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Res. 22757-2025 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 22/07/2025
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber denies the new disobedience claim filed by the petitioner.La Sala declara sin lugar el nuevo incidente de desobediencia planteado por el accionante.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber rejects a new disobedience claim filed by the petitioner, who argued that the Ministry of Health, through a press release issued after resolution 2025012770, disobeyed the court order by reporting that 71 of 75 water sources analyzed in Cartago had water fit for human consumption, using Risk-Adjusted Maximum Allowable Values (VMAAR) instead of the regulatory limit of 0.1 μg/L for pesticides. The Chamber rules that the press release does not constitute disobedience, as it does not specifically refer to the springs at issue (Nombre25392 and Nombre109226) and was issued only 4 days after notification of the order, without a reasonable time for compliance. It also found that the Water and Sewerage Institute (ICAA) is indeed supplying drinking water via tanker trucks to the Cipreses community. The claim is denied.La Sala Constitucional rechaza un nuevo incidente de desobediencia planteado por el recurrente, quien alegó que el Ministerio de Salud, mediante un comunicado de prensa posterior a la resolución 2025012770, desobedeció lo ordenado al informar que 71 de 75 fuentes analizadas en Cartago tenían agua apta para consumo humano, utilizando los Valores Máximos Admisibles Ajustados por Riesgo (VMAAR) en lugar del valor reglamentario de 0.1 μg/L para plaguicidas. La Sala descarta que el comunicado constituya una desobediencia, pues no alude específicamente a las nacientes del caso (Nombre25392 y Nombre109226) y fue emitido apenas 4 días después de la notificación de la orden, sin margen razonable de cumplimiento. Además, constató que el ICAA sí suministra agua potable mediante camiones cisterna a la comunidad de Cipreses. Declara sin lugar la gestión.
Key excerptExtracto clave
V.- ON THE FILED MOTION. In the case, the petitioner argues that, after interlocutory decision no. 2025012770 of 10:05 a.m. on April 30, 2025, notified to the respondents on May 2, 2025, the Ministry of Health issued a press release whose content, he claims, constitutes disobedience to said decision. (...) Now, first, regarding the referred press release, it is a priori ruled out that such action by the respondent authority constitutes disobedience that can be declared at this enforcement stage. In this regard, the petitioner does not allege any specific situation regarding the specific object of this matter, which concerns only the contamination by chlorothalonil metabolites in the springs Nombre25392 and Nombre109226. Thus, note that the petitioner's disagreement is limited to a press release issued by the Ministry of Health, whose content is not to be analyzed in this particular proceeding. Moreover, it is important to highlight that, specifically, the petitioner questions the following point of the press release in question: “As part of the results previously shared, the authorities reported that, out of a total of 75 sources analyzed, only four showed concentrations of chlorothalonil metabolites above the allowed limit. This means that 71 sources have drinking water suitable for human consumption.” Thus, the excerpt does not even make a specific and direct reference to the springs that are the subject of this matter, but rather it is a very general communication. (...) Consequently, in the terms put forward by the petitioner, the filed motion is denied.V.- SOBRE LA GESTIÓN PLANTEADA. En la especie, el accionante acota que, luego de la sentencia interlocutoria nro. 2025012770 de las 10:05 horas de 30 de abril de 2025, notificada a los recurridos el 2 de mayo de 2025, el Ministerio de Salud emitió un comunicado de prensa, cuyo contenido, según afirma, constituye una desobediencia a dicho pronunciamiento. (...) Ahora bien, en primer lugar, en cuanto al comunicado de prensa referido, a priori se descarta que tal actuación de la autoridad accionada constituya una desobediencia susceptible de ser declarada en esta fase de ejecución. Al respecto, el accionante no acusa alguna situación concreta respecto del objeto específico de este asunto, que versa únicamente sobre la contaminación por metabolitos de clorotalonil en las nacientes de Nombre25392 y Nombre109226. En ese tanto, véase que la inconformidad del recurrente se circunscribe a un comunicado de prensa emitido por el Ministerio de Salud, cuyo contenido no corresponde ser analizado en este proceso en particular. Además, interesa destacar que, en concreto, el accionante cuestiona el siguiente punto del comunicado de marras: “Como parte de los resultados compartidos previamente, las autoridades informaron que, de un total de 75 fuentes analizadas, solo cuatro presentaron concentraciones de metabolitos de clorotalonil superiores al límite permitido. Esto significa que 71 fuentes cuentan con agua potable apta para el consumo humano”. De manera que, en lo transcrito, ni siquiera se hace una alusión específica y directa a las nacientes objeto de este asunto, sino que se trata de una comunicación muy general. (...) Por consiguiente, en los términos planteados por el accionante se declara no ha lugar la gestión incoada.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"en cuanto al comunicado de prensa referido, a priori se descarta que tal actuación de la autoridad accionada constituya una desobediencia susceptible de ser declarada en esta fase de ejecución."
"regarding the referred press release, it is a priori ruled out that such action by the respondent authority constitutes disobedience that can be declared at this enforcement stage."
Considerando V
"en cuanto al comunicado de prensa referido, a priori se descarta que tal actuación de la autoridad accionada constituya una desobediencia susceptible de ser declarada en esta fase de ejecución."
Considerando V
"el accionante no acusa alguna situación concreta respecto del objeto específico de este asunto, que versa únicamente sobre la contaminación por metabolitos de clorotalonil en las nacientes de Nombre25392 y Nombre109226."
"the petitioner does not allege any specific situation regarding the specific object of this matter, which concerns only the contamination by chlorothalonil metabolites in the springs Nombre25392 and Nombre109226."
Considerando V
"el accionante no acusa alguna situación concreta respecto del objeto específico de este asunto, que versa únicamente sobre la contaminación por metabolitos de clorotalonil en las nacientes de Nombre25392 y Nombre109226."
Considerando V
"se acusa una nueva desobediencia sin otorgar un margen de acción razonable a los jerarcas aludidos para el cumplimiento de la sentencia citada."
"a new disobedience is claimed without granting a reasonable margin of action to the mentioned officials for compliance with the cited judgment."
Considerando V
"se acusa una nueva desobediencia sin otorgar un margen de acción razonable a los jerarcas aludidos para el cumplimiento de la sentencia citada."
Considerando V
Full documentDocumento completo
RESOLUTION No. 2025022757 CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours fifty minutes on the twenty-second of July, two thousand twenty-five.
Subsequent proceeding filed by Nombre109225, in case file no. 22-015651-0007-CO.
Whereas:
Drafted by Judge Rueda Leal; and,
Considering:
I.In judgment no. 2022026065 of 9:45 hours on November 4, 2022, it was ordered: "The appeal is granted. Eric Alonso Bogantes Cabezas and María José Lafuente González, in that order, general manager of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers and acting director of the Governing Health Area of Oreamuno, or those who respectively occupy such positions, are ordered to issue the pertinent orders and carry out all actions that are within the scope of their respective competencies so that, within a maximum period of THREE MONTHS, counted from the notification of this judgment, the pertinent coordination and actions are executed, within the framework of a joint plan, to 1) comprehensively and definitively solve the situation of contamination by chlorothalonil metabolites in the springs (nacientes) of Nombre25392 and Nombre109226 of the ASADA of Cipreses de Oreamuno; and 2) investigate whether the contamination problem in the aforementioned springs has harmed other communities in the area.
In the interim, the aforementioned authorities must guarantee the supply of drinking water to the affected communities by means of tanker trucks or another alternative. The foregoing is issued with the warning that, as established by Article 71 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional), imprisonment of three months to two years or a fine of twenty to sixty days shall be imposed on anyone who receives an order that must be complied with or enforced, issued within an amparo appeal, and does not comply with it or does not enforce it, provided that the offense is not more severely punished. The State and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers are ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts that serve as the basis for this declaration, which shall be liquidated in the execution of the judgment in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction.
Judge Cruz Castro notes a separate opinion. Judge Salazar Alvarado notes a separate opinion. Judge Garro Vargas dissents regarding the execution of this judgment and, in accordance with Article 56 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, orders that it must be carried out before the Execution Area of the Contentious-Administrative and Civil Treasury Court, under the rules of execution established in Article 155 et seq. of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo). Likewise, she orders that a copy of the judgment be sent to initiate the execution proceedings of this ruling. Let this judgment be notified to the Ombudsperson for what it is worth. Let it be notified." Said resolution was communicated to the parties on November 8, 2022.
II.In interlocutory resolution no. 2022027086 of 9:30 hours on November 15, 2022, it was ordered: "II.- REGARDING THE NON-EXECUTION PROCEEDING FILED. In this case, the appellant files a subsequent proceeding in relation to judgment No. 2022-026065 of 9:45 hours on November 4, 2022. In this regard, the Chamber observes that, in reality, the appellant alleges new and different facts from those known in the sub lite, when he states that: '(…) The aqueduct neighboring Cipreses, which is that of the ASADA of Santa Rosa in Oreamuno, Cartago, was also contaminated, also affecting more than 3700 people. (see attachments) The Ministry of Health issued health and closure orders for five springs used for human consumption (see attachments) Not even two weeks have passed since thousands of inhabitants of Cipreses received water in cisterns due to the contamination detected since 2021 and recently confirmed by a joint study by IRET-UNA and the National Water Laboratory of AyA.
On Saturday, November 5, the situation was repeated in the neighboring community of Santa Rosa, a site where analyses were being carried out to see the feasibility of connecting the Cipreses aqueduct, which is out of service for direct human consumption, but this new finding was already foreseeable and will not be the last, since as analyses are carried out in neighboring communities it is almost certain that contamination will be very likely, because the only reason they have not appeared is that until now there has been the technical capacity to detect this poison, called chlorothalonil, which is widely used in the agricultural zone, and specifically, until now there has been the capacity to detect its contaminants, which are the degradation products. This is thanks to the insistence of the Ecological Front of Cipreses, which got the institutions working until they found the contamination.
Report S22-23-04 prepared by IRET-UNA notifies the presence of 1,3-dicarbamoyl-2,4,5,6-tetrachlorobenzene in values greater than 0.1 ug/L in five of the seven springs that supply the Santa Rosa aqueduct. The affected springs are la Piedra, Nombre25394, Nombre25395, Nombre25396, and the spring Nombre25397 (see attached evidence). The Directorate of Radiological Protection and Environmental Health of the Ministry of Health recommended: in conclusion, given the water contamination situation for consumption, "that a request be made to the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock for the prohibition of chlorothalonil in the country, in order to protect possible drinking water sources at risk of contamination and seek remediation and rehabilitation of sources already contaminated in the shortest possible time in order to avoid a greater emergency" (MS-DPRSA-0668-2022). The report goes on to say that "chlorothalonil is a fungicide approved for use in the country, registered under a wide variety of names and used in agriculture on a wide variety of crops.
Once the chemical substance comes into contact with the environment, air, soil, and/or microorganisms, it undergoes a series of modifications resulting from the metabolism of living organisms or chemical processes that break it down into other molecules known as metabolites or degradation products. In the case of chlorothalonil, more than 7 different degradation molecules have been documented," which have been shown to be highly contaminating in groundwater, presenting unacceptable health risks. In addition, it recalls that "At the international level, the European Union decided in 2019 to prohibit the use of the pesticide chlorothalonil because a critical problem was identified in relation to groundwater contamination by the pesticide's metabolites. The European Authority could not rule out a possible genotoxicity problem from the residues to which consumers would be exposed and detected a high risk to amphibians and fish in all the uses evaluated.
Likewise, chlorothalonil as such is classified as a carcinogen." Documentary evidence of this situation is attached.' In view of the foregoing, it should be noted that in the sub examine, the appellant's claim was solely regarding the contamination of the springs Nombre25398 and Nombre109226 that belong to the ASADA of Cipreses de Oreamuno. However, in the subsequent proceeding under study, facts different from those known in the sub iudice are reported; inasmuch as the appellant accuses situations related to the contamination of the springs la Piedra, Nombre25394, Nombre25395, Nombre25396, and Nombre25397 of the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, that is, apparently with springs different from those that were the subject of the sub examine. Consequently, given that the grievances formulated in the subsequent proceeding are different from those raised in this appeal, the writing added to this digital case file at 11:32 hours on November 7, 2022, is separated, so that it may be processed as a new matter.
(...) Therefore Let the writing added to the digital case file at 11:32 hours on November 7, 2022, be separated, for the purposes of being processed as a new matter, under the terms of Considering II of this ruling."
III.In resolution no. 2023026650 of 9:15 hours on October 18, 2023, it was ordered: "REGARDING THE PROCEEDING FILED. In this case, the general manager of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers filed a request for an extension of the deadline granted by this Court in judgment no. 2022026065 of 9:45 hours on November 4, 2022. Specifically, he requests: 'May what was ordered in the resolution of eight hours thirteen minutes on April twelfth, two thousand twenty-three, be deemed complied with, and by virtue of the deadlines indicated in the schedule submitted by the Technical Area, and the complexity of the matter, as has been set forth, I request that the deadline be extended until the year 2026.' In this regard, it is necessary to bring up what was ordered by this Chamber in the cited judgment, namely: 'that the pertinent coordination and actions be executed, within the framework of a joint plan, to 1) comprehensively and definitively solve the situation of contamination by chlorothalonil metabolites in the springs of Nombre25392 and Nombre109226 of the ASADA of Cipreses de Oreamuno; and 2) investigate whether the contamination problem in the aforementioned springs has harmed other communities in the area.
In the interim, the aforementioned authorities must guarantee the supply of drinking water to the affected communities by means of tanker trucks or another alternative.' In this sense, from the study of the case file it is clear that from investigations regarding the springs of Nombre25392 and Nombre109226 of the ASADA of Cipreses de Oreamuno, it was determined that in the ASADA Santa Rosa there is also a contamination problem caused by chlorothalonil, which is why their sources were taken out of operation. Likewise, such investigations were developed in collaboration with the IRET of the National University. Now, since concentrations of metabolites above the established parameters continue to be detected, the assessment of the opinion issued by the Ministry of Health and the pursuit of a total ban of the aforementioned agrochemical in the country is also required, as well as greater coordination with the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock and local governments in the control of productive activities.
On the other hand, the respondent authority reports, regarding the guarantee of drinking water supply to the affected communities, that the following actions have been undertaken: 'a) To date, water continues to be supplied daily, 7 days a week, through a cistern provided by AyA with the support of a light vehicle and a water truck from the ASADA for access to the places where it is difficult for the cistern. 5 tanks have been installed, and the structure (metal platform) is being built to support the remaining tanks. b) The ASADA, for its part, has collaborated with the welding work for the provisional tanks, the provision of the vehicle, personnel, and water truck, communication with the population, as well as with the continuation of hydrogeological studies that will allow for better data to carry out more effective actions for the protection of the springs, which necessarily must go beyond the 200 meters indicated by the Water Law (Ley de Aguas). c) On November 14, an inter-institutional meeting was held with the ASADAs of the northern zone of Cartago, in order to build an action plan to carry out the samplings and the measures required for their attention, where it is clear that the situation needs to be transferred to the higher authorities, so that agreements can be made jointly. d) On November 25, 2022, the first Water Safety Plan workshop was held with the ASADAs of the northern zone of Cartago, jointly with the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Environment and Energy, as well as the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. e) It is agreed that through the water safety plans, the requirements will be channeled, promoting a process of joint construction among the different actors involved in the emergency situation: municipalities, ASADAs, MAG, SINAC, MINAE, and AyA, among others. f) During the month of December, a team from the Social Management and Citizen Participation Unit of AyA began a data collection process to improve communication processes with the users, in relation to the contamination case presented. g) On December 21, the physical delimitation of the 200 m protection areas of the springs Nombre25392 and Nombre109226 began by the ASADA, through the hiring of a surveying engineer and negotiation with property owners. h) On January 11, a meeting was attended jointly with the ASADA of the inter-institutional commission for the water resource of the northern zone of Cartago, where there are representatives from the Water Directorate of MINAE, SINAC, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, and AyA.
Minutes and work plan are provided. i) For the second half of January, a visit to the protection areas will be carried out to record, through aerial photography, their status in relation to the encroachment of agricultural activities. j) On Tuesday, January 31, the second Water Safety Plan workshop will be held with all Institutional actors and the ASADAS of the zone to continue with the risk management process and the search for solutions jointly.' Based on the foregoing, the following remedial plan is presented as a schedule for the purpose of addressing the problem in question:
Activity #1 Responsible Time Indicator Directly communicate with the population about the contamination present in the area, explaining the issue of metabolites. Institutional Communication - AyA May - August 2023 The publications made by the ASADAs do not generate doubts among the population regarding the contamination.
Activity #2 Responsible Time Indicator Formalize the research agreement between the National Water Laboratory and IRET-UNA. National Water Laboratory – AyA IRET – National University May – June 2023 Research agreement formalized by both Institutions, with a definition of activities, their chronology, and budget.
Activity #3 Responsible Time Indicator Sampling and analysis of Chlorothalonil metabolites, on an inter-institutional basis, of all springs in the northern zone of Cartago. Schedule is provided as an annex to this document. National Water Laboratory (takes the samples). IRET analyzes and delivers sampling results. March - August 2023 Number of sources sampled in the dry and rainy season / Over the total of sources utilized by ASADAs. (% of sources covered) Activity #4 Responsible Time Indicator Carry out a comprehensive evaluation of 7 ASADAs to determine the status of each operating entity. Deputy Management of Delegated Systems Management – ORAC Central East May - December 2023 Application of PME, GIRA tools, accounting and administrative evaluations. / Over the total of operating entities (% of aqueducts evaluated).
Activity #5 Responsible Time Indicator Begin the accreditation process for the sampling methods for agrochemical metabolites by AyA. National Water Laboratory March 2023 - August 2025 Obtaining accreditation of methods in the proposed time.
Activity #6 Responsible Time Indicator Make the improvements in infrastructure, purchase of equipment, and standards necessary to be able to investigate the presence of agrochemical metabolites in water at the national level. National Water Laboratory March 2023 - August 2025 Operational capacity of the National Water Laboratory to carry out sampling for agrochemical metabolites. Percentage of agrochemicals covered in N4 analysis in relation to the number of registered agrochemicals.
Activity #7 Responsible Time Indicator Definition of protection and recharge areas for springs in the northern zone of Cartago. AyA – UEN Environmental Management ASADAS Northern Zone of Cartago March 2023 – March 2025 Number of sources utilized in the northern zone of Cartago that have a hydrogeological study / Over the total of sources utilized (% of springs covered) Activity #8 Responsible Time Indicator Based on the data collected through activities 1 to 4, the vulnerability per system must be defined, concerning contamination with Chlorothalonil metabolites. Deputy Management of Delegated Systems Management – ORAC Central East March 2023 – March 2024 Number of operating entities that have a risk rating in relation to contamination by agrochemicals. / Over the total of operating entities (Total: 9 ASADAs) Activity #9 Responsible Time Indicator Identification of zones and crops with the highest use of agrochemicals. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock State Phytosanitary Service March – December 2023 Presentation of a management plan.
Activity #10 Responsible Time Indicator Training and generation of legal actions where appropriate, in the case of persons identified through activity 8, who use the zones identified in activity 7 for agricultural production. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Ministry of Environment and Energy March – December 2023 Identification of the zones and crops with the highest use of agrochemicals in the region.
Activity #11 Responsible Time Indicator Prospecting for alternative sources for the supply of the zone. Deputy Management of Delegated Systems Management – AyA UEN Environmental Management Water Directorate - MINAE May 2023 – May 2025 Number of new sources identified, underground or surface.
Activity #12 Responsible Time Indicator Inclusion of the zones identified as recharge and protection areas within the regulatory plans of local governments. Analysis of the presence of chlorothalonil metabolites in each of the Water sources. Municipality of Oreamuno Municipality of Alvarado Municipality of Paraíso May - December 2023 Number of protection and recharge areas identified / Over total sources included in regulatory plans (% of inclusion) Activity #13 Responsible Time Indicator Investigate the filtration technology used in the Swiss Federal Republic and other countries where the presence of Chlorothalonil metabolites has been detected. (e.g., Nano fibers and activated carbon) Potabilization Commission – AyA UEN Research and Development Deputy Management of Delegated Systems Management May - December 2023 (# of filtration alternatives studied) Activity #14 Responsible Time Indicator Carry out field tests and adapt the filtration technology to the reality presented in the northern zone of Cartago.
Deputy Management of Delegated Systems Management Potabilization Commission – AyA UEN Research and Development May - December 2023 (# of filtration alternatives tested and adapted) Activity #15 Responsible Time Indicator Joint re-sampling of springs in the northern zone of Cartago. National Water Laboratory Takes the samples. IRET analyzes and delivers sampling results. March - August 2024 Number of sources sampled in the dry and rainy season / Over total sources previously sampled in ASADAS in the northern zone of Cartago (% of compliance) Activity #16 Responsible Time Indicator Feasibility analysis for the utilization of surface water through the construction of a potabilization plant. Deputy Management of Delegated Systems Management UEN Environmental Management AyA General Management of AyA May 2023 – May 2025 Number of alternative sources identified for the different drinking water supply systems.
(# of sources identified) Activity #17 Responsible Time Indicator Manage territorial planning in accordance with the ASADA Regulation (Reglamento de ASADAS), in order to have larger and more resilient operating entities, so that it is possible to make the required investments in a coordinated manner. Deputy Management of Delegated Systems Management Legal Directorate. General Management January 2024 - December 2025 # of ASADAS integrated or merged.
Activity #18 Responsible Time Indicator Carry out a characterization of the affected population to define the vulnerability to suffer potential health impacts from exposure and consumption of agrochemicals in the northern zone of Cartago. Ministry of Health March – December 2023 Number of rural aqueduct users / Over total people supplied by ASADAS in the northern zone of Cartago (% of supplied population censused) Activity #19 Responsible Time Indicator Comprehensive hydrogeological study of the entire northern zone of Cartago. UEN Environmental Management of AyA General Management AyA 2025 - 2026 Report of the comprehensive hydrogeological study of the northern zone of Cartago.
Now then, in this regard, it is important to highlight that, subsequently, a matter related to the sub examine was processed in case file no. 22-026649-0007-CO, but this time concerning the chlorothalonil contamination in the ASADA Santa Rosa, also of Oreamuno de Cartago. In that matter, judgment no. 2023013384 of 13:41 hours on June 6, 2023, was issued, in which it was ordered: "VIII.- On the specific case. In the sub examine, the appellant considers his fundamental rights violated, given that he is a resident of Cipreses de Cartago, a community that receives drinking water service through the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago. He claims that, since 2021, the aqueduct of that association has had contamination problems with a substance called 'chlorothalonil,' as a result of which the Ministry of Health issued health and closure orders for five water springs, specifically the following springs: Piedra, Nombre25394, Nombre25395, Nombre25396, and Nombre25397.
He mentions that, in addition, the aforementioned contamination problems were confirmed through a study carried out jointly by IRET-UNA and the National Water Laboratory of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers. However, he complains that the contamination problems persist. In this regard, it was taken as an uncontested fact that the protected party is a resident of Cipreses de Cartago, a community that receives drinking water service through the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago. Now then, it is on record that the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno is located in an agricultural territory and has the administration of the springs Piedra, Nombre25399, Nombre25394, Nombre25395, Nombre24275, Nombre25396, and Nombre25397.
In this regard, it was certified that each of the respondent institutions is fully aware that water contamination exists in the springs (nacientes) that supply water to the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno and, because of this, since October 17, 2022, the decision was made to close the water sources of the ASADA of Cipreses and Santa Rosa, given that, in sampling conducted on October 17 and 18, 2022, the presence of metabolites of the fungicide Chlorothalonil was detected in five of the seven springs feeding said aqueduct, issuing an alert to the Ministry of Health.
By virtue of this circumstance, on November 2, 2022, jointly with officials of the ICAA, in follow-up to the case of contamination by metabolites of the pesticide Chlorothalonil in aqueducts administered by that of Oreamuno, it was concluded that a "resampling" would be done of the ASADA Santa Rosa. Note that, on November 3, 2022, upon determining the water contamination with pesticides, through official communication MS-DPRSA-0668-2022, officials of the Ministry of Health requested coordination between the Central East Governing Regional Health Directorate and the Governing Health Area of Oreamuno, so that a sanitary order be issued so that the contaminated springs used by the ASADA of Santa Rosa not be used for human consumption and they indicated: “(…) chlorothalonil is a fungicide approved for use in the country registered under a great variety of names and used in agriculture on a variety of products.
Once the chemical substance comes into contact with the environment, air, soil, and/or microorganisms, it undergoes a series of modifications resulting from the metabolism of living organisms or chemical processes that decompose it into other molecules known as metabolites or degradation products; in the case of Chlorothalonil, more than 7 different degradation molecules are documented. For the specific case of the metabolites 1,3-dicarbamoyl-2,4,5,6-tetrachlorobenzene and 4-hydroxychlorothalonil, there is little available documentation, especially regarding effects on human health, with somewhat more information available on environmental and ecotoxic risks for 4-hydroxychlorothalonil. At the international level, the European Union decided in 2019 to prohibit the use of the pesticide chlorothalonil because a critical problem was identified in relation to groundwater contamination by the pesticide's metabolites.
The European Authority could not rule out a possible genotoxicity problem from residues to which consumers would be exposed and detected a high risk for amphibians and fish in all evaluated uses. Likewise, chlorothalonil, as such, is classified as a carcinogen. On the other hand, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has determined that chlorothalonil products do not pose risks to humans or the environment as long as authorized uses and product label instructions are followed. However, it has stated that there is a lack of studies to determine risks from its metabolites. In conclusion, from the point of view of human health, there is a deficiency in scientific studies that characterize and identify health risks associated with the consumption, intake, or any other type of contact with the metabolite 1,3-dicarbamoyl-2,4,5,6-tetrachlorobenzene; however, studies do exist that characterize chlorothalonil as highly toxic to aquatic life and moderately toxic in birds and earthworms.
Therefore, any indication of contamination with this pesticide or metabolite must be considered with extreme caution and the necessary measures taken to avoid its intake or contact in view of the scant scientific evidence that exists regarding human health, and to rely on studies that confirm the ecotoxicity it presents, as well as the risk to environmental health (…)”.
Then, on November 4, 2022, via official communication MS-DM-9862-2022, the then Minister of Health requested urgent coordination between the Central East Governing Regional Health Directorate and the Governing Health Area of Oreamuno in order to take the measures described in official communication MS-DPRSA-0668 and for the ICAA to issue an action plan with short-, medium-, and long-term actions to resolve the contamination situation. Thus, on November 8 and 9, 2022, a resampling of the ASADA Santa Rosa was carried out.
Likewise, it is on record that the respondent Governing Health Area issued and notified nine sanitary orders; in the following terms: MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0100-2022 to the President of the ASADA of Santa Rosa, for the purpose of: 1) informing the community through the greatest possible number of communication media that the potable water sources that ASADA uses from the springs called Piedra, Nombre25394, Nombre25395, Nombre25396, and Nombre25397 cannot be used for human consumption, food preparation, or hygiene activities and, 2) communicating to the community of Santa Rosa about the situation that has arisen in the ASADA with the metabolites of the pesticide Chlorothalonil; MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0102-2022, MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0105-2022, and MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0108-2022, all to the President of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, for the purpose of:
Furthermore, it was verified that, as of December 14, 2022, the Ministry of Health requested the prohibition of the chlorothalonil molecule and the initiation of a coordination process to that effect between the Directorate of Products of Sanitary Interest (DRPIS) and the heads of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, as well as the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, in which it was stated: “(…) According to UNDP estimates, in Costa Rica there is a high consumption of pesticides coupled with a weakening of agricultural extension services and research at the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, which leads to the generation of risks from contamination of surface and groundwater that can compromise water sources for human consumption, events that have occurred in Limón and the Northern Zone with very high economic and social implications; now, the communities of Cipreses and Santa Rosa de Oreamuno are added to these contamination events.
Chlorothalonil is a molecule with the capacity to produce metabolites once it enters the environment, with a high potential for contamination and, according to EFSA, even when this pesticide is used correctly, it will have the capacity to contaminate water sources and its metabolites do not have sufficient toxicological information to determine potential health risks. This is demonstrated in the situations occurring in the aqueducts of Cipreses and Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, where despite having performed measurements of chlorothalonil, the chemical has not been detected; however, upon measuring its metabolites, elevated concentrations of the same have been found, demonstrating the potential risk of contamination that chlorothalonil generates in waters for human consumption. Regarding technical capacities for measuring pesticide residues, the country is lagging because there is no direct relationship between registered molecules, their metabolites, and the analytical techniques for their measurement in surface and groundwater bodies at State laboratories.
Therefore, this situation becomes risky by not being able to include chlorothalonil metabolites systemically and programmatically in the drinking water surveillance actions carried out in the country. Additionally, any intervention or sanitation and mitigation plan becomes disadvantageous due to the impossibility of performing measurements to implement follow-up and compliance indicators. As a final conclusion, after a general evaluation of the risks associated with the use of chlorothalonil, the absence of information on toxicity issues, and the risks of contamination of surface and groundwater, a recommendation is issued to prohibit the chlorothalonil molecule; with the prohibition, a process of sanitation of the contaminated sources in Cipreses de Oreamuno and in Santa Rosa de Oreamuno can begin, with a view to seeking the rehabilitation and reopening of the potable water sources in the future, in addition to safeguarding, as DIGECA indicates in its report, the constitutional assets of human health, biodiversity, and the environment, as well as preventing future contaminations.
Given this request for prohibition of the molecule, it is recommended to initiate a coordination process with the Directorate of Products of Sanitary Interest (DRPIS) and the heads of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, as well as the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, in order to draft a decree leading to a prohibition in the shortest possible time (…)”. (emphasis added).
In addition to that, it was verified that, on March 17, 2023, the results of the resampling conducted on November 8 and 9, 2022 were delivered, which again showed the presence of metabolites of the fungicide Chlorothalonil, but now in six of the seven springs that supply said aqueduct. By virtue of this circumstance, three more sanitary orders were issued, namely MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0023-2023 addressed to the President of the ASADA, for the purpose of: 1) informing the community through the greatest possible number of communication media that the potable water source of the spring called Nombre24275 used by the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno shall not be used for human consumption, food preparation, or hygiene activities and 2) coordinating with the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers so that the water supplied to the population by means of tanker trucks or any other means of transport comes from another source that does not contain contaminants; and MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0024-2023 and MS-DRRSCEDARSO-OS-0025-2023, notified to the authorities of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, to: 1) not use the water source of the spring called Nombre24275 of the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno to supply the population by means of tanker trucks or any other means of transport with water used for human consumption, food preparation, or hygiene activities and 2) coordinate with the President of the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno so that the water supplied to the population by means of tanker trucks or any other means of transport comes from another source that does not contain contaminants.
In this regard, the authorities of the Ministry of Health are emphatic in indicating that, as of the date the report was rendered in this proceeding and after the notification of the sanitary orders of March 2023, there is a distribution of potable water by means of tanker trucks, pickups with water tanks, and the installation of storage tanks for self-consumption; they supply the 853 subscribers they have, for a total population of 3,523 inhabitants, according to the Overcrowding Factor of the district of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno in Cartago determined by INEC in the 2011 census, thus providing water suitable for human consumption to the population, as a precautionary principle (principio precautorio) in the face of the problems evidenced in said community, and that through joint work between the Central East Regional Directorate, through Eng. Nelson Artavia Vega, and the Governing Health Area of Oreamuno, through Dr. María José Lafuente González, they proceeded with the formation of the “Interinstitutional Commission for the safeguarding of water sources used for human consumption located in the Northern Zone of the province of Cartago”; said commission is composed of representatives of the ORAC Central Este AyA, UEN Environmental Management of the ICAA, Water Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Commission for the Planning and Management of the Upper Reventazón River Basin – COMCURE, National System of Conservation Areas of the Ministry of Environment and Energy SINAC – MINAE, National Animal Health Service – SENASA.
The objective of said commission is to establish the roadmap and work jointly to address the Aqueducts of the Northern Zone of Cartago, initially with the aqueducts of the cantons of Oreamuno and Alvarado; said commission already has a Work Plan for Preventive Measures and a Work Plan for Reactive Measures, which establishes a joint work route to allow the safeguarding of water sources used for human consumption in said zone.
On the other hand, it was possible to verify that the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, jointly with the competent instances of the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the State Phytosanitary Service of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, have carried out a series of actions in order to participate in a coordinated manner and be able to address each of the implications of the ASADA'S contamination that correspond to them according to their competencies, and that is why they have issued a series of technical reports regarding the negative effects of Chlorothalonil and are part of the interinstitutional team that is addressing the situation. Note that, as part of the actions taken, it was proposed that those of the MAG, Ministry of Health, and MINAE, mainly, prepare a decree under the protection of Article 29 of Ley 7664, to regulate the sale and/or use of chlorothalonil at the country level.
In this decree, it is suggested to establish restricted sale, authorized only under professional prescription, so that only companies that have agricultural managers can commercialize the product, for which the corresponding responsibility of the managers and the supervision of the College of Agronomists of Costa Rica is required. This action would be a measure applied in protection of the precautionary principle, similar to the one taken by the Ministry of Health to issue the sanitary order for the closure of the ASADAS, and to the pro natura principle, but backed by technical evidence of the findings in the sources of the metabolite 1,3-dicarbamoyl-2,4,5,6-tetrachlorobenzene (derived from the fungicide chlorothalonil). Finally, the authorities of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock were clear in pointing out that the State Phytosanitary Service does not have the possibility of developing articulated actions with performance indicators in order to be able to measure, monitor, and compare the results obtained with the “Remedial management plan to implement in water sources of the ASADA Cipreses de Oreamuno” that determine a mitigation or decrease in contamination in order to achieve a “sanitation” of the water sources.
From the foregoing, in the first place, it should be clarified that in the case heard by this Chamber in judgment No. 2022-026065 of 9:45 a.m. on November 4, 2022, the omission of the administrative authorities in attending to and executing concrete actions to resolve the alleged problem was accredited, this despite knowing about the contamination situation in the wells from which the ASADA of Cipreses was supplied. Now, in the case under study, although it has been verified that, by virtue of the existing contamination in the springs (nacientes) of the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, the respondent authorities have adopted concrete actions aimed not only at the prevention of human consumption, but also at solving the contamination problem, the truth is that each of those actions has been left embodied in mere plans that are intended to be developed in the future or that as of this date are nothing more than recommendations. (emphasis added).
In this sense, of special relevance for the resolution of this matter is the report made on April 14, 2023, by the Ministry of Health together with the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, called “Technical Report Chlorothalonil”, in which a series of recommendations were made, such as: “(…) Recommendations 1. It is recommended to increase oversight and control by the State Phytosanitary Service, and to promote the replacement of chlorothalonil with other safer pesticides and the adoption of Good Agricultural Practices. In this way, the protection of the environment and the health of the population in this and other regions of the country where this pesticide is used will be guaranteed. 2. The strengthening of the National Water Laboratory is recommended so that it has the necessary resources for the quantification of chlorothalonil metabolites and so that a surveillance and control program for chlorothalonil and its metabolites in water for human consumption can be implemented at the national level. 3.
Therefore, in addition to the recommendations issued in official communication DIGECA-563-2022, it is recommended that the SFE conduct a survey of the most used pesticides in the country and that the analysis of residues in water sources, soils, and plant material be prioritized according to the updated import volume, including the metabolites of these currently widely used pesticides. 4. It is the responsibility of the Costa Rican State to regulate the use of chemical substances in agriculture, in such a way as to guarantee their correct management and use, without this representing unacceptable risks for human health and the environment. Although some substances may be used in accordance with the recommended use, it is important to consider the potential risks that the metabolites and residues generated may pose, and to apply the precautionary principle to make informed decisions and protect the health and well-being of the population and the ecosystem. 5.
It is necessary for the institutions in charge of the regulation and control of pesticides to take urgent measures to prevent and mitigate the negative impacts associated with the use of this pesticide, which implies the implementation of effective oversight strategies, the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices, and the gradual elimination of chlorothalonil from the country's agricultural industry. Ultimately, the protection of human health and the environment must be the primary objective in any pesticide management strategy. 6. In order to protect water bodies and reduce the risk of contamination from the use of pesticides, the promotion of localized application systems and respect for the surrounding protection zone is recommended, as established by Article 33 of Ley N° 7575, Ley Forestal, for the protection areas of water bodies defined in said law. With these measures, the protection of water bodies and the health of the population that depends on them is promoted. 7.
Based on the hazard alerts of chlorothalonil and the concern that the registered products based on this Technical Grade Active Ingredient (IAGT) do not have the environmental endorsement of DIGECA, it is considered that, in order to safeguard the environment, it is essential that the current registrations based on this pesticide be canceled. The foregoing in accordance with the stipulations of numerals ...71 and ...72 of Placa4340 and 16.2 of Placa4341 and Articles 29 and 30 of Ley 7664, Ley de Protección Fitosanitaria, regarding suspensions and cancellations of registrations. 8. In accordance with the recommendations set forth, as well as the risks analyzed, the prohibition of the use of chlorothalonil in Costa Rica is recommended, in line with the measures adopted by the European Union. Safety measures and alternatives for agriculture must be implemented that minimize the exposure of workers and consumers, as well as ensure the protection of water sources, the environment, and the health of the population (…)” (the highlighting is not from the original).
Note that, although interinstitutional coordination has been sought and the authorities have produced reports such as the one transcribed above, in which the risks and implications of continuing to use chlorothalonil as an agrochemical in our country are clear, and in which a series of technical and accurate recommendations are issued to address the problem denounced in this proceeding, it cannot be accredited in any way that these recommendations have been definitively executed as of the date the report was rendered in this proceeding. Certainly, multiple sanitary orders have also been issued, and the ASADAS of Cipreses and Santa Rosa de Oreamuno were immediately closed; however, even as of March 2023, contamination was being discovered in a sixth spring among those that feed the ASADA of Santa Rosa, which previously had been considered a clean spring, meaning that, despite the actions taken, the described problem persists and none of the actions that have been taken have yet managed to mitigate the severe impact caused by the agrochemical on the water springs or have managed to provide a solution to the situation, given that, the residents of the area to date continue to receive water by means of tanker trucks, just as they have since the first order given by this Chamber in November 2022, and there is no evidence that they may be able to once again enjoy potable water freely and without contamination, as they did previously, in the near future.
It should be noted that we are not only facing the risk of consuming contaminated water, but it is evident from the technical reports in the case file that there is a risk that this contaminated water will be used for the irrigation of crops of celery, broccoli, coffee, onion, sweet pepper, cauliflower, beans, tomato, carrot, cabbage, potato, among other products that are cultivated in the northern zone of the province of Cartago; as well as, to all the species that may be found in the area, such as fish, amphibians, among others, which, in the case of fish, are also for human consumption, and the residues that remain in all these products and marine species are those to which consumers would be exposed; therefore, as has been analyzed in this judgment, the impact could be much greater than what is preliminarily evident.
Definitively, it is not for this Chamber to determine through this amparo proceeding whether the agrochemical alleged by the petitioner is harmful or not, nor the severity that its use implies for the environment and for humans, and, consequently, whether its commercialization and use in the country should be prohibited or not (see judgment No. 7009-2019 of 9:20 a.m. on April 26, 2019). Notwithstanding the foregoing, it is within the purview of this Chamber to ensure that State institutions act in a coordinated manner in the protection of the environment, health, and potable water. Note that, unlike other cases in which this Chamber has heard about the use of some agrochemical or pesticide, such as the use of glyphosate, which was analyzed in judgment No. 7009-2019 and in which there were a series of conflicting technical criteria among the same respondent authorities, the truth is that, in the case sub lite, each one of the involved authorities, dependencies, and institutions has expressed their concern about the use of chlorothalonil, its risks, and impacts on the environment and health.
Of importance for the resolution of this matter is what is stipulated in Ley General de Salud, in the following articles:
“ARTICLE 2.- It is an essential function of the State to ensure the health of the population. It is the responsibility of the Executive Branch, through the Ministry of Public Health, to which this law will refer in abbreviated form as the 'Ministry,' to define national health policy, the formation, planning, and coordination of all public and private activities related to health, as well as the execution of those activities that correspond to it in accordance with the law. It shall have the power to issue autonomous regulations in these matters. (…)
ARTICLE 239.- No natural or legal person may import, manufacture, handle, store, sell, transport, distribute, or supply toxic substances or products and radioactive, oxidizing, flammable, corrosive, irritant substances, products, or objects, or others declared dangerous by the Ministry, with risk or harm to the health or life of persons and without strict adherence to regulatory requirements or to the special ones that the Ministry may issue to prevent such risk or danger. (…)
ARTICLE 264.- Water constitutes a public utility good and its use for human consumption shall have priority over any other use. (…)
ARTICLE 293.- Every natural or legal person is obliged to employ the maximum of their diligence in complying with the legal and regulatory provisions or the special orders issued by the competent authority, in order to prevent or control atmospheric and environmental contamination of places intended for housing, work, or recreation (…)
ARTICLE 337.- The application and control of compliance with the provisions of this law and its regulations shall correspond exclusively to the health authorities, without prejudice to the powers and obligations that special laws grant and impose on other public bodies within their respective fields of action (…)
Article 338 bis.- Coordination between sanitary authorities. The officials of the Ministry of Health and the other sanitary authorities must execute health control and protection activities in a coordinated manner, under penalty of dismissal without employer liability (…)
ARTICLE 341.- They may also, within the mentioned attributions and jurisdictions, order and take the special measures enabled by this law to prevent risk or harm to the health of persons or to prevent them from spreading or worsening, and to inhibit the continuation or recurrence of the infringement by individuals (…)
ARTICLE 342.- Likewise, it shall be the responsibility of the Minister to issue the technical health standards to which natural or legal persons under private or public law must adhere in the matters required by this law (…)
Article 343.- Every public, semi-public, or private institution or establishment that carries out health actions, whether these are prevention, promotion, conservation, or recovery of physical and mental health in persons, or patient rehabilitation, is subject to the technical standards that the Ministry issues within its attributions, and to the technical control and surveillance of the health authorities (…)
ARTICLE 344.- Likewise subject to the standards and to the control and supervision referred to in the previous article are decentralized or deconcentrated public or semi-public administration bodies, to any degree, that administer services of public interest such as the supply of potable water, sewage, and solid waste collection, or others that, by the nature of their functions, may seriously affect or harm the health of the population, due to technical inefficiency or insufficiency of their services (…)” (the highlighting is not from the original).
In accordance with the provisions of Ley General de Salud, the Reglamento para la calidad de Agua Potable, No. 38924-S, establishes:
“(…) Article 4. Definitions and Acronyms. For the purposes of this regulation, the following definitions and acronyms are established (…) hh) Surveillance of the quality of potable water: Permanent evaluation from the public health point of view, carried out by the Ministry of Health, on the operating entities, in order to guarantee the safety, innocuousness, and acceptability of the potable water supply from the source's area of influence to the distribution system (…)” Article 16. State Surveillance. It is the responsibility of each DARS to conduct random sampling of operating entities located in the geographical area of its jurisdiction, as part of a cross-check.
At least one of the semiannual samplings of the selected water supply system must be carried out, using laboratories that have a current Sanitary Operating Permit (Permiso Sanitario de Funcionamiento) and accredited tests for the respective analyses. (…) The cross-control report will replace the water quality report for the corresponding period. In the event that the results show non-compliance with one or more of the parameters, the DARS will proceed to issue a sanitary order, requiring the submission of a corrective action plan schedule (…)” (highlighting not from the original). From the regulations described above, it follows that in Costa Rica the Ministry of Health (Ministerio de Salud) is the authority obligated to define national health policy; additionally, among the powers of this Ministry are to supervise and monitor, through the Health Governing Areas (Áreas Rectoras de Salud) of each locality, the quality of potable water (agua potable) being supplied in each zone of the country to the various consumers, and the ability to issue orders and implement actions it deems appropriate for the sake of carrying out this monitoring, as well as to coordinate with other authorities according to their competencies any other actions required, for the sake of protecting the water provided to users of the different potable water services nationwide, and their health and lives.
Under this panorama, from the facts and claims that were held as proven in this appeal, it follows that, despite the efforts made by the respondent institutions and the interest in regulating the issue, to date the denounced problem persists and none of the actions being taken show a near solution. Note that, in none of the reports submitted to this Chamber is it possible to clearly and convincingly demonstrate what the dimension of the damage caused is or how the damage can be counteracted to find a real and effective solution to the problem facing the residents of the place and the general environment of the area, nor was it possible to verify that there is any firm agreement for the sake of regulating the issue of chlorothalonil (clorotalonil) application in the country, so it is important that the coordinated action of the different authorities leads to the definition of the situation as soon as possible.
Note that the authorities of the Ministry of Health themselves emphasize that “a remediation process (proceso de saneamiento) of the contaminated sources in Cipreses de Oreamuno and in Santa Rosa de Oreamuno can be initiated, with a view to seeking the rehabilitation and reopening of potable water sources in the future”; however, there is no evidence that this process has begun, which further supports the need for articulation and verification among all the institutions involved in a coordinated manner, allowing the joint utilization and implementation of techniques, in order to achieve a treatment that can carry out the much-needed remediation of the contaminated water sources and conclude the other aspects that this process entails, among which are, of course, the correct regulation in the country of the use of chlorothalonil or, failing that, the prohibition of this product, to avoid future situations like those currently being experienced in the communities affected by the noted contamination, which articulation and verification, as previously indicated, is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health as the authority in charge of monitoring potable water quality in our country, as set forth in the powers enumerated in the applicable regulations and mentioned previously, which will allow said Ministry to address the recommendations provided in the unnumbered report called “Informe Técnico Clorotalonil” issued on April 14, 2023, and the coordination it deems necessary with the rest of the authorities involved, according to their competencies, which could even involve the technical possibility of a remediation of the water sources, as has been analyzed on previous occasions by this jurisdiction (see in that regard rulings number 2020-6275 of 9:20 a.m. on March 27, 2020, 2019-7690 of 9:15 a.m. on May 3, 2019, 2019-695 of 9:15 a.m. on January 18, 2019, 2009-9041 of 10:30 a.m. on May 29, 2009, and 2009-9040 of 10:29 a.m. on May 29, 2009).
By virtue of the foregoing, the appropriate course is to grant the appeal, with the considerations that will be set forth in the operative part of this ruling.
(…)
Therefore (Por tanto):
The appeal is granted. It is ordered: 1) to Alexei Carrillo Villegas and Fiorella Fait Wong, in their order, Acting Minister of Health (Ministro a.i. de Salud) and Acting Director of the Health Governing Area of Oreamuno (Directora a.i. del Área Rectora de Salud de Oreamuno), or to whomever holds those positions in their stead, so that in accordance with the powers recognized to them by current legislation, they immediately establish all corresponding coordination bodies with the authorities of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería), the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía), and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados), within their respective areas of competence, so that within a period of six months, counted from the notification of this ruling, and in line with the parameters established by the Ministry of Health, they adopt and execute the recommendations of the unnumbered report of April 14, 2023, issued by the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Environment and Energy, and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, called “Informe Técnico Clorotalonil”, to guarantee the right to health and life of persons; they follow up on such recommendations, and issue the pertinent actions to guarantee their adequate and timely compliance; and 2) to Jorge Zapata Arroyo and José Sánchez Redondo, in their order, General Manager of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers and President with judicial and extrajudicial representation of the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, or to whomever holds those positions in their stead, so that they immediately maintain and guarantee the provision of potable water service for human consumption through the corresponding means, without using any of the contaminated water sources for this purpose, and that such situation be maintained, until the service can be duly restored through the usual means without compromising safety and health, and with prior authorization in that regard by the Ministry of Health.
The foregoing, under warning that, if this order is not obeyed, they will incur the crime of disobedience and that in accordance with Article 71 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional), a prison sentence of three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, will be imposed on whoever receives an order that must be complied with or enforced, issued in an amparo appeal, and does not comply with it or have it complied with, provided that the crime is not more severely punished. The State and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers are ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts serving as the basis for this declaration, which shall be liquidated in the execution of the judgment in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. Likewise, the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago is ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts serving as the basis for this declaration, which shall be liquidated in the execution of the judgment in the civil jurisdiction.
Magistrate Salazar Alvarado records a note. Magistrate Garro Vargas partially dissents regarding the execution of the first order of this ruling, and in accordance with Article 56 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, orders that it must be carried out before the Execution Area (Área de Ejecución) of the Contentious-Administrative and Civil Treasury Court (Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda), under the execution rules established in Articles 155 et seq. of the Contentious-Administrative Procedural Code (Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo). Likewise, she orders that a copy of the ruling be sent so that the execution proceedings for this judgment can be initiated. Notify.-”.
Thus, from the study of the elements contained in this file, as well as ad effectum videndi of the records of file no. 22-026649-0007-CO, this Tribunal verifies that the respondent authorities have deployed significant actions aimed at complying with what was ordered in ruling no. 2022026065 of 9:45 a.m. on November 4, 2022; however, the originally granted period has been insufficient to comply with what was ordered therein.
In that regard, the respondent authority requests an extension of the period until 2026, which, nonetheless, this Chamber considers excessive. Instead, taking into account that in ruling no. 2023013384 of 1:41 p.m. on June 6, 2023 (file no. 22-026649-0007-CO) cited ut supra it was verified that, on April 14 of the current year, the authorities of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Environment and Energy, and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers issued the “Informe Técnico Clorotalonil”, which contains a series of measures and recommendations to solve the contamination problem caused by that pesticide, and since the aforementioned pronouncement ordered the adoption and execution of the measures indicated in the technical report within six months from the notification of that resolution (a period that began running in August 2023), the appropriate course is to adjust the period of the sub examine, in order to match that granted in the referred ruling no. 2023013384.
Consequently, the period to comply with what was ordered in ruling no. 2022026065 of 9:45 a.m. on November 4, 2022, is extended until February 2024.
Therefore (Por tanto):
The period granted in ruling no. 2022026065 of 9:45 a.m. on November 4, 2022, is extended until February 2024.”
“REGARDING THE MOTION FILED. In the case at hand, the petitioners allege non-compliance with what was ordered in ruling no. 2022026065 of 9:45 a.m. on November 4, 2022. They argue that although Executive Decree no. 43280-S-MAG-MINAE was published on November 30, 2023, prohibiting the use of chlorothalonil, agricultural activity using said pesticide is still ongoing in springs (nacientes) Nombre109226 and Nombre25392. Likewise, in subsequent statements they argue that the respondents did not use the parameters established by the Regulation for Potable Water Quality (Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable) when lifting the sanitary measures (medidas sanitarias) pertaining to the springs that are the subject of this matter.
On this point, it is worth highlighting that what was expressly ordered by this Chamber in the main ruling of this matter was the following: “the pertinent coordination and actions be executed, within the framework of a joint plan, to 1) comprehensively and definitively solve the contamination situation by chlorothalonil metabolites (metabolitos de clorotalonil) in the springs Nombre25392 and Nombre109226 of the ASADA of Cipreses de Oreamuno; and 2) investigate whether the contamination problem in the aforementioned springs has harmed other communities in the area. In the interim, the aforementioned authorities must guarantee the supply of potable water to the affected communities through tanker trucks (camiones cisterna) or another alternative.” Now, as noted in interlocutory resolution no. 2023026650 of 9:15 a.m. on October 18, 2023, cited ut supra, in file no. 22-026649-0007-CO (concerning the situation of other springs of the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno) the authorities of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Environment and Energy, and the ICAA prepared a report and plan with various measures to address the situation of the referred pesticide, and, in that regard, from the records it is corroborated that in November 2023 Executive Decree no. 44280-S-MAG-MINAE was published, which prohibited the “registration, import, export, manufacture, formulation, storage, distribution, transport, repackaging, refilling, handling, sale, mixing, and use of the technical-grade active ingredient and formulated synthetic pesticides containing the active ingredient chlorothalonil.” Subsequently, the authorities of the Ministry of Health and the ICAA report that as of July 2024 various samplings were conducted in the Cartago area.
They specify that on October 25 of that same year, report no. MS-DPRSA-USA-2187-2024 (“Update of follow-up report on the Chlorothalonil Case”) was issued, in which the results of the studies carried out were recorded. Thus, the referenced memorandum recommended: “removal of the Sanitary Orders (Órdenes Sanitarias) by the Ministry of Health from the ASADAs of Cipreses, Santa Rosa, and San Pablo, since with the adoption of the VMAAR, water can be provided for consumption to the communities, except for the spring Nombre25394 of the ASADA of Santa Rosa.” By virtue of the foregoing, the Health Governing Area of Oreamuno, through administrative act no. MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-0968-2024 of October 28, 2024, ordered: “to lift sanitary orders N° MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0087-2022 and N° MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0091-2022 because, as indicated in the aforementioned technical report, the springs Nombre25392 and Nombre109226 comply with the Risk-Adjusted Maximum Admissible Values (Valores Máximos Admisibles Ajustados por Riesgos, VMAAR).” In this way, as observed, the criterion used by the health authority for lifting the alluded sanitary orders was that, with the adoption of the “Risk-Adjusted Maximum Admissible Values” (VMAAR), it was feasible for the water coming from springs Nombre109226 and Nombre25392 to be used for human consumption. However, regarding this specific point, this Chamber observes the following situations.
In the first place, the Regulation for Potable Water Quality (Executive Decree no. 38924-S), in Article 4, establishes: “(…) gg) Maximum Admissible Value (Valor Máximo Admisible, VMA): Concentration of a substance or density of bacteria, above which there is rejection of the water by consumers or an unacceptable risk to health arises. Exceeding these values indicated in the tables contained in Annex 1 (Anexo 1) of this regulation implies taking immediate corrective actions (acciones correctivas inmediatas).” (The highlighting does not correspond to the original).
In that regard, table no. 5 of Annex 1, mentioned in the aforementioned article, indicates:
PESTICIDE RESIDUES PARAMETERMaximum Admissible Value (VMA) μg/LPesticides. (a)0.1Organochlorine pesticides (b)0.03Total pesticides. (c)0.5 Precisely, based on this regulation, in October 2022 the corresponding sanitary orders were issued to close the water sources for human consumption relating to springs Nombre109226 and Nombre25392 of the ASADA of Cipreses de Oreamuno, as well as to supply potable water to the affected communities through tanker trucks or some other mechanism (sanitary orders nos. MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0087-2022, MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0091-2022, MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0095-2022), since at that time results of metabolites of the pesticide chlorothalonil above the 0.1 μg/L established by the cited regulation were reported. Specifically, the results were the following:
CompoundResultAnalysis1,3-dicarbamoyl-2,4,5,6-tetrachlorobenzene19.36 μg/L – Spring Nombre25392GC-MS LC- MSMS1,3-dicarbamoyl-2,4,5,6-tetrachlorobenzene1.73 μg/L - Spring Nombre109226GC-MS LC- MSMS (As recorded in memorandum no. GSD-UEN-GAR-2022-04290 of October 25, 2022, from the UEN Gestión Acueductos Rurales of the ICAA).
Precisely, under this scenario the main ruling of this process was issued, in which, as noted, the respondents were ordered to “comprehensively and definitively solve the contamination situation by chlorothalonil metabolites in the springs Nombre25392 and Nombre109226 of the ASADA of Cipreses de Oreamuno.” Now, this Tribunal observes that, at the end of the previous year, the respondents carried out other studies regarding the presence of metabolites in the springs in question, through the laboratories of CICA-UCR and IRET-UNA, of the University of Costa Rica (Universidad de Costa Rica) and the National University (Universidad Nacional), respectively. This time, it was possible to analyze more metabolites of this pesticide, namely:
R4178882-carbamoyl-3,5,6-trichloro- 4-cyanobenzenesulfonic acidSYN5079002,3,6-trichloro-5-cyano-4- hydroxybenzamideR4718112,4-dicarbamoyl-3,5,6- trichlorobenzenesulfonic acidR1822814-hydroxy-2,5,6-trichloro-1,3- dicyanobenzeneSYN5468721,3-dicarbamoyl-2,4,5,6- tetrachlorobenzeneR6119653-Carbamoyl-2,4,5- trichlorobenzoic acidSYN5485803-Carbamoyl-2,4,5- trichlorobenzoic acidR6119682,4,5-Trichloro-3-cyano-6- hydroxybenzamide Thus, in the “Report of analytical results for chlorothalonil metabolites in water of the Northern Zone of Cartago (part of the cantons of Alvarado and Oreamuno) PHASE I” of October 2024, the following results were recorded:
SpringR417888- CICA (μg/L)R417888- IRET (μg/L)Identificacion107 CICA (μg/L)Identificacion107 IRET (μg/L)R471811- CICA (μg/)R471811- IRET (μg/)R182281- CICA (μg/)R182281- IRET (μg/)Identificacion106 CICA (μg/L)Identificacion106 IRET (μg/L)R611965- CICA (μg/)Identificacion105 CICA (μg/L)R611968- CICA (μg/)Nombre253928.997.237.648.7234.9214.36ND0.1522.1515.485.974.31NCNombre109226NC0.50ND0.177.915.77NDNDND0.44NDNDND (ND: Not detected, below the detection limit value. NC: Not quantified, below the quantification limit value or between the detection limit value and the quantification limit.)
In this way, these latest samplings indicate that many metabolites exceed the value of 0.1 μg/L established by the Regulation for Potable Water Quality (Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable); despite this, the Ministry of Health decided to use a different criterion through the implementation of the “Risk-Adjusted Maximum Admissible Values” (VMAAR). Regarding this, the respondent authority explains: “In 2022, the reference values corresponded to 0.1 μg/L for any pesticide in potable water, given that the risk level of higher values was unknown. At that time, the lack of conclusive studies required the application of the precautionary principle (principio precautorio), which led to the issuance of sanitary orders so that springs with values above said threshold would not be used for human consumption. By 2024, risk assessment studies were concluded, making it possible to determine specific risk levels for each metabolite and apply measures proportional to their toxicity.
As a result, risk-adjusted values (VMAAR) were implemented, establishing differentiated thresholds according to the risk level and population exposure for each compound. For example, Placa8218 has a VMAAR of 12 μg/L, while other metabolites have values up to 80 μg/L.” In greater detail, in report no. MS-DPRSA-USA-2226-2024 of November 1, 2024, the health authority states: “The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (Organización Panamericana de la Salud, OPS) carried out a detailed risk assessment to determine the potential effects of chlorothalonil metabolites in potable water, focused on protecting public health. The methodology followed by PAHO was based on several key steps, beginning with hazard identification, where both the pesticide chlorothalonil and its main transformation products were studied, identifying those metabolites with the most relevant toxic properties, such as Identificacion106 and Placa8218.
Subsequently, an exposure assessment was carried out, in which the concentrations of these metabolites were analyzed in different potable water sources in the northern zone of Cartago, using data obtained from samplings in the affected aqueducts. This analysis allowed estimating the degree of exposure to which the various populations would be subject, including vulnerable groups such as children and pregnant women. In the next phase, PAHO carried out a risk characterization, where the available toxicity data for the metabolites were combined with the calculated exposure levels. International parameters were used, such as the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) (Ingesta Diaria Admisible, IDA) and the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) (Nivel Sin Efecto Adverso Observable, NOAEL), to evaluate the possible adverse effects on human health, in both acute and chronic exposures. Furthermore, additional safety factors were incorporated to guarantee a margin of safety given the uncertainty of the data and the variability in exposures.
Finally, PAHO determined Risk-Adjusted Maximum Admissible Values (VMAAR) for the different metabolites, based on science and with a precautionary approach, proposing specific limits for each compound (Table 3). These values were adjusted with a 20% safety margin to ensure that, even with fluctuations in concentrations, public health would be safeguarded. It is important to highlight that administrative acts must be maintained in all cases where regulatory values are exceeded. However, in situations where a risk assessment is available and concentrations are between the regulatory value and the VMAAR, these administrative acts will serve as an alert, and it is recommended that they do not result in a closure of the water supply by the Health Governing Areas, but rather that additional mitigation and control measures be implemented (…) The Risk-Adjusted Maximum Admissible Value (VMAAR) is the concentration of a given substance in water that is adjusted based on an updated risk analysis, ensuring an acceptable level of safety for public health.
In this context, a 20% protection factor has been assigned to the guideline value obtained from the risk assessment. This means that the VMAAR will be set at 80% of the guideline value, providing an additional margin of safety (…) Below, a table is presented that includes the guideline values determined for adults and children, as well as the Tolerable Maximum Admissible Value (VMAAR), calculated as 80% of the guideline value: Table 4. Calculation of 8 chlorothalonil metabolites with their respective guideline value and risk-adjusted maximum admissible value (VMAAR) according to the risk assessments carried out by PAHO-WHO.
MetaboliteGuideline Value for Adults (μg/L) VMAT for Adults (80% of Guideline Value) (μg/L) Guideline Value for Children (μg/L) VMAT for Children (80% of Guideline Value) (μg/L) Placa8217 - 4-Hydroxy chlorothalonil 260.0 208.0 80 64.0 Identificacion106 -1,3-Dicarbamoyl-2,4,5,6- tetrachlorobenzene 325.0 260.0 10080.0SYN507900 2,4,5-trichloro-3-cyano-6-hydroxybenzamide 162.5130.05040.0R417888 - 2-amido-3,5,6-trichloro-4-cyanobenzenesulfonic acid 49.039.21512.0R611968 2,4,5-trichloro-3-cyano-6- hydroxybenzamide 325.0260.010080.0SYN548580 2,4,5-trichloro-6-hydroxybenzene 1,3-dicarboxamide 325.1260.010080.0R471811 2,4-dicarbamoyl- 3,5,6-trichlorobenzenesulfonic acid 325.2260.010080.0R611965 3-Carbamoyl-2,4,5-trichloro- benzoic acid 325.2260.010280.0 Thus, although the health authority explains that, on the one hand, the VMAAR are criteria recommended by PAHO that follow the reference values indicated in the table cited in the previous paragraph, and, on the other hand, in the case of the springs in question, such reference values were not exceeded according to the results recorded in the October 2024 report, it is no less true that, on the one hand, the current regulations (i.e., the Regulation for Potable Water Quality (Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable) ‑Executive Decree no. 38924-S‑) literally establish a maximum value of 0.1 μg/L for the case of pesticides, and, on the other hand, this value is widely exceeded by many metabolites, as observed in the table relating to the “Report of analytical results for chlorothalonil metabolites in water of the Northern Zone of Cartago (part of the cantons of Alvarado and Oreamuno) PHASE I” cited ut supra.
Note that this situation does not differ from the scenario proven when the main ruling was issued in the sub iudice, since, as noted supra, in the samplings of 2022, the results also exceeded the current regulatory value (as has likewise happened with those of October 2024), which motivated the granting of this amparo.
Certainly, the health authority argues that the implementation of the VMAAR is supported by articles 6 and 15 of the Regulation for Potable Water Quality; however, such norms in no way contemplate or endorse the values used by the respondent party. In that regard, canon 6 eiusdem merely regulates: “Article 6. It is established that the monitoring of potable water quality is the responsibility of the Ministry of Health,” while precept 15 provides: “Article 15. In the event of an emergency qualified as such by the operating entity, the Ministry of Health, the AyA, or the National Commission for Risk Prevention and Emergency Response (Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias); in coordination with the mentioned institutions, the operating entity must: a) Suspend the supply service. b) Ensure the supply of water by another means. c) Apply the corresponding corrective actions. d) Begin operating the system, once water quality is ensured, when the Ministry of Health so determines.” In addition to the foregoing, it is reiterated that from article 4 eiusdem and the respective annex, the reference value pertaining to the concentration of pesticides in water and the consequence of exceeding it are deduced, since it specifically establishes: “(…) gg) Maximum Admissible Value (VMA): Concentration of a substance or density of bacteria, above which there is rejection of the water by consumers or an unacceptable risk to health arises.
Exceeding these values indicated in the tables contained in Annex 1 of this regulation implies taking immediate corrective actions,” and, precisely, table no. 5 of “Annex 1” alluded to by the norm determines that the maximum admissible value in the case of pesticides is 0.1 μg/L.
Based on this, for the purposes of this constitutional jurisdiction, it is verified that the presence of chlorothalonil metabolites in springs Nombre109226 and Nombre25392 continues to be above the value established in the Regulation for Potable Water Quality (Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable), whose parameters remain in force from a positive-legal point of view; despite this, instead of adopting the corrective actions imposed by article 4 above or modifying the parameters contemplated in said regulation with due technical support, it was rather chosen to lift the measures that were initially ordered and that had the purpose of protecting the health of the affected population.
Consequently, the motion of disobedience filed is granted, ordering the respondents to comply with what was ordered in ruling no. 2022026065 of 9:45 a.m. on November 4, 2022, in that “the pertinent coordination and actions be executed, within the framework of a joint plan, to 1) comprehensively and definitively solve the contamination situation by chlorothalonil metabolites in the springs Nombre25392 and Nombre109226 of the ASADA of Cipreses de Oreamuno (…) In the interim, the aforementioned authorities must guarantee the supply of potable water to the affected communities through tanker trucks or another alternative.” Now, given that the persons holding the positions of general manager of the ICAA and director of the Health Governing Area of Oreamuno currently differ from those to whom the order was issued in the referred ruling, the corresponding action is to issue the order to those who currently hold such positions (in this regard, see rulings nos. 2021012671 of 9:15 a.m. on June 2, 2021, 2021022772 of 9:30 a.m. on October 12, 2021, 2022016686 of 10:05 a.m. on July 19, 2022, 2022022068 of 9:20 a.m. on September 23, 2022, 2023004160 of 10:25 a.m. on February 22, 2023, 2024000305 of 9:15 a.m. on January 10, 2024, 2025006629 of 9:45 a.m. on March 4, 2025, among others) (…)
Therefore (Por tanto):
The motion of disobedience filed is granted. Consequently, it is ordered to María Alejandra Mora Segura and Oscar Rodríguez González, in their order, general manager of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers and director of the Health Governing Area of Oreamuno of the Ministry of Health, or to whomever holds such positions, the immediate compliance with what was ordered in ruling no. 2022026065 of 9:45 a.m. on November 4, 2022, regarding that “the pertinent coordination and actions be executed, within the framework of a joint plan, to 1) comprehensively and definitively solve the contamination situation by chlorothalonil metabolites in the springs Nombre25392 and Nombre109226 of the ASADA of Cipreses de Oreamuno (…) In the interim, the aforementioned authorities must guarantee the supply of potable water to the affected communities through tanker trucks or another alternative.” The respondent is warned that, according to Article 71 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction (Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional), a prison sentence of three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, will be imposed on whoever receives an order that must be complied with or enforced, issued in an amparo appeal, and does not comply with it or does not have it complied with, provided that the crime is not more severely punished.
Notify.”.
That resolution was notified to the respondents on 2 May 2025.
In this matter, the petitioner contends that, following interlocutory judgment No. 2025012770 issued at 10:05 a.m. on 30 April 2025 and notified to the respondents on 2 May 2025, the Ministry of Health issued a press release whose content, he asserts, constitutes disobedience of that pronouncement. Specifically, he maintains that on 3 May of this year, through press release No. CP-0089-2025, the respondent ministry stated: “Authorities share progress in monitoring water sources in Cartago (…) As part of the previously shared results, the authorities reported that, out of a total of 75 springs analyzed, only four presented concentrations of chlorothalonil metabolites exceeding the permitted limit. This means that 71 springs have potable water suitable for human consumption.” He contends that the respondents are using the “maximum admissible values by risk” (valores máximos admisibles por riesgo, VMAAR), which exceed the value established in ordinary regulations. He asserts that the cited press release has disrespected what was ordered by the Chamber. Additionally, he points out that if the ICAA fails to supply potable water through other means, that also constitutes disobedience.
Now, in the first place, regarding the referenced press release, it is ruled out a priori that such conduct by the respondent authority constitutes disobedience that could be declared in this enforcement phase.
In that regard, the petitioner does not allege any specific situation with respect to the specific subject matter of this case, which concerns solely the contamination by chlorothalonil metabolites in the springs Nombre25392 and Nombre109226. In that vein, it can be seen that the petitioner’s objection is limited to a press release issued by the Ministry of Health, whose content is not subject to analysis in this particular proceeding.
Furthermore, it is worth highlighting that, specifically, the petitioner challenges the following point of the press release in question: “As part of the previously shared results, the authorities reported that, out of a total of 75 springs analyzed, only four presented concentrations of chlorothalonil metabolites exceeding the permitted limit. This means that 71 springs have potable water suitable for human consumption.” Thus, in the quoted portion, there is not even a specific and direct reference to the springs that are the subject of this case; rather, it is a very general communication.
In addition to that, it is worth noting that the request in question was filed by the petitioner only 4 days after the notification of resolution No. 2025012770 issued at 10:05 a.m. on 30 April 2025, which ordered those currently holding the positions of general manager of the ICAA and director of the Governing Health Area of Oreamuno of the Ministry of Health to comply with the provisions of the main judgment in this case. Hence, a new disobedience is alleged without allowing a reasonable margin of action for the aforementioned officials to comply with the cited judgment.
On the other hand, although the petitioner generally and abstractly points out that disobedience also occurs if the ICAA does not supply water through other means (without specifying whether any omission is actually occurring regarding this point in the communities that are the subject of this case), no less true is that, through official letter No. CARTA-MS-DM-2630-2025 of 20 May 2025, the Minister of Health, Mr. Allan Mora Vargas, reported that in the inspection carried out on 8 May of the current year, it was confirmed that the ICAA is indeed supplying water to the community of Cipreses de Oreamuno via tanker trucks, so no omission concerning this aspect is verified either.
Consequently, in the terms presented by the petitioner, the filed request is dismissed.
The parties are warned that if any paper document, object, or evidence contained in any electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, or telematic device, or produced by new technologies, has been provided, it must be retrieved from the office within a maximum period of 30 business days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not retrieved within this period will be destroyed, in accordance with the provisions of the “Electronic Case File Regulations before the Judiciary” (Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial), approved by the Full Court in article XXVI of session No. 27-11 of 22 August 2011, published in Judicial Bulletin No. 19 of 26 January 2012, as well as in the Superior Council of the Judiciary agreement, approved in article LXXXI of session No. 43-12 held on 3 May 2012.
Therefore:
The filed request is dismissed.
Fernando Castillo V. President Fernando Cruz C. Paul Rueda L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A. Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V. Ana Cristina Fernandez A.
CASE FILE No. 22-015651-0007-CO Telephones: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: Telf47 / Telf48. Email address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Dirección12 , Dirección13 , 100 mts. South of the Perpetuo Socorro church).
It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 23-02-2026 15:51:17.
SCIJ of Hacienda SCIJ of the Procuraduría General de la República
Sentencias del mismo expediente Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas cincuenta minutos del veintidos de julio de dos mil veinticinco . Gestión posterior planteada por Nombre109225 , en el expediente nro. 22-015651-0007-CO.
Resultando:
III.En la resolución nro. 2023026650 de las 9:15 horas de 18 de octubre de 2023 se dispuso: “SOBRE LA GESTIÓN PLANTEADA. En la especie, el gerente general del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados formuló una solicitud de prórroga del plazo otorgado por este Tribunal en la sentencia nro. 2022026065 de las 9:45 horas de 4 de noviembre de 2022. En concreto, solicita: “Se tenga por cumplido lo ordenado en resolución en resolución de las ocho horas trece minutos del doce de abril de dos mil veintitrés y en virtud de los plazos indicados en el cronograma remitido por el Área Técnica, y la complejidad del asunto, tal y como se ha expuesto, solicito se amplíe el plazo hasta el año 2026.”. Al respecto, resulta menester traer a colación lo ordenado por esta Sala en la sentencia de cita, a saber: “se ejecuten las coordinaciones y acciones pertinentes, en el marco de un plan conjunto, para 1) solucionar de manera integral y definitiva la situación de contaminación por metabolitos de clorotalonil en las nacientes de Nombre25392 y Nombre109226 de la ASADA de Cipreses de Oreamuno; y 2) investigar si el problema de contaminación en las nacientes supracitadas ha perjudicado a otras comunidades de la zona.
En el ínterin, las autoridades supracitadas deberán garantizar el suministro de agua potable a las comunidades afectadas mediante camiones cisterna u otra alternativa.”. En este sentido, del estudio de los autos se desprende que a partir de investigaciones referidas a las nacientes de Nombre25392 y Nombre109226 de la ASADA de Cipreses de Oreamuno se determinó, que en la ASADA Santa Rosa también hay problema de contaminación a causa de clorotalonil, por lo que se procedió a sacar de operación a sus fuentes. Asimismo, tales investigaciones se desarrollaron en colaboración con el IRET de la Universidad Nacional. Ahora, dado que se continúan detectando concentraciones de metabolitos por encima de los parámetros establecidos, también se requiere la valoración del criterio emitido por el Ministerio de Salud y la búsqueda de una prohibición total del referido agroquímico en el país, así como una mayor coordinación con el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería y los gobiernos locales en control de las actividades productivas.
Por otra parte, la autoridad recurrida informa en cuanto a la garantía de suministro de agua potable a las comunidades afectadas, que se han gestionado las siguientes acciones: “a) A la fecha se continúa diariamente, 7 días a la semana, suministrando agua mediante una cisterna aportada por el AyA con el apoyo de un vehículo liviano y una tanqueta de la ASADA para el ingreso a los lugares donde es difícil para el cisterna. Se tienen instalados 5 tanques y se está construyendo la estructura (tarima metálica) para sostener los tanques restantes. b) La ASADA por su parte ha colaborado con el trabajo de soldadura para los tanques provisionales, el aporte del vehículo, personal y tanqueta, la comunicación a la población, así como con la continuación de los estudios hidrogeológicos que van a permitir tener mejores datos para realizar acciones más efectivas para la protección de las nacientes, lo cual necesariamente debe ir más allá de los 200 metros indicados por la Ley de Aguas. c) El 14 de noviembre se lleva a cabo un encuentro interinstitucional con las Asadas de la zona norte de Cartago, a fin de construir un plan de acción para realizar los muestreos y las medidas requeridas para su atención, donde es claro que se necesita trasladar la situación a las autoridades superiores, a fin de que se tomen acuerdos de manera conjunta. d) El 25 de noviembre 2022 se lleva a cabo el primer taller del Plan de Seguridad del Agua con las Asadas de la zona norte del Cartago, en conjunto con el Ministerio de Salud, Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, así como el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería. e) Se acuerda que a través de los planes de seguridad del agua se canalicen los requerimientos, promoviendo un proceso de construcción conjunta entre los diferentes actores que intervienen en la situación de emergencia: municipalidades, Asadas, MAG, SINAC, MINAE, y el AyA, entre otros. f) Durante el mes de diciembre un equipo de la Unidad de Gestión Social y Participación Ciudadana del AyA comienza un proceso de recopilación de datos para mejorar los procesos de comunicación con las personas usuarias, en relación con el caso de contaminación presentado. g) El 21 de diciembre se comienza la delimitación física de las áreas de protección de 200 m de las nacientes Nombre25392 y Nombre109226 por parte de la ASADA, mediante la contratación de un ingeniero topógrafo y negociación con personas propietarias. h) El 11 de enero se participa junto con la ASADA de la reunión de la comisión interinstitucional para el recurso hídrico de la zona norte de Cartago, donde se cuenta con personas representantes de la Dirección de Aguas de MINAE, SINAC, Ministerio de Salud, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería y AyA.
Se aportan minutas y plan de trabajo. i) Para la segunda quincena de enero se va a realizar una visita a las áreas de protección para registrar mediante fotografía aérea el estado de estas en relación con la invasión de actividades agrícolas. j) El martes 31 de enero se va a realizar el segundo taller de Plan de Seguridad del agua con todos los actores Institucionales y las ASADAS de la zona para continuar con el proceso de gestión del riesgo y búsqueda de soluciones de manera conjunta.” A partir de lo anterior, se expone el siguiente plan remedial a modo de cronograma con el propósito de atender la problemática en cuestión:
Actividad #1ResponsableTiempoIndicadorComunicar a la población de manera directa sobre la contaminación presente en la zona, explicando el tema de los metabolitosComunicación Institucional - AyA mayo - agosto 2023Las publicaciones realizadas por las ASADAS no generan dudas a la población en relación con la contaminación. Actividad #2ResponsableTiempoIndicadorFormalizar el convenio de investigación entre el Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas y el IRETUNALaboratorio Nacional de Aguas – AyA IRET – Universidad Nacional Mayo – Junio 2023Convenio de investigación formalizado por ambas Instituciones, con definición de actividades, su cronología y presupuesto. Actividad #3ResponsableTiempoIndicadorMuestreo y análisis de metabolitos de Clorotalonil, de manera interinstitucional de totalidad de nacientes de zona norte de Cartago.
Programación se aporta como anexo al presente documentoLaboratorio Nacional de Aguas (toma las muestras).
IRET analiza y entrega resultados de muestreos.
Marzo - agosto 2023Cantidad de fuentes muestreadas en temporada seca y lluviosa / Sobre total de fuentes aprovechadas por ASADAS. (% de fuentes cubiertas)Actividad #4ResponsableTiempoIndicador Realizar una evaluación integral de 7 Asadas para determinar el estado de cada ente operador Subgerencia de Gestión de Sistemas Delegados – ORAC Central Este Mayo - diciembre 2023Aplicación de herramientas PME, GIRA, evaluaciones contables y administrativas. /sobre total de entes operadores (% de acueductos evaluados). Actividad #5ResponsableTiempoIndicadorComenzar proceso de acreditación de los métodos de muestreo de metabolitos de agroquímicos por parte del AyA.
Laboratorio Nacional de AguasMarzo 2023 - agosto 2025Obtención de acreditación de métodos en tiempo propuesto.Actividad #6ResponsableTiempoIndicadorRealizar las mejoras en la infraestructura, compra de equipo y patrones necesarios para que se pueda investigar la presencia de metabolitos de agroquímicos en agua a nivel nacional. Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas Marzo 2023 - agosto 2025Capacidad operativa del Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas para realizar muestreos de metabolitos de agroquímicos. Porcentaje de agroquímicos cubiertos en análisis N4 en relación con cantidad de agroquímicos registrados.Actividad #7ResponsableTiempoIndicadorDefinición de áreas de protección y recarga de nacientes de zona norte de Cartago.AyA – UEN Gestión Ambiental ASADAS Zona Norte de Cartago marzo 2023 – marzo 2025Cantidad de fuentes aprovechadas en zona norte de Cartago que cuenten con estudio hidrogeológico / Sobre total de fuentes aprovechadas (% de nacientes cubiertas) Actividad #8ResponsableTiempoIndicadorEn base a los datos recabados mediante actividades 1 a 4, debe definirse la vulnerabilidad por sistema, relativa a la contaminación con metabolitos de ClorotalonilSubgerencia de Gestión de Sistemas Delegados – ORAC Central Este marzo 2023 – marzo 2024Cantidad de entes operadores que cuenten con calificación de riesgo en relación con la contaminación mediante agroquímicos. / sobre el total de entes operadores (Total: 9 ASADAS)Actividad #9ResponsableTiempoIndicadorIdentificación de zonas y cultivos de mayor uso de agroquímicosMinisterio de Agricultura y Ganadería Servicio Fitosanitario del EstadoMarzo – diciembre 2023Presentación de un plan de gestión.Actividad #10ResponsableTiempoIndicadorCapacitación y generación de acciones legales donde corresponda, en caso de personas identificadas mediante la actividad 8, que utilizan las zonas identificadas en la actividad 7 para la producción agrícola.Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería Ministerio de Ambiente y EnergíaMarzo – diciembre 2023Identificación de las zonas y cultivos de mayor uso de agroquímicos en la regiónActividad #11ResponsableTiempoIndicadorProspección de fuentes alternativas para abastecimiento de la zona.Subgerencia de Gestión de Sistemas Delegados – AyA UEN Gestión Ambiental Dirección de Aguas - MINAEmayo 2023 – mayo 2025Cantidad de fuentes nuevas identificadas, subterráneas o superficialesActividad #12ResponsableTiempoIndicadorInclusión de las zonas identificadas como de recarga y protección dentro de los planes reguladores de los gobiernos locales.
Análisis de presencia de metabolitos por clorotalonil en cada una de las Fuentes de agua.Municipalidad de Oreamuno Municipalidad de Alvarado Municipalidad de Paraísomayo - diciembre 2023Cantidad de áreas de protección y recarga identificadas / Sobre total de fuentes incluidas en planes reguladores (% de inclusión)Actividad #13ResponsableTiempoIndicadorInvestigar sobre la tecnología de filtración utilizada en la República Federal Suiza y otros países donde se ha detectado la presencia de metabolitos de Clorotalonil. (ej., Nano fibras y carbón activado)Comisión de Potabilización – AyA UEN Investigación y Desarrollo Subgerencia de Gestión de Sistemas Delegadosmayo - diciembre 2023(# de alternativas de filtración estudiadas)Actividad #14ResponsableTiempoIndicadorRealizar pruebas de campo y adaptar la tecnología de filtración a la realidad presentada en la zona norte de Cartago.Subgerencia de Gestión de Sistemas Delegados Comisión de Potabilización – AyA UEN Investigación y Desarrollomayo - diciembre 2023# de alternativas de filtración probadas y adaptadas)Actividad #15ResponsableTiempoIndicadorRemuestreo de manera conjunta de nacientes de zona norte de CartagoLaboratorio Nacional de Aguas Toma las muestras IRET analiza y entrega resultados de muestreosMarzo - agosto 2024Cantidad de fuentes muestreadas en temporada seca y lluviosa / Sobre total de fuentes muestreadas anteriormente en ASADAS en zona norte de Cartago (% de cumplimiento)Actividad #16ResponsableTiempoIndicadorAnálisis de factibilidad para el aprovechamiento de agua superficial mediante construcción de planta potabilizadoraSubgerencia de Gestión de Sistemas Delegados UEN Gestión Ambiental AyA Gerencia General del AyAmayo 2023 – mayo 2025Cantidad de fuentes alternativas identificadas para los diferentes sistemas de abastecimiento de agua potable.
(# de fuentes identificadas)Actividad #17ResponsableTiempoIndicadorGestionar ordenamiento territorial de acuerdo con el Reglamento de ASADAS, para poder contar con entes operadores más grandes y resilientes, de manera que sea posible realizar las inversiones requeridas de manera coordinada.Subgerencia de Gestión de Sistemas Delegados Dirección Jurídica. Gerencia GeneralEnero 2024 - Diciembre 2025# de ASADAS integradas o fusionadasActividad #18ResponsableTiempoIndicadorRealizar una caracterización de la población afectada para definir la vulnerabilidad a sufrir de impactos potenciales a la salud por exposición y consumo de agroquímicos en la zona norte de Cartago.Ministerio de SaludMarzo – diciembre 2023Cantidad de personas usuarias de acueductos rurales / Sobre total de personas abastecidas por ASADAS en zona norte de Cartago (% de población abastecida censada)Actividad #19ResponsableTiempoIndicadorEstudio hidrogeológico integral de toda la zona norte de Cartago.UEN Gestión Ambiental del AyA Gerencia General AyA2025 - 2026Informe del estudio integral hidrogeológico de la zona norte de Cartago Ahora bien, sobre el particular interesa resaltar que, con posterioridad, en el expediente nro. 22-026649-0007-CO se tramitó un asunto relacionado con el sub examine, pero esta vez atinente a la contaminación por clorotalonil en la ASADA Santa Rosa, también de Oreamuno de Cartago.
En tal asunto se dictó la sentencia nro. 2023013384 de las 13:41 horas de 6 de junio de 2023, en la que se dispuso: “VIII.- Sobre el caso concreto. En el sub examine, el recurrente estima vulnerados sus derechos fundamentales, toda vez que, que es vecino de Cipreses de Cartago, comunidad que recibe el servicio de agua potable por medio de la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago. Reclama que, desde el año 2021, el acueducto de esa asociación cuenta con problemas de contaminación con una sustancia denominada "clorotalonil", a partir de lo cual el Ministerio de Salud giró órdenes sanitarias y de clausura de cinco nacientes de agua, propiamente las siguientes nacientes: Piedra, Nombre25394 , Nombre25395, Nombre25396 y Nombre25397 . Menciona que, además, los problemas de contaminación de cita fueron confirmados a través de un estudio realizado conjuntamente por IRET-UNA y el Laboratorio Nacional de Agua del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados.
No obstante, aqueja que los problemas de contaminación persisten. Sobre el particular, se tuvo como un hecho incontrovertido que el amparado es vecino de Cipreses de Cartago, comunidad que recibe el servicio de agua potable por medio de la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago. Ahora bien, consta que la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, está circunscrita en un territorio agrícola y posee la administración de las nacientes Piedra, Nombre25399 , Nombre25394 , Nombre25395, Nombre24275 , Nombre25396 y Nombre25397 . En este sentido, se acreditó que es de conocimiento pleno de cada una de las instituciones recurridas que existe contaminación del agua en las nacientes que dotan de agua a la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno y debido a esto, desde el 17 de octubre de 2022,se tomó el acuerdo de clausurar las fuentes de agua de la ASADA de Cipreses y de Santa Rosa, dado que, en una toma de muestras realizada los días 17 y 18 de octubre de 2022, se determinó la presencia de los metabolitos del fungicida Clorotalonil en cinco de las siete nacientes que abastecen dicho acueducto, dando una alerta al Ministerio de Salud.
En virtud de esta circunstancia, el 2 de noviembre de 2022, en conjunto con funcionarios del ICCA, en seguimiento al caso de contaminación por metabolitos del plaguicida Clorotalonil en acueductos administrados por la de Oreamuno, se concluyó que se haría un “remuestreo” de la ASADA Santa Rosa. Nótese que, el 3 de noviembre de 2022, al determinarse la contaminación de agua con plaguicidas, mediante oficio MS-DPRSA-0668-2022, funcionarios del Ministerio de Salud solicitaron la coordinación entre la Dirección Regional Rectora de Salud Central Este y el Área Rectora de Salud de Oreamuno, a fin de que se emitiera una orden sanitaria para que las nacientes contaminadas que utiliza la ASADA de Santa Rosa no se usen para consumo humano e indicaron que: “(…) el clorotalonil es un fungicida aprobado para uso en el país registrado bajo una gran variedad de nombres y usado en la agricultura de variedad de productos.
Una vez la sustancia química entra en contacto con el ambiente, aire, suelo y / o microorganismos sufre una serie de modificaciones producto del metabolismo de organismos vivos o procesos químicos que lo descomponen en otras moléculas conocidas como metabolitos o productos de degradación, para el caso del Clorotalonil existe documentado más de 7 moléculas distintas de degradación. Para el caso específico de los metabolitos 1,3-dicarbamoil-2,4,5,6 tetraclorobenceno y el 4- hidroxiclorotalonil existe poca documentación disponible, en especial sobre la afectación para la salud humana, existiendo un poco más de información sobre riesgos ambientales y ecotóxicos para el 4- hidroxiclorotalonil. A nivel internacional en la Unión Europea se decidió en el 2019 prohibir el uso del plaguicida clorotalonil porque se identificó un problema crítico en relación con la contaminación de las aguas subterráneas por los metabolitos del plaguicida.
La Autoridad Europea no pudo descartar un posible problema de genotoxicidad de los residuos a los que se verían expuestos los consumidores y detectó un alto riesgo para los anfibios y los peces en todos los usos evaluados. Asimismo, el clorotalonil, como tal, está clasificado como carcinógeno. Por otro lado, la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los Estados Unidos (EPA) ha determinado que los productos del clorotalonil no suponen riesgos para los seres humanos o el medio ambiente mientras que se sigan los usos autorizados y las indicaciones de la etiqueta del producto. Sin embargo, ha declarado que existe un faltante de estudios para determinar riesgos por sus metabolitos. En conclusión, desde el punto de vista de salud humana existe una deficiencia en estudios científicos que caractericen e identifiquen riesgos asociados a la salud por el consumo, ingesta o cualquier otro tipo de contacto del metabolito 1,3-dicarbamoil-2,4,5,6 tetraclorobenceno, sin embargo, sí existen estudios que caracterizan al clorotalonil como altamente tóxico para la vida acuática y moderadamente tóxico en aves y lombrices.
Por lo que se debe de considerar con extrema precaución cualquier indicio de contaminación con este plaguicida o metabolito y tomar las medidas necesarias para evitar su ingesta o contacto en vista de la poca evidencia científica que existe referente a la salud humana y apoyarse en los estudios que confirman la ecotoxicidad que presenta, así como el riesgo para la salud ambiental (…)”. Luego, el 4 de noviembre de 2022, mediante el oficio MS-DM-9862-2022, la entonces Ministra de Salud solicitó la coordinación urgente entre la Dirección Regional Rectora de Salud Central Este y el Área Rectora de Salud de Oreamuno a fin de tomar las medidas descritas en el oficio MS-DPRSA-0668 y se emita un plan de acción con acciones a corto, mediano y largo plazo al ICAA para solucionar la situación de contaminación. Así, en fechas 8 y 9 de noviembre de 2022, se efectuó un remuestreo de la ASADA Santa Rosa.
Asimismo, consta que el Área Rectora de Salud recurrida giró y notificó nueve órdenes sanitarias; en los siguientes términos: la MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0100-2022 al Presidente de la ASADA de Santa Rosa, con el fin de: 1) informar a la comunidad por la mayor cantidad de medios de comunicación posible que las fuentes de agua potable que utiliza esa ASADA de las nacientes de Piedra, Nombre25394 , Nombre25395, Nombre25396 y Nombre25397 no pueden ser utilizadas para consumo humano, preparación de alimentos o actividades de higiene y, 2) comunicar a la comunidad de Santa Rosa sobre la situación presentada en la ASADA con los metabolitos del plaguicida Clorotalonil; las MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0102-2022, MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0105-2022 y MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0108-2022, todas al Presidente del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, con el fin de:
IV.En la resolución de las 2025012770 de las 10:05 horas de 30 de abril de 2025 se dispuso: “SOBRE LA GESTIÓN PLANTEADA. En la especie, los accionantes alegan el incumplimiento de lo ordenado en la sentencia nro. 2022026065 de las 9:45 horas de 4 de noviembre de 2022. Aduce que si bien el 30 de noviembre de 2023 se publicó el decreto ejecutivo nro. 43280-S-MAG-MINAE, mediante el cual se prohibió el uso de clorotalonil, actualmente se sigue desarrollando la actividad agrícola con el uso de dicho plaguicida en las nacientes Nombre109226 y Nombre25392. Asimismo, en manifestaciones posteriores aducen que los recurridos no utilizaron los parámetros establecidos por el Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable a la hora de levantar las medidas sanitarias atinentes a las nacientes objeto de este asunto. Sobre el particular, conviene resaltar que lo expresamente ordenado por esta Cámara en la sentencia principal de este asunto fue lo siguiente: “se ejecuten las coordinaciones y acciones pertinentes, en el marco de un plan conjunto, para 1) solucionar de manera integral y definitiva la situación de contaminación por metabolitos de clorotalonil en las nacientes de Nombre25392 y Nombre109226 de la ASADA de Cipreses de Oreamuno; y 2) investigar si el problema de contaminación en las nacientes supracitadas ha perjudicado a otras comunidades de la zona.
En el ínterin, las autoridades supracitadas deberán garantizar el suministro de agua potable a las comunidades afectadas mediante camiones cisterna u otra alternativa”. Ahora bien, como se apuntó en la resolución interlocutoria nro. 2023026650 de las 9:15 horas de 18 de octubre de 2023, citada ut supra, en el expediente nro. 22-026649-0007-CO (relativo a la situación de otras nacientes de la Asada de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno) las autoridades del Ministerio de Salud, del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y del ICAA elaboraron un informe y plan con distintas medidas para solventar la situación del plaguicida referido, y, en ese sentido, de los autos se corrobora que en noviembre de 2023 se publicó el decreto ejecutivo nro. 44280-S-MAG-MINAE, que prohibió el “registro, importación, exportación, fabricación, formulación, almacenamiento, distribución, transporte, reempaque, reenvase, manipulación, venta, mezcla y uso del ingrediente activo de grado técnico y plaguicidas sintéticos formulados que contengan el ingrediente activo clorotalonil”.
Posteriormente, las autoridades del Ministerio de Salud y del ICAA informan que a partir de julio de 2024 se realizaron distintos muestreos en la zona de Cartago. Precisan que el 25 de octubre de ese mismo año se emitió el informe nro. MS-DPRSA-USA-2187-2024 (“Actualización de informe seguimiento al caso de Clorotalonil”), en el que se consignaron los resultados de los estudios realizados. Así, en el referido memorial se recomendó: “remover las Órdenes Sanitarias, por parte del Ministerio de Salud a las ASADAS de Cipreses, Santa Rosa y San Pablo, ya que con la adopción de los VMAAR se puede brindar agua para consumo a las comunidades, excepto la naciente Nombre25394 de la ASADA de Santa Rosa”. En virtud de lo anterior, el Área Rectora de Salud de Oreamuno, a través del acto administrativo nro. MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-0968-2024 de 28 de octubre de 2024, dispuso: “levantar las órdenes sanitarias N° MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0087-2022 y N° MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0091-2022 por cuanto según lo indicado en el informe técnico supracitado, las nacientes Nombre25392 y Nombre109226 cumplen con los Valores Máximos Admisibles Ajustados por Riesgos (VMAAR)”.
De tal manera, como se observa, el criterio utilizado por la autoridad sanitaria para el levantamiento de las ordenes sanitarias aludidas fue que, con la adoptación de los “Valores Máximos Admisibles Ajustados por Riesgos” (VMAAR) era factible que el agua proveniente de las nacientes Nombre109226 y Nombre25392 fuera utilizada para el consumo humano. Sin embargo, respecto a este punto en concreto, esta Cámara observa las siguientes situaciones. En primer lugar, el Reglamento para la Calidad de Agua Potable (Decreto Ejecutivo nro. 38924-S), en el artículo 4, establece: “(…) gg)Valor Máximo Admisible (VMA): Concentración de sustancia o densidad de bacterias, a partir de la cual existe rechazo del agua por parte de los consumidores o surge un riesgo inaceptable para la salud. El sobrepasar estos valores indicados en las tablas contenidas en el Anexo 1 del presente reglamento, implica la toma de acciones correctivas inmediatas”. (El resaltado no corresponde al original). En ese sentido, en el cuadro nro. 5 del anexo 1, mencionado en el ordinal supracitado, se indica:
RESIDUOS DE PLAGUICIDASPARÁMETROValor Máximo Admisible (VMA) μg/LPlaguicidas. (a)0,1Plaguicidas organoclorados (b)0,03Total de plaguicidas. (c)0,5 Justamente, con base en esta regulación, en octubre de 2022 se emitieron las órdenes sanitarias correspondientes para clausurar las fuentes de agua para consumo humano relativas a las nacientes Nombre109226 y Nombre25392 de la Asada de Cipreses de Oreamuno, así como suministrar agua potable a las comunidades afectadas por medio de camiones cisterna o algún otro mecanismo (órdenes sanitarias nros. MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0087-2022, MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0091-2022, MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0095-2022), toda vez que en ese momento se reportaron resultados de metabolitos del plaguicida clorotalonil por encima del 0.1 μg/L que establece el reglamento citado. En concreto, los resultados fueron los siguientes: CompuestoResultadoAnálisis1,3-dicarbamoil-2,4,5,6-tetraclorobenceno19.36 μg/L – Naciente Nombre25392GC-MS LC- MSMS1,3-dicarbamoil-2,4,5,6-tetraclorobenceno1.73 μg/L - Naciente Nombre109226 GC-MS LC- MSMS(Así consignado en el memorando nro. GSD-UEN-GAR-2022-04290 de 25 de octubre de 2022, de la UEN Gestión Acueductos Rurales del ICAA).
Precisamente, bajo este escenario se dictó la sentencia principal de este proceso, en la que, como se apuntó, se le ordenó a los recurridos “solucionar de manera integral y definitiva la situación de contaminación por metabolitos de clorotalonil en las nacientes de Nombre25392 y Nombre109226 de la ASADA de Cipreses de Oreamuno”. Ahora bien, este Tribunal observa que, a finales del año anterior, los recurridos efectuaron otros estudios relativos a la presencia de metabolitos en las nacientes de marras, a través de los laboratorios de CICA-UCR e IRET-UNA, de la Universidad de Costa Rica y la Universidad Nacional, respectivamente. Esta vez, fue posible analizar más metabolitos de este plaguicida, a saber: R417888ácido sulfónico-2-carbamoil-3,5,6- tricloro-4-cianobencenoSYN5079002,3,6-tricloro-5-ciano-4- hidroxibenzamidaR471811ácido sulfónico-2,4-dicarbamoil-3,5,6- trichlorobencenoR1822814-hidroxi-2,5,6-tricloro-1,3- dicianobencenoSYN5468721,3-dicarbamoil-2,4,5,6- tetraclorobencenoR6119653-Carbamoil-2,4,5-ácido triclorobenzoicoSYN5485803-Carbamoil-2,4,5-ácido triclorobenzoicoR6119682,4,5-Tricloro-3-ciano-6- hidroxibenzamida Así, en el “Informe de resultados de análisis de metabolitos de clorotalonil en agua de la Zona Norte de Cartago (parte de los cantones de Alvarado y Oreamuno) I ETAPA” de octubre de 2024 se consignaron los siguientes resultados: NacienteR417888- CICA (μg/L)R417888- IRET (μg/L)Identificacion107 CICA (μg/L)Identificacion107 IRET (μg/L)R471811- CICA (μg/)R471811- IRET (μg/)R182281- CICA (μg/)R182281- IRET (μg/)Identificacion106 CICA (μg/L)Identificacion106 IRET (μg/L)R611965- CICA (μg/)Identificacion105 CICA (μg/L)R611968- CICA (μg/)Nombre253928.997.237.648.7234.9214.36ND0.1522.1515.485.974.31NCNombre109226 NC0.50ND0.177.915.77NDNDND0.44NDNDND(ND: No detectado, menor al valor del límite de detección. NC: No cuantificado, menor al valor del límite de cuantificación o se encuentra entre el valor del límite de detección y el límite de cuantificación).
De este modo, estos últimos muestreos indican que muchos metabolitos superan el valor de 0.1 μg/L que establece el Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable; pese a ello, el Ministerio de Salud decidió utilizar un criterio distinto a través de la implementación de los “Valores Máximos Admisibles Ajustados por Riesgo” (VMAAR). Respecto a esto, la autoridad accionada explica: “En 2022, los valores de referencia correspondían a 0,1 μg/L para cualquier plaguicida en agua potable, dado que se desconocía el nivel de riesgo de valores superiores. En ese momento, la falta de estudios concluyentes obligaba a la aplicación del principio precautorio, lo que llevó a la emisión de órdenes sanitarias para que las nacientes con valores superiores a dicho umbral no fueran utilizadas para consumo humano. Para el año 2024, se lograron concluir los estudios de evaluación de riesgo, permitiendo determinar los niveles de riesgo específicos para cada metabolito y aplicar medidas proporcionales a su toxicidad.
Como resultado, se implementaron valores ajustados por riesgo (VMAAR), estableciendo umbrales diferenciados según el nivel de riesgo y exposición hacia la población de cada compuesto. Por ejemplo, Placa8218 tiene un VMAAR de 12 μg/L, mientras que otros metabolitos presentan valores de hasta 80 μg/L”. Con mayor detalle, en el informe nro. MS-DPRSA-USA-2226-2024 de 1° de noviembre 2024, la autoridad sanitaria expone: “La Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) llevó a cabo una evaluación de riesgo detallada para determinar los efectos potenciales de los metabolitos del clorotalonil en el agua potable, centrada en proteger la salud pública. La metodología seguida por la OPS se basó en varios pasos clave, comenzando con la identificación de los peligros, donde se estudiaron tanto el plaguicida clorotalonil como sus principales productos de transformación, identificando aquellos metabolitos con propiedades tóxicas más relevantes, como el Identificacion106 y el Placa8218.
Posteriormente, se realizó una evaluación de la exposición, en la que se analizaron las concentraciones de estos metabolitos en diferentes fuentes de agua potable de la zona norte de Cartago, utilizando datos obtenidos de muestreos en los acueductos afectados. Este análisis permitió estimar el grado de exposición al que estarían sometidas las diversas poblaciones, incluyendo grupos vulnerables como niños y mujeres embarazadas En la siguiente fase, la OPS llevó a cabo una caracterización del riesgo, donde se combinaron los datos de toxicidad disponibles para los metabolitos con los niveles de exposición calculados. Se utilizaron parámetros internacionales, como la Ingesta Diaria Admisible (IDA) y el Nivel Sin Efecto Adverso Observable (NOAEL), para evaluar los posibles efectos adversos en la salud humana, tanto en exposiciones agudas como crónicas. Además, se incorporaron factores de protección adicionales para garantizar un margen de seguridad ante la incertidumbre de los datos y la variabilidad en las exposiciones.
Finalmente, la OPS determinó Valores Máximos Admisibles Ajustados por Riesgo (VMAAR) para los diferentes metabolitos, basados en la ciencia y con un enfoque precautorio, proponiendo límites específicos para cada compuesto (Tabla 3). Estos valores fueron ajustados con un margen de seguridad del 20% para asegurar que, incluso ante fluctuaciones en las concentraciones, la salud pública estuviera resguardada. Es importante destacar que se deberán mantener los actos administrativos en todos los casos donde se superen los valores normativos. Sin embargo, en situaciones donde se cuente con una evaluación de riesgo y las concentraciones se encuentren entre el valor normativo y el VMAAR, estos actos administrativos servirán como una alerta y se recomienda que no genere una clausura del abastecimiento de agua por parte de las Áreas Rectoras de Salud, sino que implementarán medidas de mitigación y control adicionales (…) El Valor Máximo Admisible Ajustado por Riesgo (VMAAR) es la concentración de una sustancia determinada en el agua que se ajusta con base en un análisis de riesgo actualizado, asegurando un nivel de seguridad aceptable para la salud pública.
En este contexto, se ha asignado un factor de protección del 20% al valor guía obtenido de la evaluación de riesgo. Esto significa que el VMAAR se establecerá en el 80% del valor guía, proporcionando un margen de seguridad adicional (…) A continuación, se presenta una tabla que incluye los valores guía determinados para adultos y niños, así como el Valor Máximo Admisible Tolerable (VMAAR), calculado como el 80% del valor guía: Tabla 4. Cálculo de 8 metabolitos de clorotalonil con su respectivo valor guía y valor máximo admisible ajustado por riesgo (VMAAR) según las evaluaciones de riesgo realizadas por la OPS-OMS. MetabolitoValor Guía para Adultos (μg/L) VMAT para Adultos (80% del Valor Guía) (μg/L) Valor Guía para Niños (μg/L) VMAT para Niños (80% del Valor Guía) (μg/L) Placa8217 - 4-Hidroxi clorotalonil 260.0 208.0 80 64.0 Identificacion106 -1,3-Dicarbamoil-2,4,5,6- tetraclorobenceno 325.0 260.0 10080.0SYN507900 2,4,5-tricloro-3-ciano-6-hidroxibenzamida 162.5130.05040.0R417888 - ácido 2-amido-3,5,6-tricloro-4- cianobencenosulfónico 49.039.21512.0R611968 2,4,5-tricloro-3-ciano-6- hidroxibenzamida 325.0260.010080.0SYN548580 2,4,5-tricloro-6-hidroxibenceno 1,3-dicarboxamida 325.1260.010080.0R471811 ácido sulfónico-2,4-dicarbamoil- 3,5,6-tricloro-benceno 325.2260.010080.0R611965 3-Carbamoyl-2,4,5-ácido tricloro- benzoico 325.2260.010280.0 De esta manera, si bien la autoridad sanitaria explica que, por un lado, los VMAAR son criterios recomendados por la OPS que siguen los valores de referencia señalados en la tabla citada en el párrafo anterior, y, por otro, en el caso de las nacientes de marras, tales valores de referencia no fueron superados según los resultados consignados en el informe de octubre de 2024, no menos cierto es que, por una parte, la normativa vigente (sea, el Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable ‑decreto ejecutivo nro. 38924-S ‑), estatuye literalmente un valor máximo de 0,1 μg/L para el caso de plaguicidas, y, por otro, tal valor es superado ampliamente por muchos metabolitos, como se observa en el cuadro relativo al “Informe de resultados de análisis de metabolitos de clorotalonil en agua de la Zona Norte de Cartago (parte de los cantones de Alvarado y Oreamuno) I ETAPA” citado ut supra.
Nótese que esta situación no dista del escenario acreditado cuando se dictó la sentencia principal en el sub iudice, pues, como se apuntó supra, en los muestreos de 2022, los resultados también superaron el valor reglamentario vigente (como igualmente ha venido a suceder con los de octubre de 2024), lo que motivo la estimación de este amparo. Ciertamente, la autoridad sanitaria argumenta que la implementación de los VMAAR se sustenta en los ordinales 6 y 15 del Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable; empero, tales normas en ningún momento contemplan ni avalan los valores usados por la parte recurrida. En ese tanto, el canon 6 eiusdem se limita a regular: “Artículo 6 Se establece que la vigilancia de la calidad del agua potable, le corresponde al Ministerio de Salud”, mientras que el precepto 15 dispone: “Artículo 15. En caso de emergencia calificada como tal por el ente operador, el Ministerio de Salud, el AyA o la Comisión Nacional de Prevención de Riesgos y Atención de Emergencias; en coordinación con las instituciones mencionadas, el ente operador debe: a) Suspender el servicio de abastecimiento. b) Asegurar el suministro de agua por otra vía. c) Aplicar las acciones correctivas correspondientes. d) Entrar a operar el sistema, una vez asegurada la calidad del agua, cuando el Ministerio de Salud así lo determine.”.
Amén de lo anterior, se reitera que del ordinal 4 eiusdem y el respectivo anexo se coligen el valor de referencia atinente a la concentración de plaguicidas en el agua y la consecuencia de excederlo, pues en concreto se estatuye: “(…) gg)Valor Máximo Admisible (VMA): Concentración de sustancia o densidad de bacterias, a partir de la cual existe rechazo del agua por parte de los consumidores o surge un riesgo inaceptable para la salud. El sobrepasar estos valores indicados en las tablas contenidas en el Anexo 1 del presente reglamento, implica la toma de acciones correctivas inmediatas”, y, justamente, el cuadro nro. 5 del “Anexo 1” aludido por la norma determina que el valor máximo admisible en el caso de los plaguicidas es 0.1 μg/L. A partir de ello, a los efectos de esta jurisdicción constitucional se constata que la presencia de metabolitos de clorotalonil en las nacientes Nombre109226 y Nombre25392 continúa por encima del valor fijado en el Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable, cuyos parámetros siguen estando vigentes desde el punto de vista jurídico‑positivo; pese a ello, en vez de adoptar las acciones correctivas que impone el numeral 4 supracitado o modificar los parámetros contemplados en tal reglamento con el debido sustento técnico, más bien se optó por levantar las medidas que inicialmente fueron dispuestas y que tenían la finalidad de proteger la salud de la población afectada.
En consecuencia, se acoge la gestión de desobediencia incoada, ordenándole a los recurridos que acaten lo ordenado en la sentencia nro. 2022026065 de las 9:45 horas de 4 de noviembre de 2022, en cuanto a que “se ejecuten las coordinaciones y acciones pertinentes, en el marco de un plan conjunto, para 1) solucionar de manera integral y definitiva la situación de contaminación por metabolitos de clorotalonil en las nacientes de Nombre25392 y Nombre109226 de la ASADA de Cipreses de Oreamuno (…) En el ínterin, las autoridades supracitadas deberán garantizar el suministro de agua potable a las comunidades afectadas mediante camiones cisterna u otra alternativa”. Ahora, visto que las personas que ejercen los cargos de gerente general del ICAA y director del Área Rectora de Salud de Oreamuno en la actualidad difieren de a quienes se les giró la orden en la sentencia referida, lo correspondiente es dictarle la orden a quienes hoy día ostentan tales cargos (en este sentido ver las sentencias nros. 2021012671 de las 9:15 horas del 2 de junio de 2021, 2021022772 de las 9:30 horas del 12 de octubre de 2021, 2022016686 de las 10:05 horas del 19 de julio de 2022, 2022022068 de las 9:20 horas del 23 de setiembre de 2022, 2023004160 de las 10:25 horas del 22 de febrero de 2023, 2024000305 de las 9:15 horas del 10 de enero de 2024, 2025006629 de las 9:45 horas del 4 de marzo de 2025, entre otras) (…)
Por tanto: Se acoge la gestión de desobediencia formulada. En consecuencia, se le ordena a María Alejandra Mora Segura y Oscar Rodríguez González, por su orden, gerenta general del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados y director del Área Rectora de Salud de Oreamuno del Ministerio de Salud, o a quienes ocupen tales cargos, el cumplimiento inmediato de lo dispuesto en la sentencia nro. 2022026065 de las 9:45 horas de 4 de noviembre de 2022 en lo concerniente a que “se ejecuten las coordinaciones y acciones pertinentes, en el marco de un plan conjunto, para 1) solucionar de manera integral y definitiva la situación de contaminación por metabolitos de clorotalonil en las nacientes de Nombre25392 y Nombre109226 de la ASADA de Cipreses de Oreamuno (…) En el ínterin, las autoridades supracitadas deberán garantizar el suministro de agua potable a las comunidades afectadas mediante camiones cisterna u otra alternativa”. Se advierte a la recurrida, que según el artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo, y no la cumpliere o no la hiciera cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Notifíquese.”.
Tal resolución fue notificada a los recurridos el 2 de mayo de 2025.
En la especie, el accionante acota que, luego de la sentencia interlocutoria nro. 2025012770 de las 10:05 horas de 30 de abril de 2025, notificada a los recurridos el 2 de mayo de 2025, el Ministerio de Salud emitió un comunicado de prensa, cuyo contenido, según afirma, constituye una desobediencia a dicho pronunciamiento. En concreto, sostiene que el 3 de mayo del año en curso, a través del comunicado nro. CP-0089-2025, el ministerio accionado indicó: “Autoridades comparten avances en monitoreo de fuentes de agua en Cartago (…) Como parte de los resultados compartidos previamente, las autoridades informaron que, de un total de 75 fuentes analizadas, solo cuatro presentaron concentraciones de metabolitos de clorotalonil superiores al límite permitido. Esto significa que 71 fuentes cuentan con agua potable apta para el consumo humano”. Sostiene que los recurridos están utilizando los “valores máximos admisibles por riesgo” (VMAAR), que superan el valor establecido en la normativa ordinaria.
Afirma que con el comunicado de prensa citado se ha irrespetado lo ordenado por la Sala. Además, señala que, si el ICAA no lleva agua potable a través de otros medios, también se incurre en desobediencia. Ahora bien, en primer lugar, en cuanto al comunicado de prensa referido, a priori se descarta que tal actuación de la autoridad accionada constituya una desobediencia susceptible de ser declarada en esta fase de ejecución. Al respecto, el accionante no acusa alguna situación concreta respecto del objeto específico de este asunto, que versa únicamente sobre la contaminación por metabolitos de clorotalonil en las nacientes de Nombre25392 y Nombre109226 . En ese tanto, véase que la inconformidad del recurrente se circunscribe a un comunicado de prensa emitido por el Ministerio de Salud, cuyo contenido no corresponde ser analizado en este proceso en particular. Además, interesa destacar que, en concreto, el accionante cuestiona el siguiente punto del comunicado de marras: “Como parte de los resultados compartidos previamente, las autoridades informaron que, de un total de 75 fuentes analizadas, solo cuatro presentaron concentraciones de metabolitos de clorotalonil superiores al límite permitido.
Esto significa que 71 fuentes cuentan con agua potable apta para el consumo humano”. De manera que, en lo transcrito, ni siquiera se hace una alusión específica y directa a las nacientes objeto de este asunto, sino que se trata de una comunicación muy general. Aunado a ello, no está de más advertir que la gestión de marras fue interpuesta por el accionante tan solo 4 días después de la notificación de la resolución nro. 2025012770 de las 10:05 horas de 30 de abril de 2025, en la que se le ordenó a quienes actualmente ejercen el cargo de gerente general del ICAA y director del Área Rectora de Salud de Oreamuno del Ministerio de Salud, el cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en la sentencia principal de este asunto. De ahí que se acusa una nueva desobediencia sin otorgar un margen de acción razonable a los jerarcas aludidos para el cumplimiento de la sentencia citada. Por otra parte, si bien el recurrente de manera genérica y abstracta señala que también se incurre en desobediencia si el ICAA no suministra agua a través de otros medios (sin precisar en concreto si se está incurriendo en alguna omisión en cuanto a este punto en las comunidades objeto de este asunto), no menos cierto es que, a través del oficio nro. CARTA-MS-DM-2630-2025 de 20 de mayo de 2025, el ministro de Salud a .i Allan Mora Vargas informó que en la inspección realizada el 8 de mayo del año en curso se corroboró, que el ICAA sí está suministrando agua a la comunidad de Cipreses de Oreamuno a través de camiones cisterna, de modo que tampoco se verifica alguna omisión atinente a este extremo.
Por consiguiente, en los términos planteados por el accionante se declara no ha lugar la gestión incoada. VI.- DOCUMENTACIÓN APORTADA AL EXPEDIENTE. Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidos en algún dispositivo de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en el plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material no retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en el artículo XXVI de la sesión nro. 27-11 del 22 de agosto de 2011, publicado en el Boletín Judicial nro. 19 del 26 de enero de 2012, así como en el acuerdo de Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, aprobado en el artículo LXXXI de la sesión nro. 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo de 2012.
Por tanto:
No ha lugar a la gestión formulada.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C. Paul Rueda L. Luis Fdo. Salazar A. Jorge Araya G. Anamari Garro V. Ana Cristina Fernandez A.
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