años 2002 y 2018, por las ampliaciones de hechos de la demanda realizados en este expediente), están cubiertos por la cosa juzgada, derivado de las resoluciones de la Sala Constitucional, números 2004-04944 de las quince horas con once minutos del seis de mayo del dos mil cuatro y Nº 2008-007190 de las 14 horas del 25 de abril del 2008 (que resolvieron respectivamente, el amparo presentado por [Nombre 010], en su condición de Presidente de la Asociación Administradora de la Producción Agrícola y Coordinación Institucional del Asentamiento San Pancracio y la gestión de desobediencia presentada por el recurrente sobre lo resuelto por el Tribunal Constitucional).- Luego, se deberá determinar si las acciones de los particulares y las omisiones de las instituciones públicas (que no estén cubiertas por la cosa juzgada material del amparo o por la prescripción), provocaron los daños y perjuicios reclamados en cabeza de los actores, determinándose primero cuáles de los actores, son propietarios o poseedores de terrenos sin inscribir en la zona de San Pancracio de Siquirres y luego, si las inundaciones acusadas en la demanda y las sucesivas ampliaciones de la acción, efectivamente se debieron a las acciones y omisiones acusadas, o se debieron a un hecho de la naturaleza (fuerza mayor) o a un hecho de un tercero, situaciones que bajo los criterios del Código Civil (para los demandados particulares y de la Ley General de la Administración Pública (para los entes públicos accionados), son criterios de exoneración de responsabilidad patrimonial.- Una vez determinado lo anterior, corresponde analizar si el resto de pretensiones, las de carácter indemnizatorio.- VII) Relación de este caso con las sentencias de la Sala Constitucional de los años 2004 y 2008: Si se observan el elenco de hechos de la demanda (escrito de reformulación de hechos de la acción, recibido el 19 de abril del 2013, a imágenes 2145-2236) y sus posteriores ampliaciones de hechos, por medio de escritos de fechas: del 17 de setiembre del 2012, en que se habla de hechos de julio y agosto de ese año (imágenes 2026-2030); del 31 de agosto del 2018, en que se refiere a hechos del mes de julio de ese año (imágenes 3571-3597), el reclamo por las inundaciones se inicia con los eventos ocurridos en los años 2002 y 2003 y culmina con los hechos de agosto del 2018.- Así, en la reformulación de la demanda recibida el 19 de abril del 2013, se plantea: En cuanto al origen del Asentamiento y la situación de los aquí actores, se dice que el Asentamiento San Pancracio, se creó en la finca matrícula de folio real número [Valor 002], ubicada en el Distrito Siquirres, Cantón Siquirres, de la Provincia Limón, que era propiedad del señor [Nombre 038], quien vendió la finca al IDA (actual INDER) mediante escritura otorgada a las 15:00 horas del 26 de marzo de 1998.
Se indica que el IDA realizó estudios agrológicos preliminares previo a la compra de la finca, que determinaron la aptitud de la finca para el desarrollo de actividades agrícolas y ganaderas. Señala que la entidad realizó, previo al otorgamiento de la titularidad de las parcelas, estudios de las tierras que conforman el Asentamiento San Pancracio y determinó que las parcelas son aptas para el establecimiento de cultivos de ciclo anual y permanente, entre los que se puede citar, granos básicos, tubérculos, musáceas, y frutales. Explica que en el acuerdo anteriormente citado del IDA número IV de la sesión 091-01, celebrada el 3 de diciembre del 2001, se declaró como beneficiarios del Asentamiento, para que se les extienda el correspondiente título supletorio de dominio a los actores: [Nombre 010], a quién se le otorgó la Parcela número 5 (que se refiere a las Fincas del Partido de Limón, matrícula de folio real número [Valor 036] y [Valor 037]); [Nombre 014], a quién se le otorgó la Parcela número 7 (que se refiere a las Fincas del Partido de Limón, matrícula de folio real número [Valor 038] y [Valor 039]); [Nombre 023], a quién se le otorgó la Parcela número 9 (que se refiere a las Fincas del Partido de Limón, matrícula de folio real número [Valor 040] y [Valor 041]); y [Nombre 022], a quién se le otorgó la Parcela número 8 (que se refiere a las Fincas del Partido de Limón, matrícula de folio real número [Valor 042] y [Valor 043]).
De la misma forma, mediante acuerdo tomado por la Junta Directiva del IDA, en artículo VIII de la sesión No 093-01 celebrada el 10 de diciembre de 2001, se declaró como beneficiaria del Asentamiento, para que se les extienda el correspondiente título supletorio de dominio a la actora [Nombre 008], a quién se le otorgó la Parcela número 4 (que se refiere a las Fincas del Partido de Limón, matrícula de folio real número [Valor 044] y [Valor 045]). Menciona que en acuerdo tomado por la Junta Directiva del IDA, en la sesión N° 014-03 celebrada el 17 de marzo del 2003, se declaró como beneficiario del Asentamiento, para que se les extienda el correspondiente título supletorio de dominio al actor [Nombre 011], a quien se le otorgó la Parcela número 2 (que se refiere a la Finca del Partido de Limón, matrícula de folio real número [Valor 046]). Por medio de acuerdo tomado por la Junta Directiva del IDA, en la sesión No 060- 00 celebrada el 21 de agosto de 2000, se declaró como beneficiarios del Asentamiento, para que se les extienda el correspondiente título supletorio de dominio a los actores: [Nombre 002], a quién se le otorgó la Parcela número 11 (que se refiere a los planos catastrados número [Valor 047] y [Valor 048]), [Nombre 039], a quién se le otorgó la Parcela número 21 (que se refiere al plano catastrado [Valor 049]); y [Nombre 003], a quien se le otorgó la Parcela número 10.
Por medio de acuerdo tomado por la Junta Directiva del IDA en la sesión N° 042-2004, celebrada el 15 de noviembre del 2004, se declaró como beneficiarios del Asentamiento, para que se les extienda el correspondiente título supletorio de dominio a los actores: [Nombre 006], a quién se le otorgó la Parcela número 15, [Nombre 007], a quién se le otorgó la Parcela número 13-1, [Nombre 015]; a quien se le otorgó la granja número A-3; y [Nombre 020], a quién se le otorgó la Parcela número 14. Aduce que en el caso de los actores [Nombre 001], [Nombre 007], [Nombre 008], [Nombre 009], [Nombre 010], [Nombre 011], [Nombre 012], [Nombre 014], [Nombre 016], [Nombre 017], [Nombre 018], [Nombre 022], [Nombre 023], [Nombre 024], [Nombre 025], y [Nombre 004], además de contar con los acuerdos de adjudicación del IDA, cuentan con las escrituras de traspaso de sus parcelas expedidas por el IDA o bien con escrituras de compraventa privada firmadas con particulares antiguos propietarios o poseedores y que en cuanto a los demandantes [Nombre 005], [Nombre 026], [Nombre 017], [Nombre 019], [Nombre 021], [Nombre 028], son poseedores de sus parcelas que forman parte del Asentamiento San Pancracio desde su origen en 1997 y desde entonces han ejercido actos de posesión en forma pacífica, pública y notoria y además han realizado una explotación agropecuaria desde entonces; eso se acreditará ,mediante prueba testimonial ofrecida.
Origen de los daños en perjuicio de las sociedades demandadas: Empresa Cobal: Ambas Compañías COBAL y BANDECO figuran nacional e internacionalmente como compañías exportadoras ambientalmente comprometidas con el desarrollo y con "políticas serias" de Responsabilidad Social Corporativa, encontrándose el Asentamiento se ubica en una posición que colinda con las empresas bananeras demandadas de la siguiente forma: (i) Con BANDECO: colinda al este con la finca conocida como Finca Imperio I. (ii) Con COBAL: al sur con las fincas conocidas como Doble Alianza· y Gigante. Reseña que la compañía COBAL es propietaria de las fincas bananeras del Partido de Limón, matrículas de folio real número [Valor 050] y [Valor 051] que corresponden a la Finca Gigante y Doble Alianza. Por su parte la compañía BANDECO es propietaria de la finca bananera del Partido de Limón, matrícula de folio real número [Valor 052], que corresponde a la Finca Imperio I. En el año 2002 y principalmente en el año 2003, la Compañía COBAL construyó sin permisos municipales, sin estudios ambientales, dos diques, uno a cada lado de la Quebrada La Mona, que atraviesan las fincas bananeras Doble Alianza y Gigante, con una extensión de dos mil trescientos metros al costado norte y mil ochocientos metros al costado sur de la Quebrada La Mona, con el fin de desaguar las aguas de los canales internos existentes en las fincas bananeras Doble Alianza y Gigante en el Canal Chiquerón, y evitar que las aguas que provocan el desbordamiento del río Pacuare inunde sus plantaciones y propiedades y desviarlas por completo al Canal Chiquerón.
La demandada COBAL, además de la construcción de los dos diques indicados en el hecho anterior, ha construido en sus propiedades, sin permisos municipales y sin estudios ambientes, canales secundarios y terciarios que recolectan las aguas pluviales de sus fincas bananeras Gigante y Doble Alianza, y las direccionan como parte del sistema de drenaje a la Quebrada La Mona y a un canal periférico conocido como Canal Chiquerón. Además construyeron en el año 2003, una compuerta que evita, el acceso del agua a la Quebrada La Mona hacia sus plantaciones. Empresa Bandeco: En los mismos años 2002 y 2003, BANDECO construyó y reconstruyó sin permisos municipales y sin estudios ambientes, un dique que bordea todo el Canal Chiquerón entre las coordenadas geográficas [Valor 053]; [Valor 054]; [Valor 054]; y [Valor 055], que a su vez bordea la finca bananera Imperio l. Este dique se encuentra segmentado en varias partes según se indica a continuación: a. El dique inicia en la coordenada geográfica [Valor 056], con una dirección de 277° 13', con una distancia de 239 metros; b. Continua con la dirección 280° 30', con una distancia de 215 metros; c. Se llega a una curva de 19 metros de radio y una distancia de 32 metros, con la dirección 185°36' , con una distancia de 1580 metros, d. Se llega a otra curva que posee un radio de 29 metros y una distancia de 39 metros, siguiendo una dirección 87° 06'; con la distancia 440 metros; y e. El dique termina en las coordenadas [Valor 057], [Valor 058].
BANDECO construyó sin permisos este dique con la intención de evitar que cuando se presenten eventos extraordinarios generados principalmente por el desbordamiento del río Reventazón y la elevación del nivel de las aguas de lluvias y desbordamientos del río Pacuare no se inunden las plantaciones de la Finca Imperio I, lo que provoca que este dique desvíe las aguas que se desbordan hacia el Asentamiento San Pancracio. Explica que las compañías COBAL y BANDECO en el año 2002 y el año 2003 realizaron movimientos de tierra y material de compactación, para la construcción de los diques y los canales internos de canalización de aguas en las fincas Gigante y Doble Alianza, e Imperio I, respectivamente, indicados en los hechos dieciocho, diecinueve y veinte, sin contar con Jos estudios geológicos, de impacto ambiental de la SETENA, y permisos municipales, ambientales y urbanísticos que debieron haber realizado, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en los artículos 17 y 18 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, y legislación municipal.
Construcción sin permisos: La Compañía BANDECO nunca gestionó las solicitudes y requisitos necesarios para el otorgamiento de concesiones mineras para la construcción de los diques, de acuerdo con los registros de la Dirección de Geología y Minas ni ante del Departamentos de Aguas, ambos Departamentos del MINAET. Asimismo, la Compañía COBAL nunca gestionó las solicitudes y requisitos necesarios para el otorgamiento de concesiones mineras para la construcción de los diques, de acuerdo con los registros de la Dirección de Geología y Minas, afirmándose también que la construcción de los dos diques por parte de COBAL en la Quebrada La Mona, que atraviesa las fincas Doble Alianza y Gigante, y el dique que bordea el Canal Chiquerón y la Finca Imperio 1 de BANDECO, así como los movimientos de tierra, y la creación de canales pluviales por ambas empresas, fueron realizadas sin el previo permiso o autorización, y sin coordinación alguna con la CNE, y con la absoluta complacencia yomisión de la CNE.
Daños de los años 2002 y 2003 y su causa (las actividades de las empresas demandadas): La vocación agropecuaria de las parcelas que conforman el Asentamiento San Pancracio, tiene como principal fin- sino el único - una actividad de subsistencia de los pobladores del Asentamiento. Esta finalidad de subsistencia se perdió luego de las reiteradas y devastadoras inundaciones provocadas por el desbordamiento de los ríos Pacuare y Reventazón en los meses de noviembre y diciembre del año 2002 y el mes de diciembre del año 2003 y hasta la actualidad, en virtud de la construcción de los dos diques por parte de COBAL en la Quebrada La Mona, que atraviesa las fincas Doble Alianza y Gigante, y el dique que bordea el Canal Chiquerón y la Finca Imperio 1 de BANDECO, así como los movimientos pe tierra, y construcción de los canales pluviales que se realizaron con el único fin de proteger sus intereses patrimoniales.
En las primeras "llenas" de estos ríos en los meses de noviembre y diciembre del año 2002 y el mes de diciembre del año 2003, en la comunidad de San Pancracio, se perdieron cabezas de ganado, cerdos, aves, fertilizantes, semillas, insumos agrícolas de diferente naturaleza, plantaciones enteras, el caudal de las inundaciones arrancó las viviendas desde los cimientos y con ello muebles, electrodomésticos, ropa, objetos personales y demás enseres, así como la tranquilidad de vivir en la zona por la eminente amenaza de perderlo todo con una inundación. En el Informe de Visita de Reconocimiento Geológico -Ambiental de julio del año 2003, elaborado por la Geóloga Gabriela Calvo Vargas, se concluyó entre otras cosas, en el punto 5 y 6 de conclusiones y recomendaciones que, el manejo del sistema de canales internos junto con la Quebrada La Mona, podría inducir el direccionamiento del agua hacia el Asentamiento San Pancracio, (haciendo referencia a los diques construidos por COBAL).
También concluye este informe que en virtud de que los diques que bordean las plantaciones no poseen en su superficie cobertura vegetal que evite la erosión, cuando se da un evento de crecida extraordinaria se puede generar una erosión importante de suelo de los diques, y por ende un aporte importante de sedimentos en las aguas que llegan al .Asentamiento, con lo que se evidencia las consecuencias sufridas por el Asentamiento. Más adelante, se dice que que en la actualidad se mantienen por reconstrucciones realizadas posterior al año 2003, como es el caso de la reconstrucción realizada por parte de BANDECO en junio del 2012. Estos diques han alterado drástica y dramáticamente el curso de las aguas pluviales y fluviales del río Pacuare, y tienen el único objetivo de prevenir inundaciones en las fincas bananeras y proteger sus plantaciones de banano. Afirma luego que la Municipalidad certificó en junio del año 2009 que las Compañías COBAL y BANDECO no tienen ni habían gestionado permisos de construcción o movimientos de tierras alguno durante la década del 2000, salvo COBAL que gestionó un permiso para una laguna de lixiviados con fecha de 14 de abril del 2009, no realizando el ayuntamiento actuación administrativa alguna tendiente a evitar, impedir o bien solicitar a las Compañías demandadas el no realizar la construcción de diques para proteger sus plantaciones y propiedades, lo que refleja una clara omisión de sus funciones administrativas (conducta omisiva) y el no ejercicio de sus competencias legales (potestad administrativa).
Referencia a lo planteado y resuelto por la Sala Constitucional, en el recurso de amparo establecido por la Asociación de Productores de San Pancracio: mediante el Voto 2004-04944, la Sala Constitucional declaró con lugar el recurso de amparo interpuesto por la Asociación San Pancracio y ordenó a COBAL y a BANDECO abstenerse de construir diques realizar movimientos de tierras, así como desvío de aguas sobre las márgenes de los ríos Reventazón y Pacuare, hasta tanto cuenten con los permisos correspondientes de las autoridades competentes. De esta forma, se declaró con lugar la solicitud de los vecinos del Asentamiento San Pancracio, en aquel momento agrupados en la Asociación y se demuestra abiertamente el nexo causal entre las acciones de COBAL y BANDECO con los lamentables acontecimientos ocurridos en las inundaciones en los meses de noviembre y diciembre del 2002 y posteriormente en el mes de diciembre del 2003, ordenándose en esa resolución, una serie de medidas paliativas, entre ellas ordenó tanto a la Municipalidad, como al Ministerio de Salud y al MINAE, realizar los estudios pertinentes para determinar fehacientemente la incidencia de los diques, movimientos de tierra, y desvío de aguas efectuados por las compañías bananeras COBAL y BANDECO, sobre el medio ambiente, de lo cual las Autoridades Administrativas antes mencionaban, debían informar a la Sala en el improrrogable plazo de dos meses contado a partir de la notificación de la sentencia, condenándose además a las empresas demandadas y al Estado e instituciones públicas recurridas, al pago de daños y perjuicios ocasionados.
Cuestiona que a pesar de lo antes dispuesto, en la actualidad son comunes los movimientos de tierra en los diques y los márgenes de los ríos Pacuare y Reventazón, siempre bajo el argumento de "necesidad de emergencia". Las Compañías continúan realizando estas obras en protección de sus plantaciones, como es el levantamiento y reparación de los diques a pesar de la orden de la Sala Constitucional, y las entidades públicas recurridas, estales y locales, siguen con sus conductas omisivas, permitiendo que estos trabajos sean realizados por las Compañías. Por lo que continuamente se sigue afectando, año a año desde el 2002, las propiedades de los actores, sus pertenencias y haber patrimonial, tales como, sin ser limitativos: pierden ganado, aves de corral, fertilizantes, cultivos y fundamentalmente se ha deteriorado la naturaleza de las tierras al momento en que el IDA las segregó y entregó, así como contaminación de los suelos por los químicos de las Compañías y contaminación de los pozos de toma agua potable, lo que afecta directamente a la salud.
Sobre la ejecución del amparo: Explica que habiéndose declarado con lugar el recurso de amparo interpuesto ante la Sala Constitucional, y en atención a lo dispuesto en dicha sentencia, los vecinos damnificados -agrupados en la Asociación San Pancracio- acudieron a la vía civil para ejercer la ejecución de la sentencia en el Juzgado Civil de Mayor Cuantía del Segundo Circuito Judicial de la Zona Atlántica, siendo la acción rechazada por una serie de errores técnico-procesales, por una falta de legitimación activa, debido a que los Daños Directos causados a los asociados, solo pueden ser reclamados por los afectados directos y no por la Asociación San Pancracio, tal y como se indicó en la sentencia de primera instancia número 37-2008, y que fue confirmado por el Tribunal del Segundo Circuito de la Zona Atlántica, Pococí, mediante Voto No 67-2008 del 12 de setiembre del año 2008. Lo que ha sucedido con posterioridad al trámite del recurso de amparo: Se manifiesta que las Compañías COBAL y BANDECO no han realizado las gestiones ni estudios necesarios que permitan adoptar las modificaciones en los diques y canales su propiedad para corregir las acciones dañosas que ocasionaron las inundaciones desde el año 2003, en virtud de los trabajos realizados por las Compañías en los años 2002, 2003 y siguientes.
Sin embargo, sí han realizado otros movimientos de tierra y construcciones, a pesar que en la Municipalidad de Siquirres consta que no han gestionado los permisos correspondientes, indicando que los problemas de inundaciones persisten en virtud que las instituciones competentes, sean estas la Municipalidad, el Ministerio de Salud, CNE, así como el MINAET, no han ordenado a las Compañías tomar las medidas pertinentes o, cuando menos, abstenerse de realizar más movimientos de tierra y construcciones. La conducta omisiva de estas entidades públicas, nacionales y locales, también incluyen el no realizar ellas o gestionar las acciones necesarias para garantizar que las inundaciones que iniciaron en el año 2003 no se continúen dando, o bien, que sus efectos se vean minimizados o reducidos. Incluso la CNE ha incumplido con su deber legal y no ha ejercido su competencia pública en el manejo de esta situación de emergencia que año a año ocurre, ni ha cumplido con su deber de coordinar la Comisión Interinstitucional.
La CNE tiene el deber de realizar una gestión interinstitucional integral, que no lo ha realizado, ver oficio IMN-DA-0518-2004 de fecha 3 de marzo del 2004 remitido por el señor José Miguel Zeledón Calderón del Departamento de Aguas, al presidente de la CNE. Estima que la CNE, es considerada y señalada por todas las demás instituciones del Estado como el "COORDINADOR" del "Comité Interinstitucional de Gestión de Ríos del País", quien además tiene la competencia bajo un enfoque de gestión de riesgo que la Ley le asigna, el deber de buscar una solución integral a la problemática provocadas por las Compañías y las actuaciones omisas de los demás entes públicos. Afirma que desde el año 2003, los vecinos del Asentamiento San Pancracio (incluyendo los actores), cada uno en su respectiva proporción y patrimonio, han perdido la oportunidad de desarrollar y explotar sus parcelas tal y como lo indican las certificaciones emitidas por el IDA.
La vocación agropecuaria de las parcelas se ha visto disminuida y reducida, debido a las constantes inundaciones y el cambio del curso de éstas desde que las Compañías COBAL y BANDECO construyeron los diques.Se aduce que los representantes de la Asociación de San Pancracio, actores de la presente demanda, estuvieron de acuerdo con la recomendación realizada por el Departamento de Aguas del MINAE que recomendaba demoler el dique del Canal Chiquerón, según resoluciones IMN-DA-2459-05 de las 8:00 horas del 13 de setiembre del 2005 IMN-DA-1671-05 del 30 de junio del 2005 y IMN-DA-1045-05 e IMN-DA-1134-05. Señala que hasta el día de hoy, ninguna de las propuestas y recomendaciones ordenadas por el Departamento de Aguas del MINAE en los siguientes oficios: (a) IMNDA- 2910-2004; (b) IMN-DA-1134-05; (c) IMN-DA-1660-05; (d) IMN-DA-1671-05; (e) IMN-DA-1671-05; (f) IMN-DA-2459-05; (g) IMN-DA-0246-2007, han sido ejecutadas o realizadas en el campo.
Dice que al día de hoy - considerando que las inundaciones iniciaron en el año 2003 - un número considerable de ganado ha muerto ahogado y debido a la ingesta de lodo y sedimentos. De igual forma, la exposición a enfermedades se ha visto incrementada desde que iniciaron las inundaciones. No solamente por las aguas estancadas que sirven para la acumulación de enfermedades como el dengue, mosquitos, malos olores, entre otros riesgos y molestias; sino además porque al inundarse las parcelas, se socavan y levantan las protecciones de los tanques sépticos generándose un vector de enfermedades debido al desbordamiento de aguas negras. Existe año con año una angustia y sufrimiento social entre los vecinos de la comunidad del Asentamiento San Pancracio, quienes se ven afectado emocionalmente con las inundaciones y deben hacer frente a sentimientos de frustración, angustia, desesperación, incertidumbre, temor e · incluso ansiedad generalizada.
Todos estos sentimientos surgen cada vez que inicia un aguacero en la zona.- Estima el Tribunal, que los hechos de la reformulación de la demanda (planteada el 19 de abril del 2013), corresponden fundamentalmente con lo planteado y resuelto en el expediente de la Sala Constitucional N° 03-9991-0007-CO, en que la Asociación Administradora de la Producción Agrícola y Coordinación Institucional del Asentamiento San Pancracio, representando los intereses colectivos de los vecinos de la comunidad en materia ambiental, había logrado que se declarara que los trabajos en los diques existentes y movimientos de tierras en los canales realizada por las mismas sociedades aquí demandandas (para entonces, COBAL y Bandeco), violentaban el derecho fundamental a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, al no contar con la connivencia de las autoridades recurridas (ministerios de Salud y Ambiente y Municipalidad de Siquirres), con las viabilidades ambientales correspondientes, tales como lo exige el artículo 17 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (N° 7554 de 4 de octubre de 1995), que dice: "Las actividades humanas que alteren o destruyan elementos del ambiente o generen residuos, materiales tóxicos o peligrosos, requerirán una evaluación de impacto ambiental por parte de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental creada en esta ley.
Su aprobación previa, de parte de este organismo, será requisito indispensable para iniciar las actividades, obras o proyectos. Las leyes y los reglamentos indicarán cuáles actividades, obras o proyectos requerirán la evaluación de impacto ambiental".- Ahora bien, si la Asociación antes mencionada representaba a los vecinos de San Pancracio y se demostró que todos los actores, son o han sido en el pasado, vecinos de esa comunidad y otras poblaciones aledañas, todas dichas comunidades afectadas por las inundaciones, en aplicación de lo dispuesto en el artículo 13 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, este Tribunal de lo Contencioso Administrativo, es inmutable y no se puede cuestionar ni desvirtuar lo analizado y resuelto por la Sala Constitucional, en cuanto al caso: o sea de tiene por probado que las empresas privadas propietarias de las fincas vecinas, realizaron movimientos de tierras, así como hicieron desvíos de aguas sobre las márgenes de los ríos Reventazón y Pacuare, sin contar con viabilidad ambiental ni los permisos correspondientes de las autoridades competentes, violentando el derecho constitucional a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, contando con la connivencia de las ahí autoridades recurridas, el Ministerio de Salud y Municipalidad de Siquirres, viéndose beneficiados los aquí actores como propietarios y poseedores en precario de dicha acción vecinal, para efecto no solo de proteger dicho derecho del artículo 50 constitucional, sino también para efecto del reclamo patrimonial correspondiente, como actos interruptores de la prescripción de la reclamación de daños patrimoniales (tal como lo desarrollaremos más adelante).- Recuérdese que el artículo 13 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se establece la vinculatoriedad de las sentencias de la Sala Constitucional, erga omnes (incluyendo obviamente a los órganos jurisdiccionales de otras materias, como es este Tribunal).
Así, en virtud de esa norma y de la sentencia 2004-4944 de las quince horas con once minutos del seis de mayo del dos mil cuatro, cualquier obra civil realizada por particulares o instituciones públicas en la zona, debe contar con la viabilidad ambiental correspondiente, emitida por el órgano público competente establecido en la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), siendo contrario a derecho también cualquier construcción o movimiento de tierra que se haya realizado sin contar con la aprobación de dicha instancia, realizada con posterioridad a abril del año 2008, cuando la misma Sala Constitucional emitió la resolución Nº 2008-007190 de las 14 horas del 25 de abril del 2008, que cerró el trámite de ese recurso de amparo, donde se declaró que las empresas ahí recurridas (y que nuevamente fueron demandadas en este proceso), no habían incumplido la orden de no realizar trabajos en los diques existentes y movimientos de tierras en los canales, sin contar con los permisos corespondiente.- Ahora bien, se considera que la sentencia del 2004 de la jurisdicción constitucional, mantiene sus efectos, porque a partir de lo probado en este expediente, se evidencia que el fenómeno de las inundaciones se ha mantenido constante desde esa época hasta hoy y también porque la Sala Constitucional, debiéndose cumplir con el deber de tener permisos para realizar trabajos en los diques y movimientos de tierra en las fincas agrícolas vecinas a la localidad de San Pancracio, que tiene raigambre en lo establecido en el artículo 50 constitucional y la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y habida cuenta que el propio tribunal constitucional, no limitó los efectos de lo resuelto en el tiempo.- Consecuencia de lo antes explicado y de lo resuelto por la Sala Constitucional, tanto la sentencia del amparo del año 2004, específicamente en el hecho probado j): "Mediante oficio UPAH/RPP-001-200 del 14 de enero de 2003 (sic), la Unidad de Protección Humano del Ministerio de Salud Pública, indica que durante una inspección realizada en la zona, se logró determinar que las empresas accionadas realizaron movimientos de tierra, reconstruyeron algunos diques existentes y levantaron nuevos.
Las obras se realizaron en zonas de riesgo de desbordamiento del río Pacuare y el río Reventazón. Asimismo, las obras realizadas no contaron con los estudios técnicos de impacto ambiental (folio 282)"; como en la resolución que desestimó la gestión de desobediencia de lo resuelto por ese mismo alto tribunal, del año 2008, lo mismo que de lo probado en el hecho probado 8 anterior, se tiene que por probado:
La indemnización de los perjuicios que pudieran causarse correrán a cargo del dueño que ordenó la construcción de las defensas", pero también debe tenerse en cuenta que esa norma legal no puede ser aplicada aisladamente sino en armonía con la promulgación del derecho fundamental a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, con la inclusión de un párrafo segundo al numeral 50 constitucional, por Ley N° 7412 de 3 de junio de 1994 y al dictado de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y no puede facultar a los propietarios de tierras colindantes con ríos a realizar cualquier actividad, sin que se demuestre que no le causa daño al ambiente natural y a las comunidades vecinas. Téngase presente que incluso, en el Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) (Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849 de 24 de mayo de 2004), a texto expreso, en el "Listado de proyectos, obras y actividades obligados según leyes específicas a cumplir el proceso de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental o de Estudio de Impacto Ambiental ante la SETENA", se incluye dentro de las actividades que obligatoriamente requieren la Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (que por su naturaleza, puede ser realizada antes e incluso posteriormente, en un caso como el presente, que existe una situación de urgencia para proteger plantaciones), los trabajos realizados en cauces de dominio público, y la modificación de cauces, como se dio en el presente caso.- De esta forma, se constata que los movimientos de tierra y el mantenimiento de diques realizados en los meses de julio y agosto del 2012, por la empresa Bandeco, violentaron directamente la sentencia de la Sala Constitucional del año 2004, el artículo 17 de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y el Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental, habiendo violado ya esas dos últimas normas como había hecho en las obras del año 2003.- En cuanto a Chiquita Brands, la inobservancia de esas normas se dio únicamente en cuanto a las obras realizadas en el año 2003.- VIII) Cabe acotar que en cuanto a la ampliación de la demanda realizada el 31 de agosto del 2018, se dice que el 13 de julio de ese año, se generó un sistema de alta presión que provocó lluvias de alta y mediana cantidad en el Caribe y que resultado de las lluvias acaecidas y de las acciones de las sociedades demandadas y las omisiones de las entidades estatales, en el Asentamiento San Pancracio se presentaron inundaciones, provocándose la pérdida de la producción agrícola existente y daños en las viviendas y propiedades.
La representación del Estado, cuestionó que por medio de videos se pueda probar que las inundaciones hayan efectivamente ocurrido. La representación de la CNE manifiesta que efectivamente se dieron inundaciones en la zona y que es lógico que sucedan ante la ocurrencia de eventos hidrometeorológicos extraordinarios, por ubicarse la comunidad en la llanura de inundación del Río Pacuare. Informa que ante los hechos se realizó una contratación de maquinaria para atender la zona de San Pancracio, la N° 2018PI-000249-000650000, con Andremu Sociedad Anónima, siendo responsabilidad de la dirección técnica y supervisión de los trabajos, la Unidad Técnica de Gestión Vial Municipal de Siquirres y el Ingeniero William Solano Ocampo, funcionario de ese ayuntamiento.- Ahora bien, se estima por esta Cámara, que si bien está probada hasta la saciedad la existencia de inundaciones para el mes de julio del 2018, de esta situación no se deriva responsabilidad para las empresas demandadas, ni para los entes públicos también accionados, porque no se demuestra que esas inundaciones debidas a hechos de la naturaleza, se hayan agravado por la situación de los diques y canalización, no pudiendo generarse responsabilidad de ningún tipo por esa situación.- IX) Análisis sobre las pretensiones 2, 3, 7 y 9 de la demanda: En abono a lo dicho en el considerando trasanterior: quedó probado que esas situaciones nunca fueron previstas o evitadas por las autoridades del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, específicamente por la Dirección de Aguas (véase la declaración en su juicio de su Director José Miguel Zeledón Calderón), que ha incumplido con su deber de vigilar que las defensas que los particulares hagan en cauces de dominio público, para proteger sus propiedades, puedan causar daños a terceros (artículo 89 de la Ley de Aguas), o de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, que a pesar que desde el año 2004, sabe que le corresponde velar por el impacto ambiental para la naturaleza y los habitantes de la zona de San Pancracio, por la situación de los diques y las canalizaciones, nunca ha cumplido con los deberes establecidos por la Sala Constitucional y la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente y no ha exigido la realización de los estudios ambientales requeridos para las obras que realizan las empresas agrícolas vecinas.- Además, han incumplido con sus deberes legales, la Municipalidad de Siquirres, que tiene que velar de conformidad con lo dispuesto en los artículos 169 constitucional, 1° del Código Municipal y 26 de la Ley de Emergencias (N° 7914 que a continuación se explicará), el deber de velar y administrar por los intereses locales y de cada uno de los munícipes, al no haber adoptado medidas de control o realizado obras, para evitar o aminorar las inundaciones en la zona (que ponen en riesgo la vida, salud y bienes de muchas personas, incluso de condición humilde), además que no evitó que en su momento el IDA haya establecido un asentamiento campesino, con una población apreciable, en una zona inundable, con el riesgo inevitable para personas y bienes, incluso emitiendo los permisos municipales de edificación que exige la Ley de Construcciones, para toda construcción.- De la misma forma, la CNE en su condición de ente rector en materia de prevención y manejo de emergencias, incumplió con los deberes previstos en el artículo 26 de la Ley de Emergencias, N° 7914 de 28 de setiembre de 1999, que estuvo vigente entre ese año y el año 2005, disponiendo dicha norma que: "La Comisión estará obligada a emitir resoluciones, mediante las cuales ordene no otorgar permisos de explotación forestal, minera, de ríos y otros, en lugares de riesgo inminente de emergencia.
También podrá emitir este tipo de resoluciones a partir de las amenazas o los riesgos presentes en cualquier parte del territorio nacional. Dichas resoluciones serán vinculantes y, por ende, de acatamiento obligatorio para las instituciones responsables del sector que corresponda.// Asimismo, la Comisión deberá elaborar un documento oficial, de acatamiento obligatorio y vinculante, que indique los lugares y las razones por las cuales no puede autorizarse ningún proyecto de construcción, edificación, ampliación ni modificación de proyectos de asentamientos humanos, ya sea en forma parcial o total, en zonas de riesgo inminente de emergencia establecidas con anterioridad. Este documento se remitirá a las siguientes entidades: a) A cada municipalidad, con la indicación de las zonas geográficas de riesgo ubicadas dentro de su jurisdicción.// b) A las entidades encargadas de autorizar construcciones.// c) Al Colegio de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Costa Rica, que estará obligado a darle publicidad.// En ningún caso los funcionarios competentes para emitir dichas autorizaciones podrán desconocer el documento oficial ni las resoluciones particulares sobre prohibición de edificaciones específicas que emita la Comisión, so pena de la pérdida del cargo y las responsabilidades administrativas, civiles y penales que correspondan.// A las personas físicas o jurídicas, públicas o privadas, que edifiquen en las zonas prohibidas citadas en este artículo, se les aplicará la obligación de derribar la obra conforme al segundo párrafo del artículo 11 de esta ley".
Además, se incumple con los deberes previstos en el numeral 14, incisos h) y k) de la vigente Ley de Emergencias (N° 8488 de 22 de noviembre de 2005): "Artículo 14.-Competencias ordinarias de prevención de la comisión. La Comisión será la entidad rectora en lo que se refiera a la prevención de riesgos y a los preparativos para atender situaciones de emergencia. Deberá cumplir las siguientes competencias: (...) h) Asesorar a las municipalidades en cuanto al manejo de la información sobre las condiciones de riesgo que los afecta, como es el caso de la orientación para una política efectiva de uso de la tierra y del ordenamiento territorial. La asesoría deberá contribuir a la elaboración de los planes reguladores, la adopción de medidas de control y el fomento de la organización, tendientes a reducir la vulnerabilidad de las personas, considerando que, en el ámbito municipal, recae en primera instancia la responsabilidad de enfrentar esta problemática.
(...) k) Fomentar la creación y el fortalecimiento de capacidades regionales, municipales y locales para el manejo de situaciones de emergencia.// En caso necesario, incluye la participación en acciones de alerta, alarma, movilización y atención de la población".- Llama la atención al Tribunal que a pesar que han pasado casi 19 años de las primeras inundaciones analizadas y que existen votos de la Sala Constitucional, restableciendo a los vecinos en el ejercicio de sus derechos fundamentales, por las acciones y omisiones de las empresas privadas y las autoridades públicas, no se haya logrado a la fecha, siquiera la presentación y realización de los estudios de impacto ambiental, sobre el funcionamiento de los diques y canalizaciones existentes, debiéndose solucionar conforme a derecho, esa grave situación.- En razón de lo anterior, se deben acoger los extremos petitorios 2), 3) y 7) antecitadso, declarando que las dos sociedades demandadas fueron responsables de realizar sin los permisos exigidos por la ley, las construcciones referentes a los diques, movimientos de tierras en los ríos y canales, en la zona de San Pancracio de Siquirres, siendo responsables tanto dichas compañías, el Estado (por las omisiones dichas de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental y la Dirección de Aguas, ambas dependencias del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía), la Municipalidad y la CNE, de omitir la realización de los estudios necesarios para prevenir las inundaciones en dicho lugar.
Dichos entes públicos deberán realizar las acciones y obras necesarias de forma coordinada y dentro del ámbito sus competencias, para prevenir, evitar y reducir los impactos negativos de las inundaciones, en perjuicio de los aquí actores y los habitantes de San Pancracio y lugares vecinos. Todas las acciones ordenadas deben ser vigiladas por iniciativa de las partes en su cumplimiento, por el Juez o Jueza de Ejecución de este Tribunal, en ejercicio de las atribuciones previstas en los artículos 155 y siguientes del Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo. Se estima razonable para que el Estado y las otras instituciones realicen dichas actividades y obras, el plazo de un año a partir de la firmeza de esta sentencia.- Hay que rechazar la pretensión novena antes reseñada consistente en la declaratoria de que ninguno ha realizado las gestiones necesarias para resolver la apremiante situación que continúa generando daños constantemente a los actores tanto de forma personal, como colectivamente, por daños al medio ambiente y como a los ecosistemas de la zona, debido a que se entienden contempladas en su contenido en las tres anteriores.- X) Análisis de los extremos petitorios del 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 y 15 de la demanda: Ahora bien, las pretensiones mencionadas, deben ser rechazadas en todos sus extremos, por diferentes razones:
Por tanto:
Se rechazan las excepciones de prescripción y de falta de legitimación activa y pasiva. Se acoge la defensa de falta de derecho, en cuanto a las pretensiones rechazadas y se rechaza dicha excepción, en cuanto a las pretensiones desestimadas. En consecuencia, se declara parcialmente con lugar la demanda, entendiéndose por rechazada en el tanto no se mencione algún extremo en esta parte dispositiva. Se declara que Corporación de Desarrollo Agrícola del Monte, Sociedad Anónima y Chiquita Brands Costa Rica, Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada, son responsables de realizar sin los permisos exigidos por la ley, las construcciones referentes a los diques, movimientos de tierras en los ríos y canales, en la zona de San Pancracio de Siquirres, siendo responsables tanto dichas compañías, como el Estado, la Municipalidad de Siquirres y la Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias, de omitir la realización de los estudios necesarios para realizar dichas obras.
Se condena además a los entes públicos demandados, en el plazo de un año a partir de la firmeza de esta sentencia, realizar de forma coordinada las acciones y obras necesarias, dentro del ámbito sus competencias, para prevenir, evitar y reducir los impactos negativos de las inundaciones, en perjuicio de los aquí actores y los habitantes de San Pancracio y lugares vecinos. A iniciativa de parte, todas las acciones y obras ordenadas deben ser verificadas en su cumplimiento conforme al ordenamiento, por el juez o jueza de Ejecución de este Tribunal. Se resuelve el presente asunto, sin especial pronunciamiento en costas para ninguna de las partes y para el tercero interesado, el Instituto de Desarrollo Rural. Notifíquese.- Jonatán Canales Hernández, Rosa María Cortés Morales, Fabián Núñez Castrillo, Jueces.- ???????????????
JONATHAN CANALES HERNÁNDEZ - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A ???????????????
ROSA MARÍA CORTES MORALES - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A ????????????????
FABIAN NUÑEZ CASTRILLO - JUEZ/A TRAMITADOR/A
Document not found. Documento no encontrado.