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Res. 39386-2025 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 28/11/2025
OutcomeResultado
The Court partially grants the amparo. It annuls AyA's Agreement only as it authorizes 'vegetative growth' housing in Zone 6 without density parameters, and orders the technical re-delimitation of the zone under the precautionary principle. It declines to annul the Regulatory Plan and the 20% impermeabilization threshold.La Sala Constitucional declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso. Anula el Acuerdo del AyA solo en cuanto habilita viviendas por 'crecimiento vegetativo' en la Zona 6 del acuífero Moín sin parámetros de densidad, y ordena redelimitar técnicamente la zona bajo el principio precautorio. Rechaza anular el Plan Regulador y el umbral del 20% de impermeabilización.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber partially grants an amparo action against AyA, INVU, the Municipality of Limón, and SENARA for the lack of protection of Zone 6 of the Moín Aquifer. The Court annuls AyA's Agreement 2011-112 insofar as it authorizes 'vegetative growth housing' without density parameters, and orders AyA, SENARA, and the Municipality to re-delimit the zone based on updated technical criteria and the precautionary principle. It rejected the claims for total annulment of the Agreement, the Regulatory Plan, and the 20% impermeabilization threshold, finding no direct violation of fundamental rights on those points. The ruling reaffirms the mandatory application of the SENARA Matrix and the case law prohibiting subdivisions and high-density developments in highly vulnerable areas, but conditions any development on exhaustive hydrogeological studies. It is a key ruling on the tension between urban development, aquifer protection, and the principle of environmental non-regression in the Costa Rican Caribbean.La Sala Constitucional declara parcialmente con lugar un recurso de amparo contra el AyA, el INVU, la Municipalidad de Limón y el SENARA por la desprotección de la Zona 6 del acuífero Moín. La Sala anula el Acuerdo 2011-112 del AyA en cuanto autoriza 'viviendas por crecimiento vegetativo' sin parámetros de densidad, y ordena al AyA, SENARA y Municipalidad redelimitar la zona con base en criterios técnicos actualizados y el principio precautorio. Rechazó las pretensiones de nulidad total del Acuerdo, del Plan Regulador y del umbral del 20% de impermeabilización, al considerar que no se demostró violación directa de derechos fundamentales en esos puntos. El fallo reafirma la aplicación obligatoria de la Matriz de SENARA y la jurisprudencia que prohíbe fraccionamientos y urbanizaciones en zonas de alta vulnerabilidad, pero condiciona cualquier desarrollo a estudios hidrogeológicos exhaustivos. Constituye un pronunciamiento clave sobre la tensión entre desarrollo urbano, protección de acuíferos y el principio de no regresión ambiental en el Caribe costarricense.
Key excerptExtracto clave
The appeal is partially granted. AyA's Board Agreement No. 2011-112 is annulled, only insofar as it allows housing constructions due to 'vegetative growth' in Zone 6, due to the absence of density parameters and verification of zero impact that ensure aquifer protection. AyA, SENARA, and the Municipality of Limón are ordered, within a maximum period of six months, to jointly and in coordination carry out a new technical delimitation of Zone 6 of the Moín Aquifer, based on the updated criteria of the SENARA Matrix, the precautionary principle, and the available hydrogeological evidence, and to proceed with the official publication of that delimitation.Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso. Se anula el Acuerdo de Junta Directiva del AyA N.° 2011-112, únicamente en cuanto admite construcciones de viviendas por 'crecimiento vegetativo' en la Zona 6, por ausencia de parámetros de densidad y de verificación de impacto nulo que aseguren la protección del acuífero. Se ordena al AyA, al SENARA y a la Municipalidad de Limón que, en el plazo máximo de seis meses, realicen, de manera conjunta y coordinada, una nueva delimitación técnica de la Zona 6 del Acuífero Moín, con base en los criterios actualizados de la Matriz de SENARA, el principio precautorio y la evidencia hidrogeológica disponible, y que procedan a la publicación oficial de esa delimitación.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"no se permiten Urbanizaciones de alta densidad, tampoco fraccionamiento, lotificaciones o segregaciones agropecuarias que pongan en peligro los recursos hídricos. Para demostrar que el proyecto no impacte a los recursos hídricos, debe realizarse evaluaciones exhaustivas hidrogeológicas, hidráulicas, hidrológicas y estudios de impacto ambiental"
"high-density developments are not permitted, nor are subdivisions, lotifications, or agricultural segregations that endanger water resources. To demonstrate that the project does not impact water resources, exhaustive hydrogeological, hydraulic, hydrological studies and environmental impact studies must be carried out"
Voto 2008-004790, citado por la Sala
"no se permiten Urbanizaciones de alta densidad, tampoco fraccionamiento, lotificaciones o segregaciones agropecuarias que pongan en peligro los recursos hídricos. Para demostrar que el proyecto no impacte a los recursos hídricos, debe realizarse evaluaciones exhaustivas hidrogeológicas, hidráulicas, hidrológicas y estudios de impacto ambiental"
Voto 2008-004790, citado por la Sala
"se impone la aplicación del principio precautorio (…) a fin de evitar o suspender cualquier actividad que pueda incidir negativamente en la gestión sostenible de los recursos hídricos de la zona y, por consiguiente, en el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado"
"the application of the precautionary principle is imposed (…) in order to avoid or suspend any activity that may negatively affect the sustainable management of the area's water resources and, consequently, the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment"
Voto 2011-014596, citado en la resolución
"se impone la aplicación del principio precautorio (…) a fin de evitar o suspender cualquier actividad que pueda incidir negativamente en la gestión sostenible de los recursos hídricos de la zona y, por consiguiente, en el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado"
Voto 2011-014596, citado en la resolución
"las dolinas son estructuras fundamentales para la recarga hídrica y que, aunque no exista una legislación nacional que establezca zonas de retiro específicas para ellas, esto no otorga derecho a afectarlas o eliminarlas"
"sinkholes are fundamental structures for water recharge and, although there is no national legislation establishing specific setback zones for them, this does not give the right to affect or eliminate them"
Resolución SETENA 2057-2024, citada por AyA
"las dolinas son estructuras fundamentales para la recarga hídrica y que, aunque no exista una legislación nacional que establezca zonas de retiro específicas para ellas, esto no otorga derecho a afectarlas o eliminarlas"
Resolución SETENA 2057-2024, citada por AyA
Full documentDocumento completo
Date of Resolution: November 28, 2025 at 09:20 Case File: 25-028736-0007-CO Type of matter: Amparo appeal \*250287360007CO\* SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at nine hours twenty minutes on the twenty-eighth of November of two thousand twenty-five.
Amparo appeal filed No. 25-028736-0007-CO filed by Nombre35146, identity card CED16107 and amparo appeal No. 25-029204-0007-CO accumulated, filed by Nombre45265, identity card CED22882, against EL INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS, EL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO, LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE LIMON Y EL SISTEMA NACIONAL DE AGUAS SUBTERRANEAS, RIEGO Y AVENAMIENTO (SENARA).
RESULTANDOS:
A. Resultandos of case file No. 25-028736-0007-CO.
In summary, what the Environmental Administrative Tribunal (TAA) classified as logging, earthworks (movimientos de tierra) and road openings in Dirección2942 is the factual correlate of the "irregular urban expansion" that the Municipality identified in its inspection; and that pattern was only viable because the current zoning permitted—and did not expressly prohibit—those uses in an area that, by technical mandate of Nombre99516 and AyA agreements, should have been shielded as absolute protection. The result is an effective threat to the recharge of the Moín aquifer, an environmental regression incompatible with votes 2008-004790 and 2011-014596 and a continued violation of the duty of prevention, which justifies corrective and precautionary measures in constitutional and administrative venues.
Zone 6 of the Moín aquifer, on the Costa Rican Caribbean coast, is the main underground water reservoir for the Afro-descendant communities of Limón. The official evidence—AyA Board of Directors Agreements No. 2007-177 and 2011-112, the SENARA Matrix, SINAC coverage maps for 2005-2013-2021, and report TAA-DT-241-2023—confirms that this is a highly vulnerable karstic aquifer, where contaminant transit times to wells are very short and regeneration is extremely slow or irreversible. However, the Limón Regulatory Plan only recognizes approximately 3% of its surface as a protection zone, allocating the remaining 97% to residential and urban development uses, even in areas with remaining forests and wetlands. This territorial pattern implies, in practice, a de facto permit for deforestation and wetland drainage.
The jurisprudence of the Constitutional Chamber, especially votes 2008-004790 and 2011-014596, establishes that when there is a risk of contamination of strategic aquifers, "the application of the precautionary principle is imperative (…) in order to avoid or suspend any activity." Likewise, the Chamber has reiterated that treatment plants, partial studies, or procedural conditions do not replace the substantive duty of precaution.
The Nombre99516 Matrix requires, for absolute protection zones such as Zone 6, prohibitions on high-density urbanizations, subdivisions (fraccionamientos), and earthworks (movimientos de tierra), in addition to exhaustive hydrogeological assessments. However, the AyA agreements of 2011 introduced a generic threshold of 20% impermeabilization per hectare, authorized removal, cutting and filling through simple studies and an Environmental Management Plan (PGA), and created the figure of "housing due to vegetative growth," measures that—according to hydrogeological science—favor the infiltration of contaminants, increase surface runoff, and accelerate contamination of the aquifer.
This water insecurity has a differentiated impact on the Afro-descendant population of Limón, which constitutes a tribal people protected by ILO Convention 169. Article 6 of said Convention mandates prior, free and informed consultation when measures are adopted that may affect their lands, resources and ways of life. Article 7 recognizes their right to define development priorities, and Article 15 enshrines the right to participate in the use, administration and conservation of natural resources. None of these guarantees were respected: neither the AyA nor the Municipality of Limón carried out consultation processes before approving the 2007 and 2011 agreements or the Regulatory Plan that reduces the protection of Zone 6 to a minimum.
From an environmental and human rights perspective, this omission is serious. Coastal wetlands and forests—identified by the Environmental Administrative Tribunal and the historical coverage series—fulfill essential ecological functions: aquifer recharge, natural filtration of contaminants, saline intrusion control, and flood protection. The elimination or fragmentation of these ecosystems increases the risk of salinization and chemical and bacteriological contamination of the water, directly affecting the human right to drinking water and the cultural and spiritual well-being of Afro-Caribbean communities, whose ties to the sea, rivers and wetlands form part of their intangible heritage.
Furthermore, the AyA breached its own Sixth Por Tanto of Agreement 2007-177, which ordered it to request from the Executive Branch a protection decree with an official delimitation of the recharge zones. By not publishing that decree, the delimitation of Zone 6 never acquired binding force, leaving a normative vacuum that the Limón Regulatory Plan took advantage of to assign residential and tourism uses in a territory that should have been under absolute protection. This negligence contradicts Articles 11 and 50 of the Constitution, which impose the duty of inter-institutional coordination and of guaranteeing a healthy environment.
In synthesis, the insecurity regarding the contamination of the Nombre52121 aquifer has a double dimension: (1) Ecological and water-related: the drastic reduction of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) and wetlands, the authorized impermeabilization and earthworks (movimientos de tierra), and the lack of control over dispersed housing create a scenario of high risk of irreversible contamination. (2) Ethnic and cultural: the direct impact on water access and quality, on coastal ecosystems and on the cultural practices of the Afro-descendant population of Limón, without prior consultation, violates ILO Convention 169 and inter-American jurisprudence.
For these reasons, the strict and immediate protection of Zone 6 is not only an environmental duty, but a human rights obligation of constitutional and international character, which the Costa Rican State must urgently fulfill to safeguard the right to water and to a healthy environment of the Afro-Caribbean communities.
Political Constitution, Article 50: enshrines the fundamental right of every person to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment and imposes on the State the duty to guarantee it, prevent contamination, and repair damages. Its infringement is direct when the Administration enables uses that increase the risk of contamination of a highly vulnerable aquifer, circumventing the application of the Nombre99516 Matrix and dispensing with exhaustive studies.
Article 11: binds all Administration to the principle of legality, prohibiting discretionary exercise contrary to mandatory technical norms or binding jurisprudence.
Article 7: recognizes the supra-legal hierarchy of human rights treaties (human right to water) and, by interpretive extension, strengthens the duty of prevention and precaution in environmental matters.
Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, Articles 25 et seq.: enable amparo against violations of fundamental rights caused by acts or omissions of the Administration; Article 71 typifies the crime of disobedience for failing to comply with orders of the Chamber.
Organic Law of the Environment, Articles 2, 17 and 99: establish the duty of preventive protection of water resources and recharge zones, enshrine the need for impact assessment and inter-institutional coordination, and empower to demand measures and sanction non-compliance. These precepts, when circumvented by administrative agreements and a local regulatory plan, are considered proven infringed when it is evidenced that the Matrix restrictions have not been integrated nor have the studies it imposes in high-vulnerability zones been required.
Jurisprudence of the Constitutional Chamber—votes 2008‑004790 and 2011‑014596—: the Chamber elevated the Nombre99516 Matrix and the precautionary principle to an operative constitutional parameter, annulling permits where comprehensive assessments were not required and ordering the stoppage of works. In the words of vote 2011‑014596: “the application of the precautionary principle is imperative in order to avoid or suspend any activity that may negatively impact the sustainable management of the area's water resources and, consequently, the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment,” and it added that aquifer regeneration can be “extraordinarily slow and even irreversible.” From vote 2008‑004790 I retake the core citation already transcribed: “high-density Urbanizations are not permitted, nor subdivision (fraccionamiento), lotifications or agricultural segregations (…)” and “exhaustive hydrogeological, hydraulic, hydrological assessments and environmental impact studies must be carried out (…).” The ratio decidendi of both pronouncements is clear: in high-vulnerability zones, authorities must refrain from authorizing projects that increase impermeabilization or disturb the soil if complete studies approved by Nombre99516 and AyA and local regulations faithfully reflecting the Matrix do not exist beforehand.
In addition, as a norm of supra-constitutional rank, ILO Convention 169 obliges the recognition of the human rights of the Afro-descendant population with prevalence over internal regulations.
The flexibilizing clauses of Agreement 2011‑112 and the omission of the Limón Regulatory Plan are not abstract issues: they are projected in the certain risk of degradation of the Moín aquifer, a strategic source for human supply. In a karstic system with short transit times, the combination of increased impermeabilization, earthworks (movimientos de tierra), and housing dispersion without robust technical controls multiplies the probability of bacteria, nutrients, hydrocarbons, and heavy metals entering the groundwater, directly affecting the right to drinking water, to health and to a healthy environment. The Chamber has said it clearly: in the face of serious danger, the constitutional response is precaution and, if necessary, the stoppage of activities until comprehensive assessments and inter-institutional technical endorsements are available.
Based on Articles 50 of the Constitution and 25 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, I request as a precautionary measure the immediate suspension of: (i) all construction permits, subdivisions (fraccionamientos), land-use changes (cambios de uso del suelo) or earthworks (movimientos de tierra) in Dirección6573; and (ii) all administrative authorization based on the challenged provisions of Agreement 2011‑112 and the Limón Regulatory Plan; all until judgment is issued and, where applicable, the studies and regulatory adaptation ordered by the Chamber are fully complied with.
For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully request the Honorable Constitutional Chamber to:
(1) Declare with merit the present amparo petition. (2) Declare the NULLITY, for substantive and formal unconstitutionality AND FOR VIOLATION OF ILO CONVENTION 169, of the following provisions of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA): (2.1) Of Board of Directors Agreement No. 2011‑112, in that: (a) it establishes a uniform impermeabilization threshold of 20% of the surface per hectare "for all activity" in Dirección2942; (b) it authorizes "removal, cutting and filling of materials" or earthworks (movimientos de tierra) in Zone 6 through a hydrogeological study and PGA; (c) it admits "housing constructions due to vegetative growth" in Zone 6 without density parameters, impermeabilization cartography or verification of null impact; and (d) it contains open clauses that allow "issuing opinions on other activities" in Zone 6 without a strict regulatory basis and without subjection to the precautionary principle.
(2.2) Of Agreement No. 2007‑177, insofar as it is interpreted or applied in a manner that allows uses incompatible with the absolute protection defined for Zone 6. (3) Declare the PARTIAL NULLITY of the Limón Regulatory Plan in that: (a) it omits incorporating the cartographic delimitation and the absolute protection regime of Zone 6 of the Nombre52121 aquifer in accordance with the SENARA Matrix; (b) it permits or tolerates residential uses, subdivisions (fraccionamientos), earthworks (movimientos de tierra) or increases in impermeabilization in said Zone 6 without requiring a prior Environmental Impact Assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental) and hydrogeological, hydraulic and hydrological studies approved by Nombre99516 and AyA; and (c) it omits the mandatory inter-institutional coordination in matters of aquifer protection and the application of the precautionary principle. (4) ORDER the AyA, SENARA, MINAE and the Municipality of Limón to, within a maximum period of SIX (6) months, adopt the following structural measures: (4.a) issue the EXECUTIVE DECREE for the protection of the sources of Nombre52121 and Zone 6, with official coordinates, absolute protection regime and express reference to the SENARA Matrix; (4.b) prepare and implement a PUBLIC, updated INVENTORY of activities with hazardous substances in Zone 6; (4.c) adopt a SPECIFIC PROTOCOL for emergencies and contingencies for the karstic recharge of Moín; (4.d) establish a periodic MONITORING SYSTEM (water quality, nitrates, conductivity, bacteriology) with publication of results and early warning mechanisms; and (4.e) fully adapt the Limón Regulatory Plan to the Nombre99516 Matrix and constitutional jurisprudence, incorporating Zone 6 as an absolute protection area.
(5) ORDER the IMMEDIATE SUSPENSION of any construction permit, subdivision (fraccionamiento), land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) or earthworks (movimientos de tierra) in Zone 6 until full compliance with the foregoing terms, under warning of Article 71 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction (crime of disobedience). (6) That all respondents violated the constitutional principle of administrative coordination in matters of aquifer protection and aquifer recharge areas, by allowing regressive regulations and the invisibilization of Zone 6 in the Limón regulatory plan and in the reduction of protection in the ICAA Board of Directors agreements. (8) ORDER costs and damages as appropriate, in accordance with Articles 48 of the Political Constitution and 71 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction (…)”.
FIRST: Application of the Nombre99516 Matrix How has the Nombre99516 Land Use Criteria Matrix been applied in Dirección6573? What technical criteria justify the uniform threshold of 20% impermeabilization per hectare "for all activity"?
It is necessary to bear in mind that through vote No. 2008-004790, at twelve hours and thirty-nine minutes on March twenty-seventh, two thousand eight, and Vote No. 2008-010372 at seventeen hours and thirty-seven minutes on June nineteenth, two thousand eight; both by the Constitutional Chamber of the CSJ, the application was ordered of the "Land Use Criteria Matrix according to aquifer contamination vulnerability for Water Resource Protection, issued by the Board of Directors of Nombre99516 in session of September 26, 2006." These decisions of the Constitutional Chamber generated the need to update Agreement 2007-177, so that the activities and considerations for their execution would be consistent with that Matrix.
On the occasion of said mandate, the General Management of the AyA convened the Workshop held on March 9, 2011, in order to supplement and clarify Agreement 2007-177, so that the administered party could have certainty about the activities they may carry out, resulting in the proposal that was presented to the Board of Directors through official communication SGG-2011-520. It is the Board of Directors of the Institute that adopted Agreement 2011-112, which in turn modified Agreement 2007-177, only in its Second Por Tanto, regarding the enumeration of land use regulation recommendations for Zone 6, with the following restriction guidelines and in application of the "Land Use Criteria Matrix according to aquifer contamination vulnerability for Water Resource Protection," issued by the Board of Directors of Nombre99516 in session of September 26, 2006.
The consultation parameters were determined by SENARA, not by the AyA, which complied with the mandate of application from the Constitutional Chamber. Note that according to what is stated in said Matrix prepared by SENARA, it is indicated that housing growth is recommended to have densities equal to or less than one housing unit per 1,000 square meters.
In relation to the SENARA LAND USE CRITERIA MATRIX ACCORDING TO AQUIFER CONTAMINATION VULNERABILITY FOR WATER RESOURCE PROTECTION, what the AyA does is transfer the same assessment criteria listed in the vulnerability level indicated in said Matrix for the category previously defined in Agreement 2007-177, for Zone 6 (by order of the Constitutional Chamber, as cited above), that is, the Institute in no subjective way implements the recommended uses and the adjustments of design proposals submitted for assessment, not only its own but those of the other Competent Institutions in the matter of approval of activities.
In accordance with the publication made in the Official Gazette La Gaceta, Supplement No. 245 of October 12, 2017, Mr. Nombre35146 makes an erroneous subjective interpretation of the handling of the Matrix. In application of the Technical Study prepared by the AyA that underpins Agreement 2007-177 and is applied jointly with 2011-112, Zone 6 was classified as high vulnerability according to the technical study carried out by the AyA, not as extreme, therefore for new activities, the color orange applies and not red (Figure 1) (…)
Note that the Technical Study supporting Agreement 2011-112 continues to be the same one on which Agreement 2007-177 was based, and this is reflected in Por Tanto 7th which states: "In all other respects, what was established in Board of Directors Agreement 2007-177 remains in force." All the above proves a subjective interpretation by Mr. Nombre35146, who makes a petition erroneously by indicating that there is no basis in science and technique.
Likewise, the Contentious Administrative Court, through resolution No. 47-2023-V, CONTENTIOUS ADMINISTRATIVE AND CIVIL TREASURY TRIBUNAL. FIFTH SECTION. SECOND JUDICIAL CIRCUIT OF SAN JOSÉ. ANNEX A. Goicoechea, at 08:30 hours on June 08, 2023, and the Constitutional Chamber through Vote File: 22-008354-OÜ07-CO Res. No. 2024001523. San José, at thirteen hours and thirty-two minutes on January nineteenth, two thousand twenty-four, confirmed the validity of Agreements 2007-177 and 2011-112, their objectification in science and technique.
Furthermore, the General Management repeatedly, through official communication GG-2024-01923, responded to a previous Identificacion82 consultation by Mr. Nombre35146, forwarding the report of the Moín Commission, which addressed the substantive issue of the validity of Agreements 2011-112 and 2007-177 and where it is cited that: "…the AyA Board of Directors Agreements 2007-177 and 2011-122, are administrative acts that as such are composed of a motive, a content, and an end that ultimately enshrines the existence or not of potable water and/or sanitary sewerage service, on a given property, prior verification through technical studies, of the existence of systems, water capacity and non-environmental vulnerability, avoiding scarcity and degradation of the natural conditions of the water resource as well as the recommendation for implementing uses aimed at protecting the aquifer, recommendations that as indicated, must be materialized, assessed and implemented by the competent entities…". This document was forwarded to Mr. Nombre35146 by the AyA Board of Directors through note JD-2024-00516.
This 20% threshold regarding which the interested party's question is formulated, is based on technical criteria derived from the hydrogeological assessment matrix issued by SENARA.
SECOND: Authorization of Earthworks (Movimientos de Tierra) Why is the removal, cutting and filling of materials allowed in Dirección2942 under a hydrogeological study and Environmental Management Plan (PGA)? How is it guaranteed that these activities do not compromise aquifer recharge?
The interpretation made by the petitioner of the amparo petition regarding Agreements 2007-177 and 2011-112 of the Board of Directors of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA) is legally incorrect, insofar as it attributes to said agreements an automatic authorization to carry out removal, cutting and filling activities of materials in Zone 6 of the Moín Aquifer, provided that a hydrogeological study and an Environmental Management Plan (PGA) are available. However, what the cited agreements establish is that the existence of such technical instruments constitutes a prior and necessary requirement so that the competent institutions can assess, based on scientific and technical criteria, the viability of any intervention in said zone. That is, the agreements do not per se grant an authorization to execute works or activities that may affect the integrity of the aquifer, but rather condition any possible authorization on the existence of studies that allow the competent authorities to make informed decisions, in accordance with the precautionary principle and the current environmental regulatory framework.
This interpretation is coherent with the special protection regime governing Zone 6, whose objective is to guarantee the sustainability of the water resource and prevent negative impacts on the aquifer, in accordance with the provisions of the Organic Law of the Environment, the Water Law, and the AyA's technical regulations. Moreover, any authorization is subject to compliance with current environmental regulations, including the Organic Law of the Environment, the Water Law, the Regulation for the Discharge and Reuse of Wastewater, and the technical guidelines of AyA, Nombre3763 and SENARA. Therefore, the guarantee of aquifer protection is not presumed by the existence of studies, but is built from a rigorous process of technical evaluation, institutional oversight and regulatory application, which may conclude in the authorization, modification or denial of the proposed activities.
THIRD: Construction by Vegetative Growth What is the methodology used to determine the vegetative growth allowed in Zone 6? Are there parameters for density, impermeabilization cartography and technical verification of null impact?
In the context of the AyA and Zone 6 of the Moín Aquifer, vegetative growth refers to: "The natural increase in the demand for potable water and sanitation services, generated by population growth in already urbanized areas, without the mediation of new real estate development or significant infrastructure expansion." Particularly, as mentioned in official communication GSP-RHC-L-2025-01379, called "Control of Vegetative Growth within Zone 06, AyA Board of Directors Agreement 2011-112"; Mr. Jairo Ching Sarmiento, Cantonal Head of the AyA Office in Limón, explains how influence is exerted from the provision of individual services granted by AyA, so that the growth of users within Zone 06 is congruent with vegetative growth. These cases correspond to individual applications for plots that have access to a public street and have potable water supply pipes in front of their properties. In these cases, two conditions are established:
As examples of the actions carried out as indicated, Official Communications SIGDD-2025-00003680-1-1-1 and SIGDD-2025-00008621-1-2-1 are attached, where water availabilities have recently been denied for not meeting the minimum size of 1000 m2 or for failing to comply with the 20% impermeabilization percentage for lands that were titled after the entry into force of the Board of Directors Agreement.
This approach has allowed controlling segregations or lotifications of land facing existing public streets, where, when such developments are located without the proper processing, these irregularities are reported to the Municipality of Limón. As evidence of the above, Official Communication GSP-RHC-L-2016-03462 signed by the Cantonal Head of Limón at that time, Mr. Luis Arturo Bonilla, addressed to Mayor Néstor Mattis Williams, is attached and the following extract of that document is made (…)
The recommendation of the minimum lot to segregate of 1000 m2 per housing unit comes from within the Board of Directors Agreement itself and in accordance with what is established in the SENARA Land Use Matrix, with the understanding that in the case of these existing public streets, there will be in the future the sanitary sewerage network that must be built within the framework of the Moín Aquifer Sanitary Sewerage Project. Regarding the effectiveness of this control, it should be mentioned that according to AyA data within Dirección6575, the number of services was 1406, in 2012, and by 2024 they were 1565, resulting in an average annual growth of 1%, this figure being lower than the 1.5% population growth of the country in that same period; which reflects that the adopted measures have been effective in order to decelerate the occupation of Dirección2942 resulting from the so-called Vegetative Growth.
FOURTH: Inventory of Hazardous Substances Does the AyA have an exhaustive and updated inventory of establishments with hazardous substances in Dirección2942?
The AyA reviews and issues technical criteria in those cases where the competent authorities consult on the activities intended to be developed in Zone 6, as well as in those cases that warrant it, technical inspections are carried out in the company of the competent entities (SINAC, Municipality, Ministry of Health, etc). Likewise, it issues warnings in cases where administered parties request potable water supply services or treatment systems in Zone 6, for which it generates the respective recommendations; however, it is not the entity that authorizes the final activity. Therefore, in accordance with the competencies, it is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health, as the entity responsible for approving the handling of these substances, to maintain an exhaustive and updated inventory of establishments in Zone 6.
FIFTH: Hydrogeological conditions (karstic system). Why is a generic protocol (GTE 105 01 P) applied instead of a specific one for the karstic recharge of Moín?
The application of procedure GTE-105-01-P "Attention of impact on service continuity due to threats and disasters" by the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA) responds to a technical and normative framework that regulates the attention of events that may compromise the continuity of potable water and sanitation service in any part of the country, including areas of high hydrogeological vulnerability such as Zone 6 of the Nombre52121 Aquifer. This protocol is not generic in the sense of being undifferentiated, but is designed to be flexible, scalable and applicable to different types of impact, including those that occur in karstic recharge contexts, as is the case of Nombre52121.
The protocol establishes specific procedures for the detection, assessment, response and recovery in the face of events that affect the quality or quantity of the water resource, and contemplates the activation of technical sub-processes such as GTE-105-01-I4, which addresses cases of direct impact to the water resource, and GTE-105-01-I5, which regulates the attention of contamination events.
Furthermore, it incorporates coordination mechanisms with other institutions such as the National Emergency Commission (Comisión Nacional de Emergencias, CNE), in accordance with Law No. 8488, and with the Ministry of Health, the competent authority in matters of sanitary surveillance of water, as well as with MINAE and SENARA, regarding environmental protection and aquifer management. Zone 6, due to its condition of karstic recharge, requires specialized technical attention, but this does not imply the need for an exclusive protocol, but rather the rigorous application of procedures, which include hydrogeological inspections, water quality analysis, activation of command centers, and inter-institutional coordination for decision-making. The internal Quality Management procedure GTE-105-01-P precisely contemplates this articulation, allowing AyA to act in accordance with its competence as the service operator, without invading functions that correspond to other State entities.
Therefore, the petitioner's request for the adoption of a specific protocol for the karstic recharge of Nombre52121 is not justified, since the current procedure contemplates sufficient technical and operational mechanisms to address impacts in areas of high sensitivity according to their hydrogeological characteristics. Risk management in these zones is carried out through the application of existing protocols, the activation of complementary procedures, and coordination with the competent authorities, thus guaranteeing an effective, legally supported, and technically adequate response.
Is there a specialized protocol for sinkholes (dolinas), fissures, and short contaminant transit times? Due to management by the Institute regarding Sinkholes, through Resolution No. 2057-2024-SETENA, the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the National Environmental Technical Secretariat, at 12:09 p.m. on November 26, 2024, Administrative File No. D1-0106-2019-STENA, established for the first time in Costa Rica a clear regulatory precedent on the protection of sinkholes, fissures, and transit times in underground communication to the aquifer, specifically the Moín aquifer. Following an environmental complaint, Nombre3763 conducted a technical inspection and determined that the project had intervened a sinkhole located within the aquifer's area of influence, without having identified or assessed it in the initial Environmental Impact Study (Estudio de Impacto Ambiental, EIA) or in its modifications.
Nombre3763 concluded that sinkholes are fundamental structures for water recharge and that, although there is no national legislation establishing specific setback zones for them, this does not grant the right to affect or eliminate them. The resolution recognizes that sinkholes function as windows to the aquifer and that their alteration can compromise the drinking water supply for thousands of people in Limón. Furthermore, it is noted that the developer had prior knowledge of the existence of these structures, which aggravates the omission. As a result, Nombre3763 classified the impact as a very serious offense under Article 87 of Executive Decree No. 43898-MINAE-MOPT-MAG-MEIC-MS and ordered the submission of a remedial plan to mitigate the impacts on the affected sinkhole, which must be approved by AyA. It also establishes that any work involving earthworks (movimientos de tierra) exceeding 1000 m³, especially in vulnerable zones such as sinkholes, requires prior environmental assessment, and it textually further cites: "In adherence to the precautionary principle and the supreme constitutional right enshrined in Article No. 50 of the Political Constitution, which indicates that "Every person has the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment", it being the case here that reason prevails, and prior to continuing with the project, one must: a. Respect a buffer area for the sinkhole zones of 10 meters from their limits, with the objective of preventing sediments or contaminant sources from project activities from affecting the drinking water catchment." (the bold highlighting is not from the original) This case marks a precedent in Costa Rican environmental regulations, by explicitly recognizing the importance of sinkholes in the protection of underground water resources and by requiring their identification, assessment, setbacks, and protection within environmental assessment processes.
The aforementioned decision is further based on the following regulations: 1. Biodiversity Law No. 7788, Article 11, subsection 2 ("In dubio pro natura"): Establishes that in the absence of scientific certainty, the protection of biodiversity must prevail. This principle applies given the lack of specific legislation on setback zones for sinkholes. 2. Organic Environmental Law No. 7554, Article 99: Mentioned as the basis for the automatic annulment of the Environmental Feasibility (Viabilidad Ambiental, VLA) in case of serious non-compliance. Articles 2 and 20: Referred to as violated when essential environmental elements are affected without adequate assessment. 3. Political Constitution of Costa Rica, Article 50: Regarding the Right of all persons to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, considered violated by works that affect sinkholes without environmental assessment. 4. AyA Board of Directors Agreements: Agreement No. 2011-112: Which formalizes the delimitation of Zone 6 of the Nombre52121 Aquifer and establishes restrictions for waterproofing and protection of sinkholes. Agreement No. 2007-107: Which complements the delimitation and technical criteria for the protection of the aquifer.
SIXTH: Publication of the Protection Decree. Why has the Executive Branch not been asked to publish the protection decree for Zone 6, as ordered by Agreement 2007-177? What actions has AyA taken to formalize the limits of Zone 6? Regarding these questions, the AyA Board of Directors is processing the response to the request made through official communication AEL-00310-2025, which, due to the lack of a quorum on the Board of Directors, has delayed the final communication to the interested party. Agreement 2007-177 indicated in its Sixth Por tanto (operative clause): "The executive branch will be requested to promulgate a decree aimed at the protection of the Moín sources; as well as the land-use limitations that ensure the conservation and improvement of environmental conditions in the other zones of the Moín Aquifer; in accordance with the 'Hydrogeological and Vulnerability Study of the Moín Aquifer, Limón' and the land-use recommendations." Agreement 2007-177 was duly published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 83 of Wednesday, May 2, 2007, meaning the Executive Branch was officially made aware as of that date, with it being the Rector Ministries that were responsible for its assessment and determining its origin; an autonomous institution cannot impose the issuance of said legal mechanism on the Executive Branch.
Similarly, that formalization of Agreement 2011-112 on May 2, 2011, published in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 83, made the limits of Zone 6 generally known. On the occasion of a consultation by the Vice Minister of Environmental Quality and Water (official communication DVMCAA-309-2009) attaching report PRE-D-AA-2009-1121 and the Draft Decree that had been advanced up to that moment; through official communication SGG-2009-1466 of October 13, 2009, the Management of AyA communicated to the Executive Presidency that, in response to official communication IMN-DA-551-2009 of February 22, 2009 (which in turn attaches Legal Opinion IMN-DA-415-2009), said ministry, after analyzing the Constitutional Chamber ruling 2008-004751, decided to "timely communicate to retake and study that which relates to aquifer reserve zones." From that date, AyA was not again convened to meetings until the one corresponding to jointly analyze with other institutions what is today Decree No. 42015-MAG-MINAE-S-MIVAH (Inter-institutional Coordination for the Protection of Aquifers).
The issuance of a specific Decree as requested by AyA was not appropriate, in summary, due to 2 factors: The first is the Constitutional Chamber's decision in recognizing that the opinions of AyA and Nombre99516 are binding and must be applied by local governments (Rulings 2008004790 and 2008-010372); notably, Resolution 2008-004751 of the Constitutional Chamber (file 06-015593-0007-CO) where it is recognized that the zone where the contamination incident occurred was declared a spring (naciente) protection zone since 1980 (AyA Agreement 80-121), recommending the prohibition of high-risk activities, such as the storage of chemicals, and identifying that the technical agreements of AyA and Nombre99516 are binding for administrative authorities, including Municipalities. This means they cannot be ignored or discretionally modified. Second: The decision by the Rector Ministries to have a general tool that would allow the incorporation of all declarations of strategic zones, vulnerability zones, the definition of competencies for each institution, and the formalization mechanism; for this reason, the Decree for Inter-institutional Coordination for the Protection of Aquifers (No. 42015-MAG-MINAE-S-MIVAH) was created.
In application of the principle of administrative economy, since the purpose of binding status had already been addressed with the cited Resolutions of the Constitutional Chamber, it was determined that the issuance of a Specific Decree for each particular case was unnecessary, and today the tool of the Regulation for the protection of underground and even surface water resources exists. In this regard, note what is regulated in Decree No. 42015-MAG-MINAE-S-MIVAH, which was published in Supplement No. 237 to La Gaceta No. 203 of October 25, 2019. "Article 31.- Identification of Aquifer Recharge Zones. MINAE, Nombre99516, and AyA may carry out the identification and delimitation of Aquifer Recharge Zones, generating inputs that will provide technical support for decision-making when an AOP affects an aquifer, as well as for territorial planning. Once the identification has been reviewed by the CTI, the aquifer recharge zones will be formalized through publication in the SINIGIRH." "Transitory IV.- Deadline for publishing hydrological information in the SINIGIRH.
Within the following six months from the publication of this Regulation, State institutions that possess information on water resources must provide it to the Water Directorate so that it may be published in the SINIGIRH." The zones delimited in Agreements 2007-177 and 2011-112 were coordinated with MIDEPLAN within the framework of the Commission in charge of creating the Decree, in working sessions since 2019, for their location on the official SINIGIRH platform, which was formalized through publication in Supplement No. 237 to La Gaceta No. 203 of October 25, 2019, and their incorporation was verified through official communication UENGA-2024-01903. Therefore, the corresponding Municipality and the other Institutions competent to issue final resolutions are obligated to incorporate said technical considerations in the analysis submitted to them for authorization.
SEVENTH: Inter-institutional Coordination. What steps has AyA taken to coordinate with the Municipality of Limón, INVU, SENARA, SETENA, and MINAE the incorporation of Dirección2942 as an area of absolute protection? Have these institutions been formally notified about the delimitation and protection regime? This query had been addressed through official communication GG-2024-01923, in response to the note sent by Mr. Marco Levi with number AEL-00127-2024, again through a response report in official communication UEN-GA-2025-00353 to query AEL-00297-2024, and again through official communication UEN-GA-2025-00354 in response to query AEL 00302 2024. Since November 6, 2012, through official communication PRE-1426-2012, the scope of agreements 2007-0177 and 2011-112 was formally communicated to Nombre3763 and the Municipality of Limón. Below are some actions detailed by AyA: Through official communication RHA-OM-2013-0666 addressed to Nombre35146, the joint interventions with these other entities were listed.
Agreement 80-121 of session 80-028 of the AyA Board of Directors was repealed by Agreement 2007-177 published in La Gaceta No. 83, of Wednesday, May 2, 2007, and this in turn was partially modified by Board of Directors agreement No. 2011-112, issued on April 7, and the communication requirement was fulfilled on May 2, 2011, in the Official Gazette La Gaceta No. 83. This was duly communicated to the Local Government through official communication PRE-1426-2012, so that it had the latest version and it could be incorporated into the Regulatory Plan. As a reminder, the Nombre52121 Commission sent the following official communications: No. UEN – GA – 2018 – 00322 dated March 2018, UEN – GA – 2018 – 00556 dated April 2018, UEN – GA – 2018 – 01827 dated October 2018, and UEN – GA – 2018 – 1975 dated November 2018, addressed to the Local Government and the Ministry of Health. (Within AyA's notifications to other entities are the documents sent by Ms.
Yessenia Calderón to Nombre3763 and the Municipality of Limón since 2012 – then executive president of AyA. Both official communications have the same sequential number (PRE1426-2012 and bear the receipt stamp.) Recently, on the occasion of the response to File 22-008354-0007-CO, in Minuta SINAC-ACLAC-DAP-022-2022, the Municipality (Alba Ortiz Rezo) indicated "...that at this moment it is not opportune to present what has been advanced on the regulatory plan, because it remains in a draft document state, and indicates that an assessment will be made when a more advanced product is available..." In the session of June 19, 2019, what was presented by AyA officials were the scopes of Board of Directors Agreements 2007177 and 2011-112; the objective was not to define a commission to address the Regulatory Plan. This Institute has a non-certified copy of the Minutes attached, where officials from the Municipality of Limón are summoned to be part of the coordination for reviewing activities in Dirección2942, not to prepare the Regulatory Plan.
The Regulatory Plan was never consulted with AyA, so the Institute is aware of its scope in reference to Zone 6 solely through the publication made in Supplement No. 191 to La Gaceta No. 182, on Wednesday, October 4, 2023. AyA, through official communication GSP-RHC-2025-00048, consulted the Mayoress of the Municipality of Limón and the Municipal Council on whether the recommendations of the AyA Board of Directors Agreements were included in the Regulatory Plan of Limón, also indicating: • As of the date of this official communication, it is not available on the Attorney General's Office website or on the Limón Municipality website. • There is a publication in Supplement No. 191 to La Gaceta No. 182 of Wednesday, October 4, 2023. • No response has been received to the request for information on the Regulatory Plan that AyA made to the Municipality (GSP-RHC-2020-02718). Upon reviewing the official platform of the Attorney General's Office of the Republic, only the publication of the Regulatory Plan is recorded (https://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_norma.aspx?param1=NR M&nValor1=1&nValor2=47365&nValor3=50242&strTipM=FN), in La Gaceta 209 of October 31, 2001.
EIGHTH: Availability of Public Information. Why is there no consolidated public information from AyA about the aquifer zones on its platforms? What functional traceability mechanisms exist in the "regional control unit"? The information exists on the official institutional platforms, in compliance with the provisions of the Decree for Inter-institutional Coordination for the protection of aquifers; a response to these questions had already been provided to Mr. Nombre35146, through a report addressing official communication AEL-00194-2024, where the public information and traceability mechanisms were demonstrated. As additional efforts to publicize the information on the Moín aquifer, as a public information mechanism, it should be noted that its delimitation and its legal scope can be consulted through various means of public access; some of them are presented at the following electronic addresses: 1.
Web query: La Gaceta No. 83 of 2007: https://www.imprentanacional.go.cr/pub/2007/05/02/COMP_02_05_2007.html#_Toc165692088 2. Web query: La Gaceta No. 83 of 2011: https://www.imprentanacional.go.cr/pub/2011/05/02/COMP_02_05_2011.html 3. Query in the Costa Rican Legal Information System: https://www.pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?nValor1=1&nValor2=59932 4. Query in the SINIGIRH Technical Viewer, Territorial Planning/Aquifer Reserve Nombre52121 section (it is clarified that to access SINIGIRH, you must register as a user) https://visor.da.go.cr/start.php 5. On the website of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers: Minutes and Agreements - Documentary System of the AyA Board of Directors (2011-112), Minutes and Agreements - Documentary System of the AyA Board of Directors (2007-177) Regarding traceability, the petitioner does not clarify what type of traceability they are referring to; however, it must be kept in mind that the technical and official delimitation of the Protection Zone (Zone 6) is given through the formalization of the Hydrogeological and Vulnerability Study of the Moín Aquifer, carried out by AyA, with precise geographic coordinates, which must be considered in every application for a permit, license, or authorization by the competent institutions in charge of granting and approving permits.
As a traceability and follow-up mechanism for the protection of the aquifer, the Regional Environmental Control Commission (Comisión Moín) performs as a task the identification of activities with the spatial location of the property, issuing the pertinent recommendations addressed to the entities in charge of controlling these activities. At the administrative procedural moment of issuing service availability by the AyA Regional Directorate, the corresponding recommendations are issued; this pronouncement is an admissibility requirement before other entities that are responsible for approving and issuing the final act of construction or activity authorization. Likewise, the notification made in the Official Gazette La Gaceta generates inter-institutional binding effect, so that, in accordance with their special and own competencies, MINAE, SETENA, SENARA, the Ministry of Health, and the Municipality, likewise watch over the Aquifer, to restrict the clearing of forest cover (cobertura boscosa), to approve environmental impact studies, to apply technical protection criteria, to oversee sanitary compliance, to incorporate the recommendations into the regulatory plan.
NINTH: Corrective and Preventive Measures. What structural actions does AyA propose to restore Zone 6 to a regime of "strict protection"? The petitioner's request for AyA to propose structural actions to restore Zone 6 to a "strict protection" regime stems from an erroneous interpretation of the applicable regulatory framework and the scope of Agreements 2007-177 and 2011-112. Firstly, it must be clarified that the concept of "strict protection" is not part of the technical or legal terminology used by AyA in relation to the management of the Moín Aquifer, and that Zone 6 has not been declared an area of absolute conservation or a zone of total exclusion of human activities. On the contrary, the cited agreements establish a special protection regime that requires the application of rigorous technical criteria to evaluate the compatibility of any activity with the aquifer's water recharge function.
The actions that AyA proposes in this context are not structural in the sense of physical works or direct environmental restoration interventions, but rather consist of technical recommendations aimed at ensuring that human activities are developed in a sustainable, balanced, and compatible manner with the hydrogeological dynamics of the zone. This implies that every project must demonstrate, through hydrogeological studies and environmental management plans, that it does not generate contamination, does not alter the soil infiltration capacity, and does not compromise the quality or quantity of the available water resource. The existence of these studies does not constitute an automatic authorization but a technical input that allows the competent institutions to assess the project's viability in accordance with the precautionary principle and current environmental regulations. In this sense, AyA acts as the governing body in matters of providing public drinking water and sanitation services, and as the technical authority in evaluating the water and hydraulic capacity of the systems.
However, the definition of hazardous substances, the assessment of health risk, and the authorization of specific activities correspond to other public institutions, such as the Ministry of Health, MINAE, SETENA, Local Governments, and SENARA, within the framework of their legal competencies. Therefore, the management of Zone 6 is not oriented toward structural restoration but toward technical regulation that allows reconciling human development with the protection of the aquifer, through the application of scientific criteria, inter-institutional coordination, and strict compliance with current regulations.
Is AyA willing to implement a periodic water quality monitoring system with the publication of results? The Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA) already implements a periodic water quality monitoring system in all systems under its administration, including areas of high hydrogeological vulnerability such as Zone 6 of the Moín Aquifer. This task not only forms part of its operational functions but is supported by a legal and technical mandate established in current national regulations. In particular, Executive Decree No. 38924-S, Regulation for Drinking Water Quality, issued by the Ministry of Health, establishes the parameters that must be systematically evaluated, including nitrates, electrical conductivity, fecal coliforms, turbidity, residual chlorine, among others. This regulation defines the maximum admissible values and the sampling, frequency, and analysis procedures that public drinking water service operators, such as AyA, must follow.
Likewise, the General Health Law (Law No. 5395) and the General Regulation on Occupational Health grant the Ministry of Health the competence to oversee the quality of water intended for human consumption, in coordination with AyA. For its part, the Regulatory Authority for Public Services (ARESEP), through its regulatory provisions, requires operators to maintain updated records of water quality results and for these to be available for public consultation. AyA complies with these provisions by conducting periodic sampling at strategic points in its systems, analysis in certified laboratories, and activation of alert and contingency protocols if deviations in the established parameters are detected. Furthermore, the information generated by these monitoring systems is public and can be requested by any interested citizen or institution, in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 8220 on protecting citizens against excessive requirements and administrative procedures.
Consequently, AyA is not only willing but already performs periodic water quality monitoring with the publication of results and early warning mechanisms, in accordance with applicable technical and legal standards. Therefore, any additional request in this regard must consider that these procedures are already underway and that the information is available through the corresponding institutional channels.
The Institute has fulfilled its technical role within the inter-institutional coordination framework established by Executive Decree No. 42015-MAG-MINAE-S-MIVAH. The petitioner's interpretation is legally incorrect, by attributing to AyA normative effects of competencies that do not correspond to it and by ignoring the technical and preventive nature of the issued agreements. Therefore, it is not appropriate to declare the amparo appeal admissible, nor to impose any sentence on AyA, as an action contrary to the constitutional order nor a direct or indirect impact attributable to this institution is not configured. 2) To declare the NULLITY, for material and formal unconstitutionality AND FOR VIOLATION OF CONVENTION 169 OF THE ILO, of the following provisions of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA): Previously, Mr. Nombre35146 was given a response to the petition he submitted before the Board of Directors on September 21, 2024, before which he filed an appeal for revocation and nullity against Agreement 2011-177, indicating among his allegations the existence of elimination of forest protection areas, elimination of Zone 6 of absolute protection of the Moín aquifer, disrespect for the principle of non-regression, that agreement 112 of 05/02/2011 is contrary to SENARA's MATRIX OF LAND-USE CRITERIA ACCORDING TO THE VULNERABILITY TO CONTAMINATION OF AQUIFERS FOR THE PROTECTION OF WATER RESOURCES, in areas of absolute or extreme protection such as zone 6 of the Moín aquifer. In this sense, it is not appropriate to interpose a nullity for the sake of nullity itself, without expressly indicating what the alleged flaw in the elements of the administrative act is.
Regarding the allegation of the nullity of the agreement, it is important to state the following. The General Law of the Public Administration (LGAP) extensively develops the topic of the nullity of administrative acts. Article 166: There shall be absolute nullity of the act when one or several of its constitutive elements are completely missing, in fact or in law. Article 223: 1.- Only the omission of substantial procedural formalities shall cause nullity of the proceedings. 2.- It shall be understood as substantial the formality whose correct execution would have prevented or changed the final decision in important aspects, or whose omission would cause defenselessness. The way the Administration expresses itself is, precisely, through administrative acts, as these are the means it uses to manifest its will, intended to produce legal effects. The two basic elements of these acts are two, one subjective and the other objective, the first being the fact that derives from a subject – in this case and always will be, the Administration – and the second, the strict adherence to the legal system that it must have.
In this way, the administrative act is valid and effective insofar as it conforms to the legal system. From the point of view of its objective element, we have in turn essential (substantial) elements: motive, content, and purpose; and for the administrative act to be perfect, it must contain each and every one of them. Motive: It is the factual and legal basis that makes possible or necessary the issuance of the administrative act. Content: It has been defined as the effect of the act. It is what the act provides and is known as the operative part of the act. The basis is found in Article 132 of the General Law of the Public Administration. Purpose: The purpose is what is pursued, that issue that is intended to be resolved. The purpose must be public, it must always be so, otherwise it incurs what is called abuse of power. The purpose is closely related to the motive of the act. They must be intertwined.
The absence of the motive entails the absence of the purpose. The adequacy of the administrative act to the purpose depends on the verification of the motive. To speak of nullity, be it absolute; or absolute, evident, and manifest, we would have to be in the scenario that the essential elements indicated above are missing or have defects. The agreement being challenged meets the elements – both formal and essential – of any administrative act.
First, regarding the GROUNDS (MOTIVO), it has a solid factual basis (protection of springs) and legal basis (Ley de Aguas, article 31; Ley Forestal, article 33; Dictámenes de la PGR, Criterios N° 157, N° C-148-2012 and N° C-334-2002; resolutions of the Sala Constitucional de la CSJ, 1996-04205 of 2:33 p.m. on August 20, 1996 and 09-014840 of 2:50 p.m. on September 19, 2009). Second, regarding the content, said agreement has a clear operative element, namely: "POR TANTO UNICO”: “…1º-Acuerdo 2007-177 is amended, in its Por Tanto Segundo, regarding the enumeration of land-use regulation recommendations of Dirección2942, with the following restriction guidelines and in application of the "Matriz de Criterios de Uso del Suelo según la vulnerabilidad a la contaminación de los Acuíferos para la Protección del Recurso Hídrico, issued by the Junta Directiva of Nombre99516 in session of September 26, 2006.
For all activities, the impervious surface area per hectare shall not exceed 20%. Those INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES that, throughout the different construction and operation stages, generate a negative environmental impact to the aquifer, must submit an Estudio de Impacto Ambiental duly approved by SETENA. In accordance with the Reglamento del Ministerio de Salud, Decreto 30465 S and the Reglamento de Vertidos y Rehúso de Aguas Residuales. N. 26041-S MINAE, high-risk industrial activities are not permitted due to the possible impact of contamination. These high-risk activities are defined as those having the possibility of explosion, fire, leak or sudden spill resulting from the process in the course of industrial activities, as well as in pipelines and transport, involving one or several hazardous substances and posing a serious danger (of immediate or delayed, reversible or irreversible manifestation) to the population, its property, the environment and ecosystems.
Do not authorize STORAGE AND USE OF PLAGUICIDES, PESTICIDES, FUELS AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES, OR PRECURSORS THEREOF FOR ANY PURPOSE. For the REMOVAL, CUTTING AND FILLING OF MATERIALS (MOVIMIENTOS DE TIERRA), a Hydrogeological study must be carried out proving that there will be no impact to the aquifer, and a Plan de Gestión Ambiental duly approved by Nombre3763. THE CONSTRUCTION OR EXCAVATION OF WELLS, INFILTRATION GALLERIES OR ANY OTHER WATER EXPLOITATION WORKS IS NOT AUTHORIZED. In the case of URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, LOTIFICATIONS, SUBDIVISIONS (FRACCIONAMIENTOS) AND CONDOMINIUMS, a sanitary sewer system and an ordinary-type wastewater treatment plant must be built. Developments with densities equal to or less than one housing unit per 1000 meters may be permitted. In the case of HOTELS AND SIMILAR LODGING ESTABLISHMENTS, it may be permitted subject to effluent management with a treatment plant complying with the Reglamento de Vertidos in force.
The number of rooms must not exceed a load equivalent to 50 persons per hectare. DO NOT INSTALL GARBAGE DUMPS, SANITARY LANDFILLS OR WASTE DISPOSAL SITES OF ANY KIND. The AyA, considering the studies presented by the interested party and endorsed by the pertinent authorities, may rule on other types of activities not listed in this agreement, that affect the quality and quantity of the water, establishing binding technical recommendations for the regulation of the activity. The AYA shall be empowered by Ley 2726 to assess whether there is an impact to the aquifer and the correct disposal of wastewater in accordance with the Reglamento de Vertidos in force, in addition to the approval or denial of the activity. Housing constructions originating from vegetative growth will be admitted in Dirección2942, provided that it is ensured that wastewater is not discharged into sinkholes and that garbage collection is carried out by the municipal service or other means. 3º-It is recommended that the Local Government and the Competent Institutions proceed to carry out protection measures aimed at the conservation of forested areas. 4º-The Senior Administration is instructed to take the appropriate steps and request the Municipalidad de Limón to implement the recommendations issued in this agreement. 5º-The Senior Administration is instructed to take the appropriate steps and request MINAET to restrict ALL CUTTING OF FOREST VEGETATION in Dirección2942. 6º-For zone 6, the Dirección Regional Huetar Atlántica and the UEN de Ambiente, Investigación y Desarrollo shall create and maintain an exhaustive land-use inventory, identifying activities and establishments that store substances of risk to the quality of water for human use.
Likewise, they shall be responsible for the analysis of the proposals submitted by the Administered Party and the assessment of no impact to the aquifer and correct disposal of wastewater. 7º-In all other respects, what was ruled in Acuerdo de Junta Directiva 2007-177 remains in force…” Finally, regarding the PURPOSE (FIN), which is none other than to safeguard institutional interests, in this case more than a right, it is an obligation of the AyA in accordance with its Constitutive Law, Ley N° 2726, articles 1 and 2: “Article 1.- (*) For the purpose of directing, setting policies, establishing and applying standards, carrying out and promoting the planning, financing and development, and of resolving everything related to the supply of potable water and the collection and evacuation of sewage and liquid industrial waste, as well as the regulatory aspect of storm sewer systems in urban areas, for the entire national territory, the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados is created, as an autonomous institution of the State.” “Article 2.- (*) The Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados is responsible for: a) Directing and overseeing everything concerning providing the inhabitants of the republic with a service of potable water, collection and evacuation of sewage and liquid industrial waste and stormwater in urban areas; b) Determining the priority, advisability and feasibility of the different projects proposed to build, reform, extend, or modify aqueduct and sewer works; which may not be executed without its approval; c) Promoting the conservation of hydrographic basins and ecological protection, as well as the control of water contamination; d) Advising other State agencies and coordinating public and private activities in all matters relating to the establishment of aqueducts and sewers and the control of water resource contamination, its consultation being mandatory in all cases, and compliance with its recommendations being inexcusable; e) Preparing all plans for public works related to the purposes of this law, as well as approving all those for private works related to aqueduct and sewer systems, as determined by the respective regulations; f) Exploiting, using, governing or supervising, as the case may be, all public domain waters indispensable for the due fulfillment of the provisions of this law, in exercise of the rights that the State has over them, pursuant to law number 276 of August 27, 1942, for which purpose the Institute shall be considered the substitute body for the powers attributed in that law to the State, ministries and municipalities; g) Directly administering and operating the aqueduct and sewer systems throughout the country, which shall be progressively assumed, taking into account convenience and availability of resources.
Systems currently administered and operated by municipal corporations may remain under their charge, as long as they provide an efficient service. h) Under no circumstances may it delegate the administration of the aqueduct and sanitary sewer systems of the Área Metropolitana. i) Nor may it delegate the administration of systems for which there exists financial responsibility and while this corresponds directly to the Institute. j) The institution is empowered to agree with local bodies on the administration of such services or to administer them through administrative boards of mixed integration between the Institute and the respective communities, whenever this is agreed for the better provision of services and in accordance with the respective regulations. k) For the same reasons and with the same characteristics, regional administrative boards involving several municipalities may also be created; l) Enforcing the Ley General de Agua Potable, for which purpose the Institute shall be considered the substitute body for the ministries and municipalities indicated in said law; m) Constructing, extending and reforming aqueduct and sewer systems in those cases where it is necessary and the best satisfaction of national needs so advises; and n) Controlling the adequate investment of all resources that the State allocates for aqueduct and sanitary sewer works.” (emphasis added) Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, by means of resolution N.º 47-2023-V of 8:30 a.m. on June 8, 2023, ruled on the issue of the nullity of agreements, and, in this specific case of those issued by the Junta Directiva del AyA; namely, Acuerdos 2007-177 and 2011-112.
The specific development revolves around the legality of these, as required by the aforementioned LGAP, verifying compliance with the validity requirements. The Tribunal stated in said resolution: “(…) To this effect, it is necessary to indicate that, according to the doctrine derived from article 128 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, every administrative act is considered valid when it substantially conforms to the legal order, understood in its broadest sense, as the set of rules and laws in force in the country. Consequently, the administrative act will be valid when its elements are substantially in conformity with the legal order. The components of the act that allow the comparison of validity have been subdivided into material or objective: grounds (motivo), content (contenido) and purpose (fin); and subjective: procedure (procedimiento), subject (sujeto) and form (forma).
The grounds (motivo), as inferred from numeral 133 of the LGAP, constitutes the factual and/or legal antecedent that triggers the administrative action. It corresponds to the factual and legal presupposition of the administrative act and justifies its issuance, as a unilateral manifestation of the will of the Administration capable of producing legal effects, imposing obligations or granting rights. The content of the act, according to article 132 of the Law, consists of what the Administration provides, commands or orders. For its part, according to numeral 131 of the referred legal body, the purpose (fin) consists of satisfying the public interest that is the responsibility of the body or entity in the exercise of a specific competence. Regarding the subjective elements of the act, there is the subject (sujeto), which corresponds to whoever issues the act, for which they must have investiture, competence and ownership.
On the other hand, the Procedure (Procedimiento) is defined as the obligation of the Public Administration to follow a procedural course or iter, understood as a concatenated series of actions prior to the issuance of the administrative act aimed at a purpose. The last formal element of the administrative act is the form (forma), which is the manner in which the administrative act is externalized or manifested. From this formal element derives the Administration's obligation to adequately justify its decisions, through the motivation (motivación) of its acts, which is the explanation, foundation or justification of the administrative act. For its part, canon 158 of the LGAP provides: \"the lack or defect of any requirement of the administrative act, expressly or implicitly required by the legal order, shall constitute a defect thereof. An administrative act substantially discordant with the legal order shall be invalid,\" and numeral 166 indicates that \"There shall be absolute nullity of the act when one or several of its constitutive elements are totally lacking, in reality or legally.\" Finally, and as a guiding principle of the nullity regime, the Ley General de la Administración Pública in its article 223, prevents declaring nullity for nullity's sake: \"Article 223.1.
Only the omission of substantial procedural formalities shall cause nullity of the proceedings. 2. A formality shall be understood as substantial if its correct execution would have prevented or changed the final decision in important aspects, or whose omission would cause defenselessness.\" Having set forth the above, the analysis of the administrative acts challenged in this venue will be carried out under this optic. In the first place, and in relation to the competence of the AyA to adopt the challenged agreements, according to what was previously indicated, it is this entity which, pursuant to Ley N° 2726, is responsible for the governance in the matter of supplying potable water to the population, and to guarantee the fulfillment of that public service in a continuous, efficient and effective manner, according to the principles that must govern administrative conduct contained in article 4 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, it has powers - powers-duties - in order to adopt the necessary measures to avoid contamination of the recharge areas of the aquifers and catchment zones.
Subsequently, it is within the framework of the exercise of its competences, that said entity, through its Junta Directiva, issued Acuerdos 2007-177 and 2011-112, based on factual and also legal antecedents, which serve as or constitute the grounds (motivo) for both. Thus, it has been possible to verify that the administrative conduct in question, specifically both agreements, stem from the fact - factual antecedent - that the area named zone 6 is part of the Moín-Limón aquifer, and that this is an area that serves as a supply of water resources for a significant part of the Limón population, from which it follows that the sued entity has the legal obligation - factual antecedent - to carry out actions to preserve and protect that zone, as provided in article 2° of the aforementioned Ley N°2726. Subsequently, the cause, the grounds (motivo) of Acuerdos 2007-177 and 2011-112, issued by the Junta Directiva del AyA, is the fact that the zone to which they refer is, as the plaintiffs themselves point out, an area of utmost relevance for the potable water supply, and therefore, by legal mandate, the Institute has the obligation to adopt the necessary measures for its conservation, conduct that in this case was embodied, externalized or manifested, in Acuerdos N° 2007-177 and N° 2011-112 issued by its Junta Directiva, and which also had as a technical antecedent the Estudio Hidrogeológico y Vulnerabilidad del Acuífero Nombre52121 Limón prepared by the Hydrogeologist of the Área de Gestión Ambiental del AyA Viviana Ramos Sánchez, who indicated that the study's objective was to define the recharge zone.
Attorney Roberto Soto Vega alleges that Acuerdo N° 2011-112 does not have a technical antecedent that justifies a more permissive position regarding activities that may be carried out on properties located in zone 6. Indeed, as will be seen in more detail below, the cited agreement establishes a series of recommendations that significantly expands the activities that it is possible to carry out in zone 6 of the Acuífero Nombre52121 Limón, however, the argument that this opening lacks technical support and constitutes a regression in environmental protection matters, exposing the conservation of the Aquifer, is not shared by this Tribunal, because from Acuerdo N°2011-112 itself, it is inferred that it is also based on the Estudio Hidrogeológico y de Vulnerabilidad del Acuífero MoínLimón, which, contrary to what was affirmed by the party, is not disregarded with the adoption of Acuerdo N° 2011-112...
In this way, the Tribunal corroborates, not only the existence of the grounds (motivo), that is, the existence of factual and legal antecedents that justify the adoption of Acuerdos 2007-177 and 2011-112 issued by the Junta Directiva del AyA, but also, that these have been duly motivated and that their content conforms to the public purpose (fin) they pursue in order to protect and preserve the water resource for the population of Limón, while simultaneously, the economic development of the zone becomes possible, provided that the necessary measures are observed to guarantee that the development of activities in the protection zone do not violate or negatively impact the Aquifer … However, Acuerdos 2007-177 and 2011-112 issued by the Junta Directiva del AyA constitute a manifestation of technical discretion, insofar as they are based on appraisals and assessments arising in the light of specialized knowledge, and consisting of recommendations issued within the framework of the competences that, in order to protect the water resource, the legal order confers upon the AyA, as the governing entity in the matter, and which are directed to other bodies or entities that hold powers whose actions could affect the preservation of said resource.
Thus, without ignoring the enormous relevance that citizen participation undoubtedly has, there are borderline cases, in matters that must be addressed and resolved based on exclusively technical elements, as occurs in this case, where the administrative conduct determines a series of recommendations related to the activities that may or may not be carried out in an area of interest for the conservation of the water resource. Consequently, this Body does not find that the alleged nullity defect occurs in the case, for not having granted a hearing regarding the content of the agreements to the owners of the properties located in the zone in question. Without prejudice to the fact that they were published in Las Gacetas number 83 of May 2, 2007 and 83 of May 2, 2011, given their general effects, in accordance with the provisions of subsection 1 of article 240 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública.
In consequence, it is concluded that Acuerdos N° 2007-177 and 2011-112, issued by the Junta Directiva del AyA, do not present any type of pathology warranting a declaration of their nullity, and therefore, the claim raised for their suppression must be rejected …. \" Regarding the time limit In the event that an absolute nullity as requested by Mr. Nombre35146 were applicable, it is equally necessary to indicate that it should have been alleged within a 4-year period, along these lines the SALA PRIMERA DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA has ruled. Resolución No 17 of four o'clock in the afternoon on February thirteenth, nineteen ninety-eight, in accordance with the resolution of the SALA PRIMERA DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA: Resolución No 124 of two-thirty in the afternoon on April twenty-fifth, nineteen ninety; SALA PRIMERA DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. Resolución No 91 of two-twenty in the afternoon on August thirty-first, nineteen ninety-five “Absolutely null acts are not validated either by time or by legal act.
Nullity may be requested and declared at any time and cannot be remedied by ratification or by any other means, contrary to annulability. An absolutely null act produces no effects. In this regard, this Chamber has ruled on many occasions indicating that even in the event of facing a consented act, the action is admissible under the terms of articles 21.2 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativo and 175 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública, as it is an absolute nullity. A 4-year period is established to challenge in administrative or judicial proceedings an absolutely null act, without being able to apply the normal expiration periods of 2 months and 1 year under the terms of article 37 of the same legal body. (See ruling of this Chamber numbers 124 of 3:00 p.m. on October 3 and 124 of 2:30 p.m. on April 25, both of 1990. 68 of 3:30 p.m. on October 27, 1993 and 31 of 2:25 p.m. on March 27, 1996).” In concordance with official communication GG-2024-03152 from the Gerencia General, which is based on the legal opinion of the Dirección Jurídica PRE-J-2024-03977, the category of the challenged act is of a general nature and its effectiveness in generating effects towards third parties began upon its publication; Acuerdo de Junta Directiva No. 2011-112 was issued on April 7 and the requirement of communication was carried out on May 2, 2011, in the Diario Oficial La Gaceta No. 83, so it is from that date that the time limits are counted for any administered party who considered the existence of a violation of their rights to be able to appeal the administrative act, in accordance with the provisions of articles 343, 346 and 347 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública.
Mr. Nombre35146 filed his appeal (on September 21, 2024) thirteen years after the publication of Acuerdo de Junta Directiva 2011-112 (which was published on May 2, 2011), which determines its untimeliness. Acuerdos 2007-177 and 2011-112 of the AyA do not constitute acts violating Convenio 169 de la OIT, as they do not directly affect lands, resources, or ways of life of tribal communities. The obligation to consult under Convenio 169 falls on the State when legislative or administrative measures are adopted that directly affect tribal peoples, which to date have not been adopted for Dirección2942. In this case: • The AyA agreements are not legislative measures, but rather technical recommendations. • It has not been demonstrated that the AyA has executed works or authorized activities that directly or indirectly affect Afro-descendant communities. • Territorial planning corresponds to the Municipalidad de Limón and INVU, not to the AyA. • The Acuerdos de Junta Directiva del AyA are technical management instruments that seek to protect the water resource, in compliance with article 50 of the Constitution, the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente and its own Constitutive Law.
Their application is intended to serve as a technical criterion to be considered and coordinated with other institutions, which are the ones competent to issue the final administrative acts, being one more input; therefore, in accordance with this indication they cannot be considered unconstitutional, nor is this the procedure to allege such a defect if that were the case, coupled with the fact that they were published in due time in the Diario Oficial La Gaceta and the resolution of the judicial venues has already verified that there is no direct and concrete impact on Afro-descendant peoples, but rather, they are recommendation guidelines for the proposal and adaptation of activities, with the purpose of making them sustainable, enduring and compatible with the water catchments destined for population supply. 2.1) Regarding Acuerdo de Junta Directiva N.º 2011-112, in terms of: (a) establishing a uniform impervious surface threshold of 20% of the surface area per hectare \"for all activities\" in Zone 6; (b) authorizing \"removal, cutting and filling of materials\" or earthworks (movimientos de tierra) in Zone 6 through a hydrogeological study and PGA; (c) admitting \"housing constructions due to vegetative growth\" in Zone 6 without density parameters, impervious surface mapping, or verification of zero impact; and In response to points a, b, and c of petition 2.1, it is stated that the agreements do not constitute acts of authorization for incompatible uses, but rather technical recommendation instruments that guide water resource management in recharge zones.
Their content does not directly enable activities, but rather establishes criteria for their assessment by competent authorities, such as SETENA, SENARA, INVU and the municipalities. The interpretation made by Mr. Nombre35146 is legally incorrect, by assuming that the AyA agreements permit uses incompatible with the absolute protection of Zone 6. In reality, the agreements are based on the Matriz de Vulnerabilidad Hidrogeológica duly authorized by the Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA), which classifies zones according to their vulnerability and establishes differentiated criteria for the evaluation of activities. The uniform threshold of 20% impervious surface per hectare defined in the Matriz del SENARA does not constitute automatic authorization, but rather a technical reference parameter that must be applied in conjunction with specific hydrogeological studies and environmental management plans (PGA), as required by the environmental regulations in force and the mandate of the Sala Constitucional through vote No. 2008-004790, of twelve hours and thirty-nine minutes on March twenty-seventh, two thousand eight, and Vote No. 2008-010372 of seventeen hours and thirty-seven minutes on June nineteenth, two thousand eight; both of the Sala Constitucional de la CSJ, ordering the application of the \"Matriz de Criterios de Uso del Suelo según la vulnerabilidad a la contaminación de los Acuíferos para la Protección del Recurso Hídrico, issued by the Junta Directiva of Nombre99516 in session of September 26, 2006.
These decisions of the Sala Constitucional generated the need to update Acuerdo 2007-177, so that the activities and considerations for their execution would coincide with said Matriz. This threshold does not substitute the technical evaluation or the precautionary principle. The admission of constructions due to vegetative growth also does not imply direct authorization, but rather responds to the need to technically assess proposals that arise from real population dynamics. Such elements must be considered by the authorities competent in urban and environmental planning. The AyA agreements must be interpreted within the framework of Decreto Ejecutivo N.º 42015-MAG-MINAE-S-MIVAH, which establishes inter-institutional coordination for the protection of aquifers, and which was issued subsequent to the Acuerdos de Junta Directiva. This decree expressly recognizes the need for articulation between AyA, SENARA, MINAE, INVU and other institutions, confirming that the AyA agreements are part of a joint technical effort and not isolated, discretionary, or arbitrary acts.
The temporality of the normative instruments confirms their coherence: the AyA agreements were issued in 2007 and 2011 as part of a technical policy for aquifer protection, and Decreto 42015 came to consolidate that policy through a formal coordination framework. Therefore, the agreements do not contradict the decree, but rather precede and complement it. Requesting the nullity of the agreements for alleged incompatibility with absolute protection is inappropriate, as they are technical instruments that must be applied by the competent authorities within the framework of their legal attributions. Absolute protection is not defined exclusively by the AyA agreements, but by the normative interaction between the Matriz de SENARA, the regulatory plans, constitutional jurisprudence and technical studies. (d) contains open clauses that allow \"ruling on other activities\" in Dirección2942 without a strict regulatory basis and without subjection to the precautionary principle.
Regarding the plaintiff's assertion that the Acuerdos de Junta Directiva of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA), particularly Acuerdo N.º 2011-112, contain “open clauses” that would allow ruling on other activities without a strict regulatory basis, it is necessary to clarify the following: The agreements do not contain open or discretionary clauses. The provision that allows the AyA to rule on other activities in water recharge zones does not constitute a generic or arbitrary habilitation. On the contrary, it responds to the legal duty of the public administration to technically assess the proposals presented to it, in accordance with the principle of legality and the principle of technical reasonableness. Article 109 of the Ley de Biodiversidad expressly establishes that administrative decisions in environmental matters must be based on scientific and technical criteria.
In that sense, the AyA, as the governing entity in matters of potable water and sanitation, has the obligation to subject to technical analysis any activity that may affect water resources, especially in zones of high vulnerability such as Dirección6576. The plaintiff's interpretation is improper, as it omits that the AyA does not act discretionally, but rather within the framework of the environmental regulations in force, including the Matriz de SENARA, the Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, the Ley de Biodiversidad and constitutional jurisprudence. The possibility of ruling on activities not explicitly foreseen in the agreements responds to the need to assess specific cases that, due to their technical nature or innovation, require individualized analysis. The public administration cannot refuse to assess technical proposals.
The principle of good administration requires that every request submitted by individuals or institutions be analyzed according to objective, scientific, and technical criteria. Denying that possibility would be contrary to Article 11 of the Political Constitution, which imposes the duty of efficiency and legality in the exercise of public functions. The AyA does not replace the precautionary principle but applies it in accordance with the available technical evidence. In cases where there is reasonable doubt about the impact of an activity, the AyA may recommend its suspension or conditioning, but always based on technical studies and not on generic presumptions. 2.2) Regarding Agreement No. 2007-177, insofar as it is interpreted or applied in a way that allows uses incompatible with the absolute protection defined for Zone 6. In relation to the assertion of the amparo petitioner, who maintains that the Board of Directors Agreements of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, AyA), particularly Agreement No. 2011-112, which in their view allows the authorization of uses incompatible with the absolute protection of Zone 6 of the Moín aquifer, the following is stated: The AyA's agreements do not constitute direct authorizations for land use, nor do they replace the final administrative act that must be issued by the competent authorities in matters of territorial planning, environmental assessment, or permit granting.
The agreements are instruments of technical and scientific recommendation, the purpose of which is to guide decision-making by the competent institutions, such as SETENA, SENARA, INVU, and the municipalities. The petitioner's interpretation is legally incorrect, as it assumes that the AyA's agreements have absolute binding effects or that they constitute material authorizations for activities. In reality, said agreements establish technical criteria that must be considered in the assessment processes, without implying automatic enablement or substantive authorization. The AyA acts in accordance with the principle of legality and the principle of science and technique, enshrined in Article 109 of the Biodiversity Law, which establishes that administrative decisions on environmental matters must be based on technical and scientific knowledge. Within this framework, the AyA has the obligation to technically assess the design proposals for activities presented to it, especially in water recharge zones, without this implying discretion or normative opening.
The clause that allows for the consideration of other activities is not open or arbitrary but rather a manifestation of the public administration's duty to subject any activity that could affect the water resource to technical analysis. This power does not replace the precautionary principle but complements it, allowing decisions to be adopted based on technical evidence and not on generic presumptions. The competence to authorize or deny activities corresponds to other instances, such as SETENA, Nombre99516, and the municipalities, which must apply the AyA's technical criteria in their resolutions. Therefore, the AyA's agreements cannot be interpreted as acts of authorization but as technical inputs for decision-making in accordance with the current legal framework.
SEVENTH: Interinstitutional Coordination. Communications dating from 2012 are cited, but it is admitted that the Regulatory Plan did not incorporate the Agreements. Reply: The communications are insufficient; there is no evidence of effective efforts to incorporate Zone 6 as absolute protection (Decree No. 42015, article 31). The Regulatory Plan (Gaceta No. 182, 2023) renders Zone 6 invisible, violating coordination (article 11 of the Constitution) and ILO Convention 169 (consultation with communities). EIGHTH: Availability of Public Information. Platforms with information are listed, but functional traceability is evaded. Reply: The information is not consolidated or updated (Aarhus Convention, article 4). There is no traceability of cumulative impacts in Zone 6 (spatial monitoring). It violates access to environmental information (Law No. 7554, article 2). NINTH: Corrective and Preventive Measures. The need for strict restoration is denied and existing monitoring is confirmed. Reply: Zone 6 requires strict protection (extreme vulnerability; 2007 Study). The current monitoring is not public and does not include specific early warning (Protocol on Water, article 8). It violates the precautionary principle. B) REPLY TO THE RESPONSE TO THE PETITIONS
The 2011 Rupture: AyA Agreement 2011-112 In 2011, the Board of Directors of AyA approved Agreement No. 2011-112 (session 2011-017 of April 5, 2011), which “rendered the absolute limitations” of 2007-177 without effect, based on the argument that its application implied “financially unfeasible expropriation processes.” The new agreement introduced the category of “land uses compatible with resource protection,” allowing certain “low-impact” activities, thereby:
• Denaturing the absolute protection established in 2007. • Violating the technical uniformity imposed by SENARA 2006, which does not contemplate “compatible” zones within areas of extreme recharge. • Generating an institutional contradiction, since AyA—the authority responsible for water management—unilaterally departed from the binding technical criterion of SENARA, without any scientific resolution or update of the hydrogeological study.
3. Violation of SENARA 2006 and of Constitutional Case Law Agreement 2011-112 represented a technical and legal regression with respect to the standards set by SENARA and by the Constitutional Chamber itself. By allowing uses in zones that the matrix defines as subject to absolute limitation, AyA incurred a contradiction with rulings 2008-004790 and 2008-010372, which ordered the strict application of said matrix throughout the territory.
The Chamber, by admitting in its subsequent resolutions (2011–2017) the existence of that new agreement, omitted to analyze that 2007-177 already fully applied SENARA 2006. That omission allowed the consolidation of an apparent legality over an act that, in reality, violated the principle of scientific consistency and the environmental right to health and life (Articles 21 and 50 of the Constitution).
The change introduced by AyA in 2011 constituted:
• A rupture of the SENARA–AyA technical system, • A prohibited regression in terms of water resource protection, and • A direct violation of the principle of environmental non-regression recognized by Costa Rican case law.
In summary, Agreement 2011-112 not only contradicted Agreement 2007-177 and SENARA 2006, but effectively revoked the absolute prohibition over Zone 6, allowing the initiation of processes of occupation, deforestation, and pollution that the Environmental Administrative Tribunal documented years later as ecological devolution of natural resources.
IV.Arguments Repeated by AyA before the Constitutional Chamber to Avoid Complying with Board of Directors Agreement 2007-177, Which Imposed Absolute Limitations Based on the Aquifer’s Degree of Protection. • Ruling 2011010632 (File 10-007700-0007-CO) – The Deputy Manager alleged that the new agreement “already permitted a large quantity of activities derived from the studies assessed by the Institute (…) which would render the obligation to indemnify and expropriate insubsistent.” • Ruling 2011017606 (File 07-009140-0007-CO) – AyA acknowledged the lack of budgetary resources and maintained that “it has not been possible to have sufficient funds to proceed with the indemnification.” • Ruling 2012006210 (File 10-007810-0007-CO) – It was reiterated that “there is no real motivation to grant the appeal and order an expropriation,” since “the owners have options for use and enjoyment of the property.” • Ruling 2017002741 (File 10-007810-0007-CO) – Executive President Yamileth Astorga stated that “expropriation is not appropriate (…) because there is no cause of public utility.”
V.Case Law Assessment The Constitutional Chamber never expressly accepted the thesis of “financial impossibility” or the “insubsistence of the obligation to expropriate.” However, as of the modification introduced by Agreement 2011-112, the line of case law itself underwent an interpretative shift that weakened the protective scope of Agreement 2007-177.
Indeed, with the alteration made by the Board of Directors of AyA in 2011, the idea that the absolute protection regime was replaceable by one of “compatible uses” was introduced into the constitutional file. The Chamber, without noticing that Agreement 2007-177 already fully incorporated the Land-Use Criteria Matrix prepared by SENARA (2006), tacitly accepted the administrative version presented by the Institute and omitted to assess that said matrix—technically binding—classified Zone 6 as an area of absolute limitation.
By not examining this technical-scientific element, the Chamber's subsequent resolutions were issued on an incomplete factual premise: it was assumed that AyA could “make more flexible” the protection regime without undermining the previously declared public utility. This meant a rupture of the case law coherence with rulings 2008-004790 and 2008-010372, where the mandatory application of that matrix had been precisely ordered.
In this way, AyA's administrative modification conditioned the constitutional case law: the Chamber began to reject amparo appeals filed by property owners or environmentalists alleging impact on the aquifer, based on the argument that the Institute had already adjusted the original agreement and allowed certain land uses. This change in criterion generated a situation of legal lack of protection over Zone 6, contradicting the environmental precautionary principle and the right to health and a healthy environment enshrined in Article 50 of the Political Constitution.
In substantive terms, Agreement 2011-112 not only violated constitutional res judicata, but also induced the Chamber into a material error of assessment, by making it believe that the modification preserved the technical objectives of 2007-177, when in reality it weakened them. The result was a prohibited regression in the protection of the water resource and an effective loss of legal coverage for the Moín aquifer, directly affecting the water and health security of the communities dependent on that source.
VI.Environmental Consequences Generated by AYA by Lowering the Degree of Protection of Zone 6 and by the Change in the Chamber's Case Law. The Environmental Administrative Tribunal (TAA), in File 100-23-01-TAA, documented severe environmental degradation in Zone 6 of the Moín Aquifer, specifically on properties with registration numbers 27136 and 27138 (Propiedades Val Di Sole S.A.), which are located within the water recharge area of the Limón-Moín aquifer.
1. Progressive Loss of Forest Cover (cobertura boscosa) and Disappearance of Wetlands The Tribunal verified that, according to the comparative cartographic series FONAFIFO 2000–2005–INF 2013–SINAC 2021, a significant ecological devolution occurred:
• In 2000, property 27136 was covered almost entirely by forest, while by 2021 only fragments of mature forest and patches of “Yolillal,” indicative vegetation of wetland ecosystems, remained. • Property 27138 lost practically all its forest cover, and the previously wet soils were transformed into open or intervened lands. • The Tribunal warns that, although the 2021 maps still classify part of the land as Yolillal, these areas do not appear registered in the National Wetlands Registry, evidencing a vacuum of institutional protection over swamp-type ecosystems.
In summary, the report demonstrates a continuous loss of primary and secondary forest, along with the functional disappearance of wetlands, which constitutes a devolution of natural resources in the zone.
2. Alteration of Surface Hydrology and Risk to the Aquifer The TAA identified the Portete stream, a public domain tributary and part of the Limón-Moín aquifer system, as a watercourse directly affected by the expansion of constructions and roads.
• Invasions of the watercourse protection strip, earthworks (movimientos de tierra), and discharges of wastewater and grey water into sinkholes (dolinas)—natural depressions that operate as direct windows to the aquifer—were verified. • The Technical Unit of the Tribunal located at least five active sinkholes (D1 to D5) within the coordinates of the file, several of them with waste or crops on their edges, which increases the risk of contaminant infiltration.
3. Increase in Human Occupation and Illegal Infrastructure The analyzed orthophotos (2005, 2015-2018, 2023) show an accelerated process of informal urbanization within Zone 6:
• Between 2005 and 2018, the density of dwellings and internal roads increased significantly. • By 2023, the Tribunal recorded a “greater density of housing infrastructure, a noticeable decrease in tree cover and invasion of the protection area of the Portete stream.” • Earthworks, fills, and terraces were observed, as well as the existence of septic tanks, pits, and direct discharges on lands of high hydrogeological vulnerability.
These findings confirm that the regulatory relaxation introduced by Agreement 2011-112—by allowing “compatible uses”—facilitated an uncontrolled process of anthropic occupation over a previously protected ecosystem.
4. Proven Ecological Devolution The Tribunal concludes that, between 2000 and 2023, the zone experienced a manifest environmental devolution:
• Regression in forest cover, • Disappearance of Yolillal-type wetlands, • Fragmentation of the natural landscape, • Diffuse pollution and alteration of the water regime, all within a priority recharge aquifer.
This devolution reflects the failure of AyA's institutional policy change in 2011, whose land-use flexibility authorized by the Chamber led to the loss of natural filtration and purification mechanisms for groundwater, directly affecting the constitutional right to health and a healthy environment.
The Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA) developed, between 2010 and 2017, a systematic line of argument aimed at evading the expropriations ordered by the Constitutional Chamber, resorting to budgetary justifications and administrative reinterpretations. Agreement No. 2011-112 represented a substantive alteration of the protection regime established in Agreement 2007-177, and constituted an unconstitutional waiver of the obligation to expropriate the lands located in Zone 6 of the Moín aquifer.
Although the Constitutional Chamber formally maintained the validity of Agreement 2007-177 as a parameter of public utility and absolute protection, the tacit acceptance of the modification introduced by AyA generated a case law change that weakened the protection of the right to the environment and allowed a relaxation of land-use restrictions.
The negative environmental effects, verified by the Environmental Administrative Tribunal, are a direct consequence of that deviation from public policy, reflected in the loss of forest cover, the disappearance of wetlands, and the progressive pollution of the aquifer.
In conclusion, a prohibited regression in environmental matters is configured, contrary to Costa Rican constitutional case law—particularly rulings No. 2008-010372 and No. 2011-010632—as an absolute protection regime was replaced by one of mere administrative compatibility, without technical or constitutional justification. The SENARA Land-Use Criteria Matrix (2006) already had practical application in Zone 6, since Agreement 2007-177 incorporated it as a technical foundation by establishing the “Absolute Protection” category for zones of direct recharge, sinkholes, and karstic terrains of high permeability. By substituting that regime with a “conditioned use” model in 2011, AyA contravened SENARA's criteria, which prohibited any intervention that could introduce pollutants or alter the water balance.
I request that this amparo appeal be granted due to the evident non-compliances of AYA (…)”.
The purpose of the appeal is to demand the effective defense of the Limón–Moín Aquifer, particularly its Zone 6, an area that official technical studies—among them the one prepared by engineer Viviana Ramos (UCR, 2005), the Land-Use Criteria Matrix of SENARA (Agreement JD-3303-2006), and AyA Board of Directors Agreement JD-2007-177, which homologated said Matrix—defined as a zone of direct recharge of high to extreme vulnerability, which should have been maintained under an absolute protection regime.
II.RESPONSE OF THE NATIONAL SERVICE FOR GROUNDWATER, IRRIGATION, AND DRAINAGE (SENARA) The report rendered by the General Manager of SENARA suffers from a total lack of consistency, precision, and technical depth, as it is limited to pointing out the existence of the Land-Use Criteria Matrix According to Aquifer Pollution Vulnerability (Agreement JD-3303-2006) and the Basic Hydrogeological Study of the Limón Aquifer (2021), without issuing any assessment regarding the specific facts denounced in the amparo.
Such omission constitutes a substantive evasion under the terms of Article 33 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, since the report neither rebuts nor refutes the points raised by the appellant, particularly regarding the absolute protection of Zone 6, the omission of the protection decree, and the application of the precautionary principle.
1. Non-observance of the Technically-Binding Nature of SENARA SENARA, as the specialized technical body for groundwater, possesses exclusive competence to establish vulnerability categories and land-use restrictions associated with aquifer protection. However, the rendered report does not explain how the Matrix approved through Agreement JD-3303-2006 has been applied or updated, nor does it clarify whether it remains in force in Zone 6 of the Limón–Moín aquifer.
The document is limited to reproducing its existence, omitting to pronounce on its binding content and on the obligation of the other institutions (AyA, INVU, Nombre3763, and municipalities) to respect its technical parameters.
This omission is substantive because the core of the amparo lies in the fact that Zone 6, in accordance with the Matrix and the hydrogeological studies by Ramos (UCR, 2005) and by SENARA itself (2006), was defined as a zone of direct recharge of extreme vulnerability, where urbanization or land intervention is not permitted. The institutional silence of SENARA in the face of this technical fact means that it does not refute the absolute protection classification, nor does it provide scientific or legal evidence justifying its relaxation, which constitutes an environmental regression contrary to the principle of non-regression recognized by this Chamber (rulings 2008-004790 and 2011-014596).
2. Recognition of Pollution and High Vulnerability without Preventive Measures SENARA itself, through official communications DIGH-UIH-008-2023 and DIGH-UIH-154-2023, confirms that in the area of Dirección2942, pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Benzo-alpha-pyrene is detected, compounds derived from industrial operations and the RECOPE-Moín facility. Likewise, it describes that the subsoil presents a fractured karstic medium, with active sinkholes, which function as concentrated recharge points and accelerate the transit of pollutants toward the water table.
Despite recognizing this hydrogeological condition and admitting the existence of pollutants, SENARA does not certify having taken any precautionary measure, nor having requested the suspension of works or the control of pollution sources. Nor does it indicate that it has required AyA or the Municipality of Limón to adopt preventive restrictions.
This institutional inaction is legally relevant, as it violates the precautionary principle enshrined in Article 50 of the Political Constitution, as well as in Articles 10, 17, and 99 of the Organic Environmental Law, which impose the duty to act in the face of risk, even in the absence of full scientific certainty. This Chamber has repeatedly established that “the lack of timely measures in the face of a proven risk constitutes an institutional omission that violates the fundamental right to a healthy environment” (rulings 2008-004790 and 2015-016882). SENARA, by limiting itself to verifying the vulnerability without promoting corrective action, incurs precisely that form of omission.
3. Absence of a Pronouncement on the Aquifer Protection Decree The amparo appeal also denounced that, since AyA Agreement JD-2007-177, the management of an executive decree for the protection of the Moín aquifer was ordered, which was never fulfilled. SENARA, as the technical body responsible for hydrogeological information, should have pronounced on this omission, since its participation was necessary to delimit the recharge zones and justify the administrative act.
However, the report remains absolutely silent on this point. It does not indicate whether SENARA collaborated in the drafting of the decree, whether it sent studies to the Executive Branch, or whether it issued any recommendation. This lack of pronouncement denotes not only technical inaction, but also an omission of inter-institutional coordination, contrary to Articles 11 and 50 of the Constitution and Article 17 of the Organic Environmental Law, which requires institutions to act jointly in the protection of water resources.
Consequently, SENARA fails to fulfill its legal duty of technical impetus, and contributes to the regulatory vacuum that since 2007 has prevented the formalization of the legal protection of the Moín aquifer, perpetuating a state of institutional and environmental vulnerability.
4. Lack of Comprehensive Technical-Legal Analysis and Procedural Consistency The SENARA report lacks sufficient technical structure and does not relate the mentioned studies to the denunciations of the amparo. It does not offer updated vulnerability maps, hydrochemical monitoring reports, or environmental management indicators. Its content is limited to general documentary references without responding as to whether the scientific findings led to corrective measures or public policies.
This lack of correlation between the technical information and the legal defense constitutes procedural inconsistency, as the report does not meet the standards established by constitutional case law (rulings 2000-06423, 2003-10768, 2015-011184), which require “clear, complete, and fact-based reports.” The result is a document that evades responding to the essential facts of the amparo, leaving the denunciations of environmental regression, omission of the decree, and extreme vulnerability of Zone 6 without a direct response.
From the comprehensive analysis, it is concluded that SENARA did not substantively respond to the denounced facts, but rather incurred a substantive evasion and a structural institutional omission. Despite having scientific evidence regarding the pollution and the extreme vulnerability of Zone 6, it did not promote preventive measures, nor coordinate with other institutions, nor defend the validity of the SENARA Matrix.
The technical and legal silence of SENARA, in the face of a known and documented environmental risk, constitutes a violation of the precautionary principle and the fundamental right to a healthy environment (Art. 50 CP), a reason for which the facts alleged in the amparo must be considered not rebutted, in accordance with Article 33 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction.
III.RESPONSE OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HOUSING AND URBANISM (INVU) The report rendered by the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (INVU) expressly acknowledges that the Regulatory Plan of Limón covers a total of 36.31 km² included within the scope of the Hydrogeological Study of the Nombre52121 Aquifer (AyA, 2007), and that within that extension lies Zone 6, which occupies approximately 6.2 km², equivalent to 17% of the total area of the aquifer.
Likewise, INVU points out that, according to the approved zoning, within said absolute protection zone, predominantly residential (52.61%), agricultural (20%), and mixed or service uses (close to 24%) are established, while only 3% of its surface is maintained under the category of direct environmental protection.
This description constitutes, in itself, an express admission of incompatibility between the urban zoning promoted by INVU and the category of hydrogeological vulnerability recognized by the official technical studies of AyA since 2007, as well as by the Land-Use Criteria Matrix of SENARA (Agreement JD-3303-2006).
Indeed, the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (INVU) itself acknowledges that the area corresponding to Dirección6573 possesses a type II-E fragility, equivalent to high vulnerability to pollution, according to the hydrogeological classification of SENARA, which imposes strict restrictions and obliges the application of the precautionary principle in all territorial planning actions.
However, far from assuming its legal and technical responsibility as the governing entity in matters of urban planning and land use, INVU incurs an evasion of its institutional duty, unduly transferring the burden of protection to the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (SETENA), based on the argument that it is up to the latter to carry out the environmental impact assessments (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) of each particular project.
With this, INVU fragments environmental control, substituting the analysis of preventive and binding land-use planning—which falls to it at the urban planning stage—with a case-by-case control, subordinated to the administrative discretion of SETENA. This practice, reiterated in INVU's reports before the Constitutional Chamber, constitutes a violation of the principle of environmental integrality and coordination, as it decouples the territorial planning policy from the national hydrogeological matrix, ignoring the technical hierarchy of SENARA and the binding nature of AyA Agreement JD-2007-177.
Consequently, INVU, instead of guaranteeing coherence between urban planning and the environmental protection of the aquifer, disregards its obligation of prevention and contributes to perpetuating the institutional contradiction that has allowed the progressive deterioration of Zone 6, in violation of Articles 11 and 50 of the Political Constitution, as well as Articles 17, 99, and 100 of the Organic Environmental Law (Law No. 7554).
In fact, the Regulatory Plan authorizes urban densities incompatible with the absorption and filtration capacity of the soil in Zone 6, allowing subdivisions (fraccionamiento), fills, and buildings in an area where studies by AyA and UCR (Ramos, 2005) had determined the need for absolute protection.
INVU does not legally justify this contradiction, nor does it provide technical opinions or resolutions that explain the decision to allow urban uses in an area identified as one of direct recharge and water importance. Nor does it indicate whether the Regulatory Plan has the technical endorsement of SENARA or an express pronouncement from AyA in accordance with Agreement JD-2007-177.
This lack of technical and legal reasoning violates the principle of administrative consistency and the duty of inter-institutional coordination, enshrined in Articles 11 and 50 of the Political Constitution and in Article 17 of the Organic Environmental Law (No. 7554), which oblige all public entities to guarantee the ecological integrity of water sources and ecosystems.
2. Non-Observance of the Precautionary Principle and Environmental Regression INVU, by limiting itself to a static description of the current zoning without assessing its impact on the recharge zone, incurs an omission incompatible with the precautionary principle, according to which, in the face of reasonable doubt of serious or irreversible environmental harm, protective measures must be adopted, even in the absence of full scientific certainty.
Constitutional case law has reiterated that territorial planning decisions must be subordinated to the superior interest of environmental protection and not to immediate urban development (rulings 2008-004790, 2011-014596, and 2017-012582). By admitting that Zone 6 presents high vulnerability but not proposing adjustments, moratoriums, or revisions to the plan, INVU consolidates a situation of environmental regression, as it substitutes an absolute protection regime (in force since 2007 with AyA Agreement JD-177 and the SENARA matrix) with one of urban permissiveness, without technical justification or strategic environmental assessment.
Such regression contravenes the principle of progressivity in environmental matters, which obliges public entities to advance, and not regress, in environmental protection, in accordance with Article 50 of the Political Constitution, the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction (Art. 48), and the Organic Environmental Law.
3. Lack of Effective Coordination and Control over Local Environmental Management INVU maintains that land-use control falls to the Municipality of Limón, while the environmental assessment corresponds to SETENA, presenting itself as a mere plan-approving entity. However, that interpretation is legally incorrect.
Article 18 of the Urban Planning Law (Law No. 4240) imposes on INVU the obligation to guarantee that every regulatory plan adheres to the legal and technical provisions of a higher order, including environmental protection criteria and official scientific land management instruments. Furthermore, Executive Decree No. 32967-MINAE-VIVIENDA, which regulates coordination between INVU and SETENA, establishes that the environmental component must be integrated from the plan's design phase, not after its approval.
By not having required the technical opinion of SENARA and not having applied the Matrix criteria, INVU fails in its duty of prior control. That omission fractures the mandatory inter-institutional coordination between urban planning and environmental protection, weakening the system of integrated water resource management.
4. Omission to Assess the Cumulative and Synergistic Effects on Zone 6 INVU's report also contains no assessment of the cumulative, synergistic, and long-term effects derived from urban, industrial, and road development within Zone 6 of the Moín aquifer, despite the fact that this Honorable Chamber has reiterated the obligation of public institutions to integrally evaluate the interaction of human activities on vulnerable ecosystems.
In ruling No. 2003-010768, the Constitutional Chamber established that “environmental protection is not exhausted in the individual authorization of projects, but requires assessing their cumulative and synergistic effects on the ensemble of ecosystems, since environmental deterioration is a progressive process that cannot be analyzed in isolation.” INVU, however, limits itself to describing the approved land use, without incorporating any assessment of impacts derived from the increase in population density, the change in vegetative cover, the progressive soil sealing, or the risk of pollution from wastewater, runoff, and leachates.
This methodological omission implies that the Regulatory Plan lacks a strategic environmental assessment, an indispensable instrument according to the standards of Executive Decree No. 32967-MINAE-VIVIENDA, which regulates the integration of the environmental component in urban planning processes.
By not foreseeing such effects, INVU fails to comply with the principle of environmental prevention and planning provided for in Articles 2, 10, and 99 of the Organic Environmental Law (Law No. 7554), which oblige public institutions to incorporate criteria of sustainability and comprehensive risk management in all forms of territorial planning.
The absence of a comprehensive hydrogeological analysis in the urban planning process demonstrates that INVU has not guaranteed the long-term sustainability of the water resource, nor the compatibility of the proposed urban model with the recharge and discharge capacity of the aquifer.
The study by engineer Viviana Ramos (UCR, 2005), subsequently incorporated by AyA in Agreement JD-2007-177, determined that the Nombre52121 aquifer functions under a karstic system of concentrated recharge, with direct underground drainage toward coastal discharge zones and with extremely short transit times. This condition implies that any surface alteration—earthworks, urbanization, or loss of vegetative cover—immediately affects the quality of the groundwater, since the water flow through sinkholes and fractured conduits lacks a natural capacity for filtration and purification.
By approving the Limón Regulatory Plan without considering these hydrogeological parameters—or applying the principle of environmental carrying capacity (principio de capacidad de carga ambiental)—INVU disregarded the direct relationship among recharge, discharge, and vulnerability, transforming the aquifer subsoil into a receptor of pollutants derived from urban expansion. The recharge-discharge dynamic identified by Ramos demonstrates that the system does not tolerate significant increases in land occupation without causing irreversible impacts on water quality and piezometric equilibrium. Consequently, the Limón Regulatory Plan, approved with INVU’s technical endorsement, lacks sufficient hydrogeological and environmental support and contravenes the principles of precaution, comprehensiveness, prevention, and sustainable development, by allowing a land use incompatible with the aquifer’s natural capacity to assimilate alterations.
Said action violates the constitutional right of the Limón tribal population to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, recognized in Article 50 of the Political Constitution, as well as the obligations of the Costa Rican State under Article 2 of the Organic Environmental Law (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Law No. 7554) and the standards of General Comment No. 15 of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on the human right to water. Consequently, INVU’s report is merely descriptive and evasive, lacking technical-legal content to refute the facts of the amparo. It recognizes the presence of the Nombre52121 aquifer within the scope of the Regulatory Plan and admits the high vulnerability of Zone 6, but does not adopt or recommend corrective or restrictive measures. Its response shifts responsibilities, omits coordination with Nombre99516 and AyA, and does not evaluate the contradiction between zoning and environmental protection.
Therefore, the alleged fact of environmental regression must be deemed not refuted, and the lack of inter-institutional coordination, the violation of the precautionary principle, and the disregard for the principle of environmental progressivity (principio de progresividad ambiental) are considered accredited. INVU’s action thus constitutes a substantive administrative omission, contrary to the duty to safeguard the environment and protect the Limón–Moín aquifer, particularly its Zone 6 of direct recharge and high hydrogeological vulnerability.
1. Formal denial of authorizations without refuting the material permissiveness of Agreement JD-2011-112 AyA claims it does not directly authorize earthworks (movimientos de tierra) or urbanizations in Zone 6, alleging its role is purely technical and that such permits correspond to Nombre3763 and the municipalities. However, this response evades the core of the claim, because Agreement JD-2011-112, issued by AyA itself, de facto suppressed the absolute protection regime established in 2007 and in the Nombre99516 matrix and replaced it with a system of conditions that allows urban uses, housing, and infrastructure works in the recharge area. By not refuting this contradiction, the institution incurs substantive evasion: it formally denies its direct competence but omits acknowledging its regulatory responsibility as the governing body for water supply and source protection. Nor does it demonstrate having issued directives to the municipalities or to Nombre3763 to prevent those activities, or having promoted precautionary actions upon verification of interventions in sinkholes (dolinas) and recharge zones. This lack of prevention violates the principles of precaution and institutional coordination and constitutes an active institutional omission, insofar as AyA knew the risks and did not adopt adequate measures.
2. Omission of control over hazardous substances and chemical-industrial risk The Office of the General Manager expressly admits that AyA does not maintain an updated inventory of establishments that handle or store hazardous substances in the Moín aquifer area, alleging that this function corresponds to the Ministry of Health. This position is legally improper, because Agreement JD-2011-112 itself, in its seventh clause, orders AyA to maintain an updated registry of land use and potentially polluting activities as part of the pollution monitoring and prevention system. The omission of this function implies non-compliance with the duty of environmental prevention and the principle of enhanced diligence, enshrined in Articles 11 of the Political Constitution and 17 of the Organic Environmental Law. The absence of an updated technical inventory prevents comprehensive risk management, traceability of pollutant sources, and fulfillment of the State’s duty of protection against threats to public health and the environment. AyA, by evading this obligation, acknowledges its institutional inaction, which aggravates the aquifer’s vulnerability to industrial spills, leaks, or diffuse pollution of urban origin.
3. Lack of specific protocols for the karstic system and sinkholes (dolinas) The report tangentially mentions the existence of resolutions from Nombre3763 concerning sinkholes (dolinas), but does not demonstrate the existence of AyA’s own protocols for the protection of the Moín karstic system. This omission is technically and structurally serious, because the zone is composed of calcareous rocks with high porosity and fracturing, which allows the direct transit of pollutants toward the water table. The Ramos Study (2005) and the Nombre99516 (2006) emphasized the need for special monitoring protocols, which AyA has not implemented in almost two decades. This constitutes a prolonged institutional technical failure, contrary to Articles 10 and 99 of the Organic Environmental Law, which oblige institutions to adopt specific measures for fragile ecosystems.
4. Omission in managing the protection decree for the Nombre52121 Aquifer AyA’s Office of the General Manager acknowledges that the institution never managed the protection decree for the Moín aquifer, ordered by Agreement JD-2007-177. It claims the matter was “addressed” by a general decree (No. 42015-MAG-MINAE-S-MIVAH), an argument that lacks legal validity, because said decree does not substitute the specific obligation assumed in 2007, nor does it delimit the recharge zones or the land use regimes. Non-compliance with this obligation implies a continued administrative omission, contrary to Articles 11 and 50 of the Constitution and the principles of coordination, efficiency, and good public administration. The inaction for more than fifteen years constitutes a form of institutionalized environmental regression, which has allowed urban expansion within the recharge area without the protective legal framework that AyA itself ordered.
5. Lack of inter-institutional coordination and public transparency AyA cites communications sent to SETENA, INVU, and the Municipality, but does not provide evidence of effective results or joint preventive measures. There is no record that it intervened in the processing of the Limón Regulatory Plan (2023), or that it issued binding technical guidelines. The report also does not demonstrate the existence of a public environmental information system or periodic monitoring, even though access to environmental information constitutes a fundamental right recognized in Law No. 8968 and the Aarhus Convention. This lack of coordination and transparency reveals an institutional pattern of structural omission and inter-institutional disconnection, incompatible with the duties of integrated water resource management established in Law No. 2762 (AyA Constitutive Law) and the Organic Environmental Law.
From this comprehensive analysis, it is concluded that AyA did not substantively respond to the facts alleged in the amparo action, limiting itself to justifying past actions and shifting responsibilities to other entities. The institution has not fulfilled its duty of technical stewardship, prevention, and effective protection of Zone 6 of the Moín aquifer, nor has it executed the actions ordered in its own agreements. The report lacks coherence, precision, and completeness, constituting a material evasion of the duty to inform (Article 30 LJC) and a tacit admission of the facts (Article 33 LJC).
The protection of the Nombre52121 aquifer constitutes one of the paradigmatic cases of environmental management and water governance in the Costa Rican Caribbean. In this sector, geological, hydrogeological, ecological, and legal elements converge to make Zone 6—located in the immediate surroundings of the Moín Springs—a space of public interest and high environmental sensitivity. Since the 1980s, the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA) and the National Groundwater, Irrigation, and Drainage Service (Sistema Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento, SENARA) have developed multiple studies and institutional agreements that coincide on the need to maintain absolute protection over this Zone 6, due to its extreme vulnerability to contamination and land alterations.
The Ramos study represents the first systematic characterization of the Nombre52121 aquifer using modern vulnerability analysis tools. An area of approximately 72 km² is delimited, bounded by coordinates 632,000–644,000 E and 213,000–222,000 N, with the objective of determining intrinsic vulnerability and defining the protection zones to be adopted by AyA. The author identifies a coastal karstic system developed on coralline limestones with active sinkholes (dolinas) that facilitate direct infiltration toward the water table. These conditions justify the classification of Zone 6 as one of absolute protection.
The Nombre99516 (2005) was created to standardize vulnerability and protection criteria for Costa Rican aquifers. This tool classifies recharge zones according to their intrinsic vulnerability, the importance of the resource, and the potential threat from human activities. In its Category I, it assigns absolute protection to areas with high vulnerability and a public supply function, which fully coincides with Viviana Ramos’s diagnosis for Zone 6 of the Moín aquifer.
The technical analysis of the Hydrogeological Study of the Nombre52121 Aquifer conducted by Viviana Ramos (2005) demonstrates that Zone 6 meets the most critical conditions of the coastal karstic system. The protective cover is less than 10 meters, infiltration is direct through active sinkholes (dolinas), the karstic network is highly developed, and the area is used for public water catchment. These characteristics place Zone 6 in Category I of the Nombre99516 (2005), corresponding to Absolute Protection. Consequently, all activities with polluting potential must be prohibited, allowing only conservation, monitoring, and reforestation uses.
Graph 1. Technical correspondence and classification of Zone 6 (Moín)
The integrated analysis demonstrates that Zone 6 of the Nombre52121 aquifer meets all the parameters defining Category I – Absolute Protection according to the SENARA methodology. The conclusions of the Viviana Ramos study not only conform to the national technical model but also served as the basis for the officialization of the protection zone in 2007, remaining in force according to the express recognition of the Nombre99516 (2021). From a hydrogeological, legal, and environmental standpoint, the absolute protection of Zone 6 is not discretionary, but rather an obligation derived from technical knowledge and the final administrative acts that support it, and it has been in force since 2007.
V.Violation by the respondents of the Nombre99516 Matrix and Agreement 2007-177 with the approval of 2011-112: its true objective basis
The approval of AyA Agreement 2011-112 constitutes a direct technical and legal rupture with respect to the scientific and normative instruments that had consolidated the protection of the Nombre52121 aquifer under the principle of absolute protection, in accordance with the Aquifer Protection Matrix of the Nombre99516 (2005) and Board of Directors Agreement 2007-177. Since 2007, with the adoption of the hydrogeological study by Viviana Ramos (UCR) and its officialization by AyA, Zone 6 was classified as an area of extreme vulnerability, where direct infiltration and the presence of active sinkholes (dolinas) made any land use that could introduce pollutants unfeasible. This delimitation was fully consistent with Category I of the SENARA Matrix, which establishes as a technical rule the absolute prohibition of all types of constructive, agricultural, or industrial use in areas of high or extreme vulnerability, to safeguard water sources for human consumption.
Agreement 2007-177 translated that classification into a strict legal regime: it prohibited drilling, construction, hydrocarbon storage, logging, road opening, and any activity that altered vegetation cover or water balance. In its essence, said agreement consolidated the convergence between science and law, harmonizing the criteria of SENARA, UCR (Viviana Ramos), and AyA under the principle of environmental precaution and the constitutional protection of water resources.
In 2008, through judgment No. 12043-2008 (Exp. 07-009140-0007-CO), the Constitutional Chamber recognized that AyA’s measures had completely restricted the use of the properties and, therefore, constituted a de facto expropriatory act. The Chamber ordered the Institute to initiate the expropriation procedure or, failing that, to compensate the affected parties, reaffirming that water protection is a matter of public utility, but cannot be carried out at the expense of the total annulment of property rights without compensation. This pronouncement consolidated the idea that environmental protection does not eliminate the obligation to compensate when the limitations are absolute.
Faced with the restrictions imposed by Board of Directors Agreement No. 2007-177, which declared the absolute protection of the Dirección6573, the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA) itself expressly acknowledged before the Constitutional Chamber, during the processing of amparo action No. 07-009140-0007-CO (resolved by judgment No. 12043-2008), its financial incapacity to meet the compensations derived from said declaration. Instead of managing the necessary budgetary resources to comply with the protection mandate and proceed in accordance with the principle of indemnity (principio de indemnidad) of Article 45 of the Constitution, AyA opted to alter the technical-legal protection regime, issuing in 2011 Board of Directors Agreement No. 2011-112, published in La Gaceta No. 83 of May 2, 2011.
Said agreement was presented as a “partial reform” of Board of Directors Agreement No. 2007-177, but in practice it profoundly altered the nature and operability of the Moín Aquifer protection regime. The change was introduced mainly in Articles 2, 3, and 5 of the new agreement, in which AyA incorporated the notion of “activities compatible with aquifer protection,” eliminated the express prohibition of all types of intervention, and authorized the development of conditioned uses, such as fillings, earthworks (movimientos de tierra), internal roads, single-family constructions, and infrastructure works, provided they had “prior environmental authorization from SETENA” or particular impact studies.
Such modifications did not formally suppress the declaration of absolute protection for Zone 6, which remained in force in the recitals of the agreement and in the original technical delimitation of the AyA 2007 Study and the Nombre99516 2006; however, its application was rendered ineffective in practice, because by opening the door to “compatible activities” and “land-use changes (cambios de uso del suelo),” a regime of total prohibition was replaced by a system of discretionary conditionality. In other words, AyA nominally maintained the category of “Absolute Protection Zone,” but emptied it of its effective legal content, since the new text permitted actions that the Nombre99516 itself (Agreement JD-3303-2006) classified as incompatible with zones of extreme vulnerability like Zone 6. This administrative turn violated the principle of technical consistency, the precautionary principle, and the principle of non-regression in environmental matters, by modifying, without scientific support or coordination with the Nombre99516, the parameters that had defined the intangible character of Zone 6.
In this way, Agreement 2011-112 did not formally change the declaration of absolute protection for Zone 6, which remains in effect today, but materially neutralized it, contravening the official technical criteria of Nombre99516 and the constitutional mandate of reinforced protection of water resources provided for in Article 50 of the Political Constitution. This reform, lacking updated technical support and without consultation with the Nombre99516—the entity that created the Land Use Criteria Matrix (Agreement JD-3303-2006)—violated the principle of technical hierarchy and the duty to respect official hydrogeological parameters. The new agreement ignored and distorted the SENARA Matrix, which classified Zone 6 as one of extreme vulnerability and direct recharge, expressly assigning it a regime of total prohibition of urbanization, filling, or subdivision (fraccionamiento).
Consequently, the approval of Agreement 2011-112 constitutes an environmental regression prohibited by Article 50 of the Political Constitution, Article 11 of the Organic Environmental Law (No. 7554), and the reiterated jurisprudence of the Constitutional Chamber (judgments No. 2008-004790, 2010-01687, and 2015-016882). From that reform onward, AyA de facto substituted an absolute protection regime with a conditional and permissive model, dismantling the technical foundation of the protection and disregarding the scientific authority of the Nombre99516 and of Agreement 2007-177 itself, which had adopted its parameters. This institutional shift represents a structural legal-environmental regression, which weakened the safeguarding of the Moín aquifer, generated legal uncertainty in the affected properties, and contravened the constitutional duties of environmental protection, prevention, and precaution.
The objective basis for this modification was not technical or scientific, but economic-administrative. No additional hydrogeological study or reevaluation of the aquifer’s vulnerability was carried out. The motivation came from institutional pressure to reduce the patrimonial impact and expropriation responsibilities, reinterpreting the zone not as one of extreme vulnerability but as a space with potential for conditioned use. In legal terms, it was a maneuver to avoid compliance with final judgments and to evade the duty to compensate property owners affected by the immobilization of their lands. This decision entailed a direct violation of both Agreement 2007-177, which remained in force and had not been formally repealed, and the Nombre99516 (2005), which continues to be the official technical-normative instrument for classifying aquifer vulnerability in Costa Rica. By making land use more flexible in a zone that scientific studies had classified as extreme risk, AyA contravened the precautionary principle, disregarded the technical hierarchy of the Nombre99516, and undermined the inter-institutional coherence established since 2007 between both entities.
The consequences of this regressive reform were visible in the territory: the opening of roads, the expansion of construction, and the loss of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) within the Dirección2942, phenomena that increased the risk of aquifer contamination and that the Administrative Environmental Tribunal (Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo) came to verify.
The consequences of this regressive reform were visible and documented in the territory. The Administrative Environmental Tribunal (TAA), through its technical report TAA-DT-241-2023, corresponding to case file No. 100-23-01-TAA, formally noted the existence of earthworks (movimientos de tierra), road opening, fillings, constructions, tree felling, elimination of vegetation cover, and invasion of protection zones within the polygon of Zone 6 of the Moín Aquifer. The TAA verified that such interventions were carried out without environmental permits, without viability from Nombre3763, and without AyA control, constituting repeated violations of the absolute protection regime established by the Nombre99516 and Agreement 2007-177. The Tribunal verified the damages using georeferenced coordinates (CRTM05), SNIT and SIREFOR systems, and determined that the loss of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) between the years 2000 and 2021 evidenced a sustained process of deforestation and land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) toward residential and infrastructure purposes. It also indicated that the developed activities compromised the integrity of the active sinkholes (dolinas) and the karstic system, favoring the direct infiltration of pollutants toward the water table, in a zone of direct recharge and high underground connectivity.
The TAA report concluded that these alterations violate Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) No. 7575 and Articles 33, 98, and 99 of the Organic Environmental Law (No. 7554), and that the competent authorities did not exercise their duties of environmental prevention and control, allowing the effective degradation of the protected legal interest.
It was the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA) that, unilaterally and without updated technical support, modified in 2011 the Board of Directors Agreement No. 2007-177, issuing AyA Agreement JD-2011-112, through which it altered the absolute protection regime of the Dirección6573, violating the SENARA matrix. This new agreement is manifestly contrary to the Land Use Criteria Matrix of the Nombre99516 (Agreement JD-3303-2006), which defines Zone 6 as an area of extreme vulnerability and absolute protection, prohibiting all activities involving modification of the soil, recharge, or vegetation cover. While the SENARA Matrix, as an official technical instrument, imposes strict and invariable restrictions to preserve the hydrogeological equilibrium, AyA Agreement JD-2011-112 opened the possibility of developing “compatible activities” within the same zone, disregarding the mandatory criteria of the specialized body and violating the principle of technical hierarchy established in Articles 17, 99, and 100 of the Organic Environmental Law (Law No. 7554).
In addition to being anti-technical, this agreement is profoundly unethical, because it was motivated by reasons of financial and administrative convenience, aimed at avoiding the compensations derived from the absolute protection declaration, prioritizing the institutional economic interest over the constitutional duty to protect water, health, and the lives of people. Such conduct contravenes the principles of intergenerational solidarity and environmental justice, by subordinating the protection of the aquifer—a source of current and future supply—to short-term budgetary criteria, in open contradiction with Article 50 of the Political Constitution, General Comment No. 15 of the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the jurisprudence of this Chamber on the human right to water and the responsibility of public institutions to guarantee it for present and future generations.
Alongside this, they breached their obligation to manage and publish the Executive Decree of delimitation and limitations for Zone 6, provided for in the sixth operative clause (por tanto sexto) of Agreement 2007-177, maintaining for more than fifteen years a normative vacuum that weakened the application of the protection regime. Additionally, AyA, INVU, and the Municipality of Limón deliberately invisibilized the Land Use Criteria Matrix of the Nombre99516 (2006) and AyA Agreement JD-2007-177 during the formulation, review, and approval of the Limón Regulatory Plan. In the technical studies and zoning maps prepared under their supervision, they omitted to incorporate the restrictions, delimitations, and hydrogeological vulnerability categories that the Nombre99516 and Agreement 2007-177 established as binding for territorial planning.
This omission was not a simple administrative error, but a conscious decision to exclude decisive technical information, which prevented the citizenry, the planners, and the Constitutional Chamber from knowing the true magnitude of the existing environmental limitations in Zone 6. In doing so, the institutions dismantled the principle of technical hierarchy—according to which hydrogeological instruments issued by the Nombre99516 must prevail over local urban planning—and violated the duties of inter-institutional coordination and environmental prevention enshrined in Articles 11 and 50 of the Political Constitution, as well as in Articles 17, 99, and 100 of the Organic Environmental Law (Law No. 7554). The intentional exclusion of the Nombre99516 and Agreement 2007-177 from the planning process has had serious consequences: the Limón Regulatory Plan was approved on an incomplete technical basis, authorizing land uses incompatible with the recharge and vulnerability of the aquifer, and legitimizing an urban model that violates the precautionary principle, the right to water, and the ecological equilibrium of the territory.
This omission implies a direct violation of the principles of inter-institutional coordination, precaution, and technical legality, established in Articles 11 and 50 of the Political Constitution, as well as in Articles 17, 99, and 100 of the Organic Environmental Law (Law No. 7554). Consequently, the respondent institutions not only permitted the physical and ecological degradation of the Dirección2942, but also dismantled the legal and technical framework of protection that guaranteed its integrity, incurring a structural institutional and territorial regression contrary to the foundations of the social and ecological rule of law enshrined in the Political Constitution of Costa Rica.
Added to this is the fact that, in a sustained game of manipulation and distortion of public information, the respondent institutions—especially AyA, with the passive complacency of SENARA, INVU, and the Municipality of Limón—have been presenting incomplete or misleading reports and responses before the Constitutional Chamber since 2011, through which they seek to justify the legality of Agreement JD-2011-112 by alleging it is based on the Land Use Criteria Matrix of the Nombre99516 (2006). However, they conceal or silence the fact that this same Nombre99516 Matrix had already been fully incorporated and applied since AyA Agreement JD-2007-177, in which the Dirección2942 was expressly recognized as an area of absolute protection. Therefore, by invoking the Nombre99516 as supposed support for the 2011 reform, AyA incurs an act of institutional manipulation and technical falsehood, because it distorts the scope of the scientific instrument to legitimize a regressive administrative decision whose true motive was financial and not environmental.
This practice has allowed AyA and the other respondent entities to evade judicial scrutiny and effective constitutional control, causing a continuity in the violation of the principle of good faith, administrative transparency, and the right of access to environmental information, recognized in Articles 30 and 50 of the Political Constitution, as well as in Articles 3, 4, 17, and 99 of the Organic Environmental Law and in the Aarhus Convention on access to information, public participation, and access to justice in environmental matters.
Attached Supplementary Evidence I request that the Chamber’s judgments be taken as part of the legal basis, in which it is demonstrated that AyA relied on the changes from Agreement 2007-177 to JD-2011-112 to justify that it no longer had to compensate. Hydrogeological study prepared by Viviana Ramos which generated Zone 6.
Therefore, I respectfully request of this Honorable Chamber:
1. To deem the facts of the amparo accredited due to lack of substantiated response. 2. To grant the action, recognizing Zone 6 of the Limón–Moín aquifer as an area of absolute protection. 3. To partially annul the Limón Regulatory Plan to the extent it contradicts the SENARA Matrix. 4. To annul AyA Agreement JD-2011-112 and order the prevalence of Agreement 2007-177.
Order the enactment of the decree for the protection of the Nombre52121 aquifer and coordinated precautionary measures between AyA, SENARA, INVU, SETENA, the Municipality, and MINAE (…)”.
B. Findings from case file No. 25-029204-0007-CO.
Honduras (Judgment of April 3, 2009), the Court emphasized that the lack of adequate environmental regulation violates the right to life and a healthy environment when there is a risk of irreversible damage. The “regulatory invisibilization” (invisibilización normativa) denounced by the petitioner—by not incorporating cartographic delimitation into regulatory plans—erodes this principle, allowing activities that compromise the karstic aquifer of Moín, whose regeneration is slow and irreversible, violating Articles 11 and 50 of the Constitution. III. ENVIRONMENTAL BACKSLIDING PROHIBITED BY THE PRINCIPLE OF PROGRESSIVITY AND NON-REGRESSION The AyA Board of Directors Agreements No. 2011-112, which relax protection standards (such as impermeabilization thresholds at 20% and authorizations for earthworks (movimientos de tierra) with simplified studies), represent a prohibited environmental backsliding.
This Chamber expressly recognized the principle of non-regression in environmental matters in Ruling No. 2010-XXXX (a jurisprudential line begun in 2010), derived from Articles 11 and 50 of the Constitution, which requires that protection standards only improve or be maintained, but never regress. In Ruling No. 3705-93, this Chamber integrated environmental law as part of Constitutional Law, recognizing its inherent progressivity. The Inter-American Court has extracted this principle from third-generation rights, such as the right to a healthy environment, in interpretations like that of the Pact of San José and the Protocol of San Salvador. In Advisory Opinion OC-32/25, it is emphasized that any measure that reduces environmental protections violates non-regressivity, obligating States to avoid irreversible damage to resources such as water. In the case of the Maya Kakchiquel Indigenous Peoples of Sumpango vs. Guatemala (Judgment of October 6, 2022), the Court condemned omissions that allowed environmental degradation, invoking progressivity in collective rights.
These contradictions between AyA and Nombre99516 generate legal uncertainty and harm the rights of future generations, contravening the principle of environmental progressivity ratified by this Chamber in rulings such as No. 2011-014596. IV. FAILURE TO COMPLY WITH THE PRINCIPLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL COORDINATION BY Nombre99516 has violated the principle of environmental coordination by tolerating the relaxation of the Matrix without requiring publication of the decree. This Chamber has interpreted this principle in Ruling No. 17397-2019 as an inter-institutional obligation to guarantee the effectiveness of protective measures. The Inter-American Court, in the Judgment of the La Oroya case, underscored that the lack of state coordination in environmental matters violates the duty of diligence, affecting access to information and public participation (Articles 13 and 23 of the American Convention). This inactivity reinforces the regulatory invisibilization (invisibilización normativa) and contravenes Article 50 of the Constitution (…)”.
2013-013635, issued by the Constitutional Chamber at fourteen hours thirty minutes on October fifteen, two thousand thirteen, within case file 10-007810-0007-CO, by stating that it was: “impossible to comply, given that the Institute lacks the necessary resources to initiate the ordered expropriation procedure…” This statement constitutes direct, confessional, and indubitable proof that the alleged obstacle is neither technical nor scientific, but purely economic, which is incompatible with Article 50 of the Political Constitution and with the principle of constitutional supremacy, which prevents the protection of a fundamental right from being subordinated to budgetary criteria. Added to this is an even more serious fact: AyA itself has affirmed that the original absolute protection regime adopted in Agreement JD-2007-177 was deliberately “modified” by Agreement JD-2011-112, in order to transform the Zone2942 into a “high vulnerability” scenario and allow certain conditioned activities.
It so maintains in its response submitted in case file 10-007700-0007-CO, stating that said agreement “modifies Agreement 2007-177 (...) already permitting a large number of activities (...) which renders the obligation to indemnify and expropriate insubsistent.” This statement constitutes a formal acknowledgment, coming from the public entity itself, that the change introduced in 2011 did not respond to a technical advancement or new scientific evidence, but rather to the deliberate purpose of eliminating the expropriatory consequence previously ordered by this Chamber, in a clear regression of a constitutional standard already consolidated. The manner in which said agreement was adopted —without updated technical support, without a rigorous hydrogeological study, and without any inter-institutional consultation— directly violated the right of present and future generations to a healthy environment and to secure access to drinking water, contradicting the principle of non-regression in environmental matters and the precautionary principle, both repeatedly reaffirmed by this Chamber.
In accordance with these principles, the State is prohibited from weakening a previously consolidated category of protection, even less so when the motivation driving the regression is merely financial or of administrative convenience, and not the objective preservation of the superior public interest. From this perspective, Agreement JD-2011-112 not only lacks technical support, but is manifestly unconstitutional for arbitrarily reducing the level of protection of Zone 6, substituting an absolute protection regime ordered to safeguard human water supply with a permissive regulation designed exclusively to evade a previously firm constitutional obligation to expropriate and indemnify. AyA, in open contradiction with the firm mandates of this Chamber, chose to evade its constitutional obligation to expropriate and transfer the properties of Zone 6 —as an absolute protection area— to the public domain, and instead issued Agreement JD-2011-112, the purpose of which was not technical but openly regressive: to deliberately lower the previously existing absolute protection category, in order to allow a land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo) on said properties, opening space for human interventions that were previously prohibited in an express and unconditional manner.
This normative shift, adopted without new scientific support, not only distorts the obligation to expropriate previously imposed by this Chamber, but constitutes a direct injury to the constitutional model of intergenerational safeguarding of water resources, by replacing a regime of absolute prohibition with a merely “conditioned” one, structured to evade the expropriatory consequence previously ordered. In an attempt to legitimize said regression, AyA falsely argues that Agreement JD-2011-112 constitutes a simple “update” or “adjustment” of the Matrix52121 2006. However, it deliberately omits to inform the Chamber that this same Matrix —whose application is of mandatory observation according to this Chamber— categorically establishes that in zones of EXTREME VULNERABILITY such as Zone 6, there is no margin of permitted impermeabilization whatsoever, nor space for discretionary case-by-case evaluations, but rather a regime of TOTAL PROHIBITION WITHOUT EXCEPTIONS.
To try to derive a conditional or percentage-based permit (such as the artificial 20% introduced in 2011) from the Matrix52121 standard therefore constitutes a technical distortion incompatible with the hydrogeological reality of the Aquifer52121 and with the binding jurisprudence of this Chamber itself. AyA did not present new technical evidence that would justify altering the environmental category, but instead implemented a purely economic decision to avoid the constitutional obligation to expropriate. This constitutes a manifest and inadmissible environmental regression, prohibited by the reiterated jurisprudence of this Chamber and contrary to the constitutional principles of precaution, intergenerational equity, supremacy of the right to water, and prohibition on weakening consolidated environmental norms. In light of the foregoing, restoring the original absolute protection regime is not only legally obligatory, but it also opens an immediate path for the State to execute either the administrative eviction of illegal occupations —these being material invasions in a water protection zone— or compensated expropriation where appropriate.
In either scenario, the current force of Agreement 2011-112 produces direct, continuous, and constitutionally intolerable harm that this Chamber must urgently correct. l. POSITION OF THE INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS (AyA) IN THE AMPARO RESPONSE AyA, in its report rendered before this Chamber, maintains that it has committed no violation whatsoever, affirming that it has acted “in accordance with the current legal and technical framework” and noting that, in its view, the claims of the amparo action are based on a “subjective interpretation” of its obligations. In the first place, AyA denies having failed to comply with Agreement JD-2007-177, indicating that the mandate of said agreement would have been satisfied by means of the official communication of the delimitation of Zone 6 to the Executive Branch, minimizing —in a relevant manner— the fact that this communication never resulted in the publication of the official decree, an indispensable requirement for endowing said declaration with general normative effect.
However, AyA attempts to hold that the absence of the decree does not represent a failure to comply attributable to the institution, but rather a matter alien to its competence. Subsequently, in a change of focus, AyA claims that Zone 6 is not, in reality, of extreme vulnerability, but rather of “high vulnerability,” affirming that its “own technical study from 2007” would have so determined —despite the fact that that same agreement officially adopted de facto the provisions of the Matrix52121 2006 and declared Zone 6 as one of absolute protection, without a margin for interpretation. Based on that unilateral reinterpretation, which lacks technical support, AyA attempts to justify that the application of an alleged 20% impermeabilization threshold does not constitute a prohibited flexibilization, but rather a “technical parameter derived from the Matrix,” holding that said figure does not imply automatic authorization, but only conditions the analysis of possible interventions on case-by-case studies.
Contrary to AyA's opinion, Agreement JD-2011-112 does directly injure the absolute protection category decreed by AyA’s Board of Directors since 1980 (Agreement JD-80-121) and ratified in Agreement JD-2007-177, by introducing a discretionary criterion incompatible with the total prohibition on urbanization and occupation established for zones of extreme vulnerability and direct recharge of the Moín aquifer. This action constitutes an unconstitutional environmental regression, contrary to the principle of non-regression and the duty of reinforced protection of the human right to water enshrined in Article 50 of the Political Constitution. AyA's thesis is legally unsustainable: Agreement 2011-112 is not backed by any new technical or scientific study, and therefore cannot validly reclassify Zone 6 as one of “high vulnerability,” especially when the Hydrogeological and Vulnerability Study of the Aquifer52121 prepared by hydrogeologist Viviana Ramos (AyA, 2007) —which the Institute itself made official through Agreement JD-2007-177— expressly classifies it as an ABSOLUTE PROTECTION ZONE, in total identity with Matrix52121 2006, also declared of mandatory observation by the Constitutional Chamber.
That is to say, both Matrix52121 and AyA itself coincided technically and scientifically that Zone 6 corresponds to EXTREME VULNERABILITY and, therefore, to a legal regime of TOTAL PROHIBITION OF INTERVENTION, not of conditional flexibilization as the challenged 2011 agreement wrongly attempts to introduce. Matrix52121 (2006) —of mandatory observation according to the Constitutional Chamber— expressly maintains the classification of EXTREME VULNERABILITY for said Zone 6, which entails a regime of ABSOLUTE PROTECTION, exactly the same as adopted by AyA through Agreement JD-2007-177. In other words, AyA falsifies the application of Matrix52121 in 2011, attempting to use it to justify a conditioned permit, when the matrix itself imposes a regime of absolute prohibition in Zone 6, not one of percentage-based flexibilization nor case-by-case analysis. Additionally, AyA argues that it is not obligated to request the publication of a specific decree for Zone 6, as it considers that its duty would have already been “superseded” by Executive Decree No. 42015-MAG-MINAE-S-MIVAH, which establishes general inter-institutional coordination guidelines for water management, thus attempting to have a generic and non-cartographically delimited framework substitute the particularized normative force that the absolute protection of aquifer recharge demands.
In sum, AyA's official line is based on three pillars: (a) that it has not omitted to process the decree, since it “communicated” the information even though it was not published; (b) that Zone 6 is not extreme vulnerability, but high —despite Matrix52121 and its own 2007 agreement—; and (c) that the general normative framework of 2020 substitutes the need for a specific decree, making the explicit protection foreseen since 2007 unnecessary. This position —formally presented as technical and administrative— implies in practice a reduction of the previously consolidated constitutional standard, by relativizing the category of Zone 6 and opening the way for operational margins that weaken the originally recognized absolute protection. lI. POSITION OF THE SERVICIO NACIONAL DE AGUAS SUBTERRÁNEAS, RIEGO Y AVENAMIENTO (SENARA) IN THE AMPARO RESPONSE SENARA, in the report rendered before this Chamber, adopts a materially distinct and substantively more rigorous position than that expressed by AyA.
In the first place, it ratifies that the Land-Use Criteria Matrix (Matriz de Criterios de Uso del Suelo) —issued by said technical entity in 2006— was expressly declared of mandatory observation by this Constitutional Chamber, which includes the classification of Zone 6 of the Aquifer52121 as an area of EXTREME VULNERABILITY, a condition that is legally equivalent to absolute protection, with prohibition of urban developments, subdivisions (fraccionamientos), significant impermeabilization, and earthworks (movimientos de tierra). According to Matrix52121, it is fundamental to specify that the “20% impermeabilization” parameter is NOT applicable in zones of EXTREME VULNERABILITY, such as Zone 6, because in accordance with Matrix52121 itself (2006), said percentage can only operate as a technical reference in scenarios of HIGH or moderate vulnerability, never in areas classified as ABSOLUTE PROTECTION, where a regime of total prohibition of human intervention with potential risk to the aquifer prevails.
In other words, the matrix admits no exception whatsoever for zones of extreme vulnerability, being completely incompatible with any attempt to introduce percentage-based margins of impermeabilization, even when these are presented as “case-by-case” evaluations. The report from Matrix52121 makes it clear that Zone 6 is hydrogeologically fragile, being a karstic system, where the infiltration of contaminants can occur in a rapid, direct, and irreversible manner, which imposes a maximum level of protection —as this Chamber has already recognized— under the standard of “zero tolerance” to risk. On this point, Matrix52121 does not validate any interpretation that allows for urban development or operational flexibilization, and expressly dissociates itself from any permissive or buffered use of the technical criteria that might be invoked to justify human developments in said zone. Likewise, Matrix52121 reaffirms its role as the supreme technical entity in matters of groundwater, which implies that its criteria are not merely consultative, but binding by constitutional and jurisprudential mandate, and that they cannot be unilaterally reinterpreted by other State institutions to reduce the level of protection originally established.
In sum, Matrix52121 confirms that Zone 6 must legally remain under absolute protection, that any interpretation attempting to lower that standard constitutes a prohibited material regression, and that the constitutional order demands its preservation without permitting any activity that entails a significant or irreversible risk to the aquifer (…)”.
Drafted by Judge Araya García; and,
CONSIDERING:
The appellants essentially claim that:
They affirm that such actions and omissions violate the fundamental rights to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, to drinking water, and to health.
The following are deemed accredited as relevant for resolving this amparo appeal:
"(..) SECOND: AGREEMENT 80-121 IS REVOKED WITH RESPECT TO ITS DELIMITATION ZONE AND LAND-USE REGULATION RECOMMENDATIONS, in accordance with the delimitation and location carried out by the Topography Departments of the Directorate of Studies and Projects, the Huetar Atlántica Regional Directorate, the Environmental Management Directorate, and report DGAmb-2007-031, it is recommended to apply the topographical location of the ABSOLUTE PROTECTION ZONE, cataloged as Zone 6, in the resolution of any request for a permit, license, or authorization submitted by the Administered Party, as follows: Starting from pt. 1 with coord. N=221517 and E=639446 at the crossing of the old road to Limón Route #240 (along the coast) and the west entrance to the Cangrejos Urbanization, continue approx. 106m south along the Urbanization street to pt. 2 with coord. N=221414, E=639471, turn southwest approx. 77m to pt. 3 with coord.
N=221367 and E=639410, continue east approx. 316m to the intersection with the road to Pacuare, pt. 4 with coord. N=221297, E=639682, then continue south approx. 1.4 km along this road to pt. 5, the start of the Urbanization of the same name with coord. N=220474 and E=640380, continuing south-southwest approx. 170m to pt. 6 with coord. N=220318 and E=640302, then heading southeast approx. 38m to pt. 7 with coord. N=220297 and E=640333, then south-southwest approx. 82m to pt. 8 with coord. N=220159 and E=640251. From this pt. 8 where the Urbanization street ends, continue in the same south-southwest heading cross-country approx. 370m to pt. 9 with coord. N=219858 and Telf8145. Continue cross-country westwards approx. 190m to meet the road that goes to Cielo Amarillo at pt. 10 with coord. N=219846 and Telf3705, from this pt. 10 which came parallel to the boundary line, now on the road, continue south approx. 90m to pt. 11 with coord.
N=219764 and E=639832. From this pt. 11 continue along the road to Villa Plata approx. 220m southwest to pt. 12 with coord. N=219689 and E=639630, continue south approx. 320m to the railway line at pt. 13 with coord. N=219449 and E=639624, continue along the railway line east approx. 100m to pt. 14 with coord. N=219447 and Telf3708 from this pt. 14 continue approx. 460m south along the road that exits to national route #32 (Saopin) to pt. 15 with coord. N=218995 and Telf3709. From this pt. 15 now on the road, continue approx. 2.4 km west along Route No. 32, until reaching the first entrance towards Direction2944 to pt. 16 with coord. N=218883 and E=637297 and then turn right heading north to go to Direction2944, approx. 270m until reaching the crossroads, beside the Direction2945 school, at pt.17 with coord. N=219085 and E=637177, then continue 106m north to pt. 18 with coord. N=219207 and E=637179, from this pt. 18, continue approx. 260m west to the end of the road and from there continue approx. 160m always west along the north boundary line between properties until intersecting the concrete highway route #240, at pt. 19 with coord.
N=219325 and E=636795, then continuing 2km northeast along route #240 to the road intersection towards Villa Plata at pt. 20. with coord. N=220976 and E=637688, from this pt. 20 continue north along Route No. 240 for a distance of approx. 2.6km until reaching the road intersection with the Cangrejos Urbanization, this crossing being the starting point pt. 1 with coord. N=221517 and E=639446. Abbreviations: Coord. = Coordinates Pt. = Point N = North E = East Summary of coordinates: (...)
As Land-Use Regulation recommendations, the following restrictions are established: 1. All industrial activity. 2. Use and storage of plaguicides, pesticides, and fuels, or precursors thereof for any purpose. 3. The removal or extraction of all types of materials. 4. Change of land use. 5. All cutting of forest vegetation. 6. All agricultural activity and installations linked thereto. 7. The drilling or excavation of wells, infiltration galleries, or any other water catchment works. 8. The development of urbanizations and lotifications. 9. Installations of garbage dumps, sanitary landfills, or waste disposal sites of any kind. 10. Activities of any kind that, in the judgment of AyA, affect the quality and quantity of water used for public water supply.
IN THE Zone2942, CONSTRUCTIONS OF DWELLINGS ORIGINATED BY VEGETATIVE GROWTH WILL BE ADMITTED, PROVIDED THAT IT IS ENSURED THAT WASTEWATER IS NOT DISCHARGED INTO SINKHOLES (dolinas) AND THAT GARBAGE COLLECTION IS PERFORMED BY THE MUNICIPAL SERVICE OR OTHER MEANS.
3º-The following aquifer protection measures are Established for zones 2, 5, and 7 of the "Hydrogeological Study and Vulnerability of the Moín, Limón Aquifer": 1. Do not permit the storage of chemicals; 2. Do not permit the construction of fuel supply stations; 3. Do not permit the exploitation of quarries; 4. Do not permit the construction of wells, permitting only for public water supply.
4º-In zone 2, prospecting studies will be carried out with a view to determining the production capacity, and this zone is maintained as a reserve for the water supply to the population of the Río Blanco sector.
5º-For zones 7, 8, 9, and 10, every development project must be required to construct a sanitary sewer system, and AyA must initiate the necessary studies to build the primary and secondary collectors that allow for the evacuation of wastewater to the submarine outfall.
6º-The Executive Branch shall be requested to promulgate a decree for the protection of the Moín sources (fuentes); as well as the land-use limitations that ensure the conservation and improvement of environmental conditions in the other zones of the Moín Aquifer; in concordance with the "Hydrogeological Study and Vulnerability of the Moín, Limón Aquifer" and the land-use recommendations.
7º-For zone 6, the Huetar Atlántica Regional Directorate and the Environmental Management Directorate will create and maintain an exhaustive inventory of land use, identifying the activities and establishments that store risk substances for the quality of water for human use.
8º-The relevant entities shall be urged to carry out a risk analysis of the industries established in the zone of direct influence of the Moín sources (fuentes), which must include a possible conflagration of several industries, and an action protocol must be established to address a possible emergency that considers the participation of all industries established in the zone.
9º-To guarantee the observance of the restrictions and monitor the application of the defined measures, the Regional Environmental Control Unit of the Atlantic Region shall be formed, under the responsibility of the Management of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados.
THE MUNICIPALITIES LOCATED IN THE HIGH, MEDIUM, AND LOW VULNERABILITY ZONES SHALL BE NOTIFIED OF THIS AGREEMENT FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN THE REGULATORY PLAN (PLAN REGULADOR) SO THAT THE "PROPERTY USE REGULATION RECOMMENDATIONS AND THE HYDROGEOLOGICAL STUDY AND VULNERABILITY OF THE MOÍN-LIMÓN AQUIFER" ARE BINDING, EMPHASIZING THE NEED FOR THE Zone2942 TO BE CONSIDERED AS ONE OF ABSOLUTE RESTRICTION. LIKEWISE, THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH, MINAE, THE INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO, Matrix52121, AND Entity3763 SHALL BE NOTIFIED FOR THE FULFILLMENT OF THEIR COMPETENCIES. PUBLISH AND NOTIFY (...)" (Sistema Costarricense de Información Jurídica, link: https://pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=70307&nValor3=84786&strTipM=TC).
“(...) 1º- Agreement 2007-177 is Amended, in its Second Operative Clause (Por Tanto Segundo), with respect to the list of land-use regulation recommendations for Zone 6, with the following restriction guidelines and in application of the "Land-Use Criteria Matrix According to Aquifer Contamination Vulnerability for Water Resource Protection" (Matriz de Criterios de Uso del Suelo según la vulnerabilidad a la contaminación de los Acuíferos para la Protección del Recurso Hídrico), issued by the Board of Directors of Matrix52121 in session on September 26, 2006:
For all activity, the impermeabilization area per hectare must not exceed 20%.
Those INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES that, throughout the different construction and operation stages, generate a negative environmental impact on the aquifer, must submit an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) duly approved by SETENA.
In accordance with the Ministry of Health Regulation, Decree 30465 S and the Regulation for Wastewater Discharges and Reuse. No. 26041-S MINAE, high-risk industrial activities are not permitted due to the possible impact of contamination. These high-risk activities are defined as those that have the possibility of explosion, fire, leak, or sudden spill resulting from the process in the course of industrial activities, as well as in pipelines and transport, involving one or several hazardous substances and that pose a serious danger (of immediate or delayed, reversible or irreversible manifestation) for the population, their property, the environment, and ecosystems.
Do not authorize storage activities and USE OF PLAGUICIDES, PESTICIDES, FUELS, AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES, OR PRECURSORS THEREOF FOR ANY PURPOSE.
For REMOVAL, CUTTING, AND FILLING OF MATERIALS (MOVIMIENTOS DE TIERRA), a hydrogeological study must be conducted to verify that there will be no impact on the aquifer, and an Environmental Management Plan must be duly approved by Entity3763.
THE CONSTRUCTION OR EXCAVATION OF WELLS, INFILTRATION GALLERIES, OR ANY OTHER WATER EXTRACTION WORKS IS NOT AUTHORIZED.
In the case of URBANIZATION DEVELOPMENTS, LOTIFICATIONS, SUBDIVISIONS (FRACCIONAMIENTOS), AND CONDOMINIUMS, a sanitary sewer system and an ordinary type wastewater treatment plant must be constructed. Developments with densities equal to or less than one housing unit per 1000 square meters may be permitted.
In the case of HOTELS AND SIMILAR LODGING FACILITIES, it may be permitted subject to effluent management with a treatment plant complying with the current Wastewater Discharges Regulation. The number of rooms must not exceed a load equivalent to 50 persons per hectare.
DO NOT INSTALL GARBAGE DUMPS, SANITARY LANDFILLS, OR WASTE DISPOSAL SITES OF ANY KIND.
AyA, considering the studies presented by the interested party and endorsed by the pertinent instances, may rule on other types of activities not listed in this agreement that affect the quality and quantity of water, establishing the binding technical recommendations for the regulation of the activity.
AYA is empowered by Law 2726 to assess whether there is an impact on the aquifer and the proper disposal of wastewater in accordance with the current discharge regulations, in addition to approving or denying the activity.
Construction of housing arising from vegetative growth (crecimiento vegetativo) shall be permitted in Zone 6, provided that it is ensured that wastewater is not discharged into sinkholes (dolinas) and that garbage collection is carried out by the municipal service or another means.
3º-It is recommended that the Local Government and the Competent Institutions proceed to implement protection measures aimed at the conservation of forested areas.
4º-The Senior Administration is instructed to take the appropriate steps and request the Municipality of Limón to implement the recommendations issued in this agreement.
5º-The Senior Administration is instructed to take the appropriate steps and request MINAET to restrict ALL CUTTING OF FOREST VEGETATION IN the Direction2942.
6º-For Zone 6, the Huetar Atlántica Regional Directorate and the UEN for Environment, Research and Development shall create and maintain a comprehensive inventory of land use, identifying activities and establishments that store substances hazardous to the quality of water for human use. They shall also be responsible for analyzing the proposals submitted by the Managed Party and assessing the non-impact on the aquifer and the proper disposal of wastewater.
7º-In all other respects, the provisions set forth in Board of Directors Agreement 2007-177 (…)” remain in effect (Costa Rican Legal Information System link: https://pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=70307&nValor3=84786&strTipM=TC).
The petitioner Nombre35146 appears in amparo and categorically states that its purpose is as follows: “(i) that the nullity, due to material and formal unconstitutionality, of the provisions of AyA Board of Directors Agreement No. 2011-112—and, to the extent applicable, of No. 2007-177—be declared (…) (ii) that the partial nullity of the Limón Regulatory Plan be declared insofar as it omits or contradicts the cartographic delimitation and the absolute protection regime of Zone 6; and (iii) that the immediate adoption of precautionary and structural measures be ordered to ensure the effective protection of the Moín aquifer, in accordance with the Nombre99516 Matrix and rulings 2008-004790 and 2011-014596 of the Constitutional Chamber.” Subsequently, said petitioner, through several and extensive briefs, repeatedly refers to the aforementioned points.
Thus, he alleges that Agreement No. 2011-112 of the ICAA Board of Directors established "valves" of flexibility in Direction2942 (of the Limón-Moín aquifer), incompatible with a total and absolute protection regime previously established for that site, thereby allowing a generic impermeabilization threshold of twenty percent (20%) per hectare, earthworks (movimientos de tierra) through a study and PGA, and the enabling of housing by "vegetative growth" without density parameters or impermeabilization control.
Additionally, he claims that ICAA has incurred omissions in executing Agreement No. 2011-112, since recent documentation confirms the absence of consolidated public information from that institute regarding the aquifer zones on its platforms and responses that refer to generic emergency protocols and a regional control unit without historical functional traceability. He maintains that, in recent official responses to information requests, ICAA has acknowledged that “(a) it does not have a methodology or cartography to control the figure of “vegetative growth” in Direction2942, limiting itself to citing variations in domiciliary services without correlating them with density, impermeable cover (cobertura impermeable), or recharge; (b) it does not maintain an exhaustive and updated inventory of establishments with hazardous substances, an indispensable condition for preventive risk management in high-vulnerability zones; and (c) it applies a generic emergency protocol (GTE-105-01-P) and not a specific protocol for the karstic recharge of Moín, despite the existence of sinkholes, fissures, and short contaminant transit times described by the EPIK studies and SENARA cartography.” Regarding the Limón Regulatory Plan, he alleges that it did not expressly incorporate the cartographic delimitation of the aforementioned Zone 6 as an area of absolute protection of groundwater, despite the existence of studies demonstrating high vulnerability (which allows the processing of tourism, residential, subdivision (fraccionamiento), and earthworks activities through generic conditioning).
He explains that only 3% of the surface of the so-called Zone 6 was placed under a protection category, while the remaining 97% was designated for urban development. He accuses that, even though the planning document itself admits the high fragility of wetlands and the disappearance of primary forests, it simultaneously enables urban developments with coverages of up to 30% and even substitution with treatment plants or modified septic tanks. He alleges that this normative duality—recognizing fragility yet authorizing urbanization—contradicts the mandate of absolute protection weighing on Zone 6 and is incompatible with the precautionary principle. Additionally, he accuses that said plan also did not transfer to its regulations the prohibitions and material conditioning factors set forth in the “Land-Use Criteria Matrix of Nombre99516 according to aquifer contamination vulnerability.” He adds that ICAA also omitted to publish a protection decree to formalize the limits of Zone 6, despite having so ordered in the sixth por tanto of Agreement No. 2007-177.
He alleges that, because said decree was not published, the delimitation of Zone 6 never acquired binding firmness, leaving a regulatory vacuum that the Limón Regulatory Plan took advantage of to assign residential and tourism uses in territory that should have been under absolute protection.
Plaintiff Nombre35146 states that what is set forth (or omitted) above contravenes the provisions of the cited Nombre99516 Matrix (a technical-legal instrument that classifies recharge zones according to their intrinsic vulnerability and establishes land-use restrictions based on contamination risk and recharge capacity), ICAA Agreement No. 2007-177 itself, as well as what was stated by the Chamber in Rulings Nos. 2008-4790 and 2011-14596, among others.
Concomitantly, the petitioner refers, in general terms, to analyses demonstrating the drastic loss of primary forest and the underreported permanence of wetlands and yolillales in Zone 6 of Limón. Likewise, he states that there is a file (No. 100-23-01-TAA) before the Environmental Administrative Tribunal, which records Report No. TAA-DA-241-2023, evidencing that unauthorized anthropogenic interventions occurred in the so-called Zone 6, explaining the loss of forest cover (cobertura boscosa) and habitat fragmentation. He indicates that said document refers to "squatter invasion (invasión precarista)," "tree felling and vegetation burning," "construction of houses and ranches," "earthworks for terraces and roads," "invasion of protection areas," "land-use change (cambio de uso del suelo)," and underscores that all of this occurs "without municipal permits or environmental viability." He mentions that reference is also made to specific entries for "road," "earthwork," and "felling," in addition to "house" and "wall," corroborating the opening of pathways and the removal of vegetation cover as part of the occupation pattern.
He points out that the cited file also mentions the environmental degradation that occurred on two properties, where there was a progressive loss of forest cover and the disappearance of wetlands. Furthermore, he states that the cited Environmental Tribunal identified invasions of the protection strip of the Portete stream, earthworks, and discharges of wastewater and greywater into sinkholes.
He also mentions that the Municipality of Limón has Official Communication No. UTE-AML-025-2022 of June 22, 2022, where the Villa Plata sector reports "roads with a lot of ballast or mud material made manually with heavy machinery, lacking ditches and pipe curbs on the public road" and describes "a set of dwellings" built with precarious materials, without adequate stormwater systems, with heights that cause slope erosion and the presence of clayey material and coral in the observed road traces. Likewise, he states that Nombre99516, in two official communications (No. DIGH-UIH-008-2023 and No. DIGH-UIH-154-2023), confirmed that in said Zone 6 there is contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzo-alpha-pyrenes, derived from industrial operations. They also describe that the subsoil presents a fractured karstic medium, with active sinkholes, which function as concentrated recharge points and accelerate the transit of contaminants toward the phreatic level.
The petitioner argues, then, that what occurred with the cited ICAA agreements and the regulatory plan, as well as the omission to publish the aforementioned decree, was precisely what opened the possibility and has permitted the development of incompatible activities within Zone 6, thereby injuring the rights to enjoy a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, to health, and to potable water.
The petitioner maintains that, in sum, the combination of (i) a decreasing and fragmentary pattern of forests and wetlands documented by FONAFIFO 2005, INF-2013, and SINAC 2021; (ii) the underrepresentation of yolillales in the National Wetland Registry; (iii) the evidence of a public watercourse and an area of hydrological importance within Zone 6; (iv) the allocation of urban uses over 97% of the absolute protection surface by the Regulatory Plan; and (v) the lack of full and transparent execution of AyA’s obligations under Agreement 2011-112, constitutes a picture of material incompatibility with the Nombre99516 Matrix and with the standards of the Constitutional Chamber. Consequently, in his view, the so-called Zone 6 of Limón must be restored to a strict protection regime with a published delimitation, immediate normative incorporation, and suspension of authorizations that increase impermeabilization, earthworks, and densities not compatible with recharge.
That said, the petitions of petitioner Nombre35146 are summarized as follows:
“(1) Declare the present amparo appeal well-founded.
(2) Declare the NULLITY, due to material and formal unconstitutionality AND FOR VIOLATION OF ILO CONVENTION 169, of the following provisions of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (AyA): (2.1) Of Board of Directors Agreement No. 2011-112, insofar as it: (a) establishes a uniform impermeabilization threshold of 20% of the surface per hectare "for all activity" in Zone 6; (b) authorizes "removal, cutting, and filling of materials" or earthworks in Zone 6 through a hydrogeological study and PGA; (c) admits "housing construction by vegetative growth" in Zone 6 without density parameters, impermeabilization cartography, or zero-impact verification; and (d) contains open clauses that allow "ruling on other activities" in Zone 6 without a strict regulatory basis and without subjection to the precautionary principle. (2.2) Of Agreement No. 2007-177, insofar as it is interpreted or applied in a way that permits uses incompatible with the absolute protection defined for Zone 6.
(3) Declare the PARTIAL NULLITY of the Limón Regulatory Plan insofar as it: (a) omits incorporating the cartographic delimitation and the absolute protection regime of Zone 6 of the Nombre52121 aquifer in accordance with the SENARA Matrix; (b) permits or tolerates residential uses, subdivisions (fraccionamientos), earthworks, or increases in impermeabilization in said Zone 6 without requiring a prior environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) and hydrogeological, hydraulic, and hydrological studies approved by Nombre99516 and AyA; and (c) omits the mandatory inter-institutional coordination regarding aquifer protection and the application of the precautionary principle.
(4) ORDER AyA, SENARA, MINAE, and the Municipality of Limón to, within a maximum period of SIX (6) months, adopt the following structural measures: (4.a) issue the EXECUTIVE DECREE for the protection of the sources of Nombre52121 and Zone 6, with official coordinates, absolute protection regime, and express reference to the SENARA Matrix; (4.b) develop and implement a PUBLIC and updated INVENTORY of activities with hazardous substances in Zone 6; (4.c) adopt a SPECIFIC emergency and contingency PROTOCOL for the karstic recharge of Moín; (4.d) establish a PERIODIC MONITORING SYSTEM (water quality, nitrates, conductivity, bacteriology) with publication of results and early warning mechanisms; and (4.e) fully adapt the Limón Regulatory Plan to the Nombre99516 Matrix and constitutional jurisprudence, incorporating Zone 6 as an area of absolute protection.
(5) ORDER the IMMEDIATE SUSPENSION of any construction, subdivision, change of use, or earthwork permit in Zone 6 until full compliance with the foregoing terms, under warning of Article 71 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law (crime of disobedience).
(6) That all respondents violated the Constitutional principle of administrative coordination on matters of aquifer and aquifer recharge area protection, by permitting regressive regulations and the invisibilization of Zone 6 in the Limón regulatory plan and in the reduction of protection in the ICAA Board of Directors agreements.
(8) (sic) CONDEMN for costs and damages as applicable, in accordance with Articles 48 of the Political Constitution and 71 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law.” For his part, petitioner Nombre45265 also appears in amparo and partially reproduces the allegations made by Nombre35146.
Thus, he complains that ICAA has not managed before the Executive Branch the issuance and publication of the protection decree for Zone 6 of the Moín aquifer, as ordered by its own Board of Directors Agreement No. 2007-177. He mentions that the lack of publication of the decree has generated a normative invisibilization. He notes that the protection parameters defined by the Nombre99516 Matrix and ratified by the Constitutional Chamber remain unreflected in the cartography and municipal regulations, which allows the Limón Regulatory Plan to continue processing subdivisions, urbanizations, and earthworks in a territory that, by technical and jurisprudential mandate, must be maintained under an absolute protection regime.
He adds that ICAA Board of Directors Agreement No. 2011-112, far from strengthening protection, introduced provisions that relax the required standards. He affirms that these provisions frontally contravene the SENARA Matrix, which prohibits such activities in zones of extreme vulnerability. He argues that the current validity of Agreement No. 2011-112 not only lacks technical basis but is also manifestly unconstitutional for arbitrarily reducing the level of protection of Zone 6, substituting an absolute protection regime ordered to safeguard human water supply with a permissive regulation designed exclusively to evade a previously firm constitutional obligation to expropriate and compensate.
He also alleges that the existence of occupations and land uses incompatible with the declaration of Zone 6 constitutes a violation of Article 50 of the Political Constitution, which enshrines the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, as well as the principles of non-regression, precautionary, and preventive measures in environmental matters.
Thus, Nombre45265 expressly petitions this Constitutional Chamber as follows:
“declare the present amparo appeal well-founded; and decree that the ICAA Board of Directors failed to comply with its duty to publish the protection and delimitation decree for the Moín aquifer, as it ordered in its own Board of Directors Agreement No. 2007-177.
Order the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (ICAA-AyA) to, within a peremptory period, request and manage before the Executive Branch the promulgation and publication of the protection decree for the Moín aquifer.
Order that Board of Directors Agreements No. 2007-177 and 2011-112 be applied only to the extent that they are compatible with the Nombre99516 Matrix and constitutional jurisprudence, rendering without effect their provisions that relax the protection.
Order the National Groundwater, Irrigation, and Drainage Service (SENARA) to comply with its coordination duty, actively participating in the preparation, signing, request, and publication of the decree and in the full application of the Land-Use Criteria Matrix.” Additionally, in a later brief, it was also requested that this jurisdiction order “the expropriation of lands occupied incompatibly in Zone 6.” Now, having analyzed all of the foregoing, this Constitutional Court does not consider that there is merit to hear this amparo appeal on the merits nor, either, to grant the list of specific petitions indicated supra.
This is fundamentally because the petitioners came to this jurisdiction in a generic and abstract manner, without formulating and specifying a concrete act of application or else, a concrete and individualized relation of facts that affects or harms a specific person or several. In essence, no situation is individualized that has generated a violation or threat of violation of the fundamental rights referenced, just as required by the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law in its Articles 1 and 29.
According to a detailed reading of all the briefs filed by the petitioners, they merely set out the reasons why, in their view, the cited ICAA agreements (Nos. 2007-177 and 2011-112), as well as the Limón Regulatory Plan, become unconstitutional, without concomitantly referencing or arguing, in a substantiated manner, any concrete act of application that affects or injures fundamental rights. This state of affairs is reaffirmed when specifically analyzing the list of petitions raised by both parties, where the protected parties do not request the intervention of this Court regarding a particular situation, concrete act, or omission.
It should be noted that, although the petitioners make a brief reference to several situations that have, in their view, affected Zone 6 of Limón, fundamentally, they are not truly acting against any action or omission intrinsically related to these, which is verified, as stated, upon reading the list of petitions raised not only in the main amparo filing briefs but also in the rest of the documents attached to the process.
On this matter, this Court has indicated that, although the amparo appeal may be filed by any person and on behalf of a third party, the truth is that the existence of a lesion or an individualized or individualizable threat, in particular, is required for it to be heard by this jurisdiction; which, as has been said, is not the case under study. Fundamentally, it is clear that it simply involves a disagreement by the claimant parties with the content of the referred ICAA agreements and the Limón Regulatory Plan, which, in turn, cannot be reviewed or declared unconstitutional through the summary amparo avenue.
Having said the above, the appropriate course is to dismiss the present process, as is hereby ordered.
In a later brief, petitioner Nombre35146 also accuses that the Municipality of Limón has not complied with what was ordered by this Chamber in Judgment No. 2008-4751 of 12:00 p.m. on May 27, 2008 (issued on the occasion of an amparo filed by him personally directly against the operation of the company Químicas Holanda) insofar as, he claims, it has not included the so-called Dirección6577 in the Limón Regulatory Plan. That said, it is clarified to the plaintiff that, in the event he considers that said municipality has not complied, to date, with what was ordered in that ruling, the appropriate course is to file the corresponding complaint in the cited file so that it is in that process that what is legally appropriate is resolved.
With all due respect, I concur with the majority vote that declares the appeal without merit, but based on the following reasons:
The protection of a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, in the Costa Rican Legal System, is safeguarded not only in Article 50 of the Political Constitution but also in a series of current laws and executive decrees (regulations), such as the Organic Environmental Law, Law No. 7554 of October 4, 1995; the Biodiversity Law, Law No. 7788 of April 30, 1998; the Wildlife Conservation Law, Law No. 7317 of October 21, 1992; and Executive Decree No. 31849 of May 24, 2004, General Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Procedures, to cite just a few. This makes it necessary, in environmental matters, to separate constitutionality control from legality control. In this sense, it is this undersigned’s criterion that this Chamber, by way of amparo, should only hear a matter where a violation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment is alleged, if the Administration has not yet intervened and when the violation of that right is manifest and evident, of easy verification, of certain importance or gravity, and directly affects a specific person or community.
Otherwise, the issue must be raised and discussed through the legality avenue. Therefore, the mere non-compliance with obligations and duties legally imposed on the various public administrations in environmental matters is properly heard through the legality avenue –administrative or jurisdictional– where, with much greater breadth, the alleged non-compliances or omissions can be scrutinized. It must be kept in mind that the amparo appeal is a summary, informal, simple, and rapid process, such that, from the very moment the Administration intervenes in an environmental matter, in the exercise of its powers, and substantiates a procedure, with the issuance of administrative acts, its cognizance is outside the scope of action of this specialized jurisdiction. For this reason, the review of administrative actions carried out concerning an environmental matter that requires, for its correct assessment, a full evidentiary process, is only possible in the ordinary jurisdiction, since the design of the amparo process is incompatible with the contrasting or review of technical or legal criteria developed under the protection of current legal or regulatory norms or with the production of new and additional elements of conviction necessary for the contrasting or review of criteria already contained in the administrative file of the case.
The contrary would imply transforming the amparo into an ordinary process of full cognizance, thereby denaturing it and rendering nugatory the purposes for which it has been designed, with which it would lose its condition as an instrument for the effective protection of fundamental rights. As a consequence of the foregoing, I consider that when a public entity or body has intervened, in various forms, or has issued administrative acts in relation to an environmental matter, its cognizance and oversight belong to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. It is, precisely, the verification of the existence of that administrative intervention that determines that the matter is the competence of the legality avenue. Consequently, this appeal should have been summarily rejected, since its object is a matter properly to be discussed, analyzed, and resolved in the legality avenue. However, as this was not done, the appropriate course is to declare it without merit, without making any pronouncement regarding the merits of the question raised because it corresponds to the ordinary jurisdiction, specifically, the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, to determine whether the accused administrative actions and conducts are consistent or not, in substance, with the provisions of the legal system of legal rank, regarding the protection, safeguarding, and conservation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
In the sub examine case, the petitioners indicate that Agreement No. 2011-112 of the ICAA Board of Directors lacks technical basis and relaxed the protection of Direction2942 (of the Limón-Moín aquifer), which is incompatible with a total and absolute protection regime previously established for that site. They claim omissions by ICAA in the execution of Agreement No. 2011-112. They accuse that the Limón Regulatory Plan did not expressly incorporate the cartographic delimitation of Zone 6 mentioned ut supra as an area of absolute groundwater protection, nor transferred to its regulations the prohibitions and material conditioning factors of the Nombre99516 Matrix of 2006 (which allows the processing of tourism, residential, subdivision, and earthworks activities through generic conditioning). They mention that ICAA omitted to publish a protection decree to formalize the limits of Zone 6, despite having so ordered in the sixth por tanto of Agreement No. 2007-177. They affirm that such actions and omissions violate the fundamental rights to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, to potable water, and to health.
From the foregoing, claims aimed at demonstrating the unconstitutionality of ICAA Board of Directors agreements (for having relaxed the protection of Zone 6 of the Limón-Moín aquifer) are evident, as well as the possible unconstitutionality by omission of the Limón Regulatory Plan for not expressly contemplating the cartographic delimitation of the aforementioned Zone 6 as an area of absolute groundwater protection (nor transferring the prohibitions and material conditioning factors of the Nombre99516 Matrix of 2006).
Precisely, as this is an environmental issue and, even linked to public health and, among other consequences, its impact on vegetation, there is a standing (legitimación) fully recognized in Article 105 of the Biodiversity Law which establishes: “Popular action Any person shall have standing to bring action in administrative or jurisdictional venues, in defense and protection of biodiversity,” therefore this amparo appeal, in accordance with Article 75 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, is suitable for granting the petitioners a deadline to file an unconstitutionality action.
Having clarified the above, doubts of constitutionality arise in relation to the provisions contained in the ICAA Board of Directors agreements (which the petitioners allege reduced the absolute protection of an aquifer zone) and the possible unconstitutionality by omission claimed with respect to the Limón Regulatory Plan (for lack of the cartographic delimitation of the zone and prohibitions). Regarding the latter, we have held that an unconstitutionality by omission not only occurs by derivation from an express mandate of the Political Constitution or international treaty, but is also viable when the exercise or protection of a fundamental right may be frustrated through some omission in normative bodies. Not in vain does Article 2 of the American Convention on Human Rights impose on States the adoption of domestic law provisions to make effective the rights and freedoms of that instrument. Similarly, for the real validity and full experience of fundamental rights, they must be instrumentalized through lower-level norms (legislative provisions or of another character), as occurs with extraordinary frequency, which imposes on the States an obligation, whose omission may be subject to constitutionality control by this jurisdiction.
Thus, we consider that the procedural remedy to review the eventual compatibility with Constitution Law of the provisions contained in the ICAA Board of Directors agreements, as well as the alleged omission of the Limón Regulatory Plan, is the unconstitutionality action, as provided for in Article 48 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law:
“Article 48.
At any time when the Chamber considers that the challenged actions or omissions are reasonably based on current norms, whether or not these have also been challenged as violating the rights or freedoms claimed, it shall so declare in a reasoned resolution, and shall suspend the proceedings and grant the appellant a term of fifteen business days to formalize an unconstitutionality action against them. If the appellant does not do so, the file shall be archived. (…)" We add that, prima facie, the agreements in question, by their effects, plausibly appear to have the nature of a general provision.
Ergo, we dissent for the purposes of granting the appellants the period of fifteen business days, so that, if they see fit, they may file an unconstitutionality action against the agreements of the Board of Directors of the ICAA and the Plan Regulador de Limón.
The parties are warned that if they have provided any paper document, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not withdrawn within this period shall be destroyed, in accordance with the provisions of the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", approved by the Corte Plena in session number 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI and published in the Boletín Judicial number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in session number 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
The appeal is dismissed. Magistrate Salazar Alvarado gives different reasons and dismisses the appeal, as it falls to the ordinary jurisdiction, specifically, the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, to determine whether the accused administrative actions and conduct conform or not, in substance, to what is prescribed in the legal system at the statutory level, regarding the protection, guardianship and conservation of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. Magistrates Cruz Castro and Rueda Leal dissent and grant the claimants the period of FIFTEEN DAYS so that, if they see fit, they may file an unconstitutionality action against the agreements of the Board of Directors of the ICAA and the Plan Regulador de Limón.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Ingrid Hess H.
Aracelly Pacheco S.
SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del veintiocho de noviembre de dos mil veinticinco .
Recurso de amparo interpuesto No. 25-028736-0007-CO interpuesto por Nombre35146, cédula de identidad CED16107 y recurso de amparo No. 25-029204-0007-CO acumulado, interpuesto por Nombre45265, cédula de identidad CED22882, contra EL INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS, EL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO, LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE LIMON Y EL SISTEMA NACIONAL DE AGUAS SUBTERRANEAS, RIEGO Y AVENAMIENTO (SENARA).
RESULTANDOS:
A. Resultandos del expediente No. 25-028736-0007-CO.
B. Resultandos del expediente No. 25-029204-0007-CO.
Redacta el Magistrado Araya García; y,
CONSIDERANDO:
Los recurrentes aducen medularmente que:
b)El ICAA ha incurrido en omisiones en la ejecución del acuerdo No. 2011-112, pues la documentación reciente confirma la ausencia de información pública consolidada sobre las zonas del acuífero en sus plataformas y respuestas que remiten a protocolos generales de emergencia y a una unidad regional de control sin trazabilidad funcional histórica.
d)El ICAA omitió publicar un decreto de protección para oficializar los límites de la Zona 6, a pesar de así haberlo dispuesto en el por tanto sexto del acuerdo No. 2007-177.
Afirman que tales actuaciones y omisiones vulneran los derechos fundamentales a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, al agua potable y a la salud.
De relevancia para dirimir el presente recurso de amparo, se tienen por acreditados los siguientes:
"(..) SEGUNDO: SE REVOCA EL ACUERDO 80-121 EN CUANTO A SU ZONA DE LIMITACION Y RECOMENDACIONES DE REGULACION DE USO DEL SUELO, de conformidad con la delimitación y ubicación realizada por los Departamentos de Topografía de la Dirección de Estudios y Proyectos, la Dirección Región Huetar Atlántica, la Dirección de Gestión Ambiental y el informe DGAmb-2007-031, se recomienda aplicar la ubicación topográfica de la ZONA DE PROTECCIÓN ABSOLUTA, catalogada como Zona 6, en la resolución de toda solicitud de permiso, licencia o autorización presentada por el Administrado, de la siguiente forma: Partiendo del pto. 1 con coord. N=221517 y E=639446 en el cruce del camino viejo a Limón Ruta #240 (por la costa) y la entrada oeste a la Urbanización Cangrejos, se continua unos 106m al sur por la calle de la Urbanización hasta el pto. 2 con coord. N=221414, E=639471, se dobla al sur oeste unos 77m hasta el pto. 3 con coord.
N=221367 y E=639410, se continua al este unos 316m hasta el cruce con el camino a Pacuare, pto. 4 con coord. N=221297, E=639682, luego se continua al sur unos 1.4 km por este camino hasta el pto 5, inicio de la Urbanización del mismo nombre con coord. N=220474 y E=640380, continuando con rumbo sur sur oeste unos 170m hasta el pto. 6 con coord. N=220318 y E=640302, luego con rumbo sur este unos 38m hasta el pto 7 con coord. N=220297 y E=640333, luego hacia el sur sur oeste unos 82m hasta el pto. 8 con coord. N=220159 y E=640251. De este pto. 8 donde termina la calle de la Urbanización, se continua con el mismo rumbo sur sur oeste a campo traviesa unos 370m hasta el pto. 9 con coord. N=219858 y Telf8145. Se continua a campo traviesa hacia el oeste unos 190m hasta encontrarse la calle que va a Cielo Amarillo en el pto. 10 con coord. N=219846 y Telf3705, de este pto. 10 que venía paralela al lindero, ya en la calle, se continúa hacia el sur unos 90m hasta el pto. 11 con coord.
N=219764 y E=639832. De este pto. 11 se continúa por la calle que va a Villa Plata unos 220m al sur oeste hasta el pto. 12 con coord. N=219689 y E=639630, se continua al sur unos 320m hasta la línea del ferrocarril en el pto. 13 con coord. N=219449 y E=639624, continúese por la línea férrea hacia el este unos 100m hasta el pto. 14 con coord. N=219447 y Telf3708 de este pto. 14 se continua unos 460m hacia el sur por la calle que sale a la ruta nacional #32 (Saopin) hasta el pto. 15 con coord. N=218995 y Telf3709. De este pto. 15 ya en la calle se continua unos 2.4 km hacia el oeste por la ruta Nº 32, hasta llegar a la primera entrada hacia Dirección2944 hasta el pto. 16 con coord. N=218883 y E=637297 y luego a la derecha con rumbo norte para ir a Dirección2944, unos 270m hasta llegar al cruce de caminos, a un costado de la escuela de Dirección2945, en el pto.17 con coord. N=219085 y E=637177, 106m norte luego se continua por 106m al norte hasta el pto 18 con coord.
N=219207 y E=637179, de este pto. 18, se continua unos 260m al oeste hasta el fin de la calle y de ahí continua unos 160m siempre al oeste por el lindero norte entre predios hasta intersectar la carretera de concreto ruta #240, en el pto. 19 con coord. N=219325 y E=636795, luego continuando 2km hacia el noreste por la ruta #240 hasta la intersección de caminos hacia Villa Plata en el pto. 20. con coord. N=220976 y E=637688, de este pto. 20 se continua al norte por la ruta Nº 240 con una distancia aproximadamente de 2.6km hasta llegar a la intersección de caminos con la Urbanización Cangrejos siendo este cruce el pto. 1 de partida con coord. N=221517 y E=639446. Abreviaturas: Coord. = Coordenadas Pto. = Punto N = Norte E = Este Resumen de coordenadas: (…)
Como recomendaciones de Regulación de Uso del Suelo se esteblecen las siguientes restricciones: 1. Toda actividad industrial. 2. Uso y almacenamiento de plaguicidas, pesticidas y combustibles, o precursores de estos con cualquier fin. 3. La remoción o extracción de todo tipo de materiales. 4. Cambio de uso de la tierra. 5. Toda corta de vegetación forestal. 6. Toda actividad agropecuaria e instalaciones ligadas a la misma. 7. La perforación o excavación de pozos, galerías de infiltración o cualquier otra obra de captación de aguas. 8. El desarrollo de urbanizaciones y de lotificaciones. 9. Las instalaciones de basureros, rellenos sanitarios o botaderos de desperdicios de cualquier índole. 10. Actividades de cualquier índole que afecten a criterio del AyA la calidad y la cantidad del agua que se utiliza para el abastecimiento a poblaciones.
SE ADMITIRÁ EN LA Dirección2942 LAS CONSTRUCCIONES DE VIVIENDAS ORIGINADAS POR EL CRECIMIENTO VEGETATIVO, SIEMPRE QUE SE ASEGURE QUE LAS AGUAS RESIDUALES NO SE DESCARGAN A DOLINAS Y SE REALIZA LA RECOLECCIÓN DE LAS BASURAS POR EL SERVICIO MUNICIPAL U OTRO MEDIO.
3º-Se Establecen para las zonas 2, 5 y 7 del "Estudio Hidrogeológico y Vulnerabilidad del Acuífero de Moín, Limón", las siguientes medidas de protección del acuífero: 1. No permitir el almacenamiento de químicos; 2. No permitir la construcción de estaciones de abastecimiento de combustible; 3. No permitir la explotación de tajos; 4. No permitir la construcción de pozos, permitiendo sólo para el abastecimiento público 4º-En la zona 2 se realizarán estudios de prospección con miras a determinar la capacidad de producción y se mantiene esta zona como reserva para el abastecimiento a la población del sector de río Blanco.
5º-Para las zonas 7, 8, 9, y 10 se deberá exigir a todo proyecto de desarrollo la construcción de alcantarillado sanitario y el AyA deberá iniciar los estudios necesarios a fin de construir los colectores primarios y secundarios que permitan evacuar el agua residual hacia el emisario submarino.
6º-Se solicitará al poder ejecutivo que se se promulgue un decreto con miras a la protección de las fuentes de Moín; así como las limitaciones de uso del suelo que aseguren la conservación y el mejoramiento de las condiciones ambientales en las otras zonas del Acuífero de Moín; en concordancia con el "Estudio Hidrogeológico y Vulnerabilidad del Acuífero de Moín, Limón" y las recomendaciones de uso del suelo.
7º-Para la zona 6, la Dirección Regional Huetar Atlántica y la Dirección de Gestión Ambiental, harán y mantendrán un inventario exhaustivo del uso del suelo, identificando las actividades y establecimientos que almacenen sustancias de riesgo para la calidad del agua para uso humano.
8º-Se deberá promover ante los entes competentes, la realización de un análisis de riesgo de las industrias establecidas en la zona de influencia directa de las fuentes de Moín, que debe incluir una posible conflagración de varias industrias y se deberá establecer un protocolo de acción para enfrentar una posible emergencia que considere la participación de todas la industrias establecidas en la zona.
9º-Para garantizar la observancia de las restricciones y dar seguimiento a la aplicación de las medidas definidas, se conformará la Unidad Regional de Control Ambiental de la Región Atlántica, a cargo de la Gerencia del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados.
SE LE NOTIFICARÁ A LAS MUNICIPALIDADES QUE SE UBICAN EN LAS ZONAS DE ALTA, MEDIA Y BAJA VULNERABILIDAD EL PRESENTE ACUERDO PARA SU IMPLEMENTACIÓN EN EL PLAN REGULADOR DE MANERA QUE "LAS RECOMENDACIONES DE REGULACIÓN DE USO DE LA PROPIEDAD Y EL ESTUDIO HIDROGEOLÓGICO Y VULNERABILIDAD DEL ACUÍFERO DE MOÍN-LIMÓN·" SEAN VINCULANTES, DANDO ÉNFASIS A LA NECESIDAD DE QUE SE CONSIDERE LA Dirección2942 COMO DE RESTRICCIÓN ABSOLUTA., ASIMISMO SE NOTIFICARÁ AL MINISTERIO DE SALUD, AL MINAE, AL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y URBANISMO, AL Nombre99516 Y A LA Nombre3763 PARA EL CUMPLIMIENTO DE SUS COMPETENCIAS. PUBLÍQUESE Y NOTIFÍQUESE (...)" (Sistema Costarricense de Información Jurídica, enlace: https://pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=70307&nValor3=84786&strTipM=TC).
“(…) 1º- Se Modifica el Acuerdo 2007-177, en su Por Tanto Segundo, respecto a la enumeración de recomendaciones de regulación de uso del suelo de la Zona 6, con los siguientes lineamientos de restricción y en aplicación de la "Matriz de Criterios de Uso del Suelo según la vulnerabilidad a la contaminación de los Acuíferos para la Protección del Recurso Hídrico, emitida por la Junta Directiva de Nombre99516 en sesión del 26 de setiembre del 2006:
Para toda actividad el área de impermeabilización por hectárea no debe sobrepasar el 20%.
Aquellas ACTIVIDADADES INDUSTRIALES que a lo largo de las distintas etapas de construcción y operación, generen impacto ambiental negativo al acuífero, deberán presentar un Estudio de Impacto Ambiental debidamente aprobado por SETENA.
De acuerdo con el Reglamento del Ministerio de Salud, Decreto 30465 S y el Reglamento de Vertidos y Rehúso de Aguas Residuales. N. 26041-S MINAE, no se permiten las actividades industriales de alto riesgo por la posible afectación de la contaminación. Se definen estas actividades de alto riesgo como aquellas que tienen posibilidad de explosión, incendio, fuga o derrame súbito que resulte del proceso en el curso de las actividades industriales, así como en ductos y en transportes, en los que intervengan una o varias sustancias peligrosas y que suponga un peligro grave (de manifestación inmediata o retardada, reversible o irreversible) para la población, sus bienes, el ambiente y los ecosistemas.
No autorizar actividades de almacenamiento y USO DE PLAGUICIDAS, PESTICIDAS, COMBUSTIBLES Y SUSTANCIAS PELIGROSAS, O PRECURSORES DE ESTOS CON CUALQUIER FIN Para la REMOCIÓN, CORTE Y RELLENO DE MATERIALES (MOVIMIENTOS DE TIERRA), deberá realizarse un estudio Hidrogeológico que compruebe que no habrá afectación al acuífero y un Plan de Gestión Ambiental debidamente aprobados por Nombre3763 NO SE AUTORIZA LA CONSTRUCCIÓN O EXCAVACIÓN DE POZOS, GALERÍAS DE INFILTRACIÓN O CUALQUIER OTRA OBRA DE APROVECHAMIENTO DE AGUAS.
Para el caso de DESARROLLOS DE URBANIZACIONES, LOTIFICACIONES, FRACCIONAMIENTOS Y CONDOMINIOS, deberá construirse alcantarillado sanitario y planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales de tipo ordinario. Se pueden permitir desarrollos con densidades iguales o inferiores a una unidad habitacional por cada 1000 metros.
Para el caso de HOTELES Y SIMILARES PARA HOSPEDAJE, se puede permitir sujeto al manejo de efluentes con planta de tratamiento cumpliendo con el Reglamento de Vertidos vigente. El número de habitaciones no debe exceder una carga equivalente a 50 personas por hectárea.
NO INSTALAR BASUREROS, RELLENOS SANITARIOS O BOTADEROS DE DESPERDICIOS DE CUALQUIER ÍNDOLE.
El AyA considerando los estudios presentados por el interesado y avalados por las instancias pertinentes, podrá dictaminar otro tipo de actividades de las no enumeradas en este acuerdo, que afecten la calidad y la cantidad del agua, estableciendo las recomendaciones técnicas vinculantes para la regulación de la actividad. El AYA estará facultado por la Ley 2726, para evaluar si existe afectación al acuífero y la disposición correcta de las aguas residuales de conformidad con el reglamento de vertidos vigente, además de la aprobación o denegatoria de la actividad.
Se admitirá en la Zona 6 las construcciones de viviendas originadas por el crecimiento vegetativo, siempre que se asegure que las aguas residuales no se viertan a dolinas y se realice la recolección de las basuras por el servicio municipal u otro medio.
3º-Se recomienda al Gobierno Local y a las Instituciones Competentes, proceder a realizar medidas de protección tendientes a la conservación de las zonas boscosas.
4º-Se instruye a la Administración Superior, para que gestione lo procedente y solicite a la Municipalidad de Limón, la implementación de las recomendaciones emitidas en el presente acuerdo.
5º-Se instruye a la Administración Superior, para que gestione a lo procedente y solicite al MINAET, para que restrinja TODA CORTA DE VEGETACIÓN FORESTAL EN LA Dirección2942.
6º-Para la zona 6, la Dirección Regional Huetar Atlántica y la UEN de Ambiente, Investigación y Desarrollo, harán y mantendrán un inventario exhaustivo del uso del suelo, identificando las actividades y establecimientos que almacenen sustancias de riesgo para la calidad del agua para uso humano. Asimismo les corresponderá el análisis de las propuestas presentadas por el Administrado y la valoración de no afectación del acuífero y disposición correcta de las aguas residuales.
7º-En todo lo demás se mantiene vigente lo dictaminado en el Acuerdo de Junta Directiva 2007-177 (…)” (Sistema Costarricense de Información Jurídica enlace: https://pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=70307&nValor3=84786&strTipM=TC).
El recurrente Nombre35146 acude en amparo y señala categóricamente que el objeto de este es el siguiente: “(i) que se declare la nulidad, por inconstitucionalidad material y formal, de las disposiciones del Acuerdo de Junta Directiva del AyA N.° 2011-112 —y, en cuanto resulte aplicable, del N.° 2007-177— (…) (ii) que se declare la nulidad parcial del Plan Regulador de Limón en cuanto omite o contradice la delimitación cartográfica y el régimen de protección absoluta de la Zona 6; y (iii) que se ordene la adopción inmediata de medidas precautorias y estructurales para asegurar la protección efectiva del acuífero Moín, conforme a la Matriz del Nombre99516 y a los votos 2008-004790 y 2011-014596 de la Sala Constitucional”.
Seguidamente, dicho recurrente, a través de varios y extensos escritos, se refiere reiteradamente a los mencionados puntos.
Así, aduce que el acuerdo No. 2011-112 de la Junta Directiva del ICAA estableció “válvulas” de flexibilización en la Dirección2942 (del acuífero de Limón-Moín), incompatibles con un régimen de protección total y absoluta establecido previamente para dicho sitio, permitiendo con ello, un umbral genérico de impermeabilización del veinte por ciento (20 %) por hectárea, movimientos de tierra mediante estudio y PGA, y habilitación de viviendas por “crecimiento vegetativo” sin parámetros de densidad ni control de impermeabilización.
Adicionalmente, afirma que el ICAA ha incurrido en omisiones a la hora de ejecutar el acuerdo No. 2011-112, pues la documentación reciente confirma la ausencia de información pública consolidada de ese instituto sobre las zonas del acuífero en sus plataformas y respuestas que remiten a protocolos generales de emergencia y a una unidad regional de control sin trazabilidad funcional histórica. Sostiene que, en respuestas oficiales recientes a solicitudes de información, el ICAA ha reconocido que “(a) que no dispone de metodología ni cartografía para controlar la figura de “crecimiento vegetativo” en la Dirección2942, limitándose a citar variaciones de servicios domiciliarios sin correlacionarlas con densidad, cobertura impermeable o recarga; (b) que no mantiene un inventario exhaustivo y actualizado de establecimientos con sustancias peligrosas, condición imprescindible para la gestión preventiva del riesgo en zonas de alta vulnerabilidad; y (c) que aplica un protocolo de emergencias genérico (GTE‑105‑01‑P) y no un protocolo específico para la recarga kárstica de Moín, a pesar de la existencia de dolinas, fisuras y tiempos de tránsito cortos de contaminantes, descritos por los estudios EPIK y por la cartografía de SENARA”.
En lo tocante al Plan Regulador de Limón, alega que este no incorporó de forma expresa la delimitación cartográfica de la citada Zona 6 como área de protección absoluta de las aguas subterráneas, pese a la existencia de estudios que demuestran la alta vulnerabilidad (lo cual permite la tramitación de usos turísticos, residenciales, fraccionamientos y movimientos de tierra mediante condicionamientos genéricos). Explica que solo un 3% de la superficie de la llamada Zona 6 quedó en categoría de protección, mientras que el 97% restante se destinó a desarrollo urbano. Acusa que, pesar de que el propio documento planificador admite la alta fragilidad de humedales y la desaparición de bosques primarios, simultáneamente habilita desarrollos urbanos con coberturas de hasta 30% e, incluso, la sustitución por plantas de tratamiento o tanques sépticos modificados Alega que, esta dualidad normativa —reconocer fragilidad pero autorizar urbanización— contradice el mandato de protección absoluta que pesa sobre la Zona 6 y resulta incompatible con el principio precautorio. Adicionalmente, acusa que dicho plan tampoco trasladó a su normativa las prohibiciones y condicionamientos materiales consignados en la “Matriz de Criterios de Uso de Suelo del Nombre99516 según la vulnerabilidad a la contaminación de acuíferos”.
Agrega que el ICAA omitió también publicar un decreto de protección para oficializar los límites de la Zona 6, a pesar de así haberlo dispuesto en el por tanto sexto del acuerdo No. 2007-177. Alega que, como no se publicó dicho decreto, la delimitación de la Zona 6 nunca adquirió firmeza vinculante, dejando un vacío normativo que el Plan Regulador de Limón aprovechó para asignar usos residenciales y turísticos en territorio que debía ser de protección absoluta.
Afirma el accionante Nombre35146 que lo consignado (u omitido) supra contraviene lo dispuesto en la citada Matriz del Nombre99516 (instrumento técnico–jurídico que clasifica las zonas de recarga según su vulnerabilidad intrínseca y establece restricciones de uso del suelo en función del riesgo de contaminación y la capacidad de recarga), en el propio Acuerdo No. 2007-177 del ICAA, así como lo señalado por la Sala en los Votos Nos. 2008-4790 y 2011-14596, entre otros.
Concomitantemente, el recurrente se refiere, en términos generales, a análisis que demuestran la pérdida drástica de bosque primario y la permanencia subregistrada de humedales y yolillales en la Zona 6 de Limón. Igualmente, refiere que en el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo existe un expediente (No. 100-23-01-TAA), donde se consigna el informe No. TAA-DA-241-2023, que evidencia que en la llamada Zona 6 se produjeron intervenciones antrópicas no autorizadas que explican la pérdida de cobertura boscosa y la fragmentación de hábitat. Indica que en ese documento se hace referencia a “invasión precarista”, “tala de árboles y quema de vegetación”, “construcción de casas y ranchos”, “movimientos de tierra para terrazas y caminos”, “invasión de áreas de protección”, “cambio de uso del suelo”, y subraya que todo ello ocurre “sin permisos municipales ni viabilidad ambiental”. Menciona que también se hace alusión a entradas específicas para “camino”, “movimiento de tierra” y “tala”, además de “casa” y “tapia”, corroborando la apertura de vías y la remoción de cobertura vegetal como parte del patrón de ocupación.
Apunta que en el citado expediente también se hace mención a la degradación ambiental que se produjo en dos fincas, donde se dio una pérdida progresiva de la cobertura forestal y la desaparición de humedales. Además, expone que el citado Tribunal Ambiental identificó invasiones a la franja de protección de la quebrada Portete, movimientos de tierra y descargas de aguas residuales y grises hacia dolinas.
Menciona que también la Municipalidad de Limón cuenta con el oficio No. UTE-AML-025-2022 de 22 de junio de 2022, donde se reporta en el sector de Villa Plata “caminos con mucho lastre o material de barro realizado manualmente con maquinaria pesada, que carecen de cunetas y de cordón de caño en la vía pública”. y describe “un conjunto de viviendas” construidas con materiales precarios, sin sistemas pluviales adecuados, con alturas que provocan erosión de taludes y presencia de material arcilloso y coral en los trazos de camino observados. Igualmente, manifiesta que el Nombre99516 en dos oficios (No. DIGH-UIH-008-2023 y No. DIGH-UIH-154-2023), confirmó que en la citada Zona 6 existe contaminación por hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos y venzo-alfa-pirenos, derivados de operaciones industriales. También, describen que el subsuelo presenta un medio kárstico fracturado, con dolinas activas, que funcionan como puntos de recarga concentrada y aceleran el tránsito de contaminantes hacia el nivel freático.
Aduce, entonces, el recurrente, que lo ocurrido con los acuerdos del ICAA y el plan regulador citados, así como la omisión de publicar el decreto arriba señalado, fue precisamente lo que abrió la posibilidad y ha permitido el desarrollo de actividades incompatibles dentro de la Zona 6, lesionándose con ello los derechos a disfrutar de un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, a la salud y al agua potable.
Sostiene el recurrente que, en suma, la combinación de (i) un patrón decreciente y fragmentario de bosques y humedales documentado por FONAFIFO 2005, INF-2013 y SINAC 2021; (ii) la subrepresentación de yolillales en el Registro Nacional de Humedales; (iii) la evidencia de un cauce público y un área de importancia hídrica dentro de la Zona 6; (iv) la asignación de usos urbanos sobre el 97 % de la superficie de protección absoluta por parte del Plan Regulador; y (v) la falta de ejecución íntegra y transparente de las obligaciones del AyA según el Acuerdo 2011-112, constituyen un cuadro de incompatibilidad material con la Matriz de Nombre99516 y con los estándares de la Sala Constitucional. Por consiguiente, en su criterio, la llamada Zona 6 de Limón debe ser restaurada a un régimen de protección estricta con delimitación publicada, incorporación normativa inmediata y suspensión de autorizaciones que incrementen impermeabilización, movimientos de tierra y densidades no compatibles con la recarga.
Dicho esto, las petitorias del recurrente Nombre35146, se resumen a las siguientes:
“(1) Declarar con lugar el presente recurso de amparo.
(2) Declarar la NULIDAD, por inconstitucionalidad material, formal Y POR VIOLACIÓN DEL CONVENIO 169 DE LA OIT, de las siguientes disposiciones del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (AyA): (2.1) Del Acuerdo de Junta Directiva N.° 2011‑112, en cuanto: (a) establece un umbral uniforme de impermeabilización del 20 % de la superficie por hectárea “para toda actividad” en la Zona 6; (b) autoriza “remoción, corte y relleno de materiales” o movimientos de tierra en la Zona 6 mediante estudio hidrogeológico y PGA; (c) admite “construcciones de viviendas por crecimiento vegetativo” en la Zona 6 sin parámetros de densidad, cartografía de impermeabilización ni verificación de impacto nulo; y (d) contiene cláusulas abiertas que permiten “dictaminar otras actividades” en la Zona 6 sin base reglamentaria estricta y sin sujeción al principio precautorio. (2.2) Del Acuerdo N.° 2007‑177, en cuanto se interprete o aplique de modo que permita usos incompatibles con la protección absoluta definida para la Zona 6.
(3) Declarar la NULIDAD PARCIAL del Plan Regulador de Limón en cuanto: (a) omite incorporar la delimitación cartográfica y el régimen de protección absoluta de la Zona 6 del acuífero Nombre52121 conforme a la Matriz de SENARA; (b) permite o tolera usos residenciales, fraccionamientos, movimientos de tierra o incrementos de impermeabilización en dicha zona 6 sin exigir Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental y estudios hidrogeológicos, hidráulicos e hidrológicos previos aprobados por Nombre99516 y AyA; y (c) omite la coordinación interinstitucional obligatoria en materia de tutela del acuífero y la aplicación del principio precautorio.
(4) ORDENAR al AyA, al SENARA, al MINAE y a la Municipalidad de Limón que, en el plazo máximo de SEIS (6) meses, adopten las siguientes medidas estructurales: (4.a) emitir el DECRETO EJECUTIVO de protección de las fuentes de Nombre52121 y de la Zona 6, con coordenadas oficiales, régimen de protección absoluta y remisión expresa a la Matriz de SENARA; (4.b) elaborar e implementar un INVENTARIO PÚBLICO y actualizado de actividades con sustancias peligrosas en la Zona 6; (4.c) adoptar un PROTOCOLO ESPECÍFICO de emergencias y contingencias para la recarga kárstica de Moín; (4.d) establecer un SISTEMA DE MONITOREO periódico (calidad de aguas, nitratos, conductividad, bacteriología) con publicación de resultados y mecanismos de alerta temprana; y (4.e) adecuar íntegramente el Plan Regulador de Limón a la Matriz de Nombre99516 y a la jurisprudencia constitucional, incorporando la Zona 6 como área de protección absoluta.
(5) ORDENAR la INMEDIATA SUSPENSIÓN de cualquier permiso de construcción, fraccionamiento, cambio de uso o movimiento de tierra en la Zona 6 hasta el pleno cumplimiento de los extremos anteriores, bajo apercibimiento del artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (delito de desobediencia).
(6) Que todos los recurridos violentaron el principio Constitucional de coordinación administrativa en temas de protección de acuíferos y areas de recarga acuífera, al permitir normativas regresivas y la invisibilización de la zona 6 en el plan regulador de Limón y en la disminución de protección en los acuerdos de Junta Directiva del ICAA.
(8) (sic) CONDENAR en costas y daños según corresponda, de conformidad con los artículos 48 de la Constitución Política y 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional”.
Por su parte, el recurrente Nombre45265 acude también en amparo y reproduce parcialmente los alegatos formulados por Nombre35146.
De este modo, reclama que el ICAA no ha gestionado ante el Poder Ejecutivo la emisión y publicación del decreto de protección de la Zona 6 del acuífero Moín, como lo ordena su propio acuerdo de Junta Directiva No. 2007-177. Menciona que la falta de publicación del decreto ha generado una invisibilización normativa. Apunta que los parámetros de protección definidos por la Matriz de Nombre99516 y ratificados por la Sala Constitucional permanecen sin reflejo en la cartografía y normativa municipal, lo cual permite que el Plan Regulador de Limón continúe tramitando fraccionamientos, urbanizaciones y movimientos de tierra en un territorio que, por mandato técnico y jurisprudencial, debe mantenerse bajo un régimen de protección absoluta.
Agrega que el Acuerdo de Junta Directiva del ICAA No. 2011-112, lejos de fortalecer la protección, introdujo disposiciones que flexibilizan los estándares exigidos. Afirma que estas disposiciones contravienen frontalmente la Matriz de SENARA, que prohíbe dichas actividades en zonas de vulnerabilidad extrema. Aduce que la vigencia actual del acuerdo No. 2011-112 no solo carece de sustento técnico, sino que resulta manifiestamente inconstitucional por reducir arbitrariamente el nivel de protección de la Zona 6, sustituyendo un régimen de protección absoluta ordenado para salvaguardar el abastecimiento hídrico humano, por una regulación permisiva diseñada exclusivamente para eludir una obligación constitucional previamente firme de expropiar e indemnizar.
Alega también que la existencia de ocupaciones y usos del suelo incompatibles con la declaratoria de la Zona 6, constituye una violación al artículo 50 de la Constitución Política, que consagra el derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, así como a los principios de no regresión, precautorio y preventivo en materia ambiental.
De este modo, Nombre45265 peticiona expresamente a esta Sala Constitucional lo siguiente:
“declarar con lugar el presente recurso de amparo; y decretar que La Junta Directiva del ICAA incumplió con su deber de publicar el decreto de protección y delimitación del acuífero Moín, tal como lo ordenó en su propio Acuerdo de Junta Directiva N.* 2007-177.
Ordenar al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (ICAA-AyA) que, en un plazo perentorio, solicite y gestione ante el Poder Ejecutivo la promulgación y publicación del decreto de protección del acuífero Moín.
Ordenar que los Acuerdos de Junta Directiva N.* 2007-177 y 2011-112 se apliquen únicamente en la medida en que sean compatibles con la Matriz de Nombre99516 y con la jurisprudencia constitucional, dejando sin efecto sus disposiciones que flexibilicen la protección.
Ordenar al Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA) que cumpla con su deber de coordinación, participando activamente en la elaboración, firma, solicitud y publicación del decreto y en la aplicación integra de la Matriz de Criterios de Uso del Suelo”.
Adicionalmente, en escrito posterior, se solicitó también que esta jurisdicción ordene “la expropiación de los terrenos ocupados de manera incompatible en la Zona 6”.
Ahora bien, analizado todo lo anterior, este Tribunal Constitucional no considera que exista mérito para conocer este recurso de amparo por el fondo ni, tampoco, para acoger el elenco de peticiones concretas supra señalado.
Esto, medularmente en el tanto los recurrentes acudieron a esta jurisdicción de manera genérica y en abstracto, sin formular y precisar un acto de aplicación concreta o bien, una relación de hechos concreta e individualizada que afecte o perjudique a una persona en concreto o a varias. En esencia, no se individualiza alguna situación que haya generado una violación o amenaza de vulneración a los derechos fundamentales a los que hace referencia, tal y como así lo exige la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional en sus artículos 1° y 29.
Según una lectura pormenorizada realizada a todos los escritos formulados por los recurrentes, estos se abocan a señalar meramente los motivos por los cuales, en su criterio, los citados acuerdos del ICAA (Nos. 2007-177 y 2011-112), así como el Plan Regulador de Limón, devienen en inconstitucionales, sin hacer referencia o aducir concomitantemente y, de manera fundamentada, algún acto de aplicación concreta que afecte o lesione los derechos fundamentales. Estado de cosas que se reafirma al analizar de forma puntual el elenco de peticiones planteado por ambas partes, donde los tutelados no solicitan la intervención de este Tribunal ante una situación en particular, acto u omisión concreta.
Debe observarse que, si bien los recurrentes hacen referencia somera a varias situaciones que han afectado, en su criterio, la Zona 6 de Limón, en el fondo, no acuden propiamente en contra de alguna actuación u omisión relacionada intrínsicamente con estas, lo cual se comprueba, como se dijo, al realizarse una lectura del elenco de petitorias planteadas no sólo en los escritos principales de interposición del amparo, sino también en el resto de memoriales adjuntados al proceso.
Sobre el particular, este Tribunal ha indicado que, si bien el recurso de amparo puede ser interpuesto por cualquier persona y a favor de un tercero, lo cierto es que se requiere de la existencia de una lesión o de amenaza individualizada o individualizable, en particular, para que pueda ser atendido por esta jurisdicción; lo cual, como se ha dicho, no sucede en el caso bajo estudio. En el fondo, resulta claro que se trata simplemente de una disconformidad de las partes accionantes con el contenido de los referidos acuerdos del ICAA y del Plan Regulador de Limón, lo que, a su vez, no se puede revisar ni declarar inconstitucional a través de la vía sumaria de amparo.
Dicho lo anterior, lo que procede es desestimar el presente proceso, como en efecto de dispone.
En escrito posterior, el recurrente Nombre35146 también acusa que la Municipalidad de Limón no ha cumplido con lo ordenado por esta Sala en la Sentencia No. 2008-4751 de las 12:00 hrs. de 27 de mayo de 2008 (dictada con motivo de un amparo formulado por su persona directamente en contra de la operación de la empresa Químicas Holanda) en el tanto, según afirma, no ha incluido en el Plan Regulador de Limón la llamada Dirección6577. Dicho esto, se le aclara al accionante que, en caso de estimar que dicho municipio no ha cumplido, a la fecha, lo ordenado en tal voto, lo que procede es que presente el reclamo correspondiente en el citado expediente para que sea en ese proceso que se resuelta lo que en derecho corresponda.
Con el debido respeto, coincido con el voto de mayoría que declara sin lugar el recurso, pero con base en las siguientes razones:
La protección a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, en el Ordenamiento Jurídico Costarricense, está tutelado no solo en el artículo 50, de la Constitución Política, sino también en una serie de leyes y decretos ejecutivos (reglamentos) vigentes, tales como la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley N° 7554 de 4 de octubre de 1995; la Ley de Biodiversidad, Ley N° 7788 de 30 de abril de 1998; la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, Ley N° 7317 de 21 de octubre de 1992; y el Decreto Ejecutivo N° 31849 de 24 de mayo de 2004, Reglamento General sobre los Procedimientos de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (EIA), para citar solo algunos. Esto hace necesario, en materia ambiental, separar el control de constitucionalidad del control de legalidad. En este sentido, es criterio del suscrito que esta Sala, por vía de amparo, solo debe conocer un asunto en que se alega violación al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, si la Administración no ha intervenido aún y cuando la violación a ese derecho sea manifiesta y evidente, de fácil constatación, de cierta importancia o gravedad y que afecte, de forma directa, a alguna persona o comunidad en concreto.
De lo contrario, el tema debe plantearse y discutirse en la vía de legalidad. Por ello, el simple incumplimiento de obligaciones y deberes impuestos legalmente a las diversas administraciones públicas en materia ambiental es propio de ser conocido en la vía de legalidad –administrativa o jurisdiccional-, donde, con mucha mayor amplitud, podrán fiscalizarse los incumplimientos u omisiones que se acusen. Debe tenerse presente que el recurso de amparo es un proceso sumario, informal, sencillo y rápido, de manera tal, que desde el momento mismo en que la Administración interviene en un asunto ambiental, en ejercicio de sus competencias, y sustancia un procedimiento, con el dictado de actos administrativos, su conocimiento resulta ajeno al ámbito de acción de esta jurisdicción especializada. Por ello, la revisión de las actuaciones administrativas llevadas a cabo en torno a un tema ambiental que requiera, para su correcta valoración, de un proceso de conocimiento pleno, solo es posible en la jurisdicción ordinaria, toda vez que el diseño del proceso de amparo es incompatible con la contrastación o revisión de criterios técnicos o jurídicos elaborados al amparo de las normas legales o reglamentarias vigentes o con la evacuación de nuevos y mayores elementos de convicción necesarios para la contrastación o revisión de los criterios que ya consten en el expediente administrativo del caso.
Lo contrario implicaría transformar el amparo en un proceso ordinario de pleno conocimiento, con lo cual se desnaturalizaría y se tornarían nugatorios los fines para los cuales ha sido diseñado, con lo cual, perdería su condición de instrumento para la tutela eficaz de los derechos fundamentales. Como consecuencia de lo anterior, estimo que cuando un ente u órgano público ha intervenido, en diversas formas, o ha dictado actos administrativos en relación con un asunto ambiental, su conocimiento y fiscalización corresponde a la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo. Es, precisamente, la verificación de la existencia de esa intervención administrativa lo que determina que el asunto sea competencia de la vía legalidad. En consecuencia, este recurso debió haberse rechazado de plano, ya que su objeto es una cuestión propia de ser discutida, analizada y resuelta en la vía de legalidad. Empero, como no se hizo así, lo procedente es declararlo sin lugar, sin hacer pronunciamiento alguno con respecto al fondo de la cuestión planteada por corresponderle a la jurisdicción ordinaria, en específico, a la contencioso-administrativa, determinar si las actuaciones y conductas administrativas acusadas se ajustan o no, en sustancia, a lo preceptuado en el ordenamiento jurídico de rango legal, en cuanto a la protección, tutela y conservación del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
En el sub examine, las personas recurrentes indican que el acuerdo nro. 2011-112 de la Junta Directiva del ICAA carece de sustento técnico y flexibilizó la protección de la Dirección2942 (del acuífero de Limón-Moín), lo cual es incompatible con un régimen de protección total y absoluta establecido previamente para ese sitio. Reclaman omisiones por parte del ICAA en la ejecución del acuerdo nro. 2011-112. Acusan que el Plan Regulador de Limón no incorporó de forma expresa la delimitación cartográfica de la Zona 6 mencionada ut supra como área de protección absoluta de las aguas subterráneas, ni trasladó a su normativa las prohibiciones y condicionamientos materiales de la Matriz de Nombre99516 de 2006 (lo cual permite la tramitación de usos turísticos, residenciales, fraccionamientos y movimientos de tierra mediante condicionamientos genéricos). Mencionan que el ICAA omitió publicar un decreto de protección para oficializar los límites de la Zona 6, a pesar de así haberlo dispuesto en el por tanto sexto del acuerdo nro. 2007-177. Afirman que tales actuaciones y omisiones vulneran los derechos fundamentales a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, al agua potable y a la salud.
De lo anterior, se evidencian reclamos dirigidos a demostrar la inconstitucionalidad de acuerdos de la Junta Directiva del ICAA (por haber flexibilizado la protección de la Zona 6 del acuífero de Limón-Moín), así como también la posible inconstitucionalidad por omisión del Plan Regulador de Limón al no contemplar expresamente la delimitación cartográfica de la Zona 6 mencionada como área de protección absoluta de las aguas subterráneas (ni trasladar a las prohibiciones y condicionamientos materiales de la Matriz de Nombre99516 de 2006).
Justamente, al tratarse de un tema ambiental e, incluso, con vinculado con la salud pública y, entre otras consecuencias, su impacto en la vegetación, existe una legitimación plenamente reconocida en el numeral 105 de la Ley de Biodiversidad que establece: “Acción popular Toda persona estará legitimada para accionar en sede administrativa o jurisdiccional, en defensa y protección de la biodiversidad”, por lo que este recurso de amparo, de acuerdo con el numeral 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, resulta idóneo para dar plazo a las personas recurrentes para interponer acción de inconstitucionalidad.
Aclarado lo anterior, nos surgen dudas de constitucionalidad en relación con las disposiciones contenidas en los acuerdos de la Junta Directiva del ICAA (que según alegan los recurrentes disminuyeron la protección absoluta de una zona de un acuífero) y la posible inconstitucionalidad por omisión reclamada con respecto al Plan Regulador de Limón (por falta de la delimitación cartográfica de la zona y de prohibiciones). En cuanto a esta última, hemos sostenido que una inconstitucionalidad por omisión no solo ocurre por derivación de un mandato expreso de la Constitución Política o tratado internacional, sino que también es viable cuando se pueda frustrar el ejercicio o la protección de un derecho fundamental a través de alguna omisión en cuerpos normativos. No en vano, el artículo 2 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos impone a los Estados la adopción de disposiciones de derecho interno para hacer efectivos los derechos y libertades de ese instrumento. De manera análoga, en aras de la vigencia real y vivencia plena de los derechos fundamentales, estos deben ser instrumentalizados a través de normas de rango inferior (disposiciones legislativas o de otro carácter), como ocurre con extraordinaria frecuencia, lo que le impone a los Estados una obligación, cuya omisión puede ser objeto de control de constitucionalidad por parte de esta jurisdicción.
Así, consideramos que el remedio procesal para revisar la eventual compatibilidad con el Derecho de la Constitución de las disposiciones contenidas en los acuerdos de la Junta Directiva del ICAA, así como la alegada omisión del Plan Regulador de Limón, es la acción de inconstitucionalidad, según prevé el ordinal 48 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional:
“Artículo 48. En cualquier momento en que la Sala considere que las actuaciones u omisiones impugnadas están razonablemente fundadas en normas vigentes, hayan sido éstas atacadas o no también como violatorias de los derechos o libertades reclamados, así lo declarará en resolución fundada, y suspenderá la tramitación y le otorgará al recurrente un término de quince días hábiles para que formalice la acción de inconstitucionalidad contra aquéllas. Si no lo hiciere, se archivará el expediente. (…)” Añadimos que, prima facie, los acuerdos en cuestión, por sus efectos, plausiblemente aparentan tener naturaleza de disposición general.
Ergo, salvamos el voto a los efectos de otorgar a las personas recurrentes el plazo de quince días hábiles, para que, si a bien lo tienen, interpongan acción de inconstitucionalidad contra los acuerdos de la Junta Directiva del ICAA y el Plan Regulador de Limón.
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión número 27-11 del 22 de agosto de 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero de 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión número 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo de 2012, artículo LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
Se declara sin lugar el recurso. El Magistrado Salazar Alvarado da razones diferentes y declara sin lugar el recurso, por corresponderle a la jurisdicción ordinaria, en específico, a la contencioso-administrativa, determinar si las actuaciones y conductas administrativas acusadas se ajustan o no, en sustancia, a lo preceptuado en el ordenamiento jurídico de rango legal, en cuanto a la protección, tutela y conservación del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Los magistrados Cruz Castro y Rueda Leal salvan el voto y otorgan a las personas accionantes el plazo de QUINCE DÍAS para que, si a bien lo tienen, interpongan acción de inconstitucionalidad contra los acuerdos de la Junta Directiva del ICAA y el Plan Regulador de Limón.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Ingrid Hess H.
Aracelly Pacheco S.
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