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Res. 02637-2023 Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo · Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo · 28/08/2023
OutcomeResultado
ICE is ordered to pay ¢15 million for subjective moral damages; quantification of permanent physical damage deferred to enforcement phase; material damages and lost earnings denied.Se condena al ICE a pagar ¢15 millones por daño moral subjetivo y se difiere la cuantificación del daño físico permanente a ejecución de sentencia; se rechazan los daños materiales y perjuicios.
SummaryResumen
The Administrative Court partially upheld a claim against the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE) for injuries suffered by a pedestrian who received an electric shock while walking on a sidewalk near a medium-voltage pole. The court found electrocution proved through testimony, medical records, and expert evidence, despite ICE's arguments of technical impossibility and the hypothesis of a bird causing the short circuit. The State's strict liability regime for public service operation was applied, rejecting force majeure. Subjective moral damages were awarded (¢15 million), quantification of permanent physical disability was deferred to the execution phase. Material damages were denied due to lack of causation and evidence.El Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo condenó parcialmente al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE) por daños sufridos por un transeúnte que recibió una descarga eléctrica mientras caminaba en la acera, cerca de un poste de media tensión. El tribunal consideró probada la electrocución con base en testimonio, historia médica y peritajes, pese a que el ICE alegó imposibilidad técnica y la hipótesis de un ave causante del cortocircuito. Se aplicó el régimen de responsabilidad objetiva del Estado por el funcionamiento del servicio público, rechazando fuerza mayor. Se concedió indemnización por daño moral subjetivo (¢15 millones) y se difirió la cuantificación del daño físico permanente a la etapa de ejecución. Se rechazaron los daños materiales por falta de nexo causal y prueba.
Key excerptExtracto clave
V.- On the merits of the case. Having analyzed the arguments presented by the parties and the evidence brought to the process, this Court considers that the claimant is right in the factual basis of the harmful event, but not regarding all the claims. [...] According to the body of evidence in the record, there is no doubt for this Chamber that the electrocution incident described by the claimant is true and indeed occurred, so that Mr. [Name 001] did suffer an electric shock near the Abangares Integral Development Association on July 14, 2017, around 12 noon. This is based not only on the coherent, spontaneous and clear account of the witness [...], which is absolutely consistent with the rest of the evidentiary elements, particularly with the medical diagnoses issued by a private specialist physician, [...] as well as by the medical professionals who treated the claimant at the Costa Rican Social Security Fund, the National Insurance Institute and privately. [...] The foregoing allows us to conclude that there is no certainty as to the origin of the fault, so what the declarant stated is conjecture, but the truth is that the public service provided is the generating event of the claimed damage, regardless of the element that participated or caused the fault, it is valid to assure that the causal link is not in doubt given the body of evidence in the record that validly allows us to conclude that the event happened just as the claimant and the witness related, supported in turn by the physical evidence present on the claimant's body, as validated by medical professionals from the Costa Rican Social Security Fund, the National Insurance Institute and private services. Consequently, the claim for damages is admissible [...]V.- Sobre el fondo del asunto. Analizados los argumentos expuestos por las partes oportunamente, así como la prueba traída al proceso, considera este Tribunal que a la parte actora le asiste la razón en el sustento del cuadro fáctico del evento dañoso, más no así, respecto a la totalidad de las pretensiones. [...] De acuerdo con el elenco probatorio traído a los autos, no cabe duda para esta Cámara que el incidente de electrocución que relata el actor es cierto y efectivamente ocurrió, de manera que el señor [Nombre 001] sí sufrió una descarga eléctrica en las cercanías de la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de Abangares el día 14 de julio del 2017, alrededor de las 12 horas. Esto, motivado no solo en el relato coherente, espontáneo y diáfano de la testigo [...], el cual es absolutamente armónico con el resto de elementos probatorios, particularmente, con los diagnósticos médicos rendidos tanto por un médico especialista privado, [...] como por los profesionales en medicina que atendieron al actor en la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, el Instituto Nacional de Seguros y privadamente [...] Lo descrito nos permite concluir, que no existe certeza del origen de la avería, de suerte que lo expuesto por el declarante obedece a conjeturas, más lo cierto es que el servicio público prestado es el hecho generador del daño reclamado, independientemente del elemento que participó o provocó la avería, es válido asegurar que el nexo causal no está en duda ante el acervo probatorio traído a los autos que permiten válidamente concluir que el evento sucedió, tal cual lo relata el actor y la testigo, sustentado a su vez en la prueba física presente en el cuerpo del actor, que fuese así validado por profesionales en medicina tanto de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, del Instituto Nacional de Seguros y servicios privados. En consecuencia, es procedente la acción en torno al reclamo de daños y perjuicios [...]
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"La Administración responderá por todos los daños que cause su funcionamiento legítimo o ilegítimo, normal o anormal, salvo fuerza mayor, culpa de la víctima o hecho de un tercero."
"The Administration shall be liable for all damages caused by its legitimate or illegitimate, normal or abnormal operation, except force majeure, fault of the victim or act of a third party."
Considerando V.1
"La Administración responderá por todos los daños que cause su funcionamiento legítimo o ilegítimo, normal o anormal, salvo fuerza mayor, culpa de la víctima o hecho de un tercero."
Considerando V.1
"No existe certeza del origen de la avería, de suerte que lo expuesto por el declarante obedece a conjeturas, más lo cierto es que el servicio público prestado es el hecho generador del daño reclamado."
"There is no certainty as to the origin of the fault, so what the declarant stated is conjecture, but the truth is that the public service provided is the generating event of the claimed damage."
Considerando V.2
"No existe certeza del origen de la avería, de suerte que lo expuesto por el declarante obedece a conjeturas, más lo cierto es que el servicio público prestado es el hecho generador del daño reclamado."
Considerando V.2
"No cabe duda para esta Cámara que el incidente de electrocución que relata el actor es cierto y efectivamente ocurrió."
"There is no doubt for this Chamber that the electrocution incident described by the claimant is true and indeed occurred."
Considerando V.2
"No cabe duda para esta Cámara que el incidente de electrocución que relata el actor es cierto y efectivamente ocurrió."
Considerando V.2
"El daño moral subjetivo se produce respecto de un derecho extrapatrimonial lesionado, pero sin repercusión en el patrimonio, pues sus efectos se agotan en las condiciones anímicas del afectado."
"Subjective moral damage occurs with respect to an injured non-pecuniary right, but without impact on assets, since its effects are exhausted in the emotional conditions of the affected person."
Considerando V.4
"El daño moral subjetivo se produce respecto de un derecho extrapatrimonial lesionado, pero sin repercusión en el patrimonio, pues sus efectos se agotan en las condiciones anímicas del afectado."
Considerando V.4
Full documentDocumento completo
TRIBUNAL CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO AND CIVIL HACIENDA COURT, SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT, SAN JOSÉ, GOICOECHEA, at nineteen hours and twenty-seven minutes on the twenty-eighth of August, two thousand twenty-three.- Oral and public hearing ordinary proceeding, filed by Mr. [Nombre 001], [...], against the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, represented by its special judicial attorney, licensed attorney Marcela Segura Salazar, with professional license number 18614.
WHEREAS
I.On July 3, 2021, a complaint was filed, the claims of which, clarified at the preliminary hearing, are as follows: "1- That the judgment declares this ordinary lawsuit for damages (daños y perjuicios) against the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad to have merit. 2- Declare the objective liability of the defendant and order it to pay the following: For moral damage (daño moral), the sum of ¢380,000,000.00. For physical damage (daño físico), the sum of ¢420,000,000.00. For Material Damage (Daño Material) the sum of ¢100,000,000.00. For consequential damages (perjuicios), the sum of ¢700,000,000.00. 3- That the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad be ordered to pay legal interest, from the date of the event until the time of effective payment. 4- Order the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad to pay both personal and procedural costs (costas personales y procesales)".
II.The representation of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad files a negative answer to the complaint and raises the defense of lack of right.
III.On June 22, 2022, the preliminary hearing was held, in which the claims were clarified, the disputed facts were established, and documentary evidence and the testimony of five witnesses were admitted.
IV.On August 7, 2023, the oral and public trial was held with the participation of both parties. In said hearing, the testimony of four witnesses admitted at the preliminary hearing was received, since the representation of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad withdrew one of its witnesses.
V.The terms and prescriptions of the law have been observed in the proceedings, and no vices or omissions likely to produce nullity or defenselessness to the parties are noted. This ruling is issued within the period of fifteen business days indicated in article 111, subsection 1, of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, after deliberation, unanimously, and in writing by the presiding judge Bolaños Salazar, with the affirmative vote of judges Miranda Alvarado and Gómez Chacón.
CONSIDERING
I.Proven facts: Of importance for the resolution of this matter, the following are cited:
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | It is observed with the orange arrow, the post where the protection equipment was activated, as a result of the apparent contact of a bird with the energized line and ground, where you state having received an electric shock.
It is worth mentioning that when the system, for some reason, fails or a short circuit occurs, the fuse located at the indicated location operates due to the passage of an overcurrent, and this fuse material is melted, preventing said anomalous circumstance from continuing, and separates the fault from the entire electrical grid (grid indicated in light blue, in the graphic). To record the information corresponding to the failures, ICE has a computer system called "Interrupciones", and part of the electronic log is attached, corresponding to section 35500 - REC.LAIRMA-CB702/001, for the month of July 2017 (...). As indicated in the specified log, fault 2017-13-4148, affected the sector indicated in light blue, with the corresponding effect from 12:39 hours until 13:05, an immediate response time upon being alerted that there was an injured person in the sector, considering that the replacement of the fuse must be done manually, and that this maneuver alone requires preparation time.
The injured person could not be verified at the site, as the crew upon arrival did not find them there (...). In the previous photo, the correct position of the 27 kV METAL OXIDE TYPE lightning arrester is determined, which has the specific function of a Surge Suppressor, and protects the sector indicated in light blue from high voltage (see graphic #1), whether transients known as voltage sags, or if it is greater than 1 minute it is recognized as overvoltage, a condition that arises under a grid fault condition and that requires the corresponding protection before the event or given condition. The lightning arrester does not present apparent damage to its structure, which is what determines if its useful life or operational continuity is compromised. In relation to the post, it has a guaranteed life due to its mechanical capacity to withstand the different stresses to which it is subjected, and the way its deterioration is determined is by visual inspection; if tests are required to assess its condition, these are carried out once the visual inspection determines the requirement.
To this day, ICE can guarantee its operation, unless a failure event influenced by disproportionate external forces occurs. Regarding the ground resistance measurement, it was possible to verify at the site that the measurement at the point, location 1420-033-125, yields a value of 20.7 ohms, performed by the Zone Supervisor Orlando Ruiz González at the end of July, using a clamp-type equipment brand AEMC, calibrated with the equipment's own standard, according to current regulations the value meets the requirement, as indicated by the National Electrical Code. In addition, regarding the maintenance performed on the post between the indicated dates, there has been no record of maintenance problems at the indicated technical location; in the attached summary, a detail of the corresponding maintenance is given (...). It is determined that maintenance has mainly been performed on the public lighting on the indicated post structure, and no problems have been detected at said point that require changing elements of the post itself or the fuse holder and its protection elements, which could compromise the electrical continuity received by the customers in the sector or endanger the safety of passersby". (See images 227 to 230 of the digital judicial file);
He stated that when he treated Mr. [Name 001], he came in because he had suffered an electrocution (electrocución) from a utility pole; he saw photos. The back of his head hurt. It caught his attention—this is a typical symptom, damage to the occipital nerve; patients are very precise and describe the pain exactly in that spot. He was very affected by the pain. He reacted poorly to different medications. He saw him as emotionally affected. The clinical history leads him to believe that an electrocution did occur, since the traumas are consistent with electrocution. Regarding the neuropathy, he specifies that it is because the nerve pathway is exactly that. The painful "tic" is a clinical sign; it is neuralgic pain. Trigeminal, he cites at the nerve level. He specifies that it involves the nerves: the second cervical and third cervical. The occipital is the affected nerve. Neuropathic pain is among the most severe that exists, but it cannot be seen.
What is known is that it is extremely severe and follows a specific pathway. He classifies it as severe and chronic because it will last more than 3 months or the rest of one’s life. The stress situation is post-traumatic; he does not want to go onto public roads. He clarified that pregabalin is a medication for epilepsy but works for neuropathic pain. He cites another medication that causes drowsiness; the patient complained about that. He also prescribed pain medications, and he did not tolerate them; it affected him emotionally. Another medication causes impotence; it was not logical to prescribe it. He recalls that he prescribed a muscle relaxant and gave him gabapentin; this relieved him partially. The dose takes away the pain but makes him sleep. He did not reach a therapeutic dose to relieve him fully because a side effect would appear. Neuropathic pain is a physical injury. The affected paresthesia is vibration; that is what he observed.
He had no sensation of vibration; that nerve is affected. He had scars on his shoulder and head. Looking at the photos, he concludes they are from electrocution. If he had never sought consultation before, one can conclude that the damage is the product of electrocution. He has bulges at C4, C5, and C6, but not at C2. That, plus the clinical history—because he had never consulted for this. He clarifies that the dynamics of an electrical discharge depend on whether it is high or low voltage; they have an entry orifice, and one looks for where this injury enters. It is a vehicle to reach the ground; it has exit injuries, burns. One can see several trauma sites; there are burns, and they have degrees: it can be redness or as severe as carbonization. The entry and exit orifices are determined from the photos—head and left shoulder, if he recalls correctly. He points out that depending on the injuries, a person can die.
Everything depends from the standpoint of the burn, the skin, or the resistance of the nerves. Nerves and skin can be damaged depending on where the damage is. In the case of [Name 001], the affected nerves are the ones he cited. Initially, he gave treatment thinking it was reversible, though it is difficult to predict. He adds that the nerve is covered with myelin; if only the myelin is damaged, treatment is given. If the entire nerve is damaged, there is probably no reversibility. After 6 months, if it hasn’t improved, it likely won’t improve. There are no neurodiagnostic studies to predict it. He estimates that Mr. [Name 001]'s case is something chronic that would be irreversible. Under cross-examination, he answered that the anamnesis (anamnesis) is the clinical history as such. He must believe him. When he brought the photo of the injuries, what was stated was integrated with the findings, and by medical logic, the clinical history and physical examination agree, and that is why he believes him.
He affirms that as "cause and effect" is seen, it had to be an electrocution. There are other causes of neuropathy, but in this case, electricity and pain must be from the electrocution. He does not have burn wounds to suggest another cause—that it was from fire. He has the electrical pathway; it had to be from electricity. The occipital nerve, C2, has a specific pathway. He knows this from neuroanatomy. The heart's electricity can fail; it is not necessarily the voltage or the situation; it is a spectrum. He cannot say whether the injury was minor or major, but rather that it caused such injuries. He was discharged, but the patient did not initiate it; he believes he is indeed ill. The problem was not resolved, nor is he referred to another specialty, because they cannot solve the problem. The report is given to the INS; his diagnosis is transcribed several times. After seeing him, they note "trauma due to electrocution." Image number 33 is shown to him, and he clarifies that the document was issued by another colleague.
For him, the patient has many symptoms; he does not know if he evaluated that area. The doctor says he did not find a specific symptom and did not resolve the pain completely. He points out that the plaintiff has 22 cm of damaged occipital nerve. He is not fit to work in that state, nor did he believe it was possible for him to return to work. He clarifies that he is not the one who issues disability determinations, but rather the INS. According to colleagues' criteria, disability leave is granted; his recommendation was that, but it is not his responsibility to dictate the disability. He saw him and recommended disability leave twice. He is unaware of subsequent decisions because he did not see him again. The description of the pain was very severe, from 7 to 9; he had a pained expression on his face. In the private consultation, he found him partially better but not relieved, perhaps a 6 or 7 in pain, but that is not objective.
The last time he saw him was in the year 2020. Finally, he reiterated that his opinion is based on the anamnesis plus the clinical signs, which allow the conclusion that it was an electrocution. He recalls the progression the plaintiff had in the private consultation; he went seeking relief, he went because he was in pain. There was a clinical history, but he did not see the CCSS file. The pain will be for life; he does not foresee a recovery. (Testimony recorded in audio and video) and 23) Mr. Ricardo Alfonso Arias Alfaro, holder of identity card number 2-408-465, testified in the oral and public trial that he is a resident of Carmona, Nandayure, Guanacaste. He is an electromechanical engineer, 35 years old, and has worked for 30 years for ICE, in the electrical distribution area—administration, development and operation of the distribution network and its maintenance. For the year 2017, he was the manager of the Chorotega region, in charge of maintenance, operation, and development.
Regarding the claim for damages by [Name 001], he states that he does know him because he had to prepare a technical report on the matter. He answered questions posed to him, as he requested certification of maintenance activities; they were verified and delivered to Mr. [Name 001]. He immediately acknowledges the official letter submitted. He clarifies that this letter specifies the location of the event and that, as equipment, what is installed is a cut-out (cortacircuitos), which is protective, to section the network in case of a fault. He adds that on the mentioned day, it operated normally. They are installed to section the failed part and not affect a large number of connected customers. The failure was attended by Isaí Alvarado; he arrived at the work point. The fuse cut-out did not work correctly. The accessory was replaced; it was mounted again. The failure was circumstantial; it happens daily.
These pieces of equipment operate due to causes that affect the overhead network; the equipment functioned as it should. A short-circuit current is produced; what they do is operate them at different times. The source is downstream, where the fault is located. Sectionalizing performs this function to affect the fewest number of customers. The cut-out is indicated graphically: "m" are the meters; purple is the single-phase circuit, a single line above carrying almost 20,000 volts; the other is a three-phase circuit of 4,500 volts. Meters and luminaries are seen, and that they were attended by maintenance. Normally, they monitor each element to see if there is a failure in the network. With the passage of many people taking measurements, they can identify if there is any problem. Regarding the overhead network and the distance to passersby, he specifies that normally the poles are made of wood, buried about 1.6 meters; voltage is lower down, more than eight meters distance between the ground and the energy carrying the current.
There is no possibility of an aerial discharge. Air does not allow that transmission of energy between the energized line and the ground. The discharge is referenced to ground; there should be no issue. When a failure is resolved, only the fuse inside the cut-out is replaced. Energy returned; there was no other intervention; there is nothing else in the logs and the attention to the failure. He explains that there would have to be energization from an energized line for a person to receive an electrocution. Something would have to come down from above to something below—for example, an anchor, with corresponding contact. The person would have to touch the object that would have that condition to cause the problem; it has to come down so that a person has proximity to that danger. No energized element was detected in this case. The pole remains the same. It is a wooden pole. To the question, "What caused the fuse to section?," he answered that what caused the problem could not be verified, but it is believed that it was a bird that caused the short circuit.
Normally, small bodies tend to explode and scatter everywhere. He spoke with Isaí, and they told him about the gentleman's inconvenience. Isaí did the replacement work but could not find the causing element. Electrocution could occur, but the damage generated is a fatal consequence; that voltage is very dangerous. The function of a surge arrester (supresor) is to ground the overvoltage induced in the network; very high voltage from atmospheric discharge, being momentary, places energy to ground without problem. Normally, there are strong flashovers on the pole if there is electrocution, but it does not appear so. The flashover is a very strong caloric energy. It depends on where it passes through the human body—those are the consequences. If it is eight meters away, the air does not allow that current jump. He does not know of cases with passersby; there have been other types of events, but not in these circumstances.
That overhead line is one type; it is single-phase, but there are two-phase or three-phase. They are medium-voltage lines: 34,500 volts with 2 lines and 20,000 when there is one line. They do not imply danger to passersby; they are extended throughout the entire country, by ICE and various cooperatives that handle distribution. Maintenance is done by counter-inspection; they review networks and different elements. The pole in question has interventions on the luminary; it is more visible for them and for citizens and their safety. Regarding public lighting, several repairs were made to that lamp over time; replacement is done to continue operating. Nothing was identified; they examined the different elements, took ground resistance measurements, for the lightning rods to work well, it has better condition. He explains that the more conductive, the better, and the lower the resistance. He adds that before, there was a local operations center, which oversees the operability of the network; everything that was failures came in through that local center.
People called there; crews are called, and the corresponding dispatch is coordinated. It is a local operations center that has undergone changes; now there is a call center that coordinates the resolution of the failure. ICE records operation, with protection records that are automatic. They can see voltages through systems. The operations process manages it via the SKA system. The ones in the photo are manual equipment, not automatic. A technician goes to replace it. They were alerted by customers about the situation in the specific case and about the gentleman's condition. He doesn't remember if it was that way, but they did alert them. Isaí indicates that the gentleman was transferred to the clinic. In the case of a damage claim, since it is a fuse, what happens during the short circuit produced is that it melts and opens the energy. It is a conductive element and is immersed in a cartridge that is inside the cut-out; it melts, and the flow of energy is cut.
The fuse is part of the cut-out equipment. At 8 meters from the pole, energization is possible; he presumes that it was the bird's remains that could have fallen on the gentleman, but energization as such does not exist. That body with blood and fat causes the bird to be on fire, but that is a presumption. He specifies that these incidents are frequent; when birds open their wings on the line, they create a ground path, line to ground they become an explosive. ICE tries to separate the different elements, giving greater clearance to the lines or placing some electrostatic energy devices in some places to reduce that condition, but there are twenty thousand kilometers of network; it is almost impossible to foresee that condition, and despite protection, these types of events continue to occur. He clarifies that the regulations regarding protection zones are from MINAE and are implemented in certain zones; the guideline is to isolate, but it is focused on protection zones because there are too many lines.
Since events with birds, for example, are so unpredictable, there are no regulations. The pole is in an urban zone. Normally, animals are not there, but birds always are. They have a high rate of failures due to birds. Protection is very focused on monkeys, mainly. The parameters are by means of a manual for different assemblies of different networks; they must adhere to that corresponding regulation. The construction standard is being changed due to power quality issues, the change of household devices, because they are now electronic; customers complain about installation because of these types of events, a short circuit, for example. Overhead networks produce phenomena, controlled by ICE, but in Costa Rica there is no more demanding regulation for customers to install protectors. He specifies that the pole in question is single-phase and does comply with parameters. The manual is derived from REA standards, developed by the United States in the matter of electrical distribution.
Events are included within a SIGE INTERRUPCIONES system; there is also a log (bitácora) that the operators at the local operations center handle; the day and time are included, and the facts of the event are detailed. To the question, "How long after the report did you arrive to correct the failure?," he estimates an hour later, but doesn't remember; however, due to proximity, he estimates it was attended to relatively quickly. Failures are attended within an hour or an hour and a half. Regarding the wooden pole, its useful life is easy to determine by appearance; tests are done. In this case, the pole by appearance and constitution has no issue; he believes it is still there at this moment. In July, they went to conduct that analysis, at the request of Mr. [Name 001], and took ground measurements; they measured different ground connections on the surrounding poles; the value of that pole was 20-something, and so it complies with the regulation; the equipment measured the ground connection.
The pole had not been installed 20 years by the year 2017. Useful life is normally 30 years, but with treatment, the useful life is extended. He doesn't recall a record of another incident with that pole. He clarifies that his role at that time was to coordinate processes in the Chorotega region, composed of five regions. The relationship with ICE agencies is because they handle service installations, service reading, cut-off, reconnection, and disconnection. Renzo Noguera was the person who managed the Juntas agency, and requests are submitted in writing to him; he has no technical knowledge, he is administrative. Under cross-examination, he points out that the sectoral regulation from ARESEP is very extensive and touches on commercial area topics. On the technical side, they do have a relationship and must apply the technical standard issued in 2017. In his judgment, there was no discharge; he explained what happens to a bird: on the body of a bird, if it extends a wing and touches ground, it is presumed that the bird disintegrates and part of the debris fell on the person.
But electrocution is not possible; the air does not allow it. The only hypothesis that has ever been demonstrated is the condition of humidity and salinity breaking the air medium. The bird's explosion occurs and releases energy, which translates into heat. Air is an insulator. There is no other hypothesis to know what caused the fuse damage. They are intrinsic conditions of overhead networks, exposed to branches, animals, or atmospheric discharge that can activate it. He insists that there could not have been a discharge and adds that to speak of a bridge, an operating means would have to occur—that is, a technician's poor operation, an involuntary error activating a switch in a place near a substation. In that case, an interruptive medium called a load-break switch (rompecargas) must be used. Short-circuit phenomena are closer to the substation in Cañas; it has dissipated greatly; they are 30 km away; a short circuit is much smaller, like the case of the bird approaching.
The Cañas substation doesn't even let it get close; it expels it. The gentleman could not have served as a bridge, because the amount of air between the energized line and the human body prevents it; even if he raises his hand, it won't allow it. He explained that if a margin of 80 cm is breached, in that case, a condition occurs where energy enters through a hand or a foot, depending on how the person is positioned. In this case, he was at 7 or 8 meters distance, and the air is present. No one should pass at that height level, not even animals. The maintenance of the pole before August 12, 2019, was on April 3, 2014. That is normal, because it does not have complicated elements. Through inspection, poles are passed along a trajectory; it is determined by physical constitution; the pole has no physical affectation. There are assessments that are not recorded. (Testimony recorded in audio and video).
II.Unproven facts: 1) That Mr. [Name 001] suffered material damages due to the electrocution he was subjected to on July 14, 2017; 2) That the plaintiff suffered an economic detriment due to his ten-month disability leave ordered by the Instituto Nacional de Seguros; 3) That the plaintiff assumed the costs of medications and medical appointments associated with the electrocution incident with his own funds; 4) That the plaintiff’s appointment to a position at the Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje ended due to his current health condition associated with electrocution sequelae; and 5) That due to the sequelae caused by the electrocution suffered, the plaintiff cannot find work and is subject to employment discrimination.
III.Arguments of the claimant: In essence, he affirms that on Friday, July 14, 2017, he was working in Juntas de Abangares, Guanacaste, as a teacher in the Administration area of the Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje, and at approximately 12:15 pm, returning from his lunch break to the facilities of the Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de las Juntas de Abangares, the place where he taught lessons, as he passed exactly through the center of the sidewalk, beneath the utility pole and electricity lines of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, located approximately 10 meters before reaching the entrance of the Association’s building, a strong explosion occurred. He immediately felt a strong blow to his head, as if he had been hit by a baseball bat, and simultaneously a loud noise. He immediately felt unbearable pain in his head and throughout his entire body, with a sensation that he was burning.
He began to jump and move his arms, because he felt a fire burning him from within and wanted to put out the fire he perceived. He states that he was very afraid; he thought he was dying. Then, from the spot near the pole where he felt the explosion, he moved about 7 meters towards the Association building, threw down everything he was carrying—his satchel, his cell phone—and took off his shirt, which was bloodied and torn. He observed how smoke literally rose from his body, and he was bloodied. People who were near the incident approached and helped him; they were frightened because they thought he had been shot, due to the loud boom they heard. It was midday, it was sunny. When he came to his senses, he understood that he had received an electrical discharge, as he passed exactly beneath the utility pole and power lines. As a product of that, he initially suffered traumatic injuries and electrical burns, causing wounds starting from his head, an excoriation on the scalp, which is where the electrical discharge entered.
A large hematoma immediately formed on the lower left part of his back, as a product of the energy exit, as well as on other parts of his body. The pole under which he passed and where the incident occurred is a utility pole that also carries power lines; it is old, made of old wood, of a type almost no longer seen in cities. It is overloaded with cables. At that moment, no other people were walking on the sidewalk or street, only him. He passed about 40 centimeters from the pole; he did not touch it at any time. In fact, when the electrical discharge struck him, the impact was such that immediately the electricity service in that locality was interrupted. There are high-tension cables at the site, and given that monumental discharge of electricity to his person, it is a miracle he is alive. He subsequently points out that he was attended by the Costa Rican Red Cross at approximately 12:30 pm.
He was transferred to the CCSS Clinic in Las Juntas de Abangares, where he was still bleeding and his entire body hurt. He received medical attention almost immediately; they proceeded to perform an electrocardiogram test, put him on an IV, and treated him externally on the various affected areas of his body, as he had wounds and hematomas in different parts where the energy from the electrical discharge had exited, such as on the front and back of his left shoulder, the upper and lower part of his left hand, the inside of his left shoulder, his lower left back, his head, and his lower lip. Scars from that incident still remain. Immediately after the incident, strong headaches and back pain did not stop, in addition to heartburn and reflux that would not go away. For this reason, he had to go to the Liberia Hospital to be seen in the Emergency Room. At the Instituto Nacional de Seguros, Liberia branch, he was provided all primary medical care, from wound treatment to laboratory tests, noting “Lab tests for first-degree electrical burns.” Later, he was referred to the Hospital del Trauma.
Starting from these attentions, he was placed on disability leave. He was subjected to computed tomography scans of the head-brain, blood tests of all kinds, and medical assessments with different specialties such as internal medicine, psychology, radiology, physiatry, neurosurgery, neurology, and psychiatry. From these attentions, it was on November 7, 2017, that Dr. Freddy Henriquez Varela, Code: MED6757, a specialist in Neurology and Internal Medicine, diagnosed him with “Post-electrocution cervicocranial neuropathy,” with neuropathic sensation and headache with posterior tics. With distribution of the occipital nerves C2 and C3. With altered pallesthesia and temperature sensation in that distribution. Likewise, the internal medicine specialist referred him to psychiatry because she indicated she was worried, because she saw him as different, altered. In addition to that, Dr. Gabriel Torrealba Acosta, Code: MED10917, specialist in Neurology and General Medicine, diagnosed him with “Chronic post-traumatic headache with post-concussive syndrome,” and months later, Dr. José Lee Chang Segura diagnosed him with “Post-trauma headache.” He was on disability leave for more than approximately nine months and continued being treated with monthly medical appointments for monitoring and medication supply until September 2, 2019.
He affirms that as a result of what happened, he is not the same person. It has been almost 4 years, trying to cope with that change in his life; to this day he suffers from very strong, constant headaches that he had never had before, which caused a significant impairment to his physical and emotional health. He estimates that he is a young man who went to 13 sessions of physical therapy; his capacity to respond to his environment has diminished; he is slower at reasoning and responding to everything. Since the incident, he has been administered and has depended on a series of drugs that he lists in his complaint. He states that due to the headache, there are days he cannot sleep at night; he also cries and becomes anxious; he forgets things; he walks feeling altered and irritated. He can no longer provide financial support to his family, who have provided him with private medical care.
On the other hand, he points out that while he worked for the Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje, in an inclusion process due to his health condition, subsequent to the incident and upon returning to his duties, they proceeded to adapt his work environment, so that his daily workday—which was 7.4 hours—changed to the modality of virtual courses, making his time attending to students flexible, as long as he did not have a headache. This allowed him to alternate attending to students, fulfill his obligations, and try not to further alter his health, since he cannot deliver the same work performance. He managed a request before CONAPDIS of the Ministry of Labor so they would assess his case; it was finally approved, and he was declared a disabled person, accredited by a “disability certification”; however, after his appointment at INA ended in December 2018, it has been a problem to find a job that has the same considerations as his previous employer, because he is very subtly discriminated against so as not to give work to a person in his condition.
He points out that he even participated again for several positions at INA and the P&G company, but he is not appointed. On the other hand, he points out that on July 17, 2017, he asked the ICE agency in Abangares for the “Technical report” on the cause of the electrical incident. Mr. Renzo David Noguera Vindas indicated that before delivering the report, he had to make a list of claims and sign it so that the legal department of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad could review them and grant approval. On July 19, 2017, Mr. Noguera sent an email with two official letters that referred to the attention to the power interruption and were not clear. Therefore, in February 2019, he requested an expansion of those reports, and the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad refused to respond; more than 10 months passed approximately in which the administration remained unresponsive. Consequently, he filed an amparo appeal, as a result of which, in a judgment, ICE was ordered to deliver the required information.
He subsequently quantifies the damages claimed, stating regarding moral damages (daño moral) that this consists of depressive events, fears, and the pain of seeing himself in those conditions, a feeling of helplessness, worry, and stress, in light of a life condition with pain, not being able to care for his family, not being able to walk calmly on the streets alone or with his family for fear that another event will occur and have a greater impact, and the fear of sequelae that may arise in other organs in the future, in addition to the frustration experienced in this process, seeing an ICE delaying its response to requested information, denying him the right to information. He estimates these moral damages in the sum of ¢380,000,000.00. Regarding physical damages (daño físico), he claims the injuries resulting from the accident suffered, originated by the electrical discharge, consisting of first-degree burns on some parts of his body, leaving slight marks that he did not have before; the diagnosis of “Post-electrocution cervicocranial neuropathy,” with neuropathic sensation and headache with posterior tics, with distribution of the occipital nerves C2 and C3, with altered pallesthesia and temperature sensation in that distribution, as a product of the electrical discharge; and also “Chronic post-traumatic headache with post-concussive syndrome,” from which, to this day, he suffers chronic and continuous headaches and back pain that he never suffered before.
As a result of this, his capacities are limited, condemned to a physical disability for life, due to the daily chronic pain, and he presents restrictions and limitations in participation because when interacting with the environment there are barriers and limitations in exercising his rights under equal conditions as the rest of the population. Given the injuries suffered, he has had to go through periods of treatment with psychotropic medications that keep him detached from reality and subjected to relaxation therapies such as dry needling, for which he remained on disability leave for more than 9 months by the INS. This is estimated in the sum of ¢420,000,000.00. The material damages (daño material) are quantified as economic impairment, since he had to be placed on disability leave by the INS for more than 10 months, ceasing to receive his full salary after dismissal by INA and without job opportunities.
He has had to face the purchase of prescribed medications for the pain, alternative medicine, and private consultations, since he does not have medical insurance. Permanently, he will have to face the expenses of those medication treatments in the future. This is estimated in the sum of ¢100,000,000.00.
Finally, regarding the damages, he indicates that they consist of the difficulty of being hired with his limited physical condition after the dismissal from the Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje, such that it is not easy to find a job in accordance with his health conditions; he has sought employment options, and knowing of his disability and health situation, they have excluded him from opportunities, because companies subtly exclude a person with a disability from employment opportunities, resulting in his ceasing to receive a salary for 30 months and those not received in the future, meaning the damage is caused from the moment the events occurred until the average life expectancy of a Costa Rican man. He estimates the damages at the sum of ¢700,000,000.00. In presenting oral closing arguments, the plaintiff's legal representative expressed that the event caused visible physical injuries, where the energy entered and exited, marking a before and after in the plaintiff's life.
The electrical point where Mr. [Name 001] suffered the electrocution is where the crew arrived to restore electrical service. He was disabled for nine months by the INS and was diagnosed. A Conapdis study declares that he presents a permanent deficiency and restrictions. From the ICE reports, it is clear that the system did fail and that the actor did not engage in any negligent conduct. There is an express acknowledgment that the system did fail. The argument of the supposed bird aims to avoid ICE assuming responsibility. The bird was never seen. The witnesses, the doctor, and the official witness, agreed that the energy entered through the highest part, the head. Witness [Name 006] coincides with Ricardo Arias, since a short circuit can be associated with an explosion. Regarding physical suffering, medications did not have sufficient effect. That same suffering had an impact on feelings of failure and anguish.
The earnings of at least one million colones per month were the family contribution for the year 2017. The damage limits him due to his physical condition. He attributes a loss of opportunity to obtain earnings in jobs; the damage is estimated with his life projection from INEC, at 78 years.
IV.Arguments of the Defendant: In summary, the representative of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad points out that the plaintiff lacks the right to what is sought, since the entity did not cause him any damage. He points out that it is not true that the utility pole of the power line located at location 1420033125 is made of wood, as it corresponds to a concrete structure which has a useful life guaranteed by its mechanical capacity to support the different stresses to which it is subjected. He rejects the other facts of the complaint because they are not known to him and warns that the information requested by the plaintiff was provided. He specifies that on July 17, 2017, a note signed by Mr. [Name 001] was received at the Abangares Agency, requesting information, in response to which on July 19, 2017, by official letter number 1142-173-2017, a response was provided to the applicant.
On July 16, 2019, the plaintiff requested additional information, which was answered on October 25, 2019. In addressing the substance of the matter, he reiterates that there is no wooden utility pole with the descriptions indicated at location 1420033125. Within the regulatory framework governing the provision of electrical service, he cites Article 5 of Law No. 7593, which indicates among the functions of the Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos (ARESEP) ensuring compliance with standards of quality, quantity, reliability, continuity, timeliness, and optimal provision; this is performed through technical regulations. In support of the above, he refers to Article 71 of the technical standard AR-NT-SUCOM, called “Supervisión de la Comercialización del Suministro Eléctrico en Baja y Media Tensión” issued by ARESEP and published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 85 of May 5, 2015.
Thus, every event occurring on the electric grid of the provider company must, by regulation, be recorded. In the case in question, he affirms that the cutout circuit of the utility pole was found tripped, but no damage to the hardware was evidenced. He adds that when the system, for any reason or fault, produces a short circuit, the fuse located at the site acts due to the passage of an overcurrent, and this fuse material melts, preventing such anomalous circumstance from continuing and separating the fault from the entire electric grid. In addition to the above, the attached photographic evidence to the administrative file determines the correct position of the 27 kV metal oxide arrester, which has the specific function of suppressing overvoltages and protects the indicated sector, whether from transients known as voltage sags or, if longer than a minute, as overvoltage, a condition presented under a grid fault.
Regarding the grounding measurement, he points out that it was verified on-site that the measurement at a point, location 1420-033-125, obtained a value of 20.7 ohms. The zone supervisor at the end of July 2019, using an AEMC brand clamp meter, calibrated with the equipment's own standard pattern—according to current regulations—determined that the value meets the requirement according to the National Electrical Code. Likewise, in the maintenance reports, no need has been detected to change elements of the same utility pole or the fuse holder and its protection elements that could compromise the electrical continuity received by customers in the sector or jeopardize the safety of passersby. The electrocution event that the plaintiff points to is not technically possible, due to the distance or level that exists between passersby and the medium-voltage line, which on average is 8 meters high, and for a discharge from an energized line to occur, one must be at a distance of less than two meters; as long as this distance is maintained, it is safe for people, that is, while walking on the street there is no risk for people, unless one climbs the utility pole or approaches the line in some other way.
He adds that on the day of the alleged events, ICE arrived at the site at 12:55 pm that same day; however, it could not verify the situation mentioned by the plaintiff, as there was no one at the site anymore. Thus, in its technical records and also in the inspection carried out on the utility pole in question, no evidence was detected of the event that the plaintiff points to, and furthermore, the elements that demonstrate the event related by the claimant do not technically converge. In presenting oral closing arguments, the institutional representative pointed out that, with the exception of the witness doctor, the others did not declare him disabled; they discharged him. Furthermore, disability cannot be subject to discrimination, and there is even employability. A person is not prevented from finding work. He adds that the document presented is not the official one, and even indicates that it is not suitable for indemnifications.
Moreover, he points out that the risk created is not sufficient to attribute liability; the existence of damage and the causal relationship have not been demonstrated. In this case, no action or omission by ICE to generate the damage was demonstrated. Witnesses referred to personal matters, but no causal link was documented. He affirms that only ICE brought an expert to determine whether that link existed or not, so the attribution criterion for that electrocution was not proven. The issue that doctors indicate that the injuries are from electrocution is because the patient reports it, not because it is known to them, but due to a prior interview between patient and doctor. He reiterates that it was not proven that the responsibility was ICE's, and it was not done with qualified evidence. In the case, what operated was a force majeure event, unforeseeable and unavoidable. The technical evidence referred to maintenance issues; no damage to the utility pole was found, motivated by the records in the grid.
The official witness indicated that an electrocution is impossible. The witness stated that the imputed scenario is not possible for an electrocution to operate; moreover, he indicated that the only way to receive a discharge is by breaking the electric arc, by approaching less than 80 cms; he referred to the existing air and the distance that exists, but that excess salinity or humidity could generate it, but that could not have existed in that month and in Guanacaste. In summary, there was proper functioning by ICE, the protection systems reacted adequately, no evidence, marks, or flash burns remained on the utility pole. Regarding other matters, the economic claims are unreasonable and exaggerated. He adds that the worker was temporary, was laid off with 127 other people, and they went to the union to see if they could take action. The witnesses were accurate in describing the facts, but they only refer to conditions unrelated to the functioning.
The complaint was filed just 8 days before the 4-year mark to gather evidence. On the other hand, the descriptions of the utility pole set forth in the complaint are not true regarding the description of the official witness, who reiterates, stated that such an electrocution was not possible, because the conditions of the utility pole were adequate.
V.On the substance of the matter. Having analyzed the arguments timely presented by the parties, as well as the evidence brought to the proceedings, this Court considers that the plaintiff is correct regarding the basis of the factual framework of the harmful event, but not so regarding the totality of the claims. The reasons why we reach this conclusion are explained below.
878-F-2007 of 8:15 a.m. on December 14, 2007. In the same vein, No. 001-F-S1-2009 of 9:05 a.m. on January 6, 2009). Now, having analyzed the factual framework of the complaint, we find that the claim is based on two types of conduct: first, the failure to respond to the plaintiff’s inquiries to the defendant, which warranted the filing of an amparo action (recurso de amparo); second, the damages suffered from the electrocution that occurred on July 14, 2017. As to the first basis, it is denied, since the defendant entity’s lack of response was the subject of a ruling by the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of Justice (Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia), which, although it granted the action, did not order a condemnation for costs or damages; thus, a claim in this venue regarding that conduct, which was resolved in the constitutional venue, is not viable. Furthermore, regarding the facts pertaining to this proceeding, this Panel of Judges has no doubt that there is sufficient evidence to consider subjective moral damages (daño moral subjetivo) as proven, which arose not only from the suffering described by the plaintiff in the complaint (libelo de demanda), but also because the feelings described by the witness, [Name 008], are deemed a logical consequence of his afflictions.
The witness testified that when he met the plaintiff, he was a hyperactive person and that after the incident he changed considerably. Before the accident, he indicated that his brother-in-law was "very impatient"; after the accident, he is a subdued person. He added: "he no longer expresses himself the same, even his clothing no longer has the former meticulousness, he remembers that he used to use a padlock, his presentation was good, but now he does not care. He no longer shows enthusiasm. He no longer maintains the same interest." Even the Court notes that the plaintiff's state of mind led to him being referred for treatment with psychologists. As an illustration, in the medical care record of August 1, 2017, Dr. Kattya Teresa Solano Zamora, from the psychology area of the National Insurance Institute (Instituto Nacional de Seguros), recorded, in pertinent part: "diagnostic conclusions: feelings of worthlessness, with psychopathology, exaggerated experience of his problem.
Apparent indicators of affective-type gains. Recommendations: rule out physical injuries using medical criteria. Personality type does not contribute to the recovery process." Given this analytical scenario, it is appropriate to grant the claim for subjective moral damages for the suffering generated, without there being any obligation for the plaintiff here to bear it, even though he might exaggerate his condition for personality reasons. This is because moral damage does not follow a scale, cannot be applied under criteria of parity among all persons, but rather operates based on the particularities of each individual, since people perceive and suffer circumstances dissimilarly, with their experiences, values, beliefs, weaknesses, and strengths intervening in its effects. In this specific case, according to the medical criterion just cited, the plaintiff's personality aggravates his perception and, with it, the damage generated is greater.
In this context, it is the judges' criterion that the plaintiff suffers from a situation he is not obliged to bear, which was generated by the provision of electricity services that, although provided normally, caused a physical alteration and thereby an abrupt and permanent alteration in his moods, with the consequent emotional exhaustion from the impossibility of resuming his quality of life, generating feelings of despair, frustration, sadness, and anguish. Now, in setting the amount of subjective moral damages, this Court takes into account the logical consequences generated in a human being from finding himself subject to a health condition that has afflicted him for over six years and will continue to perpetuate itself, which entails evident worry and anguish over suffering definitively and permanently from the described headaches (cefaleas). This situation is of special relevance in the plaintiff's internal sphere (fuero interno), on the understanding that his condition as a family man with evident economic responsibilities for his family's well-being reveals, according to the rules of experience and logic, a proportionally greater anguish, as it is estimated that his health condition limits him to some extent, preventing him from resuming his quality of life because his performance is limited by permanent pain over time.
This warranted a declaration in 2019 by the National Council for Persons with Disabilities (Consejo Nacional de Personas con Discapacidad), which states that the plaintiff is a person with a disability for presenting "a permanent deficiency due to post-electrocution cervicocranial neuropathy (neuropatía cervicocraneal post electrocución), who faces restrictions and limitations in participation, because when interacting with the environment, this imposes a series of barriers and limitations on the exercise of his rights on equal terms with the rest of the population." In this context, by majority criterion of judges Bolaños Salazar and Gómez Chacón, although the plaintiff requests that this compensation be set at the sum of three hundred eighty million colones, we find that in applying the principles of proportionality and reasonableness that govern the matter, in light of the described circumstances, we choose to set it at the sum of fifteen million colones.
This amount allows for repairing the moral damage suffered without generating unjust enrichment for the party, returning the situation to a state of equilibrium that is inherent to it and that should never have occurred. The sum granted will generate legal interest from the finality of this judgment and until its effective payment. Judge Miranda Alvarado dissents (salva el voto) regarding the amount granted.
VI.On the defense of lack of legal standing (falta de derecho): In accordance with the analysis of the arguments and the body of evidence, the conclusion is reached that the defense must be partially granted, since although the damages claimed find their genesis in the electrocution suffered by the plaintiff on the occasion of the provision of electrical service by the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, ICE), given the lack of proof of material damages (daño material) and the so-called "losses" (perjuicios), which are essentially a type of material damage due to loss of employment, the defense is partially granted.
VII.On personal and procedural costs (costas personales y procesales): In accordance with Article 193 of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo), this Chamber of Judges finds no merit to exonerate the defendant from paying the costs of this proceeding; therefore, the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE) is ordered to pay the procedural and personal costs of this proceeding.
VIII.Dissenting vote (voto salvado) of Judge Miranda Alvarado regarding the justification and amount granted for subjective moral damages: I proceed to state the reasons why I depart from the justification and amount of moral damages granted by my fellow panel members, noting that on matters not pertaining to this point, I concur with the rest of the judgment. Firstly, I note that, from the evidence in the record, I consider that the plaintiff was indeed caused subjective moral damage insofar as the harmful event related to the electrical pole affected his psyche, something he should not have had to bear. However, I disagree with the interpretation that my fellow panel members make of the evidence in the file, which leads them to award the amount they indicated in their majority vote. In the documentary evidence in the record, we have that upon being evaluated for the first time by the National Insurance Institute (INS) in 2017, the plaintiff was noted as having a generalized anxiety disorder—which was logical due to the harmful event he experienced.
Later, as a result of applied medications and mood changes in the plaintiff, he was given psychiatric and psychological treatment; however, a year later, he was not only no longer attending psychiatry, but on September 6, 2018, upon being discharged by the INS psychologist, Dr. Karla Quirós Gallegos (page 9 of the INS File), after diagnosing him, she mentioned in summary that, in the original psychological assessment performed the first time, the plaintiff had been noted as appearing to have feelings of worthlessness, with psychopathy, an exaggerated experience of his problem, and some affective-type problems. It is indicated in the recommendations that, due to the plaintiff's personality type, it does not contribute to the recovery process. It is also noted that, as seen in psychiatry, what is indicated is that there are multiple subjective-type cognitive complaints, but he is ultimately referred back to psychology for treatment.
Finally, in the actual note for that day's appointment, it is pointed out that the patient was emotionally more stable, his anxiety symptoms were on the path to resolution, and that he was given ample space to work on future employment projections (proyección laboral) and conflict resolution techniques. He notes that he presented as neurologically intact during the consultation. He adds that the plaintiff reports that the headaches persist despite the medications, and also indicates that the change in medications caused behavioral changes. He adds that recommendations and closure of feedback therapy were provided, and that from that psychology service, no further interventions are required, so he is discharged. Finally, he notes that he gives an impression of anxiety symptoms due to employment projection, headaches, and life change post-accident in the process of resolution. From this, it is extracted that, at the time the plaintiff here was discharged by INS psychology, the psychology specialist concluded that the plaintiff had emotional improvements and his anxiety about the accident was in the process of resolution; that if the plaintiff continued the recommendations, he could manage his anxiety problems.
This is a determining factor for this Judge in setting the amount to be compensated. Now, it is also necessary to mention that the INS file notes an external factor to the subjective moral damage caused by the accident that must therefore be excluded from its assessment: for the 2018 period, the plaintiff had employment problems because, due to staff cuts by his employer, he was dismissed and then rehired but on a fixed-term basis. We must also consider that the witness [Name 008], the plaintiff's brother-in-law, despite claiming to be very close to him, only referred in very general terms to the manifestations of the moral damage for which he was offered, and limits himself to stating that the plaintiff was previously perceived as hyperactive and now appears subdued, which, due to these very generic manifestations, provides little additional element for analysis. It is also considered that, as my Chamber colleagues rightly analyze, the matter of the non-response and the amparo action has no causal link with what is being reviewed here and should not be considered in determining moral damages.
Also now, of certain manifestations, there is no indication at all that the plaintiff continues to maintain fear that an event similar to the one suffered might happen again if he walks down the street, fear of after-effects, and future damage to his organs—which is moreover ruled out by the extensive examinations performed on him at the INS—since these, besides not being proven, would be future, unconcretized events that this judge determines cannot be taken into account for an in re ipsa analysis. Added to this, this judge considers that if, in the plaintiff's personality, an event such as the one suffered exacerbated the experience beyond what people in general might experience in a similar situation, it is not possible to consider those "particular conditions inherent to the plaintiff"—which were not caused by the accident suffered—to justify subjective moral damages in the amount set by my fellow co-judges.
Thus, considering that in the subjective moral damages claimed, external factors to the damage to his internal sphere caused by the harmful act being compensated here are mixed together—that act being having suffered an electric discharge and the logical feelings the plaintiff indicates the event produced in his life and affected his conscious and unconscious processes, which he states are depression, fear, pain over his condition, sensation of impotence, worry, and stress due to the harmful event—taking into account those conditions, considering the improvements in managing the plaintiff's anxiety that a psychology professional noted were on their way to being resolved, and excluding the external causes that contributed to the plaintiff's anxiety, in an in re ipsa analysis, I set the subjective moral damages at a sum I consider reasonable, appropriate, and sufficient on the merits of the record to compensate the same to the plaintiff in the sum of five million colones as subjective moral damages. -
THEREFORE (POR TANTO) The defense of lack of legal standing is partially granted. Consequently, the complaint filed by Mr. [Name 001] against the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE) is partially granted, with anything not expressly granted deemed denied. By majority criterion, the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (ICE) is ordered to pay to the plaintiff the sum of fifteen million colones for subjective moral damages, a sum that will generate legal interest from the finality of this judgment and until its effective payment. Unanimously, it is ordered to pay for the permanent physical and organic disability (discapacidad permanente física y orgánica) suffered by him as a consequence of the electrocution incident that occurred on July 14, 2017, which will be determined during the judgment execution stage with expert assistance, among them, the Legal Department of Forensic Medicine (Departamento Legal de Medicatura Forense) for the purpose of determining the percentage of permanent disability. Judge Miranda Alvarado dissents regarding the amount granted for subjective moral damages. Both costs are the responsibility of the defendant. Let be notified. - Claudia Bolaños Salazar. Laura Gómez Chacón. Amy Miranda Alvarado.
CLAUDIA BOLAÑOS SALAZAR - DECISION-MAKING JUDGE (JUEZ/A DECISOR/A) LAURA GOMEZ CHACON - DECISION-MAKING JUDGE (JUEZ/A DECISOR/A) AMY MIRANDA ALVARADO - DECISION-MAKING JUDGE (JUEZ/A DECISOR/A) Goicoechea, Calle Blancos, 50 meters west of BNCR, across from Café Dorado. Phone numbers: 2545-0107 or 2545-0099. Ext. 01-2707 or 01-2599. Fax: 2241-5664 or 2545-0006. Email: [email protected]
Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Temas (descriptores): Indemnización al administrado Subtemas: Distinción entre el daño material y el moral. Derivada de daño sufrido por motivo de descarga eléctrica. Temas (descriptores): Daños y perjuicios derivados de responsabilidad civil de la Administración Subtemas: Análisis con respecto a la responsabilidad civil objetiva y causas eximentes. Indemnización por daño sufrido por motivo de descarga eléctrica. Temas (descriptores): Responsabilidad objetiva de la Administración Subtemas: Consideraciones sobre el nexo de causalidad. Análisis de la fuerza mayor y el caso fortuito como causas eximentes. Indemnización por daño sufrido por motivo de descarga eléctrica.
Sentencia con Voto Salvado Sentencias en igual sentido Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente Proceso: Conocimiento Actor: [Nombre 001] Demandado: Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad Nº N° 2023002637 TRIBUNAL CONTENCIOSO ADMINISTRATIVO Y CIVIL DE HACIENDA, SEGUNDO CIRCUITO JUDICIAL, SAN JOSÉ, GOICOECHEA, a las diecinueve horas con veintisiete minutos del veintiocho de Agosto del dos mil veintitres.- Proceso de conocimiento de juicio oral y público, interpuesto por el señor [Nombre 001], [...], en contra del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, representado por su apoderada especial judicial, la licenciada Marcela Segura Salazar, con el número de carné profesional 18614.
RESULTANDO
I.En fecha 03 de julio del 2021, se interpone demanda, cuyas pretensiones, aclaradas en audiencia preliminar, son las siguientes: "1- Que en sentencia se declare con lugar la presente demanda ordinaria por daños y perjuicios contra el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad. 2- Se declare la responsabilidad objetiva del demandado y se le condene al pago de lo siguiente: Por daño moral, la suma de ¢380,000,000.00. Por daño físico, la suma de ¢420,000,000.00. Por Daño Material la suma de ¢100,000,000.00. Por perjuicios, la suma de ¢700,000,000.00. 3- Que se condene al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, al pago de intereses legales, desde la fecha del acontecimiento, hasta el momento del pago efectivo. 4- Se condene al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad al pago de ambas costas personales y procesales".
II.La representación del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad contesta negativamente la demanda e interpone la defensa de falta de derecho.
III.El día 22 de junio del 2022, se llevó a cabo la audiencia preliminar, en la cual, se aclararon las pretensiones, se fijaron los hechos controvertidos y se admitió prueba documental y la declaración de cinco testigos.
IV.El día 07 de agosto del 2023, se realizó el juicio oral y público con la participación de ambas partes. En dicha audiencia se recibe la declaración de cuatro testigos admitidos en la audiencia preliminar, toda vez que la representación del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, desistió de uno de sus testigos.
V.En los procedimientos se han observado los términos y prescripciones de ley, y no se notan vicios u omisiones susceptibles de producir nulidad o indefensión a las partes. Se emite este fallo dentro del plazo de quince días hábiles indicado en el numeral 111, inciso 1, del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, previa deliberación, por unanimidad, y de manera escrita por la juez ponente Bolaños Salazar, con el voto afirmativo de las juezas Miranda Alvarado y Gómez Chacón.
CONSIDERANDO
I.Hechos probados: De importancia para la resolución del presente asunto, se citan los siguientes:
Se observa con la flecha naranja, el poste en donde se activó el equipo de protección, a raíz del contacto del aparente contacto de un ave con la línea energizada y tierra, donde usted manifiesta haber recibido una descarga eléctrica. Cabe mencionar que cuando el sistema por alguna razón falla o se produce un cortocircuito, el fusible que se ubica en la localización indicada, actúa por el paso de una sobrecorriente, y este material del fusible es fundido, permitiendo que dicho circunstancia anómala no continúe, y separa la falla de toda la red eléctrica (red señalada en azul tenue, en el gráfico). Para registrar la información correspondiente a las averías, el ICE tiene un sistema informático que se llama “Interrupciones”, y se adjuntan parte de la bitácora electrónica y que corresponde a la sección 35500 - REC.LAIRMA-CB702/001, para el mes de julio 2017 (...). Tal y como se señala en la bitácora indicada, la avería 2017-13-4148, afectó el sector indicado en azul tenue, con la afectación correspondiente de las 12.39 horas hasta las 13:05, tiempo de atención inmediata al alertarse que existía una persona herida en el sector, contemplando que la reposición del fusible se debe realizar manualmente, y que solo esta maniobra requiere de un tiempo de preparación.
La persona herida no se pudo constatar en el sitio, ya que al llegar la cuadrilla no se encontraba en el lugar (...). En la foto anterior se determina la correcta posición del pararrayos TIPO OXIDO METÁLICO DE 27 kV, el cual tiene la función específica de Supresor de sobretensiones, y protege el sector indicado en azul tenue de alto voltaje (ver gráfica #1), ya sea transitorios conocidos como Sags de voltaje, o si es mayor a 1 minuto es reconocido como sobrevoltaje, condición que se presenta en una condición bajo falla de red y que requiere la protección correspondiente ante el evento o condición dada. El pararrayos no presenta daños aparentes en su estructura, la cual es quien determina si la vida útil o continuidad operativa está comprometida. En relación con el poste, este tiene una vida garantizada por su capacidad mecánica de soporte de los diferentes esfuerzos a los que se ve sometido, y la forma en que se determina su deterioro es con la inspección visual, si se requieren pruebas para valorar su estado, estás se realizan una vez ejecutada la inspección visual que determine el requerimiento.
Al día de hoy el ICE puede garantizar su funcionamiento, a menos que se produzca un evento de avería influenciado por fuerzas externas desproporcionadas. Con respecto a la medición de la puesta a tierra, se logró comprobar en el sitio que la medición en el punto, localización 1420-033-125 se obtiene un valor de 20.7 ohmios, realizada por el Supervisor de la zona Orlando Ruiz González a finales del mes de julio, utilizando un equipo tipo grapa marca AEMC, calibrado con patrón propio del equipo, según la normativa vigente el valor cumple con el requisito, según lo indica el Código Eléctrico Nacional. Además, con respecto a los mantenimientos realizados en el poste entre las fechas indicadas no se ha tenido constancia de problemas de mantenimiento en la ubicación técnica indicada, en el resumen adjunto se da un detalle del mantenimiento correspondiente (...). Se determina que principalmente se han realizado mantenimiento al alumbrado público en la estructura de poste indicada, y no se han detectado problemas en dicho punto que requieran cambiar elementos del mismo poste o el portafusible y sus elementos de protección, que pudieran comprometer la continuidad eléctrica que reciben los clientes en el sector o poner en riesgo la seguridad de los transeúntes". (Ver imágenes 227 a 230 del expediente judicial digital);
II.Hechos no probados: 1) Que el señor [Nombre 001] haya sufrido daños materiales con ocasión de la electrocución de la cual fue objeto en fecha 14 de julio del año 2017; 2) Que el actor sufriera un menoscabo económico debido a su incapacidad por diez meses dispuesta por el Instituto Nacional de Seguros; 3) Que el actor haya asumido los costos de medicamentos y citas médicas asociados al incidente de electrocución con su propio peculio; 4) Que el actor haya finalizado su nombramiento en un puesto del Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje con ocasión de su condición actual de salud asociada a secuelas por electrocución y 5) Que en razón de las secuelas provocadas por la electrocución sufrida, el actor no obtenga trabajo y sea objeto de discriminación laboral.
III.Argumentos del accionante: En esencia, afirma que el día viernes 14 de julio del 2017, se encontraba trabajando en las Juntas de Abangares, Guanacaste, como docente en el área de Administración del Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje y al ser aproximadamente las 12:15 pm, regresando de su tiempo de almuerzo a las instalaciones de la Asociación de Desarrollo Integral de las Juntas de Abangares, lugar donde impartía las lecciones, al pasar exactamente por el centro de la acera, debajo del poste de luz y tendido eléctrico del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, ubicado aproximadamente a unos 10 metros antes de llegar a la entrada del edificio de la Asociación, se dio una fuerte explosión, inmediatamente sintió un fuerte golpe en su cabeza, como si le hubieran dado un “batazo” y simultáneamente un fuerte sonido, inmediatamente sintió un dolor insoportable en su cabeza y en todo su cuerpo, con una sensación de que se estaba quemando, empezó a brincar y a mover sus brazos, porque sentía un fuego que le quemaba por dentro y quería apagar el fuego que percibía.
Expresa que tuvo mucho temor, pensaba que se estaba muriendo. Seguidamente, del lugar del poste donde sintió la explosión, se desplazó como 7 metros hacia la Asociación, tiró todo lo que traía, el salveque, el celular y se quitó la camisa la cual se encontraba ensangrentada y rota, observó cómo literalmente, salía humo de su cuerpo y se encontraba ensangrentado. Se acercaron las personas que estaban cerca del incidente, las cuales le socorrieron, estaban asustados porque creían que le habían dado un balazo, por el estruendo que escucharon, era medio día, estaba asoleado, cuando entró en razón, entendió que había recibido una descarga eléctrica, al pasar exactamente debajo del poste de luz y tendido eléctrico y como producto de ello, inicialmente sufrió lesiones traumáticas y quemaduras por electricidad, provocando heridas desde su cabeza, una escoriación en el cuero cabelludo, que es por donde ingresó la descarga eléctrica, se le hizo inmediatamente un gran hematoma en la parte inferior izquierda en la espalda, como producto de la salida de energía, así como en otras partes de su cuerpo.
El poste bajo el cual pasó y se dio el incidente, es un poste de luz y a su vez tiene tendido eléctrico, es viejo, de madera vieja, ya casi no se ven de esos en las ciudades, se encuentra recargado de cables, en ese momento en la acera o en la calle no transitaban más personas, solamente su persona, quien pasó a unos 40 centímetros del poste, no lo tocó en ningún momento, inclusive cuando le cayó la descarga eléctrica, fue tal el impacto, que inmediatamente el servicio eléctrico en esa localidad fue interrumpido, en el sitio hay cables de alta tensión y ante esa monumental descarga de electricidad a su persona, de milagro se encuentra vivo. Seguidamente señala, que fue abordado por la Cruz Roja Costarricense, aproximadamente a las 12:30 pm, se le trasladó a la Clínica de la CCSS, de las Juntas de Abangares donde aún seguía sangrando y le dolía todo el cuerpo, recibió atención médica casi de inmediato, procedieron a realizarle prueba de electrocardiograma, le pusieron suero y le realizaron curaciones externas en las diversas áreas afectadas de su cuerpo, ya que tenía heridas y hematomas en distintas partes por donde había salido la energía sufrida por la descarga eléctrica, tales como en el hombro izquierdo parte frontal y posterior, mano izquierda parte superior e inferior, parte interna del hombro izquierdo, espalda baja posterior izquierda, cabeza y labio inferior.
Aun quedan cicatrices de ese incidente. Inmediatamente después del incidente, no paraban los fuertes dolores de cabeza y en la espalda, además de agrura y reflujo que no se le quitaba, por ello debió acudir al Hospital de Liberia, para ser atendido por Urgencias. En el Instituto Nacional de Seguros sede Liberia, se le le brindaron todas las atenciones médicas primarias, desde curaciones, exámenes de laboratorio, con la observación “Laboratorios por quemaduras de 1 grado eléctrica”. Posteriormente lo refirieron al Hospital del Trauma, a partir de estas atenciones, fue incapacitado, le sometieron a exámenes de tomografía computarizada de cabeza-cerebro, exámenes de sangre de todo tipo, valoraciones médicas con distintas especialidades como medicina interna, psicología, radiología, fisiatría, neurocirugía, neurología y psiquiatría, de estas atenciones, fue hasta el 07 de noviembre del 2017, que el Dr. Freddy Henriquez Varela, Código: MED6757, especialista en Neurología y Medicina Interna, le diagnosticó de “Neuropatía cervicocraneal post electrocución”, con sensación neuropática y cefalea en tics posterior.
Con distribución de los nervios occipital C2 y C3. Con alteración palestésica y térmica en esa distribución, así mismo la especialista en medicina interna le refirió a psiquiatría por cuanto le indicó que estaba preocupada, porque le veía diferente, alterado, sumado a ello, el Dr. Gabriel Torrealba Acosta, Código: MED10917, especialista en Neurología y Medicina General, le diagnóstico “Cefalea post-traumática crónica con síndrome post concusional”, y meses después el Dr. José Lee Chang Segura, le diagnóstico “Cefalea postrauma". Fue incapacitado por más de nueve meses aproximadamente y siguió siendo tratado con citas médicas mensuales de control y para suministro de medicamentos hasta el 02 de setiembre de 2019. Afirma que a raíz de lo sucedido, no es la misma persona, son casi 4 años, procurando sobrellevar ese cambio en su vida y al día de hoy sufre de dolores de cabeza muy fuertes de forma constante que nunca antes había tenido, lo que le ocasionó un menoscabo importante a su salud física y emocional, estima que es un hombre joven que fue a 13 sesiones de terapias físicas, su capacidad de respuesta a su entorno ha disminuido, es más lento en razonar y dar respuesta a todo, desde el incidente le han suministrado y ha dependido de una serie de fármacos que cita en su demanda.
Expresa que del dolor de cabeza, hay días que no puede dormir de noche, llora también y se pone ansioso, se le olvidan las cosas, camina alterado e irritado. Ya no puede brindar apoyo económico a su familia, quien le ha facilitado la medicina privada. Por otra parte, señala que mientras laboró para el Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje, en un proceso de inclusión por su estado de salud, ulterior al incidente y al incorporarse nuevamente a sus labores, procedieron a acondicionar su ambiente laboral, de tal forma que su jornada laboral diaria, era de 7.4 horas, cambió a la modalidad de cursos virtuales, flexibilizando su tiempo de atención a los alumnos, en el tanto no tuviese dolor de cabeza, lo que le permitía alternar la atención de los estudiantes, cumplir sus obligaciones, procurando no alterar más su salud, ya que no puede dar el mismo rendimiento laboralmente. Gestionó ante el CONAPDIS del Ministerio de Trabajo, una solicitud para que valoraran su caso, finalmente se le aprobó y fue declarado como una persona discapacitada, acreditada mediante una “certificación de discapacidad”; sin embargo después de finalizar su nombramiento en el INA, en diciembre del 2018, ha sido un problema encontrar un trabajo que tengan las mismas consideraciones que su anterior patrono, porque muy sutilmente se le discrimina para no dar trabajo a una persona en sus condiciones.
Señala que incluso participó de nuevo en varios puestos para el INA y la empresa P&G, pero no es nombrado. Por otra parte, señala que en fecha 17 de julio del 2017, solicitó a la agencia del ICE de Abangares, el “Informe técnico” del motivo del incidente eléctrico, el señor Renzo David Noguera Vindas, indicó que previo a entregar el informe debía realizar una lista de pretensiones y firmarla para que el departamento legal del Instituto Nacional de Electricidad las revisara y otorgara el visto bueno. En fecha 19 de julio de 2017, el señor Noguera, envió un correo con dos oficios, que referían a la atención de la interrupción y que no eran claros, por lo que en febrero del 2019, solicitó una ampliación de esos informes, y el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad se negaba a responder, pasando así más de 10 meses aproximadamente en que la administración se mantenía ajena, por lo que interpuso un recurso de amparo, que como resultado, en sentencia se le ordenó al ICE entregar la información requerida.
Seguidamente liquida los daños reclamados, señalando respecto al daño moral, que éste consiste en los eventos depresivos, temores y el dolor de verse a sí mismo en esas condiciones, a una sensación de impotencia, preocupación y estrés, en atención a la condición de vida con dolor, a no poder atender a su familia, no poder caminar tranquilamente por las calles solo o con su familia, por miedo a que suceda otro evento y repercuta de mayor forma y el temor de las secuelas que puedan generarse en otros órganos a futuro, además la frustración en lo vivido de este proceso, al ver un ICE, demorando en su respuesta a informaciones solicitadas, negándome derecho de información. Estimo este daño moral de la suma de ¢380,000,000.00. En cuanto al daño físico, reclama las lesiones producto del accidente sufrido, originado por la descarga eléctrica, consisten en quemaduras en primer grado en algunas partes de mi cuerpo, dejando marcas leves, que ante no tenía, el diagnóstico de Neuropatía cervicocraneal post electrocución”, con sensación neuropática y cefalea en tics posterior, con distribución de los nervios occipal C2 y C3, con alteración palestésica y térmica en esa distribución, como producto de la descarga eléctrica y también “Cefalea post-traumatica crónica con síndrome post concusional”, de los cuales al día de hoy sufre dolores de cabeza y de espalda de forma crónica y continua, que nunca antes padecía, a raíz de esto sus capacidades son limitadas, quedando condenado a una incapacidad física de por vida, por el dolor crónico diario y que presenta restricciones y limitaciones en la participación porque al interactuar con el entorno existen barreras y limitaciones en el ejercicios de sus derechos en igualdad de condiciones que el resto de la población, dado a las lesiones sufridas ha tenido que pasar periodos de tratamientos con medicamentos psicotrópicos, que le mantienen alejado de la realidad y sometido terapias de relajación como punción seca, por lo que se mantuvo incapacitado por más de 9 meses por el INS.
Se estima en la suma de ¢420,000.000.00. El daño material lo liquida en el menoscabo económico, por cuanto tuvo que ser incapacitado por el INS por más de 10 meses, dejando de percibir su salario completo posterior al despido por el INA y sin oportunidad de trabajo, ha debido hacerle frente a la compras de medicamentos prescritos para los dolores, medicina alternativa y consulta privada, por cuanto no cuenta con seguro médico, de forma permanente deberá hacerle frente a los gastos de esos tratamientos de medicamentos a futuro. Se estima en la suma de ¢100,000.000. Por último, los perjuicios señala que consisten en la dificultad de ser contratado con su condición física limitada y posterior al despido en el Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje, de manera que no es fácil encontrar un trabajo acorde a sus condiciones de salud, ha buscado opciones laborales, las mismas conociendo de mi discapacidad y situación de salud, le han excluido de las oportunidades, por cuanto a una persona con discapacidad, las empresas sutilmente las excluye de las oportunidades laborales, dejando de percibir salario por 30 meses y los no percibidos a futuro, es decir el perjuicio es causado desde el momento de la ocurrencia de los hechos hasta el promedio de edad de la vida del hombre costarricense.
Estima los perjuicios en la suma de ¢700,000,000.00. Al rendir conclusiones orales, expresó la representación legal del actor, que el suceso provocó lesiones físicas visibles, donde ingresó y salió la energía, lo que marcó el hecho un antes y un después en la vida del actor. El punto eléctrico donde don [Nombre 001] sufrió la electrocución es donde se apersona la cuadrilla a restablecer el servicio eléctrico. Incapacitado por nueve meses por parte del INS y fue diagnosticado. Estudio de Conapdis declara que presenta deficiencia permanente y restricciones. De los informes del ICE, se desprende que el sistema sí falla y que el actor no realizó ninguna conducta negligente. Hay reconocimiento expreso que el sistema sí falla. Argumento del supuesto de pájaro pretende evitar asumir la responsabilidad del ICE. El pájaro nunca se vio. Coinciden los testigos, médico y testigo funcionario quienes refirieron que ingresa la energía por la parte más alta, la cabeza.
La testigo [Nombre 006] coincide con Ricardo Arias, ya que un cortocircuito puede asociarse con una explosión. En cuanto al sufrimiento físico, medicamentos no tenían acción suficiente. Ese mismo sufrimiento tuvo impacto a nivel de sentimientos de fracaso y angustia. La ganancia de un millón de colones mínimo al mes, era el aporte familiar para el año 2017. El perjuicio lo limita por su condición física. Atribuye pérdida de oportunidad de obtener ganancias en puestos de trabajo, daño se estima con su proyección de vida del INEC, por 78 años.
IV.Argumentos del demandado: En síntesis, la representación del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, señala que el actor carece de derecho en lo pretendido, por cuanto la entidad no le generó ningún daño. Señala, que no es cierto que el poste del tendido eléctrico ubicado en la localización 1420033125 sea de madera ya que corresponde a una estructura de concreto el cual tiene una vida útil garantizada por su capacidad mecánica de soporte de los diferentes esfuerzos a los que se ve sometido. Rechaza los demás hechos de la demanda porque no le constan y advierte que la información solicitada al actor, le fue brindada. Puntualiza, que en fecha 17 de julio 2017 se recibió en la Agencia de Abangares, nota firmada por el señor [Nombre 001], solicitando información, ante lo cual el día 19 de julio 2017, mediante oficio número 1142-173-2017, se procedió a dar respuesta al solicitante. En fecha 16 de julio del 2019, solicitó el actor información adicional, la cual fue contestada el 25 de octubre del 2019.
Al abordar el fondo del asunto, reitera que no existe en la localización 1420033125 un poste de madera con las descripciones que indica. Dentro del marco normativo que regula la prestación del servicio eléctrico, cita el artículo 5 de la ley N°7593, el cual señala dentro de las funciones de Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos (ARESEP), el velar por el cumplimiento de las normas de calidad, cantidad, confiabilidad, continuidad, oportunidad y prestación óptima, esto lo realiza a través de la normativa técnica. En abono a lo anterior, se refiere al artículo 71 de la norma técnica AR-NT-SUCOM, denominada “Supervisión de la Comercialización del Suministro Eléctrico en Baja y Media Tensión” emitida por la ARESEP publicada en el Diario Oficial La Gaceta Nº 85 del 5 de mayo del 2015. Es así, que todo evento presentado en la red eléctrica de la empresa prestadora, por normativa tiene que quedar registrado.
En el caso en cuestión, afirma que se encontró el corta circuito del poste disparado, mas no se evidencia daño alguno en los herrajes. Añade, que cuando el sistema por alguna razón o falla produce un cortocircuito, el fusible que se ubica en el sitio, actúa por el paso de una sobre corriente y este material del fusible es fundido, permitiendo que dicha circunstancia anómala no continúe y separa la falla de toda la red eléctrica, además de lo indicado, se determina en la prueba fotográfica adjunta al expediente administrativo, la correcta posición del pararrayos tipo óxido metálico de 27 kV, el cual tiene función específica de supresor de sobretensiones y protege el sector indicado, ya sea de transitorios conocidos como sags de voltaje o si es mayor a un minuto como sobrevoltaje, condición que se presenta bajo falla de red. Con respecto a la medición de la puesta a tierra, señala que se comprobó en el sitio que la medición en un punto, localización 1420-033-125 se obtiene un valor 20.7 ohmios.
El supervisor de la zona a finales del mes de julio 2019, utilizando un equipo grapa marca AEMC, calibrado con patrón propio del equipo, -según la normativa vigente- determinó que el valor cumple con el requisito según lo normado en el Código Eléctrico Nacional, así mismo, en los reportes de mantenimiento no se ha detectado la necesidad de cambiar elementos del mismo poste o del porta fusible y sus elementos de protección que pudiesen comprometer la continuidad eléctrica que reciben los clientes del sector o poner en riesgo la seguridad de los transeúntes. El hecho de electrocución que señala el actor no es posible técnicamente, por la distancia o el nivel que existe entre los transeúntes y la red de media tensión, la cual en promedio está a 8 metros de altura y para que exista una descarga de una línea energizada, se debe estar a una distancia menor a dos metros, en el tanto se libre esa distancia es seguro para las personas, es decir, mientras se camine por la calle no hay riesgo para las personas, a menos que se escale el poste o se acerque de alguna otra forma a la línea.
Añade, que el día de los supuestos hechos, el ICE llegó al sitio a las 12:55 pm del mismo día, sin embargo, no pudo constatar la situación mencionada en el actor, pues ya no había nadie en el sitio. De esta forma, en sus registros técnicos y además en la inspección realizada al poste en cuestión, no se detectan evidencias del suceso que señala el actor, además de que técnicamente no convergen los elementos que demuestren el suceso que se relata por el accionante. Al rendir conclusiones orales, señaló la representación institucional, que a excepción del médico testigo, los demás no lo declararon discapacitado, lo dieron de alta. Además, la discapacidad no puede ser objeto de discriminación, e incluso hay empleabilidad. No se impide a una persona conseguir trabajo. Añade, que el documento presentado no es el oficial, e indica incluso que no es homologable para indemnizaciones. Por otra parte, señala que no es suficiente riesgo creado para endilgar responsabilidad, no está demostrada existencia de daño y la relación causal.
En este caso no se demostró acción u omisión del ICE para generar el daño. Testigos se refirieron a temas personales, pero no se documentó el nexo de causal. Afirma, que solo el ICE trajo experto para determinar si existía ese nexo o no, de manera que el criterio de atribución de esa electrocución no fue probada. El tema que los médicos indican que lesiones son por electrocución es porque el paciente refiere, no porque les consta, sino por entrevista previa entre paciente y médico. Reitera, que no se probó que la responsabilidad era del ICE, y no se hizo con prueba calificada, En el caso lo que operó, fue un hecho de fuerza mayor, imprevisible e inevitable. La prueba técnica refirió a temas de mantenimiento, no encontró daño de poste, motivado en los registros en la red, el testigo funcionario indicó que es imposible que se de una electrocución. El testigo refirió que el escenario imputado no es posible para que opere una electrocución, es más, indicó que la única forma de recibir descarga es por romper arco eléctrico, por acercarse a menos de 80 cms, hizo referencia al aire existente y la distancia que existe, pero que el exceso de salinidad o humedad pueden generarlo, más eso no pudo existir en ese mes y en Guanacaste.
En resumen, hubo buen funcionamiento por parte del ICE, que los sistemas de protección reaccionaron adecuadamente, no quedaron evidencias, marcas o fogonazos en el poste. En otro orden, las pretensiones económicas son irrazonables y exageradas. Añade, que el trabajador era temporal, fue cesado con 127 personas más, acudieron al sindicato para ver si podían hacer gestiones. Los testigos fueron exactos para la descripción de los hechos, pero solo refieren a condiciones sin relación con el funcionamiento. Fecha de la demanda, justo a 8 días de cumplir los 4 años para recabar prueba. Por otra parte, no son ciertas las descripciones del poste que se exponen en la demanda con respecto a la descripción del testigo funcionario, quien reitera, señaló que no es posible que existiera esa electrocución, por cuanto las condiciones del poste eran adecuadas.
V.Sobre el fondo del asunto. Analizados los argumentos expuestos por las partes oportunamente, así como la prueba traída al proceso, considera este Tribunal que a la parte actora le asiste la razón en el sustento del cuadro fáctico del evento dañoso, más no así, respecto a la totalidad de las pretensiones. Las razones por las cuales arribamos a esta conclusión, las explicamos a continuación.
VI.Sobre la defensa de falta de derecho: De conformidad con el análisis de los argumentos y elenco probatorio, se arriba a a conclusión que la defensa debe ser acogida parcialmente, toda vez que si bien los daños reclamados encuentran su génesis en la electrocución sufrida por el actor, con ocasión de la prestación del servicio eléctrico por parte del Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, ante la no demostración del daño material y los denominados "perjuicios" que en esencia son un tipo de daño material por pérdida del empleo, se acoge parcialmente la defensa.
VII.Sobre las costas personales y procesales: De conformidad con lo establecido en el artículo 193 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, estima esta Cámara de Juezas que no existe mérito para exonerar a la parte demandada del pago de las costas del presente proceso, por lo que se condena al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad al pago de las costas procesales y personales del presente proceso.
VIII.Voto salvado de la jueza Miranda Alvarado en cuanto a la justificación y monto concedido por concepto de daño moral subjetivo: Procedo a indicara las razones por las cuales me aparto de la justificación y el monto del daño moral otorgado por mis compañeras de integración, dejando constancia que en lo que no corresponde a este punto, suscribo el resto de la sentencia. En primer término señalo que, de la prueba que consta en autos, considero que efectivamente se le causó al actor un daño moral subjetivo en tanto por el evento dañoso relacionado con el poste eléctrico, él tuvo una afectación en su psique y que no debía soportar. No obstante ello, discrepo en cuanto a la interpretación que mis compañeras de integración realizan de la prueba en el expediente y que les lleva a otorgar el monto por ellas señalado en su voto de mayoría. En la prueba documental que consta en autos, tenemos que al ser valorado por primera vez el accionante por el INS en el año 2017, se le señaló tener un trastorno de ansiedad generalizada -lo cual era lógico por el evento dañino que experimentó-, posteriormente producto de medicamentos aplicados y cambios de humor del actor, se le dio tratamiento psiquiátrico y psicológico, sin embargo, para un año después, no solo ya no acudía a psiquiatría sino que el 06 de setiembre de 2018, al ser dado de alta por la psicóloga del INS, Dra. Karla Quirós Gallegos (pagina 9 Expediente del INS), después de realizar un diagnostico del mismo, mencionó en resumen que, en la valoración original realizada por psicología por primera vez, se había notado que el actor parecía tener sentimientos de minusvalía, con psicopatía, una vivencia exagerada de su problemática y algunos problemas de tipo afectivo.
Y se indica en las recomendaciones que, por el tipo de personalidad del actor esta no contribuye con el proceso de recuperación. También reseña que visto en psiquiatría lo que se indica es que hay múltiples quejas cognitivas de tipo subjetivo pero lo remite finalmente de regreso a psicología para tratamiento. Finalmente en lo que es propiamente la anotación de la cita de ese día señala que, el paciente estaba emocionalmente más estable, sus síntomas de ansiedad en vías de resolución y que se le brindó amplio espacio para trabajar en proyección laboral y técnicas de resolución de conflictos. Apunta que se presentó neurológicamente integro durante la consulta. Añade que, el actor refiere le persisten las cefaleas a pesar de los medicamentos y que indica también que el cambio de medicamentos le generó cambios de conducta. Agrega que, se le brindó recomendaciones y cierre de terapia de retroalimentación y que por parte de ese servicio de psicología no requiere más intervenciones por lo que le da de alta.
Finalmente señala que impresiona síntomas de ansiedad por proyección laboral, por cefaleas y cambio de vida post accidente en vías de resolución. De esto se extrae que, para el momento en que se da de alta por parte de psicología del INS al acá accionante, se concluye por la especialista en psicología, que el actor contaba con mejoras emocionales y su ansiedad por el accidente en proceso de resolución, que si el accionante continuaba las recomendaciones podía manejar sus problemas de ansiedad, siendo esto un factor para esta Juzgadora determinante para la fijación del monto a indemnizar. Ahora, es necesario también hacer mención de que en el expediente del INS se da cuenta de un factor externo al daño moral subjetivo producido por el accidente y que se debe de excluir entonces de la valoración del mismo y es para el período 2018, el actor tenía problemas laborales por cuanto ante recortes de personal de su patrono él fue despedido, y recontratado pero con plazo definido.
También hay que tomar en cuenta que el testigo [Nombre 008], cuñado del actor, a pesar de que señala ser muy cercano al mismo, solo refirió en términos muy generales las manifestaciones del daño moral para el que fue ofrecido, y se limita a señalar que el actor antes se percibía hiperactivo y ahora se ve apagado, lo cual por esas manifestaciones muy genéricas no aportan mayor elemento para análisis. También, se toma en consideración que, como bien analizan mis compañeras de Cámara, lo correspondiente al proceso de no respuesta y el recurso de amparo, no tiene nexo causal con lo que acá se revisa y no debe tomarse en cuenta en la determinación del daño moral. Ahora también, de ciertas manifestaciones no hay ningún indicio en cuanto a que el actor siga manteniendo miedo porque un evento similar al sucedido se vuelva a presentar si camina por la calle, temor por secuelas, y daños futuros a sus órganos -que está por demás descartado por los amplios exámenes que se le hicieron en el INS-, ya que estos además de no demostrarse serían eventos futuros no concretizados y que esta juzgadora determina no pueden ser tomados en cuenta para un análisis in re ipsa.
Aunado a ello, considera esta juzgadora que si en la personalidad del actor, un evento como el sucedido exacerbó más allá de lo que en la generalidad de las personas podían experimentar ante una situación similar no es posible considerar esas "condiciones particulares inherentes al actor" y que no fueron provocadas por el accidente sufrido, para justificar un daño moral subjetivo en el monto fijado por mis compañeras cojuezas. Así, por considerar que en el daño moral subjetivo pedido, se mezclan factores externos al daño a su fuero interno provocados por el acto dañoso que acá se busca indemnizar, que es el haber sufrido una descarga eléctrica y los lógicos sentimientos que el actor indica le produjo el evento en su vida y afectó sus procesos conscientes e inconscientes y que señala son la depresión, temor, dolor por su condición, sensación de impotencia, preocupación y estrés por el evento dañoso, tomando en cuenta esas condiciones y considerando las mejoras en el manejo de la ansiedad del accionante -que un profesional en psicología apuntó iba en camino a ser resuelto- y excluyendo las causas externas que contribuían a la ansiedad del actor, en un análisis in re ipsa, fijo el daño moral subjetivo en una suma que considero es razonable, acorde y suficiente al merito de los autos para resarcir el mismo al actor en la suma de cinco millones de colones como daño moral subjetivo.-
POR TANTO
Se declara parcialmente con lugar la defensa de falta de derecho. En consecuencia, se declara parcialmente con lugar la demanda interpuesta por el señor [Nombre 001] contra el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, entendiéndose denegado lo no expresamente concedido. Por criterio de mayoría, se condena al Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad al pago a favor del actor de la suma de quince millones de colones por concepto de daño moral subjetivo, suma que generará intereses legales desde la firmeza de la presente sentencia y hasta su efectivo pago. Por unanimidad, se condena al pago de la discapacidad permanente física y orgánica sufrida por éste como consecuencia del incidente de la electrocución acaecido fecha 14 de julio del año 2017, los cuales se determinarán en la etapa de ejecución de sentencia con auxilio pericial, entre ellos, del Departamento Legal de Medicatura Forense a efecto de determinar el porcentaje de discapacidad permanente. La Jueza Miranda Alvarado salva el voto en cuanto al monto concedido por daño moral subjetivo. Son ambas costas a cargo de la parte demandada. Notifíquese. - Claudia Bolaños Salazar. Laura Gómez Chacón. Amy Miranda Alvarado.
CLAUDIA BOLAÑOS SALAZAR - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A LAURA GOMEZ CHACON - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A AMY MIRANDA ALVARADO - JUEZ/A DECISOR/A Goicoechea, Calle Blancos, 50 metros oeste del BNCR, frente a Café Dorado. Teléfonos: 2545-0107 ó 2545-0099. Ext. 01-2707 ó 01-2599. Fax: 2241-5664 ó 2545-0006. Correo electrónico: [email protected]
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