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Res. 05406-2023 Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo · Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo · 15/11/2023
OutcomeResultado
The Court annulled the 1999 IDA award of the parcel as it had been part of the Keköldi Indigenous Reserve since 1977 and dismissed the plaintiff's indemnification claim.Se anuló el acuerdo del IDA de 1999 que adjudicó la parcela por ser parte de la Reserva Indígena Keköldi desde 1977 y se rechazó la pretensión indemnizatoria de la actora.
SummaryResumen
The Administrative Appeals Court resolved two consolidated cases: a lesividad action brought by INDER against Felicia Cantillano Obando seeking annulment of a 1999 IDA agreement awarding her a parcel within the Bribrí Indigenous Reserve of Keköldi, and a claim by Ms. Cantillano for expropriation indemnification and damages. The Court upheld the lesividad action, annulled the award agreement, the transfer deeds, and the registry inscriptions, and ordered eviction and delivery of possession to the Indigenous Development Association. It dismissed the indemnification claim because the parcel had been part of the indigenous reserve since 1977, rendering the 1999 award absolutely null as the land is inalienable. The plaintiff failed to prove possession prior to the reserve's creation or good faith, and the original title was legally voided.El Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo resolvió dos procesos acumulados: una demanda de lesividad presentada por el INDER contra Felicia Cantillano Obando para anular un acuerdo del antiguo IDA de 1999 que le adjudicó una parcela en la Reserva Indígena Bribrí de Keköldi, y una demanda de la señora Cantillano que reclamaba indemnización por expropiación y daños. El Tribunal declaró con lugar la lesividad, anuló el acuerdo de adjudicación, las escrituras de traspaso y las inscripciones registrales, y ordenó el desalojo y puesta en posesión a favor de la Asociación de Desarrollo Indígena. Rechazó la demanda indemnizatoria porque la parcela ya formaba parte de la reserva indígena desde 1977, por lo que la adjudicación de 1999 fue absolutamente nula al tratarse de bienes inalienables. La actora no acreditó posesión anterior a la creación de la reserva ni buena fe, y el título originario fue removido del mundo jurídico.
Key excerptExtracto clave
After an exhaustive review of the case file and the evidence provided by the parties, attached to the judicial record, this Court concludes that Article XIV of Session 074-99, held by the former IDA on October 13, 1999, in regard to the titling of the farm Partido de Limón, Folio Real number 90980, rights 001 and 002; granted at the time to Mr. Eugene Rose Calphen, holder of identity card number 8-0048-0333, and the plaintiff Ms. Cantillano Obando, identity card number 7-0122-0048, with the corresponding cadastral map number L-0505554-1998, through which the award, segregation, and transfer of parcel number 7-A-107 of the BIRF project was approved, must necessarily be annulled, as it was issued contrary to the legal order. This will also entail the partial annulment of the public deed that authorized the segregation and transfer of the property, with respect to Mr. Eugene Rose Calphen and Ms. Felicia Cantillano Obando, as well as the registry inscription of the property in her name and subsequent transfers, as will be indicated later, since the initial award made in favor of the plaintiff and her late husband did not comply with the regulatory requirements established by the legal order.Del análisis exhaustivo de los autos y de las probanzas aportadas por las partes que constan anexadas en el expediente judicial, concluye este Tribunal que el artículo XIV de la sesión 074-99, celebrada por el otrora IDA el 13 de octubre del 1999, en lo que se refiere a la titulación de la finca Partido de Limón, Folio Real número 90980, derechos 001 y 002; otorgada en su momento a favor del señor Eugene Rose Calphen, titular de la cédula de identidad número 8-0048-0333 y la señora actora Cantillano Obando, cédula número 7-0122-0048, con el correspondiente plano catastrado número L-0505554-1998 y mediante el cual se aprobó la adjudicación, segregación y traspaso de la parcela número 7-A-107 del proyecto BIRF, necesariamente debe anularse, por haberse dictado a contrapelo del ordenamiento jurídico. Lo anterior implicará además, la anulación parcial de la escritura pública mediante la cual se autorizó la segregación y traspaso del inmueble, en lo que concierne al señor Eugene Rose Calphen y la señora Felicia Cantillano Obando, así como la inscripción registral del inmueble a su nombre y sus posteriores traspasos, según se indicará más adelante, toda vez que la adjudicación inicial realizada en favor de la actora y quien en vida fue su marido, no cumplió con los requisitos normativos establecidos al efecto por el ordenamiento jurídico.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"El predio según la ubicación del plano que lo representa, se encuentra afectado por territorio Indígena Kekoldi, en el sector con decreto número 7267 de fecha 9 de agosto de 1977."
"The property, according to the location of the map representing it, is affected by Indigenous Territory Kekoldi, in the sector under decree number 7267 dated August 9, 1977."
Hecho probado 8
"El predio según la ubicación del plano que lo representa, se encuentra afectado por territorio Indígena Kekoldi, en el sector con decreto número 7267 de fecha 9 de agosto de 1977."
Hecho probado 8
"… la adjudicación inicial realizada en favor de la actora y quien en vida fue su marido, no cumplió con los requisitos normativos establecidos al efecto por el ordenamiento jurídico."
"… the initial award made in favor of the plaintiff and her late husband did not comply with the regulatory requirements established for this purpose by the legal order."
Considerando X – Lesividad en el caso concreto
"… la adjudicación inicial realizada en favor de la actora y quien en vida fue su marido, no cumplió con los requisitos normativos establecidos al efecto por el ordenamiento jurídico."
Considerando X – Lesividad en el caso concreto
"La declaratoria de nulidad del título que sustentaba la posición jurídica de la parte se trae abajo su presunción de buena fe a los efectos indemnizatorios."
"The declaration of nullity of the title that supported the party's legal position brings down its presumption of good faith for indemnification purposes."
Considerando – Corolario en relación a la pretensión indemnizatoria
"La declaratoria de nulidad del título que sustentaba la posición jurídica de la parte se trae abajo su presunción de buena fe a los efectos indemnizatorios."
Considerando – Corolario en relación a la pretensión indemnizatoria
"… todo acto realizado posterior a la vigencia de la Ley Indígena … deviene, en tesis de principio y por disposición de ley, en nulo, tratándose de inmuebles fuera del comercio de los hombres."
"… any act carried out after the entry into force of the Indigenous Law … becomes, as a matter of principle and by legal mandate, null and void, as it concerns property outside the commerce of men."
Considerando VII – Régimen jurídico de protección a los territorios indígenas
"… todo acto realizado posterior a la vigencia de la Ley Indígena … deviene, en tesis de principio y por disposición de ley, en nulo, tratándose de inmuebles fuera del comercio de los hombres."
Considerando VII – Régimen jurídico de protección a los territorios indígenas
Full documentDocumento completo
VII.LEGAL REGIME FOR THE PROTECTION OF INDIGENOUS TERRITORIES.- This Tribunal has referred to this topic in general terms on multiple occasions. As indicated in the resolutions of Section Five, number 00029-2018-V, from 08:10 hours on April 4, 2018, and of Section Six, number 00105-2020-VI, from 14:15 hours on August 28, 2020, this development is condensed in the resolution of this Section (with different composition) number 00074-2013-VII, from 10:30 hours on October 29, 2013, which stated:
"Resulting in the necessary rigor for the analysis that must be carried out to resolve this matter, we proceed to address the legal regime for the protection of indigenous reserves (reservas indígenas), particularly with regard to Article 5 of the Indigenous Law (Ley Indígena), as well as the regulation defining the location of the indigenous reserve property of the plaintiffs.
X.LESIVITY (LESIVIDAD) IN THE SPECIFIC CASE.- From the exhaustive analysis of the record and the evidence provided by the parties attached to the judicial file, this Tribunal concludes that Article XIV of session 074-99, held by the former IDA on October 13, 1999, regarding the titling of the farm Partido de Limón, Real Estate Folio (Folio Real) number 90980, rights 001 and 002; granted at the time in favor of Mr. Eugene Rose Calphen, bearer of identity card number 8-0048-0333 and the plaintiff Mrs. Cantillano Obando, identity card number 7-0122-0048, with the corresponding cadastral plan (plano catastrado) number L-0505554-1998 and through which the adjudication, segregation (segregación) and transfer (traspaso) of parcel number 7-A-107 of the BIRF project was approved, must necessarily be annulled, for having been issued contrary to the legal system. The foregoing will also imply the partial annulment of the public deed (escritura pública) through which the segregation and transfer of the property was authorized, in what concerns Mr.
Eugene Rose Calphen and Mrs. Felicia Cantillano Obando, as well as the registration inscription of the property in their name and its subsequent transfers, as will be indicated below, given that the initial adjudication made in favor of the plaintiff and her late husband did not comply with the regulatory requirements established for that purpose by the legal system. Given this, once the examination of the indispensable prerequisites that are rigorous in this type of process has been carried out, as highlighted in the preceding whereas clause (considerando), this Chamber determines that the declaration of lesivity made by the plaintiff Administration meets the indicated requirements, which is explained as follows: i) As has been referenced, there exists a specific, final administrative act (acto administrativo) declaratory of rights, in favor of the person called to judicial proceedings, namely Mrs.
Felicia Cantillano Obando, as well as in favor of her late husband, Eugene Rose Calphen (a right that was subsequently transferred to Mrs. Cantillano), taken by the Board of Directors of the IDA in its Article XIV of session 074-99, of October 13, 1999, which ordered the segregation and transfer of several parcels of the BIRF Project, among them, number 7-A-107, which ultimately generated the titling of the farm of Partido de Limón, Real Estate Folio number 90980, rights 001 and 002, described in cadastral plan number L-0505554-1998, with a measurement of 11 Ha and 4782 m2. Evidently then, the first prerequisite for lesivity is present, namely the specific, final administrative act declaratory of subjective rights in favor of the grantees of the indicated parcel. ii) The agreement referenced above, is precisely the formal administrative conduct that is sought to be annulled through this process, as the INDER considers that it contains defects of absolute nullity (vicios de nulidad absoluta) due to the non-compliance with necessary requirements for its adoption.
In this regard, this Tribunal considers that, as argued by the plaintiff entity, the agreement adopted at the time by the Board of Directors of the then IDA, transgressed the legal system and therefore contains defects of absolute nullity perpetuated over time that it is necessary to reverse. First, it must be highlighted that, despite the fact that the Law on Land Titling in National Reserves (Ley de Titulación de Tierras en Reservas Nacionales), number 7599 of April 29, 1996, was declared unconstitutional by vote number 8560-2001 of 15:37 hours on August 28, 2001, it was in force at the time the former IDA carried out the adjudication of the parcel identified with number 7-A-107, and therefore, it was the one that served as the basis for said administrative act. However, based on the evidence provided by the Inder and outlined in proven fact 4, but especially in proven fact 8 (official letter number IRT-0836-2018, of October 4, 2018, from Eng.
Jimmy Garita Hernández, Head of Land Information and Registration of the INDER), it must be considered as accredited in this matter that "The property, according to the location of the plan representing it, is affected by the Indigenous Territory Kekoldi (Territorio Indígena Kekoldi), in the sector with decree number 7267 dated August 9, 1977". That is, at the moment the IDA proceeded to agree on the transfer of parcel number 7-A-107 in favor of the plaintiff and her late husband, those assets already formed part of the Bribrí de Kekoldi (Cócles) Indigenous Reserve (Reserva Indígena Bribrí de Kekoldi (Cócles)), endowed with the inalienability protection contained in Articles 3 and 5 of the Indigenous Law, protection which results in the annulment of any transaction that seeks to dispose of said assets, even if it comes from a public authority such as the Inder [...]".
453-462). The oral trial was held on October 25, 2023, during which arguments were heard regarding the evidence for better resolution submitted by the plaintiff. Additionally, the parties were heard regarding the manner in which ADITIK has been represented in this matter, settling any discussion on the matter with the statements of the public defender of said party, who indicated having no objection in terms of lack of defense regarding the processing of the case file or the declaration of default (declaratoria de rebeldía). Furthermore, the Court clarified that the claim outlined by Aditik in its response does not meet the formalities of a counterclaim (contrademanda), and therefore it cannot be taken into account as a motion by said party. Once the preliminary phase was concluded, the debate was formally declared open and the parties made their opening statements, proceeding to hear witness Edward Stward Jackson, who was questioned by all parties, and finally to hear the closing arguments of the participants in the hearing itself, after which the matter was declared complex and the proceeding was concluded (img. 464-467 of the folder and digital backup of the hearing).
Case file number 18-009473-1027-CA By means of a complaint of harmfulness (lesividad), filed on November 2, 2018, Inder requests that the judgment declare: "1) Absolutely null and harmful to the public interest the agreement adopted by the Board of Directors of IDA in article XIV, of Session No. 074-99, held on October 13, 1999, solely insofar as it approved the segregation and transfer of parcel 7-A-107, BIRF 2764 CR Titling Project [sic], in favor of Mrs. Felicia María Cantillano Obando, identity card number 7-122-060 and the now deceased Eugene Rose Calphen, residency card number 8-048-333, now registered under Real Folio number 7-00090980-001 and 002, plan number L-0505554-1998. /
Along with the transfer of the complaint, in a ruling of 8:57 a.m. on December 6, 2018, the Processing Judge indicated: "… as a typical precautionary measure and in order to guarantee the effectiveness of the object of the proceeding, as well as the interests of third parties, the National Registry is ordered to immediately ANNOTATE this complaint on the margin of the registration entry of the property of the PARTY OF LIMÓN, REAL FOLIO NUMBER NINETY THOUSAND NINE HUNDRED EIGHTY-ZERO ZERO ONE AND ZERO ZERO TWO (90980-001 AND 002). The respective writ shall be issued for this purpose, which shall be made available to the interested party for its corresponding processing before the National Registry" (img. 171-173 of the folder). This writ was issued at 9:23 a.m. on December 6, 2018 (img. 175 of the folder) and was registered by the National Registry on rights 001 and 002 of property number 90980 of Limón on December 21, 2018 (electronic consultation with the National Registry).
Within the summons (emplazamiento) granted by the Court, by a brief filed on March 5, 2019, the special attorney of the plaintiff answered the complaint in the negative, alleging lack of right of the plaintiff as well as statute of limitations (prescripción) and expiration (caducidad) (img. 186-195 of the folder).
Aditik was notified of this matter on March 19, 2019 (img. 250 of the folder), without any motion by said party appearing in this case file.
On June 18, 2019, the preliminary hearing was held, in the presence of the representatives of Inder and Mrs. Cantillano Obando. In this proceeding, Inder indicated minor procedural cleanup aspects in its briefs and maintained the claim in the terms established in the complaint of harmfulness. Regarding the preliminary defenses, the defendant desisted from those of expiration and statute of limitations, the disputed facts of the proceeding were determined, and only documentary evidence was admitted, by virtue of which the matter was declared a pure question of law and closing arguments were heard in the same hearing (img. 252-255 of the folder and digital backup of the hearing).
This matter is now being resolved under the priority policies established by the Full Court, as it involves an older adult participant. Judge Conejo Cantillo writes, unanimously, with the affirmative vote of judges Hidalgo Rueda and Irías Obando and within the term established by Law.
PROVEN FACTS. - As a starting point, it should be clarified that since these are two accumulated cases, the Court will refer to the proven facts of both case files in a unified manner, in order to avoid unnecessary repetitions. Thus, of importance for this matter, and due to the manner in which it is resolved, the following are considered proven:
The Board of Directors of the then Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario -IDA-, today Instituto de Desarrollo Rural -INDER-, in its session number 074-99, held on October 13, 1999, article number XIV, adopted an agreement by which it approved the adjudication, segregation, and transfer of 42 lots or parcels located in Talamanca, among which a property identified as parcel number 7-A-107 was included, without indicating a cadastral plan, with an area of 11 Ha and 4782 m2; in favor of Mr. Eugene Rose Calphen, holder of identity card number 8-0048-0333 and the plaintiff Mrs. Cantillano Obando, identity card number 7-0122-0048 (img. 100-102 folder 18-009473-1027-CA).
By public deed number thirty, granted before Notary Federico Villalobos Chacón at 10:00 a.m. on October 29, 1999, the segregation and transfer were formalized, among others, of parcel number 7-A-107 of the BIRF project, with a total of 11 Ha and 1782 m²; as described in plan number L-505554-98, in the name of Mr. Eugene Rose Calphen and Mrs. Felicia Cantillano Obando, based on the provisions of Law 7599 (img. 73-102 and 106-128 folder 18-009473-1027-CA and 301-304 folder 15-007359-1027-CA).
On March 16, 2000, the National Registry registered right 002 in favor of the plaintiff over property number 90980, located in district 2, Sixaola, canton 4 Talamanca, Province of Limón, with plan L-0505554-1998. This right corresponds to one half of the property, the cause of acquisition was not stated, and it appears with an encumbrance due to article 16 of Law 7599 (img. 17-18 folder 18-009473-1027-CA).
By document dated June 2, 2008, the Executive Director of Conai addressed the Municipality of Talamanca stating: "By means of this instrument, I attest that the property registered in the Public Property Registry, real folio number N° 7-90980-001 and 002, with cadastral plan number L-0505554-1998, located within the territorial limits of the Keköldi Indigenous Reserve, belonging to Mr. Eugere Rose Calphen, identity card number 8-0048-0333 and Felicia Cantillano Obando, identity card number 7-0122-0060, respectively, currently retains all the attributes of the private property regime, which include the possibility of sale and transfer without any limitation other than a potential expropriation by the State, in order to incorporate said property into the domain and possession of the Keköldi indigenous community. The foregoing, based on the opinion of the Procuraduría General de la República N° C-395-2003. / On the occasion of the foregoing, the Indigenous community, and especially the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral of the place in its capacity as Local Government of the referred indigenous territory, would only have the right to dispose of the cited property once its legitimate owners have been indemnified in accordance with articles 45 of the Political Constitution and 5 of the Indigenous Law N° 6172" (img. 11 folder 15-007359-1027-CA).
In the same vein, by document dated May 19, 2008, the Executive Director of Conai addressed the Municipality of Talamanca stating: "At [sic] the request of Mrs. [sic] Felicia Cantillano Obando, bearer of identity card 7-0122-0060, we attest that, according to the Procuraduría's opinion number C-395-2003, the property of the applicant, with Real Folio number 7-90980-002, and cadastral plan L-0505554-1998, having been acquired through a transfer by IDA to its current owners prior to being affected by the Indigenous Reserve decree, retains its private property status and enjoys all the rights derived from said status, which include the possibility of sale and transfer provided it is a transfer from a non-indigenous person to a non-indigenous person or to an indigenous person. It is important to clarify that only in the case that the property belonged to an [sic] indigenous person would it be encumbered and could not be sold to a non-indigenous person. Therefore, the Asociación de Desarrollo Indígena would only have the right to dispose of the cited property if it had been indemnified in favor of the Community it represents" (img. 14 folder 15-007359-1027-CA).
In deed number 171, granted before Notary Public Rigoberto Jiménez Vega at 11:00 a.m. on February 23, 2012, Mrs. Felicia Cantillano Obando appeared, for the purpose of formalizing the extrajudicial adjudication of the estate of her late husband, Mr. Eugene Rose Calphen, for which she was appointed as provisional executor and sole heir of the deceased's assets, among them right 001 over property number 90980, located in district 2, Sixaola, canton 4 Talamanca, Province of Limón, with plan L-0505554-1998, requesting in said deed its registration in the name of the adjudicatee (img. 64-72 folder 18-009473-1027-CA).
On March 6, 2012, the National Registry registered right 001 in favor of the plaintiff over property 90980, located in district 2, Sixaola, canton 4 Talamanca, Province of Limón, with plan L-0505554-1998. This right corresponds to one half of the property and "inheritance and assignment" was stated as the cause of acquisition, and it appears with an encumbrance due to article 16 of the annulled Law 7599 (img. 15-16 folder 18-009473-1027-CA).
By official letter number IRT-0836-2018, of October 4, 2018, Eng. Jimmy Garita Hernández, Head of Land Information and Registry of INDER, stated: "In response to official letter AJ-L-284-2018; related to judicial case file No. 15-007359-1027-CA, which relates to property 90980, of the party of Limón, I hereby inform you of the following: / I do not know when the property was created on the land, with the shape and dimensions with which it was finally registered. / The property, according to the location of the plan representing it, is affected by the Kekoldi Indigenous Territory, in the sector covered by decree number 7267 of August 9, 1977. / The registry study indicates that property 90980 originates from property 39050; however, in the place where it is located, there is another property in the name of Inder, which is 1050. / A sketch is attached showing the location of the plan and each of the decrees of the Indigenous Territory" (folio 3 of the administrative file provided by Inder in case file 18-009473-1027-CA).
By article number XXXVI of Ordinary Session 31, of October 8, 2018, the Board of Directors of Inder agreed: "To accept the recommendation contained in official letters AJ-L-288-2018 and AJ-425-2018, signed by Lic. Francisco Villegas Ramírez, Legal Affairs Attorney and Master Patricia Calderón Rodríguez, Director of Legal Affairs, and based on it; it is agreed: / 1) The agreement adopted by the Board of Directors of the Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario (today Instituto de Desarrollo Rural) is declared harmful to public interests, through Article XIV of Session No. 074-99, held on October 13, 1999, in which the segregation and transfer of 42 parcels and lots of the Titling Project "BIRF 2764 CR" is approved, solely regarding parcel 7-A-107, granted in favor of Eugene Rose Calphen, residency card 8-048-333 (now deceased) and Felicia María Cantillano Obando, identity card 7-122-060; because said parcel was improperly titled as it forms part of the Kekoldi Indigenous Reserve (Cocles), whose ownership, by virtue of the provisions of Article 3 of the Indigenous Law, is imprescriptible and inalienable and must be registered in the name of the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral of the respective reserve. / 2) To instruct the Legal Affairs Directorate to file the corresponding harmfulness proceeding before the Contentious Administrative Court" (img. 13 folder 18-009473-1027-CA).
UNPROVEN FACTS. - Of such nature due to lack of evidence and being relevant to this proceeding, the following are considered unproven: 1. That the plaintiff performed possessory acts (actos posesorios) prior to the adjudication of the parcel by Inder in 1999, or that she was on the site since 1982. 2. The existence of contracts allegedly signed by Aditik with Fonafifo, as well as the claim that they were signed over parcel number 7-A-107. 3. That any of the entities participating in this litigation caused the damages claimed by Mrs. Cantillano.
ARGUMENTS OF THE PLAINTIFF. - In summary form and without prejudice to the totality of the statements expressed, the plaintiff's representation stated in its complaint that she is the owner of a property registered in the National Registry, number 90980-001 of the Province of Limón, located in Talamanca, acquired by her late husband "long before the Indigenous Law of 1977". She indicated that on that property they carried out agricultural work for the sustenance of her family since they have "… lived there forever [...] maintaining an excellent relationship with the indigenous people, with whom we have coexisted in complete camaraderie. They worked on those properties for my husband". The plaintiff stated that starting in 2010, she began to experience serious violations of her property right by members of the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Indígena Bribrí de Kekoldi, who claimed ownership over that property, which led them to prohibit the construction of internal roads on the property, block the sale of the property to Mr.
Alfredo Sancho Morales, even resorting to intimidation, as a result of constant visits to the property, threatening to evict them from the premises. She indicated that her lawyer determined that it was as of the Executive Decree of 1996 that it became part of the Indigenous Reserve. Additionally, she stated that from her inquiries she determined that Aditik signed a contract with FONAFIFO to execute a forest protection project in an area of 300 Ha, for which it receives $80/Ha per year in arrears, starting July 1, 2010, on lands located between the coordinates latitude 9-6528 degrees to 9-6130 degrees, and longitude 82-7714 degrees to 82-7407 degrees. She also verified that on August 27, 2014, Aditik signed another contract with FONAFIFO over an area of land in that circumscription, for which it receives the sum of ¢202,000.00/Ha, paid per year in arrears for 5 years, covering the area between the coordinates latitude: 631000-636000 and longitude 1063500-1066000.
She further indicated that it was through Law number 6172 (Indigenous Law), of November 29, 1977, that some parts of the territory of Cócles, Puerto Viejo, Talamanca were declared indigenous reserves; where Aditik, in her opinion, has imposed a reign of terror on all lands considered by them to be part of the territory, without regard to the provisions of the law itself, since in her case, she is the sole possessor of said land since 1982, acquired by purchase. She cited and relied on article 5 of the aforementioned Indigenous Law, alleging that none of the institutions obligated by the Law have fulfilled their duties, 37 years having passed "… and the indolence and lack of action by the administrations have served to harm rights and guarantees protected by the constitution and serve for the illicit enrichment of the Association that profits [sic] from the said contracts on my property and that of other owners and possessors", which has harmed her assets and those of her children.
She pointed out the existence of jurisprudence protecting the rights of possessors in good faith (poseedores de buena fe) and cited as legal grounds articles 1, 2, 7, 10, 12, 35 in relation to 118 and 36, all of the Contentious Administrative Procedure Code, articles 33, 34, 41, 45 50, 65, 74 of the Political Constitution, articles 5, 8, 11 and articles 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 16, 19, 22, 24, 25 of the Expropriations Law. During the trial hearing, the plaintiff's representative indicated in his closing arguments that there has been a serious dispossession of Afro-descendant inhabitants, who had for years coexisted peacefully with the indigenous people and that the problems began with the 1977 Law, which was interpreted as carte blanche to remove all non-indigenous people, burn huts, and "let loose with machete blows". He indicated that the plaintiff's late husband wanted to put his lands in order, and began a possessory information process (información posesoria) that ended in registration.
Furthermore, he stated that good faith had to be presumed, that is, that bad faith had to be proven by the party alleging it, which was not possible with the evidence gathered. He reiterated that this property was acquired by title of possession, there being, according to his saying, an original possession as first inhabitants. He alleged that the ILO Convention that came into force in Costa Rica in 1992 was applied almost immediately to indigenous peoples, but they forgot about Afro-descendant tribal peoples. He also pointed out that the plaintiff's late husband was Afro-descendant, and that Mrs. Felicia was "white", that they had lived there their entire lives. He indicated that they provided evidence verifying the existence of petitions before institutions, authorizations and certifications from Conai and the property title from Inder, which shows that not even Inder knew they were in indigenous territory.
Finally, he asked for justice for the original Afro-descendant inhabitants who were denied the protection of the international convention, that the complaint filed be upheld in all its claims, and that the plaintiff be ordered to be indemnified. Regarding the harmfulness action, Mrs. Cantillano answered, acknowledging the acts of Inder by which the title was granted in favor of her and her late husband, clarified the dates of the registrations of the rights over the property, and indicated that she had no knowledge of the existence of the Conai official letter, the Inder study on the location of the property within the reserve, or the existence of a declaration of harmfulness of her title. She alleged statute of limitations and expiration (which she renounced at the preliminary hearing) and lack of right. On the merits, she accused the process of declaring harmfulness followed by Inder as absolutely null, since in her opinion the precepts of article 173 LGAP were not followed.
She missed the completion of an ordinary proceeding where her right of defense was guaranteed and where the opinion of the PGR was sought. On the other hand, Mrs. Cantillano's attorney indicated that the act that authorized the registration of the title subject to annulment originated from the Law for the Titling of Lands Located in National Reserves, number 7599 of September 29, 1996, annulled by ruling of the Constitutional Chamber number 8560-2001 of 3:37 p.m. on August 28, 2001. Thus, they consider that by the time the unconstitutionality of the law occurred, Mrs. Cantillano's right and that of her husband had already been registered in the National Registry and had also exceeded the 3-year convalidation period which, by express mention of article 15 of said law, is the term for negative prescription (prescripción negativa); which even finds protection in the same nullity ruling issued by the Constitutional Chamber, which dimensions its effects in the operative part.
In closing arguments, the plaintiff's attorney added that her title is not null, referred to the testimonial evidence, indicating that there were no boundary markers describing the limits of the Reserve. He reiterated that the harmfulness proceeding followed by Inder violated all of article 173 LGAP, rebuked that they were never notified of anything regarding it, neither the initiation nor the final act, and that the mandatory consultation with the PGR had not been carried out, for which reason he also considered that the officials who carried out those actions should be pursued.
ARGUMENTS OF THE DEFENDANT. - Upon answering the action, INDER's judicial representative, in summary, rejected the facts, opposing the plaintiff's evidence considering its content of dubious credibility (being simple copies). Inder referred at length to the requirements set forth in article 5 to be indemnified (to be a non-indigenous person and a possessor in good faith of land located within the reserve). Regarding the second of these requirements, Inder pointed out that the owners or possessors must have been so since before the declaration of the Indigenous Reserve or since before the limits of the existing Reserve were modified or since before the promulgation of an Executive Decree creating a new Indigenous Reserve. In this case, Inder indicated that the plaintiff affirmed that the Indigenous Reserve in question was created in 1996, although she presents no evidence thereof. It also indicated that it was evident in the National Registry that right 001 of her property was registered in her name on March 6, 2012, while right 002 was registered on March 16, 2000, so when the plaintiff acquired both right 001 and right 002 of the property, the Reserve had already been created.
Thus, in its opinion, what the plaintiff acquired was a part of the Reserve and as such, it is legally impossible for her to be granted any right, since according to the jurisprudence, good or bad faith depends on the moment the Reserve was created and the moment the plaintiff acquired the property, which in this case was after the creation of the Reserve and therefore that acquisition is considered in bad faith. It cited the ruling of the First Chamber, number 000920-F-S1-2015, which resolved a case very similar to the present one, in which it was considered that only original owners or possessors can be classified as being in good faith. Those who acquired after the promulgation of the Indigenous Law are considered in bad faith and therefore not eligible to be indemnified or relocated. Inder pointed out a third requirement, which was to prove administratively and judicially that they exercised possessory acts over the property since before the creation of the Indigenous Reserve.
For the specific case, Inder indicated that it is impossible for the plaintiff to prove the possessory acts they exercised before the creation of the Reserve, since this was confirmed by Indigenous Law 6172 of November 29, 1977 (although the plaintiff relies on 1996, the year in which the penultimate modification was made), given that according to the registry information, the plaintiff registered her rights, one in 2000 and the other in 2012. Thus, for Inder it is clear that, even if the analysis is done based on 1977 or 1996, the result will be the same, that is, that the plaintiff did not exercise possessory acts before the creation of the Indigenous Law or before the last modification made through Executive Decree No. 25296-G, published in Gazette 134 of July 15, 1996. Subsequently, Inder provided an extensive development on how article 5 of the Law should be understood, based on the legislator's intent, on the financing mechanisms and execution of expropriations of inhabitants in good faith, emphasizing the obligation of the Executive Branch to provide the resources to carry out this activity, financing that does not correspond to Inder.
In closing arguments, Inder recalled the approval of ILO Convention 107, reiterated that the entirety of the property was only registered in favor of the plaintiff until 2012, and that the Indigenous Law only recognizes relocation and indemnification rights to non-indigenous owners in good faith. The party highlighted the existence of contradictions in the plaintiff's statements regarding the time and manner in which she acquired the property. It also established that indemnification cannot proceed when the title of origin is null because it disposed of land belonging to an Indigenous Reserve, which has held the status of inalienability since 1939. As the plaintiff in harmfulness proceeding number 18-009473-1027-CA, the institution indicated that by agreement approved by the Board of Directors of the former Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, article XIV of Session No. 074-99, of October 13, 1999, among others, the segregation and transfer of parcel 7-A-107 was approved in favor of Mrs.
Felicia María Cantillano Obando and the now deceased Mr. Eugene Rose Calphen, Titling Project "BIRF 2754 CR", and that by public deed number 30 of 10:00 a.m. on October 29, 1999, of volume 23 of the protocol of Notary Federico Villalobos Chacón, IDA segregated and sold to the aforementioned parcel 7-A-107, now registered in the name of the plaintiff since March 6, 2012, and corresponding to Real Folio number 7-00090980, rights 001 and 002, plan number L-0505554-1998. It added that on July 23, 2015, the plaintiff filed a Contentious Administrative complaint under case file number 15-007359-1027-CA, in order to have her right to indemnification for expropriation in indigenous territory declared, under the protection of the provisions of article 5 of Law No. 6172 of November 29, 1977, because her property is located within the territory corresponding to the Bibrí Indigenous Reserve of Kekoldi (Cocles).
It indicated that by certification number 046-07 of 12:00 noon on December 3, 2007, the head of the Department of Territorial Studies of the Comisión Nacional de Asuntos Indígenas certified that cadastral plan L-0505654-98, which is part of Real Folio 7039050-000, is located within the Kekoldi indigenous reserve, insofar as it is effectively located where the draftsman placed it in the attached grid. Furthermore, by official letter IRT-0836-2018 of October 4, 2018, Eng. Jimmy Garita Hernández, Head of Land Information and Registry of INDER, reported that the property in question, according to the location of the plan representing it (L-0595554-1998), is affected by the Kekoldi Indigenous Territory, in the sector covered by decree number 7267, dated August 9, 1977, which led the Board of Directors of the Institute, through an agreement adopted in article 36 of Ordinary Session 31, held on October 8, 2018, to declare harmful to public interests the agreement adopted by the Board of Directors of the Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario (today Instituto de Desarrollo Rural) through article XIV of Session No. 074-99, held on October 13, 1999, in which the segregation and transfer of 42 parcels and lots of the Titling Project "BIRF 2764 CR" was approved, solely regarding parcel 7-A-107, granted in favor of Eugene Rose Calphen, and Felicia Cantillano Obando, because said parcel was improperly titled as it forms part of the Kekoldi Indigenous Reserve (Cocles), whose ownership, by virtue of the provisions of article 3 of the Indigenous Law, is imprescriptible and inalienable and must be registered in the name of the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral of the respective reserve.
On the merits, Inder listed the regulations on the protection of lands within Indigenous Reserves, beginning with the Law of Vacant Lands (Ley de Terrenos Baldíos) number 13 of January 10, 1939, expanded by Decree number 45 of December 3, 1945, creating the Junta de Protección de las Razas Aborígenes de la Nación. It mentioned that shortly after, by Executive Decree number 34 of November 15, 1956, the indigenous reserves of Boruca Térraba, Salitre Cabagra, and China Kichá were declared, by virtue of which the Reserves were declared inalienable, exclusive property of the indigenous people under the terms of the Law of Vacant Lands. It continued indicating that by Law number 2330 of April 9, 1959, the Assembly approved Convention number 107 of the International Labour Organization related to the "Protection and integration of indigenous and other tribal and semi-tribal populations", which recognized their legitimate right to have under their domain the lands of their property, individually or collectively.
Subsequently, it indicated, a special regime was created through Executive Decree No. 5904-G of March 11, 1976 (for the Indigenous Reserves of Chirripó, Guaymí, Coto Brus, Estrella, Guatuso, and Talamanca), acquiring legal rank with Article 1 of the Indigenous Law No. 6172 of November 29, 1977, followed by the Regulations to the Indigenous Law, Executive Decree No. 8487-G of April 26, 1978. Along with this account, INDER cited the case of the Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the provisions of Articles 3, 4, and 5 of the Indigenous Law, which established the inalienable and imprescriptible character of the territories encompassed by the indigenous reserves, and restricted the negotiation of such lands solely among indigenous persons, who in turn are protected from invasions by third-party non-indigenous persons, who may be evicted without entitlement to improvements.
In INDER’s opinion, the land titled by the then Institute for Agrarian Development (IDA), parcel 7-A-107, plan number L-0505554-1998, lies within the territory comprising the Kekoldi (Cócles) Indigenous Reserve, according to certification 046-07 of 12:00 hours on December 3, 2007, from the Department of Territorial Studies of the National Commission on Indigenous Affairs (CONAI) and ratified by official letter IRT-0836-2018 of October 4, 2018, from Engineer Jimmy Garita Hernández, Head of Land Information and Registry of INDER. Consequently, the titling carried out by the Board of Directors of the Institute for Agrarian Development was done in contravention of the legal provisions indicated above, given that it titled a land that, being within the territory comprising the Kekoldi (Cócles) Indigenous Reserve, was restricted by the provisions of the Indigenous Law, which renders the content of the act unlawful.
It continued stating that, the Institute of Rural Development being a public-law entity, subject to the principle of legality and thus compelled to apply prevailing regulations in all its actions and, in this particular case, in indigenous matters, and the defect incurred having been verified by having improperly titled property as if it formed part of the titling project when it was in fact part of indigenous territory, it must file the lesivity proceeding, so that through this avenue the absolute nullity of the administrative act issued by the Board of Directors in Article XIV, of Session No. 074-99, held on October 13, 1999, be declared, so that said land passes formally and materially into the hands of its true owner: the Aditik. In its closing arguments, INDER reiterated its request to annul the agreement that transferred the parcel as well as the registry entries of the property and to transfer that property to the Association.
For its part, in answering the complaint, CONAI indicated the basic rejection of virtually all the facts and indicated that the complaint did not refer to facts as such but rather a series of subjective assessments. It pointed out that the Indigenous Law was clear regarding the prerequisites necessary to be eligible for indemnification and that it was not true that the plaintiff possessed the attributes they arrogated to themselves, since for a person to be a possessor in good faith, they needed to hold a property or possession right prior to the creation of the reserve, which is not the case of the plaintiff and her spouse since they acquired after the creation of the reserve, those purchase-sales being null, such that they could not claim a right that had never assisted them. Regarding the certifications issued by CONAI that the plaintiff submitted as evidence, the institution indicated that it was clear that what they state is that those territories lie within a reserve, and therefore bear the limitations established by the Indigenous Law, Articles 3 and 5, “… even if the property were protected by registry publicity, a situation that does not obtain, since there is no record that the property was protected by registry publicity prior to the creation of the reserve.” It rejected that the possession claimed gives the plaintiff any right due to failure to comply with legal requirements.
CONAI reiterated the requirements that must be met for them to be possessors in good faith: a.- They must be non-indigenous persons who are owners or possessors in good faith of real property located within the reserves, according to the rules of the Civil Code. b.- The expropriation studies should have been carried out by INDER in coordination with CONAI, but not only these two institutions were responsible for determining which non-indigenous persons were the owners or possessors in good faith of real property located within the reserves declared in Article 1 of the Indigenous Law; it falls upon them to do so jointly with the Indigenous Development Associations. c.- The Indigenous Development Associations must participate in determining who meets the requirements established in Article 5 of the Law. d.) It must be proven administratively and judicially that they truly engaged in possessory acts over the real property before the Law entered into force.
It insisted that there is no injury to the plaintiff’s rights since those sales are absolutely null, because they acquired the property after the creation of the reserve, “… the plaintiffs [sic] at the time of the transfer were fully aware that the property was affected by the decree creating the indigenous reserve, such that it cannot be considered a possession in good faith.” In its closing arguments, the institutional representation insisted that there were contradictions in what the plaintiff indicated regarding the date of acquisition and alleged that there was certainty that the people had made it clear that it was within indigenous territory, and that there were lands over which no negotiation could occur, since the Law had existed 35 years before they acquired them registrally. It charged that INDER must have known it was indigenous territory, again pointed out the flaws in the timeline of possession that the plaintiff sought to accredit, and demonstrated that the plaintiff’s own attorney accepted that she is not an Afro-descendant person.
It opposed consideration of the plaintiff’s evidence as proof of legitimate possession, and cited constitutional case law supporting its position regarding the nullity of transactions disposing over indigenous land. Lastly, it referred to the testimonial evidence gathered, insofar as it indicated that within the property there were no crops or demonstration of subsistence activities, only a rancho, and that it was not demonstrated that it was an inhabited place. Finally, in answering the complaint, the Aditik indicated that it opposed basically all the facts, and alleged that the registration of the plaintiff’s property “… drags legal problems of registration and basic legality that contravene the Indigenous Law. Let the court note that the property was registered on March 6, 2012, with plan 055554-1998, which was measured in the field in April 1998 and filed with the cadaster on July 23, 1998, more than twenty years after the 1977 Indigenous Law was enacted.” The Association also questioned the possession alleged by the plaintiff, since in its view juridical transactions carried out after the Indigenous Law was enacted are absolutely null.
It pointed out that the supposed existence of crops, instead of demonstrating possessory acts, would demonstrate acts disturbing the forest contrary to the interest of the indigenous community. It rejected in any case the existence of those crops, as well as intimidating or violent actions or the imposition of a regime of terror. It indicated that they have only exercised the legitimate defense of their territory, preventing alterations to the property by the plaintiff, in legitimate oversight and vigilance actions. In its closing arguments, the Aditik, represented by the Public Defender’s Office, recalled that the Kekoldi Indigenous Reserve was created in 1976 and delimited in 1977 via Executive Decree. It stressed that there is no doubt that the plaintiff’s property lies within indigenous territory. It reiterated the statements of other representations that the plaintiff had serious contradictions in her line of possession and mechanism of acquisition, with no proof, in its view, of when this circumstance occurred.
It further pointed out that the plaintiff was fully aware that her right of possession was on indigenous land, and therefore the supposed frustrated sale was not indemnifiable, because it was indigenous territory. It noted that in any case, INDER and CONAI were the entities called upon to make indemnity payments, which was not the responsibility of the Aditik. It indicated that the very evidence provided by the plaintiff (img. 21 of file 15-007359-1027-CA) indicated that the property was indigenous territory. It referred to case law of the First Chamber on bad faith and of the Constitutional Chamber on the unavailability of these assets, and was emphatic in indicating that the plaintiff Felicia Cantillano did not have possession prior to 1977, since the IDA deed—which is when titling was granted to the plaintiff—is clearly subsequent to the creation of the reserve, which must lead to the declaration of nullity of those dispositive acts by INDER.
It reiterated that the community’s reaction to the attempted opening of a road is not abusive, but rather the normal exercise of its property rights. Regarding the contracts signed with FONAFIFO, the Aditik pointed out that the plaintiff never proved that the land she claims formed part of those contracts. It added that there was no proof of the cause of the damages, or of specific conduct by the Association that produced a harmful and illegitimate effect, and therefore it requested that the property be registered in the name of the Aditik.
EVIDENCE FOR BETTER RESOLUTION.- In the preliminary hearing held in case file 15-007359-1027-CA, the plaintiff submitted as new evidence three items: 1. Public deed number 171 executed before notary public Rigoberto Jiménez Vega (img. 291-299 of file 15-007359-1027-CA). 2. Letter addressed to the Municipality of Talamanca on July 3, 2008 (img. 300 of file 15-007359-1027-CA). and 3. Deed from the Institute of Rural Development (img. 301-304 of file 15-007359-1027-CA). In conformity with Article 50.2 of the Administrative Contentious Procedure Code, the Trial Judge granted the parties an opportunity to be heard regarding this evidence, took note of the offer, and deferred its admissibility to the judgment stage. Additionally, on the day before the trial hearing, the plaintiff provided to the court a document signed by the attorney of Mrs. Cantillano (img. 453-462 of file 15-007359-1027-CA), regarding which the parties were heard, and in their closing arguments they expressed their rejection of it, as it constituted mere statements by the party and not a cultural expert report.
As to the first three documents, they are rejected, since they appear in the administrative file of folder 18-009473-1027-CA (img. 11-37), which was duly admitted in the preliminary hearing, and do not constitute novel documents. As to the document submitted the day before trial, this Panel agrees with the oppositions expressed orally by the defendants, in that said document has no scientific value, as it is merely a set of statements made by the party’s attorney, without support or technical rigor such that it could be considered a cultural expertise. In those terms, since what was proposed is not technically a means from which proof of any of the facts of the complaint can be extracted, its admission is rejected. LEGAL REGIME FOR THE PROTECTION OF INDIGENOUS TERRITORIES.- This Court has addressed this topic in general terms on multiple occasions. As indicated in the decisions of the Fifth Section, number 00029-2018-V, of 08:10 hours on April 4, 2018, and of the Sixth Section, number 00105-2020-VI, of 14:15 hours on August 28, 2020, this development is condensed in the decision of this Section (with a different composition) number 00074-2013-VII, of 10:30 hours on October 29, 2013, in which it was stated:
“The following being of rigor for the purposes of the analysis to be carried out in order to resolve the present matter, we proceed to address the legal regime for the protection of indigenous reserves, particularly with regard to Article 5 of the Indigenous Law, as well as the regulation that defines the location of the indigenous property owned by the plaintiffs.
In these, ITCO may grant leases to said indigenous people, for a limited and non-transferable time, except to other indigenous people who are in the same conditions. The National Banking System and other State institutions, jointly with the National Commission of Indigenous Affairs (CONAI), shall regulate special systems so that members of indigenous communities may obtain credit for the proper exploitation of the lands referred to in this transitional provision.” It is stressed that ITCO was therefore to delimit and register, even if in its own name, the corresponding land areas. The foregoing entailed the complete disregard of indigenous property that the State had undertaken to guarantee before the international community and those peoples. Returning again to the original text of Law number 5251 creating the National Commission of Indigenous Affairs, that organization according to its first article, was endowed with its own legal personality and patrimony.
It is highlighted that the Commission since its creation—and in that regard its general assembly—was composed among others according to its Article 2, subsection a), by: “… the representatives of the following agencies and institutions: Presidency of the Republic; University of Costa Rica; National University; Ministry of Public Education; Ministry of Governance and Police; Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock; Ministry of Public Security; Joint Institute of Social Assistance; Institute of Lands and Colonization; National Service of Aqueducts and Sewers; National Institute of Housing and Urbanism; National Apprenticeship Institute; and National Electricity Service; (…)” (Highlighting not in original). The foregoing demonstrates the necessary link that was to exist between the Central Government and among other entities, ITCO itself, this, until the issuance of Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice ruling number 3485-2003, at fourteen hours seventeen minutes on May second, two thousand three, a decision whose content we do not examine, it being sufficient to indicate that it deemed unconstitutional that the commission be composed of said public authorities.
It must be noted that the institutions and Ministries referred to formed part of the general assembly of CONAI, with powers to set its general policy acting as components of that collective body, as well as to approve or reject its budget, both ordinary and extraordinary. The purpose of this organization is reiterated due to its relevance, it was among other things and as noted, to serve as an instrument of inter-institutional coordination, as well as to ensure respect for the rights of indigenous minorities by stimulating State action in order to guarantee to the indigenous person individual property and to their community, the property of their territories as stated in Article 4 subsection e) of that legal body. Regarding the patrimony of CONAI, it was to be constituted as of the date it became operational, by the annual subvention that had been provided in the Law of the Ordinary General Budget of the Republic to the former Board for the Protection of Aboriginal Races; the extraordinary contributions agreed upon by the State and autonomous and semi-autonomous institutions of the Republic; the assets belonging to the former Board; donations from individuals, foreign States, international agencies and foundations or any other entity; the use of indigenous names, symbols and figures; and the amount of the rights granted for the commercial use of those indigenous names, symbols and figures, (Article 8, subsection a) of the Law Creating CONAI).
Continuing with budgetary matters, Article 9 of this law provided that the State and autonomous and semi-autonomous institutions of the Republic were authorized to provide assistance of any kind to CONAI, clearly, for the achievement of its purposes. On another note and always along this same line of ideas, in its Article 28, the law under consideration indicated that: “In order that the Executive Branch may be in a position to set in the draft law of the General Budget of the Republic, the subvention it deems appropriate, no later than July 31 of each year, the Board of Directors shall submit to the Planning Office of the Presidency of the Republic, a reasoned estimate of its needs for the next fiscal period. It is understood that for the fiscal period of 1973 this provision does not apply. Likewise, the Institution’s budgets shall be submitted to the Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic for its approval and settlement in accordance with the law.” (Highlighting not in original).
The Cabécar de Talamanca Indigenous Reserve was first described in the terms of Executive Decree number 5904 of March eleventh, nineteen seventy-six, published in the Official Gazette “La Gaceta” number seventy, of April tenth, nineteen seventy-six (1976). In this regulatory instrument, it was declared among other things as follows: “Considering: (…) 5° That there still exist territories populated exclusively by indigenous people making it possible to delimit said Reserves; (…) 10. That it is the duty of the State to safeguard the security of its citizens, and to prevent injustices and mistreatment, especially in the case of currently marginalized indigenous minorities.” (Highlighting and underlining not in original). Additionally, its first article ordered that: “Its exact delimitation shall be carried out by ITCO, in coordination with CONAI.” Thus, the then-named Institute of Lands and Colonization, (today INDER) was reiterated its designation as the body that would be responsible for the territorial demarcation of the reserve thus created, a task that was to begin two months after the Decree became effective.
(Among these reserves, the Talamanca reserve was already identified with the terms of the above-cited Executive Decree number 5904 of March eleventh, nineteen seventy-six). Furthermore, according to Articles 14 and 15 of the Decree under analysis, the Executive Branch expressed that what was regulated by that means is of public interest, and that CONAI would have the duty to prepare a census of the indigenous population of Costa Rica as soon as possible, which must also be permanently updated. Well then, with the land property of these communities recognized in the manner indicated, just over a year later, the Indigenous Law, number 6172 of November twenty-ninth, nineteen seventy-seven (1977), was enacted, which according to its Article 11 repealed any prior law to the extent it conflicts. On this occasion and without prejudice to what the legislator enacted upon the entry into force of the Law of Lands and Colonization which was unsystematic in having been considered repealed, it was provided according to the first article in relation to Article 2 of this supervening legal body—now, in accordance with the provisions of International Labour Organization Convention 107 concerning the Protection of Indigenous and Tribal Peoples—that indigenous reserves are the property of those communities and that they must all be registered in the National Registry in their name, no longer in ITCO’s.
Likewise, it was established that the boundaries of those territories once “recognized” by the State, may not be varied in reduction of their size except by law of the Republic. Furthermore, it was noted that these communities have full legal capacity to act and that they are not considered state entities (Article 4 of the law speaks of the Boards of Directors, administrators and representatives of these communities). Moreover, it is reiterated that these territories are inalienable and imprescriptible, non-transferable and exclusive to the indigenous communities that inhabit them, and it is not permitted for non-indigenous persons to rent, lease, buy or in any other manner acquire lands or farms comprised within these reserves, and any transfer or negotiation of lands or improvements thereon in indigenous reserves, between indigenous and non-indigenous persons, is absolutely null with the legal consequences of the case.
As a separate note, according to the regulation to the Indigenous Law, Executive Decree number 8487, of April twenty-sixth, nineteen seventy-eight, published in the Official Gazette “La Gaceta” number 89, of May tenth, nineteen seventy-eight, in its Article 3, it indicated that: “For the exercise of rights and fulfillment of the obligations referred to in Article 2 of the Indigenous Law, the Indigenous Communities shall adopt the organization provided for in Law No. 3859 of the National Directorate of Community Development Associations and its Regulation.” Meanwhile, Article 10 of the same regulation indicated that: “To guarantee the rights regulated in Articles 3 and 5 of the Law, the President of the Integral Development Association shall appear, by himself or through his representative or Delegate, as soon as possible after the infraction occurs, providing the certification showing the registration of the Reserve, to initiate, before the competent official, the corresponding legal action.” Subsequently, according to Executive Decree number 13568 of April 30, 1982, published in the Official Gazette “La Gaceta” number 94 of May seventeenth, nineteen eighty-two, its first article provided that the Integral Development Associations have the legal representation of the Indigenous Communities and act as their local government.
In reinforcement of all the foregoing, on November third, nineteen ninety-two (1992), Law number 7316 was enacted, published in the Official Gazette “La Gaceta” number 234, of December fourth, nineteen ninety-two, “Convention 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries,” of the International Labour Organization, pursuant to which the matter of indigenous property is precisely regulated. In its Article 2.1, this instrument reads as follows: “Governments shall have the responsibility for developing, with the participation of the peoples concerned, coordinated and systematic action to protect the rights of these peoples and to guarantee respect for their integrity.” For its part, subsection 2) of the same article indicates: “2. Such action shall include measures for: a) ensuring that members of these peoples benefit on an equal footing from the rights and opportunities which national legislation grants to other members of the population; b) promoting the full effectiveness of the social, economic and cultural rights of these peoples with respect for their social and cultural identity, their customs and traditions and their institutions; c) assisting the members of the peoples concerned to eliminate socio-economic gaps that may exist between indigenous members and other members of the national community, in a manner compatible with their aspirations and ways of life.” Other articles of the convention that are of interest we proceed to cite, its Article 3 reads as follows: “Article 3.- 1.
Indigenous and tribal peoples shall enjoy the full measure of human rights and fundamental freedoms without hindrance or discrimination. The provisions of the Convention shall be applied without discrimination to male and female members of these peoples; 2. No form of force or coercion shall be used in violation of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of the peoples concerned, including the rights contained in this Convention.” Its Article 4, that the State shall: “1. Special measures shall be adopted as appropriate for safeguarding the persons, institutions, property, labour, cultures and environment of the peoples concerned. 2. Such special measures shall not be contrary to the freely-expressed wishes of the peoples concerned. 3. Enjoyment of the general rights of citizenship, without discrimination, shall not be prejudiced in any way by such special measures.” Article 5 indicates that governments: “In applying the provisions of this Convention: a) the social, cultural, religious and spiritual values and practices of these peoples shall be recognised and protected, and due account shall be taken of the nature of the problems which face them both as groups and as individuals; b) the integrity of the values, practices and institutions of these peoples shall be respected; c) policies aimed at mitigating the difficulties experienced by these peoples in facing new conditions of life and work shall be adopted, with the participation and co-operation of the peoples affected.” The topic of these groups’ property over the areas comprising their territories was specifically addressed in this convention, and along these lines, its Article 13 states: “1.
In applying the provisions of this Part of the Convention, governments shall respect the special importance for the cultures and spiritual values of the peoples concerned of their relationship with the lands or territories, or both as applicable, which they occupy or otherwise use, and in particular the collective aspects of this relationship. 2. The use of the term “lands” in Articles 15 and 16 shall include the concept of territories, which covers the total environment of the areas which the peoples concerned occupy or otherwise use.” (Highlighting not in original). Article 14, subsection 2), reads: “2. Appropriate steps shall be taken to identify the lands which the peoples concerned traditionally occupy, and to guarantee effective protection of their rights of ownership and possession. 3. Adequate procedures shall be established within the national legal system to resolve land claims by the peoples concerned.-
This panel fully shares what was previously transcribed, which allows an understanding of the evolution of the protection given to the territories occupied by indigenous populations in Costa Rica. Based on the foregoing, it is essential in this matter to determine whether the plaintiff falls within the scenarios contemplated in Article 5 of the Indigenous Law, since only through the accreditation of these elements is it possible to accept the indemnification claim of Mrs. Cantillano. Regarding the requirements established in Article 5 already referred to, and together with what has already been transcribed, the ruling of Section Six number 00105-2020-VI, at 14:15 hours on August 28, 2020, established:
“VI.- OF THE PREREQUISITES FOR INDEMNIFICATION OF RIGHTS TO LANDS LOCATED IN INDIGENOUS RESERVES.- For the analysis of the question, we must attend to the provisions of the national legal system, regarding the prerequisites for the indemnification of rights of non-indigenous persons, located in indigenous reserves, according to the delimitations given for such effect, whether by law or by decrees of the Executive Branch.
This has been a topic already addressed consistently and repeatedly by this Court on various occasions, for example, number 74-2013-VII, at ten hours thirty minutes on the twenty-ninth of October, two thousand thirteen, of the Seventh Section, 38-2016-VI, at ten twenty-five hours on the eighth of March and 66-2016-VI, at fifteen hours on the twenty-first of April, the latter two handed down in the year two thousand sixteen; 15-2019-VI, at eight hours thirty minutes on the thirteenth of February, two thousand nineteen and 86-2020-VI, at fifteen hours fifty minutes on the thirtieth of June, two thousand twenty, the last ones of the Sixth Section and number 23-2019-IV, at eleven hours eighteen minutes on the twenty-ninth of March, two thousand nineteen, of the Fourth Section, all of the Administrative Dispute Tribunal. From the foregoing precedents, it is possible to infer the following: guidelines that orient the decision in this matter.
First: In the case of indigenous reserves established and recognized in our country, it is necessary to reiterate that these are lands that are destined for the exclusive use of indigenous peoples and, by virtue of that, are withdrawn from the commerce of men, that is, they are inalienable and furthermore are imprescriptible, and "not transferable," given that by legal mandate they are destined "... exclusively for the indigenous communities that inhabit them," and it is clarified that "(N)on-indigenous persons may not rent, lease, buy, or in any other manner acquire lands or farms comprised within these reserves"; pursuant to numeral 3 of the Indigenous Law (Ley Indígena), number 6172, of the twenty-ninth of November, nineteen hundred seventy-seven. Consequently, this constitutes a special property regime, insofar as it differs from the concept of private property provided for in the national legal system under the provision of numeral 45 of the Fundamental Charter and in ordinary legislation—whether civil, urban, and agrarian—; and that, due to the limitations it implies for non-indigenous persons, translates into limitations on the ordinary attributes of the right of (private) property, in the terms provided in article 264 of the Civil Code (Código Civil), given that it is a diverse regime, as has been indicated, and which excludes non-indigenous persons.
Second: However, in the manner already indicated by this Court, the propriety of compensation is conditioned upon the concurrence of several elements, as provided by the regulations governing this matter. In this regard, as relevant to this issue, in judgments numbers 15-2019-VI, at eight hours thirty minutes on the third of February, number 23-2019-VI, at eleven hours eighteen minutes on the twenty-ninth of March, both of two thousand twenty and 86-2020-VI, at fifteen hours fifty minutes on the thirtieth of July, two thousand twenty, the following has been stated in what is of interest:
"a) Material element: The first prerequisite that is of preponderant logic in this type of cases, is that the land whose expropriation and compensation is petitioned must be territorially located within the area of an Indigenous Reserve. This requires a casuistic analysis in order to determine that geographical correspondence. The accreditation of this aspect may be accomplished in various ways, as it may well be supported by a certificate issued by the corresponding administrative authorities, as well as through technical evidence, among others, topographical expert analyses, satellite topographical surveys, documents from the National Geographic Institute (Instituto Geográfico Nacional), among others. The determining factor regarding this aspect is defining that belonging of the land to an indigenous reserve area, a deduction that cannot be limited to one particular type of proof. b) Subjective element: On one hand, the expropriated party must be a non-indigenous person who holds the ownership right or the possession of a property that is located within the boundaries of the Indigenous Reserve, in this latter case, provided that possession has been exercised in good faith (buena fe) in the terms of the Civil Code.
The foregoing implies that in cases where that possession was in bad faith, no right whatsoever to compensation exists, an aspect that in each case must be analyzed in accordance with the evidentiary elements provided to the court file. On this point, the case of the acquisition of lands from an indigenous person may be cited, a case in which that aspect would lead to the presumption of knowledge that the lands formed part of the communal property that applies in this matter. From this perspective, in the event of not being possessors in good faith, the administrative authorities must proceed immediately to the eviction of the real estate without any compensatory right to be recognized whatsoever. c) Temporal Element: In the same manner, the norm implies a temporality rule that conditions the granting of the corresponding compensation, in the sense that the registry ownership of the land or the possessory exercise must have begun prior to the area in which the specific farm is located being included within the Indigenous Reserve zone.
Thus, the date of registration of the property or corresponding acquisition (provided the transfer was from someone who was not indigenous) or the commencement of possessory acts must have occurred before the respective zone was declared an indigenous reserve. After that declaration, which is made through Law No. 6172, or through the expansion of the boundaries of the respective reserve (when the land in dispute did not form part of the original area of those reserves), pursuant to the restriction imposed by canon 3 cited above, those acts of transfer of ownership or of possessory rights will be absolutely null, and therefore, unenforceable against the commented compensation process, since their object would be a property upon which a legally imposed limitation has already fallen and which, therefore, does not form part of commerce. This is inferred from canon 3 in question insofar as it indicates: "...
Non-indigenous persons may not rent, lease, buy, or in any other manner acquire lands or farms comprised within these reserves. (...)". That norm permits the commerce of goods only among indigenous persons, sanctioning the nullity of contracts entered into between indigenous and non-indigenous persons, as well as the acquisition by non-indigenous persons of lands that have been declared part of a reserve. Ergo, once the reserve is constituted and its area delimited, the titling of lands, or transfers of ownership over properties that form part of that coverage, will not be possible. To that end, the reference point is none other than the legal norm or the Executive Decree in which the limits of each reserve are defined, or the norm that expands the previously established territorial parameters. That is to say, for these effects, it is necessary to consider the formal act that affects the heredity of the non-indigenous person, through a declaration of administrative will that defines that portion of land as part of the indigenous zone.
It bears reiterating that, independently of the date of acquisition, the same ordinal 3 establishes the nullity ipso iure (by operation of law) of transfers from an indigenous person in favor of a non-indigenous person, in which case it is evident that, due to the invalidity of the title transferring ownership, the commented compensation would not be proper. Likewise, this element has an influence in turn on the analysis of the good faith component, since once the declaration of affectation is made, and such circumstance is recorded in the registry margin of the land, the acts of acquisition of ownership or possession will not be considered as being in good faith, and therefore, no monetary reparation will be applicable. …” (Highlighted text is from the original.)
Third: Thus, the same national legal system established mechanisms or instruments in favor of the owners or possessors "in good faith" of real estate incorporated into indigenous reserves, in accordance with the boundary delimitation that the law or the Executive Branch makes of each indigenous reserve. Thus, in the first place, relocation, "on other similar lands" and if that is not possible or there is no consent on the part of the affected party, through expropriation and compensation, via the ordinary procedures established in the Expropriations Law (Ley de Expropiaciones). For this reason, it is of interest to define what is understood as an owner or possessor in good faith, since the fulfillment of this prerequisite infers that it gives rise to the corresponding compensation, in safeguarding the right of property, pursuant to numeral 45 of the Political Constitution. Thus, registry ownership or possession of the real estate is not enough to generate this obligation on the part of the Administration.
In this sense, the reference (parameter) are the principles contained in numerals 17 to 22 of the Civil Code in relation to 10 and 131.3 of the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública), under which it is absolutely prohibited to seek legal effects not permitted or prohibited by the legal system, as would be the case in seeking an antisocial exercise or an abuse of right in relation to individuals and deviation of power in the case of the Public Administration, given that in the field of Administrative Law and, with it, of administrative-legal relations, the norm "... must be interpreted [and applied] in the manner that best guarantees the realization of the public purpose to which it is directed, within the due respect owed to the rights and interests of the individual," as stated in the cited canon 10 of the General Law of Public Administration. In this matter, and under the protection of the regulations governing it, only the rights (of property or of possession) acquired by non-indigenous persons prior to that delimitation—and with it, the affectation of such lands to the legal regime of indigenous property—can be qualified as being in good faith, and with that, gives rise to the corresponding compensation of the private property right and of the damages and losses caused by that affectation.
On the contrary, it can well be concluded that any act of transfer or disposition of properties comprised in indigenous reserves, carried out after the determination of the lands that make up the respective indigenous reserve—according to delimitation carried out either by the Legislative Assembly through law or by the Executive Branch, through a decree issued to that effect—becomes, in thesis of principle and by provision of law—article 5 of the Indigenous Law—null, by reason of being real estate that is outside the commerce of men. In this sense, it is necessary to specify that a direct effect of this affectation on the disposition of the territories declared indigenous reserves, is that non-indigenous persons may not rent, lease, buy, or acquire lands or farms located within the indigenous reserves and if acts of disposition (purchase, sale, or of any type) are carried out after a declaration of a territory as an indigenous reserve, they will be absolutely null actions, as expressly provided in numeral 3 of the Indigenous Law [...]
In this sense, we must remember that the decrees creating indigenous reserves, like the rest of the normative provisions, are published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta, this publicity being sufficient for its notification to the citizenry and population of the Nation. In principle, in attention to the principle of initial registration of public domain properties, this affectation would not require further indication in the Public Property Registry; however, given that it is a special property regime—as already indicated, different from the private property regime, having a special legal connotation, of a communal character of the indigenous peoples, and which permits transmission among indigenous persons—it is understood that this affectation must at least be determined and recorded in some public document, such as are the respective affectation decrees and derived from this, specified at least in some study or plan.
Therefore, any transfer or occupation that occurs after the area of the indigenous reserve is demarcated, must be considered in bad faith, an assumption in which one must proceed with its expulsion (police act) or immediate eviction through the legal avenues provided for this purpose (administrative eviction), and consequently, no compensation whatsoever could proceed." This transcription is relevant because it allows systematizing the need to accredit three elements in order to proceed with the requested compensation, a material element, a subjective one, and a temporal one, which we will analyze below.
Regarding the material element, that is, that the land whose expropriation and compensation is petitioned must be territorially located within the area of an indigenous reserve, it is established that, in the present matter, from the very claim, the plaintiff acknowledged that the entirety of her land is located within the territory of the Bribrí de Kekoldi (Cócles) Indigenous Reserve, a situation that is corroborated with the document dated June 2, 2008, from the Executive Director of CONAI and addressed to the Municipality of Talamanca (proven fact number 4) and with official letter number IRT-0836-2018, of October 4, 2018, from Eng. Jimmy Garita Hernández, Chief of Information and Land Registry of INDER, in which it was stated: "In attention to official letter AJ-L-284-2018; related to judicial file No. 15-007359-1027-CA, which relates to farm 90980, of the Limón registry, I am permitted to inform the following: / I am unaware of the moment when the property was created on the ground, with the form and dimensions, with which it was finally registered. / The property, according to the location of the plan that represents it, is affected by Indigenous Territory Kekoldi, in the sector with decree number 7267 dated August 9, 1977. / The registry study indicates that farm 90980 originates from farm 39050, however, in the place where this is located, there exists another farm in the name of Inder, which is 1050. / Attached is a sketch with the location of the plan and of each one of the decrees of the Indigenous Territory" (proven fact number 8).
By virtue of the foregoing, this composition has no obstacle to considering this first element accredited. The situation becomes more complicated for the subjective element and the temporal element. As derived from what has been transcribed, the subjective element contains two constitutive requirements: on one hand, the person must be non-indigenous and on the other hand, must be the holder of the ownership right or of the possession of a property, provided that the possession has been exercised in good faith in the terms of the Civil Code. The temporal element, for its part, requires that the registry ownership of the land or the possessory exercise must have begun prior to the area in which the specific farm is located being included within the Indigenous Reserve zone. We say that the accreditation of these elements becomes complicated, because the plaintiff bases her ownership, among other things, on the adjudication that both in her favor and that of her deceased husband was made by the then IDA, now the Institute of Rural Development (Instituto de Desarrollo Rural) -INDER-, in its session number 074-99 held on October 13, 1999, article number XIV, of the land identified as parcel number 7-A-107 (proven fact number 1), as well as its subsequent registry processing through public deed number thirty, granted before notary Federico Villalobos Chacón at 10:00 hours on October 29, 1999 (proven fact number 2), which led to its registration on March 16, 2000, in favor of the plaintiff of right 002 over farm number 90980, located in district 2, Sixaola, of canton 4 Talamanca, of the Province of Limón, with plan L-0505554-1998, corresponding to one half of the farm in dispute in this matter (proven fact 3).
Precisely, these original actions by the now Inder, agreeing to the adjudications, by the notary charged with materializing the transfers, and by the National Registry generating the farm in question, are called into question through the lesivity process accumulated to the present cause, upon Inder considering that it should never have adjudicated said parcel to the plaintiffs, insofar as it forms part of the reserve since the delimitation established through Executive Decree number 7267 of August 9, 1977. Faced with this situation, it is the consideration of this Chamber that in order to determine whether there is good faith in the possession and ownership of the plaintiff and whether the land was or was not included in the Reserve at the moment of being acquired, it is necessary to first clarify whether the original actions of Inder are in accordance with the law, for which purpose the lesivity action brought by Inder must be analyzed.
Thus, the situation being what it is, and in order to have a clear thread for this resolution, the general aspects of the lesivity process will be addressed below, in order to then analyze the fulfillment of requirements for the specific case, as well as the objections presented by the plaintiff regarding the procedure carried out and the validation of the title by the passage of time. Once those questions are resolved, the analysis of the subjective and temporal elements will be taken up again, with the purpose of determining whether it is proper or not to compensate the plaintiff Cantillano Obando.
GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE LESIVITY PROCESS.- As a starting point, it is necessary to highlight that, in general terms, the lesivity process is a jurisdictional mechanism, through which the ordinary legislator authorized Public Administrations to bring annulment claims regarding acts declaring subjective rights issued by them. In these types of judicial processes, the validity of a specific formal conduct is analyzed, which has generated subjective rights in favor of an administered party—natural or legal person—. Precisely for this reason, the obligatory participation of the addressee of the act whose nullity is sought is made necessary, for the purpose of guaranteeing not only the adversarial principle, but also the timely exercise of their right of defense. In our legal system, article 34 of the Administrative Dispute Procedural Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, CPCA), is the norm that sets the prior elements and procedural regulations of this figure; however, said normative precept must be harmonized with numerals 173.6 and 183, both of the General Law of Public Administration -LGAP-, in order to have a complete overview of the topic addressed.
From the harmonious combination of said norms, it is concluded that in this type of process, standing (legitimación activa) is granted to the Administration issuing the act under attack, while the passive party with standing (legitimado pasivo) is the administered party who is the recipient of the effects of that formal conduct. This is so, because as indicated above, lesivity constitutes an instrument for the juridical suppression of specific administrative acts creating subjective rights, insofar as they are substantially non-conforming with the legal system—acts vitiated by absolute nullity or relative nullity—(articles 128, 158, 165 and concordant articles of the LGAP). Thus then, the lesivity process is one more guarantee for the administered party, in which, in application of the principle of intangibility of one's own acts, the Administration cannot by itself eliminate the effects of an act declaring subjective rights; rather, it is through this process and by a jurisdictional body, independent of the Administration that authored the act sought to be annulled as detrimental to the public interest, that such rights-generating acts can be suppressed.
However, it is important to remember that in addition to what has already been pointed out, it is essential that the supreme hierarchical superior of the respective Public Administration—issuer of the formal conduct under attack—declare the lesivity of the act, when public, economic, or interests of any other nature have been affected. Furthermore, in accordance with our legal framework, when the act emanates from the Central Administration, the claim may only be initiated by the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (Procuraduría General de la República) (article 16 of the CPCA). Regarding the time available, both to declare the act detrimental and to file the judicial process under comment, the CPCA establishes the term of one year, computed from the day following the issuance of the act, to declare it detrimental in the administrative venue. The foregoing, except for the assumptions in which the referred formal conduct has defects of absolute nullity, in which case, under what is regulated by ordinal 34.1 of the CPCA, that internal declaration may be made as long as the effects of the act persist.
In such a case, by mandate of said norm, the year is computed from the cessation of its effects and the judgment that orders the eventual nullity will do so only for the annulment and future inapplicability of the challenged conduct. After the declaration of lesivity, the CPCA grants a term of one year to the respective Public Administration—computed from the day following the finality of such declaration—to initiate the administrative dispute process of lesivity—article 39 of the CPCA—. In synthesis, in accordance with what has been indicated, for the establishment of a lesivity process and consequent pronouncement on the merits of the matter, the following is required: i) the existence of a specific, final administrative act declaring subjective rights; ii) that said formal conduct has defects of absolute nullity or relative nullity; iii) that the referred act has been declared detrimental to public, economic, or interests of any other nature in the administrative venue by the supreme hierarchical superior of the Administration issuing it; iv) that such declaration of lesivity be made within the term of one year provided in numeral 34 of the CPCA—except regarding the protection of public domain properties, which is not subject to a term—article 34.2 of the CPCA; v) that the administrative dispute process of lesivity be initiated by the Public Administration issuing the act, within the term of one year provided by article 39.1.e) of the CPCA—with the exception stated regarding public domain properties—and/or that the act contains defects of absolute nullity perpetuated over time. Precisely the fulfillment of such prerequisites regarding lesivity will be analyzed later by the Tribunal to verify whether or not the requested annulment is proper.
LESIVITY IN THE SPECIFIC CASE.- From the exhaustive analysis of the case file and of the evidence provided by the parties that are annexed to the judicial file, this Tribunal concludes that article XIV of session 074-99, held by the former IDA on October 13, 1999, insofar as it refers to the titling of the farm of the Limón Registry, Folio Real number 90980, rights 001 and 002; granted at the time in favor of Mr. Eugene Rose Calphen, holder of identity card number 8-0048-0333 and the plaintiff Mrs. Cantillano Obando, identity card number 7-0122-0048, with the corresponding cadastral plan number L-0505554-1998 and through which the adjudication, segregation, and transfer of parcel number 7-A-107 of the BIRF project was approved, must necessarily be annulled, for having been issued contrary to the legal system. The foregoing will further imply the partial annulment of the public deed through which the segregation and transfer of the real estate was authorized, insofar as it concerns Mr.
Eugene Rose Calphen and Mrs. Felicia Cantillano Obando, as well as the registry inscription of the real estate in their names and their subsequent transfers, as will be indicated further below, given that the initial adjudication made in favor of the plaintiff and who in life was her husband did not fulfill the normative requirements established for that purpose by the legal system. In view of that, once the examination of the indispensable prerequisites that are of rigor in this type of process has been carried out, as highlighted in the preceding whereas clause (considerando), this Chamber determines that the declaration of lesivity made by the plaintiff Administration fulfills the requirements indicated, which is explained as follows: i) As has been referenced, there exists a specific, final administrative act declaring rights, in favor of the person called to judicial proceedings, that is, Mrs.
Felicia Cantillano Obando, as well as in favor of who in life was her husband, Eugene Rose Calphen (a right that was later transferred to Mrs. Cantillano), taken by the Board of Directors of IDA in its article XIV of session 074-99, of October 13, 1999, which ordered the segregation and transfer of several parcels of the BIRF Project, among them, number 7-A-107, which ultimately generated the titling of the farm of the Limón Registry, Folio Real number 90980, rights 001 and 002, described in cadastral plan number L-0505554-1998, with a measurement of 11 Ha and 4782 m2. Evidently then, the first prerequisite for lesivity is present, that is, the specific, final administrative act declaring subjective rights in favor of the adjudicatees of the indicated parcel. ii) The agreement referred to above is precisely the formal administrative conduct that is sought to be annulled through this process, INDER considering that it contains defects of absolute nullity due to non-compliance with requirements necessary for its adoption.
In this regard, this Tribunal considers that, as argued by the filing entity, the agreement adopted at the time by the Board of Directors of the then IDA transgressed the legal system and therefore contains defects of absolute nullity perpetuated over time that it is necessary to reverse. First of all, it must be highlighted that despite the fact that the Law on the Titling of Lands in National Reserves (Ley de Titulación de Tierras en Reservas Nacionales), number 7599 of April 29, 1996, was declared unconstitutional through vote number 8560-2001 at 15:37 hours on August 28, 2001, it was in force at the time when the former IDA made the adjudication of the parcel identified with number 7-A-107, and therefore, was what served as the basis for said administrative act. However, based on the evidence provided by Inder and outlined in proven fact 4, but especially in proven fact 8 (official letter number IRT-0836-2018, of October 4, 2018, from Eng.
Jimmy Garita Hernández, Chief of Information and Land Registry of INDER), it must be considered accredited in the present matter that “The property, according to the location of the plan that represents it, is affected by Indigenous Territory Kekoldi, in the sector with decree number 7267 dated August 9, 1977”. That is to say, that at the time when the IDA proceeded to agree to the transfer of parcel number 7-A-107 in favor of the plaintiff and her deceased husband, those properties already formed part of the Bribrí de Kekoldi (Cócles) Indigenous Reserve, endowed with the protection of inalienability contained in articles 3 and 5 of the Indigenous Law, a protection that has as a consequence the annulment of any transaction that attempts to dispose of said properties, even if it comes from a public authority like Inder. As this Tribunal has indicated in resolution 0074-2013 already transcribed, "In the event that the title has been granted in the exercise of some administrative power (titling by a public authority among others), this would necessarily entail the action by way of lesivity if applicable, without prejudice to what is provided in article 173 of the General Law of Public Administration or the direct action exercised by the holder of the right affected." Inder has determined, within its competencies, that the entirety of the plaintiff's property is part of the Reserve since 1977.
Against this evidence provided, the party has not presented elements of conviction that cast doubt upon or openly contradict what was indicated by Inder. From the facts of the claim, it is evident, just as the original defendants alleged, a series of inconsistencies in the plaintiff's narrative since, registrally, it is recorded that right 001 over the farm in question was registered in her name only on March 6, 2012 (proven fact 7), while right 002 was registrally registered in her name on March 16, 2000 (proven fact 3). There is no evidence whatsoever in the judicial file of the possession alleged since 1982, nor of the acts of use and enjoyment of the property, nor of original possessions, prior to 1977, transferred in favor of the plaintiff or her husband. Nor is there evidence that, as the party alleges, the farm entered the Indigenous Reserve with its penultimate modification in 1996.
The evidence provided by Inder, on the other hand, establishes with sufficient credibility that parcel number 7-A-107, which corresponds to farm number 90980, rights 001 and 002, forms part of the Kekoldi Indigenous Reserve since 1977, which renders the content of the administrative act of transfer of the property in favor of the plaintiff and her deceased husband unlawful, a reason for which the adjudication based on it becomes null. In sum of the foregoing, and in consideration of the arguments of the plaintiff's representative, it is important to highlight that the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice in vote 8560-2001 of August 28, 2001, annulled in its entirety Law No. 7599, dimensioning the effects of the judgment "in the sense that the unconstitutional nature declared does not affect those persons who have titled their lands under the protection of the Law now declared unconstitutional, provided that the term of three years to challenge the effects of that declaration has elapsed." As a consequence of the foregoing, the three-year validation (convalidación) period from the date of the award (adjudicación) in favor of the plaintiff, which occurred on October 13, 1999, was also not met, since as of the date on which the aforementioned Ley N° 7599 was annulled, i.e., August 28, 2001, said period had not elapsed, as alleged by Mrs.
Cantillano’s representative, and therefore these arguments must be rejected as unfounded. iii) Furthermore, this Tribunal has credited, as previously outlined, the declaration of harmfulness (declaratoria de lesividad) made by the supreme hierarchical superior of INDER, based on Article 34.2 of the Code of Contentious Administrative Procedure (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo) and numeral 176 and following of the General Public Administration Law (Ley General de la Administración Pública), it being recorded in the case file that by means of an agreement taken by its Board of Directors in article number XXXVI of Ordinary Session 31, of October 8, 2018, the following was ordered: "The official communication AJ-425-2018, signed by Lic. Francisco Villegas Ramírez, Legal Affairs Attorney, and Máster Patricia Calderón Rodríguez, Director of Legal Affairs, is presented for the knowledge and consideration of the Directors, regarding the Urgent Request for Lesivity (Lesividad) Process for Lot 7-A-107, 'BIRF' Titling Project, in relation to the Contentious Administrative process being processed under case file number 15-007359-1027-CA.
Also attached is official communication AJ-L-288-2018, in response to the Agreement taken by the Board of Directors in its Article 48, Ordinary Session 30, held on October 1, 2018, where, according to the requested expansion of criteria, official communication IRT-0836-2018, signed by Eng. Jimmy Garita Hernández, Head of Land Information and Registry, is also attached, through which the location of farm 90980, the object of the harmfulness proposal, is established. / Lic. Francisco Villegas Ramírez, Legal Affairs Attorney, enters the Session Room to provide an explanation of the Contentious Administrative process being processed under case file number 15-007359-1027-CA." In view thereof, it was decided: "To accept the recommendation contained in official communications AJ-L-288-2018 AND AJ-425-2018, signed by Lic. Francisco Villegas Ramírez, Legal Affairs Attorney, and Máster Patricia Calderón Rodríguez, Director of Legal Affairs, and based on it, it is agreed: / 1) The agreement taken by the Board of Directors of the Institute of Agrarian Development (Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario) (today the Institute of Rural Development), by means of Article XIV of Session No. 074-99, held on October 13, 1999, in which the segregation and transfer of 42 parcels and lots of the 'BIRF 2764 CR' Titling Project is approved, is declared harmful to the public interests, solely in regard to parcel 7-A-107, granted in favor of Eugene Rose Calphen, residence ID 8-048-333 (now deceased), and Felicia María Cantillano Obando, identity card 7-122-060; because the same was titled improperly as it forms part of the Kekoldi (Cocles) Indigenous Reserve, whose ownership is, by virtue of the provisions of Article 3 of the Indigenous Law (Ley Indígena), imprescriptible (imprescriptible) and inalienable (inalienable) and must be registered in the name of the Comprehensive Development Association (Asociación de Desarrollo Integral) of the respective reserve. / 2) To instruct the Directorate of Legal Affairs to file the corresponding harmfulness process before the Contentious Administrative Court." As we can see clearly, the full intention of the Board of Directors of INDER is recorded, to reverse the award made against the law, and therefore, the interest in annulling the agreement initially adopted, through the declaration of harmfulness that is known in this process.
In this regard, it must be remembered that the First Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice (Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia) has stated that "said declaration, at the administrative level, is the mandatory precedent for the harmfulness process, through which the Administration seeks the nullity of its own final act, so that without it, it is impossible to challenge it at the jurisdictional level, as it would violate basic constitutional principles such as respect for acquired rights and the theory of one’s own acts, as well as those of legal security and certainty. Therefore, said declaration predetermines and conditions the scope of the lawsuit" (see in this regard vote No. 415-2003 of 8:30 a.m. on July 18, 2003, and vote No. 232-F-2005 of 9:50 a.m. on April 14, 2005). iv) Now, regarding the legally established period for initiating the harmfulness process, it must be remembered that as a general rule it is one year—according to the assumptions established in subsection 1 of Article 34 of the CPCA—; however, in the case under study, the applicable legal basis is that of Article 34.2 of the CPCA, which precisely provides for imprescriptibility (imprescriptibilidad) in the case of the protection of public domain (dominio público) assets, whose characteristics of inalienability (inalienabilidad) and imprescriptibility are shared by the lands comprising the Indigenous Reserves.
By way of clarification, it is noted that this Tribunal is not saying in any way that indigenous territories constitute public domain assets (bienes demaniales). It has only been referenced that the indigenous collective property system shares with public domain assets the characteristics of being inalienable and imprescriptible, which allows the regulations of Article 34.2 of the CPCA to be extended to this case. Therefore, in the present case, there is no subjection to any period for the declaration of harmfulness of the illegitimately adopted act (which the party tacitly accepted by withdrawing its defenses of expiration (caducidad) and statute of limitations (prescripción)), much less to declare its nullity, since in the case of inalienable lands, because they are part of an Indigenous Reserve, no statute of limitations or expiration period could operate for their recovery, as they are subject to a special legal regime and affected or destined for a specific purpose of protecting the indigenous population, so that they are outside the commerce of men, in accordance with the jurisprudential precedents widely cited previously. v) In the case under review, we therefore reaffirm that the process has been initiated in time and form, having been declared prior to the filing of this lawsuit, by the superior hierarchical body of the Institute of Rural Development, the harmfulness of the agreement sought to be annulled, which is not subject to any period, as it involves the recovery of assets that formed part of an indigenous reserve since before the award, and which, as has been outlined in this judgment, are non-transferable.
In accordance with the foregoing, this Tribunal holds it to have been credited that, in the award of parcel number 7-A-107, described in cadastral plan (plano catastrado) number L-0505554-1998, with an area of 11 Ha and 4782 m2, the necessary requirements established in the legal system were not fulfilled, which leads to the admission of the requested harmfulness and the declaration of nullity by this collegiate body, of the act of transfer of the aforementioned farm, which ultimately includes, by connection, the deed that gave rise to the registration of parcel number 7-A-107 in favor of Mrs. Cantillano and her late husband and the one that ordered the transfer in her favor of the right of her former spouse (only as to this extreme), as well as the registrations derived from these deeds, with parcel number 7-A-107 having to return, as an unavoidable registry consequence, to form part of the parent farm (finca madre), for which purpose the standard orders shall be issued.
The nullity declared here is because this Tribunal has held it to be credited that, in the initial award and authorization of transfer and registration carried out by the former IDA, the major fact was overlooked that parcel number 7-A-107 was located in its entirety within the Bribrí Indigenous Reserve of Kekoldi (Cocles) since the description made in Executive Decree (Decreto Ejecutivo) 7267 of August 9, 1977, which removed this parcel from commerce, rendering the content of the award act impossible. Consequently, the unlawfulness of the content of the act and therefore its absolute nullity having been demonstrated, the harmfulness requested by INDER must be accepted. Lastly, and only for the sake of completeness, this Chamber must rule on the arguments of Mrs. Cantillano’s attorney, to the effect that the procedure followed by INDER to declare the agreement for the award of parcel number 7-A-107 harmful is null for non-compliance with the rules of Article 173 of the LGAP, an argument that must clearly be rejected because the party confuses the two most important avenues available to the Public Administration to review its own acts.
In accordance with the rules established in chapter six of title six of the LGAP, as a matter of principle, the Administration is inhibited from annulling, through administrative channels, its own acts that have declared any right in favor of the administered parties (principle of intangibility of one’s own acts). In general terms, to render an act of this nature null and void, the Administration must resort to the judicial route and request that a jurisdictional body declare said nullity through the harmfulness process regulated in Articles 10.5, 34, and 39.2 of the Code of Contentious Administrative Procedure, as well as 183 of the LGAP, for which it is an indispensable requirement, as previously indicated, that there be a declaration of harmfulness by the supreme hierarchical superior of the Administration that authored the conduct, just as has been done in this case. We are not talking about an ordinary procedure, but only about a declaration of harmfulness, as a prerequisite for going to the judicial level to discuss, before the holder of the rights granted by the act sought to be annulled, whether the nullity is appropriate.
Thus, the rights of defense, hearing, and due process that Mrs. Cantillano alleges were violated at the administrative level are not protected in that instance, but before the Contentious Court through this process, since the declaration of nullity, that is, the decision that would curtail her sphere of rights by eliminating from the legal world the agreement through which parcel number 7-A-107 was awarded to her, does not occur with the act that declares the award harmful, but with the judgment issued at the judicial level, after the adversarial proceedings. Thus, to declare an act harmful, the Administration does not need to follow the rules of Art. 173 of the LGAP, since this procedure regulates an exceptional mechanism for annulment of acts at the administrative level, without resorting to judicial aid for the modification of the legal situation of the administered party. In accordance with the procedure established in that rule, the Administration may annul administratively one of its own acts declaring rights, provided that said act presents a nullity that, in addition to being absolute, is evident and manifest.
In this case, and being an exceptional avenue, the Administration must follow an ordinary procedure and guarantee in that venue due process and the right of defense in favor of the holder of the right that is being sought to be annulled, requiring, in that case, the favorable opinion of the PGR. But we are not facing the review of the exercise of that power by INDER. Note that the Board of Directors of the institution merely proceeded to declare the act harmful, not to annul it in its own venue, so that the nullities alleged by Mrs. Cantillano’s representative lack support, due to the party’s confusion regarding the procedure that has been used, which leads to the rejection of these arguments.
In conclusion of the foregoing, agreement number XIV taken by the Board of Directors of the then Institute of Agrarian Development, in Ordinary Session number 074-99, of October 13, 1999, shall be annulled, as well as the corresponding deed of transfer of the parcel, number 30 of volume 23 of the protocol of Notary Federico Villalobos Chacón, granted at 10:00 a.m. on October 29, 1999, and which gave rise to the registration of the farm of the Partido de Limón registration number 90980, rights 001 and 002, right 001 first in the name of Eugene Rose Calphen, and today registered in favor of Mrs. Cantillano Obando, and right 002 always in favor of Mrs. Cantillano, with an area of 11 Ha and 4782 m2, the annulment of which is also ordered in this act. By connection, deed number 171, granted before Public Notary Rigoberto Jiménez Vega at 11:00 a.m. on February 23, 2012, must also be annulled, only insofar as it awarded to Mrs.
Cantillano right 001 over farm number 90980, located in district 2, Sixaola, of canton 4 Talamanca, of the Province of Limón, with plan L-0505554-1998, with parcel number 7-A-107 having to return, as an unavoidable registry consequence, to form part of the parent farm, for which purpose the standard orders shall be issued. Until this judgment becomes final, the precautionary measure of recording (anotación) of the lawsuit on the rights of the farm in question, ordered in the resolution of 8:57 a.m. on December 6, 2018, must be maintained, in order to give adequate protection to the indigenous property that is the object of this matter. Additionally, as an unavoidable consequence of what is ordered in this resolution, the third claim of the lawsuit is accepted, and consequently, Mrs. Cantillano Obando or any other natural or legal person who is on the property is ordered to vacate (desalojo) parcel 7-A-107, corresponding to the province of Limón registration number 90980, rights 001 and 002, plan number L-0505554-1998, as well as the respective delivery of possession thereof in favor of the Comprehensive Development Association of the Kekoldi (Cocles) Indigenous Reserve, within a period of one month once this resolution becomes final.
COROLLARY IN RELATION TO THE INDEMNIFICATION CLAIM.- The nullity of the agreement pursuant to which the parcel whose indemnification is now claimed was awarded to the plaintiff and her late husband having been declared, and as indicated in the preceding recitals (considerandos), it is necessary to resume the discussion as to whether the plaintiff meets the parameters set by Article 5 of the Indigenous Law to be indemnified, as a good faith holder of a right prior to the constitution of the reserve. As is clearly verifiable, the declaration of nullity of the title that supported the party’s legal position tears down her presumption of good faith for indemnification purposes. The existence of proceedings or even documents from CONAI or the Municipality of Talamanca authorizing certain uses or supposedly recognizing a legal situation cannot be opposable to this declaration, by virtue of the special protection regime established in Articles 3 and 5 of the Indigenous Law, so that the second of the elements required to be indemnified must be considered not satisfied.
Along the same lines, it having been credited that parcel number 7-A-107 forms part of the Bribrí Indigenous Reserve Kekoldi (Cocles) since Executive Decree number 7267, dated August 9, 1977, and that the award of the parcel in favor of the plaintiff and her deceased spouse occurred on October 13, 1999 (the oldest time for which there is evidence of use or possession), it is clear that at that time the parcel was already entirely part of the reserve, so that the required temporal element is also not met. This being the case, and reviewing the claims of the lawsuit, the one seeking that an indemnification right for expropriation (expropiación) be declared in her favor under the framework of the Indigenous Law must be rejected, so that regarding this issue it is also not possible to impose any obligation on CONAI and INDER. As for the payment of the sums corresponding to the FONAFIFO contracts, it is sufficient to indicate that the party failed to prove the existence of the contracts or that they were entered into regarding the parcel in question.
In any event, by virtue of the nullity of the award agreement, the plaintiff would also not be entitled to collect any sum for a parcel that has been located within the Indigenous Territory since 1977. Lastly, regarding the alleged damages, for the impossibility of using the land and disposing of the property, due to the way in which this matter is resolved, the recognition of any sum for these items is absolutely unfounded, since it has been proven that the award of the parcel in her favor should never have occurred, and consequently, no right of disposition of the property ever arose, so that the payment of what is claimed would constitute unjust enrichment (enriquecimiento sin causa). This being so, this claim must also be rejected, which leads to the declaration that the lawsuit filed within case file 15-007359-1027-CA is dismissed in all its aspects.
EXCEPTIONS.- As has been outlined in this judgment, against the harmfulness action, Mrs. Cantillano Obando raised the defenses of lack of right (falta de derecho), as well as statute of limitations and expiration. These last two were withdrawn at the preliminary hearing. As for the lack of right, it is clear, from the way the matter is resolved, that INDER has met all the prerequisites for harmfulness, and consequently, the declaration of nullity, with its derivative consequences, is appropriate, so the defense of lack of right is rejected. As for the lawsuit filed by Mrs. Cantillano Obando, INDER raised lack of right, lack of passive standing (falta de legitimación pasiva), and improper joinder (indebida integración de la litis) with the State. CONAI, for its part, raised lack of right, lack of passive and active standing, and improper joinder, requesting the joinder of the State. ADITIK, despite the declaration of default (rebeldía), raised lack of right and lack of passive and active standing.
Regarding the joinder, the issue was settled in the procedural phase. As for the lack of passive standing of the three defendants, it must be rejected, since the party claims from each of the defendants the direct causation of damages, whether by their action (ADITIK) or by their failure to act (CONAI and INDER), so that they have sufficient and necessary passive standing to be a procedural party in this litis. Regarding the lack of active standing raised by CONAI and ADITIK, it is indicated that the plaintiff, until this decision, held a title with a presumption of validity over the farm she claims, so her position is sufficiently well-founded to be a procedural party in this litis. Finally, as for the right, for the reasons explained in the preceding recitals, none of the claims of Mrs. Cantillano Obando can be accepted, and therefore, the aforementioned exception must be upheld, dismissing her lawsuit in all its aspects.
COSTS.- According to the regulation in Article 193 of the Code of Contentious Administrative Procedure, personal and procedural costs are a burden imposed on the losing party by the fact of being so, and their waiver only proceeds when there exists, in the Court’s judgment, sufficient cause to litigate, or when the judgment is rendered based on evidence whose existence the opposing party was unaware of. Since there are two accumulated processes in this matter, it is appropriate to make provision for each of them separately. As for the harmfulness lawsuit (exp. 18-009473-1027-CA), we consider that there exists valid cause to vary the premise of condemnation, given that the award and registry registration carried out in favor of the plaintiff and her spouse was due to a provision made by the Public Administration itself. Ergo, we consider it appropriate to resolve said matter without a special condemnation in costs. As for the lawsuit in case file 15-007359-1027-CA, we consider that there is no valid cause to vary the premise, and therefore, the payment of both costs is imposed on the plaintiff, to be liquidated in the enforcement phase (vía de ejecución), in favor of the three co-defendants.
POR TANTO
All the evidence for a better ruling (prueba para mejor resolver) presented by the plaintiff is REJECTED, the first three elements for being unnecessary and the last for being openly unfounded. A) Regarding the harmfulness lawsuit (exp. 18-009473-1027-CA): The defense of lack of right raised by Mrs. Cantillano Obando is rejected, and therefore the harmfulness lawsuit filed by INDER against Felicia Cantillano Obando is declared with merit in all its aspects. Consequently, agreement number XIV taken by the Board of Directors of the then Institute of Agrarian Development, in Ordinary Session number 074-99, of October 13, 1999, is annulled, as well as the corresponding deed of transfer of the parcel, number 30 of volume 23 of the protocol of Notary Federico Villalobos Chacón, granted at 10:00 a.m. on October 29, 1999, and which gave rise to the registration of the farm of the Partido de Limón registration number 90980, rights 001 and 002, with an area of 11 Ha and 4782 m2, the annulment of which is also ordered in this act.
By connection, deed number 171, granted before Public Notary Rigoberto Jiménez Vega at 11:00 a.m. on February 23, 2012, is also annulled, only insofar as it awarded to Mrs. Cantillano right 001 over farm number 90980, located in district 2, Sixaola, of canton 4 Talamanca, of the Province of Limón, with plan L-0505554-1998, with parcel number 7-A-107 having to return, as an unavoidable registry consequence, to form part of the parent farm, for which purpose the standard orders shall be issued. Until this judgment becomes final, the precautionary measure of recording of the lawsuit on the rights of the farm in question, ordered in the resolution of 8:57 a.m. on December 6, 2018, must be maintained, in order to give adequate protection to the indigenous property that is the object of this matter. Additionally, as an unavoidable consequence of what is ordered in this resolution, Mrs. Cantillano Obando or any other natural or legal person who is on the property is ordered to vacate parcel 7-A-107, corresponding to the province of Limón registration number 90980, rights 001 and 002, plan number L-0505554-1998, as well as the respective delivery of possession thereof in favor of the Comprehensive Development Association of the Kekoldi (Cocles) Indigenous Reserve, within a period of one month once this resolution becomes final.
Without special condemnation in costs. B) Regarding the lawsuit in the main process (exp. 15-007359-1027-CA): The defense of lack of standing is rejected, and the exception of lack of right raised by the representatives of INDER, CONAI, and ADITIK is upheld. Consequently, the lawsuit is declared dismissed in all its aspects. Costs are borne by the plaintiff, to be liquidated in the enforcement phase, in favor of the three co-defendants. José Martín Conejo Cantillo. Francisco Hidalgo Rueda. Gustavo Irías Obando. Judges.- ???????????????
JOSE MARTIN CONEJO CANTILLO, DECISION-MAKING JUDGE FRANCISCO DE LA TRINIDAD HIDALGO RUEDA, DECISION-MAKING JUDGE GUSTAVO IRIAS OBANDO, DECISION-MAKING JUDGE Goicoechea, Calle Blancos, 50 meters west of BNCR, in front of Café Dorado. Telephones: 2545-0107 or 2545-0099. Ext. 01-2707 or 01-2599. Fax: 2241-5664 or 2545-0006. Email: [email protected] Classification prepared by the JURISPRUDENTIAL INFORMATION CENTER of the Judicial Branch. Its reproduction and/or distribution in an onerous form is prohibited.
It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 03-26-2026 04:52:26.
Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Contenido de Interés:
Temas Estrategicos: Pueblos Indígenas Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: Derecho Procesal Contencioso Administrativo Tema: Proceso contencioso administrativo Subtemas:
Nulidad de acuerdo del IDA y escritura de traspaso con respecto a parcela que corresponde a un territorio indígena.
Tema: Comunidad indígena Subtemas:
Nulidad de acuerdo del IDA y escritura de traspaso con respecto a parcela que corresponde a un territorio indígena. Régimen jurídico de protección a los territorios indígenas.
Tema: Propiedad indígena Subtemas:
Nulidad de acuerdo del IDA y escritura de traspaso con respecto a parcela que corresponde a un territorio indígena. Régimen jurídico de protección a los territorios indígenas.
"VII.RÉGIMEN JURÍDICO DE PROTECCIÓN A LOS TERRITORIOS INDÍGENAS.- Este Tribunal se ha referido en términos generales a este tema en múltiples ocasiones. Tal y como se indica en las resoluciones de la sección Quinta, número 00029-2018-V, de las 08:10 horas del 4 de abril del 2018 y de la sección Sexta, número 00105-2020-VI, de las 14:15 horas del 28 de agosto del 2020, este desarrollo se condensa en la resolución de esta sección (con diversa integración) número 00074-2013-VII, de las 10:30 horas del 29 de octubre del 2013, en la que se indicó:
“Resultando de rigor lo que sigue a los efectos del análisis que habrá de efectuarse a fin de resolver el presente asunto, procedemos a abordar el régimen jurídico de protección a las reservas indígenas, particularmente en lo que toca al artículo 5 de la Ley Indígena, así como a la regulación que define el emplazamiento de la reserva indígena propiedad de los accionantes.
X.LESIVIDAD EN EL CASO CONCRETO.- Del análisis exhaustivo de los autos y de las probanzas aportadas por las partes que constan anexadas en el expediente judicial, concluye este Tribunal que el artículo XIV de la sesión 074-99, celebrada por el otrora IDA el 13 de octubre del 1999, en lo que se refiere a la titulación de la finca Partido de Limón, Folio Real número 90980, derechos 001 y 002; otorgada en su momento a favor del señor Eugene Rose Calphen, titular de la cédula de identidad número 8-0048-0333 y la señora actora Cantillano Obando, cédula número 7-0122-0048, con el correspondiente plano catastrado número L-0505554-1998 y mediante el cual se aprobó la adjudicación, segregación y traspaso de la parcela número 7-A-107 del proyecto BIRF, necesariamente debe anularse, por haberse dictado a contrapelo del ordenamiento jurídico. Lo anterior implicará además, la anulación parcial de la escritura pública mediante la cual se autorizó la segregación y traspaso del inmueble, en lo que concierne al señor Eugene Rose Calphen y la señora Felicia Cantillano Obando, así como la inscripción registral del inmueble a su nombre y sus posteriores traspasos, según se indicará más adelante, toda vez que la adjudicación inicial realizada en favor de la actora y quien en vida fue su marido, no cumplió con los requisitos normativos establecidos al efecto por el ordenamiento jurídico.
Ante ello, una vez realizado el examen de los presupuestos indispensables que resultan de rigor en este tipo de procesos, tal y como se destacó en el considerando previo, determina esta Cámara que la declaratoria de lesividad realizada por la Administración demandante cumple con los requisitos señalados, lo cual se explica de seguido: i) Según se ha referenciado, existe un acto administrativo concreto, firme y declarativo de derechos, en favor de la persona llamada a estrados judiciales, sea la señora Felicia Cantillano Obando, así como a favor de quien en vida fuera su esposo, Eugene Rose Calphen (derecho que posteriormente le fue trasladado a la señora Cantillano), tomado por la Junta Directiva del IDA en su artículo XIV de la sesión 074-99, del 13 de octubre de 1999, que dispuso segregar y traspasar varias parcelas del Proyecto BIRF, entre ellas, la número 7-A-107, que a la postre generó la titulación de la finca del Partido de Limón, Folio Real número 90980, derechos 001 y 002, descrita en el plano catastrado número L-0505554-1998, con una medida de 11 Ha y 4782 m2.
Evidentemente entonces, el primer presupuesto para la lesividad está presente, sea el acto administrativo concreto, firme y declaratorio de derechos subjetivos en favor de los adjudicatarios de la parcela señalada. ii) El acuerdo referido supra, es justamente la conducta administrativa formal que se pretende anular mediante este proceso, por estimar el INDER que contiene vicios de nulidad absoluta por el incumplimiento de requisitos necesarios para su adopción. Al respecto estima este Tribunal, que tal y como lo argumentó la entidad accionante, el acuerdo adoptado en su momento por la Junta Directiva del entonces IDA, transgredió el ordenamiento jurídico y por ende contiene vicios de nulidad absoluta perpetuados en el tiempo que es menester revertir. Primeramente hay que destacar, que pese a que la Ley de Titulación de Tierras en Reservas Nacionales, número 7599 del 29 de abril de 1996 fue declarada inconstitucional mediante voto número 8560-2001 de las 15:37 horas del 28 de agosto del 2001, estaba vigente a la hora de que el otrora IDA, realizara la adjudicación de la parcela identificada con el número 7-A-107, y por ende, fue la que sirvió de base para dicho acto administrativo.
Sin embargo, con base en la prueba aportada por el Inder y reseñada en el hecho probado 4, pero especialmente en el hecho probado 8 (oficio número IRT-0836-2018, del 4 de octubre de 2018, del Ing. Jimmy Garita Hernández, Jefe Información y Registro de Tierras del INDER), debe tenerse por acreditado en el presente asunto que “El predio según la ubicación del plano que lo representa, se encuentra afectado por territorio Indígena Kekoldi, en el sector con decreto número 7267 de fecha 9 de agosto de 1977”. Es decir, que para el momento en el que el IDA procedió a acordar el traspaso de la parcela número 7-A-107 a favor de la actora y su difunto marido, ya esos bienes integraban la Reserva Indígena Bribrí de Kekoldi (Cócles), dotados de la protección de inalienalibidad contenida en los artículos 3 y 5 de la Ley Indígena, protección que tiene como consecuencia la anulación de cualquier negocio que pretenda disponer de dichos bienes, aunque el mismo provenga de una autoridad pública como el Inder [...]".
... Ver más Otras Referencias: Artículo XIV de la sesión 074-99, celebrada por el otrora IDA el 13 de octubre del 1999.
Sentencias Relacionadas EV Generación de Machote: F:\Gestion-Judicial\Servidor de Archivos\Modelos\Contencioso\TCRESOL016.dpj ????????????????
CONOCIMIENTO ACTOR/A:
FELICIA MARIA CANTILLANO OBANDO DEMANDADO/A:
ASOCIACION DE DESARROLLO INTEGRAL DE LA RESERVA INDIGENA DE BRIBRI DE KEKOLDI Nº N° 2023005406 TRIBUNAL CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO Y CIVIL DE HACIENDA, SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL, SAN JOSÉ, GOICOECHEA, a las seis horas con cuarenta y tres minutos del quince de Noviembre del dos mil ventitres.- Proceso de conocimiento contencioso administrativo incoado por FELICIA CANTILLANO OBANDO, viuda, vecina de Puerto Viejo, Talamanca, con cédula de identidad número 7-0122-0048, adulta mayor, representada por su apoderado especial judicial Juan Ávila Abrahams, quien es abogado, carné número 3115 (img. 26 de la carpeta), contra el INSTITUTO DE DESARROLLO RURAL (INDER), quien actúa por intermedio de la señora Argerie Centeno Guzmán, abogada, carné número 23286, en su carácter de apoderada especial judicial (img. 413 de la carpeta), la COMISIÓN NACIONAL DE ASUNTOS INDÍGENAS (CONAI), quien actúa por intermedio de la señora Karla Rivas Reyes, abogada, carné número 30668, en su carácter de apoderada especial judicial (img. 440 de la carpeta) y la ASOCIACIÓN DE DESARROLLO INTEGRAL DE LA RESERVA INDÍGENA BRIBRÍ DE KEKOLDI COCLES (ADITIK), que interviene en este asunto a través de su presidenta, la señora Signia Villanueva Morales, portadora de la cédula de identidad número 7-0251-0388, con el patrocinio letrado de la señora Jeniffer Ureña Fernández, carné número 32037, en su condición de defensora pública designada por la Unidad de Defensa Contencioso Administrativa de la Defensa Pública (img. 448 de la carpeta).
A este proceso se encuentra acumulado el expediente 18-009473-1027-CA, que es proceso de lesividad incoado por el INDER contra FELICIA CANTILLANO OBANDO, ambas de calidades ya descritas y representadas por los mismos profesionales.
CONSIDERANDO
ASPECTOS PRELIMINARES.- Como parte del íter procesal se tiene lo siguiente:
Mediante escrito de demanda presentado el 13 de agosto de 2015, la parte actora pretende: “Según los hechos expuestos y fundamentos de derecho que he señalado, me apersono a demandar al INDER, en la persona de su Presidente Ejecutivo, al [sic] CONAI, y a la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Indígena Bribrí de Kokeldi [sic] (Cocles) en la persona de sus respectivos presidentes, para que en sentencia se declare: / 1.- Con lugar la presente demanda en todos sus extremos petitorios. / 2.- Mi derecho a ser indemnizado [sic] por expropiación según la Ley Indígena. / 3.-Que se obligue al INDER y CONAI ha [sic] adoptar la conducta debida conforme a la ley citada. / 4.- Que se ordene al INDER y a la CONAI a dar inicio de forma inmediata a los procedimientos expropiatorios de conformidad con la Ley de Expropiaciones para evitar más gravámenes a mi derecho de propiedad. / 5.- Que se condene a la Asociación a hacerme entrega de las sumas cobradas por los contratos firmados con FONAFIFO en cantidad igual a la cabida de mi propiedad en los mismos términos del contrato. / 6.- Que sean condenados al pago de los daños y perjuicios ocasionados. / a.- Daños: consisten en la imposibilidad material de disponer del inmueble por espacio de 37 años.
Los valoro por ahora en la suma de ¢100,000,000.00. / b.- Perjuicios: La imposibilidad de trabajar la tierra como es natural, sea haciéndola producir. La valoro por ahora en la suma de ¢25,000,000.00. / 7.- Que sean condenados al pago de ambas costas de esta acción” (img. 2-35 de la carpeta). Dentro del emplazamiento conferido por el Tribunal, por escrito presentado el 1 de marzo de 2016, la representación judicial de la CONAI contestó en forma negativa la demanda, alegando la falta de derecho de la parte actora y falta de legitimación pasiva y activa. Además, alegó la indebida integración de la litis, solicitando la integración del Estado al proceso (img. 62-68 de la carpeta). El Inder hizo lo propio en escrito presentado el 2 de marzo de 2016, oponiéndose también a lo pretendido por la actora, alegando falta de derecho, falta de legitimación pasiva e indebida integración de la litis con el Estado.
Adicionalmente, indicó el Inder que no tenía expediente administrativo en este asunto (img. 70-91 de la carpeta). En escrito recibido el 6 de mayo de 2016, la presidenta de ese entonces de Aditik indicó al Tribunal que el traslado girado a su representada había vencido el 5 de mayo y que “… para esa fecha no me fue posible enviar el escrito de la contestación […] al no tener un defensor colegiado en plazos sobre pueblos indígena [sic]”, solicitando una ampliación del mismo (img. 141 de la carpeta). En escrito del 26 de mayo de 2016 la presidenta de la Aditik procedió a contestar la demanda, alegando la falta de derecho y falta de legitimación pasiva y activa. Además, solicitó el rechazo de todas las pretensiones, así como que “Se declare la nulidad absoluta de la matrícula 90980-000 del Partido de Limón identificada con plano L-0505554-1998…”. Adicionalmente, se ofrecieron dos testigos y la realización de un reconocimiento judicial.
Dicho documento fue autenticado, a efectos de presentación, por uno de los abogados de Conai (img. 145-150 de la carpeta). En escrito recibido el 12 de agosto de 2016 la representante de Aditik insistió en indicar que: “Nuestra asociación no cuenta a la fecha con abogados para atender el presente caso de conocimiento dado que nuestros recursos son escasos, por lo anterior no se ha podido responder la demanda que nos fue notificado [sic]. La suscrita desconoce el trámite legal de estos asuntos, no obstante por un tema de responsabilidad y preocupación, me apersono a informar lo que está ocurriendo en el sentido de que si no hemos contestado demanda es porque no tenemos abogado y no por otra razón. / Solicito se nos conceda más tiempo para contestar hasta que nuestra asociación pueda resolver este asunto, estamos buscando alternativas de ayuda a ese efecto” (img. 163 de la carpeta). Un segundo escrito, en un sentido similar, fue presentado al despacho el 12 de diciembre de 2016, en el que se solicitó al Tribunal “la asignación de un abogado” y que se deje sin efecto las resoluciones en las que se les haya declarado rebeldes (img. 191 de la carpeta).
En auto de las 16:05 horas del 6 de junio de 2017, el Juez de Trámite dispuso: “Siendo que se encuentra en curso una acción de inconstitucionalidad bajo el expediente numero 17-000373-0007-CO para la respectiva valoración de una posible inconstitucionalidad del numeral 86 de la Ley de Transformación del Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario en el Instituto de Desarrollo Rural (Ley Número 9036), por resultar el mismo contrario a los artículos 9, 41, 49, 105, 121 inciso 1) y 20), 122 a 127, 128, 129, 152, 153 y 167 de la Constitución Política, y así como los reiterados criterios emanados por la secciones de juicio de este Tribunal y por el área de Trámite; se dispone suspender el presente proceso hasta tanto no se resuelva dicha acción” (img. 196 de la carpeta). Resuelta la acción de inconstitucionalidad referida, el Tribunal indicó mediante auto de las 9:49 horas del 14 de mayo de 2018: “Continuando con el trámite del presente proceso, se resuelve lo siguiente: Por haberse presentado la contestación de la demanda de la ASOCIACIÓN DE DESARROLLO INTEGRAL DE LA RESERVA INDÍGENA DE BRIBRÍ DE KEKOLDI fuera del plazo concedido al efecto, se tiene por extemporánea dicha contestación y se tienen por contestados de forma afirmativa todos los hechos de la demanda, se ha ponderado que la solicitud de ampliación del plazo para contestar la demanda se realizó una vez vencido el plazo otorgado para contestar la demanda, por lo que resulta improcedente dicha solicitud.
Por improcedente, se rechaza la solicitud hecha por la Asociación mencionada respecto a que se le nombre un abogado defensor, toda vez que dicha gestión no es procedente en esta materia. Ahora bien, habiéndose concedido las audiencias correspondientes, se ordena pasar los autos a conocer las defensas previas pendientes de resolver” (img. 207 de la carpeta). Mediante resolución número 1016-2018, de las 15:45 horas del 15 de junio de 2018, se conoció la defensa previa de indebida integración de la litis, indicando la parte dispositiva: “Se rechaza la defensa previa de falta de integración de la Litis Consorcio Pasivo Necesaria, interpuesta por la representación del INDER y el CONAI” (img. 216-218 de la carpeta). Esta resolución fue confirmada por el Tribunal de Apelaciones de lo Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, en resolución número 298-2018-II, de las 14:14 horas del 23 de julio de 2018 (img. 227 de la carpeta).
En fecha 20 de septiembre de 2018 se celebró la audiencia preliminar, en presencia de los representantes de la actora, el Inder y la Conai. Según se indicó en la audiencia, el representante de la Conai ejercía además la representación de la Asociación. En esta diligencia no se indicaron aspectos de saneamiento y la representación del accionante ratificó sus pretensiones, aclarando que el reclamo indemnizatorio era contra todos los demandados. No se analizaron defensas previas, siendo que la indebida integración de la litis ya había sido resuelta por escrito, se determinaron los hechos controvertidos del proceso y se admitió prueba documental. En cuanto a la prueba testimonial, el juez de trámite admitió recibir el testimonio del señor Edward Stward Jackson, cédula número 7-0282-0634, ofrecido por la Aditik, el cual se referiría a todos los hechos de la demanda. En esa misma audiencia el representante de la Conai desistió del reconocimiento judicial.
Asimismo, la parte actora aportó prueba nueva, que se encuentra visible a imágenes 291 a 304 de la carpeta, sobre la cual el juez de trámite no hizo manifestación alguna (img. 305-311 de la carpeta y respaldo digital de la audiencia). Mediante escrito recibido el 14 de diciembre de 2018, el representante del Inder solicitó la suspensión de este proceso en virtud de la interposición del proceso de lesividad tramitado en el expediente 18-009473-1027-CA, en el que se busca la declaratoria de nulidad del acuerdo de Junta Directiva del entonces IDA tomado en el artículo XIV de la sesión número 074-99, del 13 de octubre de 1999, por el que se aprobó, entre otros, la segregación y traspaso de la parcela 7-A-107, a favor de la actora y de su difunto esposo (img. 313-316 de la carpeta). Mediante escrito incorporado al expediente el 25 de marzo de 2019, el Coordinador de la Defensa Agraria de la Defensa Pública del Poder Judicial indicó: “… hago de su conocimiento que, de conformidad con los artículos 152 de la Ley Orgánica del Poder Judicial y 7 de la Ley 9593/2018 Acceso a la Justicia de los Pueblos Indígenas de Costa Rica y el Artículo L de la sesión 13-19 del 15 de febrero del 2019 del Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, designo al Dr. Roberto Montero García, al Lic. Esp.
Mario Alberto Rosales Vargas y al Lic. Esp. Jesús Chaves Mora como Defensores Públicos de la parte demandada Asociación de Desarrollo Integral del Territorio Indígena de Kekoldi” (img. 320 de la carpeta). En resolución número 09-2020-V, de las 7:35 horas del 5 de febrero de 2020 la sección quinta de este Tribunal resolvió en cuanto a la acumulación de procesos: “Se ordena acumular el proceso tramitado bajo el expediente número 18-009437-1027-CA, al tramitado en el expediente Nº15-007359-1027-CA, los cuales se tramitarán en adelante como uno sólo, bajo el segundo de estos expedientes, por lo que se debe proceder a la unión material de los expedientes en el Escritorio y una vez firme esta resolución continúese con el trámite que en derecho corresponda. Notifíquese a todas las partes, una vez que ocurra la reunión material de los expedientes” (img. 331-336 de la carpeta). Mediante auto de las 07:30 horas del 1 de marzo del 2022, el Tribunal resolvió, respecto de una segunda solicitud de suspensión por acción de inconstitucionalidad: “Con ocasión de la Acción de Inconstitucionalidad tramitada bajo el expediente N°21-017138-0007-CO ante la Sala Constitucional, en la cual se cuestiona la jurisprudencia emitida por la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, respecto de su interpretación del artículo 3 de la Ley Indígena, y cuándo el propietario debe ser considerado adquirente de buena o de mala fe, aspecto que, contrario a lo indicado por el demandante en la audiencia que le fue conferida, sí está vinculado con el objeto de este asunto, lo procedente, por razones de economía procesal es dejar sin efecto la audiencia de juicio señalada para el día 03 de marzo del 2022 y suspender las actuaciones hasta tanto sea resuelta la referida acción” (img. 387 de la carpeta).
En auto de las 14:00 horas del 23 de diciembre de 2022 la sección quinta del Tribunal convocó para juicio oral para las 8:30 horas del 16 de diciembre de 2024 (img. 404-406 de la carpeta). En constancia del 5 de septiembre de 2023, se indicó en el expediente: “Este despacho, en todas sus áreas, se encuentra en proceso de implementación del rediseño de procesos propuesto por la Dirección de Planificación del Poder Judicial y aprobado por el Consejo Superior, según los acuerdos XXVIII de la Sesión N°84-2021, celebrada el 28 de setiembre de 2021 y XXXIX de la Sesión N°95-2021, celebrada el 04 de noviembre de 2021. Este proceso conlleva una redistribución de personal y de expedientes que varió algunas integraciones en los equipos de trabajo, así como la persona juzgadora responsable de muchos de los asuntos, lo que podría traer como consecuencia modificaciones en el orden de resolución o la fecha de señalamiento a audiencia.
El cambio se implementó a partir del 17 de julio del 2023 y se está realizando conforme a un cronograma establecido por la Dirección de Planificación y aprobado por el Consejo Superior. Mediante el acuerdo 12.VI.2023 del 27 de julio del 2023 de la Comisión de la Contencioso Administrativo, se determinaron los criterios de distribución del circulante, conforme a los cuales la Coordinación del Tribunal ejecutó la reasignación, de una gran cantidad de expedientes, quedando el presente asunto de Puro Derecho [sic] a cargo de la persona juzgadora el Lic. José Martín Conejo Cantillo, a partir del día 29 de agosto de 2023” (img. 415 de la carpeta). Dicha constancia fue adicionada el 25 de septiembre de 2023, en lo siguientes términos: “En adición a la constancia emitida en fecha 05 de setiembre del año en curso, se indica que por órdenes de la Comisión de lo Contencioso Administrativo se realizó una nueva redistribución de expedientes, por lo que este asunto fue turnado al Lic. José Martín Conejo Cantillo a partir del 12 de setiembre del año 2023” (img. 430 de la carpeta).
En auto de las 11:10 horas del 19 de septiembre de 2023 el tribunal colegiado del Grupo de Trabajo VII convocó para realización de juicio oral para las 8:30 horas del 25 de octubre de 2023 (img. 430 de la carpeta). En escrito recibido el 20 de octubre de 2023 la representante actual de la ADITIK manifestó que autorizaba a la Licda. Jenniffer Ureña Fernández, Defensora Pública, para que representara a la Aditik “… y se tenga debidamente apersonada al presente proceso” (img. 430 de la carpeta). Mediante escrito incorporado al sistema el 25 de octubre de 2023, la parte actora aportó prueba para mejor resolver, consistente en un recuento histórico de los derechos ancestrales y del poblamiento del Caribe Sur, de autoría del abogado de la parte (img. 453-462). El juicio oral se llevó a cabo el día 25 de octubre de 2023, en el cual se escucharon alegatos en cuanto a la prueba para mejor resolver presentada por la parte actora.
Además se escuchó a las partes respecto a la forma en que la ADITIK ha sido representada en este asunto, zanjando cualquier discusión al respecto con las manifestaciones de la defensora pública de dicha parte, que indicó no tener ningún reparo en términos de indefensión por el trámite del expediente o la declaratoria de rebeldía. Adicionalmente, el Tribunal aclaró que la pretensión esbozada por Aditik en su contestación no cumple con las formalidades de una contrademanda, por lo que la misma no podrá ser tomada en cuenta como una gestión de dicha parte. Concluida la fase de saneamiento, se procedió a declarar formalmente abierto el debate y las partes realizaron su alegato de apertura, procediendo a recibir al testigo Edward Stward Jackson, quien fue interrogado por todas las partes, para finalmente proceder a escuchar en la propia audiencia las conclusiones de los intervinientes, posterior a lo cual se declaró el asunto como complejo y se dio por concluida la diligencia (img. 464-467 de la carpeta y respaldo digital de la audiencia).
Mediante escrito de demanda de lesividad, presentado el 2 de noviembre de 2018, el Inder pretende que en sentencia se declare: “1) Absolutamente nulo y lesivo al interés público el acuerdo tomado por la Junta Directiva del IDA en el artículo XIV, de la Sesión No. 074-99, celebrada el 13 de octubre de 1999, únicamente en cuanto a que se aprobó la segregación y traspaso de la parcela 7-A-107, Proyecto de Titulación BIRF 2764 CR) [sic], a favor de la señora Felicia María Cantillano Obando, cédula de identidad 7-122-060 y del hoy fallecido Eugene Rose Calphen, cédula de residencia 8-048-333, hoy inscrita bajo Folio Real matrícula 7-00090980-001 y 002, número de plano L-0505554-1998. /
“Resultando de rigor lo que sigue a los efectos del análisis que habrá de efectuarse a fin de resolver el presente asunto, procedemos a abordar el régimen jurídico de protección a las reservas indígenas, particularmente en lo que toca al artículo 5 de la Ley Indígena, así como a la regulación que define el emplazamiento de la reserva indígena propiedad de los accionantes.
Esta integración comparte en un todo lo transcrito previamente, que permite entender la evolución de la protección que se ha dado a los territorios ocupados por las poblaciones indígenas en Costa Rica. A partir de lo anteriormente desarrollado, resulta esencial en este asunto determinar si la actora se encuentra en los supuestos contemplados en el artículo 5 de la Ley Indígena, pues sólo a partir de la acreditación de esos elementos es posible acoger la pretensión indemnizatoria de la señora Cantillano. Sobre los requisitos establecidos en el artículo 5 ya referido, y junto a lo ya transcrito, la resolución de la sección Sexta número 00105-2020-VI, de las 14:15 horas del 28 de agosto del 2020 estableció:
“VI.- DE LOS PRESUPUESTOS DE LA INDEMNIZACIÓN DE DERECHOS DE TIERRAS UBICADAS EN RESERVAS INDÍGENAS.- Para el análisis de la cuestión, debemos atender a lo establecido en el ordenamiento jurídico nacional, respecto de los presupuesto para las indemnizaciones de derechos de personas no indígenas, que se ubican en reservas indígenas, conforme a las delimitaciones dadas a tal efecto, ya sea mediante ley o en decretos del Poder Ejecutivo. Este ha sido un tema ya abordado de manera consistente y reiterada por este Tribunal en diversas ocasiones, así por ejemplo, la número 74-2013-VII, de las diez horas treinta minutos del veintinueve de octubre del dos mil trece, de la Sección Sétima, 38-2016-VI, de las diez veinticinco minutos del ocho de marzo y 66-2016-VI, de las quince horas del veintiuno de abril, las dos últimas dictadas en el año dos mil dieciséis; 15-2019-VI, de las ocho horas treinta minutos del trece de febrero del dos mil diecinueve y 86-2020-VI, de las quince horas cincuenta minutos del treinta de junio del dos mil veinte, los últimos de la Sección Sexta y la número 23-2019-IV, de las once horas dieciocho minutos del veintinueve de marzo del dos mil diecinueve, de la Sección Cuarta, todos del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo. De los anteriores precedentes es posible inferir lo siguiente: lineamientos que orientan la decisión en este asunto.
Primero: Tratándose de las reservas indígenas establecidas y reconocidas en nuestro país, es necesario reiterar que se trata de terrenos que son destinados para uso exclusivo de los pueblos indígenas y en tal virtud, están abstraídos del comercio de los hombres, es decir son inalienables y además son imprescriptibles, y "no transferibles", dado que por mandato legal están destinados "... exclusivamente para las comunidades indígenas que las habitan", y se aclara que "(L)os no indígenas no podrán alquilar, arrendar, comprar o de cualquier otra manera adquirir terrenos o fincas comprendidas dentro de estas reservas"; conforme al numeral 3 de la Ley Indígena, número 6172, del veintinueve de noviembre de mil novecientos setenta y siete. Consecuentemente, se trata de un régimen especial de propiedad, en tanto difiere del concepto de propiedad privada previsto en el ordenamiento jurídico nacional conforme a la previsión del numeral 45 de la Carta Fundamental y en la legislación ordinaria -sea la de orden civil, urbana y agraria-; y que por las limitaciones que implica para los no indígenas, se traduce en limitaciones a los atributos ordinarios del derecho de propiedad (privada), en los términos previstos en el artículo 264 del Código Civil, dado que es un régimen diverso, según se ha indicado, y que excluye a las personas no indígenas.
Segundo: Ahora bien, en la forma ya indicada por este Tribunal, la procedencia de la indemnización está condicionada a la concurrencia de varias elementos, conforme lo dispone la normativa que rige esta materia. En este sentido, en lo que interesa a este asunto, en las sentencias números 15-2019-VI, de las ocho horas treinta minutos del tres de febrero, número 23-2019-VI, de las once horas dieciocho minutos del veintinueve de marzo, ambos del dos mil veinte y 86-2020-VI, de las quince horas cincuenta horas del treinta de julio del dos mil veinte, se ha expuesto lo siguiente en lo que es de interés:
"a) Elemento material: El primer presupuesto que resulta de lógica preponderancia en este tipo de casos, es que el terreno cuya expropiación e indemnización se peticiona, se encuentre territorialmente, dentro del área de una Reserva Indígena. Esto exige un análisis casuístico a fin de determinar esa correspondencia geográfica. La acreditación de este aspecto puede realizarse de diversas formas, pues bien puede sustentarse en una constancia expedida por las autoridades administrativas correspondientes, así como mediante prueba técnica, entre otras, análisis periciales de topografía, levantamientos topográficos satelitales, documentos del Instituto Geográfico Nacional, entre otros. Lo determinante en cuanto a este aspecto, es definir esa pertenencia del terreno a un área de reserva indígena, deducción que no puede limitarse a un tipo de probanza en particular. b) Elemento subjetivo: Por un lado, el expropiado debe ser un no indígena que sea titular del derecho de dominio o de la posesión de un fundo que se encuentra dentro de los límites de la Reserva Indígena, en este último caso, siempre que la posesión haya sido ejercitada de buena fe en los términos del Código Civil.
Lo anterior implica que en los casos en que esa posesión lo haya sido de mala fe, no existe derecho alguno a la indemnización, aspecto que en cada caso ha de ser analizado conforme a los elementos de prueba aportados al expediente. En este punto, puede citarse el caso de la adquisición de terrenos de parte de un indígena, caso en el cual, ese aspecto haría presumir el conocimiento de que las tierras formaban parte de la propiedad comunitaria que aplica en esta materia. Desde este plano, en caso de no ser poseedores de buena fe, las autoridades administrativas deberán proceder de inmediato al desalojo del inmueble sin derecho indemnizatorio alguno a reconocer. c) Elemento Temporal: De igual manera, la norma hace inferir una regla de temporalidad que condiciona el otorgamiento de la indemnización correspondiente, en el sentido de que la titularidad registral del terreno o el ejercicio posesorio, ha de haber iniciado de previo a que el área en que se encuentra ubicada la finca en concreto, fuese incluida dentro de la zona de Reserva Indígena.
Así, la fecha de inscripción del bien o correspondiente adquisición (siempre que la enajenación fuese de quien no era indígena) o el inicio de actos posesorios, ha de haberse producido antes de que la zona respectiva fuese declarada como reserva indígena. Luego de esa declaratoria que se realiza mediante la Ley No. 6172, o bien, de la ampliación de límites de la reserva respectiva (cuando el terreno en debate no formara parte del área original de esas reservas), al tenor de la restricción impuesta por el canon 3 señalado ut supra, esos actos de traslado de dominio o de derechos de posesión serán absolutamente nulos, y por ende, inoponibles al trámite de indemnización comentado, por cuanto tendrían como objeto un bien sobre el cual ya ha recaído una limitación legalmente impuesta y que por ende, no forma parte del comercio. Así se desprende del canon 3 de marras en cuanto indica: "... Los no indígenas no podrán alquilar, arrendar, comprar o de cualquier otra manera adquirir terrenos o fincas comprendidas dentro de estas reservas.
(...)". Esa norma posibilita el comercio de bienes solo entre indígenas, sancionando la nulidad de contratos suscritos entre indígenas y no indígenas, así como la adquisición de parte de no indígenas de terrenos que hayan sido declarados parte de alguna reserva. Ergo, constituida la reserva y delimitada su área, no será posible la titulación de terrenos, o traspasos de dominio sobre bienes que formen parte de esa cobertura. Para ello, el referente no es otro que la norma legal o el Decreto Ejecutivo en el que se definen los límites de cada reserva, o bien, la norma que amplié los parámetros territoriales previamente establecidos. Es decir, para esos efectos, es necesario considerar el acto formal que afecta las heredades del no indígena, mediante una declaración de voluntad administrativa que define esa porción de terreno como parte de la zona indígena. Cabe reiterar que, con independencia de la fecha de adquisición, el mismo ordinal 3 establece la nulidad ipso iure (de pleno derecho) de los traspasos de un indígena a favor de un no indígena, caso en el cual, es evidente que, por la invalidez del título traslativo de dominio, no procedería la indemnización de comentario.
De igual modo, este elemento guarda incidencia a su vez en el análisis del componente de la buena fe, pues una vez realizada la declaratoria de afectación, y constando tal circunstancia en el margen registral del terreno, los actos de adquisición de dominio o de posesión no serán tenidos como de buena fe, por ende, no cabrá reparación monetaria. …” (Resaltado es del original.)
Tercero: Así pues, el mismo ordenamiento nacional estableció mecanismos o instrumentos en favor de los propietarios o poseedores "de buena fe" de inmuebles incorporados en reservas indígenas, conforme a la delimitación limítrofe que la ley o el Poder Ejecutivo haga de cada reserva indígena. Así, en primer lugar, la reubicación, "en otras tierras similares" y si ello no fuere posible o no hubiere consentimiento de parte del afectado, con la expropiación e indemnización, a través de los procedimientos ordinarios establecidos en la Ley de Expropiaciones. Por este motivo, interesa definir lo que se entiende por propietario o poseedor de buena fe, ya que del cumplimiento de este presupuesto, se infiere que da lugar a la indemnización correspondiente, en resguardo del derecho de propiedad, conforme al numeral 45 de la Constitución Política. Así, no basta la propiedad registral o la posesión del inmueble para que se genere esta obligación a cargo de la Administración.
En este sentido, resultan de referencia (parámetro) los principios comprendidos en los numerales 17 a 22 del Código Civil en relación al 10 y 131.3 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, al tenor de los cuales, resulta absolutamente prohibido el pretender efectos jurídicos no permitidos o prohibidos por el ordenamiento jurídico, como lo sería el procurar un ejercicio antisocial o un abuso del derecho en relación a particulares y desviación de poder en el caso de la Administración Pública, siendo que en el ámbito del Derecho Administrativo y con ello de las relaciones jurídico-administrativas, la norma "... deberá ser interpretada [y aplicada] en la forma que mejor garantice la realización del fin público a que se dirige, dentro del respeto debido a los derechos e intereses del particular", según reza el citado canon 10 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública. En esta materia, y al amparo de la normativa que la rige, sólo los derechos (de propiedad o de posesión) adquiridos por personas no indígenas previo a aquella delimitación -y con ello, de la afectación de tales terrenos al régimen jurídico de propiedad indígena- es que se puede calificar como de buena fe, y con ello, da lugar a la correspondiente indemnización del derecho de propiedad privada y de los daños y perjuicios ocasionados con aquella afectación.
Al contrario, bien puede concluirse que todo acto de traspaso o disposición de bienes comprendidos en reservas indígenas, realizado con posterioridad a la determinación de las tierras que conforman en la respectiva reserva indígena -según delimitación realizada ya sea por la Asamblea Legislativa a través de la ley o por el Poder Ejecutivo, mediante decreto dictado al efecto-, deviene, en tesis de principio y por disposición de ley -artículo 5 de la Ley Indígena-, en nulo, por tratarse de inmuebles que están fuera del comercio de los hombres. En este sentido es necesario precisar que un efecto directo de esta afectación en la disposición de los territorios declarados reservas indígenas, es que las personas no indígenas, no podrán alquilar, arrendar, comprar o adquirir terrenos o fincas ubicadas dentro de las reservas indígenas y si se realizan actos de disposición (compra, venta, o de cualquier tipo), después de una declaratoria de un territorio como reserva indígena, serán actuaciones absolutamente nulas, como lo dispone de manera expresa el numeral 3 de la Ley Indígena […]
En este sentido, debemos recordar que los decretos de creación de reservas indígenas, al igual que el resto de las disposiciones normativas, son publicados en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta, bastando con esta publicitación para su puesta en conocimiento de la ciudadanía y población de la Nación. En principio, en atención al principio de inmatriculación de los bienes de dominio público, esta afectación no requeriría ulterior indicación en el Registro Público de la Propiedad; no obstante, siendo que es un régimen especial de propiedad -ya se indicó, diversa al régimen de propiedad privada, al tener una connotación jurídica especial, de carácter comunitario de los pueblos indígenas, y que permite la transmisión entre indígenas-, se entiende que esta afectación al menos debe estar determinada y consignada en algún documento público, como lo son los respectivos decretos de afectación y derivado de esto, especificado al menos en algún estudio o plano. Por eso, cualquier traspaso u ocupación que se haga luego de demarcada el área de la reserva indígena, deberá ser considerado de mala fe, supuesto en el cual se debe proceder con su expulsión (acto de policía) o desalojo inmediato por las vías legales previstas al efecto (desahucio administrativo), y consecuentemente, no podría procederse a indemnización alguna”.
Esta transcripción resulta relevante porque permite sistematizar la necesidad de acreditar tres elementos para proceder con la indemnización solicitada, un elemento material, uno subjetivo y uno temporal, que analizaremos a continuación.
En cuanto al elemento material, sea, que el terreno cuya expropiación e indemnización se peticiona, se encuentre territorialmente dentro del área de una reserva indígena, se tiene que, en el presente asunto, desde la propia demanda la parte actora reconoció que la integralidad de su terreno se encuentra dentro del territorio de la Reserva Indígena Bribrí de Kekoldi (Cócles), situación que se corrobora con el documento fechado 2 de junio de 2008, del Director Ejecutivo de Conai y dirigido a la Municipalidad de Talamanca (hecho probado número 4) y con el oficio número IRT-0836-2018, del 4 de octubre de 2018, del Ing. Jimmy Garita Hernández, Jefe Información y Registro de Tierras del INDER, en el que se señaló: "En atención al oficio AJ-L-284-2018; relacionado con el expediente judicial N.º 15-007359-1027-CA, el que se relaciona con la finca 90980, del partido de Limón, me permito informar lo siguiente: / Desconozco el momento en que se creó el predio en el terreno, con la forma y dimensiones, con que finalmente fue inscrito. / El predio según la ubicación del plano que lo representa, se encuentra afectado por territorio Indígena Kekoldi, en el sector con decreto número 7267 de fecha 9 de agosto de 1977. / El estudio de registro indica que la finca 90980 proviene de la finca 39050, sin embargo en el lugar donde se localiza esta, existe otra finca a nombre del Inder, que es la 1050. / Se adjunta croquis con la ubicación del plano y de cada uno de los decretos del Territorio Indígena" (hecho probado número 8).
En virtud de lo anterior, esta integración no tiene ningún obstáculo en tener por acreditado este primer elemento. La situación deviene más complicada para el elemento subjetivo y el temporal. Como se deriva de lo trascrito, el elemento subjetivo contiene dos requisitos constitutivos, por un lado, la persona debe ser no indígena y por el otro lado, que sea titular del derecho de dominio o de la posesión de un fundo, siempre que la posesión haya sido ejercitada de buena fe en los términos del Código Civil. El elemento temporal, por su parte, exige que la titularidad registral del terreno o el ejercicio posesorio, haya iniciado de previo a que el área en que se encuentra ubicada la finca en concreto, fuese incluida dentro de la zona de Reserva Indígena. Decimos que la acreditación de estos elementos se complica, porque la parte actora basa su titularidad, entre otras cosas, en la adjudicación que tanto a su favor como el de su difunto esposo hiciera el entonces IDA, hoy día Instituto de Desarrollo Rural -INDER-, en su sesión número 074-99 celebrada el 13 de octubre del 1999, artículo número XIV, del terreno identificado como parcela número 7-A-107 (hecho probado número 1), así como su posterior trámite registral mediante escritura pública número treinta, otorgada ante el notario Federico Villalobos Chacón a las 10:00 horas del 29 de octubre del 1999 (hecho probado número 2), que llevó a su inscripción con fecha 16 de marzo de 2000 a favor de la actora del derecho 002 sobre la finca número 90980, ubicada en el distrito 2, Sixaola, del cantón 4 Talamanca, de la Provincia de Limón, con el plano L-0505554-1998, correspondiente a un medio de la finca que se disputa en este asunto (hecho probado 3).
Precisamente, estas actuaciones originarias por parte del ahora Inder, acordando las adjudicaciones, del notario encargado de materializar los traspasos y del Registro Nacional generando la finca en cuestión, se encuentran cuestionadas a través del proceso de lesividad acumulado a la presente causa, al considerar el Inder que nunca debió adjudicar a los actores dicha parcela, en el tanto esta forma parte de la reserva desde la delimitación establecida mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo número 7267 del 9 de agosto de 1977. Ante esta situación, es la consideración de esta Cámara que para poder determinar si hay buena fe en la posesión y titularidad de la actora y si el terreno estaba o no incluido en la Reserva al momento de ser adquirido, es necesario esclarecer primero si las actuaciones originarias del Inder se encuentran apegadas a derecho, para lo cual debe procederse a analizar la acción de lesividad interpuesta por el Inder.
Así las cosas, y a fin de tener claro el hilo conductor de esta resolución, a continuación se tocarán las generalidades del proceso de lesividad, para después analizar el cumplimiento de requisitos para el caso concreto, así como las objeciones presentadas por la parte actora en cuanto al procedimiento efectuado y la convalidación del título por el paso del tiempo. Resueltas esas cuestiones, se retomará el análisis de los elementos subjetivo y temporal, con el fin de determinar si procede o no indemnizar a la actora Cantillano Obando. GENERALIDADES DEL PROCESO DE LESIVIDAD.- Como punto de partida es menester resaltar, que en términos generales, el proceso de lesividad es un mecanismo jurisdiccional, por medio del cual el legislador ordinario autorizó a las Administraciones Públicas, a deducir pretensiones anulatorias respecto de actos declaratorios de derechos subjetivos dictados por ellas.
En estos tipos de procesos judiciales, se analiza la validez de una conducta formal concreta, que ha generado derechos subjetivos a favor de un administrado -persona física o jurídica-. Justamente por ello, es que se hace necesaria la obligada participación del destinatario del acto cuya nulidad se pretende, a efectos de garantizar no solamente el contradictorio, sino el ejercicio oportuno de su derecho de defensa. En nuestro ordenamiento jurídico, el artículo 34 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo -CPCA-, es la norma que fija los elementos previos y regulaciones procesales de esta figura; sin embargo, dicho precepto normativo debe concordarse con los numerales 173.6 y 183, ambos de la Ley General de la Administración Pública -LGAP-, a efecto de tener un panorama completo sobre la temática que se aborda. De la combinación armónica de dichas normas, se concluye que en este tipo de procesos la legitimación activa se concede a la Administración emisora del acto atacado, en tanto que el legitimado pasivo es el administrado destinatario de los efectos de esa conducta formal.
Ello es así, por cuanto como se indicó líneas atrás, la lesividad se constituye en un instrumento de supresión jurídica de actos administrativos concretos creadores de derechos subjetivos, en el tanto los mismos sean sustancialmente disconformes con el ordenamiento jurídico -actos viciados de nulidad absoluta o relativa- (artículos 128, 158, 165 y concordantes de la LGAP). Así entonces, el proceso de lesividad es una garantía más para el administrado, en el que en aplicación del principio de intangibilidad de los actos propios, la Administración no puede por sí misma eliminar los efectos de un acto declaratorio de derechos subjetivos, sino que es a través de este proceso y por parte de un órgano jurisdiccional, que pueden suprimirse tales actos generadores de derechos, independiente de la Administración autora del acto que se pide anular por lesivo al interés público. Ahora bien, es importante recordar que además de lo ya señalado, resulta esencial que el superior jerárquico supremo de la Administración Pública respectiva -emisora de la conducta formal que se ataca- declare la lesividad del acto, cuando se hayan visto afectados intereses públicos, económicos o de cualquier otra naturaleza.
Además, conforme a nuestro bloque de legalidad, cuando el acto emane de la Administración Central, la demanda solo podrá ser incoada por la Procuraduría General de la República (artículo 16 del CPCA). En lo que respecta al tiempo con que se cuenta, tanto para declarar lesivo el acto como para interponer el proceso judicial de comentario, el CPCA, establece el plazo de un año computado a partir del día siguiente al de la emisión del acto, para declararlo lesivo en sede administrativa. Lo anterior, salvo los supuestos en que la referida conducta formal tenga vicios de nulidad absoluta, en cuyo caso, al tenor de lo regulado por el ordinal 34.1 del CPCA, esa declaratoria interna puede hacerse mientras perduren los efectos del acto. En tal caso, por mandato de dicha norma, el año se computa desde el cese de sus efectos y la sentencia que disponga la eventual nulidad, lo hará únicamente para la anulación e inaplicabilidad futura de la conducta impugnada.
Luego de la declaratoria de lesividad, el CPCA otorga el plazo de un año a la Administración Pública respectiva -computado a partir del día siguiente a la firmeza de tal declaratoria- para incoar el proceso contencioso administrativo de lesividad -artículo 39 del CPCA-. En síntesis, conforme lo señalado, para la instauración de un proceso de lesividad y consecuente pronunciamiento sobre el fondo del asunto, se requiere: i) la existencia de un acto administrativo concreto, firme y declaratorio de derechos subjetivos; ii) que dicha conducta formal, tenga vicios de nulidad absoluta o relativa; iii) que el referido acto haya sido declarado lesivo a los intereses públicos, económicos o de cualquier otra naturaleza en sede administrativa por el superior jerárquico supremo de la Administración emisora del mismo; iv) que tal declaratoria de lesividad se realice dentro del plazo del año previsto en el numeral 34 del CPCA -salvo en lo relativo a la tutela de bienes de dominio público que no está sujeto a plazo -artículo 34.2 del CPCA; v) que el proceso contencioso de lesividad se incoe por la Administración Pública emisora del acto, en el plazo del año previsto por el artículo 39.1.e) del CPCA -con la salvedad dicha en cuanto a los bienes de dominio público- y/o que el acto contenga vicios de nulidad absoluta perpetuados en el tiempo.
Justamente el cumplimiento de tales presupuestos en torno a la lesividad, serán analizados más adelante por el Tribunal para verificar si resulta o no procedente el requerimiento de nulidad realizado. LESIVIDAD EN EL CASO CONCRETO.- Del análisis exhaustivo de los autos y de las probanzas aportadas por las partes que constan anexadas en el expediente judicial, concluye este Tribunal que el artículo XIV de la sesión 074-99, celebrada por el otrora IDA el 13 de octubre del 1999, en lo que se refiere a la titulación de la finca Partido de Limón, Folio Real número 90980, derechos 001 y 002; otorgada en su momento a favor del señor Eugene Rose Calphen, titular de la cédula de identidad número 8-0048-0333 y la señora actora Cantillano Obando, cédula número 7-0122-0048, con el correspondiente plano catastrado número L-0505554-1998 y mediante el cual se aprobó la adjudicación, segregación y traspaso de la parcela número 7-A-107 del proyecto BIRF, necesariamente debe anularse, por haberse dictado a contrapelo del ordenamiento jurídico.
Lo anterior implicará además, la anulación parcial de la escritura pública mediante la cual se autorizó la segregación y traspaso del inmueble, en lo que concierne al señor Eugene Rose Calphen y la señora Felicia Cantillano Obando, así como la inscripción registral del inmueble a su nombre y sus posteriores traspasos, según se indicará más adelante, toda vez que la adjudicación inicial realizada en favor de la actora y quien en vida fue su marido, no cumplió con los requisitos normativos establecidos al efecto por el ordenamiento jurídico. Ante ello, una vez realizado el examen de los presupuestos indispensables que resultan de rigor en este tipo de procesos, tal y como se destacó en el considerando previo, determina esta Cámara que la declaratoria de lesividad realizada por la Administración demandante cumple con los requisitos señalados, lo cual se explica de seguido: i) Según se ha referenciado, existe un acto administrativo concreto, firme y declarativo de derechos, en favor de la persona llamada a estrados judiciales, sea la señora Felicia Cantillano Obando, así como a favor de quien en vida fuera su esposo, Eugene Rose Calphen (derecho que posteriormente le fue trasladado a la señora Cantillano), tomado por la Junta Directiva del IDA en su artículo XIV de la sesión 074-99, del 13 de octubre de 1999, que dispuso segregar y traspasar varias parcelas del Proyecto BIRF, entre ellas, la número 7-A-107, que a la postre generó la titulación de la finca del Partido de Limón, Folio Real número 90980, derechos 001 y 002, descrita en el plano catastrado número L-0505554-1998, con una medida de 11 Ha y 4782 m2.
Evidentemente entonces, el primer presupuesto para la lesividad está presente, sea el acto administrativo concreto, firme y declaratorio de derechos subjetivos en favor de los adjudicatarios de la parcela señalada. ii) El acuerdo referido supra, es justamente la conducta administrativa formal que se pretende anular mediante este proceso, por estimar el INDER que contiene vicios de nulidad absoluta por el incumplimiento de requisitos necesarios para su adopción. Al respecto estima este Tribunal, que tal y como lo argumentó la entidad accionante, el acuerdo adoptado en su momento por la Junta Directiva del entonces IDA, transgredió el ordenamiento jurídico y por ende contiene vicios de nulidad absoluta perpetuados en el tiempo que es menester revertir. Primeramente hay que destacar, que pese a que la Ley de Titulación de Tierras en Reservas Nacionales, número 7599 del 29 de abril de 1996 fue declarada inconstitucional mediante voto número 8560-2001 de las 15:37 horas del 28 de agosto del 2001, estaba vigente a la hora de que el otrora IDA, realizara la adjudicación de la parcela identificada con el número 7-A-107, y por ende, fue la que sirvió de base para dicho acto administrativo.
Sin embargo, con base en la prueba aportada por el Inder y reseñada en el hecho probado 4, pero especialmente en el hecho probado 8 (oficio número IRT-0836-2018, del 4 de octubre de 2018, del Ing. Jimmy Garita Hernández, Jefe Información y Registro de Tierras del INDER), debe tenerse por acreditado en el presente asunto que “El predio según la ubicación del plano que lo representa, se encuentra afectado por territorio Indígena Kekoldi, en el sector con decreto número 7267 de fecha 9 de agosto de 1977”. Es decir, que para el momento en el que el IDA procedió a acordar el traspaso de la parcela número 7-A-107 a favor de la actora y su difunto marido, ya esos bienes integraban la Reserva Indígena Bribrí de Kekoldi (Cócles), dotados de la protección de inalienalibidad contenida en los artículos 3 y 5 de la Ley Indígena, protección que tiene como consecuencia la anulación de cualquier negocio que pretenda disponer de dichos bienes, aunque el mismo provenga de una autoridad pública como el Inder.
Según ha indicado este Tribunal en la resolución 0074-2013 ya transcrita, “En el caso de que el título haya sido otorgado en el ejercicio de alguna potestad administrativa (titulación por parte de una autoridad pública entre otros), habría ello de importar la acción por la vía de la lesividad si es del caso, sin perjuicio de lo previsto en el artículo 173 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública o la acción directa ejercida por parte del titular del derecho afectado”. El Inder ha determinado, dentro de sus competencias, que la integralidad de la propiedad de la actora es parte de la Reserva desde 1977. Contra esta prueba aportada, la parte no ha presentado elementos de convicción que hagan dudar o que abiertamente se contrapongan a lo indicado por el Inder. De los hechos de la demanda se desprende, tal y como acusaron los demandados originales, una serie de inconsistencias en la historia de la parte actora, pues registralmente se tiene que el derecho 001 sobre la finca de marras fue inscrito a su nombre hasta el 6 de marzo de 2012 (hecho probado 7), mientras que el derecho 002 fue inscrito registralmente a su nombre el 16 de marzo de 2000 (hecho probado 3).
No consta en el expediente prueba alguna de la posesión que se alega desde 1982, ni de los actos de uso y disfrute de la propiedad, ni de posesiones originarias, previas a 1977, trasladadas a favor de la parte actora o su marido. Tampoco hay pruebas de que, como alega la parte, la finca haya ingresado a la Reserva Indígena con su penúltima modificación en 1996. La prueba aportada por el Inder, por otro lado, establece con suficiente credibilidad que la parcela número 7-A-107, que corresponde a la finca número 90980, derechos 001 y 002, forma parte de la Reserva Indígena Kekoldi desde 1977, lo que torna en ilícito el contenido del acto administrativo de traspaso del bien a favor de la actora y su difunto marido, motivo por el cual la adjudicación basada en la misma deviene en nula. En suma de lo anterior, y atendiendo a las argumentaciones del representante de la actora, es importante resaltar que la Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia en el voto 8560-2001 del 28 de agosto del año 2001, anuló en su totalidad la Ley N° 7599 dimensionando los efectos de la sentencia “en el sentido de que la inconstitucionalidad declarada no afecta a las personas que hayan titulado sus tierras al amparo de la Ley que se declara ahora inconstitucional siempre y cuando haya transcurrido el término de tres años para impugnar los efectos de esa declaratoria”.
Efecto de lo anterior, tampoco se cumplió con el plazo de convalidación de tres años a partir de la fecha del acto de adjudicación en favor de la parte actora, ocurrido el 13 de octubre del 1999, pues para la fecha en que se anuló la referida Ley N° 7599, sea el 28 de agosto del 2001, no había transcurrido dicho plazo, tal y como alega la representación de la señora Cantillano, por lo que estos argumentos deben rechazarse por improcedentes. iii) Tiene acreditado además este Tribunal, conforme se reseñara en su momento, la declaratoria de lesividad que ha realizado el superior jerárquico supremo del INDER, con base en el artículo 34.2 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo y numeral 176 y siguientes de la Ley General de la Administración Pública, constando en autos que mediante acuerdo tomado por su Junta Directiva en el artículo número XXXVI de la Sesión Ordinaria 31, del 8 de octubre de 2018 se dispuso lo siguiente: "Se presenta para conocimiento y consideración de las y los señores Directores el oficio AJ-425-2018, suscrito por el Lic. Francisco Villegas Ramírez, Abogado Asuntos Jurídicos y la Máster Patricia Calderón Rodríguez, Directora Asuntos Jurídicos, referente Solicitud Urgente de Proceso Lesividad Lote 7-A-107, Proyecto de Titulación "BIRF" en atención al proceso Contencioso Administrativo, que se tramita bajo el número de expediente 15-007359-1027-CA.
Se adjunta además el oficio AJ-L-288-2018, en atención al Acuerdo tomado por Junta Directiva en su Artículo 48, Sesión Ordinaria 30, celebrada el 1 de octubre de 2018, en donde según ampliación de criterio solicitado, se adjunta también el oficio IRT-0836-2018, suscrito por el Ing. Jimmy Garita Hernández, Jefe Información y Registro de Tierras, por medio del cual se establece la ubicación de la finca 90980, objeto de la propuesta de lesividad. / Ingresa a la Sala de Sesiones el Lic. Francisco Villegas Ramírez, Abogado Asuntos Jurídicos; a fin de brindar una explicación al proceso Contencioso Administrativo, que se tramita bajo el número de expediente 15-007359-1027-CA". Ante ello, se decidió: "Acoger la recomendación contenida en los oficios AJ-L-288-2018 Y AJ-425-2018, suscritos por el Lic. Francisco Villegas Ramírez, Abogado Asuntos Jurídicos y la Máster Patricia Calderón Rodríguez, Directora Asuntos Jurídicos y con fundamento en ella; se acuerda: / 1) Se declara lesivo a los intereses públicos, el acuerdo tomado por la Junta Directiva del Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario (hoy Instituto de Desarrollo Rural), mediante el Artículo XIV de la Sesión No 074-99, celebrada el 13 de octubre de 1999, en el cual se aprueba la segregación y traspaso de 42 parcelas y lotes del Proyecto de Titulación "BIRF 2764 CR", únicamente en lo referente a la parcela 7-A-107, otorgada a favor de Eugene Rose Calphen, cédula de residencia 8-048-333 (hoy fallecido) y Felicia María Cantillano Obando, cédula de identidad 7-122-060; por haberse titulado la misma de forma indebida al formar parte de la Reserva Indígena Kekoldi (Cocles), cuya propiedad es en virtud de lo dispuesto por el Artículo 3 de la Ley Indígena, imprescriptible e inalienable y debe ser inscrita a nombre de la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la respectiva reserva. / 2) Instruir a la Dirección de Asuntos Jurídicos con el fin de que se interponga ante el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo, el proceso de lesividad correspondiente".
Como vemos de manera diáfana, consta la plena intención de la Junta Directiva del INDER, de revertir la adjudicación realizada a contrapelo de la ley, y por ende, el interés de anular el acuerdo adoptado inicialmente, por medio de la declaratoria de lesividad que en este proceso se conoce. Al respecto ha de recordarse que la Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, ha manifestado que "esa declaratoria, en sede administrativa, es el precedente obligado del proceso de lesividad, mediante el cual, la Administración busca la nulidad de un acto propio firme, de manera que sin ella es imposible atacarlo en sede jurisdiccional, pues se atentaría contra los principios elementales de raigambre constitucional como son el respeto a los derechos adquiridos y la teoría de los actos propios, así como los de seguridad y certeza jurídica. Por ende, esa declaratoria predetermina y condiciona los alcances de la demanda" (ver al respecto el voto N° 415-2003 de las 8:30 horas del 18 de julio del 2003 y el voto Nº 232-F-2005 de las 9:50 horas del 14 de abril del 2005). iv) Ahora bien, en cuanto al plazo normado para incoar el proceso de lesividad, hay que recordar que por regla general es de un año -según los supuestos establecidos en el inciso 1 del artículo 34 del CPCA-; empero, en el caso de estudio, el sustento jurídico aplicable es el del artículo 34.2 del CPCA, que justamente dispone la imprescriptibilidad tratándose de la tutela de bienes de dominio público, cuyas características de inalienabilidad e imprescriptibilidad comparten los terrenos integrantes de las Reservas Indígenas.
A modo de aclaración, se indica que este Tribunal no está diciendo ni por asomo que los territorios indígenas constituyan bienes demaniales. Únicamente se ha referenciado que el sistema de propiedad colectiva indígena comparte con los bienes demaniales las características de inalienable e imprescriptible, lo que permite extender a este caso las regulaciones del artículo 34.2 del CPCA. Por ello, en el presente caso, no existe sujeción a plazo alguno para la declaratoria de lesividad del acto adoptado ilegítimamente (lo que tácitamente aceptó la parte al retirar sus defensas de caducidad y prescripción), ni mucho menos para declarar su nulidad, pues tratándose de terrenos inalienables, por ser parte de una Reserva Indígena, ningún plazo de prescripción ni de caducidad podría operar para su recuperación, ya que están sujetos a un régimen jurídico especial y afectados o destinados a un fin específico de protección de la población indígena, por lo que que están fuera del comercio de los hombres, de conformidad con los antecedentes jurisprudenciales ampliamente citados previamente. v) En el caso de examen, reafirmamos entonces que el proceso ha sido entablado en tiempo y forma, al haberse declarado de previo a la interposición de esta demanda, por parte del órgano superior jerárquico del Instituto de Desarrollo Rural, la lesividad del acuerdo que se pretende anular, el cual no está sujeto a plazo alguno, por tratarse de la recuperación de bienes que integraban una reserva indígena desde antes de la adjudicación, por lo que, según se ha reseñado en esta sentencia, resulta intransmisible.
Acorde con lo expuesto precedentemente, tiene por acreditado este Tribunal, que en la adjudicación de la parcela número 7-A-107, descrita en el plano catastrado número L-0505554-1998, con una medida de 11 Ha y 4782 m2, no se cumplimentaron los requisitos necesarios normados en el ordenamiento jurídico, lo que conduce a la admisión de la lesividad requerida y a la declaratoria de nulidad por parte de este órgano colegiado, del acto de traspaso de la finca supra mencionada, lo que incluye a la postre, por conexidad, la escritura que originó la inscripción de la parcela número 7-A-107 a favor de la señora Cantillano y su difunto marido y la que ordenó el traspaso a su favor del derecho de quien fuera su cónyuge (únicamente en cuanto a este extremo), así como las inscripciones derivadas de estas escrituras, debiendo retornar, por consecuencia registral ineludible, la parcela número 7-A-107 a formar parte de la finca madre, para lo cual habrán de emitirse los mandamientos de estilo.
La nulidad aquí declarada, obedece a que ha tenido por acreditado este Tribunal, que en la adjudicación inicial y autorización de traspaso e inscripción realizada por el otrora IDA, se obvió el hecho mayor de que la parcela número 7-A-107 se encontraba en su integralidad dentro de la Reserva Indígena Bribrí de Kekoldi (Cócles) desde la descripción que se hiciera en el Decreto Ejecutivo 7267 del 9 de agosto de 1977, lo cual extraía del comercio esta parcela, tornando en imposible el contenido del acto de adjudicación. Por consiguiente, quedando demostrada la ilicitud del contenido del acto y por ende su nulidad absoluta, la lesividad solicitada por el INDER debe ser acogida. Por último, y sólo a mayor abundamiento, esta Cámara debe hacer pronunciamiento respecto de los argumentos del abogado de la señora Cantillano, en el sentido de que el procedimiento seguido por el Inder para declarar lesivo el acuerdo de adjudicación de la parcela número 7-A-107 es nulo por incumplir con las reglas del artículo 173 LGAP, argumento que claramente debe rechazarse por confundir la parte las dos vías más importantes con las que cuenta la Administración Pública para revisar sus propios actos.
De conformidad con las reglas establecidas en el capítulo sexto del título sexto de la LGAP, como tesis de principio, la Administración se encuentra inhibida para anular, en vía administrativa, los actos suyos que hayan declarado algún derecho a favor de los administrados (principio de intangibilidad de los actos propios). En términos generales, para dejar sin efecto un acto de esta naturaleza, la Administración debe acudir a la vía judicial y solicitar que sea un órgano jurisdiccional el que declare dicha nulidad mediante el proceso de lesividad regulado en los artículos 10.5, 34 y 39.2 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, así como 183 LGAP, para lo cual es un requisito indispensable, como ya se indicó previamente, que exista una declaratoria de lesividad por parte del superior jerárquico supremo de la Administración autora de la conducta, tal y como se ha hecho en este caso.
No estamos hablando de un procedimiento ordinario, sino únicamente de una declaratoria de lesividad, como requisito previo para acudir a sede judicial a discutir, frente al titular de los derechos otorgados por el acto que se pide anular, si la nulidad es procedente. Así, los derechos de defensa, audiencia y debido proceso que alega la señora Cantillano le fueron conculcados en sede administrativa, no se tutelan en esa instancia, sino ante el Tribunal Contencioso a través de este proceso, puesto que la declaratoria de nulidad, es decir, la decisión que cercenaría su esfera de derechos al eliminar del mundo jurídico el acuerdo mediante el cual se le adjudicó la parcela número 7-A-107, no se da con el acto que declara lesivo la adjudicación, sino con la sentencia dictada en sede judicial, después del contradictorio. Así, para declarar lesivo un acto la Administración no requiere seguir las reglas del art. 173 LGAP, pues este procedimiento regula un mecanismo excepcional de anulación de actos en sede Administrativa, sin acudir al auxilio judicial para la modificación de la situación jurídica del administrado.
De conformidad con el procedimiento fijado en esa norma, la Administración puede anular en vía administrativa un acto suyo declarativo de derechos, siempre que aquél presente una nulidad que además de absoluta, sea evidente y manifiesta. En este caso, y tratándose de una vía excepcional, la Administración sí debe seguir un procedimiento ordinario y garantizar en esa sede el debido proceso y el derecho de defensa a favor del titular del derecho que se intenta anular, requiriendo, ahí sí, el criterio favorable de la PGR. Pero no estamos frente a la revisión del ejercicio de esa facultad por parte del Inder. Véase que la Junta Directiva de la institución únicamente procedió a declarar lesivo el acto, no a anularlo en su propia sede, con lo que las nulidades alegadas por la representación de la señora Cantillano carecen de sustento, por la confusión de la parte en cuanto al procedimiento que ha sido utilizado, lo que lleva al rechazo de estos argumentos.
En conclusión de lo anterior, deberá anularse el acuerdo número XIV tomado por la Junta Directiva del entonces Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, en la Sesión Ordinaria número 074-99, del 13 de octubre del 1999, así como la correspondiente escritura del traspaso de la parcela, número 30 del tomo 23 del protocolo del Notario Federico Villalobos Chacón, otorgada a las 10 horas de 29 de octubre de 1999 y que dio origen a la inscripción de la finca del Partido de Limón matrícula 90980, derechos 001 y 002, el derecho 001 primeramente a nombre de Eugene Rose Calphen, y hoy día registrado en favor de la señora Cantillano Obando y el derecho 002 siempre a favor de la señora Cantillano, con una medida de 11 Ha y 4782 m2, cuya anulación se dispone también en este acto. Por conexidad, deberán anularse también la escritura número 171, otorgada ante el Notario Público Rigoberto Jiménez Vega a las 11:00 horas del 23 de febrero de 2012, únicamente en cuanto adjudicó a la señora Cantillano el derecho 001 sobre la finca número 90980, ubicada en el distrito 2, Sixaola, del cantón 4 Talamanca, de la Provincia de Limón, con el plano L-0505554-1998, debiendo retornar, por consecuencia registral ineludible, la parcela número 7-A-107 a formar parte de la finca madre, para lo cual habrán de emitirse los mandamientos de estilo.
Hasta que la presente sentencia adquiera firmeza, deberá mantenerse la medida cautelar de anotación de demanda sobre los derechos de la finca en cuestión, ordenados en auto de las 8:57 horas del 6 de diciembre de 2018, con el fin de darle la protección adecuada a la propiedad indígena objeto de este asunto. Adicionalmente, por ser una consecuencia ineludible de lo dispuesto en esta resolución, se acoge la pretensión tercera de la demanda y en consecuencia se ordena a la señora Cantillano Obando o a cualquier otra persona física o jurídica que se encuentre en el inmueble, el desalojo de la parcela 7-A-107, correspondiente a la provincia de Limón matrícula 90980, derechos 001 y 002, número de plano L-0505554-1998, así como la respectiva puesta en posesión de la misma a favor de la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Indígena Kekoldi (Cocles), dentro del plazo de un mes, firme esta resolución.
COROLARIO EN RELACIÓN A LA PRETENSIÓN INDEMNIZATORIA.- Declarada la nulidad del acuerdo conforme al cual se adjudicó a la actora y a su difunto esposo la parcela cuya indemnización ahora se reclama y tal y como se indicó en los considerandos previos, es necesario retomar la discusión sobre si la actora cumple con los parámetros fijados por el artículo 5 de la Ley Indígena para ser indemnizada, como titular de buena fe de un derecho previo a la constitución de la reserva. Tal y como es claramente constatable, la declaratoria de nulidad del título que sustentaba la posición jurídica de la parte se trae abajo su presunción de buena fe a los efectos indemnizatorios. La existencia de gestiones o incluso de documentos de Conai o la Municipalidad de Talamanca autorizando determinados usos o supuestamente reconociendo una situación jurídica no pueden ser oponibles a esta declaratoria, en virtud del régimen de protección especial establecido en los artículos 3 y 5 de la Ley Indígena, con lo que ha de tenerse por no satisfecho el segundo de los elementos requeridos para ser indemnizado.
De la mano con lo anterior, teniéndose por acreditado que la parcela número 7-A-107 forma parte de la Reserva Indígena Bribrí Kekoldi (Cócles) desde el Decreto Ejecutivo número 7267, de fecha 9 de agosto de 1977 y que la adjudicación de la parcela a favor de la actora y su difunto cónyuge se dio el 13 de octubre de 1999 (momento más antiguo del que existen pruebas de uso o posesión), es claro que para ese momento ya la parcela integraba en su totalidad la reserva, por lo que tampoco se cumple con el elemento temporal requerido. Así las cosas, y revisando las pretensiones de la demanda, debe rechazarse la que busca que se declare a su favor un derecho indemnizatorio por expropiación en el marco de la Ley Indígena, por lo que sobre este tema tampoco es posible imponer a la Conai y al Inder obligación alguna. En cuanto al pago de las sumas correspondientes a los contratos de Fonafifo, baste indicar que la parte no logró demostrar la existencia de los contratos o que estos se suscribieran sobre la parcela en cuestión.
En todo caso, en virtud de la nulidad del acuerdo de adjudicación, tampoco correspondería a la actora el cobro de suma alguna por una parcela que se encuentra dentro del Territorio Indígena desde 1977. Por último, en cuanto a los daños y perjuicios alegados, por la imposibilidad de utilizar la tierra y de disponer del bien, por la forma en la que se resuelve este asunto resulta absolutamente improcedente el reconocimiento de suma alguna por estos rubros, en tanto se ha acreditado que nunca debió de darse la adjudicación de la parcela a su favor y en consecuencia, nunca surgió ningún derecho de disposición del bien, por lo que el pago de lo reclamado constituiría un enriquecimiento sin causa. Siendo así, este reclamo también debe rechazarse, lo que lleva a declarar la demanda presentada dentro del expediente 15-007359-1027-CA, sin lugar en todos sus extremos. EXCEPCIONES.- Conforme se ha reseñado en esta sentencia, contra la acción de lesividad la señora Cantillano Obando opuso las defensas de falta de derecho, así como prescripción y caducidad.
Estas dos últimas fueron retiradas en la audiencia preliminar. En cuanto a la falta de derecho, es claro, por la forma en que se resuelve, que el Inder ha cumplido con todos los presupuestos para la lesividad y que por consiguiente la declaratoria de nulidad, con sus consecuencias derivadas es procedente, por lo que se rechaza la defensa de falta de derecho. En cuanto a la demanda presentada por la señora Cantillano Obando, el Inder opuso falta de derecho, falta de legitimación pasiva e indebida integración de la litis con el Estado. La Conai por su parte interpuso falta de derecho, falta de legitimación pasiva y activa e indebida integración de la litis, solicitando la integración del Estado. La Aditik, pese a la declaratoria de rebeldía interpuso falta de derecho y falta de legitimación pasiva y activa. Respecto de la integración de litis, el tema fue zanjado en fase de trámite. En cuanto a la falta de legitimación pasiva de los tres demandados, la misma ha de rechazarse, toda vez que la parte reclama de cada uno de los demandados la provocación directa de daños sea por su hacer (Aditik) como por su no hacer (Conai e Inder), con lo que gozan de la legitimación pasiva suficiente y necesaria para ser parte procesal de esta litis.
Respecto a la falta de legitimación activa opuesta por Conai y Aditik, se indica que la actora, hasta esta decisión, ostentaba un título con presunción de validez sobre la finca que reclama, con lo que su posición está suficientemente afianzada como para ser parte procesal de esta litis. Finalmente, en cuanto al derecho, por lo explicado en los considerandos que anteceden, ninguna de las pretensiones de la señora Cantillano Obando resulta de recibo y por ello se impone acoger la excepción aludida, rechazando su demanda en todos sus extremos. COSTAS.- Según regulación del artículo 193 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, las costas personales y procesales constituyen una carga que se impone a la parte vencida por el hecho de serlo y sólo procede su dispensa cuando hubiere, a juicio del Tribunal, motivo suficiente para litigar, o bien, cuando la sentencia se dicte en virtud de pruebas cuya existencia desconociera la parte contraria.
Existiendo dos procesos acumulados en este asunto, corresponde disponer sobre cada uno de ellos por separado. En cuanto a la demanda de lesividad (exp. 18-009473-1027-CA), estimamos que existe causa válida para variar la premisa de condena, toda vez que la adjudicación e inscripción registral realizada en favor de la actora y su cónyuge, obedeció a una disposición realizada por la propia Administración Pública. Ergo, lo que consideramos procedente es resolver dicho asunto sin especial condenatoria en costas. En cuanto a la demanda del expediente 15-007359-1027-CA, estimamos que no existe causa válida para variar la premisa y por ende, se impone el pago de ambas costas a la parte actora, a liquidar en vía de ejecución, a favor de los tres codemandados.
POR TANTO
Se RECHAZA toda la prueba para mejor resolver presentada por la parte actora, los tres primeros elementos por innecesarios y la última por abiertamente improcedente. A) En cuanto a la demanda de lesividad (exp. 18-009473-1027-CA): Se rechaza la defensa de falta de derecho opuesta por la señora Cantillano Obando, por lo que se declara con lugar en todos sus extremos de demanda de lesividad interpuesta por el Inder contra Felicia Cantillano Obando. En consecuencia, se anula el acuerdo número XIV tomado por la Junta Directiva del entonces Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, en la Sesión Ordinaria número 074-99, del 13 de octubre del 1999, así como la correspondiente escritura del traspaso de la parcela, número 30 del tomo 23 del protocolo del Notario Federico Villalobos Chacón, otorgada a las 10 horas de 29 de octubre de 1999 y que dio origen a la inscripción de la finca del Partido de Limón matrícula 90980, derechos 001 y 002, con una medida de 11 Ha y 4782 m2, cuya anulación se dispone también en este acto.
Por conexidad, se anula también la escritura número 171, otorgada ante el Notario Público Rigoberto Jiménez Vega a las 11:00 horas del 23 de febrero de 2012, únicamente en cuanto adjudicó a la señora Cantillano el derecho 001 sobre la finca número 90980, ubicada en el distrito 2, Sixaola, del cantón 4 Talamanca, de la Provincia de Limón, con el plano L-0505554-1998, debiendo retornar, por consecuencia registral ineludible, la parcela número 7-A-107 a formar parte de la finca madre, para lo cual habrán de emitirse los mandamientos de estilo. Hasta que la presente sentencia adquiera firmeza, deberá mantenerse la medida cautelar de anotación de demanda sobre los derechos de la finca en cuestión, ordenados en auto de las 8:57 horas del 6 de diciembre de 2018, con el fin de darle la protección adecuada a la propiedad indígena objeto de este asunto. Adicionalmente, por ser una consecuencia ineludible de lo dispuesto en esta resolución, se ordena a la señora Cantillano Obando o a cualquier otra persona física o jurídica que se encuentre en el inmueble, el desalojo de la parcela 7-A-107, correspondiente a la provincia de Limón matrícula 90980, derechos 001 y 002, número de plano L-0505554-1998, así como la respectiva puesta en posesión de la misma a favor de la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de la Reserva Indígena Kekoldi (Cocles), dentro del plazo de un mes, firme esta resolución.
Sin especial condena en costas. B) En cuanto a la demanda del proceso principal (exp. 15-007359-1027-CA): Se rechaza la defensa de falta de legitimación y se acoge la excepción de falta de derecho interpuesta por las representaciones del Inder, el Conai y la Aditik. En consecuencia, se declara sin lugar la demanda en todos sus extremos. Son las costas a cargo de la parte actora, a liquidar en vía de ejecución, a favor de los tres codemandados. José Martín Conejo Cantillo. Francisco Hidalgo Rueda. Gustavo Irías Obando. Jueces.- ???????????????
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