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Res. 06324-2003 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 04/07/2003
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber grants the amparo for visual pollution, orders SETENA to immediately eliminate the white-roof pollution, requires Pelarica to submit a water-focused EIA, and directs the Municipality of Paraíso to issue a regulatory plan protecting the valley's scenic beauty.La Sala declara con lugar el recurso por contaminación visual, ordena a SETENA suprimir de inmediato la contaminación de los techos blancos, exige a Pelarica un EsIA sobre aguas y dispone que la Municipalidad de Paraíso emita un plan regulador para proteger la belleza escénica del valle.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber reviews an amparo action against agroindustrial company Pelarica S.A. and several public entities for visual pollution and other environmental damage in the Orosi Valley. The Chamber finds that the approximately 15-hectare white-plastic greenhouse complex severely harms scenic beauty, which is constitutionally protected as part of the right to a healthy environment. It also holds that SETENA violated that right by waiving a full Environmental Impact Study, treating a major expansion as a minor project and evaluating the activity in a fragmented manner, despite the scale of the visual impact and agrochemical use. The Chamber orders SETENA to immediately eliminate the visual pollution, requires Pelarica to submit an EIA on water use and disposal, and directs the Municipality of Paraíso to issue a regulatory plan protecting the valley's scenic beauty, with ICT's collaboration.La Sala Constitucional analiza un amparo contra la empresa agroindustrial Pelarica S.A. y varias instituciones públicas por la contaminación visual y otros daños ambientales en el valle de Orosi. La Sala determina que la extensión de los invernaderos de plástico blanco –aproximadamente 15 hectáreas– provoca una grave afectación a la belleza escénica, protegida constitucionalmente como parte del derecho a un ambiente sano. Además, considera que la SETENA violó ese derecho al eximir al proyecto de un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental completo, tratando una ampliación sustancial como si fuera un proyecto menor y valorando de forma fraccionada la actividad, pese a la magnitud del impacto visual y al uso de agroquímicos. La Sala ordena a la SETENA suprimir inmediatamente la contaminación visual, exige a Pelarica presentar un EsIA sobre uso y disposición de aguas, y manda a la Municipalidad de Paraíso emitir un plan regulador que proteja la belleza escénica del valle, con colaboración del ICT.
Key excerptExtracto clave
“The Chamber has found a serious impact on the scenic beauty of the Orosi Valley and, consequently, a violation of the fundamental right to a healthy environment. Given this circumstance, the proper course is to order the National Environmental Technical Secretariat to take the necessary and sufficient measures to eliminate the visual pollution caused by the white roofs of Pelarica, S.A. in the Orosi Valley; this order must be complied with immediately upon notification of this ruling, and the Municipality of Paraíso must oversee the order given to SETENA.” “… SETENA acted in this matter in a superficial manner, with serious danger to the environment, by not requiring an EIA for a project of the magnitude proposed.”“La Sala tiene por demostrada una grave afectación a la belleza escénica del valle de Orosi, y consecuentemente la violación al derecho fundamental a un ambiente sano, ante esta circunstancia lo correcto es ordenarle a la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental tomar las medidas necesarias y suficientes para suprimir la contaminación visual producida por los techos blancos de la empresa Pelarica, S.A. en el valle de Orosi; disposición que debe ser cumplida inmediatamente después de notificada esta resolución, y la Municipalidad de Paraíso debe fiscalizar la orden dada a la SETENA.” “… la SETENA actuó en el presente asunto de una forma superficial con grave peligro para el ambiente al no exigir a un proyecto de la magnitud del propuesto un EsIA.”
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"“La Sala tiene por demostrada una grave afectación a la belleza escénica del valle de Orosi, y consecuentemente la violación al derecho fundamental a un ambiente sano.”"
"“The Chamber has found a serious impact on the scenic beauty of the Orosi Valley and, consequently, a violation of the fundamental right to a healthy environment.”"
Considerando IV
"“La Sala tiene por demostrada una grave afectación a la belleza escénica del valle de Orosi, y consecuentemente la violación al derecho fundamental a un ambiente sano.”"
Considerando IV
"“... la SETENA actuó en el presente asunto de una forma superficial con grave peligro para el ambiente al no exigir a un proyecto de la magnitud del propuesto un EsIA.”"
"“… SETENA acted in this matter in a superficial manner, with serious danger to the environment, by not requiring an EIA for a project of the magnitude proposed.”"
Considerando III
"“... la SETENA actuó en el presente asunto de una forma superficial con grave peligro para el ambiente al no exigir a un proyecto de la magnitud del propuesto un EsIA.”"
Considerando III
"“Pretender mitigarlo con la siembra de vegetación de alto porte como lo ha ordenado la SETENA, ha sido y será completamente inútil, porque desde donde se aprecia el paisaje la vegetación de alto porte no mitiga en nada el impacto visual de los techos blancos sobre el valle de Orosi.”"
"“Attempting to mitigate it by planting tall vegetation, as SETENA has ordered, has been and will be completely useless, because from where the landscape is viewed, tall vegetation does nothing to mitigate the visual impact of the white roofs on the Orosi Valley.”"
Considerando IV
"“Pretender mitigarlo con la siembra de vegetación de alto porte como lo ha ordenado la SETENA, ha sido y será completamente inútil, porque desde donde se aprecia el paisaje la vegetación de alto porte no mitiga en nada el impacto visual de los techos blancos sobre el valle de Orosi.”"
Considerando IV
Full documentDocumento completo
Res: 2003-06324 CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at eight-thirty in the morning on July fourth, two thousand three.- An amparo action (recurso de amparo) filed by Roland J. Huber B., of legal age, attorney, divorced, resident of Sanchirí de Paraíso de Cartago, holder of permanent residency card number 790–99969–316; against the Municipal Mayor and the President of the Municipal Council, both of the Municipality of Paraíso de Cartago, the Minister of Environment and Energy, the President of the Board of Directors of the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), the President of the Board of Directors of the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (ICT), the Minister of Health, the Head of the Cartago Regional Office of that Ministry, and the General Manager of PELARICA, Sociedad Anónima.
Whereas:
It adds that the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía), through resolution 0136–2001–SETENA, determined that the rainwater collection tanks used as the sole irrigation instrument are not located in any protection zone and the water supplied to the process is recycled and purified before final discharge, to prevent the existence of harmful chemical elements resulting from hydroponic fertilization and pest and disease control. It also adds that the absence of environmental damage has been such that PELARICA has even been considered for the granting of ISO environmental protection certifications. It points out that the Environmental Tribunal (Tribunal Ambiental), as the highest administrative environmental protection authority, has considered that its represented party has never contaminated aquifers or the like, nor had contamination problems from agrochemical products or solid or liquid waste; and when the Municipality of Paraíso has asked it to take action, this Tribunal has indicated that PELARICA has been investigated in every possible way, that the accusations of the petitioner here have had no legal or environmental basis, and that the relevant inspections have already been requested, determining the absence of contamination or environmental problems of any kind.
It points out that the production of cuttings or shoots carried out by its represented party is conducted through a system called drip irrigation and aerial planting of cuttings, which means that the shoots hang individually and in a hanging row, in an aerial space dedicated exclusively to their planting, and are watered by a specific drip for each plant which in turn contains the minimum necessary percentage of agrochemical products for each shoot; in this way, it adds that since these cuttings are not planted in direct contact with the soil, it is not possible for there to be, even accidentally, any infiltration of contaminants, gases, agrochemical products, or solid or liquid waste that could harm the environment or aquifers. It considers that regarding the alleged visual contamination of the area, this is unfounded, as it argues that the only thing alleged is the petitioner’s own economic harm.
It adds that some time ago, the amparo petitioner offered to sell his property to its represented party, which did not materialize due to the excessive and irrational price of the property, so the offer was rejected, and from then on Mr. Huber has repeatedly attempted to accuse them of environmental damage. It indicates that in a plat that the petitioner provided with the offer to sell his property, it is recorded that his project offers greenhouses, nurseries, and orchid centers, none of which have any of the permits and inspections required of its represented party. It states that the greenhouse roofs were built with a special greenhouse product that does not allow the escape of gases or toxics that affect the environment. It adds that the roofs cannot be painted, as they are transparent and milky to allow the treatment of UH Violet A rays, so the solar reflection indicated by the petitioner is impossible.
Likewise, it adds that this type of plastic cover, called "Cubierta DGM," does not reflect light, “but refracts and diffuses it toward the interior of the greenhouse,” making sunlight work for the greenhouse, allowing its rays to pass in the quantities required for the production of cuttings. It points out that in the inspection requested by the petitioner here, it was determined that at a great distance and at a much lower level, the roofs were barely observed, and they were seen like any other roof of a human construction. It adds that the investigation was carried out during a very sunny day in the Orosi valley, and at no time was it corroborated that the reflection of the sun makes migratory species flee the area, or that it burns the retina of the eyes, or that it causes stress and emotional wear. It indicates that the roofs have a special color not alien to nature. It states that in order to comply with all the recommendations of the country’s environmental protection institutions, it proceeded to mitigate the possible visual effects by planting plants and trees, even of larger size than required.
It points out that under the technical specifications of the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA), it was stipulated that its represented party did not have to submit an environmental impact assessment (estudio de impacto ambiental, EIA), by virtue of the project’s characteristics. It adds in this regard that the only thing requested and required by SETENA is the submission of an Environmental Management Plan (Plan de Gestión Ambiental). It states that said institution does not consider this a priority case or one that violates the environment, since the head thereof requested in a writing addressed to the Ombudsman’s Office (Defensoría de los Habitantes) the cessation of the personal attacks by the petitioner here against its represented party, and also indicated that he has not been right about anything and that he has caused the loss of valuable time for the institution, which is required to “address matters of true relevance” for the environment.
It indicates that in July of two thousand, after an inspection carried out at PELARICA’s facilities, the Ministry of Environment and Energy determined that its represented party complied with all the environmental protection requirements specified by SETENA. It states that all the health, operating, municipal, environmental permits, among others, that have been required of its represented party, have been obtained legally; it adds that even in May of this year, the renewal of the operating permit from the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Labor was approved and granted to its client, even referring to those concerning the boiler. It points out that no malicious omission of streams (quebradas) or irrigation ditches (acequias) has been made in the plats submitted to the various institutions, since by virtue of the complaints filed by the petitioner here, an inspection was carried out in which it was determined that the plats fully complied with the requirements of the Law for their approval and use.
It adds in this regard that if the plats ever had a defect, these were corrected in a timely manner and did not refer to manipulation or omission to the detriment of the environment, but on the contrary to the correct direction of the water flow. The person rendering this report indicates that by virtue of the complaints filed by the petitioner, the Costa Rican Electricity Institute (Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, ICE) ordered an inspection in April of two thousand one, determining in report PE–0241–P of April twentieth, two thousand one, that “no situations are detected that generate risk to the ICE works in the area,” referring specifically to the protection of the Reventazón river basin. It states that, regarding the request filed by the amparo petitioner on May seventh, two thousand one, there is no act to suspend, since its represented party possesses all the operating permits required by the different institutions, with no construction permit currently being processed or applied.
It considers that the petitioner has had access to all information, which has been granted, exhibited, and notified to him. It adds that the environment in the Orosi area has not suffered alterations, as its represented party has the most modern greenhouse system in the country, created in the European Community and applied in Costa Rica to especially protect the environment. It also adds that the State, through its qualified institutions, has determined that its represented party has fully complied with what was requested without damaging the environment or the natural beauties. It argues that regarding visual pollution, it was demonstrated that all constructions were carried out in accordance with the law and within the limits of the Law, in addition to the fact that the special material of the roofs makes it impossible for them to reflect the sun in any way, damaging species migration or the human retina. It requests that the present amparo petition be dismissed.
Furthermore, it points out that in the management of wastewater and stormwater, the number of workers was never considered, since phase 3 alone requires approximately two hundred workers, who would generate around ten thousand liters of liquid waste daily, not including the amount that would be used in the bathrooms so that each applicator of agrochemical products can shower after each application. It states that the indicated volume will be discharged directly onto alluvial soil where an aquifer exists, whose conditions are susceptible to fecal contamination, due to the high permeability and rapid transmissibility or movement within the body of groundwater. It argues, on the other hand, that the solution given to the problem of visual impact is completely detached from reality, since the visual shock depends on the observer and the point from which it is observed, so in this case the observer comes to appreciate a natural landscape scene from a high sector, which renders the proposal useless, since it is designed for passersby and neighbors who approach the installations.
It points out that resolution number 252–2000–Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental regarding the greenhouse expansion project of March twenty-first, two thousand, disregarded the requirement of Article 85 of the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, which stipulates that the Secretario General must be a representative of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, because said resolution was signed by the representative of the Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad, which, it alleges, renders it null and void. It states that regarding the report from the Instituto Costarricense de Turismo, the latter declines to assume the responsibility granted to it by the Ley del Instituto Costarricense de Turismo and the Ley de la Zona Marítimo Terrestre to establish a regulatory plan (plan regulador) for all tourist sites. It adds that in the present case, the State has failed to fulfill its obligations, since despite having invested millions of colones in the construction of two viewpoints in the Orosi valley, it has indicated that it is not its competence to protect scenic beauties.
It points out that the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental accepted that a private company prepared some maps that did not comply with adequate biological, geological, hydrographic, and geographic information, for which the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería established, in a Hearing granted by the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, that in order to pronounce in depth, other types of plans at a more detailed scale had to be submitted, which the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental did not do, so it has continued using unofficial plans from the Instituto Geográfico Nacional. It states that the Departamento de Aguas of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, in an official communication of May fourth, two thousand one, addressed to the Fiscal Adjunto Agrario Ambiental, reports the existence of a spring (manantial) with a permanent flow, which, being protected within a radius of one hundred meters, prevents the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental from authorizing constructions in said space.
The appellant argues that the protection of the visual aspect has been recognized both by the World Bank, in its report on "Inversión y Medio Ambiente", and by specialized doctrine on the subject and the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente in its Article 72. It adds in this regard that in the preamble of the "Convención para la protección de la Flora, de la Fauna y de las Bellezas Naturales de los Países de América" fundamental principles were determined to be "Proteger y conservar los paisajes de incomparable belleza, lo estético" and "Proteger las bellezas escénicas naturales..." It adds that Article 5 of said Convention established that "Los Gobiernos Contratantes convienen en adoptar o en recomendar a sus respectivos cuerpos legislativos la adopción de leyes que aseguren la protección y conservación de los paisajes, las formaciones geológicas extraordinarias, y las regiones y los objetos naturales de interés estético o valor histórico o científico." It requests that the appeal be granted, that the corresponding authorities be ordered to prepare a regulatory plan (plan regulador) for the Orosi valley, that PELARICA be ordered to submit an environmental impact assessment (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental), and that the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental be ordered to grant a hearing to the entire community, so that it may pronounce on the environmental impact assessment (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental).
to indicate that in judgment No. 938-2002 of fifteen hours twenty minutes of November twenty-eighth, two thousand two, issued by the Third Section of the Contentious-Administrative Tribunal, the Motion to Suspend the effects of Agreement No. 11 of the Municipality of Paraíso filed by Roland J. Huber Brogli was declared without merit. It adds further that in a resolution of nine hours forty-one minutes of April twenty-second, two thousand three, the Criminal Court of Cartago ordered the definitive dismissal in the criminal investigation pursued against Pelarica for environmental damage based on a complaint filed by Mr. Roland J. Huber. It indicates that it is providing such documents.
Drafted by Magistrate Batalla Bonilla; and,
Considering:
I.Purpose of the Appeal. The appellant accuses the agro-industrial company Pelarica S.A. of generating significant environmental pollution, as it is dedicated to the production of geraniums, impatiens, begonias, and petunias in the Orosi valley, for which it has built enormous iron greenhouses (invernaderos) with concrete bases and an intensely reflective white plastic roof material, which has been built without prior environmental impact studies, causing a negative influence on the recreational and aesthetic value of the zone and also causing pollution in the Reventazón River. In addition to the foregoing, he states that the Ministry of Environment and Energy, the Ministry of Health, the National Environmental Technical Secretariat, the Administrative Environmental Tribunal, the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (Instituto Costarricense de Turismo, ICT), and the Municipality of Paraíso have acted negligently in this case, as they have allowed Pelarica to continue operating despite the serious environmental damage that company is causing. Furthermore, he alleges that recently, the company Pelarica S.A. built and began operations in a new expanded phase of greenhouses that also lacks the respective environmental studies and that compounds the violations and harm to the environment that he has denounced.
II.On the merits of the matter. The appellant raises multiple complaints regarding various technical-environmental aspects of the operation of the company Pelarica, S.A. installed in the Orosi valley, many of which are impossible to resolve in an amparo appeal. The amparo appeal is not the appropriate procedural avenue to resolve disputes of a technical-scientific nature arising from the submission of a permit for the construction and operation of a greenhouse. Given the summary nature of the amparo appeal, it lacks an adequate procedural phase for discovery that would allow the parties to conduct all necessary inquiries before the Tribunal, including those of a technical nature for the correct resolution of the various technical aspects of the conflict. This would necessarily require expert assessments, sampling, and analysis of the different emission sources that have an impact on the environment, which is impossible to resolve through this summary process.
Nor can this Chamber, through this process, constitute itself as an appellate body reviewing what administrative authorities resolve on technical-environmental aspects; therefore, this Chamber, via the amparo process, can only protect violations that are evident or that result from the summary investigation. Within this framework, this Chamber is called upon to resolve two aspects that involve the protection of fundamental rights; thus, the Chamber must determine: a) whether the failure to require an Environmental Impact Assessment (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, EsIA) by the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA) from Pelarica, S.A. after this company submitted the Preliminary Environmental Assessment Form (FEAP) for the ten-hectare expansion of the greenhouse constitutes a violation of the fundamental right to a healthy environment; and b) whether the Pelarica, S.A. project has negatively affected the scenic beauty of the Orosi valley.
III.On the failure to require an Environmental Impact Assessment (EsIA). The company Pelarica, S.A. submitted in February two thousand one the “Preliminary Environmental Assessment Form” (FEAP) to SETENA. The FEAP was submitted as an expansion of an existing project, and the Plenary Commission of SETENA agreed, as reported by Humberto Cerdas Brenes, Secretary General of SETENA, to request that the company submit an Environmental Management Plan (Plan de Gestión Ambiental), “given the environmental characteristics of the project and because it is an expansion.” Our legal system allows SETENA to require one or several environmental impact assessment instruments, among which are Environmental Management Plans and Environmental Impact Assessments. The former establishes the set of technical operations and management activities aimed at ensuring that the project operates within the required legal, technical, and environmental standards and minimizes environmental impacts, while the latter seeks to identify and predict the effects on the environment that a specific activity, work, or project will have, quantifying and weighing them to lead to a finding that approves or rejects the project, as well as recommendations to correct any deficiencies incurred.
As is evident from the foregoing, the Environmental Impact Assessment is a much more complex technical tool that seeks to identify the impacts on the environment, their sources, the affected object, and the preventive and corrective measures that must be implemented, an aspect that escapes the Environmental Management Plan, which is a more operational tool subsequent to the identification process and seeks to execute the recommendations given. SETENA exempted the company from the Environmental Impact Assessment due to “the environmental characteristics of the project and because it is an expansion,” without resolution 252-2000-SETENA of the Plenary Commission containing any type of reasoning that underpins that resolution. Regarding the first justification given, that it is an “expansion,” this Chamber is of the opinion that the concept of expansion is used in an absolutely incorrect manner both by the company when submitting the FEAP and by SETENA when rendering its decision.
In order to achieve an adequate and ecologically balanced environment, the environmental analysis of projects submitted to SETENA for study must be conducted by assessing the activity as a whole and not in a fragmented manner, especially if previous stages were not subjected to the environmental impact assessment process, and taking into account the magnitude of the “expansion.” The project is, in itself, a productive unit composed of various processes, some principal (water supply, systems to determine nutrient levels, etc.) as well as complementary processes without which the principal activity cannot be carried out. Under this concept of “expansion,” SETENA exempts a completely new project from submitting the EsIA, because it does not assess it in its full complexity and functional unity. It is understandable to exempt an expansion of an existing project from the EsIA, provided that the project has already been assessed by an EsIA, or when it is truly an expansion of an existing one, that is, the additional construction of a percentage of the existing project that, upon prior technical assessment, does not significantly affect the impacts previously identified in earlier studies.
But what logic is there in exempting from the EsIA an expansion that is actually a new project? New because the existing part does not have an EsIA, and new because the expansion is actually twice as large as the existing part. The project went from having four and a half hectares to having fourteen and a half hectares, so it is not the kind of expansion that one would exempt from the EsIA. While it is true that at the time the first phase of the project was built, the EsIA was not required, when the second phase was built, the Organic Environmental Law (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente) had already entered into force, yet an environmental impact study was not conducted, nor was it even subjected to an environmental impact assessment process. Thus, dealing with a resulting project of nearly fifteen hectares of white roofs over the Orosi valley, with a major impact on the landscape and given the quantity of agrochemical products that would be used, it was not at all justified to treat it as an expansion; rather, it evidently should have been treated as a new project that should have been assessed as an operational unit, since it had never before been evaluated by SETENA.
SETENA states it was aware of the high technology with which the four-and-a-half-hectare project operates, but that did not justify exempting it from the EsIA, above all and especially because of the impact it would have on the landscape of the Orosi valley. The company does not escape responsibility for this aspect, since knowing the visual impact that the white roofs would have on the landscape of the valley, it did not take the necessary measures to design a project that would properly mitigate that negative impact. Furthermore, it is surprising that SETENA did not require the company to correct the FEAP it submitted. There is evidently incorrect information in that document that anyone, without any technical expertise, can perceive as erroneous; for example, the company indicates that the geographical space the project will use and its indirect area of influence is not a zone of tourist attraction or use, when everyone knows that the Orosi valley is and has been for many years a place of tourist attraction.
Or when the company representative, under oath, declares that the ten hectares of white roof, added to the existing four and a half, will not produce a negative impact on the landscape; frankly, this constitutes an abuse that cannot be overlooked. The second argument used by SETENA to exempt the submitted project from the EsIA is due to the environmental characteristics of the project. This type of reasoning does not explain in detail the reasons why the EsIA is being waived. It is evident from the FEAP that the company employs two hundred people and will probably increase with the additional ten hectares, that a large quantity of agrochemical products will be used, and therefore, given the magnitude of the project and the impact it could have on water, the EsIA was indispensable. Only this type of study could determine the degree of impact on the environment, especially the use and disposal of wastewater, including black water.
Finally, given the visual impact that the project would have on the landscape, nearly fifteen hectares of white roofs over the Orosi valley, it deserved, as stated, an EsIA to evaluate the impact on the landscape and the means to mitigate it. In the view of this Chamber, SETENA acted in the present matter in a superficial manner with grave danger to the environment by failing to require an EsIA for a project of the magnitude proposed. Given the circumstances set forth, it must be concluded that SETENA’s action in failing to require an Environmental Impact Assessment openly violated the fundamental right to a healthy environment. The most important impact of the project on the environment, after the impact on the landscape, is the use and disposal of water, both process water and black water. Therefore, it is essential to order the company Pelarica, S.A. to submit to the National Environmental Technical Secretariat an Environmental Impact Assessment on the use and disposal of water, a study that must be completed no later than three months after notification of this resolution. It is obvious that if SETENA also determines that an EsIA covering the evaluation of other aspects is required, it must order that it be done as well.
IV.On the impact on the scenic beauty of the Orosi valley. The scenic beauty of a natural site is protected by constitutional law as part of the fundamental right to a healthy environment, recognized both in Articles 50 and 89 of the Political Constitution, and developed by ordinary legislation, specifically by the Organic Environmental Law in its Articles 71 and 72, which establish:
“Article 71.- Visual pollution. Visual pollution shall be considered to be those actions, works, or installations that exceed, to the temporary or permanent detriment of the landscape, the maximum limits admissible by established technical standards or those issued in the future.” “Article 72.- Landscape conservation. The competent authority shall promote the participation of public and private sectors in landscape conservation. When it is necessary to impact it to carry out a project, the resulting landscape must be at least of equal quality to the previous one.” The protection of scenic beauties is a dogmatic value of our Constitution, whatever foundation one wishes to give to that protection—whether for the tourist value of the site and consequently the economic potential of this industry; whether for its mere aesthetic value; or for the simple need to have places where people can enjoy a beautiful and natural landscape without the abrupt intrusion of an element that clashes strongly with the environment and distracts us from our rest; or all of these together—this Tribunal must grant protection.
This Tribunal does not believe that the protection of scenic beauties impedes economic development; these two values are equally constitutional and can coexist, without either being detrimental to the other. The expanse of the natural setting that constitutes the Orosi valley, both for its lines and forms and for its colors and textures, makes this natural place a scenic beauty worthy of protection. It is a site that has, moreover, been of special attraction to tourists for many years, to the point that the State, through the Costa Rican Tourism Institute, has created a viewpoint to enjoy that scenic beauty. The three phases that the company Pelarica, S.A. has developed extend over some fifteen hectares of greenhouses approximately six meters in height, composed overwhelmingly of white plastic on both their walls and their roof, dominating the central part of the Orosi valley, causing an adverse visual impact on its natural landscape.
This is not just any impact; it is a major impact that has radically changed the color and texture of the valley, breaking into the visual character of the landscape and destroying the harmony of the natural elements. This Chamber has verified the magnitude of the impact that the fourteen and a half hectares of plastic roofs, the vast majority white, have on the landscape, and finds that if an Environmental Impact Assessment had been conducted, the precise impact would have been determined, and it would have been determined whether it could truly be mitigated or not. Attempting to mitigate it by planting tall vegetation, as ordered by SETENA, has been and will be completely useless, because from where the landscape is viewed, tall vegetation does nothing to mitigate the visual impact of the white roofs on the Orosi valley. This Chamber has observed with some concern the manner in which the Ministry of Environment and Energy, and especially SETENA, have handled the problem of the visual impact of the Pelarica, S.A. project.
SETENA limited itself to determining that the project would have a visual impact without determining its extent and severity, requesting an Environmental Management Plan from the company, then requesting that it modify it and plant tall vegetation, and then, upon an inspection, determining that the directive was complied with by the developer, without noticing the serious negative impact that remains there. SETENA has limited itself to managing a case file, without seriously stopping to solve the problem. This Chamber finds a serious impact on the scenic beauty of the Orosi valley to be demonstrated, and consequently a violation of the fundamental right to a healthy environment. Given this circumstance, the correct course is to order the National Environmental Technical Secretariat to take the necessary and sufficient measures to eliminate the visual pollution caused by the white roofs of the company Pelarica, S.A. in the Orosi valley; a directive that must be complied with immediately after notification of this resolution, and the Municipality of Paraíso must oversee the order given to SETENA.
V.On the participation of institutions in environmental protection. Various public institutions have participated in this conflict, where the appellant has made representations: the Municipality of Paraíso, the Costa Rican Tourism Institute, the Ministry of Health, SETENA, the Administrative Environmental Tribunal, the Ministry of Environment and Energy. Ultimately, the problem of visual pollution was not resolved in any of these instances. This Chamber has confirmed the lack of coordination among these institutions in a matter as important as environmental protection. In environmental matters, all public officials and all persons have the obligation to ensure its protection, such that an official cannot simply limit themselves to declaring a lack of jurisdiction.
The report rendered by the Minister of Environment and Energy is rather indifferent to what is happening in the Orosi valley, and given the authority of that institution, according to which environmental protection is part of its functions, even if that authority is limited to petitioning the various bodies for the protection of natural beauties, it should have done so. Under these circumstances, the appropriate course is for the ICT to provide the cooperation requested by the Municipality of Paraíso for the issuance of the regulatory plan ordered for the protection of the scenic beauty of the Orosi valley.
VI.On water management. While it is true that the Ministry of Health states in its report that it has conducted inspections regarding the use and disposal of water at the company Pelarica, S.A. and has found no anomalies, the Ministry of Health must verify and ensure that the company Pelarica, S.A. complies with the standards on wastewater treatment and disposal, and ultimately report if the company is using water for which it does not have a concession. This Chamber finds it established that the company is applying to the Water Department of the Ministry of Environment and Energy for a water concession under case file number 9567, and assumes that said water is not being used, all of which must be verified, and the Ministry of Health must take the pertinent actions.
VII.On the appellant’s right to be informed. The right to a healthy environment is integrated into a block with the right of access to administrative departments, the right of petition, and the recognition of exceptionally broad legal standing to become a party in the different procedures or processes in this matter, all to achieve effective protection of the environment. In the present case, the appellant has exercised these rights in the administrative venue without obtaining a favorable resolution on the merits from those institutions, and given the interest and effort he has put into the defense of this right, the National Environmental Technical Secretariat, the Municipality of Paraíso, and the ICT must inform the appellant of the progress of the measures those agencies must take to eliminate visual pollution. This information shall be provided monthly throughout the time it takes to execute the order.
Therefore:
The appeal is granted with respect to visual pollution of the scenic beauty of the Orosi valley. Consequently, it is ordered: a) the National Environmental Technical Secretariat, in the person of its Secretary General, Eduardo Madrigal Castro, or whoever holds that position, is ordered to immediately take the necessary and sufficient measures to eliminate the visual pollution caused by the white roofs of the company Pelarica, S.A.; b) the Municipality of Paraíso is ordered to oversee the execution of the previously ordered measure and to issue a Regulatory Plan (Plan Regulador) that guarantees respect for the scenic beauty of the Orosi valley; the latter must be complied with within a period of eighteen months counted from the notification of this resolution; c) the Costa Rican Tourism Institute is ordered to provide the cooperation requested by the Municipality of Paraíso for the issuance of the aforementioned regulation.
During the entire time that the measures to eliminate visual pollution are being executed, the National Environmental Technical Secretariat, the Municipality of Paraíso, and the Costa Rican Tourism Institute must report monthly to the appellant on the progress of the measures. Regarding the other aspects raised in the appeal related to environmental damage, Pelarica, S.A. is ordered to submit to the National Environmental Technical Secretariat an Environmental Impact Assessment on the use and disposal of water, a study that must be completed no later than three months after notification of this resolution. To this end, the National Environmental Technical Secretariat is ordered to issue the pertinent instructions so that the company Pelarica, S.A. complies with this order. The Ministry of Health is ordered to verify and ensure that the company Pelarica, S.A. complies with the standards on wastewater treatment and disposal.
The State, the Costa Rican Tourism Institute, the Municipality of Paraíso de Cartago, and the company Pelarica, S.A. are ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the acts serving as the basis for this declaration, which shall be liquidated in the enforcement of the judgment in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction.- Luis Fernando Solano C.
President Carlos M. Arguedas R. Ana Virginia Calzada M.
Adrián Vargas B. Ernesto Jinesta L.
Teresita Rodríguez A.
Alejandro Batalla B.
64+++ It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 23-02-2026 15:53:50.
Res: 2003-06324 SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las ocho horas con treinta minutos del cuatro de julio del dos mil tres.- Recurso de amparo interpuesto por Roland J. Huber B., mayor, abogado, divorciado, vecino de Sanchirí de Paraíso de Cartago, portador de la cédula de residencia permanente número 790–99969–316; contra el Alcalde Municipal y el Presidente del Concejo Municipal, ambos de la Municipalidad de Paraíso de Cartago, la Ministra del Ambiente y Energía, el Presidente de la Junta Directiva de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), el Presidente de la Junta Directiva del Instituto Costarricense de Turismo (ICT), el Ministro de Salud, el Jefe de la Oficina Regional de Cartago de ese Ministerio y el Gerente General de PELARICA, Sociedad Anónima.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Batalla Bonilla; y,
Considerando:
I.Objeto del Recurso. El recurrente acusa que la empresa agroindustrial Pelarica S.A. genera gran contaminación al ambiente, pues se dedica a la producción de geranios, chinas, begonias, pastoras y petunias en el valle de Orosi, para lo cual ha construido enormes invernaderos de hierro con base de concreto y con un material de techo de plástico blanco reflexivo intenso, lo que se ha edificado sin contar con estudios previos de impacto ambiental, ocasionando una influencia negativa sobre el valor recreativo y estético de la zona y provocando además contaminación en el río Reventazón. Aunado a lo anterior, manifiesta que el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, el Ministerio de Salud, la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, el Instituto Costarricense de Turismo y la Municipalidad de Paraíso han actuado negligentemente en este caso, pues han permitido que Pelarica continúe funcionando a pesar del grave daño ambiental que esa empresa está ocasionando. Además, alega que recientemente, la empresa Pelarica S.A., construyó e inició operaciones en una nueva fase ampliada de los invernaderos que tampoco cuenta con los estudios ambientales respectivos y que redunda en las violaciones y perjuicios al ambiente que ha denunciado.
II.Sobre el fondo del asunto. El recurrente plantea múltiples quejas sobre diversos aspectos técnico-ambientales de la operación de la empresa Pelarica, S.A. instalada en el valle de Orosi, muchas de las cuales resultan imposibles de resolver en un recurso de amparo. El recurso de amparo no es la vía procesal idónea para resolver disputas de orden técnico-científico suscitadas con ocasión de la presentación de un permiso para la construcción y operación de un invernadero. Dada la naturaleza sumarísima del recurso de amparo, éste no tiene una fase procesal adecuada de descubrimiento que le permita a las partes hacer todas las averiguaciones necesarias ante el Tribunal, incluso las de carácter técnico para la correcta solución de los diversos aspectos técnicos del conflicto. Esto requeriría necesariamente pericias, muestreos y análisis de las diferentes fuentes de emisiones que tienen impacto sobre el ambiente, lo que resulta imposible resolver en esta vía sumarísima.
Tampoco puede la Sala en esta vía constituirse en un órgano de alzada de lo que resuelvan las autoridades administrativas sobre aspectos técnico-ambientales, de manera que la Sala por la vía del amparo no puede más que tutelar las violaciones que resulten evidentes o producto de la instrucción sumaria. Dentro de este marco, la Sala está llamada a resolver dos aspectos que implican la protección a derechos fundamentales, así la Sala debe determinar: a) si la falta de exigencia de un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (EsIA) por parte de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA) a Pelarica, S.A. luego de que esta empresa presentara el Formulario de Evaluación Ambiental Preliminar (FEAP) de la ampliación de diez hectáreas del invernadero, constituye una violación al derecho fundamental a un ambiente sano; y, b) si el proyecto de Pelarica, S.A. ha afectado negativamente la belleza escénica del valle de Orosi.
III.Sobre la falta de exigencia de un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental (EsIA). La empresa Pelarica, S.A. presentó en el mes de febrero del año dos mil uno el “Formulario de Evaluación Ambiental Preliminar” (FEAP) ante la SETENA, el FEAP se presenta como una ampliación de un proyecto existente, y la Comisión Plenaria de la SETENA acordó, según lo informa Humberto Cerdas Brenes Secretario General de la SETENA, solicitarle a la empresa un Plan de Gestión Ambiental, “dadas las características ambientales del proyecto y por tratarse de una ampliación”. Nuestro ordenamiento jurídico permite a la SETENA exigir uno o varios instrumentos de evaluación de impacto ambiental, entre los cuales están los Planes de Gestión Ambiental y los Estudios de Impacto Ambiental. Mediante el primero se establece el conjunto de operaciones técnicas y actividades gerenciales que tienen como objetivo asegurar que el proyecto opere dentro de las normas legales, técnicas y ambientales exigidas, y se minimicen los impactos ambientales, mientras que el segundo busca identificar y predecir los efectos sobre el ambiente que ejercerá una actividad, obra o proyecto determinado, cuantificándolo y ponderándolo para conducir a un dictamen que apruebe o rechace el proyecto, así como las recomendaciones para que se enmienden las fallas en que se hubiere incurrido.
Como se desprende de lo anterior, el Estudio de Impacto Ambiental es una herramienta técnica mucho más compleja que busca identificar los impactos al ambiente, sus fuentes, el objeto afectado, y las medidas preventivas y correctivas que deben implementarse, aspecto que escapa al Plan de Gestión Ambiental, que es una herramienta más operativa posterior al proceso de identificación y que busca ejecutar las recomendaciones dadas. La SETENA exime a la empresa del Estudio de Impacto Ambiental por “las características ambientales del proyecto y por tratarse de una ampliación” sin que la resolución 252-2000-SETENA de la Comisión Plenaria contenga ningún tipo de motivación que de fundamento a esa resolución. En cuanto a la primera justificación dada de que se trata de una “ampliación”, la Sala es del criterio que el concepto de ampliación es utilizado de una forma absolutamente incorrecta tanto por la empresa al momento de presentar el FEAP, como por la SETENA al momento de resolver.
Con el fin de lograr un ambiente adecuado y ecológicamente equilibrado, el análisis ambiental de los proyectos que se someten a estudio de la SETENA, debe ser efectuado valorando la actividad como un todo y no en forma fraccionada, principalmente si las anteriores etapas no fueron sometidas al proceso de evaluación de impacto ambiental, y tomando en consideración la magnitud de la “ampliación”. El proyecto es en sí una unidad productiva compuesta de diversos procesos, algunos principales (suministro de agua, sistemas para determinar niveles de nutrientes, etc.) así como por procesos complementarios sin los cuales no se puede llevar a cabo el desarrollo de la actividad principal. Bajo este concepto, “ampliación”, la SETENA exime de presentar el EsIA a un proyecto totalmente nuevo, debido a que no lo valora en su entera complejidad y unidad funcional. Resulta comprensible que se exima del EsIA a una ampliación de un proyecto existente, a condición de que ese proyecto ya haya sido evaluado por un EsIA, o bien, cuando se trate verdaderamente de una ampliación de uno existente, es decir de la construcción adicional de un porcentaje del proyecto existente que previa valoración técnica no afecte en mayor medida los impactos previamente identificados en estudios anteriores, pero ¿qué lógica tiene eximir del EsIA a una ampliación que en realidad es un proyecto nuevo?; nuevo porque la parte existente no tiene EsIA, y nuevo por que en realidad la ampliación es dos veces más grande que la parte existente.
El proyecto pasa de tener cuatro hectáreas y media a tener catorce hectáreas y media, de forma que no es la clase de ampliación que uno eximiría del EsIA. Si bien es cierto que al momento de construirse la primera fase del proyecto no se exigía el EsIA, cuando se construyó la segunda fase ya la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente había entrado en vigencia, y sin embargo no se hizo un estudio de impacto ambiental, ni siquiera se sometió a un proceso de evaluación de impacto ambiental, de forma que tratándose de un proyecto resultante de casi quince hectáreas de techos blancos sobre el valle de Orosi, con un gran impacto sobre el paisaje y dada la cantidad de productos agroquímicos que se utilizarían, no se justificaba del todo tratarlo como una ampliación, sino que evidentemente debía tratarse como un proyecto nuevo que debió ser valorado como unidad operativa, ya que nunca antes fue evaluado por la SETENA.
La SETENA manifiesta conocer la alta tecnología con que funciona el proyecto de cuatro hectáreas y media pero eso no justificaba eximir del EsIA, sobre todo y especialmente por el impacto que tendría sobre paisaje del valle de Orosi, la empresa no escapa de responsabilidad sobre este aspecto, ya que conociendo el impacto visual que tendrían los techos blancos sobre el paisaje del valle no tomó las medidas necesarias para diseñar un proyecto que mitigara correctamente ese impacto negativo. Además resulta sorprendente que la SETENA no exigiera a la empresa una corrección al FEAP que presentó. Hay en ese documento información evidentemente incorrecta, que cualquiera sin ninguna idoneidad técnica, puede apreciar como errónea; por ejemplo la empresa indica que el espacio geográfico que utilizará el proyecto y de su área de influencia indirecta no es una zona de atracción o utilización turística, cuando cualquiera sabe que el valle de Orosi es y ha sido durante muchos años un lugar de atracción turística; o cuando el representante de la empresa, bajo juramento, declara que las diez hectáreas de techo blanco, sumadas a las cuatro y media existentes, no producirá un impacto negativo sobre el paisaje, francamente esto constituye un abuso que no puede dejarse de lado.
El segundo argumento que utiliza la SETENA para eximir del EsIA al proyecto presentado es por las características ambientales del proyecto. Este tipo de motivación no explica en detalle las razones por las que se está eximiendo del EsIA. Del FEAP se desprende que la empresa emplea doscientas personas y que probablemente aumentará con diez hectáreas adicionales, que se utilizarán gran cantidad de productos agroquímicos, por lo que, dada la magnitud del proyecto, y el impacto que podría tener sobre el agua, resultaba indispensable el EsIA, solo este tipo de estudio podría determinar el grado de afectación sobre ambiente especialmente el uso y disposición de aguas residuales, incluso de aguas negras. Finalmente dado el impacto visual que tendría el proyecto sobre el paisaje, casi quince hectáreas de techos blancos sobre el valle de Orosi, merecía como se dijo que un EsIA evaluara el impacto sobre el paisaje y la forma de mitigarlo.
Según el punto de vista de esta Sala la SETENA actuó en el presente asunto de una forma superficial con grave peligro para el ambiente al no exigir a un proyecto de la magnitud del propuesto un EsIA. Dadas las circunstancias expuestas, debe concluirse que la actuación de la SETENA al no exigir un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, violó abiertamente el derecho fundamental a un ambiente sano. El impacto más importante que tiene el proyecto sobre el ambiente, después del impacto sobre el paisaje, es el uso y disposición del agua, tanto de las aguas del proceso industrial como de las aguas negras, por lo que resulta indispensable ordenar a la empresa Pelarica, S.A. la presentación ante la Secretaria Técnica Nacional Ambiental un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental sobre el uso y disposición de las aguas, estudio que deberá estar concluido a más tardar tres meses después de haberse notificado esta resolución. Es obvio que si la SETENA determina también que se requiere de un EsIA que comprenda la evaluación de otros aspectos, deberá disponer que se haga también.
IV.Sobre la afectación de la belleza escénica del valle de Orosi. La belleza escénica de un sitio natural está protegida por el derecho de la Constitución como parte del derecho fundamental a un ambiente sano, reconocido tanto por los artículos 50 y 89 de la Constitución Política, y desarrollado por la legislación ordinaria, concretamente por la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente en sus artículos 71 y 72 que establecen:
“Artículo 71.- Contaminación visual. Se considerarán contaminación visual, las acciones, obras o instalaciones que sobrepasen, en perjuicio temporal o permanente del paisaje, los límites máximos admisibles por las normas técnicas establecidas o que se emitan en el futuro.” “Artículo 72.- Conservación del paisaje. La autoridad competente promoverá que los sectores públicos y privados participen en la conservación del paisaje. Cuando para realizar una obra se necesite afectarlo, el paisaje resultante deberá ser por lo menos, de calidad igual que el anterior.” La protección de las bellezas escénicas es un valor dogmático de nuestra Constitución, cualquiera que sea el fundamento que se le quiera dar a esa protección, ya sea por el valor turístico que tiene el sitio y consecuentemente por el potencial económico de esta industria; ya fuera por su mero valor estético o por la simple necesidad de tener lugares donde las personas podamos disfrutar de un paisaje bello y natural sin que la irrupción abrupta de un elemento que desentona fuertemente con el medio y nos distraiga de nuestro descanso; o de todas ellas juntas, este Tribunal debe otorgar la protección.
Este Tribunal no cree que la protección de las bellezas escénicas impida el desarrollo económico, estos dos valores son igualmente constitucionales y pueden convivir, sin que ninguno de ellos se haga en detrimento del otro. La extensión del escenario natural que constituye el valle de Orosi, tanto por sus líneas y formas, como por sus colores y texturas, hacen de este paraje natural una belleza escénica digna de protección. Se trata de un sitio que, además, ha sido de especial atracción para los turistas durante muchos años, al punto que el Estado a través del Instituto Costarricense de Turismo ha creado un mirador para disfrutar de esa belleza escénica. Las tres etapas que ha desarrollado la empresa Pelarica, S.A. se extienden unas quince hectáreas de invernaderos de unos seis metros de altura, compuestos en su gran mayoría, de un plástico blanco tanto en sus paredes como en su techo, dominando la parte central del valle de Orosi, que provoca un impacto visual adverso a su paisaje natural.
No se trata de un impacto cualquiera, sino que se trata de un gran impacto que ha cambiado radicalmente el color y la textura del valle, irrumpiendo el carácter visual del paisaje y destruyendo la armonía de los elementos naturales. La Sala ha constatado la magnitud del impacto que sobre el paisaje tienen las catorce hectáreas y media de techos de plástico, en su gran mayoría blanco, y constata que si se hubiera hecho un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental se habría determinado el impacto preciso y se habría determinado si podía verdaderamente mitigarse o no. Pretender mitigarlo con la siembra de vegetación de alto porte como lo ha ordenado la SETENA, ha sido y será completamente inútil, porque desde donde se aprecia el paisaje la vegetación de alto porte no mitiga en nada el impacto visual de los techos blancos sobre el valle de Orosi. La Sala ha visto con cierta preocupación la forma en que el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y especialmente la SETENA han manejado el problema del impacto visual del proyecto de Pelarica, S.A. La SETENA se limitó a determinar que el proyecto tendría un impacto visual sin determinar la extensión y gravedad, y se le pide a la empresa un Plan de Gestión Ambiental, y luego que lo modifique y que siembre vegetación de alto porte, y luego de una inspección determinan que la disposición fue acatada por el desarrollador, sin reparar por el grave impacto negativo que sigue estando ahí.
La SETENA se ha limitado a administrar un expediente, sin detenerse seriamente a solucionar el problema. La Sala tiene por demostrada una grave afectación a la belleza escénica del valle de Orosi, y consecuentemente la violación al derecho fundamental a un ambiente sano, ante esta circunstancia lo correcto es ordenarle a la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental tomar las medidas necesarias y suficientes para suprimir la contaminación visual producida por los techos blancos de la empresa Pelarica, S.A. en el valle de Orosi; disposición que debe ser cumplida inmediatamente después de notificada esta resolución, y la Municipalidad de Paraíso debe fiscalizar la orden dada a la SETENA.
V.Sobre la participación de las instituciones en la protección del ambiente. En el presente conflicto han participado diversas instituciones públicas donde el recurrente ha gestionado: la Municipalidad de Paraíso, el Instituto Costarricense de Turismo, el Ministerio de Salud, la SETENA, el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, el Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía, y finalmente el problema de la contaminación visual no se resolvió en ninguna de esas instancias. La Sala ha comprobado la descoordinación de estas instituciones en materia tan importante como la protección del ambiente. En materia ambiental todos los funcionarios públicos y todas las personas tienen la obligación de velar por su protección, de forma que un funcionario no se puede limitar simplemente a declararse incompetente.
De forma que el ICT sí tenía competencia para denunciar, investigar y gestionar ante la autoridades competentes la protección de una belleza escénica, incluso gestionar judicialmente. El informe que rinde el Ministro de Ambiente y Energía es más bien indiferente sobre lo que está sucediendo en el valle de Orosi, y dada la competencia de esa institución según la cual la protección del ambiente forma parte de sus competencias, aunque sea que esa competencia esté limitada a gestionar ante las diferentes instancias la protección de las bellezas naturales, debió haberlo hecho. Ante estas circunstancias lo procedente es que el ICT preste la colaboración que le sea requerida por la Municipalidad de Paraíso para la emisión del plan regulador ordenado para la protección de la belleza escénica del valle de Orosi.
VI.Sobre el manejo del agua. Si bien es cierto que el Ministerio de Salud manifiesta en su informe que ha hecho inspecciones sobre el uso y disposición de aguas en la empresa Pelarica, S.A. y que no ha encontrado ninguna anomalía, el Ministerio de Salud deberá verificar y controlar que la empresa Pelarica, S.A. cumpla con las normas sobre tratamiento y disposición de aguas residuales, y eventualmente denunciar si la empresa está utilizando aguas respecto de las cuáles no tiene concesión para ello. La Sala tiene por acreditado que la empresa está solicitando en el Departamento de Aguas del Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía una concesión de aguas en el expediente número 9567, y supone que no se está utilizando dicha agua, todo lo cual deberá comprobarse y el Ministerio de Salud deberá tomar las acciones pertinentes.
VII.Sobre el derecho del recurrente a ser informado. El derecho a un ambiente sano se integra en un bloque con el derecho de acceso a los departamentos administrativos, el derecho de petición, el reconocimiento de una amplísima legitimación procesal para constituirse en parte en los diferentes procedimientos o proceso en esta materia, todo para lograr una protección efectiva del ambiente. En el presente caso el recurrente ha ejercido estos derechos en sede administrativa, sin obtener de esas instituciones una resolución de fondo favorable, y dado el interés y empeño que ha puesto en la defensa de este derecho, deberá la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, la Municipalidad de Paraíso y el ICT informar al recurrente de los avances de las medidas que deban tomar esas dependencias para suprimir la contaminación visual, esa información será dada cada mes y durante todo el tiempo que tome ejecutar la orden.
Por tanto:
Se declara con lugar el recurso por contaminación visual de la belleza escénica del valle de Orosi. En consecuencia se dispone: a) se ordena a la Secretaria Técnica Nacional Ambiental en la persona de su Secretario General Eduardo Madrigal Castro o a quien ocupe ese cargo tomar inmediatamente las medidas necesarias y suficientes para suprimir la contaminación visual producida por los techos blancos de la empresa Pelarica, S.A.; b) se ordena a la Municipalidad de Paraíso fiscalizar la ejecución de la disposición ordenada anteriormente, y dictar un Plan Regulador que garantice el respeto a la belleza escénica del valle de Orosi, esto último deberá ser cumplido en un plazo de dieciocho meses contado a partir de la notificación de esta resolución; c) se ordena al Instituto Costarricense de Turismo prestar la colaboración que le sea requerida por la Municipalidad de Paraíso para la emisión de la reglamentación antes dicha.
Durante todo el tiempo que se estén ejecutando las medidas para suprimir la contaminación visual, deberá la Secretaria Técnica Nacional Ambiental, la Municipalidad de Paraíso y el Instituto Costarricense de Turismo informar mensualmente al recurrente del avance de las medidas. En lo que se refiere a los demás aspectos planteados en el recurso relativos al daño ambiental, se ordena a Pelarica, S.A. la presentación ante la Secretaria Técnica Nacional Ambiental de un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental sobre el uso y disposición de las aguas, estudio que deberá estar concluido a más tardar tres meses después de haberse notificado esta resolución. Para ello se ordena a la Secretaria Técnica Nacional Ambiental que proceda a girar las instrucciones pertinentes con el fin de que la empresa Pelarica, S.A. cumpla con esta orden. Se ordena al Ministerio de Salud que verifique y controle que la empresa Pelarica, S.A. cumpla con las normas sobre tratamiento y disposición de aguas residuales.
Se condena al Estado, al Instituto Costarricense de Turismo, a la Municipalidad de Paraíso de Cartago y a la empresa Pelarica, S.A. al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidaran en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo.- Luis Fernando Solano C.
Carlos M. Arguedas R. Ana Virginia Calzada M.
Adrián Vargas B. Ernesto Jinesta L.
Teresita Rodríguez A. Alejandro Batalla B.
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