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Res. 00422-2016 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 15/01/2016
OutcomeResultado
The amparo is partially granted against AyA; it is ordered to draft a supply improvement plan and provide water via tankers in the interim. The writ is denied as to the Municipality and the Health District.Se declara parcialmente con lugar el amparo contra el AyA; se le ordena elaborar un plan de mejora de abastecimiento y proveer agua mediante cisternas mientras se implementa una solución definitiva. Se declara sin lugar respecto de la Municipalidad y el Área Rectora de Salud.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber reviews a writ of amparo filed by residents of Calle Los Barrantes in Líbano de Tilarán, Guanacaste, who challenge the refusal of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA) to extend the potable water network to their homes. Historically, they relied on a local spring whose flow has drastically declined due to drought in the province. Despite a Ministry of Health sanitary order issued in August 2014 directing AyA to submit an improvement plan, the institution invoked insurmountable technical, budgetary, and hydrological constraints. The Chamber recognizes the fundamental right to potable water, derived from the rights to health, life, and a healthy environment, while also acknowledging the State's obligation to adopt progressive measures. It concludes that although immediate difficulties are understandable, AyA cannot indefinitely neglect the community, especially in light of the unfulfilled sanitary order. It orders AyA to immediately begin drafting a water-supply improvement plan and, in the interim, to provide water via tankers or other mechanisms ensuring permanent access.La Sala Constitucional conoce de un amparo interpuesto por vecinos de Calle Los Barrantes, en Líbano de Tilarán, Guanacaste, quienes denuncian la negativa del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA) a extender la red de agua potable hasta sus viviendas. Los recurrentes históricamente se abastecían de una naciente propia, cuyo caudal ha disminuido drásticamente por la sequía que afecta la provincia. A pesar de existir una orden sanitaria del Ministerio de Salud desde agosto de 2014 que insta al AyA a presentar un plan de mejoras, la institución argumentó limitaciones técnicas, presupuestarias e hídricas insalvables. La Sala reconoce el derecho fundamental al agua potable, derivado de los derechos a la salud, la vida y un ambiente sano, pero también la obligación estatal de adoptar medidas progresivas. Concluye que, si bien comprende las dificultades inmediatas, el AyA no puede ampararse en ellas para desatender de forma indefinida a la comunidad, sobre todo cuando existe una orden sanitaria incumplida. Ordena al AyA elaborar de inmediato un plan de mejora de abastecimiento y, mientras tanto, proveer agua mediante cisternas u otros mecanismos que garanticen el acceso permanente.
Key excerptExtracto clave
the Chamber understands that, at present, there are technical, budgetary, and water-scarcity reasons that make it impossible to provide that service in the area where the petitioners live; however, it is unacceptable that, under this argument, the community be indefinitely deprived of such a precious liquid, especially when a sanitary order to this effect has been in place since August 2014, without any evidence that—at least—a potable water supply network exists on site, whether by means of cistern tanks or through a public source, much less is there an adequate tank to capture and supply the populace lacking this vital liquid, a shortcoming that places the affected persons in a grave situation, as there is also no evidence that the authorities of the respondent Institute have taken concrete actions to at least provide the service on a provisional or partial basis. As noted above, the Chamber can appreciate that the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers does not currently have the resources and that there is water scarcity; however, what is not admissible is that an institution such as AyA, under the argument of technical impossibility, offers no valid and acceptable proposal for the residents of that community to receive potable water, at least temporarily, as stated, while a durable solution is achieved.la Sala comprende que, de momento, existen razones técnicas, de presupuesto y de escasez de recurso hídrico que imposibilitan la prestación de ese servicio en la zona donde habitan los tutelados; sin embargo, no es aceptable que bajo ese argumento, se pretenda que esta comunidad quede desprovista de forma indefinida de tan preciado líquido, sobre todo cuando existe una orden sanitaria emitida en ese sentido desde el mes de agosto de 2014, sin que se desprenda que -al menos- exista en el sitio una red de suministro de agua potable, ya sea por medio de tanques cisternas o través de fuente pública, y mucho menos consta que haya un tanque apto para captar y abastecer a los pobladores carentes de ese líquido tan importante, insuficiencia que coloca a las personas afectadas en una grave situación, pues tampoco se evidencia que las autoridades del Instituto recurrido hayan adoptado actuaciones concretas para, al menos, proveer el servicio de manera provisional o parcial. Tal y como se indicó en líneas anteriores, la Sala puede comprender que en este momento el Instituto Costarrincense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados no cuente con los recursos y que hay escasez hídrica; sin embargo, lo que no es admisible es que una institución como el A y A, bajo el argumento de que hay imposibilidad técnica, no ofrezca ninguna propuesta válida y aceptable para que los vecinos de esa comunidad puedan recibir agua potable, al menos como se dijo, de manera temporal, mientras se logra construir una solución duradera.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"La Sala reconoce, como parte del Derecho de la Constitución, un derecho fundamental al agua potable, derivado de los derechos fundamentales a la salud, la vida, al medio ambiente sano, a la alimentación y la vivienda digna, entre otros, tal como ha sido reconocido también en instrumentos internacionales sobre Derechos Humanos aplicables en Costa Rica."
"The Chamber recognizes, as part of Constitutional Law, a fundamental right to potable water, derived from the fundamental rights to health, life, a healthy environment, food, and decent housing, among others, as has also been recognized in international human rights instruments applicable in Costa Rica."
Considerando IV
"La Sala reconoce, como parte del Derecho de la Constitución, un derecho fundamental al agua potable, derivado de los derechos fundamentales a la salud, la vida, al medio ambiente sano, a la alimentación y la vivienda digna, entre otros, tal como ha sido reconocido también en instrumentos internacionales sobre Derechos Humanos aplicables en Costa Rica."
Considerando IV
"... no es aceptable que bajo ese argumento, se pretenda que esta comunidad quede desprovista de forma indefinida de tan preciado líquido, sobre todo cuando existe una orden sanitaria emitida en ese sentido desde el mes de agosto de 2014."
"... it is unacceptable that, under this argument, the community be indefinitely deprived of such a precious liquid, especially when a sanitary order to this effect has been in place since August 2014."
Considerando VI
"... no es aceptable que bajo ese argumento, se pretenda que esta comunidad quede desprovista de forma indefinida de tan preciado líquido, sobre todo cuando existe una orden sanitaria emitida en ese sentido desde el mes de agosto de 2014."
Considerando VI
"... lo que no es admisible es que una institución como el A y A, bajo el argumento de que hay imposibilidad técnica, no ofrezca ninguna propuesta válida y aceptable para que los vecinos de esa comunidad puedan recibir agua potable, al menos como se dijo, de manera temporal, mientras se logra construir una solución duradera."
"... what is not admissible is that an institution such as AyA, under the argument of technical impossibility, offers no valid and acceptable proposal for the residents of that community to receive potable water, at least temporarily, as stated, while a durable solution is achieved."
Considerando VII
"... lo que no es admisible es que una institución como el A y A, bajo el argumento de que hay imposibilidad técnica, no ofrezca ninguna propuesta válida y aceptable para que los vecinos de esa comunidad puedan recibir agua potable, al menos como se dijo, de manera temporal, mientras se logra construir una solución duradera."
Considerando VII
Full documentDocumento completo
Case File: 15-014061-0007-CO Type of Matter: *Amparo* appeal --- *150140610007CO* SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at nine thirty hours on January fifteenth, two thousand sixteen.
*Amparo* appeal processed in case file number 15-014061-0007-CO, filed by ESTEBAN DEL CARMEN CABEZAS GAMBOA, identity card 0501090621, on behalf of AARON TORRES SORO, identity card 0207370144, ADRIÁN ENRIQUE RAMÍREZ SEGURA, identity card 0207260818, ADRIANA MARCELA RAMÍREZ SEGURA, identity card 0206730765, ALBINO JOSÉ ARIAS BARRANTES, identity card 0503140082, ANA YURI DEL CARMEN SORO MADRIGAL, identity card 0204010314, ÁNGEL VIRGILIO ALFARO BARRANTES, identity card 0502900504, CÁNDIDA CARMEN BETINA BARRANTES ÁLVAREZ, identity card 0501140627, CARMEN MARÍA FONSECA CÓRDOBA, identity card 0502810685, DIANET MARÍA GUTIÉRREZ VEGA, identity card 0503680818, EDWIN EMILIO ARIAS BARRANTES, identity card 0503460065, FERNANDO ARIAS BARRANTES, identity card 0502170344, GREIVIN ANTONIO BARRANTES ÁLVAREZ, identity card 0603340587, GUADALUPE DE LA TRINIDAD MEJÍA HERRERA, identity card 0502260942, GUSTAVO ADOLFO WATTSON GÓMEZ, identity card 0302970911, JEANNETTE PATRICIA ARIAS BARRANTES, identity card 0503610020, JEHUDY ALONSO ROJAS RODRÍGUEZ, identity card 0503660832, JORGE ALBINO ARIAS BARRANTES, identity card 0503140688, JOSÉ MANUEL ROJAS AZOFEIFA, identity card 0501100330, JOSELYN DE LOS ÁNGELES PASTRANA VEGA, identity card 0503710325, JUAN BAUTISTA CHAVES SÁNCHEZ, identity card 0502960194, KIMBERLEEN ROBERTA ARIAS BARRANTES, identity card 0503780749, LIDIETH MAYELA ARIAS BARRANTES, identity card 0502000417, LUIS ÁNGEL BARRANTES ÁLVAREZ, identity card 0501100848, LUIS ARTURO CELSO SOTO CASTRO, identity card 0105710738, LUIS DE JESÚS ROJAS AZOFEIFA, identity card 0501000864, LUIS ENRIQUE ALFARO BARRANTES, identity card 0502440592, LUZMILDA BARRANTES ÁLVAREZ, none, MARABELI DE LOS ÁNGELES ALVARADO ANCHÍA, identity card 0502460414, MARCELA SEGURA HIDALGO, identity card 0108320983, MARÍA CLEMENTINA BARRANTES ÁLVAREZ, identity card 0500850565, MAUREN PRISCILA ARIAS BARRANTES, identity card 0503770026, MAURO GONZALO TORRES CERVANTES, identity card 0108200516, MELVIN BARRANTES ÁLVAREZ, identity card 0503780309, MIGUEL ÁNGEL BARRANTES ÁLVAREZ, identity card 0501310945, MINOR ANDREY HERRERA ESQUIVEL, identity card 0113530230, ORLANDO TORRES CERVANTES, identity card 0106950555, ORLANDO TORRES SORO, identity card 0206920695, RAFAEL ÁNGEL ROJAS RODRÍGUEZ, identity card 0502700450, RAFAEL MERCEDES ROJAS AZOFEIFA, identity card 0501240096, RIGOBERTO GUTIERREZ MENDOZA, identity card 0402040740, ROBERTO DULCE NOMBRE ARIAS CASTRO, identity card 0500590105, ROCÍO DE LOS ÁNGELES BARRANTES ÁLVAREZ, identity card 0503630342, ROINER VINICIO ARIAS BARRANTES, identity card 0503290361, VILMA GONZÁLEZ CORDERO, identity card 0501890505, WILLIAM ALVARADO ANCHÍA, none, YEUDY MAURICIO ARIAS BARRANTES, identity card 0503490746, YOLDAN DANIEL CHACÓN VÍQUEZ, identity card 0205430323, ZAIDA DEL CARMEN VILLALOBOS ALVARADO, identity card 0204980721, ZULEMA JOVITA DE LAS PIEDADES RODRÍGUEZ BERMÚDEZ, identity card 0501370228, against MUNICIPALIDAD DE TILARÁN, ÁREA RECTORA DE SALUD DE TILARÁN, and INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS, TILARÁN OFFICE.
Whereas:
It refers that regarding what was stated by Mr. Esteban Cabezas Gamboa in favor of the residents of the Los Barrantes or Los Cedros neighborhood, in Líbano de Tilarán, in his written amplification of facts as detailed in the order notifying the resolution of nine hours and fifty-one minutes of October seventh of the current year, concerning the various actions they have undertaken before A y A and other state agencies, it is possible to indicate that just as indicated in official letter No. GSP-RCH-CT-2015-00308, based on the administrative file on record, in the following manner: The appellants are not users of the supply service of A y A, Cantonal Tilarán, nor is there any ASADA near the place that could supply them with potable water. That according to report GAM-024-2014 (which is on file), issued by Msc. Luis Alberto Alvarado Madrigal, Environmental Manager (Gestor Ambiental) of the Municipality of Tilarán, it is mentioned that the water flow from the spring (naciente) that currently supplies the residents of the Los Barrantes neighborhood is minimal, lacking the capacity to supply the population of thirty people.
The appellant states that this year the drought factor has intensified, a situation that has already nearly caused a shortage of the liquid. We must indicate that effectively, just as he mentions, the drought factor is affecting most of the national territory, especially Guanacaste. It is true that on July 31, 2014, the appellants went to the Municipality of Tilarán to expose the problem, seeking support and to obtain from A y A the technical and infrastructure solution for the water supply to the neighborhood. In this regard, it is on record that on August 4, 2014, the Tilarán cantonal office received a certification from the Municipality of Tilarán reporting the agreements taken by the Municipal Council on July 31, 2014. That with respect to the actions taken before the Ministry of Health, I must indicate that document CH-DARST-R-MJGZ-020-2014, issued by the Ministry of Health of Tilarán on August 5, 2014, called "Response to request for inspection visit Official Letter SCM-279-2014 Community of Líbano de Tilarán between the Los Barrantes road and the Cemetery, water supply", is in the administrative file of this Cantonal Office.
It is true that Sanitary Order dated 08-06-2014, No. REG-128-2014, was issued by the Governing Health Area Directorate (Dirección Área Rectora de Salud) of Tilarán, addressed to Lic. Jorge Rodríguez Murillo, cantonal head of A y A, Tilarán, Guanacaste, and based on this, document SB-GSP-RCH-OCT-2014-026 was issued, which in turn refers to official letter RCH-IRZA-2014-055 signed by the Regional Engineering Zona Alta, received by the Ministry of Health on October 20, 2014. After that date, A y A has not received any document issued by the Ministry of Health in relation to official letter SB-GSP-CHOCT-2014-026 signed by Lic. Rodríguez Murillo. It argues that in relation to the sanitary order that was sent to Mr. Esteban Cabezas, that cantonal office has a copy in the file of the Sanitary Order REG-129-2014 issued by the Ministry of Health of Tilarán to Mr. Esteban Cabezas Gamboa. It explains that this order was presented before A y A by Mr.
Cabezas Gamboa with a document issued on August 14, 2014, where he requests Mr. Jorge Rodríguez, Cantonal Head of A y A Tilarán, to extend the pipe network to supply the Líbano cemetery and thus comply with the sanitary order issued. It clarifies that in relation to the diligences cited by the appellant that they undertook before A y A for the water supply in said sector, on August 20, 2014, Lic. Jorge Rodríguez received a document dated August 18, 2014, signed by 22 neighboring people from the sector between the crossing of Los Barrantes road and the cemetery of the community of Líbano, expressing the situation they have with the supply source captured more than 40 years ago and requesting that the required studies be carried out to provide a solution to this problem. The document sets out the alternatives of building a new storage tank at a higher elevation and building a pumping system and storage tank on the property of Mr.
Allen Rodríguez Matamoros, who is willing to donate the land for the tank and the constitution of easements (servidumbres) for pipelines and access in favor of A y A. Regarding the request for a hearing with the Executive Director of the Region to present the problem and seek a prompt solution, that cantonal head consulted the secretary of the Regional Director of the Chorotega Region, Engineer German Araya Montezuma, and reports that there is no request for an appointment with the Regional Directorate in the name of residents of Líbano de Tilarán. Therefore, it is established that on 08-06-2014, the cantonal office of Tilarán received Sanitary Order REG-128-2014 issued by the Ministry of Health of Tilarán, and that as a result document SB-GSP-RCH-OCT-2014-026 was issued, which in turn refers to official letter RCH-IRZA-2014-055 signed by Regional Engineering Zona Alta, received by the Ministry of Health on October 20, 2014, but there is no record that the Ministry has issued any resolution in relation to said official letter.
It emphasizes that in relation to the actions taken by the residents, who affirm that there is water resources (recurso hídrico) and that A y A is unwilling to attend to their requests for infrastructure and services, it is important to indicate, as already mentioned in technical report No. GSP-RCHO-2015-00968 issued by Engineer Rosa González Palma on October 16, 2015, at the request of this cantonal head, as detailed below: All proceedings carried out before September 2015 were carried out under circumstances very different from those that exist today. There is an emergency decree due to the severe drought existing in the Guanacaste area, and although Tilarán does not present the dramatic conditions of other parts of the province, like the rest of the area its production and therefore its Hydric Capacity has been diminished. In this regard, it is worth mentioning Decree No. 38642-MP-MAG in effect as of September 30, 2014, article 01, provides: "Article 1 - A state of emergency is declared for the situation generated by the drought affecting the cantons of Liberia, Tilarán, Nicoya, Santa Cruz, Bagaces, Carrillo, Cañas, Abangares, Nandayure, La Cruz, and Hojancha of the province of Guanacaste, the cantons of Aguirre, Garabito, Montes de Oro, Esparza, and the Central Canton of the province of Puntarenas, and the cantons of Orotina, San Mateo, and Atenas of the province of Alajuela." For this reason, in the case of Líbano and as has been indicated, extraction from the source was 5 L/s (with a record from early 2014), however, by 2014 extraction was 4 or 3 L/s, and currently this extraction has decreased to 2 L/s, as indicated by the production reports of the systems administered by the Cantonal office of Tilarán (production reports for the months of January, October, and November 2013, June and December 2014, and August 2015 are attached).
Consequently, it is verified with these reports that conditions varied substantially, and that is why official letter GSP-RCH-CT-2015-00244 indicates that extending the pipe network to Barrantes is not viable due to limitations in water resources. Thus, according to the technical report issued by Engineer Rosa González Palma of the Chorotega Region, the following conclusions are set forth for the present case. A y A has a production that currently only allows the supply of services that are currently registered, with a service contract legalized with A y A, that is, those who are already clients of A y A, as indicated; with the existing hydric capacity, current users can barely be supplied. Therefore, connecting more services would lead to supply problems, decreases, and cuts in the supply to the current ones, meaning the current supply to users is harmed, deteriorating the service in terms of quantity and continuity.
In the hypothetical event that water resources existed, the investment in infrastructure would be around 8 million colones, without taking into account accessories or labor for excavation. Referring to excavation, the road runs next to a river; there is a significant presence of rock, so there is a high probability that excavation would be in rock and not in soil. The number of current connections in Barrio Los Barrantes is 14 families, according to a count carried out by engineer Rosa González in Líbano. As this report correctly indicates, in the file that A y A has on the case of the residents of Barrio Los Barrantes, all the generated information is available, and it is striking that the report generated by the Municipality of Tilarán indicates that the spring "is a rudimentary hole in the ground. It points out that there is no adequate catchment (infrastructure)." Springs, by their genesis and formation, are rudimentary holes from which water is captured and conveyed; they are protected and provided with certain infrastructure, but they are never covered, as this would prevent the water from flowing out.
It indicates that in the hypothetical case of there being no limitations with water resources and regarding the work that would eventually have to be done to interconnect Barrio Los Barrantes (if water resources were available, as we have clarified), A y A did what science and technique dictate: evaluated the conditions, took the relevant measurements, budgeted the costs, and determined how much surplus the source would have to have to supply the place. At the time, the Municipality in its visit detected overflow; currently there is none. Regarding what the appellants mention in the amplification of facts about the fact that the system expansion project should not be treated as a private system, it is clarified that costs have been mentioned because they are high for the 14 lots counted during 2015 —nine families are mentioned in documents provided by the interested parties— however, the result of the family count is somewhat higher.
On this point, although the cost is high, the works are generally carried out for a public health purpose; an example of this is the case of water treatment for arsenic for small populations, where profit motive does not prevail and cost is not considered. It explains that the case discussed here and what is essential is the lack of water resources, which is demonstrated from the very conception of the resource, since as the appellants have indicated, they have run out of it. It has been mentioned that the place runs parallel to a river channel. It assures that they do not have information about flood zones, but it is apparent that the road is on virgin stone, which would force the use of heavy machinery in the area. It indicates that the road is not suitable for this type of machinery due to its narrowness; just the arm of a backhoe (the CAT type needed to install the pipeline) would affect some of the properties on the edge of the street.
They establish that all the above are technical assessments that support that the investment that would be made, under current conditions, would be completely useless. In this sense, it is paramount to allocate economic resources to places where it is feasible to bring water, because in the case at hand, there would be an empty conveyance and distribution network; in the specific case of Los Barrantes street, the availability of the vital liquid is counted upon. It states that in relation to what the appellants mentioned, as things stand, these families cannot be supplied immediately, nor in the short or medium term. The technical report indicates that this project could be included within the list of projects to be developed by A y A, under the perspective of comprehensive development and design, conditional on the availability of water resources. Under this scheme, A y A may thus opt for solutions that do not affect those who are already receiving the resource from our system in the area and that ensure a supply for everyone in the area.
It comments that regarding timeframes, it is not materially feasible to provide them without having requested the basic studies, for the reasons repeatedly stated, that is, the serious limitations of water resources, as set forth in the previously cited Decree 38642-MP-MAG. However, there is a commitment to keep those involved in this case informed regarding the actions carried out internally by the Institution. It refers that based on the technical reasons presented, it is materially impossible at this time to carry out the studies for infrastructure and service provision to the residents of Barrio Los Barrantes, due to a lack of hydric capacity. It points out that the objective of issuing administrative acts that grant or deny the request for services in a specific area is to inform the administered party about the existing reality regarding hydric capacity, collection capacity, and environmental conditions offered or suffered by the A y A systems in a specific area.
The foregoing is based on "basic studies" and even studies of a more specific nature depending on the nature of the project, which constitute the basis for issuing the act and which must contemplate, among other aspects: project location, analysis in relation to the hydric inventory of the area, project vulnerability, dimension, nature, projection in liters per second, type of activity, population growth, environmental factors that could be affected, and other aspects that must be assessed at a technical level. It argues that technical studies acquire special validity, as they rationally motivate the administrative act, an aspect upheld by the legal system in article 16, subsection 1 of the General Public Administration Law (Ley General de la Administración Pública), which establishes: "Article 16- 1. In no case may acts be issued contrary to univocal rules of science or technique. Furthermore, it must be reiterated, as indicated above, that the study does not only concern the capacities of the sources or systems, since other elements related to sustainability and environmental protection must also be analyzed, which are upheld by the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) itself in rulings such as the following: 'the precautionary principle or in dubio pro natura supposes that when there are no studies or reports carried out according to the univocal rules of exact application to science and technique that allow reaching a state of absolute certainty about the innocuousness of the activity intended to be developed on the environment, or these are contradictory among themselves, the entities and bodies of the central and decentralized administration must refrain from authorizing, approving, or permitting any new or modification request, suspend those in progress until the dubious state is cleared, and, in parallel, adopt all measures aimed at its protection and preservation with the object of guaranteeing the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
In essence, safe environmental management of groundwater involves protecting the resource before its contamination or degradation.' (Judgment 2004-1923 of 14:55 hours of February 25, 2004). Consequently, A y A has acted in accordance with the principles of reasonableness, logic, and convenience in denying the appellants' requests, because, as noted above, we are not dealing with a case that is resolved with the construction of infrastructure, but rather the denial is due to the fact that the potable water production source in the case of Líbano has currently decreased its extraction to 2 liters per second, as indicated by the production reports of the systems administered by the Cantonal office of Tilarán, which barely produces enough for the current users that A y A has. It requests that this Amparo Appeal (Recurso de Amparo) be declared without merit, since for A y A it is materially impossible to provide potable water to the amparados for the reasons set forth in the referenced technical studies.
Drafted by Magistrate Hernández López; and,
Considering:
The appellant comes before this Court in protection of the fundamental rights of the amparados. He accuses that they are residents of Líbano de Tilarán, specifically of Calle Los Barrantes, and were supplied with potable water service from their own sources. However, due to the meteorological conditions that have occurred in recent years, the water sources diminished considerably, for which reason they requested potable water service through the extension of the public network that operates in that community. However, through official letter GSP-RCH-CT-20105-00244 of September 3, 2015, they were informed that due to the economic cost, the feasibility of the connection, and the current scarcity of water resources, it is not considered prudent to make said investment. The foregoing, despite the fact that the first five houses of habitation in the Neighborhood where they reside have the service, which is supplied by the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados).
Of relevance for settling the present amparo appeal, the following facts are deemed accredited:
In relation to the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers:
In relation to the Municipality of Tilarán:
In relation to the Governing Health Area of Tilarán:
The following fact of relevance for the resolution of this matter is not deemed duly proven:
At the United Nations Water Conference, held in Mar del Plata in 1977, the foundations were recognized and laid for undertaking the commitment to achieve universal access for all peoples to drinking water. The Declaration on the Right to Development, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1986, included a commitment by the States Parties to ensure equal opportunity for all to enjoy basic resources. The Declaration on drinking water and sanitation for the 1990 decade, held in New Delhi, India, from 10 to 14 September 1990, organized by the United Nations Development Programme, recognized the following guiding principle:
"Safe water and proper means of waste disposal are essential to sustain the environment and improve human health and must be the cornerstone of integrated water resources management." In the World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children, from the World Summit for Children, held in New York, in that same year, the need was recognized to promote the provision of safe water for all children in all communities and the establishment of sanitation networks worldwide (20.2.). In the Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development, held in 1972, the following was recognized:
"Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment." In Agenda 21 of the Rio Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1972, the need was recognized to undertake comprehensive management of water resources (Section 2, Chapter 18, 18.6). For its part, the Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development, held in 1995, recognized the need to direct efforts and policies towards the task of overcoming the fundamental causes of poverty and meeting the basic needs of all, including the supply of drinking water and sanitation (Chapter I - Resolutions adopted by the Summit, Second Commitment, b.). On this matter, emphasis was also placed in the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (measure 106.x). For its part, the Marrakech Declaration, First World Water Forum, 1997, recognized the need to establish an effective mechanism for the management of shared waters, support and conserve ecosystems, and promote the efficient use of water. General Comment on the right to water, adopted in November 2002 by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (UN: E/C.12/2002/11) recognized the following:
"The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, affordable, physically accessible, safe and acceptable quality water for personal and domestic uses." For its part, this Constitutional Court has recognized in its jurisprudence that the right to health and to life are fundamental rights of the human being that depend on access to drinking water and that the competent bodies have the unavoidable responsibility to ensure that society as a whole does not see these diminished. Indeed, the Chamber has previously held that, as part of Constitutional Law, a fundamental right to the supply of drinking water exists. On that occasion, the following was held:
" V.- The Chamber recognizes, as part of Constitutional Law, a fundamental right to drinking water, derived from the fundamental rights to health, life, a healthy environment, food and decent housing, among others, as has also been recognized in international instruments on Human Rights applicable in Costa Rica: thus, it appears explicitly in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (art. 14) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (art. 24); furthermore, it is stated in the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo (principle 2), and it is declared in numerous other instruments of International Humanitarian Law. In our Inter-American Human Rights System, the country is particularly bound in this matter by the provisions of Article 11.1 of the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ("Protocol of San Salvador" of 1988), which states that:
"Article 11. Right to a Healthy Environment 1. Everyone shall have the right to live in a healthy environment and to have access to basic public services." Furthermore, recently, the UN Committee on Economic, Cultural and Social Rights reiterated that having water is a human right that, in addition to being essential for leading a healthy life, is a prerequisite for the realization of all other human rights.
VI.From the above normative framework derives a series of fundamental rights linked to the State's obligation to provide basic public services, which imply, on the one hand, that people cannot be illegitimately deprived of them, but that, as in the case of drinking water, the holding of an enforceable right by any individual for the State to supply them with the public drinking water service, immediately and wherever they may be, cannot be sustained, but rather, in the manner provided for in the Protocol of San Salvador itself, this class of rights obliges States to adopt measures, as provided in Article 1 of the same Protocol:
"The States Parties to this Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights undertake to adopt the necessary measures, both domestically and through cooperation among the States, especially economic and technical, to the maximum of available resources and taking into account their degree of development, in order to achieve progressively, and in accordance with domestic legislation, the full effectiveness of the rights recognized in this Protocol."
One of the most important public services is the supply of drinking water, since its relationship with the protection of people's right to health and life is unquestionable. Thus, there is an obligation on the part of the State to guarantee the purity of the liquid for human consumption, as well as the continuity of its supply, as essential elements of the provision of the public service, all with the aim of protecting the integrity of the users. In our country, the provision of the aforementioned public service corresponds to the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, pursuant to subsection a) of Article 2 of Law 2726 of April fourteenth, nineteen sixty-one, without prejudice to the provisions of subsection g) of the indicated article.
In the case under study, it is considered accredited that the petitioners have a significant problem with the supply of drinking water in the community where they live, namely Líbano de Tilarán, specifically in Calle Los Barrantes, which has been worsening over time, because for approximately 40 years they were supplied by their own sources, whose flow decreased considerably due to the drought that struck some sectors of the province of Guanacaste. By virtue of this, they requested before the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillado, Tilarán Office, that they be provided with the drinking water service through the extension of the public network that operates in that community. Nevertheless, said entity informed them that given the economic cost, the feasibility of the connection, and the scarcity of water resources, it is not possible to install the service. For his part, the Cantonal Chief of Tilarán indicated to this Court that the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados evaluated the conditions of the locality, took the corresponding measures, budgeted costs, and finally, determined that it is not possible to address the request made due to the limitation of water resources present in the place.
He also indicated that the properties of the petitioners are not within the supply area of the aqueduct of the Chorotega Region; therefore, it is materially impossible to install the service. On the other hand, the Director of the Health Governing Area of Tilarán reported that on August 5, 2014, an on-site inspection was carried out, together with municipal officials, and it was determined that the affected population is vulnerable and at risk due to lack of drinking water supply; consequently, she issued a sanitary order, so that within a period of 40 working days, the Cantonal Chief of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados would present a water supply improvement plan for human consumption for the population of Tilarán, Líbano, located between the Los Barrantes road and the Local Cemetery. In this regard, the Chamber understands that, at the moment, there are technical, budgetary, and water resource scarcity reasons that make it impossible to provide this service in the area where the protected parties live; however, it is not acceptable that under this argument, the intention is for this community to remain indefinitely deprived of such a precious liquid, especially when there is a sanitary order issued in that sense since August 2014, without it appearing that—at least—there is a drinking water supply network at the site, whether by means of cistern tanks or a public source, and much less is there evidence that there is a suitable tank to collect and supply the residents lacking this vital liquid, a deficiency that places the affected people in a grave situation, since there is also no evidence that the authorities of the respondent Institute have adopted concrete actions to, at least, provide the service provisionally or partially.
The foregoing constitutes, without a doubt, an injury to the rights of the inhabitants of the affected area, since what is at stake is the enjoyment of a fundamental element to guarantee people's health, such as drinking water. Now, it is important to state that Article 2 of the Constitutive Law of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados empowers AyA to agree with community organizations on the administration of aqueduct and sewerage systems, since the respondent Institute, as the governing body in the matter, is responsible for all matters relating to the operation, maintenance, administration, and development of the systems necessary for the supply of water to populations. From the foregoing, it is evident that the respondent Institute has no justification for excusing the non-existence of the provision of the drinking water service in a situation as serious as the one revealed in this amparo.
As indicated above, the Chamber can understand that at this moment the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados does not have the resources and that there is water scarcity; however, what is not admissible is that an institution such as AyA, under the argument that there is technical impossibility, does not offer any valid and acceptable proposal so that the residents of that community can receive drinking water, at least, as was said, on a temporary basis, while a lasting solution can be built. On this matter, this Court does not understand how the governing body in the matter has ignored the Sanitary Order issued almost eighteen months ago and has not proposed a water supply improvement plan for human consumption for the affected population. This, despite the fact that, as has been stated on repeated occasions, AyA is responsible for all matters relating to the operation, maintenance, administration, and development of the systems necessary for the supply of water to populations.
Consequently, given the described problem, it is clear that there is sufficient basis for the Chamber to order the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados—as the governing body in the matter—to immediately adopt the necessary measures and issue the required directives, to start with the elaboration of a water supply improvement plan for human consumption in the population of Tilarán, specifically in Calle Los Barrantes. Furthermore, while said plan is being prepared, it must supply them through cisterns or other mechanisms that permanently guarantee access to water while the situation is resolved definitively.-
Therefore:
The amparo is partially granted with respect to the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. Consequently, Litzi Gabriela Barquero Sánchez, in her capacity as Chief of the Cantonal Unit of Tilarán of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, or whoever exercises that position in her place, is ordered to immediately adopt the necessary measures and issue the required directives, to start with the elaboration of a water supply improvement plan for human consumption in the population of Tilarán, specifically in Calle Los Barrantes; as well as, to supply them through cisterns or other mechanisms that permanently guarantee access to water while the situation is resolved definitively. The foregoing under the warning that, should they fail to comply with said order, they will incur the crime of disobedience and that, in accordance with Article 71 of the Law of this jurisdiction, imprisonment of three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, will be imposed on anyone who receives an order that must be complied with or enforced, issued in an amparo proceeding, and does not comply with it or does not enforce it, provided that the offense is not more severely penalized.
The Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados is ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts that serve as the basis for this declaration, which will be settled upon execution of the judgment in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. The amparo is dismissed regarding the other respondent institutions. Let this resolution be notified personally to Litzi Gabriela Barquero Sánchez, in her capacity as Chief of the Cantonal Unit of Tilarán of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, or to whoever exercises that position in her place. Let it be communicated.- Ernesto Jinesta L.
Fernando Cruz C.
Fernando Castillo V.
Nancy Hernández L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jose Paulino Hernández G.
Yerma Campos C.
*4K47ANXIZKEO61*
*150140610007CO* SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta minutos del quince de enero de dos mil dieciseis .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente número 15-014061-0007-CO, interpuesto por ESTEBAN DEL CARMEN CABEZAS GAMBOA, cédula de identidad 0501090621, a favor de AARON TORRES SORO, cédula de identidad 0207370144, ADRIÁN ENRIQUE RAMÍREZ SEGURA, cédula de identidad 0207260818, ADRIANA MARCELA RAMÍREZ SEGURA, cédula de identidad 0206730765, ALBINO JOSÉ ARIAS BARRANTES, cédula de identidad 0503140082, ANA YURI DEL CARMEN SORO MADRIGAL, cédula de identidad 0204010314, ÁNGEL VIRGILIO ALFARO BARRANTES, cédula de identidad 0502900504, CÁNDIDA CARMEN BETINA BARRANTES ÁLVAREZ, cédula de identidad 0501140627, CARMEN MARÍA FONSECA CÓRDOBA, cédula de identidad 0502810685, DIANET MARÍA GUTIÉRREZ VEGA, cédula de identidad 0503680818, EDWIN EMILIO ARIAS BARRANTES, cédula de identidad 0503460065, FERNANDO ARIAS BARRANTES, cédula de identidad 0502170344, GREIVIN ANTONIO BARRANTES ÁLVAREZ, cédula de identidad 0603340587, GUADALUPE DE LA TRINIDAD MEJÍA HERRERA, cédula de identidad 0502260942, GUSTAVO ADOLFO WATTSON GÓMEZ, cédula de identidad 0302970911, JEANNETTE PATRICIA ARIAS BARRANTES, cédula de identidad 0503610020, JEHUDY ALONSO ROJAS RODRÍGUEZ, cédula de identidad 0503660832, JORGE ALBINO ARIAS BARRANTES, cédula de identidad 0503140688, JOSÉ MANUEL ROJAS AZOFEIFA, cédula de identidad 0501100330, JOSELYN DE LOS ÁNGELES PASTRANA VEGA, cédula de identidad 0503710325, JUAN BAUTISTA CHAVES SÁNCHEZ, cédula de identidad 0502960194, KIMBERLEEN ROBERTA ARIAS BARRANTES, cédula de identidad 0503780749, LIDIETH MAYELA ARIAS BARRANTES, cédula de identidad 0502000417, LUIS ÁNGEL BARRANTES ÁLVAREZ, cédula de identidad 0501100848, LUIS ARTURO CELSO SOTO CASTRO, cédula de identidad 0105710738, LUIS DE JESÚS ROJAS AZOFEIFA, cédula de identidad 0501000864, LUIS ENRIQUE ALFARO BARRANTES, cédula de identidad 0502440592, LUZMILDA BARRANTES ÁLVAREZ, ninguno, MARABELI DE LOS ÁNGELES ALVARADO ANCHÍA, cédula de identidad 0502460414, MARCELA SEGURA HIDALGO, cédula de identidad 0108320983, MARÍA CLEMENTINA BARRANTES ÁLVAREZ, cédula de identidad 0500850565, MAUREN PRISCILA ARIAS BARRANTES, cédula de identidad 0503770026, MAURO GONZALO TORRES CERVANTES, cédula de identidad 0108200516, MELVIN BARRANTES ÁLVAREZ, cédula de identidad 0503780309, MIGUEL ÁNGEL BARRANTES ÁLVAREZ, cédula de identidad 0501310945, MINOR ANDREY HERRERA ESQUIVEL, cédula de identidad 0113530230, ORLANDO TORRES CERVANTES, cédula de identidad 0106950555, ORLANDO TORRES SORO, cédula de identidad 0206920695, RAFAEL ÁNGEL ROJAS RODRÍGUEZ, cédula de identidad 0502700450, RAFAEL MERCEDES ROJAS AZOFEIFA, cédula de identidad 0501240096, RIGOBERTO GUTIERREZ MENDOZA, cédula de identidad 0402040740, ROBERTO DULCE NOMBRE ARIAS CASTRO, cédula de identidad 0500590105, ROCÍO DE LOS ÁNGELES BARRANTES ÁLVAREZ, cédula de identidad 0503630342, ROINER VINICIO ARIAS BARRANTES, cédula de identidad 0503290361, VILMA GONZÁLEZ CORDERO, cédula de identidad 0501890505, WILLIAM ALVARADO ANCHÍA, ninguno, YEUDY MAURICIO ARIAS BARRANTES, cédula de identidad 0503490746, YOLDAN DANIEL CHACÓN VÍQUEZ, cédula de identidad 0205430323, ZAIDA DEL CARMEN VILLALOBOS ALVARADO, cédula de identidad 0204980721, ZULEMA JOVITA DE LAS PIEDADES RODRÍGUEZ BERMÚDEZ, cédula de identidad 0501370228, contra MUNICIPALIDAD DE TILARÁN, ÁREA RECTORA DE SALUD DE TILARÁN Y EL INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS, SEDE TILARÁN.
Resultando:
Redacta la Magistrada Hernández López; y,
Considerando:
El recurrente acude a este Tribunal en tutela de los derechos fundamentales de los amparados. Acusa que los mismos son vecinos de Líbano de Tilarán, específicamente de Calle Los Barrantes y se abastecían del servicio de agua potable con fuentes propias. No obstante, debido a las condiciones metereológicas que se han presentado en los últimos años, las fuentes de agua disminuyeron de forma considerable, motivo por el cual, solicitaron el servicio de agua potable por medio de la extensión de la red pública que funciona en esa comunidad. Sin embargo, por medio del oficio GSP-RCH-CT-20105-00244 del 03 de setiembre de 2015, se les informó que debido al costo económico, la factibilidad de la conexión y la escasez del recurso hídrico actual, no se considera prudente realizar dicha inversión. Lo anterior, pese a que, las primeras cinco casas de habitación del Barrio donde habitan cuentan con el servicio, el cual es suministrado por el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados.
De relevancia para dirimir el presente recurso de amparo, se tienen por acreditados los siguientes hechos:
En relación con el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados:
Lógica y conveniencia al denegar las solicitudes de los recurrentes, pues el problema no es de infraestructura, sino al problema de abastecimiento de la fuente de producción de agua potable que dota a la población donde se encuentran ubicadas las viviendas.
En relación con la Municipalidad de Tilarán:
En relación con el Área Rectora de Salud de Tilarán:
No se estima, como debidamente, demostrado el siguiente hecho de relevancia para la resolución de este asunto:
En la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Agua, celebrada en Mar de Plata en 1977, se reconoció y se sentaron las bases para asumir el compromiso de alcanzar el acceso universal de todos los pueblos al agua potable. La Declaración sobre el Derecho al Desarrollo, adoptada por la Asamblea General de la ONU de 1986, incluyó un compromiso por parte de los Estados Parte de asegurar la igualdad de oportunidades para todos para disfrutar de los recursos básicos. La Declaración sobre el agua potable y el saneamiento para el decenio de 1990, celebrada en Nueva Delhi, India, del 10 al 14 de septiembre de 1990, organizada por el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo reconoció el siguiente principio rector:
"El agua potable y los medios adecuados de eliminación de desechos son esenciales para mantener el medio ambiente y mejorar la salud humana y deben ser el eje de la gestión integrada de los recursos hídricos".
En la Declaración Mundial sobre la supervivencia, la protección y el desarrollo del Niño, de la Cumbre Mundial a favor de la infancia, celebrada en Nueva York, en ese mismo año, se reconoció la necesidad de fomentar la provisión de agua potable para todos los niños en todas las comunidades y la creación de redes de saneamiento en todo el mundo (20.2.). En la Declaración de Dublín sobre el Agua y el Desarrollo Sostenible, celebrada en 1972, se reconoció lo siguiente:
"El agua dulce es un recurso finito y vulnerable, esencial para sostener la vida, el desarrollo y el medio ambiente".
En el Programa 21 de la Conferencia de Río sobre el Medio Ambiente y el Desarrollo, celebrada en Río de Janeiro en 1972, reconoció la necesidad de realizar una ordenación global del recurso hídrico (Sección 2, Capítulo 18, 18.6). Por su parte, en la Declaración de Copenhague sobre Desarrollo Social, celebrada en 1995, se reconoció la necesidad de orientar los esfuerzos y políticas a la tarea de superar las causas fundamentales de la pobreza y atender a las necesidades básicas de todos, incluyendo el suministro de agua potable y el saneamiento (Capítulo I - Resoluciones aprobadas por la Cumbre, Segundo compromiso, b.). Sobre este particular, también se hizo hincapié en la Declaración y Plataforma de Acción de Beijing (medida 106.x). Por su parte en la Declaración de Marrakech, Primer Foro Mundial del Agua, 1997, se reconoció la necesidad de establecer un mecanismo eficaz para la gestión de aguas compartidas, apoyar y conservar los ecosistemas, promover el uso eficaz del agua. El Comentario General so bre el derecho al agua, adoptado en noviembre de 2002 por el Comité de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales (ONU: E/C.12/2002/11) reconoció lo siguiente:
"El derecho humano al agua otorga derecho a todos a contar con agua Suficiente, a precio asequible, físicamente accesible, segura y de calidad aceptable para usos personales y domésticos".
Por su parte, este Tribunal Constitucional ha reconocido en su jurisprudencia que el derecho a la salud y a la vida, son derechos fundamentales del ser Humano que dependen del acceso al agua potable y que los órganos Competentes tienen la responsabilidad ineludible de velar para que la sociedad como un todo no vea mermados los mismos. En efecto, la Sala ha dispuesto, anteriormente, que como parte del Derecho de la Constitución, existe un derecho fundamental al suministro de agua potable. En aquella oportunidad se dispuso lo siguiente:
" V.- La Sala reconoce, como parte del Derecho de la Constitución, un derecho fundamental al agua potable, derivado de los derechos fundamentales a la salud, la vida, al medio ambiente sano, a la alimentación y la vivienda digna, entre otros, tal como ha sido reconocido también en instrumentos internacionales sobre Derechos Humanos aplicables en Costa Rica: así, figura explícitamente en la Convención sobre la Eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer (art. 14) y la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño (art. 24); además, se enuncia en la Conferencia Internacional sobre Población y el Desarrollo de El Cario (principio 2), y se declara en otros numerosos del Derecho Internacional Humanitario. En nuestro Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, el país se encuentra particularmente obligado en esta materia por lo dispuesto en el artículo 11.1 del Protocolo Adicional a la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos en Materia de Derechos Económicos, Sociales y Culturales ("Protocolo de San Salvador" de 1988), el cual dispone que:
"Artículo 11. Derecho a un medio ambiente sano 1. Toda persona tiene derecho a vivir en un medio ambiente sano y a contar con servicios públicos básicos".
Además, recientemente, el Comité de Derechos Económicos, Culturales y Sociales de la ONU reiteró que disponer de agua es un derecho humano que, además de ser imprescindible para llevar una vida saludable, es un requisito para la realización de todos los demás derechos humanos.
VI.Del anterior marco normativo se deriva una serie de derechos fundamentales ligados a la obligación del Estado de brindar los servicios públicos básicos, que implican, por una parte, que no puede privarse ilegítimamente de ellos a las personas, pero que, como en el caso del agua potable, no puede sostenerse la titularidad de un derecho exigible por cualquier individuo para que el Estado le suministre el servicio público de agua potable, en forma inmediata y dondequiera que sea, sino que, en la forma prevista en el mismo Protocolo de San Salvador, esta clase de derechos obligan a los Estados a adoptar medidas, conforme lo dispone el artículo primero del mismo Protocolo:
"Los Estados Partes en el presente Protocolo Adicional a la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos se comprometen a adoptar las medidas necesarias tanto de orden interno como mediante la cooperación entre los Estados, especialmente económica y técnica, hasta el máximo de los recursos disponibles y tomando en cuenta su grado de desarrollo, a fin de lograr progresivamente, y de conformidad con la legislación interna, la plena efectividad de los derechos que se reconocen en el presente Protocolo".
Uno de los servicios públicos de mayor relevancia, es el del suministro de agua potable, pues la relación que el mismo tiene con la protección del derecho a la salud y a la vida de las personas, es incuestionable. De este modo, existe una obligación por parte del Estado de garantizar la pureza del líquido para consumo humano, así como la continuidad en el suministro de éste, como elementos esenciales de la prestación del servicio público, todo ello con el fin de proteger la integridad de los usuarios. En nuestro país, la prestación del servicio público mencionado, corresponde al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, conforme lo dispuesto por el inciso a) del artículo 2 de la ley 2726 del catorce de abril de mil novecientos sesenta y uno, sin perjuicio de lo establecido en el el inciso g) del artículo señalado.
En el caso bajo estudio, se tiene por acreditado que los amparados tienen un problema importante de abastecimiento de agua potable en la comunidad donde habitan, sea el Líbano de Tilarán, propiamente en Calle Los Barrantes, el cual se ha venido agravando con el paso del tiempo, debido a que desde hace aproximadamente 40 años se abastecían con fuentes propias, las cuales disminuyeron su caudal de forma considerable, debido a la sequía que azotó a algunos sectores de la provincia de Guanacaste. En virtud de ello, solicitaron ante el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillado, Sede Tilarán, que se les brindara el servicio de agua potable por medio de la extensión de la red pública que funciona en esa comunidad. No obstante, dicha entidad les informó que dado el costo económico, la factibilidad de la conexión y la escasez del recurso hídrico, no es posible instalar el servicio. Por su parte, el Jefe Cantonal de Tilarán indicó a este Tribunal que el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados evaluó las condiciones de las localidad, tomó las medidas correspondientes, presupuestó costos y finalmente, determinó que no es posible atender la solicitud realizada debido a la limitación de recurso hídrico que se presenta en el lugar.
Además indicó que las propiedades de los recurrentes no se encuentran dentro del área de abastecimiento de acueducto de la Región Chorotega, por lo que, es materialmente imposible instalar el servicio. De otra parte, la Directora del Área Rectora de Salud de Tilarán, informó que en fecha 05 de agosto de 2014, se realizó una inspección in situ, junto con funcionarios municipales y se determinó que la población afectada es vulnerable y se encuentra en riesgo por falta de abastecimiento de agua potable, por lo que, giró una orden sanitaria, a fin de que en un plazo de 40 días hábiles, el Jefe Cantonal del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados presente un plan de mejoras de abastecimiento de agua para consumo humano a la población de Tilarán, Líbano, ubicada entre camino Los Barrantes y el Cementerio Local. Al respecto, la Sala comprende que, de momento, existen razones técnicas, de presupuesto y de escasez de recurso hídrico que imposibilitan la prestación de ese servicio en la zona donde habitan los tutelados; sin embargo, no es aceptable que bajo ese argumento, se pretenda que esta comunidad quede desprovista de forma indefinida de tan preciado líquido, sobre todo cuando existe una orden sanitaria emitida en ese sentido desde el mes de agosto de 2014, sin que se desprenda que -al menos- exista en el sitio una red de suministro de agua potable, ya sea por medio de tanques cisternas o través de fuente pública, y mucho menos consta que haya un tanque apto para captar y abastecer a los pobladores carentes de ese líquido tan importante, insuficiencia que coloca a las personas afectadas en una grave situación, pues tampoco se evidencia que las autoridades del Instituto recurrido hayan adoptado actuaciones concretas para, al menos, proveer el servicio de manera provisional o parcial.
Lo anterior constituye, sin lugar a dudas, una lesión a los derechos de los habitantes de la zona afectada, toda vez que de por medio se encuentra el disfrute de un elemento fundamental para garantizar la salud de las personas, como es el agua potable. Ahora bien, resulta imprtante manifestar que el artículo 2 de la Ley Constitutiva del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, faculta al A y A para convenir con organismos comunales la administración de sistemas de acueductos y alcantarillados, ello por cuanto el Instituto recurrido, como ente rector en la materia, es el responsable de todos los asuntos relativos a la operación, mantenimiento, administración y desarrollo de los sistemas necesarios para el suministro de agua a las poblaciones. A partir de lo anterior, es evidente que el Instituto accionado, no tiene justificación para que en una situación tan grave como la que se pone en evidencia en este amparo, se excuse la inexistencia de la prestación del servicio de agua potable.
Tal y como se indicó en líneas anteriores, la Sala puede comprender que en este momento el Instituto Costarrincense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados no cuente con los recursos y que hay escasez hídrica; sin embargo, lo que no es admisible es que una institución como el A y A, bajo el argumento de que hay imposibilidad técnica, no ofrezca ninguna propuesta válida y aceptable para que los vecinos de esa comunidad puedan recibir agua potable, al menos como se dijo, de manera temporal, mientras se logra construir una solución duradera. Sobre el particular, no comprende este Tribunal cómo el ente rector en la materia, ha hecho caso omiso a la Orden Sanitaria emitida desde hace casi dieciocho meses y no ha planteado un plan de mejoras de abastecimiento de agua para consumo humano a la población afectada. Lo anterior, pese a que, tal y como se ha dicho en reiteradas ocasiones, el A y A es el responsable de todos los asuntos relativos a la operación, mantenimiento, administración y desarrollo de los sistemas necesarios para el suministro de agua a las poblaciones.
En consecuencia, dada la problemática descrita, resulta claro que hay fundamento suficiente para que la Sala ordene al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados -como ente rector en la materia-, que de manera inmediata adopte las medidas necesarias y emita las directrices que se requieran, para empezar con la elaboración de un plan de mejora de abastecimiento de agua para consumo humano en la población de Tilarán, específicamente en la Calle Los Barrantes. Además, mientras se elabora dicho plan deberá abastecerlos mediante cisternas u otros mecanismos que garanticen permanentemente el acceso al agua mientras se resuelve la situación de forma definitiva.-
Por tanto:
Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso respecto del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. En consecuencia, se ordena a Litzi Gabriela Barquero Sánchez, en su condición de Jefe de la Unidad Cantonal de Tilarán del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, o a quien en su lugar ejerza ese cargo, que de manera inmediata adopte las medidas necesarias y emita las directrices que se requieran, para empezar con la elaboración de un plan de mejora de abastecimiento de agua para consumo humano en la población de Tilarán, específicamente en la Calle Los Barrantes; así como, abastecerlos mediante cisternas u otros mecanismos que garanticen permanentemente el acceso al agua mientras se resuelve la situación de forma definitiva. Lo anterior bajo la advertencia que de no acatar la orden dicha, incurrirán en el delito de desobediencia y que, de conformidad con el artículo 71 de la Ley de esta jurisdicción, se le impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado.
Se condena a al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. Se declara sin lugar el recurso, respecto a las demás instituciones recurridas. Notifíquese esta resolución a Litzi Gabriela Barquero Sánchez, en su condición de Jefe de la Unidad Cantonal de Tilarán del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, o a quien en su lugar ejerza ese cargo, en forma personal. Comuníquese.- Ernesto Jinesta L.
Fernando Cruz C.
Fernando Castillo V.
Nancy Hernández L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jose Paulino Hernández G.
Yerma Campos C.
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