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Res. 00545-2023 Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Guanacaste · Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Guanacaste · 23/11/2023
OutcomeResultado
The appeal is granted; the conviction is overturned and the case is remanded for new proceedings.Se declara con lugar el recurso de apelación, se anula la sentencia condenatoria y se reenvía el expediente para nueva sustanciación.
SummaryResumen
The Guanacaste Criminal Sentencing Appeals Court overturns a conviction for two counts of Forestry Law violations (illegal harvesting of forest resources on private property), finding that the trial court failed to provide an intellectual rationale. The appealed judgment described the evidence but did not analyze or link the testimonies to the proven facts to conclude, without proper reasoning, that the defendant was the perpetrator of the felling of 45 trees in 2017 and 4 trees in 2018 in a forested area in Nandayure. The Appeals Chamber notes that the ruling merely mentioned direct evidence (a witness who claimed to have seen the defendant cutting trees) and circumstantial evidence, but did not explain how that evidence connected to the specific facts, neglecting to assess contradictions and the defense's theory. It orders a retrial for new proceedings.El Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Guanacaste anula una sentencia condenatoria por dos delitos de infracción a la Ley Forestal (aprovechamiento ilegal de recursos forestales en propiedad privada) al estimar que el tribunal de juicio incurrió en falta de fundamentación intelectiva. La sentencia impugnada describió la prueba pero no analizó ni concatenó los testimonios con los hechos probados para concluir, sin el debido razonamiento, que el imputado era el autor de la tala de 45 árboles en 2017 y 4 árboles en 2018 en una zona boscosa de Nandayure. La Cámara señala que el fallo se limitó a mencionar prueba directa (un testigo que afirmó ver al imputado cortar árboles) e indiciaria, pero no explicó cómo esa prueba se vinculaba con los hechos concretos, omitiendo valorar contradicciones y la tesis defensiva. Ordena el reenvío para nueva sustanciación.
Key excerptExtracto clave
The judgment merely lists and describes the evidence, then jumps to the conclusion about the defendant's responsibility, but—as the appellant points out—it makes a logical leap, failing to comprehensively analyze and assess the evidence to reach the stated conclusion. Moreover, the sentencing court states that it has testimonial and documentary evidence, and highlights as indicia (indirect evidence) the testimony of Ms. [Name 002], Mr. Iván, Mr. Lisímaco, Mr. César Ortiz, and particularly, as direct evidence, the testimony of Mr. [Name 006], who, as already mentioned, saw the defendant cutting trees on the property, carrying saws and knives, but with that testimonial evidence the Court should have separated those essential elements that, linked together, would prove the facts, from those that contradicted them, but it did not. It merely mentioned them generically, and chose to assert that Mr. [Name 006] constitutes direct evidence of the crime, without providing any explanation, analytical content, or reasoning as to what specifically Mr. [Name 006] said that allowed the lower court to conclude that his statement fully proved the charge brought by the Public Prosecutor's Office.La sentencia solamente enlista y describe la prueba, pasando luego a la conclusión sobre la responsabilidad del endilgado, pero -tal y como lo señala la recurrente- realiza un salto lógico, dejando de analizar y valorar integralmente la prueba para llegar a la conclusión que expone. A mayor abundamiento, el Tribunal sentenciador indica que tiene prueba testimonial y documental, y destaca como indicios (prueba indirecta) la declaración testimonial de doña [Nombre 002], don Iván, don Lisímaco, don César Ortiz y, en particular, y como prueba directa, el testimonio del señor [Nombre 006], quien como ya se mencionó observó al endilgado cortar árboles en la propiedad, que lo vio portar sierras y cuchillos, pero con esa prueba testimonial el Tribunal debió hacer un deslinde de aquellos elementos esenciales que, vinculados entre sí, permitían acreditar los hechos y aquellos que más bien los contradecían, pero no lo hizo. Solamente procedió a mencionarlos de manera genérica, y optó por afirmar que el señor [Nombre 006] es prueba directa del delito, sin dar explicación ni contenido analítico o razonamiento de qué fue concretamente lo que dijo el testigo [Nombre 006] que le permite al a quo concluir que esa declaración acreditaba plenamente la imputación planteada por el Ministerio Público.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"La acción de juzgar es una actividad racional, científica y fundamentada en las pruebas practicadas, por lo que el convencimiento personal o intuitivo del juzgador no es suficiente, sino que lo relevante era dejar plasmado en la sentencia el respaldo probatorio de dicha convicción."
"The act of judging is a rational, scientific activity grounded on the evidence produced; therefore, the personal or intuitive conviction of the judge is not enough; what matters is that the judgment reflects the evidentiary support for that conviction."
Considerando único
"La acción de juzgar es una actividad racional, científica y fundamentada en las pruebas practicadas, por lo que el convencimiento personal o intuitivo del juzgador no es suficiente, sino que lo relevante era dejar plasmado en la sentencia el respaldo probatorio de dicha convicción."
Considerando único
"La sentencia solamente enlista y describe la prueba, pasando luego a la conclusión sobre la responsabilidad del endilgado, pero -tal y como lo señala la recurrente- realiza un salto lógico, dejando de analizar y valorar integralmente la prueba para llegar a la conclusión que expone."
"The judgment merely lists and describes the evidence, then jumps to the conclusion about the defendant's responsibility, but—as the appellant points out—it makes a logical leap, failing to comprehensively analyze and assess the evidence to reach the stated conclusion."
Considerando único
"La sentencia solamente enlista y describe la prueba, pasando luego a la conclusión sobre la responsabilidad del endilgado, pero -tal y como lo señala la recurrente- realiza un salto lógico, dejando de analizar y valorar integralmente la prueba para llegar a la conclusión que expone."
Considerando único
"Si bien los estándares de prueba en temas ambientales deben ser vistos con sumo detalle para que un Tribunal no resuelva en perjuicio de las partes o sin protección al bien jurídico tutelado, tomando en consideración las condiciones particulares en las que se comete este tipo de hechos... Lo cierto es que tampoco es posible desconocer la necesaria demostración de culpabilidad."
"Although evidentiary standards in environmental matters must be examined with great detail so that a court does not rule to the detriment of the parties or without protecting the legal interest at stake, considering the particular conditions under which such acts are committed... the truth is that the necessary demonstration of guilt cannot be disregarded."
Considerando único
"Si bien los estándares de prueba en temas ambientales deben ser vistos con sumo detalle para que un Tribunal no resuelva en perjuicio de las partes o sin protección al bien jurídico tutelado, tomando en consideración las condiciones particulares en las que se comete este tipo de hechos... Lo cierto es que tampoco es posible desconocer la necesaria demostración de culpabilidad."
Considerando único
Full documentDocumento completo
RESULTANDO:
I.That by means of judgment number 188-2023, issued at eight o'clock on the sixteenth of August two thousand twenty-three, the Criminal Trial Court of the Second Judicial Circuit of Guanacaste, Nicoya seat: "POR TANTO: In accordance with the evidence gathered, rules of sound rational criticism, numerals 39, 41 and 50 of the Political Constitution; 1, 2, 4, 11, 14, 16, 18 to 20, 22, 30, 31, 45, 50, 51, 71, 73, 74, 76, 103 of the Penal Code; articles 1, 3 subsection a), 61 subsection a), 54, and 58 subsections a) and b) of the Ley Forestal; 1 to 4, 9, 11 to 13, 16, 30 to 34, 37, 40, 42, 70, 71, 75 to 77, 111 to 116, 140, 142, 184, 265 to 270, 341 to 343, 345, 349 to 352, 353 to 361, 363 to 365 and 367 of the Criminal Procedure Code; 1, 2 and 41.1 of the Civil Procedure Code (Law No. 9342), and 1045 of the Civil Code, numerals 122, 123, 124 and 125 of the Civil Liability Rules in force from the 1941 Penal Code; 16, 38 and 42 of Decreto Ejecutivo N° 39078-JP, Fee Schedule for Professional Legal and Notarial Services; this Court resolves: I.- [Nombre 001] is declared the responsible perpetrator of TWO OFFENSES OF INFRINGEMENT OF THE LEY FORESTAL IN THE MODALITY OF FOREST RESOURCE HARVESTING ON PRIVATE PROPERTY, committed to the detriment of NATURAL RESOURCES, and in that capacity is sentenced to ONE MONTH OF IMPRISONMENT for each of them, for a total of TWO MONTHS OF IMPRISONMENT, applying the rules of material joinder of offenses, a sentence that must be served in the place and manner determined by penitentiary regulations.
II.- The defendant is granted the BENEFIT of CONDITIONAL EXECUTION OF THE SENTENCE for a period of THREE YEARS, during which he may not commit a new intentional offense punishable by a prison sentence exceeding six months, because if such a situation is verified, this benefit may be revoked, and he must then serve the prison sentence now imposed. Once this judgment is final, register it in the Judicial Register, notify the Instituto Nacional de Criminología and the Sentence Enforcement Court for their respective duties. III.- Regarding the Civil Action for Damages brought by the Procuraduría General de la República against the civil defendant [Nombre 001]: IT IS DECLARED WITH MERIT, and for the concept of ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE (material damage), he is ordered to pay the sum of SIX MILLION EIGHT HUNDRED NINETY-EIGHT THOUSAND SIX HUNDRED TWENTY-ONE COLONES (6,898,621 colones), plus legal interest from the moment the judgment becomes final until its effective payment.
IV.- Regarding the costs and expenses of the process: The civil defendant, [Nombre 001], is ordered to pay the personal costs, which are set on the now-liquidated amount of Environmental Damage (material damage), in the sum of ONE MILLION THREE HUNDRED SEVENTY-NINE THOUSAND SEVEN HUNDRED TWENTY-FOUR COLONES AND TWENTY CÉNTIMOS (1,379,724.20 COLONES), corresponding to the exercise of the Civil Action for Damages, as well as the payment of the sum of FOUR HUNDRED FORTY THOUSAND COLONES, for the exercise and filing of the PRIVATE CRIMINAL ACTION, which was brought jointly with the civil action. These sums must be paid by the civil defendant by simple order of the Court and upon this ruling becoming final; otherwise, the interested party must resort to the Sentence Enforcement process as provided in ordinal 488 of the Criminal Procedure Code. The costs of the criminal process are borne by the State.
Once this judgment is final, register it in the Judicial Register and order the standard communications to the Instituto Nacional de Criminología and the Sentence Enforcement Court, issuing the respective official letters, orders, and certified copies for that purpose. Luis Diego Alpízar Marín. Judge of the Criminal Trial Court of Nicoya." (sic.)
II.That against the preceding ruling, attorney Christine Castro Solano, in her capacity as public defender, filed an appeal.
Drafted by Appeals Judge Chaves Zárate; and,
CONSIDERANDO:
First. The competence of the Juvenile Criminal Sentence Appeals Court was expanded, by a firm agreement adopted by the Full Court in session number 22-2022 on the sixteenth of May two thousand twenty-two, to also hear ordinary criminal matters within the competence of the Guanacaste Criminal Sentence Appeals Court, Santa Cruz seat. This expansion of competence was extended by the Full Court in session 65-2022, held on November 19, 2022, article XVII, until July 11, 2023, which is why this Appeals Chamber is competent to hear and resolve appeals against judgments from the adult criminal jurisdiction of the province of Guanacaste. Finally, the Full Court in session 28-2023 held on June 26, 2023, article XVIII, again extended the competence of this Appeals Chamber from July 10, 2023, through January 9, 2024, inclusive, making us competent to hear and resolve appeals against judgments from the adult criminal jurisdiction of the province of Guanacaste.
Second. The public defender filed an appeal based on the following:
First ground: The appellant titles it as disagreement with the assessment of evidence due to insufficient intellectual evidentiary reasoning. She indicates that the Trial Court in the contested judgment violated the duty of intellectual evidentiary reasoning by disregarding that this duty includes conducting a complete analysis of the evidence pool, free of biases and prejudices, because our criminal system concerns a criminal law of act and not of author. She proceeds to transcribe the facts that the lower court held as proven, noting that from listening to the oral judgment, specifically from the time sequence 43:57 of its audiovisual record from August 16 of the current year, the Trial Court sets forth the justification that led it to hold the previously transcribed factual basis as proven; however, it set aside a clear, precise, and complete analysis of the prosecution's testimonies evacuated during the trial, limiting itself to adopting as its own those statements useful for sustaining the conviction, arbitrarily setting aside those statements made by them that obligated it to make a greater intellectual effort insofar as they lessened the consistency of their accounts in themselves and with others.
She considers it important in this regard to mention the criterion of the Guanacaste Appeals Court. She cites ruling number 2020-526 on the scope of the duty of reasoning, which entails the obligation to externalize the valid and legitimate reasoning inferred from the evidentiary elements, a task that the oral judgment convicting Mr. [Nombre 001] does not encompass. The deciding judge set aside the fact that Mr. Iván Jiménez, who works for SINAC, indicated that from the interventions he carried out, it could not be verified that the accused had been caught at the accused site performing logging activities. Regarding the first alert, he stated that some colleagues attended the scene and did observe that certain logging work had been done in the area, but they did not gather any type of information due to lack of time, and that he proceeded to go 10 days later with a colleague to do the fieldwork, and that in that interval another complaint was received, which was handled by Fuerza Pública for collaboration.
However, from the comprehensive examination of the evidence, it is evident that more time passed, since the first alert was given on July 18, 2017, and the inspection and inventory were not carried out until August 29, 2017, with approximately a one-month period elapsing during which more movement could have occurred on said property by any person. On the day Mr. Iván personally went to conduct the studies, the presence of any person at that time was not determined. For this period of the investigated facts in 2017, these SINAC officials managed to establish that 45 trees were felled. However, she reiterates that no follow-up was carried out starting from the first alert, and in his responses to the interrogation, Iván stated that this type of work, in relation to the felling of 45 trees, is not done in a single day, so it would not be possible to establish a causal link that places an action by Mr. [Nombre 001] with that result, essentially because it is work that requires a longer period to develop, and no type of surveillance was conducted after the first alert, and as witness [Nombre 006] later clarifies, it is not a property that requires significant means to enter, it is not secured with a padlock or anything similar.
She adds that in addition to the above, although the SINAC report number ACT-OSRI IN-675-2017 states that days after July 18, 2017, collaboration was requested from Fuerza Pública, and the officers who attended found the accused engaged in clearing undergrowth (sócola) and logging, the source of this information is not determined and not established in the report, whether the officers stated so directly, or if, as Iván said, the logbook was checked, a situation that this witness mentioned at trial and does not remember having verified firsthand. The appellant highlights that if a confrontation exercise had been conducted between the information recorded in the aforementioned report and what was stated by the Fuerza Pública officers during the plenary phase, it would have been determined that said information is imprecise, since officer Julio Ortiz clearly indicated that upon arriving at the site where his intervention was requested, he observed that [Nombre 001] was performing work consisting of cutting branches and thin sticks, information consistent with what was recorded in the Logbook, he also states that he does not remember the use of any tool, does not remember seeing any tree that had been cut, and also indicates that the accused stated that he had been hired to do land clearing work by the property owner.
That he consulted him regarding permits, ruling out any possibility before requesting functional direction, and that given the instructions provided, he asked him to stop performing those tasks, which Mr. [Nombre 001] complied with. She points out that it is questionable that if the commission of a criminal act had been determined at that time, no type of seizure was made of the tools, for example, by means of which said action was carried out and which the accusation claimed were used. The other Fuerza Pública officer, Jorge Turcio, supports this version from his partner Julio, stating that the latter was in charge of conducting said diligence, and he simply gave him some type of support but did not have direct exchange with Mr. [Nombre 001]. He indicates that he did manage to observe him, remembers that he stated he was earning a day's wage (jornalito), and was using a machete cutting some thin trees, representing with his hands an approximation of the trees' thickness.
After this reference to the testimony, she highlights that from the statements of the two Fuerza Pública officers, which show congruence with each other, reasonable doubt arises as to whether the species of the trees and their diameter that they directly observed in the area and that could link the accused are not within the legal prohibition for being considered a forest (bosque) zone. She considers it important at this point to note that the deciding judge, in the praise for conviction, subjectively detracts merit from the Fuerza Pública officers' testimony regarding that they did not observe thick trees or a chainsaw at the site, since it was not proven that they had knowledge or experience in the type of police procedures that must be carried out for these types of offenses, coupled with the fact that it must be considered that Mr. Iván Jiménez did not express the procedures he entrusted to said officers to address the citizen report either, with the appellant concluding that the Trial Court's statements therefore lack evidentiary support regarding that they did not bother to carry out actions beyond those described by them during the trial and that they were evasive because they did not provide more information.
In addition to the above, although report ACT-OSRHN-675-2017 records that they conducted an inspection on August 29, 2017, that is, approximately one month after the first accused acts, attaching photographs showing an area cleared of undergrowth (socolada) and logged, as well as posts from mulberry trees (árboles de mora) which were sawn, such action cannot be unequivocally attributed to the accused, since the Fuerza Pública officers who previously attended the area did not specify the tree species and do not state having observed tools related to the action of sawing, as they only observed a machete, a tool that according to the rules of experience is not useful for carrying out such actions. Witness [Nombre 002] is a witness to whom none of the accused facts are personally known, she insists that neighbors informed her that [Nombre 001] was the perpetrator of the tree felling, however, she limits herself to saying that it was several people, never identifying at least some of them, she also states that she heard chainsaws at night and early morning hours, but she never observed who was operating them, that is, she never observed [Nombre 001] cutting any tree at any time of day. [Nombre 002] also clarifies the detail that the property was open, implying that potentially anyone could enter it.
Regarding the facts, witness [Nombre 006] was not a clear or coherent testimony, on the contrary, it is contradictory regarding the facts, since he initially states that he did not comment on this situation of what was happening on this property with Mrs. [Nombre 002], and later indicated that she had been told that 45 trees had been felled. She considers the evidence insufficient to convict her client and even less so for civil liability for damages that cannot be attributed to Mr. [Nombre 001]. She insists that the contested judgment does not comply with the reasoning guidelines stipulated in the Legal System. She establishes the grievance starting from the conviction of TWO MONTHS OF IMPRISONMENT, through a judgment that seriously failed to observe the duty of judgment reasoning, and based on this a civil sentence is imposed. The alleged defect is of an absolute nature and, therefore, the only way to remedy it is to grant the present ground, ordering a new retrial trial to determine eventual criminal and civil liability.
SECOND GROUND she titles it disagreement with the assessment of evidence for violation of the principle of derivation or sufficient reason by holding proven facts II and III. She indicates that the contested judgment shows a divorce from the rules of sound criticism, specifically from the principle of derivation or sufficient reason by holding the facts occurring in the days close to July 18, 2017, proven to the necessary degree of certainty. She indicates that the claim stems from the clear violation of the aforementioned principle, which constitutes an insurmountable limit to the principle of freedom of evidence to banish subjectivity and whims from the deciding body in the assessment of evidence. In support of her thesis, she cites the author, De la Rua (Fernando), in La Casación Penal, Depalma. 1994, page 159, and considers that from attentive listening to the judgment, it is determined that the deciding court, based on the evidence incorporated and evacuated at trial, carried out a biased and subjective assessment, leading it to make an empty leap to hold the circumstances of time, manner, and place of the facts as proven, which she transcribes.
She indicates that the judge, from time sequence 43:47 of the audiovisual record of the judgment, affirms that the farm with real estate folio registration number 5-0202276-000 located in Santa Rita de Nandayure is private property considered as forest (bosque). A territory defined by the number of trees per hectare and by their thickness, explaining that there must be 60 trees per hectare with a thickness equal to 15 centimeters or more. Within this context, the deciding Court affirms that there are sufficient elements of evidence placing the accused in said forested (boscosa) zone, a circumstance known by his repeated presence, since witness [Nombre 002] indicated that he was always there, although she never observed him cutting trees. That Mr. [Nombre 006] also places him on the property, that he managed to observe him cut trees on that property, that he carried a saw and knives. That this man could observe the actions carried out by the accused because he was located a short distance from where the accused was cutting the trees, and places him between 2017 and 2018.
It also affirms that in the course of the ten days between the citizen report received by SINAC official Iván Jiménez and his presence in the area to gather information, the Fuerza Pública officers are sent to that area to attend another report, that upon arrival, they locate the accused inside the farm carrying a machete, but they minimized the information found, since they affirmed that the trees were small, that said officers did not delve much, did not bother to do a thorough job, that they were evasive. After this mention, she establishes that from listening to the judgment, it can be determined that the Trial Court concludes that the accused, in days close to July 18, 2017, carried out acts of illegal harvesting (aprovechamiento ilegal) of trees planted on the mentioned farm, which corresponds to a protected area as it is a forested zone (zona boscosa), not having the required permits to carry out such actions.
However, from the comparison between the section corresponding to the analysis of evidence and the recital corresponding to the summary of evidence in which it describes the relevant aspects that each witness stated aloud in the plenary phase, it is inferred that the expressed conclusions do not derive unequivocally from the evidence, insofar as none of the mentioned witnesses managed to observe the accused in the proven time frame carrying out logging (tala), cutting (corta), or other actions directly aimed at obtaining illegal gain from the trees located on said private property. She considers that in this regard, it is unavoidable to indicate that in the recital corresponding to the summary of evidence, it is established from time sequence 12:34 of the audiovisual record of the judgment that Iván Jiménez Morera, a SINAC official, specifically from the Area of environmental prevention, protection, and control, states that a citizen report was received that trees were being cut in the sector of Santa Rita de Nandayure, in front of the bar Los Higuerones.
For this reason, he sent some colleagues to that site the same day, who informed him that about 40 trees had been cut, but due to time constraints, they did not conduct an inspection or inventory of the trees, specifically their species or thickness. Then he indicates that about ten days later, he attends the site to gather the information recorded in Report ACT-OSRHN-675-2017. Between that ten-day period, this man indicated that another report was received, for this reason, he sent Fuerza Pública officials to attend to the report, and they found the accused. According to the appellant, this man is clear in indicating that neither he, nor Edwin, nor Lisímaco observed the accused at the scene. Fuerza Pública officer Cesar Ortiz -testimony that the Trial Court addresses from time sequence 23:50 of the judgment recording- indicated that he arrived at said site to verify the call received, that they found the accused working, stating upon questioning him that he did not have a permit, that he had been hired to do some work, that the property belonged to an Italian.
Furthermore, he stated that the trees he observed were thin (delgaditos) and he did not see any known tree. His Fuerza Pública partner Jorge Turcios (time sequence 39:18 of the recording) stated that they found the accused, who told them he was earning a day's wage (jornalito), that he was in charge of providing security for Julio who was in charge of everything. That the accused was carrying a machete, he did not see chainsaws, and that the accused was clearing with a machete (chapeando), that the trees they observed were thin (delgaditos). For his part, Mr. [Nombre 006] -time sequence 20:52 of the recording- was emphatic in indicating that before 2018 he did not observe the accused performing any cutting, that he only saw him in the cutting of the four logs in 2018. Witness [Nombre 002] -time sequence 27:26 of the recording- indicated that she did not observe the accused carrying out the conduct attributed to him, that she only heard the logging (tala) work at night.
That through gossip she found out who was cutting the trees, that [Nombre 007] owner of the farm hired [Nombre 001] to do that work for him. She did not see fallen trees or chainsaws. After this reference to the testimonies given at trial, she indicates that, contrary to what the Trial Court affirms in the recital corresponding to the evidentiary analysis, Mr. [Nombre 006] did not observe the accused carrying out harvesting (aprovechamiento) actions within the indicated farm before 2018, that he observed the accused in the cutting of the four logs, since he was close. Mrs. [Nombre 002] also does not observe the accused in the described actions; she is emphatic in indicating that she heard the cutting actions in the late night-early morning hours, and it is through indications from third parties that she learns that it is the accused who carries out such actions. She considers that at this point it is important to remember that regarding hearsay testimony or testimony through an intermediary, the Trial Court was obliged to weigh it appropriately, as it must consider that the right of defense is impaired by taking the information obtained in this way as absolute truth, making it impossible to question or interrogate the persons who directly made such statements.
Added to the fact that a ruling on the matter was omitted. The SINAC officials do not even place him on the property. The only witnesses who place him on said farm within the ten-day interval between the citizen report taken by Iván Jiménez Morera and his visit are the Fuerza Pública officers, who clearly stated that upon arrival they observed him with a machete, that the trees were thin (delgaditos), that they did not observe chainsaws. The appellant points out that it is unavoidable to reiterate that for the days close to July 18, 2017, none of the witnesses place or observe the accused carrying out harvesting (aprovechamiento) actions on the indicated farm, that the expert officials in carrying out the procedures required for the accreditation of forest offenses, meaning the SINAC officials sent by Mr. Iván on the same day the citizen report was received, did not conduct any type of inspection or procedure to determine the species, thickness, and quantity of the trees they observed on the ground to unequivocally link what they observed with what was observed days later by the Fuerza Pública officers, and what was observed later by Mr.
Iván himself. She adds that furthermore, the subjectivity of the Trial Court led it to ignore that there is no congruence between the thin (delgadito) diameter of the trees observed by the Fuerza Pública officers and the work tool they observed the accused carrying, that is, the machete, since the presence of trees of greater thickness requires a more powerful instrument such as a chainsaw to be able to cut or section them, according to the rules of experience, instruments they did not see. She considers that from the testimonial evidence evacuated in the adversarial proceedings, it cannot be univocally and unequivocally derived that the accused, before or around July 18, 2017, carried out harvesting (aprovechamiento) actions within the private property that corresponds to a forested zone (zona boscosa), without the respective permits. She believes that if the evidence had been correctly assessed, the evidentiary insufficiency would have been determined to impose a criminal sanction, and even less so civil liability for damage that cannot be attributed to Mr. [Nombre 001], who has the right for the evidence used against him to be weighed rationally, without resorting to unfounded arguments.
She concludes by reiterating that the contested judgment does not meet the requirements for rational assessment of evidence, and the only way to sustain its effectiveness would be to privilege a kind of uncontrolled arbitrariness of the Judge, who, by failing to observe the principle of sufficient reason, made a leap into the void that prevents the defense from understanding the reasons why it undeniably determined the criminal liability of the accused and imposed a prison sentence on him, and based on this liability, a civil sentence is also imposed on him. She considers that a judgment favorable to her client should have been handed down, at least in application of the universal principle in dubio pro reo. She requests that the ground of challenge be granted, the contested judgment annulled, and the case retried for determination of eventual criminal and civil liability.
Third ground titled disagreement with the reasoning of the decision regarding the definition of the conduct as an offense. She claims that the Trial Court declared the accused [Nombre 001] the responsible perpetrator of two offenses of Infringement of the Ley Forestal in the modality of forest product harvesting on private property, provided in article 61 subsection a), and in that capacity imposed one month of imprisonment for each. However, from listening to the conviction judgment, a rigorous, precise, and complete analysis of the objective and subjective elements that make up that criminal type is not determined. After citing the article in question, she highlights that the Trial Court sets forth the legal basis from time sequence 1:09:56 of the audiovisual record of the judgment, a section where it first sets forth the analysis of the objective criminal type, indicating that the place where the forest harvesting (aprovechamiento forestal) took place constitutes a forest (bosque) zone located on private property and for this reason, permits are required.
In this regard, it defines normative elements that make up the type, such as the concept of forest (bosque), the aspects that make up said concept and were accredited according to the evidence. It also defines the scope of timber harvesting (aprovechamiento maderable) drawing on case law, and making it clear that obtaining some type of profit is not required for harvesting (aprovechamiento) to be configured. She points out that, in addition, the ruling indicates that it was demonstrated that the accused was engaged in sawing wood (aserrar madera), a work activity that entails knowledge of the objective elements that make up the applied criminal type. She highlights that specifically from time sequence 1:19:50 of the judgment recording onwards, the legal reasoning issued by the judge to justify the configuration of the subjective criminal type can be verified, a section where it affirms that no type of defect in the knowledge and will of the accused was alleged, so the concurrence of a mistake of fact (error de tipo) is ruled out.
However, even though the defense did not expressly challenge the lack of current knowledge and will regarding the objective elements of the offense or any mistake of fact, the Judge was obligated to meticulously analyze the integrating aspects of the subjective elements of the offense, given that the attributed conduct is intentional (de naturaleza dolosa) and in the capacity of principal (a título de autor), which entails absolute control over the whether and how of the action and, therefore, full knowledge of each aspect that makes up the objective elements of the offense; noting in this regard that the Trial Court incurred serious reasoning errors by overlooking that the evidence for the prosecution shows that the private property belonged to an Italian named [Name 007], and that the defendant was hired by him to perform work on said property, as stated by witnesses [Name 002], [Name 006], and the defendant himself when approached by officers Julio Ortiz and Jorge Turcios, who attended to the task assigned by Iván Jiménez, an official of SINAC.
It considers that the assessment of such circumstances in determining the subjective elements of the offense is fundamental, because if the private property belongs to a third party, and the defendant was hired by the owner of the private property to perform work on said property, the Trial Court was obligated to justify the defendant's knowledge and will, taking such circumstances into consideration, because intent (dolo), requiring current knowledge of the objective elements of the offense, cannot be presumed, nor is it constituted by potential knowledge of the objective elements of the offense. It indicates that within this framework, the Trial Court also had the obligation to justify the current knowledge, not only that the private property had been declared a forest zone, but also of each aspect that makes up the concept of forest, as well as the requirement for permits to carry out harvesting activities on said property, which were not held.
It considers that this demonstrates that the judgment contains incomplete reasoning regarding the classification (tipicidad) of the conduct attributed to the defendant that cannot be upheld, since it is not sufficient to indicate that the accused was engaged in sawing or field work to support the required subjective elements of the offense. It requests that the ground of appeal be granted. (cf. appeal, folios 191 to 199).
Response from the Office of the Attorney General of the Republic (Procuraduría General de la República). In the opinion of that party, represented by licensed attorney Kasandra Mora Salguero, Criminal Prosecutor (Procuradora Penal), the appeal as filed presents a manifestation of disagreement with the adverse outcome for the accused in being found responsible as the perpetrator of the charged acts, but that, however, his allegations are unfounded, since through a purely subjective interpretation he considers that the Court did not perform the reasoning work that entails the obligation to externalize the valid and legitimate arguments inferred from the evidentiary elements. Regarding the criticism made by the defense, it indicates that "Although witness Iván Jiménez stated the impossibility he had of visiting the scene of the events when the initial reports were made, the truth is that, as pointed out by the technical defense itself, upon receiving another complaint, the Public Police Force (Fuerza Pública) attended to it in collaboration, by virtue of an apparent illegal logging, and they did locate the accused [Name 001] at the site, performing work on that property, because at the time they arrived at the site, he had a machete with which, they state, he was cutting trees they considered 'thin,' in addition to cutting branches.
These same officers declared that the place was enclosed with wire, that upon asking him if he had permits, he stated that he did not, and that what he was doing was to earn a daily wage (jornalito)." (cf. folio 213 verso). It considers it is not valid to conduct a biased analysis of the evidence in order to extract only what may be beneficial, and omit the rest of what was declared by the witnesses in the adversarial proceeding, not only because it is not a valid legal technique, but because it appears to be an attempt to mislead with the arguments presented as sole and true. Mr. [Name 006], the witness mentioned by the defense in its claim in the preceding paragraph, did not only come to the hearing to state whether access to the property was easy; Mr. [Name 006] is an eyewitness to the events, indicates that he has lived in the area for 30 years and works in front of the property where the events took place, which allowed him to daily observe the work carried out at the site by the accused [Name 001], and he expressed this by stating: "the day that this boy - referring to the accused - cut the trees, in the afternoon a backhoe arrived, loaded them, and took them away." "He felled those trees, arrived, and took them away." "I saw him cutting the trees." "I saw [Name 001] come at intervals, work, and leave with a chainsaw." "He was dirty, with sawdust on him." "He was dedicated to flying saw." "Now there is nothing, the forest was blown away." (cf. folio 214 verso).
It notes that regarding all these statements made by witness [Name 006], where he not only identifies the accused but also details all the actions the accused carried out on the property, the defense again omits making any pronouncement, only extracting that this witness identifies the farm as a property with easy access, into which another person could have entered, which completely lacks a legal analysis establishing where the error committed in the judgment lies. It considers that, as the Adjudicator indicates, although the police officers did not perform the work as required, avoided delving into details during the interrogation, and tried to minimize the logging carried out by the accused by stating that he was cutting thin trees and branches. The truth is that they did identify the accused [Name 001] at the site, carrying out activities that are prohibited due to the forest condition of the place, where regardless of whether they are mature trees or simply smaller vegetation, the logging of the understory (sotobosque) is prohibited, by virtue of the protection enjoyed by forested areas due to their importance in the regeneration and succession of species, which the defense omits. It makes other references to the evidentiary assessment and requests that the appeal be dismissed.
On the merits. Regarding the grounds that the appellant enumerates as first and second, and since both refer to the same allegations regarding the incorrect assessment of the evidence due to a violation of the principle of derivation or sufficient reason by holding the facts as proven, they are resolved jointly, and both are granted. Having proceeded to listen to the oral judgment issued by the Trial Court of Nicoya, it must be indicated that the ruling held the following facts as proven: "1) [...], a property is located, registered before the Public Property Registry (Registro Público de la Propiedad), under real folio number [Value 002] in the name of B&V Guanacasteco S.A.
By way of example, the Judge indicates that there is no logical explanation for asking the accused whether he had a permit for the felling (corta) of trees, if he was not doing it, when the truth is that the officers stated that they observed a felling, but of small, thin trees, which could have prompted the police question, or that they did not give it greater importance because it did not correspond to the assigned task, none of which is extracted from the ruling to discard the officers’ statements or their reliability. They were discarded solely by the judge’s perception, which could eventually have valid support if it had been linked with the other evidentiary elements, but which, as is insisted, is not reflected in the judgment. Since there is no doubt that the judge had the full conviction that the accused here felled (taló) and utilized (aprovechó) the trees on the property of the corporation without a permit, that conviction should have been reflected in the intellectual analysis.
However, as claimed, the judgment only has a description of the evidence enunciated in generic form with respect to which the Judge merely states that he believes Mr. [Name 006], but does not analyze his testimony, nor why he does not believe the police officers beyond mentioning their apparent negligence in arriving at the scene. To make what is resolved here more explicit, and also by way of example, the challenged decision could have stated that the authorities' version does not merit credibility because their testimony, when contrasted with the rest of the evidence presented, requires analyzing which aspects were contradictory, biased, or inclined to favor the accused, but also analyzing why it could eventually be the case that said officers simply did not observe anything related to a felling of large trees in a forested zone (zona boscosa) as was reported. Even, as argued by the defense, that by not entering the property they did not observe anything of interest, but not that they were being mendacious.
Also, by way of example, it is not sufficient to indicate that Mr. Iván Jiménez Morera, as an official of SINAC, is a person of extensive experience who can determine the type or species of trees felled, because that must be related to the rest of the evidence, especially with what was declared by Mr. [Name 006], a witness of whom it was stated that, being a humble and simple man, he was clear that a permit is required to fell trees on those properties, and that knowledge must also be assumed by the accused, which requires greater effort and intellectual analysis by the judge, since these are elements of evidence whose value in determining that it was the accused who committed the unlawful act must be linked with the concrete accreditation of the act attributed to the accused, which consists of the felling of the trees, on a first occasion more than 40, and on a second occasion 4. That evidence had to be correlated in a reasoning that should have been reflected in the judgment, none of which is intellectually developed.
Finally, the technical defense is also correct in pointing out that there are relevant aspects, such as that the accused [Name 001] was regularly on the farm where the trees were felled, but as the appellant appropriately states, that circumstance must be linked directly with the charged acts, especially because SINAC arrives after the fact, when the damage has occurred, and the case involves two acts reported, one as having occurred on a date close to July 2017 and others having occurred on June 14, 2018. An aspect that also lacks development in the judgment is the instrument used for the illegal felling (tala ilegal), since according to what the SINAC officials state, the trees were sawed, and the Court must clearly clarify why the Public Force (Fuerza Pública) officers Julio Ortiz and Jorge Turcios did not observe the accused with any chainsaw, as the use of a knife or machete could be understood as a work tool for any person performing clearing maintenance work (chapeo) on a farm.
The testimony of Ms. [Name 002] also requires greater intellectual effort and, above all, requires concatenating why her assertion that the person who was always on the farm was the accused Picado, and that therefore he was the only person who could have carried out the illegal felling. This, which to the eyes of any Court could be an important indication, demands a greater analysis of the reliability of Ms. [Name 002]'s testimony, since she places the context of the facts in the felling of trees during nighttime hours due to hearing chainsaws, but also her observation of trucks transporting the sawed trees. These two aspects, which have no link to the facts, leave the reasoning by the lower court (a quo) truncated. The judgment only indicates that Ms. [Name 002] was the former owner, and even though she lost the land, she has not lied or invented anything to harm the owner or the accused.
There is a reality that the trees were felled, were located in that place, and were utilized, which is totally independent of what Ms. [Name 002] said, but if her reliability was analyzed, it should have been mentioned that on folio 104 it is recorded that the complainant [Name 002] had, in 2017, reported the accused here for the crime of simple theft, which must be considered to exclude any conflict between the witness and the accused party. That is, according to the ruling, the indications are that the accused was regularly on the farm, that Mr. [Name 006] observed him felling or cutting trees, that the officers also observed him at the location and observed some thin trees felled, but the judgment does not develop why the notorious fact that the accused was always at the location makes him responsible for the crime, that the witness [Name 002] observed him regularly in the area, and that even the accused himself told the Police that he performed maintenance work.
But the judgment does not set out at what moment, under what circumstances, and with what details, the elements of evidence, linked together, accredit the commission of the crime. It should have explained, for example, from what distance and with what regularity Mr. [Name 006] observed the accused cutting trees, and how this achieves the judicial conviction of the lower court (a quo), which is also not developed in the judgment. There is an interesting point that was also not exploited regarding whether “by hearsay” it could be established that Mr. [Name 007], owner of the farm, hired the accused [Name 001] to do those jobs. It should be considered that Ms. [Name 002] indicates not having observed fallen trees or chainsaws, while Mr. [Name 006] even mentioned a backhoe, which requires greater analysis of the reliability and concatenation of those testimonies to relate them to the acts attributed to the defendant.
The same regarding the defensive theory, which is descriptively discarded, because at the timer 1:02:43 the Judge analyzes the reports, indicating that it is determined from them that the trees are of protected species, and notes that on folio 29 of the principal file there is a copy of a property registry inquiry, which belongs to the company B y V Guanacasteco S.A. Next, at the timer 1:05:30, the indications that had already been indicated previously are enumerated, and it is said that related to the direct evidence, that is, the testimony of Mr. [Name 006], they determine that the accused was the person in charge of the property's cleaning work, was always there, and knew the details of the property, therefore the defensive theory that a third party could have felled the trees is not acceptable. The lower court (a quo) does not consider it acceptable that the accused did not know that another person had done the felling, especially given the number of trees, and tells the accused that “it is simply a matter of you trying to give another explanation, but that has no logical support and does not correspond with the rest of the indications.” The judge considers it unacceptable that an unknown third person would carry out that illicit activity, when “all the witnesses say that you were always there and that you believed yourself the owner, that they had given you their trees, which establishes a link to the property.
So to think that another outside person or someone you did not know could carry out the work is neither logical nor credible” (Cf. timer 1:08:00). This statement is a general reference that appears from the accused's own statements, and although it is very possible, it was not directly concatenated with the evidence that gave the lower court (a quo) certainty. It is true that it is highly unlikely that it was a third party, but what was relevant was to analyze the evidence that eventually did link the accused to the facts jointly and in a concatenated manner, especially because the presence of [Name 001] at the site is not truly real proof of his guilt, if it was not related to the felling of the trees, which the ruling considers proven, but did not explain why. Many more aspects can be highlighted regarding the weighing of the evidence in this case, but from what has already been set forth, it is evident that the defense's claim is meritorious.
The decision should have analyzed all that evidence it considered useful and pertinent to accredit the facts and, above all, those crimes whose commission occurs in environments of secrecy and where the lack of resources to investigate is often alleged, which can sometimes frustrate the protection of Natural Resources. It is not a matter of saying that the Police are negligent, which may be true, but also thinking that the verification of an illegal felling, the site, species, and perpetrators of the act, requires greater management, and meticulous linkage of the evidence presented at trial, since the weighing thereof regarding criminal liability is not, and has never been, flexibilized, and in this case, there is no choice but to conclude that the evidence was presented at trial, but the judgment did not analyze or concatenate it to understand how it concludes that the defendant felled the trees.
The act of judging is a rational, scientific activity based on the evidence presented; therefore, the personal or intuitive conviction of the judge is not sufficient; rather, what was relevant was to reflect the evidentiary support of that conviction in the judgment. While evidentiary standards in environmental matters must be viewed with great detail so that a Court does not rule to the detriment of the parties or without protection of the protected legal interest, taking into consideration the particular conditions in which this type of act is committed, especially when they are practically left to the goodwill or conscience of individuals and, on not a few occasions, are only discovered through anonymous reports or findings of environmental damage. The truth is that it is also not possible to ignore the necessary demonstration of guilt. Many more details can be pointed out; however, what has already been set forth determines that the intellectual analysis of the evidence is missing, which leads to the ineffectiveness of the decision. For the reasons given, grounds one and two of the appeal are granted, and a ruling on the third ground is omitted as unnecessary.
Por tanto
Grounds one and two of the appeal are granted, and a ruling on the third ground is omitted as unnecessary. The judgment is declared ineffective and the file is ordered returned to its office of origin for a new substantiation. Notify.
Flory Chaves Zárate Gustavo A. Jiménez Madrigal Wilson Flores Fallas Judge and Judges of the Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal Juvenil (In function of the T.A.S.P of Guanacaste, Santa Cruz seat) Accused: [Name 001] Victim: [Name 002] Crime : Felling in a Protection Zone Csolanog 1 It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 08-05-2026 16:11:00.
Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Guanacaste Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente PODER JUDICIAL TRIBUNAL DE APELACIÓN DE SENTENCIA PENAL JUVENIL Resolución: 2023-545 TRIBUNAL DE APELACIÓN DE SENTENCIA PENAL JUVENIL. SECCIÓN SEGUNDA. Segundo Circuito Judicial de San José (en función del T.A.S.P de Guanacaste, sede Santa Cruz), Goicoechea, a las once horas treinta minutos del veintitrés de noviembre del dos mil veintitrés.- RECURSO interpuesto en la presente causa seguida contra [Nombre 001], mayor, cédula de identidad número [Valor 001], nacido el 01 de agosto de 1987, por el delito de TALA EN ZONA DE PROTECCIÓN, en perjuicio de [Nombre 002]. Intervienen en la decisión del recurso, la jueza Flory Chaves Zárate, los jueces Gustavo A. Jiménez Madrigal y Wilson Flores Fallas. Se apersonaron en esta sede las licenciadas Christine Castro Solano en calidad de defensora pública del encartado y Kasandra Mora Salguero Procuradora Penal.
RESULTANDO:
I.Que mediante sentencia número 188-2023, de las ocho horas del dieciséis de agosto del dos mil veintitrés, el Tribunal Penal del II Circuito Judicial de Guancaste, sede Nicoya: "POR TANTO: De acuerdo con las pruebas recabadas, reglas de la sana crítica racional, numerales 39, 41 y 50 de la Constitución Política; 1, 2, 4, 11, 14, 16, 18 a 20, 22, 30, 31, 45, 50, 51, 71, 73, 74 ,76, 103 del Código Penal; artículos 1, 3 inciso a), 61 inciso a), 54, y 58 incisos a) y b) de la Ley Forestal; 1 a 4, 9, 11 a 13, 16, 30 a 34, 37, 40, 42, 70, 71, 75 a 77, 111 a 116, 140, 142, 184, 265 a 270, 341 a 343, 345, 349 a 352, 353 a 361, 363 a 365 y 367 del Código Procesal Penal; 1, 2 y 41.1 del Código Procesal Civil (Ley No. 9342), y 1045 del Código Civil, numerales 122, 123, 124 y 125 de la Reglas de Responsabilidad Civil vigentes del Código Penal de 1941; 16, 38 y 42 del Decreto Ejecutivo N° 39078-JP, Arancel de Honorarios por Servicios Profesionales de Abogacía y Notariado; este Tribunal resuelve: I.- Se declara a [Nombre 001], autor responsable de DOS DELITO DE INFRACCIÓN A LA LEY FORESTAL EN LA MODALIDAD DE APROVECHAMIENTO DE RECURSOS FORESTALES EN PROPIEDAD PRIVADA, cometidos en perjuicio de LOS RECURSOS NATURALES, y en tal carácter se le impone la pena de UN MES DE PRISIÓN para cada uno de ellos, para un total de DOS MESES DE PRISIÓN, en aplicación de las reglas del concurso material de delitos, pena que deberá descontar en el lugar y forma que determinen los reglamentos penitenciarios.
II.- Se concede al imputado el BENEFICIO de EJECUCIÓN CONDICIONAL DE LA PENA por un período de TRES AÑOS, durante el cual no podrá cometer nuevo delito doloso sancionado con pena privativa de libertad superior a los seis meses de prisión, porque de verificarse tal situación, se le podrá revocar dicho beneficio, debiendo descontar la pena de prisión ahora impuesta. Una vez firme esta sentencia, inscríbase en el Registro Judicial, comuníquese al Instituto Nacional de Criminología y al Juzgado de Ejecución de la Pena para lo de sus cargos. III.- Sobre la Acción Civil Resarcitoria promovida por la Procuraduría General de la República contra el demandado civil [Nombre 001]: SE DECLARA CON LUGAR, y por concepto de DAÑO AMBIENTAL (daño material) y se le condena al pago de la suma de SEIS MILLONES OCHOCIENTOS NOVENTA Y OCHO MIL SEISCIENTOS VEINTIÚN COLONES (6.898.621 colones), más intereses legales a partir del momento de la firmeza de la sentencia y hasta su efectivo pago.
IV.- Sobre las costas y gastos del proceso: Se condena al demandado civil, [Nombre 001], al pago de las costas personales que se fijan sobre el monto ahora liquidado del Daño Ambiental (daño material), por la suma de UN MILLÓN TRESCIENTOS SETENTA Y NUEVE MIL SETECIENTOS VEINTICUATRO CON VEINTE CÉNTIMOS (1.379.724,20 COLONES), correspondientes al ejercicio de la Acción Civil Resarcitoria, así como al pago de la suma de CUATROCIENTOS CUARENTA MIL COLONES, por ejercicio y presentación de la QUERELLA, misma que se realizó en conjunto con la acción civil. Tales sumas deberá cancelarlas el demandado civil por simple orden del Tribunal y a la firmeza de este fallo, caso contrario deberá acudir la parte interesada al proceso de Ejecución de Sentencia según lo dispone el ordinal 488 del Código Procesal Penal. Son los gastos del proceso penal a cargo del Estado. Firme esta sentencia inscríbase en el Registro Judicial y ordénense las comunicaciones de estilo ante el Instituto Nacional de Criminología y el Juzgado de Ejecución de la Pena, expidiéndose al efecto los oficios, mandamientos y testimonios respectivos. Luis Diego Alpízar Marín. Juez del Tribunal Penal de Nicoya." (sic.)
II.Que contra el anterior pronunciamiento interpuso recurso de apelación la licecniada Christine Castro Solano en calidad de defensora pública.
Redacta la Jueza de Apelación Chaves Zárate; y,
CONSIDERANDO:
Primero. Al Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal Juvenil, por acuerdo firme adoptado por la Corte Plena en la sesión número 22-2022 del dieciséis de mayo de dos mil veintidós, se le amplió la competencia para conocer también de la materia penal ordinaria competencia del Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal de Guanacaste, sede Santa Cruz, ampliación de competencia prorrogada por Corte Plena en sesión 65-2022, celebrada el 19 de noviembre de 2022, artículo XVII, hasta el 11 de julio de 2023, razón por la cual esta Cámara de Apelaciones resulta competente para conocer y resolver los recursos de apelación de sentencia de la jurisdicción penal de adultos de la provincia de Guanacaste. Finalmente, la Corte Plena en sesión 28-2023 celebrada el pasado 26 de junio de 2023, artículo XVIII, prorrogó nuevamente la competencia de esta Cámara de Apelaciones desde el 10 de julio de 2023 y hasta el 9 de enero de 2024 inclusive, lo que nos hace competentes para el conocimiento y resolución de los recursos de apelación de sentencia de la jurisdicción penal de adultos de la provincia de Guanacaste.
Segundo. La defensora pública presentó recurso de apelación con base en lo siguiente:
Primer motivo: Lo titula la recurrente como inconformidad con la valoración de la prueba por insuficiente fundamentación probatoria intelectiva. Indica que el Tribunal de Juicio en la sentencia que se impugna vulneró el deber de fundamentación probatoria intelectiva, al dejar de lado que este deber comprende la realización de un análisis completo del acervo probatorio, carente de sesgos y prejuicios, pues nuestro sistema penal versa sobre un derecho penal de acto y no de autor. Procede a transcribir los hechos que el a quo tuvo por probados, señalando que de la escucha de la sentencia oral, concretamente a partir de la secuencia horaria 43:57 de su respaldo audio visual de día 16 de agosto de presente año, el Tribunal de Juicio expone la justificación que le llevó a tener por probada la base fáctica transcrita anteriormente, sin embargo, dejó de lado un análisis claro, preciso y completo de los testimonios de cargo evacuados durante el debate, limitándose a asumir como propias aquellas afirmaciones que le son útiles para sustentar la condena, dejando de lado arbitrariamente aquellas afirmaciones expresadas por estos que le obligaban a realizar un mayor esfuerzo intelectivo en tanto les restaban consistencia a sus relatos en sí mismos y con los otros.
Considera que en tal sentido resulta importante mencionar el criterio del Tribunal de Apelación de Guanacaste. Cita el voto número 2020-526 sobre los alcances del deber de fundamentación que conlleva la obligación de exteriorizar los razonamientos válidos y legítimos que se infieren de los elementos probatorios, labor que no comprende la sentencia oral que condena al señor [Nombre 001]. El juez decisor dejó de lado que el señor Iván Jiménez quien labora para el SINAC indicó que de las intervenciones que él realiza no se pudo constatar que se haya sorprendido al encartado en el lugar acusado realizando labores de tala. En torno a la primera alerta manifestó que se presentaron unos compañeros de trabajo quienes sí observan que se realizaron en la zona ciertos trabajos de tala, pero no levantaron ningún tipo de información por falta de tiempo, que él procede a ir 10 días después con un compañero a hacer el trabajo de campo, que en ese lapso se recibió otra queja que atiende Fuerza Pública por colaboración.
Sin embargo, del examen integral de la prueba se desprende que transcurre más tiempo, ya que la primera alerta se da el 18 de julio del 2017 y la inspección y el inventario se realiza hasta el 29 de agosto del 2017, transcurriendo aproximadamente el plazo de un mes en el que se pudo haber dado mayor cantidad de movimiento en dicha propiedad por cualquier persona. El día que va personalmente a realizar los estudios el señor Iván, no se determina la presencia para dicho momento de ninguna persona. Para este período de los hechos investigados del año 2017 logran establecer estos personeros del SINAC que son 45 árboles los que están talados. Sin embargo, reitera que no se dio un seguimiento a partir de la primera alerta, y en sus respuestas al interrogatorio, refiere Iván que este tipo de trabajo, en relación a la tala de 45 árboles, no se realiza en un único día, por lo que no sería posible establecer un nexo causal que anteponga una acción de don [Nombre 001] con dicho resultado, esencialmente por ser un trabajo que requiere desarrollarse en un período más amplio, y no se realizó ningún tipo de vigilancia a partir de la primera alerta, y como aclara posteriormente el testigo [Nombre 006] no es una propiedad que requiere de mayores medios para ingresar, no está resguardado con un candado o algo similar.
Agrega que sumado a lo anterior, si bien el informe del SINAC número ACT-OSRI IN-675-2017 refiere que días después del 18 de Julio del 2017,se solicita colaboración a Fuerza Pública, y los oficiales que se presentan encuentran al acusado en labores de sócola y tala, no se determina y no se establece en el informe la fuente de esta información, si es que los oficiales lo indican así directamente, o si como dijo Iván, se verifica el libro de novedades, situación que indicó en debate este testigo y no recuerda haberlo verificado de primera persona. Destaca la recurrente que de haberse realizado un ejercicio de confrontación entre la información plasmada en el informe mencionado y lo manifestado por los oficiales de Fuerza Pública durante la fase plenaria, se hubiera determinado que dicha información es imprecisa, ya que el oficial Julio Ortiz indicó de manera clara que al llegar al sitio donde se solicita su intervención, observa que [Nombre 001] estaba realizando trabajos consistentes en recortar ramas y palos delgados, información que guarda consistencia con lo plasmado en el Libro de Novedades, refiere de igual manera que no recuerda la utilización de alguna herramienta, no recuerda haber visto algún árbol que hubiera sido cortado, asimismo indica que el imputado manifestó que había sido contratado para hacer trabajos de limpieza del terreno por parte del propietario.
Que le consulta por un tema de permisos siendo que descarta toda posibilidad antes de pedir dirección funcional, y que ante las indicaciones dadas le solicita dejar de efectuar esas labores, lo cual acata el señor [Nombre 001]. Señala que resulta cuestionable que de haberse determinado la comisión de un hecho delictivo en ese momento, no se haya realizado ningún tipo de decomiso de las herramientas, por ejemplo, mediante las cuales se llevaban a cabo dicha acción y según las cuales la acusación eran utilizadas. El otro oficial de Fuerza Pública Jorge Turcio respalda esta versión de su compañero Julio, quien refiere que este último era el encargado de conducir dicha diligencia, él simplemente le daba algún tipo de apoyo, pero no tuvo intercambio directo con don [Nombre 001]. Indica que sí logró observarlo, recuerda que manifestó que se ganaba un jornalito, y hacía uso de un machete cortando unos árboles delgados, representado con sus manos un aproximado del grosor de los árboles.
Luego de esta referencia al testimonio destaca que se puede apreciar de las manifestaciones de los dos oficiales de Fuerza Pública que guardan congruencia entre sí, se genera duda razonable respecto a si la especie de los árboles y su diámetro que directamente observaron en la zona y que podrían vincular al encartado no se encuentran dentro de la prohibición legal por considerarse zona de bosque. Considera que en este punto es importante hacer ver que el juez decisor en el encomio por la condena le resta mérito de manera subjetiva al testimonio de los oficiales de Fuerza Pública, respecto a que no observaron árboles gruesos, ni motosierra en el lugar, ya que no se acreditó que tuvieran conocimiento o experiencia en el tipo de diligencias policiales que se deben realizar para tipo de delitos, aunado a que debe tenerse en cuenta que don Iván Jiménez tampoco expresó las diligencias que les encomendó a dichos oficiales para atender la denuncia ciudadana, concluyendo la impugnante que por tanto carece de sustento probatorio las afirmaciones del Tribunal de Juicio respecto a que no se molestaron en realizar acciones más allá de las descritas por estos durante el debate y que fueron evasivos porque no brindaron más información.
Sumado a lo anterior, si bien en el informe ACT-OSRHN-675-2017 se consigna que realizan una inspección el día 29 de agosto del 2017, es decir, aproximadamente un mes después de los hechos primeros acusados, adjuntando fotografías en las que se observa un área socolada y talada, así como unos postes de árboles de mora los cuales fueron aserrados, tal acción no se puede atribuir inequívocamente al encartado, ya que los oficiales de Fuerza Pública que se presentaron previamente a la zona no precisaron la especie de los árboles y no refieren haber observado herramientas relacionados con la acción de aserrar, que únicamente Ie observaron un machete, herramienta que según las reglas de la experiencia no resulta útil para realizar tales acciones. La testigo [Nombre 002] es una testigo a quien no le consta personalmente ninguno de los hechos acusados, insiste en que vecinos le informan que era [Nombre 001] el autor de la tala de los árboles, sin embargo, se limita a decir que fueron varias personas, nunca identificando al menos alguna de ellas, además señala que ella escuchaba motosierras en horas de la noche y madrugada, pero nunca observó quiénes las manipulaban, es decir, ella nunca observó a [Nombre 001] cortar ningún árbol a ninguna hora del día.
Aclara también, por otra parte [Nombre 002] el dato de que la propiedad era abierta, lo que implicaría que eventualmente cualquier persona pudiera ingresar a la misma. Respecto a los hechos el testigo [Nombre 006] no ha sido un testimonio claro, ni coherente, por el contrario, es contradictorio en los hechos, ya que en primera instancia refiere que él no comentó esta situación de lo que sucedía en esta propiedad con la señora [Nombre 002], posteriormente indicó que a ella le habían comentado que fueron 45 árboles los talados. Considera la prueba insuficiente para condenar a su patrocinado y menos una responsabilidad civil, por un daño que no se puede atribuir al señor [Nombre 001]. Insiste en que la sentencia que se impugna no cumple con los lineamientos de fundamentación estipulados en el Ordenamiento Jurídico. Establece el agravio partiendo de la condena a DOS MESES DE PRISIÓN, mediante una sentencia que inobservó gravemente el deber de fundamentación de la sentencia y con base a esto se le impone una condena civil.
El vicio acusado es de carácter absoluto y, por ende, la única forma de enmendarlo consiste en declarar con lugar el presente motivo, ordenando un nuevo juicio de reenvío donde se determine eventual responsabilidad penal y civil.
SEGUNDO MOTIVO lo titula inconformidad con la valoración de la prueba por violación al principio de derivación o razón suficiente al tener por probado el hecho II y III. Indica que la sentencia que se recurre evidencia un divorcio con las reglas de la sana crítica, concretamente con el principio de derivación o razón suficiente al tener por probado en grado de certeza necesario los hechos acaecidos en días cercanos al 18 de julio de 2017. Indica que el reclamo obedece a la clara vulneración al principio antes aludido que constituye un límite infranqueable al principio de libertad probatoria para desterrar la subjetividad y capricho del colegio decisor en la valoración de la prueba. En abono de su tesis cita al efecto al autor, De la Rua (Fernando), en La Casación Penal, Depalma. 1994, página 159, y considera que de la escucha atenta de la sentencia se determina que el tribunal decisor, de la prueba incorporada y evacuada en debate, realizó una valoración sesgada y subjetiva, lo que lo llevó a dar un salto vacío para tener por probado las circunstancias, de tiempo, modo y lugar de los hechos, los cuales transcribe.
Indica que el juzgador a partir de la secuencia horaria 43:47 del respaldo audio visual de la sentencia, afirma que la finca cuya matrícula de folio real es 5-0202276-000 ubicada en Santa Rita de Nandayure, es propiedad privada considerada como bosque. Territorio que define por la cantidad de árboles por hectáreas y por su grosor, explicado que deben existir 60 árboles por hectáreas con un grosor igual a 15 centímetros o más. Dentro de este contexto, el Tribunal decisor afirma que existen suficientes elementos de prueba que ubican al encartado en dicha zona boscosa, circunstancia que se conocía que su presencia era reiterada, ya que la testigo [Nombre 002] indicó que siempre estaba ahí, aunque nunca lo observó cortando árboles. Que don [Nombre 006] también lo ubica en la propiedad, que él logró observarlo cortar árboles en esa propiedad, que portaba sierra y cuchillos. Que este señor podía observar las acciones desplegadas por el encartado, porque se ubicaba a corta distancia de donde el encartado cortaba los árboles, y lo ubica entre 2017 y 2018.
También afirma que en el transcurso de los diez días entre la denuncia ciudadana recibida por el funcionario del SINAC Iván Jiménez y su presencia en la zona para la levantar la información, los oficiales de Fuerza Pública son enviados a dicha zona para atender otra denuncia, que al llegar ubican al encartado dentro de la finca portando un machete, pero minimizaron la información encontrada, ya que afirmaron que los árboles eran pequeños, que dichos oficiales no ahondaron mucho, no se molestaron para realizar un trabajo a fondo, que fueron evasivos. Luego de esta mención establece que puede determinarse de la escucha de la sentencia, que el Tribunal de Juicio concluye que el encartado en días cercanos al día 18 de julio de 2017 realiza actos de aprovechamiento ilegal de los árboles sembrados en la finca mencionada que corresponde a una área protegida por ser zona boscosa, no contando con los permisos requeridos para realizar tales acciones.
Sin embargo, del cotejo entre el acápite correspondiente al análisis de prueba y el considerando correspondiente al sumario de prueba en el que describe los aspectos relevantes que cada testigo manifestó a viva voz en la fase plenaria, se colige que las conclusiones expresadas no se derivan de manera inequívoca de la prueba, en tanto ninguno de los testigos mencionados logró observar al encartado en el lapso temporal probado, realizando acciones de tala, corta u otra acción encaminada directamente a obtener provecho ilegal de los árboles ubicados en dicha propiedad privada. Considera que en tal sentido, es ineludible indicar que en el considerando correspondiente al sumario de la prueba se establece a partir de la secuencia horaria 12:34 del respaldo audiovisual de la sentencia, que Iván Jiménez Morera, funcionario del SINAC, concretamente del Área de prevención, protección y control ambiental, refiere que se recibió denuncia ciudadana de que estaban cortando árboles en el sector de Santa Rita de Nandayure, frente al bar Los Higuerones.
Por tal razón envió ese mismo día a unos compañeros de trabajo a dicho sitio, quienes le informan que se habían cortado unos 40 árboles, pero por disposición de tiempo no realizan inspección ni inventario de los árboles, concretamente su especie o grosor. Luego indica que unos diez días después él se presenta al sitio a levantar la información que se plasma en el Informe ACT-OSRHN-675-2017. Entre ese período de los diez días este señor indicó que se recibió otro reporte, por tal razón envió a funcionarios de la Fuerza Pública para que atendieran la denuncia y se encontraron al encartado. Según la impugnante este señor es claro en indicar que ni él, ni Edwin, ni Lisímaco observaron al encartado en el lugar del suceso. El oficial de Fuerza Pública Cesar Ortiz -testimonio que el Tribunal de Juicio aborda a partir de la secuencia horaria 23:50 de la grabación de la sentencia-, indicó que Ilegó a dicho sitio a verificar la llamada recibida, que se encontraron al encartado trabajando, manifestando al interrogarlo que no tenía permiso, que lo habían contratado para hacer unos trabajos, que la propiedad era de un italiano.
Además, manifestó que los árboles que observó eran delgaditos y no vio ningún árbol conocido. Su compañero de Fuerza Pública Jorge Turcios (secuencia horaria 39:18 de la grabación) señaló que encontraron al encartado, quien les indicó que se estaba ganando un jornalito, que él se encargó de brindar seguridad a Julio quien se encargó de todo. Que el encartado andaba un machete, no vio motosierras y que el encartado estaba chapeando, que los árboles que observaron eran delgaditos. Por su parte don [Nombre 006] -secuencia horaria 20:52 de la grabación- fue enfático en indicar que antes del 2018 no observó al encartado realizando ninguna corta, que solo lo vio en la corta de los cuatro palos en el 2018. La testigo [Nombre 002] -secuencia horaria 27:26 de la grabación- indicó que no observó al encartado realizar la conducta que se le atribuye, que únicamente escuchaba en la noche los trabajos de tala.
Que por habladurías se dio cuenta de quien cortaba los árboles, que [Nombre 007] dueño de la finca contrató a [Nombre 001] para que le hiciera esos trabajos. Ella no vio árboles caídos, ni motosierras. Luego de esta referencia a los testimonios vertidos en debate indica que, contrario a lo que afirma el Tribunal de Juicio en el considerando correspondiente al análisis probatorio, don [Nombre 006] no observó realizar al encartado acciones de aprovechamiento dentro de la finca indicada antes del 2018, que él observó al encartado en la corta de los cuatro palos, ya que estaba cerca. Doña [Nombre 002] tampoco observa al encartado en las acciones descritas, ella es enfática en indicar que escuchaba las acciones de corta en horas de la noche-madrugada y es por indicaciones de terceros que se entera de que es el encartado quien realiza tales acciones. Considera que en este punto es importante recordar que sobre el testimonio de habladas o por interpósita persona, el Tribunal de Juicio estaba en la obligación de ponderarlo adecuadamente, en tanto debe considerar que el derecho de defensa sufre un menoscabo al dar por verdad absoluta la información obtenida de esta forma, impidiendo cuestionar o interrogar a las personas que directamente realizaron tales manifestaciones.
Sumado a que se omitió pronunciamiento al respecto. Los funcionarios del SINAC ni siquiera lo ubican dentro de la propiedad. Los únicos testigos que lo ubican en dicha finca entre el lapso de los diez días transcurridos entre la toma de denuncia ciudadana por parte de Iván Jiménez Morera y su visita, son los oficiales de Fuerza Pública, quienes manifestaron claramente que al llegar lo observan con un machete, que los árboles eran delgaditos, que no observaron motosierras. Señala la recurrente que resulta ineludible reiterar que para los días cercanos al 18 de julio de 2017 ninguno de los testigos ubica u observa al encartado realizando acciones de aprovechamiento en la finca indicada, que los funcionarios expertos en la realización de diligencias requeridas para la acreditación de delitos en materia forestal, o sea los funcionarios del SINAC enviados por don Iván el mismo día que se recibió la denuncia ciudadana, no realizaron ningún tipo de inspección o diligencia para determinar la especie, grosor y cantidad de los árboles que observaron en el suelo para vincular inequívocamente lo observado por estos, con lo observado días después por los oficiales de Fuerza Pública, y lo observado posteriormente por el propio don Iván.
Agrega que además la subjetividad del Tribunal de Juicio lo llevó a ignorar que no existe congruencia entre el diámetro delgadito de los árboles observados por los oficiales de Fuerza Pública y el instrumento de trabajo que le observaron al encartado, es decir, el machete, ya que la presencia de árboles de mayor grosor requiere de un instrumento de mayor potencia como una motosierra para poder cortarlos o fraccionarlos, según las reglas de la experiencia, instrumentos que no visualizaron. Considera que de la prueba testimonial evacuada en el contradictorio no se puede derivar de manera unívoca e inequívoca que el encartado antes o cerca del 18 de julio de 2017 realizara acciones de aprovechamiento dentro de la propiedad privada que corresponde a zona boscosa, sin los permisos respectivos. Estima que de haberse valorado correctamente la prueba se hubiera determinado la insuficiencia probatoria para llegar a imponerse una sanción penal, y menos una responsabilidad civil, por un daño que no se puede atribuir al señor [Nombre 001], quien tiene derecho a que las pruebas utilizadas en su contra se ponderen de manera racional, sin acudir a argumentos infundados.
Concluye reiterando que la sentencia que se impugna no cumple con los requisitos de valoración racional de la prueba, y la única forma de sostener su eficacia sería privilegiar una suerte de arbitrio incontrolado del Juez, el cual al inobservar el principio de razón suficiente, dio un salto al vacío que impide a la defensa comprender las razones por las que determinó de manera indubitable la responsabilidad penal del encartado e imponerle una pena privativa de libertad, y con base en esta responsabilidad se le impone asimismo una condena civil. Considera que debió dictarse una sentencia favorable a su patrocinado, al menos en aplicación del principio universal in dubio pro reo. Solicita acoger el motivo de impugnación, anular la sentencia impugnada y ordenar el reenvío de la causa donde se determine eventual responsabilidad penal y civil.
Tercer motivo titulado inconformidad con la fundamentación del fallo respecto de la tipicidad de la conducta. Reclama que el Tribunal de Juicio declaró al encartado [Nombre 001] autor responsable de dos delitos de Infracción a la Ley Forestal en modalidad de aprovechamiento de productos forestales en propiedad privada, previsto en el artículo 61 inciso a), y en tal carácter se le impuso un mes de prisión por cada uno. Sin embargo, de la escucha de la sentencia condenatoria no se determina un análisis riguroso, preciso y completo de los elementos objetivos y subjetivos que integran dicho tipo penal. Luego de citar el artículo en mención, destaca que el Tribunal de Juicio expone el fundamento jurídico a partir de la secuencia horaria 1:09:56 del respaldo audiovisual de la sentencia, acápite en el que expone en primer término, el análisis del tipo penal objetivo, indicando que el lugar donde se llevó a cabo el aprovechamiento forestal constituye una zona de bosque ubicada en propiedad privada y por tal razón se requiere de permisos.
Al respecto, define elementos normativos que integran el tipo, tal como el concepto de bosque, los aspectos que integran dicho concepto y quedaron acreditados conforme a la prueba. También define los alcances del aprovechamiento maderable echando mano de la jurisprudencia, y dejando claro que no se requiere la obtención de algún tipo de lucro para que se configure el aprovechamiento. Señala que, además, el fallo indica que quedó demostrado que el encartado se dedicaba a aserrar madera, actividad laboral que conlleva el conocimiento de los elementos objetivos que integran el tipo penal aplicado. Destaca que concretamente de la secuencia horaria 1:19:50 de la grabación de sentencia en adelante, se puede verificar el razonamiento jurídico que emite el juzgador para justificar la configuración del tipo penal subjetivo, acápite en el que afirma que no se alegó ningún tipo de vicio en el conocimiento y voluntad del encartado, por lo que se descarta la concurrencia de un error de tipo.
Sin embargo, aun cuando la defensa no hubiere cuestionado expresamente la falta de conocimiento y voluntad actual de los elementos objetivos del tipo o algún error de tipo, el Juez estaba en la obligación de analizar puntillosamente los aspectos integrantes del tipo subjetivo, en tanto la conducta atribuida es de naturaleza dolosa y a título de autor, lo que conlleva un dominio absoluto del sí y el cómo de la acción y, por ende, el conocimiento pleno de cada uno de los aspectos que integran el tipo objetivo; señalando que en este sentido el Tribunal de Juicio incurrió en serios yerros de fundamentación al soslayar que de la prueba de cargo se desprende que la propiedad privada pertenecía a un italiano de nombre [Nombre 007], y que el encartado fue contratado por éste para realizar labores en dicha propiedad, tal como lo afirmaron los testigos [Nombre 002], [Nombre 006] y el mismo encartado al ser abordado por los oficiales Julio Ortiz y Jorge Turcios, quienes atendieron la tarea encomendada por Iván Jiménez, funcionario de SINAC.
Considera que la valoración de tales circunstancias en la determinación del tipo subjetivo es fundamental, ya que si la propiedad privada pertenece a un tercero, y el encartado fue contratado por el dueño de la propiedad privada para realizar labores en dicha propiedad, el Tribunal de Juicio estaba en la obligación de justificar el conocimiento y la voluntad del encartado, tomando en consideración tales circunstancias, porque el dolo al requerir un conocimiento actual de los elementos objetivos del tipo no se puede presumir, ni se configura a partir de un conocimiento potencial de los elementos objetivos del tipo. Indica que dentro de este marco el Tribunal de Juicio también tenía la obligación de justificar el conocimiento actual, no solo de que la propiedad privada se había declarado como zona de bosque, sino de cada uno aspectos que integran el concepto de bosque, así como del requerimiento de los permisos para realizar acciones de aprovechamiento en dicha propiedad, los cuales no se tenían.
Considera que de esta manera se demuestra que la sentencia comprende una fundamentación incompleta respecto a la tipicidad de la conducta atribuida al encartado que no puede mantenerse, ya que no basta con indicar que el endilgado se dedicaba a las labores de aserrador o de campo para sustentar el tipo subjetivo requerido. Solicita se declare con lugar el motivo. (cfr. recurso folios 191 a 199).
Respuesta de la Procuraduría General de la República. En criterio de dicha parte, representada por la licenciada Kasandra Mora Salguero, Procuradora Penal, el recurso planteado lo que presenta es una manifestación de inconformidad por lo adverso que le resulta la resolución al imputado al tenerse como autor responsable de los hechos acusados, pero que, sin embargo, no le asiste razón a sus alegatos, toda vez que por medio de una interpretación meramente subjetiva considera que el Tribunal no realiza una labor de fundamentación que conlleva la obligación de exteriorizar los razonamientos válidos y legítimos que se infieren de los elementos probatorios. Respecto de la crítica realizada por la defensa indica que "Si bien el testigo Iván Jiménez manifestó la imposibilidad que tuvo para realizar las visitas al lugar de los hechos cuando se dieron las primeras denuncias, lo cierto es que tal y como lo señala la misma defensa técnica, al recibirse otra queja la atiende Fuerza Pública por colaboración, esto en virtud de una aparente tala ilegal, quienes si ubican al imputado [Nombre 001] en el sitio, realizando trabajos en esa propiedad, pues al momento en que ellos se hacen presentes al sitio, el mismo tenia un machete con el que manifiestan cortaba arboles que ellos consideran "delgaditos", ademas de cortar ramas.
Estos mismos oficiales declararon que el lugar era cerrado con alambre, que al consultarle si contaba con permisos el mismo manifestó que no y, que lo que hacia era para ganarse un jornalito. " (cfr folio 213 vuelto). Considera qeu no es válido hacer un análisis sesgado de la prueba con el fin de extraer solo lo que le puede beneficiar, y omitir el resto de lo declarado por los testigos en el contradictorio, no solo porque no es una técnica jurídica válida, sino porque parece que quiere inducir a error con los argumentos que expone como únicos y verdaderos. El señor [Nombre 006], testigo que menciona la defensa en su reclamo en el párrafo anterior, no solo llegó al debate a manifestar si en la propiedad es fácil el ingreso, don [Nombre 006] es un testigo presencial de los hechos, indica que tiene 30 años de vivir en la zona y que trabaja al frente del bien donde se daban los hechos, lo que le permitía observar a diario las labores que llevaba a cabo en el sitio el imputado [Nombre 001], y así lo expreso al señalar "el día que este muchacho -haciendo referencia al imputado- corto los palos, en la tarde llego un Back Hoe los cargo y se los llevo".
"El apeó esos palos, llego y se los llevo". "Yo lo vi cortando los árboles". "Yo veía a [Nombre 001] llegar a ratos trabajaba y se iba con una motosierra". ''Andaba sucio, con aserrín encima de él". "Se dedicaba a volar sierra". "Ahora no hay nada, se voló el bosque". (cfr. folio 214 vuelto). Señala que todas estas manifestaciones que realiza el testigo [Nombre 006], donde no solo identifica al imputado, sino que cuenta todas las acciones que realizaba el mismo en la propiedad, la defensa nuevamente omite hacer pronunciamiento alguno, únicamente extrae que este testigo ubica la finca como un predio de fácil acceso, en el cual pudo haber ingresado otra persona, lo cual carece en un todo de un análisis jurídico que establezca donde está el yerro cometido en la sentencia. Considera que tal y como lo hace ver el Juzgador, si bien los policías no realizaron la labor como les correspondía, evitaron ahondar en detalles en el interrogatorio y tratan de minimizar la tala que realizaba el imputado manifestando que eran arboles delgados y ramas lo que estaba cortando.
Lo cierto es que estos si identifican al encartado [Nombre 001] en el sitio, realizando actividades que son prohibidas por la condición de bosque con la que contaba el lugar, donde independientemente de si son árboles maduros o simplemente plantas de menor vegetación, se prohíbe la tala del sotobosque, esto por la tutela de la que gozan las áreas boscosas por su importancia en la regeneración y sucesión de las especies, lo cual omite la defensa. Realiza otras referencias a la valoración probatoria y solicita se declare sin lugar el recurso.
Sobre el fondo. En cuanto a los motivos que la recurrente enumera como primero y segundo, y siendo que ambos se refieren a los mismos alegatos sobre la incorrecta valoración de la prueba por violación al principio de derivación o razón suficiente al tener por probados los hechos, se resuelven en forma conjunta y ambos se declaran con lugar. Una vez que se ha procedido a escuchar la sentencia oral emitida por el Tribunal de Juicio de Nicoya, se debe indicar que el fallo tuvo por probados los siguientes hechos: "l) [...], se ubica propiedad inscrita ante el Registro Público de la Propiedad, bajo folio real número [Valor 002] a nombre de B&V Guanacasteco S.A.
Por tanto
Se declaran con lugar los motivos uno y dos del recurso de apelación, y por innecesario se omite pronunciamiento sobre el tercer motivo. Se declara ineficaz la sentencia y se ordena devolver el expediente a su oficina de origen para una nueva substanciación. Notifíquese.
Flory Chaves Zárate Gustavo A. Jiménez Madrigal Wilson Flores Fallas Jueza y Jueces del Tribunal de Apelación de Sentencia Penal Juvenil (En función del T.A.S.P de Guanacaste, sede Santa Cruz) Imputado: [Nombre 001] Ofendido: [Nombre 002] Delito : Tala en Zona de Protección Csolanog 1
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