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Res. 22311-2025 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 18/07/2025
OutcomeResultado
The amparo was granted against the Administrative Environmental Tribunal and MINAE's Water Directorate for violation of the right to timely justice, without awarding costs by majority vote. It was denied against the Ministry of Health and all other claims.Se declaró con lugar el amparo contra el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo y la Dirección de Agua del MINAE por violación del derecho a una justicia pronta y cumplida, sin condenatoria en costas por mayoría. Se rechazó respecto al Ministerio de Salud y las demás pretensiones.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber granted an amparo filed by residents of La Cañada Condominium against the Administrative Environmental Tribunal (TAA) and the Water Directorate of MINAE, for violation of the right to timely administrative justice (Article 41 of the Constitution). The environmental complaint against a slaughterhouse was filed in 2013, and after multiple proceedings, delays, and misplacement of rulings, more than ten years later the case remained without a final decision. The Chamber found extensive periods of TAA inactivity since 2020 and a delay of over three years by the Water Directorate in complying with a TAA request. The ruling orders the TAA to proceed diligently without setting peremptory deadlines, and grants the amparo against the Water Directorate as the violation ceased during the proceedings. Costs were not awarded by majority. The request to close the slaughterhouse was dismissed as not amenable to amparo.La Sala Constitucional declaró con lugar un recurso de amparo interpuesto por vecinos del Condominio La Cañada en San Rafael de Alajuela contra el Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo (TAA) y la Dirección de Agua del MINAE, por violación del derecho a una justicia administrativa pronta y cumplida (artículo 41 de la Constitución Política). La denuncia ambiental contra un matadero se presentó en 2013, y tras múltiples actuaciones, dilaciones y extravío de resoluciones, al cabo de más de diez años el caso permanecía sin resolución final. La Sala constató extensos períodos de inactividad del TAA desde 2020 y una demora de más de tres años por parte de la Dirección de Agua en atender un requerimiento del TAA. La decisión ordena al TAA continuar con el trámite de manera diligente sin fijar plazos perentorios, y acoge el recurso respecto a la Dirección de Agua por haber cesado la violación durante el proceso. No se condenó en costas por mayoría. Se rechazan las pretensiones de cierre del matadero por no ser materia de amparo.
Key excerptExtracto clave
The Chamber finds a violation of Article 41 of the Constitution by the TAA due to the delay in processing and deciding administrative file No. 285-13-03-TAA. Note that although the complaint that originated this matter dates from September 11, 2013, it is no less true that at the time this claim was filed—more than 10 years later—no final decision has been issued, a disproportionate period. The record reveals extensive periods of inactivity by the TAA, reflecting its lack of diligent and expeditious action. For example, on December 3, 2019, the TAA requested an inspection visit; however, its next recorded action is from June 2020, more than six months later. Similarly, another TAA action occurred only approximately eleven months later. Furthermore, while the TAA repeatedly requested evidence from various agencies, such as MINAE's Water Directorate and the Ministry of Health, and those agencies delayed their responses, the TAA did not use the legal mechanisms available to compel the authorities to comply.la Sala comprueba la conculcación del ordinal 41 de la Constitución Política por parte del TAA, debido a la demora en la tramitación y resolución del expediente nro. 285-13-03-TAA. Acerca de esto, obsérvese que, pese a que la denuncia que originó tal asunto data del 11 de setiembre de 2013, no menos cierto es que a la fecha de formulación de este asunto, a saber, más de 10 años después, no se ha dictado la resolución final, plazo que resulta desproporcionado. En ese sentido, de los autos se desprenden extensos periodos de tiempo de inactividad por parte del TAA, lo que refleja su falta de actuación diligente y célere. Verbigracia, el 3 de diciembre de 2019, el TAA requirió efectuar una visita de inspección; empero, la siguiente actuación de su parte que consta en el expediente data de junio de 2020, a saber, más de seis meses después. Igualmente, no fue sino hasta aproximadamente once meses después cuando se produjo otra actuación del TAA en el expediente. Adicionalmente, si bien se observa que en varias ocasiones el TAA gestionó prueba ante diversas instancias, como la Dirección de Agua del MINAE y el Ministerio de Salud, en las cuales se produjo demora en atender lo requerido, no menos cierto es que no se verifica que se hayan empleado las herramientas conferidas por el ordenamiento jurídico para constreñir a las autoridades a cumplir lo ordenado.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"la Sala comprueba la conculcación del ordinal 41 de la Constitución Política por parte del TAA, debido a la demora en la tramitación y resolución del expediente nro. 285-13-03-TAA. ... pese a que la denuncia ... data del 11 de setiembre de 2013, ... más de 10 años después, no se ha dictado la resolución final, plazo que resulta desproporcionado."
"The Chamber finds a violation of Article 41 of the Constitution by the TAA due to the delay in processing and deciding administrative file No. 285-13-03-TAA. ... although the complaint dates from September 11, 2013, ... more than 10 years later, no final decision has been issued, a disproportionate period."
Considerando IV
"la Sala comprueba la conculcación del ordinal 41 de la Constitución Política por parte del TAA, debido a la demora en la tramitación y resolución del expediente nro. 285-13-03-TAA. ... pese a que la denuncia ... data del 11 de setiembre de 2013, ... más de 10 años después, no se ha dictado la resolución final, plazo que resulta desproporcionado."
Considerando IV
"no se verifica que se hayan empleado las herramientas conferidas por el ordenamiento jurídico para constreñir a las autoridades a cumplir lo ordenado."
"it is not proven that the TAA used the legal tools available to compel the authorities to comply with its orders."
Considerando IV
"no se verifica que se hayan empleado las herramientas conferidas por el ordenamiento jurídico para constreñir a las autoridades a cumplir lo ordenado."
Considerando IV
"De lo expuesto se desprende la falta de actuación diligente y célere de la Dirección de Agua del MINAE en atender lo requerido por el TAA la resolución R-705-22-TAA ... cuya respuesta se dio hasta el 11 de julio de 2025, a saber, más de tres años después"
"The foregoing reveals the lack of diligent and expeditious action by MINAE's Water Directorate in complying with the TAA's request in resolution R-705-22-TAA, which was answered only on July 11, 2025—more than three years later"
Considerando V
"De lo expuesto se desprende la falta de actuación diligente y célere de la Dirección de Agua del MINAE en atender lo requerido por el TAA la resolución R-705-22-TAA ... cuya respuesta se dio hasta el 11 de julio de 2025, a saber, más de tres años después"
Considerando V
Full documentDocumento completo
SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at nine hours and twenty minutes on the eighteenth of July two thousand twenty-five.
A recurso de amparo processed under case file number 25-016364-0007-CO, filed by Name01, identity card CED07, against the MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY (MINAE), THE ENVIRONMENTAL ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL (TAA), AND THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH.
Resultando:
discharges polluting wastewater into the Río Segundo de Alajuela, in addition to breaching its obligation to submit operational reports in a timely and sufficient manner, thereby obstructing the sanitary control of its activities and evading the application of necessary measures to preserve environmental integrity. Mataderos del Valle S.A., for many years, should have submitted the Estudio de Diagnóstico Ambiental to the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental to correct the situation; however, it has taken advantage of administrative inertia and continues its infringing activity operating without environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental)” (folio 51). Likewise, the property where the activity operates “…was expropriated by the State…” (folio 51), in a strip (folio 53). It requests that “…the operational activity” be suspended (folio 53). The legal status (personería) of the accused is attached (folios 55 and 56). 8.
That by means of resolution number 909-18-TAA of 11:01 a.m. on September 10, 2018, reports are requested from the Municipality of Alajuela, Ministry of Health, Dirección de Agua of MINAE, and SETENA of MINAE (folios 57 to 61). 9. That by means of official communication number SETENA-SG-1773-2018 from the Secretario General of SETENA, received in this Office on September 18, 2018, visible at folios 75 to 77, it states that Matadero del Valle, Nombre03., legal identification number CED03, has the following files in said department:
50. That through official communication SINAC-ACC-OA-of-872-2021 dated June 16, 2021, and received in this Office on the same day, signed by Lic. Minor González Guzmán, Head of the Alajuela Office of the Central Conservation Area-SINAC, visible on folio 739, a response is issued to what was requested in resolution 636-2021-TAA.
51. That through official communication SETENA-SG-0830-2021 dated June 22, 2021, and received in this Office on June 25, 2021, signed by MSc. Ulises Alvarez Acosta, Ad-Hoc Director General of the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA), visible on folio 740, a response is issued to what was requested in resolution 636-2021-TAA.
52. That through official communication MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-2627-2021 dated June 29, 2021, and received in this Office on July 2, 2021, signed by Dr. Ronald Mora Solano, Director of the Alajuela 2 Health Governing Area Directorate of the Ministry of Health, visible on folios 741-757, a response is issued attaching several documents, to what was requested in resolution 636-2021-TAA.
53. That through official communication MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-3451-2021 dated September 29, 2021, and received in this Office on the same day, signed by Dr. Ronald Mora Solano, Director of the Alajuela 2 Health Governing Area Directorate of the Ministry of Health, visible on folios 758-773, which corresponds to the follow-up on the execution of the corrective action plan.
54. That through resolution 705-22-TAA of 09 hours 40 minutes on May 20, 2022, visible on folios 774 to 775, this Tribunal proceeds to request: “FIRST: …requests Dr. Ronald Enrique Mora Solano, Director of the Alajuela 2 Health Governing Area Directorate, Ministry of Health, or whoever holds his position, to proceed to: 1) refer to the compliance with the corrective actions implemented in fulfillment of sanitary order number MS-DRRSCNDARSA2- 0349-2021 (folio 754) of Nombre02 S.A. indicated in official communication MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-3451-2021 dated September 29, 2021, signed by yourself (folio 758), in which it is indicated that their completion was planned for December 2021; 2) refer to the follow-up or if the technical opinion was received from the Environmental Health Unit of the Directorate of Radiological Protection and Environmental Health of the Ministry of Health in relation to the perimeter air study in establishments, this in order to comply with the atypical precautionary measure (medida cautelar atípica) imposed by this Tribunal in relation to the measurement of total suspended particles to verify air quality with respect to the activity carried out by Nombre02 S.A., which remains pending as described in official communication MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-IT-3443-2021 dated September 28, 2021 (folios 759 and 760) signed by Licda. Diana Espinoza Navarro, Regulation officer of the Alajuela 2 Health Governing Area…
SECOND:… requests Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director of the Water Directorate, or whoever holds his position, to proceed to carry out the economic valuation of environmental damage in relation to the non-compliance with the permissible limits for wastewater detected by the Ministry of Health, for which the operational wastewater report of Nombre02 S.A. visible on folios 752 and 753 is sent…”. Notifications visible on folios 776 to 789 of the administrative file.
55. That through official communication MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-1519-2022 dated June 21, 2022, and received in this Office on June 22, 2022, signed by Dr. Ronald Mora Solano, Director of the Alajuela 2 Health Governing Area Directorate of the Ministry of Health, visible on folios 790-816, which corresponds to the follow-up on operational improvements to the treatment system and boiler No. 1398.
56. That on folio 817, there is a brief dated November 4, 2022, signed by Lic. Rodrigo Montenegro Fernández, special judicial and administrative attorney-in-fact for the Association of Neighbors for the Environmental Defense of the La Cañada Neighborhood (Asociación de Vecinos Pro Defensa del Ambiente del Barrio La Cañada), requesting prompt dispatch.
57. That through resolution 1541-22-TAA of 15 hours 50 minutes on November 17, 2022, visible on folios 818 to 819, this Tribunal proceeds to request: “FIRST: … FOR THE SECOND TIME to Dr. Ronald Enrique Mora Solano, Director of the Alajuela 2 Health Governing Area Directorate, Ministry of Health, or whoever holds his position, to proceed to refer to the follow-up or if the technical opinion was received from the Environmental Health Unit of the Directorate of Radiological Protection and Environmental Health of the Ministry of Health in relation to the perimeter air study in establishments, this in order to comply with the atypical precautionary measure imposed by this Tribunal in relation to the measurement of total suspended particles to verify air quality with respect to the activity carried out by Nombre02 S.A., which remains pending as described in official communication MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-IT-3443-2021 dated September 28, 2021 (folios 759 and 760) signed by Licda. Diana Espinoza Navarro, Regulation officer of the Alajuela 2 Health Governing Area.
SECOND:… to Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director of the Water Directorate, or whoever holds his position, to proceed to carry out the economic valuation of environmental damage in relation to the non-compliance with the permissible limits for wastewater detected by the Ministry of Health, for which the operational wastewater report of Dirección05 is sent…”. Notifications visible on folios 820 to 833 of the administrative file.
58. That through resolution 902-23-TAA of 14 hours 18 minutes on June 20, 2023, visible on folios 834 to 835, this Tribunal proceeds to request: “FIRST: … FOR THE THIRD TIME to Dr. Ronald Enrique Mora Solano, Director of the Alajuela 2 Health Governing Area Directorate, Ministry of Health, or whoever holds his position, to proceed to refer to the follow-up or if the technical opinion was received from the Environmental Health Unit of the Directorate of Radiological Protection and Environmental Health of the Ministry of Health in relation to the perimeter air study in establishments, this in order to comply with the atypical precautionary measure imposed by this Tribunal in relation to the measurement of total suspended particles to verify air quality with respect to the activity carried out by Nombre02 S.A., which remains pending as described in official communication MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-IT-3443-2021 dated September 28, 2021 (folios 759 and 760) signed by Licda. Diana Espinoza Navarro, Regulation officer of the Alajuela 2 Health Governing Area.
SECOND:… FOR THE THIRD TIME to Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director of the Water Directorate, or whoever holds his position, to proceed to carry out the economic valuation of environmental damage in relation to the non-compliance with the permissible limits for wastewater detected by the Ministry of Health, for which the operational wastewater report of Nombre02 S.A. visible on folios 752 and 753 is sent.” Notifications visible on folios 836 to 850 of the administrative file.
59. That through official communication DA-UHTPCOSJ-1475-2023 dated July 27, 2023, with no date of receipt in this Office, signed by Ing. Marilyn Mora Vega, Coordinator of the Tárcoles-Central Pacific Hydrological Unit of the Water Directorate, visible on folio 852, a request for information (folios 752-753) is issued to provide a response to what was requested in resolution 902-2023-TAA.
60. That through resolution 1128-23-TAA of 09 hours on August 17, 2023, visible on folios 853 to 854, this Tribunal proceeds to request: “FIRST: … FOR THE FOURTH TIME to Dr. Ronald Enrique Mora Solano, Director of the Alajuela 2 Health Governing Area Directorate, Ministry of Health, or whoever holds his position, to proceed to refer to the follow-up or if the technical opinion was received from the Environmental Health Unit of the Directorate of Radiological Protection and Environmental Health of the Ministry of Health in relation to the perimeter air study in establishments, this in order to comply with the atypical precautionary measure imposed by this Tribunal in relation to the measurement of total suspended particles to verify air quality with respect to the activity carried out by Nombre02 S.A., which remains pending as described in official communication MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-IT-3443-2021 dated September 28, 2021 (folios 759 and 760) signed by Licda. Diana Espinoza Navarro, Regulation officer of the Alajuela 2 Health Governing Area. SECOND:… That having reviewed official communication DA-UHTPCOSJ-1475-2023 dated July 27, 2023, signed by Ing. Marilyn Mora Vega, Coordinator of the Tárcoles-Central Pacific Hydrological Unit of the Water Directorate, folios 752 and 753 of the administrative file are sent.” Notifications visible on folios 855 to 868 of the administrative file.
61. That through official communication MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-1652-2023 dated August 25, 2023, and received in this Office on the same day, signed by Dr. Ronald Mora Solano, Director of the Alajuela 2 Health Governing Area Directorate of the Ministry of Health, visible on folios 869-879, which corresponds to the response to resolution No. 1128-23-TAA.
62. That through resolution 1550-23-TAA of 14 hours on November 1, 2023, visible on folio 878, this Tribunal proceeds to request: “SOLE: … FOR THE FOURTH TIME to Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director of the Water Directorate, or whoever holds his position, to proceed to carry out the economic valuation of environmental damage in relation to the non-compliance with the permissible limits for wastewater detected by the Ministry of Health, in relation to the operational wastewater report of Nombre02 S.A. visible on folios 752 and 753 and sent via resolution number 1128-2023-TAA of 09 hours on August 17, 2023.” Notifications visible on folios 880 to 893 of the administrative file.
63. That through official communication DA-UHTPCOSJ-2423-2023 dated November 27, 2023, and received in this Office on November 28, 2023, signed by Ing. Danny Olivares Rivera, Acting Coordinator of the Tárcoles-Central Pacific Hydrological Unit of the Water Directorate, visible on folio 894-895, a request for information (folios 752-753) is issued to provide a response to what was requested.
64. That through resolution 1665-23-TAA of 09 hours 10 minutes on December 8, 2023, visible on folios 896-897, this Tribunal proceeds to request: SOLE: … That having reviewed official communication DA-UHTPCOSJ-2423-2023 dated November 27, 2023, visible on folio 895, signed by Ing. Danny Olivares Rivera, Acting Coordinator of the Tárcoles-Central Pacific Hydrological Unit of the Water Directorate, it is indicated that folios 752 and 753 were sent via resolution 1128-2023-TAA of 09 hours on August 17, 2023 (visible on folios 853 and 854) in response to official communication DA-UHTPCOSJ-1475-2023 dated July 27, 2023, duly notified to emails ...03 and ...04 as evidenced on folios 867 and 868 of this administrative file. A copy of folios 752 and 753 corresponding to an operational wastewater report is sent again. By reason of the foregoing, this Office requests FOR THE FIFTH TIME Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director of the Water Directorate, or whoever holds his position, to proceed to carry out the economic valuation of environmental damage in relation to the non-compliance with the permissible limits for wastewater detected by the Ministry of Health, in relation to the operational wastewater report of Nombre02 S.A. visible on folios 752 and 753 and sent via resolution number 1128-2023-TAA of 09 hours on August 17, 2023, and attached hereto.” Notifications visible on folios 898 to 911 of the administrative file.
65. That through resolution number 656-2025-TAA of thirteen hours and eight minutes on June sixteenth, two thousand twenty-five, it proceeded to request the following: “(…) SOLE: Order Dr. Ronald Enrique Mora Solano, in his capacity as Director of the Alajuela 2 Health Governing Area Directorate of the Ministry of Health, or whoever holds his position, to proceed to send the wastewater quality certification for the last three years as well as the last four operational reports of atmospheric emissions from the company Nombre02 S.A. The foregoing must be complied with within a period of TEN calendar days counted from the first working day following notification of this resolution. (…)”. Folio 919.
Once the foregoing has been set forth, it is important to indicate to this Honorable Constitutional Chamber, that this Tribunal has carried out the necessary efforts before the competent institutions to obtain the information that is considered important to have prior to making a possible filing of charges (imputación de cargos) or any other decision regarding the reported case, acting diligently in the processing of this administrative file, for which reason at this time the file is in the preliminary investigation stage and awaiting receipt of the requirement requested from the Ministry of Health. This Office does not omit to indicate that once all the necessary information is available and a decision is made in this regard, this Constitutional Chamber will be informed for its better procedure. (…)
LEGAL BASIS This report is based on articles 1, 2, 3, 11, 59, 60, 103, 108 of the Organic Environmental Law, articles 214, 282, 297, 308, 311 and following of the General Public Administration Law, articles 11, 45 of the Biodiversity Law, Executive Decree 34136-MINAE Regulation of Procedures of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal, and articles 1, 2, 41, 42, 43 and following of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law.
PETITORY Based on the factual and legal grounds indicated, it is requested that the proceeding be deemed fulfilled and the report ordered via resolution of 11 hours 12 minutes on June 12, 2025, notified on June 16, 2025, at the offices of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal be considered rendered, and consequently it is requested that the amparo remedy filed by Mr. Nombre01, identity card CED07, processed under file number 25-16364-0007-CO, be declared without merit, with no special award of costs”.
Environmental Impact Assessment Requirements in Costa Rica: Obligations for Existing and New Industries:
The environmental legislation of Costa Rica establishes a robust framework for the evaluation and control of the impact of human activities on the environment. This document details the key regulations and specific obligations for industries, both newly created and those pre-existing the enactment of these laws.
Main Legal Framework The main regulations and laws that establish the need to review and approve the activity, and to present an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) in Costa Rica, are the following:
Organic Environmental Law (Ley No. 7554): This fundamental law, enacted in 1995, lays the foundation for the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) of various activities, works, or projects.
General Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment Procedures (Decreto Ejecutivo No. 31849-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC): Published on June 28, 2004, this central regulatory body specifically regulates the environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) procedures. It details which type of activities must undergo this process, the assessment instruments (such as the EsIA, D1, D2), and the steps to obtain environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental) from the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA).
Regulation for Environmental Assessment, Control, and Monitoring (Decreto Ejecutivo No. 43898-MINAE-S-MOPT-MAG-MEIC): This executive decree, more recent and published in 2023, updates and complements the regulatory framework on environmental assessment, control, and monitoring, repealing and replacing the previous decree.
In general, any activity, work, or project that, due to its magnitude or characteristics, may generate a significant impact on the environment, must undergo an environmental impact assessment (evaluación de impacto ambiental, EIA) process before SETENA to obtain the corresponding environmental viability (license) (viabilidad (licencia) ambiental). The EsIA is one of the key technical instruments within this process for projects with higher potential impacts.
Obligations for Slaughterhouse and Meat Processing Industries A slaughterhouse and meat processing industry in Costa Rica mandatorily requires an environmental evaluation by the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), due to its potential significant environmental impacts.
Why is it considered high impact? SETENA requires a rigorous study because slaughterhouses and processing plants generate a series of important environmental impacts, such as:
Wastewater Generation: Large volumes with high organic and chemical load, requiring complex treatment. Solid Waste Generation: Includes organic (inedible parts, manure) and ordinary waste, whose inadequate management can cause pollution and attract pests. Atmospheric Emissions: Offensive odors affecting nearby communities. Resource Consumption: High consumption of water and energy. Sanitary Impact: Risks to public health if management is deficient.
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Process The general process before SETENA includes:
Presentation of the Proposal: The project developer must present the initiative to SETENA. Preparation of the EsIA: A team of registered environmental consultants carries out the study, which analyzes all possible impacts (physical, biological, and socioeconomic) and proposes an environmental management plan (Plan de Gestión Ambiental, PGA). Environmental Management Plan (Plan de Gestión Ambiental, PGA): Details the prevention, mitigation, and compensation measures for each identified impact, including wastewater management, solid waste management, odor control, occupational safety, etc. SETENA Evaluation: The secretariat reviews the study and issues a resolution. Granting of Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental): If the evaluation is positive, SETENA grants the Environmental Viability License (Licencia de Viabilidad Ambiental), an indispensable requirement for other permits (construction, sanitary operating permit).
Situation of Industries Pre-Existing the Environmental Law (1995) The circumstance that a company, such as an industrial-scale slaughterhouse and meat processing industry, began operations prior to the Organic Environmental Law (Ley Orgánica del Ambiente, Ley N° 7554) of 1995, does not exempt it from complying with current environmental regulations. However, the compliance mechanism differs:
1. Obligation of an Environmental Adaptation Plan (Plan de Adecuación Ambiental, PAA) An EsIA is not required retroactively: The EsIA is a preventive and prior instrument for new projects. Therefore, it cannot be required retroactively from an industry that was already legally operating before the law existed. The alternative is the PAA: For these industries, the Costa Rican regulatory framework requires an Environmental Diagnosis Study (Estudio de Diagnóstico Ambiental, EDA) that leads to an Environmental Adaptation Plan (Plan de Adecuación Ambiental, PAA). The EDA identifies how the plant operates, the waste and emissions it generates, and its current impacts, comparing its performance with current regulations. The PAA is the scheduled plan that the company must implement to correct, mitigate, and control its negative impacts and thereby comply with current environmental standards (e.g., build or improve a treatment plant, install filters, implement a solid waste management plan). SETENA Approval: Once SETENA approves this Environmental Adaptation Plan (Plan de Adecuación Ambiental, PAA), it grants the company the Environmental Operating Viability (or License) (Viabilidad (o Licencia) Ambiental de Operación), certifying that the company has committed to operating in an environmentally responsible manner.
2. The Role of Previous Permits (Municipality and Ministry of Health) If the industry already had operating permits from the Municipality (license) and the Ministry of Health before the 1995 Environmental Law, it is crucial to understand the following: Independence of Permits: These permits are governed by the principle of independence; each one evaluates different aspects (land use, public health, comprehensive environmental impact). One does not substitute for the other. Requirement of Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental): Current legislation and jurisprudence have established that SETENA's Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental) is a prior and indispensable requirement to obtain or renew both the Sanitary Operating Permit and the municipal license. Obligation of Regularization: Therefore, even if the industry had its municipal and health permits from before 1995, at the time of renewing them, or if it makes any modification or expansion, the authorities (Health and the Municipality) will require it to present the valid Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental) from SETENA. If it does not have it, the obligation to begin the Environmental Adaptation (Adecuación Ambiental) process would be activated to regularize its situation.
3. The Duty to Comply and Demonstrate Duty to Comply: The approval of the PAA by SETENA is a legal and binding commitment. The company's primary duty is to actively execute all actions and improvements promised in the PAA within the established deadlines. This involves making investments, implementing new processes, carrying out monitoring, and keeping records that evidence compliance. Duty to Demonstrate: The burden of proof falls on the company. It is its unavoidable duty to present the Resolution issued by SETENA that approves the Environmental Adaptation Plan (Plan de Adecuación Ambiental, PAA) and grants the Environmental Operating Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental de Operación) before any authority that legally requires it. This document is a sine qua non (indispensable) requirement in scenarios such as: Renewal of the Sanitary Operating Permit before the Ministry of Health. Renewal of the Commercial License before the Municipality.
Credit applications before financial institutions. Requirements from corporate clients, especially for export. In summary, a pre-existing industry is not exempt from environmental responsibility. The law is not applied retroactively, but it is required to "catch up" with current regulations through an Environmental Adaptation Plan (Plan de Adecuación Ambiental, PAA) in order to continue operating legally in the long term. Not having or not presenting SETENA's Environmental Viability (Viabilidad Ambiental) will result in the blocking of its health and municipal permits, which could lead to the closure order of the plant.
CONSEQUENTLY: The request is reiterated to ask the respondent to show the up-to-date environmental permit or viability, issued by SETENA, within a prudent and brief term determined by the Chamber. This will make it possible to verify if, as reported, the company does not have it, much less with the expansions and constructions that, since the start of operations, have been carried out at the site (invaded a river protection zone, etc.).”.
Introduction For more than a decade, the company Nombre02 S.A., located in San Rafael de Alajuela, has been the object of complaints and actions by health and environmental authorities due to effects related to bad odors and wastewater management. This situation has generated a "constant struggle" by the neighbors of the community of La Canadá, who have reported impacts on their quality of life and health. The intervention of various entities, including the Ministry of Health and the Administrative Environmental Tribunal (Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, TAA), has been recurrent in an effort to mitigate these problems.
1. The Beginning of the Interventions: 2013 Complaint and the Administrative Environmental Tribunal (TAA) The problem dates back to September 12, 2013, when the Association of Neighbors for the Environmental Defense of the La Cañada Neighborhood filed a formal complaint for "nuisance from bad odors" directly related to the activity of Nombre02 S.Nombre04.. This complaint was assigned to the Administrative Environmental Tribunal (Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, TAA) under file number 285-13-03. In response to this initial complaint, the Ministry of Health, through its Regional level, addressed the situation and issued "administrative acts" for the slaughterhouse to correct its operation. In parallel, the TAA, through Resolution No. 1024-13-TAA, requested detailed information from the Regional Health Directorate on the slaughterhouse's operational reports, including wastewater management, emissions, and the odor control system. This demonstrates that, from the beginning, the authorities recognized the need to address both air pollution (bad odors) and wastewater management.
2. Continuity of Administrative Actions and Sanitary Orders (2018-2023) Over the years, the follow-up to the situation of Nombre02 has been constant, resulting in the verification on numerous occasions of irregularities or non-compliance found in regulations related to gas emissions and water pollution. Orders that, as can be seen, despite their repetition and duration over time, have not made it possible to eliminate the problems of water and air pollution (or bad odors). 2018: After joint inspections carried out in September 2018, "improvement opportunities" were detected in the administrative and operational conditions of the slaughterhouse. This led to the issuance of two administrative acts by the Ministry of Health: sanitary orders OS-CN-ARS-A2-065-2018 and OS-CN-ARS A2-0146-2018. The report does not detail the specific compliance with these two orders but indicates that improvements were sought. 2021: The TAA's intervention intensified in 2021.
Through sanitary order MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-OS 0254-2021, the Ministry of Health requested the slaughterhouse to fund wastewater sampling (treatment system), atmospheric emissions (boiler), and a perimeter particle study, as part of an atypical precautionary measure (medida cautelar atípica) ordered by the TAA. Subsequently, sanitary order MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-OS 0349-2021 was issued because four parameters were not met in the wastewater and atmospheric emission samplings. The Ministry of Health received reports on the progress of the corrective action plan and communicated them to the TAA. 2023: In an effort to directly address the odor problem, the Ministry of Health issued sanitary order MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-OS-0151-2023. This order requested improvements to the slaughterhouse's treatment and odor control system (STO). As a result, the STO received maintenance, gas leaks were eliminated, and system parts were renewed.
The Ministry of Health has stated that, since these improvements, the STO functions adequately and complaints about bad odors decreased significantly, with only two recorded in 2024, without perception of unpleasant odors in inspections.
3. The Most Recent Intervention (April 2025) The persistence of environmental concerns was evidenced again in April 2025. After an inspection carried out on April 3 and a wastewater sampling, the Ministry of Health issued sanitary order MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-OS-0068-2025 to Nombre02 S.A..
This order was issued specifically for "contamination and bad odors" and deficiencies in the operation of the wastewater treatment system (STAR) and general waste management. The obligations imposed include: Submitting an odor management plan to prevent impacts on the community. Delivering a technical survey and a corrective action plan for the STAR. Keeping the surroundings of the establishment free of waste and disused materials. At the time of the Ministry of Health's report (June 2025), this order is "currently within the compliance period." SECOND: With regard to the bad odors. a) The Ministry of Health's report indicates: The petitioner, Nombre01, states in their amparo appeal that the residents of Dirección01 have reported health problems such as "respiratory issues, skin and mucous membrane irritations, gastrointestinal discomfort, stress and anxiety, associated with the presence of unpleasant odors" due to the company's activity.
Position of the Ministry of Health: The Ministry of Health, in its report, declares that to date there is no evidence demonstrating a direct relationship between the odors emitted by the company and the alleged public health problems. Furthermore, it notes that the petitioner did not attach any medical opinion associated with the mentioned illnesses and that, after reviewing the administrative file, no prior complaints on this matter from the petitioner could be found before the filing of the amparo appeal. Air Quality Studies (requested by the TAA): It is mentioned that the TAA requested and conducted sampling of "atmospheric emissions (boiler) and a perimeter study of total suspended particles (PTS), particles less than or equal to 10 micrometers, 2.5 micrometers, and gases" at at least four points. However, the Ministry of Health indicated that it could not provide a compliance opinion on this perimeter study because the regulation suggested by the TAA (Air Quality Regulation for Criteria Pollutants, DE-39951-S) is exclusive to the National Air Quality Monitoring Network, administered by another Directorate of the same Ministry.
In summary, although the petitioner alleged health impacts, the Ministry of Health, in its report, indicated that it found no direct evidence of a relationship between the odors and the health problems reported by the residents, and that no medical opinions were attached. Additionally, the evaluation of the air quality studies requested by the TAA had regulatory limitations on the part of the Ministry of Health to issue a compliance opinion. b) Analysis of the Ministry of Health's report concerning bad odors or gases.
Attached is a copy of technical report DA-UHTPCOSJ-1475-2025, official communication DA-1387-207, and the respective notification record.”
Drafted by Magistrate Castillo Víquez; and,
Considering:
It should be noted that one of the points raised could constitute an injury to the right to prompt and complete administrative justice. In this regard, it must be clarified that, based on ruling no. 2008002545 of 8:55 a.m. on February 22, 2008, this Chamber (Sala) has remanded to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction — with some exceptions — those matters in which it is discussed whether the public authority has complied or not with the deadlines set by the General Law of Public Administration (Ley General de la Administración Pública) (Articles 261 and 325) or sectoral laws for special administrative procedures, in order to resolve through a final act an administrative procedure — initiated ex officio or by request of a party — or to hear the applicable administrative appeals. Precisely, in this appeal, an exception scenario is raised because the sub examine is related to an environmental complaint that apparently has not been resolved. By virtue of the foregoing, the Chamber (Sala) will proceed to resolve the appeal.
The appellant indicates that, since September 11, 2013, or even earlier, the Condominio La Canadá and the neighbors of Dirección01 have maintained a struggle for the cessation of the effects on the environment and health caused by the company Nombre02 S.A. He details that, on the mentioned date, a complaint was filed before the TAA to which file no. 285-13-03 was assigned. He states that, by a resolution of February 2019, the TAA convened a hearing for June 2020 and that in August 2019, the complaint was expanded, and an urgent precautionary measure (medida cautelar) was requested. He sets forth that, by resolution no. 1725-20-TAA of June 5, 2020, the TAA suspended the hearing and reverted the process to the investigation stage, due to the evidence provided. He accuses that, since that moment, an excessive period has elapsed without any other resolution having been issued by the TAA. He states that, on February 17, 2020, the Ministry of Health issued a report in which it was evidenced that the flow of the Río Segundo de Alajuela was dropping with a reddish-brown color and, although the water at the outlet of the treatment plant appeared clear, it is no less true that this reflects the need for an expeditious investigation and resolution.
He accuses that the mentioned communities suffer significant effects on their physical and emotional health. They request that the TAA be ordered to issue the corresponding resolution to continue processing file no. 285-13-03 and that they issue the precautionary measures (medidas cautelares) that guarantee the protection of the environment.
Of importance for the decision in this matter, the following facts are deemed duly demonstrated, either because they have been thus accredited or because the respondent authority has omitted to refer to them, as provided in the initial order:
Minor González Guzmán, Head of the Oficina Alajuela, Área de Conservación Central, or whoever holds his position, to comply with what is ordered in the fourth considerando of this resolution, within a period of TEN NATURAL DAYS, which will begin to run on the next business day following the notification of this resolution. FOURTH: To request FOR THE THIRD TIME to Mrs. Cynthia Barzuna Gutiérrez, General Secretary of the National Environmental Technical Secretariat (Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental, SETENA), or whoever holds her position, to comply with what is ordered in the fifth considerando of this resolution.” (See documentary evidence).
indicated in official communication MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-3451-2021 dated September 29, 2021, signed by you (folio 758), which states that their completion was anticipated for December 2021; 2) report on the follow-up or whether the technical opinion of the Environmental Health Unit of the Directorate of Radiological Protection and Environmental Health of the Ministry of Health was received regarding the perimeter air study in establishments, in order to comply with the atypical precautionary measure (medida cautelar atípica) imposed by this Tribunal concerning the measurement of total suspended particles to verify air quality regarding the activity carried out by Nombre02 S.A., which remains pending as described in official communication MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-IT-3443-2021 dated September 28, 2021 (folios 759 and 760) signed by Licda. Diana Espinoza Navarro, Regulation officer of the Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2 (…) SECOND: (…) requests Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director of the Dirección de Agua, or whoever holds his position, to proceed with the economic valuation of environmental damage (valoración económica del daño ambiental) in relation to the non-compliance with permissible wastewater limits detected by the Ministry of Health, for which the operational wastewater report of Nombre02 S.A., visible at folios 752 and 753, is forwarded.” (See documentary evidence).
SECOND: (…) this Office requests FOR THE SECOND TIME Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director of the Dirección de Agua, or whoever holds his position, to proceed with the economic valuation of environmental damage in relation to the non-compliance with permissible wastewater limits detected by the Ministry of Health, for which the operational wastewater report of Nombre02 Nombre03 (…) is forwarded.” (See documentary evidence).
SECOND: (…) FOR THE THIRD TIME to Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director of the Dirección de Agua, or whoever holds his position, to proceed with the economic valuation of environmental damage in relation to the non-compliance with permissible wastewater limits detected by the Ministry of Health, for which the operational wastewater report of Nombre02 S.A., visible at folios 752 and 753, is forwarded.” (See documentary evidence).
In the case at bar, the petitioner indicates that, since September 11, 2013, or even earlier, the Condominio La Canadá and the residents of Dirección01 have been engaged in a struggle to cease the impacts on the environment and health caused by the company Nombre02 S. A. They detail that, on the mentioned date, a complaint was filed before the TAA, to which file no. 285-13-03 was assigned. They state that, by a resolution of February 2019, the TAA called a hearing for June 2020, and that in August 2019 the complaint was expanded and an urgent precautionary measure was requested. They explain that, by resolution no. 1725-20-TAA of June 5, 2020, the TAA suspended the hearing and rolled back the proceeding to the investigation stage, due to the evidence provided. They allege that, since that moment, an excessive period has elapsed without any other resolution being issued by the TAA. They state that, on February 17, 2020, the Ministry of Health issued a report showing that the flow of the Segundo de Alajuela River was running with a reddish-brown color, and although the water at the outlet of the treatment plant appeared clear, it is no less true that this reflects the need for an expeditious investigation and resolution.
They allege that the mentioned communities suffer significant impacts to their physical and emotional health. They request that the TAA be ordered to issue the corresponding resolution to continue the processing of file no. 285-13-03 and to issue the precautionary measures that guarantee the protection of the environment.
This Chamber has as proven that on September 11, 2013, a complaint was filed before the TAA against the activity of the company Nombre02 S. A., to which file no. 285-13-03-TAA was assigned. By resolution no. 249-19-TAA of 2:14 p.m. on February 15, 2019, the TAA declared the opening of the administrative procedure and called an oral hearing for June 10 and 11, 2020. On August 8, 2019, several persons filed a brief before the TAA expanding the reported facts. By resolution no. 1584-19-TAA of 2:21 p.m. on September 11, 2019, the TAA called a joint inspection between the Technical Department of the tribunal, the Ministry of Health, and SENASA for October 1, 2019, which took place on the indicated date. On October 15, 2019, the TAA received a brief from SETENA, by which it forwarded an environmental complaint because the reported activity lacks environmental viability (viabilidad ambiental). By a note of December 3, 2019, SETENA was requested to conduct an inspection visit to the company Nombre02 S. A. By resolution no. 1724-20-TAA of 2:14 p.m. on June 5, 2020, the TAA ordered: “First: The nullity of Resolution No. 249-19-TAA on the formulation of charges is declared, rolling back the proceedings to the investigation stage.
Second: Due to what is indicated in the preceding Whereas Clauses, the parties, witnesses, expert witnesses, and experts are informed that the oral and public hearing called for June 10 and 11, 2020, will not be held.” By resolution no. 453-21-TAA of 4:40 p.m. on May 4, 2021, the TAA informed the parties of the loss of the resolution of June 5, 2020, and its notification certificates, which was reconstituted with certification no. 325-21-TAA. By resolution no. 471-21-TAA of 3:02 p.m. on May 7, 2021, the TAA responded to various briefs in the file, imposed an atypical precautionary measure, and requested reports from the Oficina de Alajuela, the Área de Conservación Central, and SETENA. By resolution no. 636-21-TAA of 10:15 a.m. on June 14, 2021, the TAA ordered: “FIRST: To validate resolution 471-21-TAA of 3:02 p.m. on May 7, 2021, informing the parties that, against the precautionary measure imposed by the cited resolution, the Revocation Appeal (Recurso de Revocatoria) may be filed within a period of twenty-four hours from notification, based on articles 342 and 346 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública.
The omission to indicate the deadline for appeal is hereby cured. Likewise, in order not to cause defenselessness to the parties, said deadline begins to run from the notification of this administrative resolution. SECOND: The respondent's request for information regarding the sampling ordered by the precautionary measure is deemed answered. THIRD: To request FOR THE SECOND TIME Mr. Minor González Guzmán, Head of the Oficina Alajuela, Área de Conservación Central, or whoever holds his position, to proceed to comply with what was ordered in whereas clause four of this resolution, within a period of TEN CALENDAR DAYS which will begin to run on the next business day following notification of this resolution. FOURTH: To request FOR THE THIRD TIME Ms. Cynthia Barzuna Gutiérrez, Secretary General of the Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), or whoever holds her position, to proceed to comply with what was ordered in whereas clause five of this resolution.” By resolution no. 705-22-TAA of 9:40 a.m. on May 20, 2022, the TAA ordered: “FIRST: (…) requests Dr. Ronald Enrique Mora Solano, Director of the Dirección Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2, Ministry of Health, or whoever holds his position, to: 1) report on the compliance with corrective actions implemented in fulfillment of sanitary order number MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-0349-2021 (folio 754) of Nombre02 S.A. indicated in official communication MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-3451-2021 dated September 29, 2021, signed by you (folio 758), which states that their completion was anticipated for December 2021; 2) report on the follow-up or whether the technical opinion of the Environmental Health Unit of the Directorate of Radiological Protection and Environmental Health of the Ministry of Health was received regarding the perimeter air study in establishments, in order to comply with the atypical precautionary measure imposed by this Tribunal concerning the measurement of total suspended particles to verify air quality regarding the activity carried out by Nombre02 S.A., which remains pending as described in official communication MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-IT-3443-2021 dated September 28, 2021 (folios 759 and 760) signed by Licda. Diana Espinoza Navarro, Regulation officer of the Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2 (…) SECOND: (…) requests Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director of the Dirección de Agua, or whoever holds his position, to proceed with the economic valuation of environmental damage in relation to the non-compliance with permissible wastewater limits detected by the Ministry of Health, for which the operational wastewater report of Nombre02 S.A., visible at folios 752 and 753, is forwarded.” On November 4, 2022, a request for prompt dispatch was filed.
By resolution no. 1541-22-TAA of 3:50 p.m. on November 17, 2022, the TAA established: “FIRST: (…) FOR THE SECOND TIME to Dr. Ronald Enrique Mora Solano, Director of the Dirección Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2, Ministry of Health, or whoever holds his position, to report on the follow-up or whether the technical opinion of the Environmental Health Unit of the Directorate of Radiological Protection and Environmental Health of the Ministry of Health was received regarding the perimeter air study in establishments, in order to comply with the atypical precautionary measure imposed by this Tribunal concerning the measurement of total suspended particles to verify air quality regarding the activity carried out by Nombre02 S.A., which remains pending as described in official communication MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-IT-3443-2021 dated September 28, 2021 (folios 759 and 760) signed by Licda. Diana Espinoza Navarro, Regulation officer of the Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2.
SECOND: (…) this Office requests FOR THE SECOND TIME Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director of the Dirección de Agua, or whoever holds his position, to proceed with the economic valuation of environmental damage in relation to the non-compliance with permissible wastewater limits detected by the Ministry of Health, for which the operational wastewater report of Nombre02 Nombre03 (…) is forwarded.” By resolution no. 902-23-TAA of 2:18 p.m. on June 20, 2023, the TAA ordered: “FIRST: (…) FOR THE THIRD TIME to Dr. Ronald Enrique Mora Solano, Director of the Dirección Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2, Ministry of Health, or whoever holds his position, to report on the follow-up or whether the technical opinion of the Environmental Health Unit of the Directorate of Radiological Protection and Environmental Health of the Ministry of Health was received regarding the perimeter air study in establishments, in order to comply with the atypical precautionary measure imposed by this Tribunal concerning the measurement of total suspended particles to verify air quality regarding the activity carried out by Nombre02 S.A., which remains pending as described in official communication MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-IT-3443-2021 dated September 28, 2021 (folios 759 and 760) signed by Licda. Diana Espinoza Navarro, Regulation officer of the Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2.
SECOND: (…) FOR THE THIRD TIME to Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director of the Dirección de Agua, or whoever holds his position, to proceed with the economic valuation of environmental damage in relation to the non-compliance with permissible wastewater limits detected by the Ministry of Health, for which the operational wastewater report of Nombre02 S.A., visible at folios 752 and 753, is forwarded.” By resolution no. 1128-23-TAA of 9:00 a.m. on August 17, 2023, the TAA established: “FIRST: (…) FOR THE FOURTH TIME to Dr. Ronald Enrique Mora Solano, Director of the Dirección Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2, Ministry of Health, or whoever holds his position, to report on the follow-up or whether the technical opinion of the Environmental Health Unit of the Directorate of Radiological Protection and Environmental Health of the Ministry of Health was received regarding the perimeter air study in establishments, in order to comply with the atypical precautionary measure imposed by this Tribunal concerning the measurement of total suspended particles to verify air quality regarding the activity carried out by Nombre02 S.A., which remains pending as described in official communication MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-IT-3443-2021 dated September 28, 2021 (folios 759 and 760) signed by Licda. Diana Espinoza Navarro, Regulation officer of the Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2.
SECOND: (…) Given official communication DA-UHTPCOSJ-1475-2023 dated July 27, 2023, signed by Ing. Marilyn Mora Vega, Coordinator of the Tárcoles-Pacífico Central Hydrological Unit of the Dirección de Agua, folios 752 and 753 of the administrative file are forwarded.” On August 25, 2023, the Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2 of the Ministry of Health provided what was required in resolution no. 1128-23-TAA of 9:00 a.m. on August 17, 2023. By resolution no. 1550-23-TAA of 2:00 p.m. on November 1, 2023, the TAA ordered: “SINGLE: (…) FOR THE FOURTH TIME to Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director of the Dirección de Agua, or whoever holds his position, to proceed with the economic valuation of environmental damage in relation to the non-compliance with permissible wastewater limits detected by the Ministry of Health, in relation to the operational wastewater report of Nombre02 S.A. visible at folios 752 and 753 and forwarded by resolution number 1128-2023-TAA of 9:00 a.m. on August 17, 2023.” On November 28, 2023, the Dirección de Agua requested information from the TAA to respond to what was requested.
By resolution no. 1665-23-TAA of 9:10 a.m. on December 8, 2023, the TAA ordered: “SINGLE: (…) Having reviewed official communication DA-UHTPCOSJ-2423-2023 dated November 27, 2023, visible at folio 895, signed by Ing. Danny Olivares Rivera, Acting Coordinator of the Tárcoles-Pacífico Central Hydrological Unit of the Dirección de Agua, it is indicated that folios 752 and 753 were forwarded by resolution 1128-2023-TAA of 9:00 a.m. on August 17, 2023 (visible at folios 853 and 854) in response to official communication DA-UHTPCOSJ-1475-2023 dated July 27, 2023, duly notified to emails ...03 and ...04 as recorded at folios 867 and 868 of this administrative file. A copy of folios 752 and 753, corresponding to an operational wastewater report, is forwarded again. By reason of the foregoing, this Office requests FOR THE FIFTH TIME Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director of the Dirección de Agua, or whoever holds his position, to proceed with the economic valuation of environmental damage in relation to the non-compliance with permissible wastewater limits detected by the Ministry of Health, in relation to the operational wastewater report of Nombre02 S.A. visible at folios 752 and 753 and forwarded by resolution number 1128-2023-TAA of 9:00 a.m. on August 17, 2023, and attached hereto.” By resolution no. 656-2025-TAA of 1:08 p.m. on June 16, 2025, the TAA established: “SINGLE: Order Dr. Ronald Enrique Mora Solano, in his capacity as Director of the Dirección Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2 of the Ministry of Health, or whoever holds his position, to forward the wastewater quality certification for the last three years as well as the last four operational reports of atmospheric emissions from the company Nombre02 S.A.” By resolution no. 776-2025 of 9:40 a.m. on July 10, 2025, it was ordered: “(...) SINGLE: ORDER FOR THE SECOND TIME Dr. Ronald Enrique Mora Solano, in his capacity as Director of the Dirección Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2 of the Ministry of Health, or whoever holds his position, to forward the wastewater quality certification for the last three years as well as the last four operational reports of atmospheric emissions from the company Nombre02 S.A. The foregoing must be complied with within a period of TEN CALENDAR DAYS (sic) counted from the first business day following notification of this resolution.
(...)\". On July 11, 2025, the Dirección de Agua of MINAE sent the TAA the brief DA-UHTPCOSR-0276-2025 in relation to what was requested in resolution R-705-22-TAA of 9:40 a.m. on May 20, 2022. On July 14 (sic), 2025, official communication CARTA-MS-DRRSCN- DARSA2-1954-2025 signed by the acting director of the Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2 was communicated to the TAA, by which the wastewater quality certification and the last four operational reports on emissions from boilers and furnaces were forwarded.
From a comprehensive reading of the brief initiating the case, it is evident that what the petitioner alleges is the delay by the TAA in processing file no. 285-13-03-TAA since the issuance of resolution no. 1725-20-TAA of June 5, 2020; indeed, it should be recalled that their claim was that the TAA be ordered to issue the corresponding resolution to continue the processing of file no. 285-13-03 and to issue the precautionary measures that guarantee the protection of the environment. For this reason, the analysis by this Chamber will be limited to determining whether or not a delay in the processing of that matter has occurred from that period of time onward.
Having clarified the foregoing, the Chamber finds the violation of article 41 of the Political Constitution (Constitución Política) by the TAA, due to the delay in the processing and resolution of file no. 285-13-03-TAA. In this regard, note that, although the complaint that originated this matter dates from September 11, 2013, it is no less true that as of the date of filing this matter, that is, more than 10 years later, the final resolution has not been issued, a period that is disproportionate. In that sense, the case records reveal extensive periods of inactivity by the TAA, reflecting its lack of diligent and expeditious action. For example, on December 3, 2019, the TAA requested an inspection visit be conducted; however, the next action by the TAA appearing in the file dates from June 2020, that is, more than six months later. Likewise, it was not until approximately eleven months later that another action by the TAA occurred in the file. Additionally, although it is observed that on several occasions the TAA sought evidence from various entities, such as the Dirección de Agua of MINAE and the Ministry of Health, in which there was a delay in responding to what was requested, it is no less true that it is not verified that the tools provided by the legal system were used to compel the authorities to comply with what was ordered.
In consideration of the foregoing, the complaint is upheld against the Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo for the injury to article 41 of the Political Constitution, as established in the operative part of this matter.
V.Regarding the Dirección de Agua of MINAE, this Tribunal also verifies the violation of the provisions of article 41 of the Political Constitution. In that sense, note that, by resolution no. 705-22-TAA of 9:40 a.m. on May 20, 2022, the TAA ordered: “SECOND: (…) requests Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director of the Dirección de Agua, or whoever holds his position, to proceed with the economic valuation of environmental damage in relation to the non-compliance with permissible wastewater limits detected by the Ministry of Health, for which the operational wastewater report of Nombre02 S.A., visible at folios 752 and 753, is forwarded.” Subsequently, given the non-compliance with what was ordered, by resolution no. 1541-22-TAA of 3:50 p.m. on November 17, 2022, the TAA established: “this Office requests FOR THE SECOND TIME Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director of the Dirección de Agua, or whoever holds his position, to proceed with the economic valuation of environmental damage in relation to the non-compliance with permissible wastewater limits detected by the Ministry of Health, for which the operational wastewater report of Nombre02 S.A. is forwarded.” The foregoing also occurred in resolution no. 902-23-TAA of 2:18 p.m. on June 20, 2023, in which the TAA ordered: “FOR THE THIRD TIME to Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director of the Dirección de Agua, or whoever holds his position, to proceed with the economic valuation of environmental damage in relation to the non-compliance with permissible wastewater limits detected by the Ministry of Health, for which the operational wastewater report of Nombre02 S.A., visible at folios 752 and 753, is forwarded,” as well as in resolution no.
1128-23-TAA of 9:00 a.m. on August 17, 2023, through which the TAA established: “That having reviewed official communication DA-UHTPCOSJ-1475-2023 dated July 27, 2023, signed by Eng. Marilyn Mora Vega, Coordinator of the Tárcoles-Central Pacific Hydrological Unit of the Water Directorate, pages 752 and 753 of the administrative file are hereby forwarded.” Furthermore, in the resolution, having reviewed official communication DA-UHTPCOSJ-1475-2023 dated July 27, 2023, signed by Eng. Marilyn Mora Vega, Coordinator of the Tárcoles-Central Pacific Hydrological Unit of the Water Directorate, pages 752 and 753 of the administrative file are hereby forwarded.” Likewise, this Chamber observes that it was not until November 28, 2023, that is, more than a year after the requirement was made, that the Water Directorate requested information from the TAA to address the request, in response to which, by resolution no. 1665-23-TAA of 9:10 a.m. on December 8, 2023, the TAA ordered: “SOLE: (…) That having reviewed official communication DA-UHTPCOSJ-2423-2023 dated November 27, 2023, visible on page 895, signed by Eng.
Danny Olivares Rivera, Acting Coordinator of the Tárcoles-Central Pacific Hydrological Unit of the Water Directorate, it is indicated that pages 752 and 753 were forwarded by resolution 1128-2023-TAA of 9:00 a.m. on August 17, 2023 (visible on pages 853 and 854) in response to official communication DA-UHTPCOSJ-1475-2023 dated July 27, 2023, which was duly notified to emails ...03 and ...04 as recorded on pages 867 and 868 of this administrative file. A copy of pages 752 and 753, corresponding to an operational wastewater report, is again forwarded. Based on the foregoing, this Office requests FOR THE FIFTH TIME to Eng. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director of the Water Directorate, or whoever holds that position, to proceed with the economic valuation of environmental damage related to the non-compliance with permissible wastewater limits detected by the Ministry of Health, in relation to the operational wastewater report of Nombre02 S.A. visible on pages 752 and 753 and forwarded by resolution number 1128-2023-TAA of 9:00 a.m. on August 17, 2023, and attached hereto.” However, it was not until July 11, 2025, that is, after the director of the MINAE Water Directorate was notified of the resolution giving course to this process, that this office brought to the attention of the TAA the filing DA-UHTPCOSR-0276-2025 regarding what was requested in resolution R-705-22-TAA of 9:40 a.m. on May 20, 2022.
From the foregoing, the lack of diligent and expeditious action by the MINAE Water Directorate in addressing what was required by the TAA in resolution R-705-22-TAA of 9:40 a.m. on May 20, 2022, is evident, its response having been given only on July 11, 2025, that is, more than three years later, without any valid justification for such delay being observed. Now, given that the situation that violated fundamental rights regarding the aforementioned Water Directorate was corrected during the processing of this proceeding, the appeal is granted with respect to this authority, in accordance with the provisions of Article 52 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
VI.On the other hand, regarding the Ministry of Health, although a delay is observed on the part of the Área Rectora de Salud de Alajuela 2 in addressing TAA requests, it is no less true that since August 25, 2023, that is, prior to the filing of this matter, it had already issued the corresponding report. Therefore, at this time, no situation is observed that merits being brought before this Court. Ergo, the matter is not granted with respect to this ministry portfolio.
VII.Finally, the Chamber observes that the appellant, in filings submitted after the initial writ, requests that the company Nombre02 S. A. be compelled to provide evidence; however, it should be noted that this legal entity does not appear as a party in this matter. Having clarified the foregoing, it should be recalled that the amparo appeal is eminently summary in nature, and its processing is therefore incompatible with the handling of extensive or complex evidence, which is more appropriately addressed through ordinary channels. Therefore, it is not for this Constitutional Chamber to establish, in accordance with the infra-constitutional regulations governing the matter and the specific circumstances of the case under study, whether or not the operation of the aforementioned company should be closed or prohibited in the terms petitioned, nor to rule on any disagreements with the decisions adopted by the Ministry of Health. In any event, note that such disagreements are being examined by the TAA in file no. 285-13-03.
VIII.REGARDING THE ORDER TO PAY COSTS, DAMAGES, AND PREJUDICES IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 52 OF THE LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL. Upon better consideration, the majority of the Chamber finds that, in the sub examine, in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 52 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (“If, while the amparo is in progress, an administrative or judicial resolution is issued that revokes, halts, or suspends the challenged action, the appeal shall be granted solely for purposes of indemnification and costs, if applicable”), the grant must be without a special order for costs, damages, and prejudices, based on the following considerations. While there is an express legal text that requires the operative part of the ruling to state that the appeal is granted, when the grievance is resolved while the amparo is in progress, it is no less true that the same paragraph in fine states that the grant is issued “solely for purposes of indemnification and costs, if applicable.” It is emphasized that the Law states “if applicable,” which means that the applicability or non-applicability of indemnification and costs depends on an assessment, appraisal, or weighing by the Court.
In cases such as this, the content of the claimant’s claim and the respondent authority’s conduct in recognizing it suggest that the alleged impairments, injuries, or alterations are not directly related to an impact on a constitutional right of an evidently patrimonial nature (as would occur, for example, with an impact on the right to a salary). To dispel any doubt in this regard, it is important to highlight the provisions of Article 51 of the same Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, which provides: “every resolution that grants the appeal shall order in the abstract the indemnification of the damages and prejudices caused and the payment of the costs of the appeal, and its liquidation shall be reserved for the execution of the judgment,” where the possibility of assessing whether or not indemnification and costs are applicable is not foreseen. The principles of Constitutional Law, Public and General Procedural Law, or, as applicable, International or Community Law, and furthermore, in order, the Ley General de la Administración Pública, the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, and other procedural codes, are supplementary sources for the application and interpretation of the norms of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional -cf.
Article 14-. For the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, the legislator established a precept fully applicable to the case by analogy, in Article 197 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, which responds to the procedural logic in any matter. In any event, the affected party in the sub lite retains the possibility of resorting, if they so choose, to an ordinary proceeding to demonstrate that they have suffered some type of impairment. Based on the foregoing, it is the majority’s criterion to resolve this appeal without an order for costs, damages, and prejudices.
I have supported this Court’s thesis that when a claimant alleges a violation of the right to swift and effective justice in the administrative sphere, those who must hear the legal dispute are the Contentious-Administrative Courts and not this Chamber. Now, with the recent enactment of Law No. 9097, Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición, it has been established that this right is susceptible to judicial protection through the amparo appeal established by Article 32 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, in relation to Article 27 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Costa Rica, in those cases where the petitioner considers that the Administration’s material actions, its administrative acts, or its response are affecting their fundamental rights. In my view, the recently enacted regulation does not imply that this Court must modify its jurisprudential line, since this Court, based on numeral 7 of its Law, is solely responsible for defining its own jurisdiction.
Therefore, except for those legal-constitutional disputes that have been recognized by this Chamber itself as exceptional cases, which are properly heard in this jurisdiction through the constitutional process of amparo, in all other cases, and for the reasons given by this Court (Judgment No. 2008-02545 of 8:55 a.m. on February 22, 2008), the competent authorities are the Judges of the contentious-administrative jurisdiction, all of which is in accordance with numeral 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights, the Law of the Constitution (values, principles, and norms), and the corresponding legal norms, based on a logical, systemic, and teleological interpretation of the legal system.
In environmental matters, it is the undersigned’s criterion that if there has already been intervention by the Public Administration, its hearing and resolution falls to the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. However, I do proceed to hear the merits of the case when other rights of the people affected by the source of contamination are at stake, among them, health, quality of life, and the right to enjoy a healthy and pollution-free environment (Article 50 of the Political Constitution), as is the case here, where the appellant indicates that since September 11, 2013, or even earlier, the Condominio La Canadá and the neighbors of Dirección01 have been engaged in a struggle to cease the alleged impacts on the environment and health caused by the company Nombre02 S. A, without a definitive solution to the situation having been provided to date.
XI.PARTIAL DISSENTING VOTE OF MAGISTRATES SALAZAR ALVARADO AND GARITA NAVARRO, SOLELY IN RELATION TO THE NON-IMPOSITION OF COSTS, DAMAGES, AND PREJUDICES AGAINST THE RESPONDENT PARTY.
While we concur with the rest of the Chamber in granting the appeal, we depart from the majority criterion insofar as it exempts the respondent party from being ordered to pay the costs, damages, and prejudices derived from the injury caused to the fundamental rights of the protected party.
The Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, in Article 52, provides:
“If, while the amparo is in progress, an administrative or judicial resolution is issued that revokes, halts, or suspends the challenged action, the appeal shall be granted solely for purposes of indemnification and costs, if applicable.” On the other hand, Article 51 ibidem establishes:
“...every resolution that grants the appeal shall order in the abstract the indemnification of the damages and prejudices caused and the payment of the costs of the appeal, and its liquidation shall be reserved for the execution of the judgment.” This latter norm establishes the general system that regulates the matter of indemnification and the payment of costs, which the majority calls the “natural or normal form of termination of the proceeding, where there is a ruling on the merits of the matter and recognition of the facts that have violated fundamental rights…”.
In the majority’s criterion, Article 51, cited above, regulates the cases in which the Chamber has found the grievance proven; and, as a consequence, the need for an order to pay costs, damages, and prejudices arises. However, in the opinion of the undersigned, from a systematic interpretation of both norms, it is concluded that, both in cases where this Constitutional Court verifies an injury to a fundamental right and, therefore, grants the appeal, and in those where the Administration, by its own decision, restores the aggrieved person to the enjoyment of their fundamental rights once it becomes aware of the amparo -a situation contemplated in the referenced Article 52-, by force of Articles 50 and 51 of the cited law, the necessary and unavoidable consequence is an order against the infringer for the indemnification of the damages and prejudices caused and the payment of the costs of the appeal.
This rule is nothing more than the recognition, to the party that has suffered a violation of their fundamental rights, of the right to effective judicial protection regarding the reparation of the harmful consequences derived from the actions or omissions of the infringing authorities; and, as a deterrent, so that the State does not again incur in the actions that gave grounds for the grant of the appeal, a matter regulated in Article 50 of the law governing this jurisdiction. Thus, whether the Chamber has found the grievance proven and has examined the merits of the matter, or whether the violation ceased by decision of the respondent authority itself once it became aware of the amparo proceedings, with restoration of the aggrieved party’s fundamental rights (Article 52), in any of these cases, the imperative need for an order for costs, damages, and prejudices against the infringer arises, the basis of which lies in the principles of protection of individuals’ rights and that the Administration must be held responsible for the damages and prejudices caused by its unconstitutional actions.
Thus, the fact that at the time the amparo is heard and granted, the effects of the challenged act have already ceased, under the terms of Articles 50 and 52 of the cited law, does not negate the applicability of the order to pay costs, damages, and prejudices, as such a case forms an integral part of the general system of necessary condemnation in these areas contained in the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
On the other hand, it is clear that the aforementioned Article 52 applies only in cases where the Chamber, even without having heard or ruled on the merits of the claim, has verified the violation of the protected party’s fundamental rights, by virtue of the restoration that the Administration has agreed in their favor regarding the enjoyment of these rights; a situation that, as the majority of the Chamber affirms, implies an “abnormal termination of the proceeding.” The legislator precisely established and delimited the conditions under which this Chamber may decree this form of abnormal conclusion of the amparo proceeding, as well as its scope, namely: 1) that the amparo is in progress, meaning that the Administration has been duly notified of the resolution that gave course to the amparo; and, 2) that there exists an administrative or judicial resolution that indisputably orders the revocation, halting, or suspension of the challenged action that violates fundamental rights.
Certainly, the norm in question contemplates an exception to the general system of ordering costs, damages, and prejudices, despite granting the appeal, by providing that, in the cases regulated therein, the appeal shall be granted “solely for purposes of indemnification and costs, if applicable.” As an exception, it must be interpreted restrictively; that is, it applies only in the cases strictly contemplated in the norm, not only because of the rule that exceptions in law must be interpreted restrictively, but also because the consequences of applying such an exception undoubtedly imply an impairment of individuals’ fundamental right to obtain effective judicial protection against the damages and prejudices suffered due to the injury to their constitutional rights.
In our criterion, such an exception must be interpreted as meaning that, in accordance with the general system of automatic condemnation for costs, damages, and prejudices in the event of a violation of fundamental rights, such condemnation is always applicable, even if the respondent party issues an administrative or judicial resolution that revokes, halts, or suspends the challenged action, unless it is indisputably and clearly evident that in the specific case no damage capable of being indemnified was caused. Only and exclusively in such cases could the respondent Administration be exempted from paying these items. Since in this case, there is no evidence whatsoever to rebut the presumption that damages and economic prejudices arose for the protected party from the challenged actions -the specific determination of which is not for this jurisdiction-, the grant of this appeal must necessarily entail the order for costs, damages, and prejudices, and we so declare.
As an additional reason, it is worth highlighting that the dynamics and very essence of amparo proceedings do not have as their primary object the analysis of the existence or non-existence of damages and prejudices, but rather the existence or non-existence of actions or omissions that could generate or produce a breach of the system of individuals’ fundamental rights. From this perspective, the analysis carried out by this venue focuses on such verification, yet it does not delve into the weighing of whether these issues have or have not generated injuries in the eminently patrimonial sphere of the protected individuals. Although the aforementioned precept 52 of the LJC, in its grammatical scope, stipulates that such condemnation (in damages, prejudices, and costs) operates, if applicable, we, the undersigned, do not believe that said examination of pertinence can, a priori, be automatically excluded in this type of proceeding, to the extent that it is within another ordinary proceeding that it must be defined whether, within the legal relationship analyzed in the amparo appeal, the conduct or omissions attributable to the Administration (or private legal entity, when applicable) have constituted an adequate cause of patrimonial injuries that are legally indemnifiable.
For reference, numerals 179 through 184 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, Law No. 8508, define a special proceeding whose object is the definition of the economic effects derived from condemnations handed down in these proceedings. In light of canon 179 ejusdem, that proceeding’s object is the following:
“ARTICLE 179.- The Contentious-Administrative Court is responsible for the execution of judgments issued by the Constitutional Jurisdiction in habeas corpus and amparo proceedings against subjects of Public Law, solely regarding the demonstration, liquidation, and fulfillment of pecuniary indemnifications.” It is clear that this proceeding is directed at the analysis of the necessary antecedent issued by this Chamber regarding a condemnation in the abstract for these items, since such types of claims would not be admissible within that type of action when the judgment issued within the amparo proceeding expressly establishes the non-applicability of damages, prejudices, and/or costs, or when there is no express ruling in this regard. That is, the special proceeding in the contentious-administrative venue requires, as a sine qua non requirement, an express condemnation or ruling by this Constitutional Chamber.
In that order, in our view, under the terms of the mentioned ordinal 52 of the LJC, the waiver of such patrimonial condemnation requires the accreditation, in each case, of situations from which it is reasoned and estimated that there are no patrimonial injuries, even potential ones, derived from or associated with the facts analyzed. Therefore, it is an exception that, as such, requires qualified and duly reasoned application on a case-by-case basis. The mere fact that, during the proceeding, the Administration issues a resolution or a judicial ruling is issued that revokes, halts, or suspends the challenged action, does not, per se, rule out that, prior to that cessation caused by the respondent entity itself or by a third party, the accused negligence or reproached disturbance may have caused damages and prejudices. However, that substantive issue, regarding the effectiveness of the injuries, their quantification, timely claim, etc., involves considerations that fall outside the nature of these proceedings and regarding which, pursuant to that regulated by the aforementioned mandate 52, are characteristic of a condemnation in the abstract that later constitutes the basis for analysis in the Contentious-Administrative Jurisdiction.
The protection sought in these constitutional proceedings does not require the demonstration of damages and prejudices, as, it is reiterated, that is not its object or primary ratio. Thus, the protected party is not responsible for claiming or demonstrating damages, their goal being the safeguarding of their fundamental rights. Subsequently, if such administrative actions have caused them injuries, this is an aspect that, in principle and except in very exceptional cases, does not form part of the analytical basis of this type of action. Note that, in the case regulated by that mandate, the Constitutional Chamber does not conduct a merits analysis of the situation to be protected, given the termination of the amparo or habeas corpus due to the aforementioned supervening circumstance. Ergo, in these cases, by legal imperative, no assessment is made as to whether there is an infringement, and therefore, it is even less possible to define whether, based on what was denounced by the petitioner, there may or may not be situations subject to possible civil reparation.
In this way, the waiver of condemnation referred to in that norm is of an exceptional, not a principled, nature. Therefore, in these cases, the norm imposes a condemnation in the abstract, so that its applicability can be analyzed within another full proceeding. Otherwise, if that release from damages, prejudices, and costs were applied as a rule, the protection of the legal situation of the person who, despite the respondent party’s supervening response, could have suffered injuries in their patrimonial sphere, would be jeopardized, to the detriment of what is stipulated by precept 45 of the Political Constitution, and disregarding the potential liability of the Administration, as imposed by Article 9 ejusdem. Moreover, it must not be overlooked that it was by virtue of such an action that conduct was adopted to cease the conduct that, in theory, threatened or violated the individual’s fundamental rights.
That is, in order to obtain the safeguarding of those rights, the person opted for judicial protection, and it was by virtue of that action that the cessation of the reproached disturbance occurred. It is reiterated, if the persistence of the threat or deterioration of their situation, insofar as it was ceased due to the causes alluded to in the norm under examination, generated damages and prejudices, this is an issue that, unless proven otherwise, must be analyzed within an ordinary proceeding, but that, it is reiterated, in no way should be denied as a presumption due to the mere fulfillment of the factual situation regulated in the mentioned ordinal 52 of the LJC. Therefore, with the usual respect for the majority position, we express our vote and reiterate that the grant of this appeal must necessarily entail the condemnation in the abstract for costs, damages, and prejudices.
Article 52 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (LJC) states: "If, while the amparo is in progress, an administrative or judicial resolution is issued that revokes, halts, or suspends the challenged action, the appeal shall be granted solely for purposes of indemnification and costs, if applicable." My interpretation of that norm is as follows: That "resolution" is any valid and effective act by which the competent authority restores the enjoyment of the violated right. The phrase "if applicable" refers to the costs. Indeed, Article 197 of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, cited by the majority, based on Article 14 of the LJC, precisely refers only to these: to the costs.
Certainly, in accordance with Article 48 of the Political Constitution (CP), the essential content of the right to the amparo appeal is not indemnification but restitution; however, Article 51 of the LJC states: "Every resolution that grants the appeal shall order in the abstract the indemnification of the damages and prejudices caused and the payment of the costs of the appeal, and its liquidation shall be reserved for the execution of the judgment." If the right has been violated and the Chamber so verifies, even if it has been restored, damages and prejudices may have arisen. For this reason, a condemnation in the abstract for these is appropriate. If this were not done, if such condemnation were not issued, and if damages and prejudices had occurred, there would be no title -derived from this proceeding- to claim them, which could violate Article 41 of the CP. If, despite the condemnation in the abstract, no damages and prejudices occurred, the judge in the ordinary jurisdiction will so declare, as it falls solely to them to find proven the actual existence and magnitude thereof.
I believe that with the thesis defended by the majority, contrary to what is sought, the Administration would be incentivized to respect rights only when facing an amparo appeal. It remains to be said that Article 52 of the LJC foresees the possibility that, if it is deemed just, the Chamber may order the payment of costs, even when the right has been restored.
Based on the foregoing, I partially dissent from the operative part and order the condemnation for damages and prejudices, but not the condemnation for costs.
The parties are warned that, if they have provided any paper document or objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic, or new-technology-produced device, these must be collected within a maximum period of 30 business days, counted from the notification of this judgment. It is warned that any material not collected within that period will be destroyed, based on the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial" (approved by the Corte Plena in Article XXVI of session no. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, and published in the Boletín Judicial no. 19 of January 26, 2012) and in Article LXXXI of the session of the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial no. 43-12 of May 3, 2012.
Por tanto:
Regarding the Water Directorate of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, the appeal is granted without a special order for costs, damages, and prejudices. As for the Administrative Environmental Tribunal, the appeal is granted, due to the injury to ordinal 41 of the Political Constitution. Maureen Solís Retana and Ana Gómez de la Fuente Quiñónez, in order, president and acting vice-president, both of the Administrative Environmental Tribunal, or whoever in their stead occupies said positions, are ordered to coordinate what is pertinent and carry out all actions within the scope of their respective competencies, so that, within a maximum period of THREE MONTHS, counted from the notification of this judgment, the environmental complaint related to file no. 285-13-03 is resolved definitively and without undue delays, and the resolution is notified to the complainant at the address provided for such purposes.
It is warned that failure to obey said order could constitute the crime of disobedience and that, in accordance with Article 71 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, prison of three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, shall be imposed on anyone who receives an order that must be carried out or enforced, issued in an amparo appeal, and does not carry it out or enforce it, provided the crime is not more severely punished. The State is ordered to pay the costs, damages, and prejudices caused by the facts that serve as the basis for this declaration, which shall be liquidated in the execution of the judgment in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. In all other respects, the appeal is dismissed. Magistrate Castillo Víquez adds a note. Magistrate Salazar Alvarado adds a note. Magistrates Salazar Alvarado and Garita Navarro partially dissent and order the condemnation for damages, prejudices, and costs. Magistrate Garro Vargas partially dissents and orders the condemnation for damages and prejudices, but not for costs. Notify.
Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Jose Roberto Garita N.
Telephones: Telf01/ ALA-4TA (Telf02). Fax: Telf03 / Telf04. Electronic address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Dirección06, Dirección07, 100 mts. South of the Perpetuo Socorro church).
SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas veinte minutos del dieciocho de julio de dos mil veinticinco .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente número 25-016364-0007-CO, interpuesto por Nombre01, cédula de identidad CED07, contra el MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA (MINAE), EL TRIBUNAL AMBIENTAL ADMINISTRATIVO (TAA) Y EL MINISTERIO DE SALUD.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Castillo Víquez; y,
Considerando:
Adviértase que uno de los aspectos señalados podría configurar una lesión al derecho a una justicia administrativa pronta y cumplida. Al respecto, debe aclararse que, a partir del voto nro. 2008002545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008, esta Sala ha remitido a la jurisdicción contencioso administrativa — con algunas excepciones — aquellos asuntos en los que se discute si la autoridad pública ha cumplido o no los plazos pautados por la Ley General de la Administración Pública (artículos 261 y 325) o las leyes sectoriales para los procedimientos administrativos especiales, a fin de resolver por acto final un procedimiento administrativo — incoado de oficio o a instancia de parte— o conocer de los recursos administrativos procedentes. Precisamente, en este recurso se plantea un supuesto de excepción pues el sub examine está relacionado con una denuncia ambiental que aparentemente no ha sido resuelta. En virtud de lo anterior, la Sala entrará a resolver el recurso.
El recurrente indica que, desde el 11 de setiembre de 2013, o incluso antes, el Condominio La Canadá y los vecinos del Dirección01 han mantenido una lucha para el cese de las afectaciones al ambiente y la salud por parte de la empresa Nombre02 S. A. Detalla que, en la fecha mencionada, se formuló una denuncia ante el TAA a la que se le asignó el expediente nro. 285-13-03. Afirma que, por resolución de febrero de 2019, el TAA convocó a una audiencia para junio de 2020 y que en agosto de 2019 se amplió la denuncia y se requirió una medida cautelar urgente. Expone que, por resolución nro. 1725-20-TAA del 5 de junio de 2020, el TAA suspendió la audiencia y retrotrajo el proceso a la etapa de investigación, debido a la prueba aportada. Acusa que, desde ese momento, ha transcurrido un plazo excesivo sin que se haya emitido alguna otra resolución por parte del TAA. Afirma que, el 17 de febrero de 2020, el Ministerio de Salud emitió un reporte en el que se evidenció que el caudal del río Segundo de Alajuela bajaba con una coloración café rojiza y, aunque el agua a la salida de la planta de tratamiento se observaba clara, no menos cierto es que ello refleja la necesidad de una investigación y resolución expedita.
Acusa que las comunidades mencionadas sufren afectaciones significativas a la salud física y emocional. Solicitan que se ordene al TAA emitir la resolución correspondiente para continuar la tramitación del expediente nro. 285-13-03 y que emitan las medidas cautelares que garanticen la protección del ambiente.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estiman como debidamente demostrados los siguientes hechos, sea porque así han sido acreditados o bien porque la autoridad recurrida haya omitido referirse a ellos, según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
CUARTO: Solicitar POR TERCERA VEZ a la señora Cynthia Barzuna Gutiérrez, Secretaria General de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), o quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a cumplir con lo ordenado en el considerado quinto de la presente resolución”. (Ver prueba documental).
SEGUNDO: (…) este Despacho solicita POR SEGUNDA VEZ al Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director de la Dirección de Agua, o quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a realizar la valoración económica del daño ambiental en relación con el incumplimiento en los límites permisibles de aguas residuales detectados por el Ministerio de Salud, por lo que se remite el reporte operacional de aguas residuales de Nombre02 Nombre03 (…)”. (Ver prueba documental).
SEGUNDO: (…) POR TERCERA VEZ al Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director de la Dirección de Agua, o quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a realizar la valoración económica del daño ambiental en relación con el incumplimiento en los límites permisibles de aguas residuales detectados por el Ministerio de Salud, por lo que se remite el reporte operacional de aguas residuales de Nombre02 S.A. visible a folios 752 y 753”. (Ver prueba documental).
En el sub lite, el recurrente indica que, desde el 11 de setiembre de 2013, o incluso antes, el Condominio La Canadá y los vecinos del Dirección01 han mantenido una lucha para el cese de las afectaciones al ambiente y la salud por parte de la empresa Nombre02 S. A. Detalla que, en la fecha mencionada, se formuló una denuncia ante el TAA a la que se le asignó el expediente nro. 285-13-03. Afirma que, por resolución de febrero de 2019, el TAA convocó a una audiencia para junio de 2020 y que en agosto de 2019 se amplió la denuncia y se requirió una medida cautelar urgente. Expone que, por resolución nro. 1725-20-TAA del 5 de junio de 2020, el TAA suspendió la audiencia y retrotrajo el proceso a la etapa de investigación, debido a la prueba aportada. Acusa que, desde ese momento, ha transcurrido un plazo excesivo sin que se haya emitido alguna otra resolución por parte del TAA. Afirma que, el 17 de febrero de 2020, el Ministerio de Salud emitió un reporte en el que se evidenció que el caudal del río Segundo de Alajuela bajaba con una coloración café rojiza y, aunque el agua a la salida de la planta de tratamiento se observaba clara, no menos cierto es que ello refleja la necesidad de una investigación y resolución expedita.
Acusa que las comunidades mencionadas sufren afectaciones significativas a la salud física y emocional. Solicitan que se ordene al TAA emitir la resolución correspondiente para continuar la tramitación del expediente nro. 285-13-03 y que emitan las medidas cautelares que garanticen la protección del ambiente.
Esta Sala tiene por demostrado que el 11 de setiembre de 2013 se planteó una denuncia ante el TAA contra la actividad de la empresa Nombre02 S. A., a la cual se le asignó el expediente nro. 285-13-03-TAA. Mediante resolución nro. 249-19-TAA de las 14:14 horas del 15 de febrero de 2019, el TAA declaró la apertura del procedimiento administrativo y convocó a una audiencia oral para los días 10 y 11 de junio de 2020. El 8 de agosto de 2019, varias personas plantearon un escrito ante el TAA en el que ampliaron los hechos denunciados. Mediante resolución nro. 1584-19-TAA de las 14:21 horas del 11 de setiembre de 2019, el TAA convocó a una inspección conjunta entre el Departamento Técnico del tribunal, el Ministerio de Salud y SENASA para el 1° de octubre de 2019, la cual se llevó a cabo en la fecha indicada. El 15 de octubre de 2019, el TAA recibió un escrito de parte de SETENA, mediante el cual remitió una denuncia ambiental debido a que la actividad denunciada no cuenta con viabilidad ambiental.
Por nota del 3 de diciembre de 2019 se requirió a SETENA una visita de inspección a la empresa Nombre02 S. A. Mediante resolución nro. 1724-20-TAA de las 14:14 horas del 5 de junio de 2020, el TAA dispuso: “Primero: Se declara la nulidad de la Resolución N° 249-19-TAA de imputación de cargos, retrotrayéndose las actuaciones a la etapa de investigación. Segundo: Que debido a lo indicado en los Considerandos anteriores, se comunica a las partes, testigos, testigos-peritos y peritos, que no se realizará la audiencia oral y pública convocada para los días 10 y 11 de junio del 2020”. Mediante resolución nro. 453-21-TAA de las 16:40 horas del 4 de mayo de 2021, el TAA puso en conocimiento de las partes el extravío de la resolución del 5 de junio de 2020 y de sus comprobantes de notificación, la cual se repuso con la certificación nro. 325-21-TAA. Por resolución nro. 471-21-TAA de las 15:02 horas del 7 de mayo de 2021, el TAA dio respuesta a varios escritos que constaban en el expediente, impuso una medida cautelar atípica y requirió informes a la Oficina de Alajuela, al Área de Conservación Central y a la SETENA.
Por resolución nro. 636-21-TAA de las 10:15 horas del 14 de junio de 2021, el TAA dispuso: “PRIMERO: Convalidar la resolución 471-21-TAA de las 15 horas 02 minutos del 07 de mayo del 2021, haciendo saber a las partes que, contra la medida cautelar interpuesta mediante la resolución citada, cabe interponer el Recurso de Revocatoria en el plazo de veinticuatro horas a partir de la notificación con fundamento en los artículos 342 y 346 de la Ley General de la Administración Pública. Teniéndose con lo anterior por subsanada la omisión de indicación del plazo para recurrir. Asimismo, en aras de no causar indefensión a las partes, el mismo empieza a correr a partir de la notificación de la presente resolución administrativa. SEGUNDO: Tener por contestada a la denunciada su solicitud de información en relación con los muestreos ordenados mediante medida cautelar. TERCERO: Solicitar por POR (sic) SEGUNDA VEZ al señor Minor González Guzmán, Jefe de la Oficina Alajuela, Área de Conservación Central, o quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a cumplir con lo ordenado en el considerado cuarto de la presente resolución, en el plazo de DIEZ DÍAS NATURALES los cuales comenzarán a correr el día siguiente hábil a la notificación de la presente resolución.
CUARTO: Solicitar POR TERCERA VEZ a la señora Cynthia Barzuna Gutiérrez, Secretaria General de la Secretaría Técnica Nacional Ambiental (SETENA), o quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a cumplir con lo ordenado en el considerado quinto de la presente resolución”. Mediante resolución nro. 705-22-TAA de las 9:40 horas del 20 de mayo de 2022, el TAA dispuso: “PRIMERO: (…) solicita al Dr. Ronald Enrique Mora Solano, Director de la Dirección Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2, Ministerio de Salud, o quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a: 1) referirse al cumplimiento de las acciones correctivas implementadas en cumplimiento de la orden sanitaria número MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-0349-2021 (folio 754) de Nombre02 S.A. indicadas en el oficio MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-3451-2021 de fecha 29 de septiembre del 2021 suscrito por su persona (folio 758), en el que se indica que se tenía prevista la finalización de las mismas para diciembre del 2021; 2) referirse al seguimiento o si se recibió el criterio técnico de la Unidad de Salud Ambiental de la Dirección de Protección Radiológica y Salud Ambiental de Ministerio de Salud en relación con el estudio perimetral de aire en establecimientos, esto para poder dar cumplimiento a la medida cautelar atípica impuesta por este Tribunal en relación con la medición de partículas totales en suspensión para verificar la calidad del aire con respecto a la actividad realizada por Nombre02 S.A., mismo que se mantiene pendiente como se describe en el oficio MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-IT-3443-2021 de fecha 28 de setiembre del 2021 (folios 759 y 760) suscrito por la Licda. Diana Espinoza Navarro funcionaria de Regulación del Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2 (…) SEGUNDO: (…) solicita al Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director de la Dirección de Agua, o quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a realizar la valoración económica del daño ambiental en relación con el incumplimiento en los límites permisibles de aguas residuales detectados por el Ministerio de Salud, por lo que se remite el reporte operacional de aguas residuales de Nombre02 S.A. visible a folios 752 y 753”.
El 4 de noviembre de 2022 se formuló un pronto despacho. Por resolución nro. 1541-22-TAA de las 15:50 horas del 17 de noviembre de 2022, el TAA estableció: “PRIMERO: (…) POR SEGUNDA VEZ al Dr. Ronald Enrique Mora Solano, Director de la Dirección Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2, Ministerio de Salud, o quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a referirse al seguimiento o si se recibió el criterio técnico de la Unidad de Salud Ambiental de la Dirección de Protección Radiológica y Salud Ambiental de Ministerio de Salud en relación con el estudio perimetral de aire en establecimientos, esto para poder dar cumplimiento a la medida cautelar atípica impuesta por este Tribunal en relación con la medición de partículas totales en suspensión para verificar la calidad del aire con respecto a la actividad realizada por Nombre02 S.A., mismo que se mantiene pendiente como se describe en el oficio MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-IT-3443-2021 de fecha 28 de setiembre del 2021 (folios 759 y 760) suscrito por la Licda. Diana Espinoza Navarro funcionaria de Regulación del Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2.
SEGUNDO: (…) este Despacho solicita POR SEGUNDA VEZ al Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director de la Dirección de Agua, o quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a realizar la valoración económica del daño ambiental en relación con el incumplimiento en los límites permisibles de aguas residuales detectados por el Ministerio de Salud, por lo que se remite el reporte operacional de aguas residuales de Nombre02 Nombre03 (…)”. Mediante resolución nro. 902-23-TAA de las 14:18 horas del 20 de junio de 2023, el TAA dispuso: “PRIMERO: (…) POR TERCERA VEZ al Dr. Ronald Enrique Mora Solano, Director de la Dirección Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2, Ministerio de Salud, o quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a referirse al seguimiento o si se recibió el criterio técnico de la Unidad de Salud Ambiental de la Dirección de Protección Radiológica y Salud Ambiental de Ministerio de Salud en relación con el estudio perimetral de aire en establecimientos, esto para poder dar cumplimiento a la medida cautelar atípica impuesta por este Tribunal en relación con la medición de partículas totales en suspensión para verificar la calidad del aire con respecto a la actividad realizada por Nombre02 S.A., mismo que se mantiene pendiente como se describe en el oficio MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-IT-3443-2021 de fecha 28 de setiembre del 2021 (folios 759 y 760) suscrito por la Licda. Diana Espinoza Navarro funcionaria de Regulación del Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2.
SEGUNDO: (…) POR TERCERA VEZ al Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director de la Dirección de Agua, o quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a realizar la valoración económica del daño ambiental en relación con el incumplimiento en los límites permisibles de aguas residuales detectados por el Ministerio de Salud, por lo que se remite el reporte operacional de aguas residuales de Nombre02 S.A. visible a folios 752 y 753”. Mediante resolución nro. 1128-23-TAA de las 9:00 horas del 17 de agosto de 2023, el TAA estableció: “PRIMERO: (…) POR CUARTA VEZ al Dr. Ronald Enrique Mora Solano, Director de la Dirección Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2, Ministerio de Salud, o quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a referirse al seguimiento o si se recibió el criterio técnico de la Unidad de Salud Ambiental de la Dirección de Protección Radiológica y Salud Ambiental de Ministerio de Salud en relación con el estudio perimetral de aire en establecimientos, esto para poder dar cumplimiento a la medida cautelar atípica impuesta por este Tribunal en relación con la medición de partículas totales en suspensión para verificar la calidad del aire con respecto a la actividad realizada por Nombre02 S.A., mismo que se mantiene pendiente como se describe en el oficio MS-DRRSCN-DARSA2-IT-3443-2021 de fecha 28 de setiembre del 2021 (folios 759 y 760) suscrito por la Licda. Diana Espinoza Navarro funcionaria de Regulación del Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2.
SEGUNDO: (…) Que visto el oficio DA-UHTPCOSJ-1475-2023 de fecha 27 de julio del 2023 suscrito por la Ing. Marilyn Mora Vega, Coordinadora de la Unidad Hidrológica Tárcoles-Pacífico Central de la Dirección de Agua, se remiten los folios 752 y 753 del expediente administrativo”. El 25 de agosto de 2023, el Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2 del Ministerio de Salud aportó lo requerido en la resolución nro. 1128-23-TAA de las 9:00 horas del 17 de agosto de 2023. Mediante resolución nro. 1550-23-TAA de las 14:00 horas del 1° de noviembre de 2023, el TAA dispuso: “UNICO: (…) POR CUARTA VEZ al Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director de la Dirección de Agua, o quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a realizar la valoración económica del daño ambiental en relación con el incumplimiento en los límites permisibles de aguas residuales detectados por el Ministerio de Salud, en relación con el reporte operacional de aguas residuales de Nombre02 S.A. visible a folios 752 y 753 y remitido mediante resolución número 1128-2023-TAA de las 09 horas del 17 de agosto del 2023”.
El 28 de noviembre de 2023, la Dirección de Agua requirió información al TAA para dar respuesta a lo solicitado. Por resolución nro. 1665-23-TAA de las 9:10 horas del 8 de diciembre de 2023, el TAA dispuso: “UNICO: (…) Que revisado el oficio DA-UHTPCOSJ-2423-2023 de fecha 27 de noviembre del 2023, visible a folio 895, suscrito por el Ing. Danny Olivares Rivera, Coordinador a.i. de la Unidad Hidrológica Tárcoles-Pacífico Central de la Dirección de Agua, se indica que los folio 752 y 753 fueron remitidos mediante resolución 1128-2023-TAA de las 09 horas del 17 de agosto del 2023 (visible a folios 853 y 854) en respuesta al oficio DA-UHTPCOSJ-1475-2023 de fecha 27 de julio del 2023, misma debidamente notificada a los correos ...03 y ...04 como consta a folios 867 y 868 del presente expediente administrativo. Se remite nuevamente copia de los folios 752 y 753 correspondiente a un reporte operacional de aguas residuales.
En razón de lo anterior, este Despacho solicita POR QUINTA VEZ al Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director de la Dirección de Agua, o quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a realizar la valoración económica del daño ambiental en relación con el incumplimiento en los límites permisibles de aguas residuales detectados por el Ministerio de Salud, en relación con el reporte operacional de aguas residuales de Nombre02 S.A. visible a folios 752 y 753 y remitido mediante resolución número 1128-2023-TAA de las 09 horas del 17 de agosto del 2023 y adjunto a la presente”. Mediante resolución nro. 656-2025-TAA de las 13:08 horas del 16 de junio de 2025, el TAA estableció: “UNICO: Ordenar al Dr. Ronald Enrique Mora Solano, en su condición de Director de la Dirección Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2 del Ministerio de Salud, o a quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a remitir la certificación de calidad de agua residual de los últimos tres años así como los últimos cuatro reportes operacionales de emisiones atmosféricas de la empresa Nombre02 S.A.”.
Mediante resolución nro. 776-2025 de las 9:40 horas del 10 de julio de 2025, se dispuso: “(...) ÚNICO: ORDENAR POR SEGUNDA OCASIÓN al Dr. Ronald Enrique Mora Solano, en su condición de Director de la Dirección Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2 del Ministerio de Salud, o a quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a remitir la certificación de calidad de agua residual de los últimos tres años así como los últimos cuatro reportes operacionales de emisiones atmosféricas de la empresa Nombre02 S.A. Lo anterior deberá cumplirse en el plazo de DIEZ DIAS (sic) naturales contados a partir del primer día hábil siguiente de notificada la presente resolución. (...)". El 11 de julio de 2025, la Dirección de Agua del MINAE remitió al TAA el memorial DA-UHTPCOSR-0276-2025 en relación con lo solicitado en la resolución R-705-22-TAA de las 9:40 horas del 20 de mayo de 2022. El 14 de junio (sic) de 2025 se comunicó al TAA el oficio CARTA-MS-DRRSCN- DARSA2-1954-2025 suscrito por la directora a. i. del Área Rectora de Salud Alajuela 2, mediante el cual remitió la certificación de calidad de agua residual y los cuatro últimos reportes operaciones sobre emisiones provenientes de calderas y hornos.
De la lectura integral del memorial de interposición se desprende que lo acusado por el recurrente es la dilación del TAA en tramitar el expediente nro. 285-13-03-TAA desde la emisión de la resolución nro. 1725-20-TAA del 5 de junio de 2020; incluso, recuérdese que su pretensión fue que se ordene al TAA emitir la resolución correspondiente para continuar la tramitación del expediente nro. 285-13-03 y que emitan las medidas cautelares que garanticen la protección del ambiente. Por tal motivo, el análisis por parte de esta Cámara se circunscribirá a determinar si se ha producido o no un retardo en la tramitación de tal asunto a partir de ese período de tiempo.
Aclarado lo anterior, la Sala comprueba la conculcación del ordinal 41 de la Constitución Política por parte del TAA, debido a la demora en la tramitación y resolución del expediente nro. 285-13-03-TAA. Acerca de esto, obsérvese que, pese a que la denuncia que originó tal asunto data del 11 de setiembre de 2013, no menos cierto es que a la fecha de formulación de este asunto, a saber, más de 10 años después, no se ha dictado la resolución final, plazo que resulta desproporcionado. En ese sentido, de los autos se desprenden extensos periodos de tiempo de inactividad por parte del TAA, lo que refleja su falta de actuación diligente y célere. Verbigracia, el 3 de diciembre de 2019, el TAA requirió efectuar una visita de inspección; empero, la siguiente actuación de su parte que consta en el expediente data de junio de 2020, a saber, más de seis meses después. Igualmente, no fue sino hasta aproximadamente once meses después cuando se produjo otra actuación del TAA en el expediente. Adicionalmente, si bien se observa que en varias ocasiones el TAA gestionó prueba ante diversas instancias, como la Dirección de Agua del MINAE y el Ministerio de Salud, en las cuales se produjo demora en atender lo requerido, no menos cierto es que no se verifica que se hayan empleado las herramientas conferidas por el ordenamiento jurídico para constreñir a las autoridades a cumplir lo ordenado.
En consideración de lo expuesto, se acoge el recuerdo en cuanto al Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo por la lesión al artículo 41 de la Constitución Política, según lo establecido en la parte dispositiva de este asunto.
V.En cuanto a la Dirección de Agua del MINAE, este Tribunal también verifica la vulneración de lo establecido en el artículo 41 de la Constitución Política. En ese sentido, nótese que, mediante resolución nro. 705-22-TAA de las 9:40 horas del 20 de mayo de 2022, el TAA dispuso: “SEGUNDO: (…) solicita al Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director de la Dirección de Agua, o quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a realizar la valoración económica del daño ambiental en relación con el incumplimiento en los límites permisibles de aguas residuales detectados por el Ministerio de Salud, por lo que se remite el reporte operacional de aguas residuales de Nombre02 S.A. visible a folios 752 y 753”. Posteriormente, ante el incumplimiento de lo ordenado, por resolución nro. 1541-22-TAA de las 15:50 horas del 17 de noviembre de 2022, el TAA estableció: “este Despacho solicita POR SEGUNDA VEZ al Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director de la Dirección de Agua, o quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a realizar la valoración económica del daño ambiental en relación con el incumplimiento en los límites permisibles de aguas residuales detectados por el Ministerio de Salud, por lo que se remite el reporte operacional de aguas residuales de Nombre02 S.A”.
Lo anterior también se produjo en la resolución nro. 902-23-TAA de las 14:18 horas del 20 de junio de 2023, en la que el TAA dispuso: “POR TERCERA VEZ al Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director de la Dirección de Agua, o quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a realizar la valoración económica del daño ambiental en relación con el incumplimiento en los límites permisibles de aguas residuales detectados por el Ministerio de Salud, por lo que se remite el reporte operacional de aguas residuales de Nombre02 S.A. visible a folios 752 y 753”, así como en la resolución nro. 1128-23-TAA de las 9:00 horas del 17 de agosto de 2023, por medio de la cual el TAA estableció: “Que visto el oficio DA-UHTPCOSJ-1475-2023 de fecha 27 de julio del 2023 suscrito por la Ing. Marilyn Mora Vega, Coordinadora de la Unidad Hidrológica Tárcoles-Pacífico Central de la Dirección de Agua, se remiten los folios 752 y 753 del expediente administrativo”.
Además, en la resolución Que visto el oficio DA-UHTPCOSJ-1475-2023 de fecha 27 de julio del 2023 suscrito por la Ing. Marilyn Mora Vega, Coordinadora de la Unidad Hidrológica Tárcoles-Pacífico Central de la Dirección de Agua, se remiten los folios 752 y 753 del expediente administrativo”. Asimismo, la Sala observa que no fue sino hasta el 28 de noviembre de 2023, a saber, más de un año después de haberse formulado el requerimiento, cuando la Dirección de Agua solicitó información al TAA para atender lo peticionado, ante lo cual, por resolución nro. 1665-23-TAA de las 9:10 horas del 8 de diciembre de 2023, el TAA dispuso: “UNICO: (…) Que revisado el oficio DA-UHTPCOSJ-2423-2023 de fecha 27 de noviembre del 2023, visible a folio 895, suscrito por el Ing. Danny Olivares Rivera, Coordinador a.i. de la Unidad Hidrológica Tárcoles-Pacífico Central de la Dirección de Agua, se indica que los folio 752 y 753 fueron remitidos mediante resolución 1128-2023-TAA de las 09 horas del 17 de agosto del 2023 (visible a folios 853 y 854) en respuesta al oficio DA-UHTPCOSJ-1475-2023 de fecha 27 de julio del 2023, misma debidamente notificada a los correos ...03 y ...04 como consta a folios 867 y 868 del presente expediente administrativo.
Se remite nuevamente copia de los folios 752 y 753 correspondiente a un reporte operacional de aguas residuales. En razón de lo anterior, este Despacho solicita POR QUINTA VEZ al Ing. José Miguel Zeledón Calderón, Director de la Dirección de Agua, o quien ocupe su cargo, que proceda a realizar la valoración económica del daño ambiental en relación con el incumplimiento en los límites permisibles de aguas residuales detectados por el Ministerio de Salud, en relación con el reporte operacional de aguas residuales de Nombre02 S.A. visible a folios 752 y 753 y remitido mediante resolución número 1128-2023-TAA de las 09 horas del 17 de agosto del 2023 y adjunto a la presente”. Sin embargo, no fue sino hasta el 11 de julio de 2025, a saber, con posterioridad a que el director de la Dirección de Agua del MINAE fue notificado de la resolución de curso de este proceso, cuando tal dependencia puso en conocimiento del TAA el memorial DA-UHTPCOSR-0276-2025 en relación con lo solicitado en la resolución R-705-22-TAA de las 9:40 horas del 20 de mayo de 2022.
De lo expuesto se desprende la falta de actuación diligente y célere de la Dirección de Agua del MINAE en atender lo requerido por el TAA la resolución R-705-22-TAA de las 9:40 horas del 20 de mayo de 2022, cuya respuesta se dio hasta el 11 de julio de 2025, a saber, más de tres años después, sin que se observe alguna justificación válida para tal demora. Ahora bien, dado que la situación que conculcaba los derechos fundamentales en cuanto a la Dirección de Agua mencionada fue corregida durante la tramitación de este proceso, se acoge el recurso en cuanto a esta autoridad, de acuerdo con lo establecido en el artículo 52 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
VI.Por otra parte, en cuanto al Ministerio de Salud, si bien se observa una dilación por parte de Área Rectora de Salud de Alajuela 2 en atender solicitudes del TAA, no menos cierto es que desde el 25 de agosto de 2023, a saber, de previo a la formulación de este asunto, ya había emitido el informe correspondiente. Por lo que en este momento no se observa alguna situación que merezca ser objeto de conocimiento de este Tribunal. Ergo, no se estima el asunto respecto a esta cartera ministerial.
VII.Finalmente, la Sala observa que el recurrente solicita en memoriales planteados con posterioridad al escritorio de interposición que se constriña a la empresa Nombre02 S. A. a aportar prueba; sin embargo, adviértase que tal persona jurídica no figura como parte en este asunto. Aclarado lo anterior, recuérdese que el recurso de amparo es de naturaleza eminentemente sumaria, por lo que su tramitación es incompatible con el diligenciamiento de pruebas extensas o complejas, lo que más bien corresponde a la vía ordinaria. Por ende, no corresponde a esta Cámara Constitucional establecer, de acuerdo con la normativa infraconstitucional que rige la materia y las particularidades del caso bajo estudio, si se debe o no cerrar o prohibir el funcionamiento de la empresa mencionada en los términos peticionados, ni pronunciarse respecto a las inconformidades con las decisiones adoptadas por el Ministerio de Salud. En todo caso, véase que tales disconformidades son objeto de conocimiento del TAA en el expediente nro. 285-13-03.
VIII.SOBRE LA CONDENATORIA EN COSTAS, DAÑOS Y PERJUICIOS DE CONFORMIDAD CON EL ARTÍCULO 52 DE LA LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL. Bajo una mejor ponderación, la mayoría de la Sala considera que, en el sub examine, de conformidad con lo dispuesto en el párrafo 1° del artículo 52 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (“Si, estando en curso el amparo, se dictare resolución, administrativa o judicial, que revoque, detenga o suspenda la actuación impugnada, se declarará con lugar el recurso únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes”), la estimatoria debe serlo sin especial condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, con base en las siguientes consideraciones. Si bien hay un texto expreso en la ley que obliga a que la parte dispositiva del fallo indique que se declara con lugar el recurso, cuando estando en curso del amparo se resuelva el agravio, no menos cierto es que ese mismo párrafo in fine refiere que la estimatoria se dicta “únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes”.
Se subraya que la Ley indica “si fueren procedentes”, lo cual significa que la procedencia o improcedencia de la indemnización y costas depende de una valoración, apreciación o ponderación del Tribunal. En casos como este, el contenido de la pretensión de la persona amparada y la conducta de la autoridad recurrida de reconocer aquella, sugieren que los menoscabos, lesiones o alteraciones alegados no están referidos de modo directo a una repercusión en un derecho constitucional de evidente naturaleza patrimonial (como sí ocurriría, por ejemplo, con una afectación al derecho al salario). Para disipar cualquier duda al respecto, es importante destacar lo dispuesto en el artículo 51 de la misma Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, cuando dispone que: “toda resolución que acoja el recurso condenará en abstracto a la indemnización de los daños y perjuicios causados y al pago de las costas del recurso, y se reservará su liquidación para la ejecución de sentencia”, donde no se prevé la posibilidad de valorar si procede o no lo concerniente a indemnización y costas.
Los principios del Derecho Constitucional, los del Público y Procesal General o, en su caso, los del Derecho Internacional o Comunitario y, además, por su orden, la Ley General de la Administración Pública y el Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo y los demás códigos procesales, son fuente supletoria para la aplicación e interpretación de las normas de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional -cfr. artículo 14-. Para la jurisdicción contencioso-administrativa, el legislador estableció un precepto plenamente aplicable al caso por analogía, en el artículo 197 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, que responde a la lógica procesal en cualquier materia. En todo caso, la parte afectada del sub lite preserva la posibilidad de acudir, si a bien lo tiene, a un proceso de conocimiento a fin de demostrar que ha sufrido algún tipo de menoscabo. Con base en lo anterior, es criterio de mayoría resolver este recurso sin condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios.
He apoyado la tesis de este Tribunal, de que cuando el justiciable alega una vulneración al derecho a una justicia pronta y cumplida en sede administrativa, quienes deben conocer la controversia jurídica son los Tribunales de lo Contencioso-Administrativo y no esta Sala. Ahora bien, con la reciente promulgación de la Ley n.° 9097, Ley de Regulación del Derecho de Petición, se ha establecido que ese derecho es susceptible de tutela judicial por medio del recurso de amparo establecido por el artículo 32 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en relación con el artículo 27 de la Constitución Política de la República de Costa Rica, en aquellos casos en que el peticionario considere que las actuaciones materiales de la Administración, sus actos administrativos o su respuesta le estén afectando sus derechos fundamentales. A mi modo de ver, la normativa recién promulgada no implica que este Tribunal deba modificar su línea jurisprudencial, quien, con base en el numeral 7 de su Ley, le corresponde definir exclusivamente su propia competencia.
Por ende, salvo aquellas controversias jurídico-constitucionales que han sido reconocidas por esta misma Sala como supuestos de excepción, que sí proceden ser conocidas en esta jurisdicción a través del proceso constitucional de garantía del amparo, en los demás casos, y por las razones que ha dado este Tribunal (sentencia N° 2008-02545 de las 8:55 horas de 22 de febrero de 2008), los competentes son los Jueces de la jurisdicción de lo contencioso-administrativo, todo lo cual es conforme al numeral 25, de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos, el Derecho de la Constitución (valores, principios y normas) y las normas legales correspondientes con base en una interpretación lógica, sistémica y teleológica del ordenamiento jurídico.
En asuntos ambientales, es criterio del suscrito, que si ya ha habido intervención de la Administración Pública, su conocimiento y resolución corresponde a la jurisdicción contenciosa administrativa. No obstante, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto cuando están de por medio otros derechos de las personas afectadas por el foco de contaminación, entre ellos, la salud, la calidad de vida y el derecho a gozar de un ambiente sano y libre de contaminación (artículo 50, de la Constitución Política), tal y como sucede en este caso, en el que la parte recurrente indica que desde el 11 de setiembre de 2013, o incluso antes, el Condominio La Canadá y los vecinos del Dirección01 han mantenido una lucha para el cese de las supuestas afectaciones al ambiente y la salud por parte de la empresa Nombre02 S. A, sin que a la fecha se haya brindado una solución definitiva a la situación.
XI.VOTO SALVADO PARCIAL DE LOS MAGISTRADOS SALAZAR ALVARADO Y GARITA NAVARRO, ÚNICAMENTE EN RELACIÓN CON LA NO CONDENATORIA EN COSTAS, DAÑOS Y PERJUICIOS A LA PARTE RECURRIDA.
Si bien coincidimos con el resto de la Sala en declarar con lugar el recurso, nos separamos del criterio de mayoría en cuanto exime de condenar a la parte recurrida al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios derivados de la lesión producida a los derechos fundamentales de la parte tutelada.
La Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en el artículo 52, dispone que:
“Si, estando en curso el amparo, se dictare resolución, administrativa o judicial, que revoque, detenga o suspenda la actuación impugnada, se declarará con lugar el recurso únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes”.
Por otra parte, en el artículo 51 ibídem, se establece que:
“...toda resolución que acoja el recurso condenará en abstracto a la indemnización de los daños y perjuicios causados y al pago de las costas del recurso, y se reservará su liquidación para la ejecución de sentencia”.
Esta última norma establece el sistema general que regula lo relativo al tema de la indemnización y el pago de las costas, y que la mayoría denomina “forma natural o normal de terminación del proceso, donde hay pronunciamiento sobre el fondo del asunto y reconocimiento de los hechos que han vulnerado los derechos fundamentales…”.
En criterio de la mayoría, el artículo 51, de cita, regula los supuestos en los que la Sala ha tenido por comprobado el agravio; y, como consecuencia, surge la necesidad de una condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios. Sin embargo, a juicio de los suscritos, de la interpretación sistemática de ambas normas, se concluye que, tanto en los casos en que este Tribunal Constitucional constate una lesión a algún derecho fundamental; y, por ende, declare con lugar el recurso, como en aquellos en los que la Administración, por decisión propia, restituya a la persona agraviada en el goce de sus derechos fundamentales, una vez que tenga conocimiento del amparo -supuesto contemplado en el artículo 52, referido-, por imperio de los artículos 50 y 51, de la ley citada, la consecuencia necesaria e ineludible es la condenatoria al infractor a la indemnización de los daños y perjuicios causados y del pago de las costas del recurso.
Esta regla no es más que el reconocimiento, a la parte que ha sufrido una vulneración en sus derechos fundamentales, del derecho a una tutela judicial efectiva en torno a la reparación de las consecuencias dañosas derivadas de las actuaciones u omisiones de las autoridades infractoras; y, como medio disuasivo, a fin de que el Estado no incurra nuevamente en las acciones que dieron base a la estimatoria del recurso, tema regulado en el artículo 50, de la ley que rige esta jurisdicción. De modo, que ya sea que la Sala haya tenido por comprobado el agravio y haya entrado a conocer el fondo del asunto, o que la violación haya cesado por decisión de la propia autoridad recurrida, una vez que tuvo conocimiento de la tramitación del amparo, con restitución en el goce de los derechos fundamentales a favor del agraviado (artículo 52), siempre, en cualesquiera de esos supuestos, surge la imperiosa necesidad de una condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios al infractor, cuyo fundamento se encuentra en los principios de tutela de los derechos de las personas y en el de que la Administración debe hacerse responsable por los daños y perjuicios que ocasione con su actuar inconstitucional.
Así, el hecho de que al momento de conocerse y resolverse con lugar el amparo, los efectos del acto impugnado ya hubieren cesado, en los términos de lo dispuesto en los artículos 50 y 52, de la ley de cita, no enerva la procedencia de la condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, pues tal caso forma parte integral del sistema general de condenatoria necesaria en esos extremos, que contiene la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
Por otra parte, es claro que el artículo 52, mencionado, se aplica únicamente en los casos en que la Sala, aun cuando no ha conocido, ni se ha pronunciado sobre el fondo del reclamo, ha constatado la vulneración que en sus derechos fundamentales ha sufrido la parte amparada, en virtud de la restitución, que, en el goce de esos derechos, ha acordado a su favor la Administración; situación que, tal y como la afirma la mayoría de la Sala, implica una “terminación anormal del proceso”.
El legislador estableció y delimitó, de forma precisa, las condiciones en las cuales esta Sala puede decretar esa forma de conclusión anormal del proceso de amparo, así como sus alcances, a saber: 1) que el amparo esté en curso, es decir, que la Administración haya sido debidamente notificada de la resolución que dio curso al amparo; y, 2) que exista una resolución administrativa o judicial que disponga, de forma indubitable, la revocación, detención o suspensión de la actuación impugnada violatoria de derechos fundamentales. Ciertamente, la norma en cuestión contempla una excepción al sistema general de condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, no obstante la estimatoria del recurso, al disponer que, en los casos allí regulados, se declarará con lugar el recurso “únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes”. Como excepción que es, debe ser interpretada restrictivamente; es decir, que solo procede en los supuestos estrictamente contemplados en la norma, no solo por la regla de que las excepciones en derecho deben interpretarse de forma restrictiva, sino también porque las consecuencias de aplicar tal excepción implican, sin lugar a dudas, un menoscabo en el derecho fundamental de las personas a obtener una efectiva tutela judicial frente a los daños y perjuicios sufridos con la lesión a sus derechos constitucionales.
En nuestro criterio, tal excepción se debe interpretar en el sentido de que, de conformidad con el sistema general de condenatoria automática en costas, daños y perjuicios ante una violación a derechos fundamentales, esa condenatoria es siempre procedente, aún en el caso de que la parte recurrida dicte una resolución, administrativa o judicial, que revoque, detenga o suspenda la actuación impugnada, a menos que conste de manera indubitable y clara que en el caso concreto no se causó perjuicio alguno capaz de ser indemnizado. Solo y únicamente en tales supuestos podría eximirse a la Administración recurrida del pago de dichos extremos. Como en este caso, no existe elemento alguno que desvirtúe la presunción del surgimiento, para la parte amparada, de daños y perjuicios económicos derivados de las actuaciones impugnadas -cuya determinación concreta no le corresponde a esta jurisdicción-, la estimatoria de este recurso debe implicar, necesariamente, la condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios, y así lo declaramos.
Como razón adicional, cabe destacar que la dinámica y esencia misma de los procesos de amparo, no tiene por objeto primario el análisis de la existencia o no de daños y perjuicios, sino, de la existencia o no de acciones u omisiones que puedan generar o producir un quebranto al régimen de los derechos fundamentales de las personas. Desde esa arista, el análisis que realiza esta sede, se concentra en dicha verificación, empero, no ingresa a la ponderación de si esas cuestiones han generado o no lesiones en el ámbito eminentemente patrimonial de las personas amparadas. Si bien el precitado precepto 52, de la LJC, en su ámbito gramatical, estatuye que dicha condena (en daños, perjuicios y costas) opera, de ser procedente, no estimamos los suscritos que dicho examen de pertinencia pueda, a priori, excluirse de manera automática en este tipo de procesos, en la medida en que, es dentro de otro proceso ordinario, que se ha de definir si dentro de la relación jurídica analizada en el recurso de amparo, las conductas u omisiones imputables a la Administración (o sujeto de derecho privado, cuando corresponda), se han constituido como causa adecuada de lesiones de orden patrimonial, que sean jurídicamente indemnizables.
A modo de referencia, los numerales 179 al 184, del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, Ley N° 8508, define un proceso especial que tiene por objeto la definición de los efectos económicos derivados de condenas dictadas en estos procesos. A la luz del canon 179 ejusdem, ese proceso tiene por objeto lo siguiente:
“ARTÍCULO 179.- Corresponde al Juzgado de lo Contencioso-Administrativo, la ejecución de las sentencias dictadas por la Jurisdicción Constitucional, en procesos de hábeas corpus y de amparo contra sujetos de Derecho público, únicamente en lo relativo a la demostración, la liquidación y el cumplimiento de indemnizaciones pecuniarias”.
Es claro que ese proceso se direcciona al análisis del antecedente necesario emitido por esta Sala en cuanto a una condena en abstracto en esos rubros, pues no procedería ese tipo de pretensiones dentro de ese tipo de causas, cuando la sentencia dictada dentro del proceso de amparo, estableciere, de manera expresa, la improcedencia de daños, perjuicios y/o costas, así como cuando no exista pronunciamiento expreso en cuanto a este particular. Es decir, el proceso especial en sede contencioso administrativa, requiere, a modo de requisito sine qua non, de condena o pronunciamiento expreso por parte de esta Sala Constitucional. En ese orden, a nuestro juicio, al tenor del mencionado ordinal 52, de la LJC, la dispensa en esa condena patrimonial precisa de la acreditación, en cada caso, de situaciones a partir de las cuales, es estime, motivadamente, la inexistencia de lesiones patrimoniales, aún potenciales, derivadas o asociadas a los hechos analizados.
Por ende, se trata de una excepción, que, como tal, requiere de aplicación calificada y debidamente fundamentada de manera casuística. La sola circunstancia que, en el curso del trámite, la Administración dicte resolución o se emita sentencia judicial que revoque, detenga o suspenda la actuación impugnada, no descarta, per se, que, de previo a esa cesación por causa propia o ajena al ente accionado, la indolencia acusada o perturbación reprochada, haya llegado a ocasionar daños y perjuicios. Sin embargo, tal cuestión de fondo, en lo relativo a la efectividad de las lesiones, su cuantía, reclamo oportuno, etc., son ponderaciones que escapan a la naturaleza de estos procesos y respecto de la cual, en orden a lo regulado por el mandato 52 aludido, son propias de una condena en abstracto que luego constituye base de análisis en la Jurisdicción Contencioso Administrativa. La tutela que se pretende en estos procesos de orden constitucional no precisa de la demostración de daños y perjuicios, pues, se insiste, no es su objeto o ratio primaria.
Así, no corresponde a la persona amparada el reclamo o demostración de daños, siendo que lo que busca es el resguardo de sus derechos fundamentales. Luego, si esas conductas administrativas le han producido lesiones, es un extremo que, por tesis de principio y salvo casos excepcionales, no forman parte de la base de análisis de este tipo de causas. Nótese que, en el supuesto regulado en ese mandato, la Sala Constitucional no hace un análisis de fondo de la situación a tutelar, dada la terminación del amparo o habeas corpus por la circunstancia sobrevenida ya citada. Ergo, en estos casos, por imperativo legal, no se ingresa a valorar si hay o no infracción, con lo cual, mucho menos puede definirse si a partir de lo denunciado por el requirente, puede haber o no situaciones de posible reparación civil. De esa manera, la dispensa de condena a que alude esa norma, es de orden excepcional, no de principio.
Por tanto, en esos supuestos, la norma impone la condena en abstracto, para que sea dentro de otro proceso plenario, que se analice su procedencia. De otro modo, de aplicarse como regla esa liberación de daños, perjuicios y costas, se estaría poniendo en riesgo la tutela de la situación jurídica de la persona que, pese a esa respuesta sobrevenida de la parte reclamada, pudo haber sufrido lesiones en su esfera patrimonial, en detrimento de lo estatuido por el precepto 45, de la Constitución Política, y desconociendo la potencial responsabilidad de la Administración, tal y como lo impone el artículo 9 ejusdem. Además, no debe dejarse de lado que fue en virtud de una acción de esa índole, que se adoptó una conducta que hace cesar las conductas que, en teoría, amenazan o conculcan los derechos fundamentales de la persona. Es decir, a efectos de obtener el resguardo de esos derechos, la persona optó por la tutela judicial, y fue por esa virtud, que se produce el cese de la perturbación reprochada.
Se insiste, si la permanencia de la amenaza o deterioro de su situación en tanto se hizo cesar por las causas aludidas en la norma bajo examen, generó daños y perjuicios, es un tema que, salvo prueba en contrario, debe ser analizado dentro de un proceso ordinario, pero que, se reitera, en modo alguno, debe negarse, como presupuesto, por la sola concreción del supuesto de hecho regulado en el mencionado ordinal 52, de la LJC. Por ende, con el respeto de siempre en cuanto a la postura de mayoría, externamos nuestro voto y reiteramos que la estimatoria de este recurso debe implicar, necesariamente, la condenatoria en abstracto en costas, daños y perjuicios.
Dice el artículo 52 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (LJC): "Si, estando en curso el amparo, se dictare resolución, administrativa o judicial, que revoque, detenga o suspenda la actuación impugnada, se declarará con lugar el recurso únicamente para efectos de indemnización y de costas, si fueren procedentes".
Mi interpretación sobre esa norma es la siguiente: Esa "resolución" es todo acto válido y eficaz por el cual la autoridad competente restituye en el goce del derecho conculcado. La frase "si fueren procedentes" se refiere a las costas. Es más, el artículo 197 del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo, citado por la mayoría, sobre la base del artículo 14 de la LJC, justamente se refiere sólo a estas: a las costas.
Ciertamente, a tenor del artículo 48 de la Constitución Política (CP), el contenido esencial del derecho al recurso de amparo no es indemnizatorio sino restitutorio; sin embargo, el artículo 51 de la LJC señala: "Toda resolución que acoja el recurso condenará en abstracto a la indemnización de los daños y perjuicios causados y al pago de las costas del recurso, y se reservará su liquidación para la ejecución de sentencia".
Si el derecho ha sido violado y la Sala así lo constata, aún en caso de que haya sido restituido, podrían haber surgido daños y perjuicios. Por tal motivo, cabe la condenatoria en abstracto de éstos. Si no se hiciera así, si no. se diera tal condenatoria, en el caso de que si se hubieren dado, no habría título -derivado de este proceso- para reclamarlos, con lo que se podría violar el artículo 41 de la CP. Si a pesar de que se haya condenatoria en abstracto, no se han dado los daños y perjuicios, el juez en la vía ordinaria así lo declarará, pues sólo a él corresponde tener por probado la existencia real y la magnitud de los mismos. Con la tesis defendida por la mayoría estimo que, contrario a lo que se busca, se estaría incentivando que la Administración respete los derechos sólo ante la existencia de un recurso de amparo. Resta decir que el artículo 52 de la LJC prevé la posibilidad de que, si se estima que es lo justo, la Sala condene en costas, aún cuando el derecho haya sido restituido.
En razón de lo anterior, salvo parcialmente el voto respecto de la parte dispositiva y ordeno la condenatoria en daños y perjuicios, pero no la condenatoria en costas.
Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel u objetos o pruebas contenidos en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. Se advierte que será destruido todo material que no sea recogido dentro de ese lapso, con base en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial" (aprobado por la Corte Plena en el artículo XXVI de la sesión nro. 27-11 de 22 de agosto de 2011 y publicado en el Boletín Judicial nro. 19 del 26 de enero de 2012) y en el artículo LXXXI de la sesión del Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial nro. 43-12 de 3 de mayo de 2012.
Por tanto:
Respecto a la Dirección de Agua del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía se declara con lugar el recurso sin especial condenatoria en costas, daños y perjuicios. En cuanto al Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, se declara con lugar el recurso, debido a la lesión al ordinal 41 de la Constitución Política. Se les ordena a Maureen Solís Retana y Ana Gómez de la Fuente Quiñónez, por su orden, presidenta y vicepresidenta a. i., ambas del Tribunal Ambiental Administrativo, o a quienes en su lugar ocupen dichos cargos, que coordinen lo pertinente y lleven a cabo todas las actuaciones dentro del ámbito de sus competencias respectivas, a fin de que, en el plazo máximo de TRES MESES, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, se resuelva de forma definitiva y sin dilaciones indebidas, la denuncia ambiental atinente al expediente nro. 285-13-03 y se le notifique lo resuelto a la parte denunciante al medio señalado para tales efectos.
Se advierte que, de no acatar la orden dicha, podría incurrir en el delito de desobediencia y que, de conformidad con el artículo 71 de la Ley la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se le impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Se condena al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. En lo demás, se declara sin lugar el recurso. El magistrado Castillo Víquez pone nota. El magistrado Salazar Alvarado pone nota. Los magistrados Salazar Alvarado y Garita Navarro salvan parcialmente el voto y disponen la condenatoria en daños, perjuicios y costas. La magistrada Garro Vargas salva parcialmente el voto y ordena la condenatoria en daños y perjuicios, pero no en costas. Notifíquese.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
Jose Roberto Garita N.
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