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Res. 04626-2024 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 21/02/2024
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber denied the action on the merits and upheld the State fuel monopoly, also finding the claimed violation of the right to a healthy environment unsupported.La Sala rechazó por el fondo la acción y mantuvo la validez del monopolio estatal de combustibles, al considerar infundada también la alegada lesión al derecho a un ambiente sano.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber rejected on the merits a challenge to Law No. 7356, which reserves to the State the importation, refining, and wholesale distribution of crude oil, petroleum-derived fuels, asphalt, and naphtha. Reaffirming its precedent, the Chamber held that the monopoly was validly created by a qualified legislative majority and constitutes a constitutionally permissible policy choice concerning goods regarded as crucial to the country. It found that the measure does not exceed the limits of reasonableness, proportionality, or suitability and that the importance of fuel makes its regulation a matter of public order. The Chamber also rejected the contention that RECOPE’s corporate form transfers the monopoly to a private company, emphasizing the Costa Rican State’s exclusive ownership and controls. Regarding the right to a healthy environment, it found no factual or legal support for the asserted connection between the monopoly, insufficient alternative-energy research, and continuation of the fossil-fuel energy model. Two justices dissented, concluding that the claimant should first have been ordered to correct the inadequate legal grounds.La Sala Constitucional rechazó por el fondo la acción contra la Ley n.° 7356, que reserva al Estado la importación, refinación y distribución mayorista de petróleo crudo, combustibles derivados, asfaltos y naftas. Reiteró su jurisprudencia según la cual el monopolio fue creado válidamente mediante una mayoría legislativa calificada y responde a una decisión constitucionalmente admisible respecto de bienes considerados claves para el país. La Sala sostuvo que la medida no excede los límites de razonabilidad, proporcionalidad y adecuación, y que la relevancia de los combustibles permite calificar la materia como de orden público. También descartó que la forma societaria de RECOPE implique entregar el monopolio a una empresa privada, debido al control exclusivo que ejerce el Estado. En cuanto al derecho a un ambiente sano, consideró que la supuesta relación entre el monopolio, la falta de investigación en energías alternativas y la perpetuación de la matriz fósil carecía de sustento fáctico y normativo. Dos integrantes salvaron el voto por estimar necesaria una prevención previa para subsanar la fundamentación.
Key excerptExtracto clave
IX.- In conclusion, the legislative decree by which a State monopoly was established over the importation, refining, and wholesale distribution of petroleum-derived fuels, asphalt, and naphtha is not unconstitutional because it does not exceed the limits established by the principles of reasonableness, proportionality, or suitability for the intended purpose. Nor does it violate Article 28, because this is instead a matter of public order given the importance of the monopolized good, and, in view of that condition, it is compatible with the remaining provisions of the Political Constitution. Likewise, there is no violation of Article 121(13), because the challenged rules do not regulate taxes, charges, or levies in any manner, nor do they establish obligations of any kind for individual citizens." In the case at hand, the Chamber finds no grounds for departing from its precedent and no reasons of public interest that would justify reconsidering the issue; it therefore rejects the action on the merits as to this point. In the case under review, this Chamber observes that the claimant commits the same omission identified by the Constitutional Court in the cited precedent, because her argument rests on assertions lacking factual and legal support. It is therefore improper for this Court to examine the merits of this claim, and the action must likewise be rejected as to this issue.IX.- En conclusión el decreto legislativo mediante el cual se estableció en favor del Estado el monopolio sobre las actividades de importación, refinación y distribución al mayoreo de combustibles derivados del petróleo, asfaltos y naftas, no es inconstitucional porque no traspasa los limites establecidos por los principios de razonabilidad, proporcionalidad ni adecuación al fin perseguido. Asimismo, tampoco viola el artículo 28 porque más bien se trata de una cuestión de orden público dada la trascendencia del bien que se monopoliza, y dada esa condición, resulta compatible con el resto del articulado de la Constitución Política. Asimismo, no existe violación al artículo 121 inciso 13) porque las normas cuestionadas no regulan en forma alguna materia relativa a impuestos, cargas o tributos, establece obligaciones de algún tipo para los ciudadanos en particular". En el sub judice, la Sala no encuentra motivos para variar de criterio ni razones de interés público que justifiquen reconsiderar la cuestión, por lo que rechaza por el fondo la acción en cuanto a este extremo. En el caso en estudio, observa esta Sala que la parte actora incurre en la misma omisión señala por el Tribunal Constitucional en el antecedente precitado, toda vez que, el alegato de la actora se basa en afirmaciones que carecen de sustento fáctico y normativo, por lo que resulta improcedente que este Tribunal conozca por el fondo de este reclamo, de modo que, sobre este aspecto, igualmente, procede rechazar esta acción.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Nótese que no entra la Sala a considerar si lo más conveniente y oportuno es que la regulación de los combustibles se haya hecho mediante el uso de la figura del monopolio, porque eso sería claramente una intrusión en las funciones de otro Poder del Estado."
"The Chamber does not consider whether regulating fuel through a monopoly was the most advisable or expedient choice, because doing so would clearly intrude upon the functions of another branch of government."
Considerando sobre la constitucionalidad del monopolio
"Nótese que no entra la Sala a considerar si lo más conveniente y oportuno es que la regulación de los combustibles se haya hecho mediante el uso de la figura del monopolio, porque eso sería claramente una intrusión en las funciones de otro Poder del Estado."
Considerando sobre la constitucionalidad del monopolio
"La afirmación de los actores en el sentido de que RECOPE es responsable de que tal investigación no se realice en razón de su costo, es una opinión subjetiva de los actores, que no está apoyada en prueba alguna."
"The claimants’ assertion that RECOPE is responsible for the absence of such research because of its cost is their subjective opinion and is unsupported by any evidence."
Considerando VII, cita de la sentencia n.° 2022-014869
"La afirmación de los actores en el sentido de que RECOPE es responsable de que tal investigación no se realice en razón de su costo, es una opinión subjetiva de los actores, que no está apoyada en prueba alguna."
Considerando VII, cita de la sentencia n.° 2022-014869
"De igual forma, no sobra en absoluto dejar sentado que –en nuestro criterio- tanto la interpretación de los artículos 78 y 79 como la del propio 80 de la Ley que rige esta jurisdicción, debe ser amplia en beneficio de quienes acuden a esta Sala, de modo que el acceso a la justicia constitucional no resulte innecesariamente limitado."
"Likewise, it bears emphasizing that, in our view, Articles 78 and 79, as well as Article 80 of the law governing this jurisdiction, must be interpreted broadly for the benefit of those who come before this Chamber, so that access to constitutional justice is not unnecessarily restricted."
Votos salvados
"De igual forma, no sobra en absoluto dejar sentado que –en nuestro criterio- tanto la interpretación de los artículos 78 y 79 como la del propio 80 de la Ley que rige esta jurisdicción, debe ser amplia en beneficio de quienes acuden a esta Sala, de modo que el acceso a la justicia constitucional no resulte innecesariamente limitado."
Votos salvados
"Se rechaza por el fondo esta acción. El magistrado Rueda Leal y la magistrada Garro Vargas salvan el voto y ordenan hacer la prevención del artículo 80 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional."
"This action is rejected on the merits. Justice Rueda Leal and Justice Garro Vargas dissent and order that the notice required by Article 80 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law be issued."
Por tanto
"Se rechaza por el fondo esta acción. El magistrado Rueda Leal y la magistrada Garro Vargas salvan el voto y ordenan hacer la prevención del artículo 80 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional."
Por tanto
Full documentDocumento completo
Document Review Decision No. 2024004626 CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine fifteen a.m. on the twenty-first of February, two thousand twenty-four.
Constitutional challenge (acción de inconstitucionalidad) filed by [Nombre01 001], identity card No. [CED01], in her capacity as president, with powers as general attorney-in-fact without limitation as to amount, of the ASOCIACIÓN CONSUMIDORES DE COSTA RICA, corporate identification No. CED02, against Law No. 7356 of August 24, 1993, which establishes the “State Monopoly on the Importation, Refining, and Wholesale Distribution of Crude Oil, Its Derived Fuels, Asphalts, and Naphthas,” and other related provisions.
WHEREAS:
This loss of welfare is reflected in lower investment, a reduction in the quality of the good, an increase in unemployment, a disincentive to innovation, and an increase in the price of the good. Given that every monopoly results in a price higher than would prevail in a freely competitive market, Economics holds that every monopoly created by law results, by definition, in exploitation of consumers and the general public. Article 46 of the Political Constitution states: “Consumers and users have the right to the protection of their health, environment, safety, and economic interests; to receive adequate and truthful information; to freedom of choice; and to equitable treatment. The State shall support the organizations they establish to defend their rights.” The petitioner alleges that, because monopolies created by law cause prices to be higher, the economic interests of consumers are infringed by Ley n.° 7356.
Given that the quality of a good or service is lower under a monopoly than in a freely competitive market, the assurance of the quality of the fuels offered to consumers is threatened by Ley n.° 7356. Given that a monopoly prevents other companies from operating, Ley n.° 7356 violates consumers’ and all citizens’ freedom of choice. The freedom of choice enshrined in Article 46 presupposes the absence of monopolies or oligopolies created by law, because they restrict the supply of goods and services. To guarantee the right to freedom of choice, legislation must facilitate companies’ free entry into the market so as to maximize the number of companies operating in the market and thereby maximize the available choices. Freedom of choice also presupposes that legislation will not impose unnecessary market-entry costs that exclude or restrict companies’ supply of goods and services. Any unnecessary barrier to entry imposed by the legislature violates freedom of choice.
Freedom of choice presupposes that the participation of companies will be restricted only where they harm morality or public order or injure third parties. c) Violation of Article 56 of the Political Constitution: the petitioner alleges that Ley n.° 7356 prohibits private investment, reduces the demand for labor, and thereby lowers wages throughout the economy. Consequently, Ley n.° 7356 violates the “right to work, to seek an honest and useful occupation, duly compensated, and to the free choice of work,” which is protected by Article 56 of our Constitution. She reiterates that the assertion that every monopoly created by law, regardless of the industry in which it operates, reduces employment opportunities and restricts wage growth is not an ideological matter but a conclusion of Economics as a science. Ley n.° 7356, like any monopoly created by law, violates Article 56 because it undermines human dignity and reduces work to the status of a mere commodity.
By prohibiting other companies from operating, every monopoly allows the monopolist the possibility of failing to treat workers with the greatest possible dignity, because workers will have fewer options for seeking employment where they would be treated with greater dignity. d) Violation of Article 50 of the Political Constitution: the petitioner states that the creation of a monopoly by law has effects contrary to Article 50 of the Constitution, which provides that the “State shall seek the greatest welfare of all inhabitants of the country.” Given that every monopoly created by law causes a loss of welfare, Ley n.° 7356 violates Article 50 of the Constitution. Moreover, Article 50 states that “The State shall seek the most appropriate distribution of wealth.” Economics—both theory and empirical evidence—also holds that when markets operate under free competition, wages are as high as possible and that wages, like entrepreneurs’ profits, tend to equal their productivity.
In other words, under free competition, wages and profits tend to correspond to their contribution to society—their productivity. This is plainly fair and constitutes an appropriate distribution of wealth. There can be no appropriate distribution of wealth under laws that promote unemployment, such as Ley n.° 7356. The first condition for an appropriate distribution of wealth is for every worker to have a job and to be compensated as well as possible. The foremost social policy is to guarantee employment, and monopolies created by law destroy jobs. The petitioner believes that one of the extremely serious problems in Costa Rica is that we discuss economic policy, such as the existence of monopolies and Ley n.° 7356, without reference to the teachings of Economics. If monopolies created by law for the benefit of public enterprises generated welfare, then, as a corollary, the Corporación Costarricense de Desarrollo S.A. (CODESA) should be reinstated and monopolies should be created for the benefit of public enterprises to produce all goods and services, in order to emulate the former Unión de Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (URSS). e) Normalization of “emergency” situations to justify the continuation and expansion of the monopoly: The petitioner recounts that this “genetic,” or original, unconstitutionality was consolidated in fits and starts, usually in connection with international “emergencies.” One may observe, for example, the adoption of measures with a monopolistic tendency in early 1974, shortly after the energy crisis caused by the Yom Kippur War in late 1973; and another wave of measures in 1980-81 aimed at the State’s takeover of the fuel market, in response to the Islamic Revolution in Iran and instability in the Central American region resulting from the fall of Somoza in Nicaragua and the outbreak of civil war in El Salvador.
In both cases, however, the emergency proved to be a mere excuse: the emergency passed, but the “temporary” measures adopted to address it became permanent. She emphasizes that, under our legislation, all rules—including those issued during periods of emergency, whether declared or not—are inescapably subject to review of constitutionality, discretion, and legality. The so-called “emergency doctrine” is expressed in the Constitution through Article 121, subsection 7), Article 140, subsection 4), and Article 180; however, it was included by the constituent assembly precisely in recognition of the indisputable fact that emergencies, whether real or alleged, have historically been the most common pretext for justifying the breakdown of the constitutional order on virtually every continent, particularly when they persist over time and produce what legal scholarship has termed the “normalization of emergency.” The petitioner considers it clear that, notwithstanding any political justifications that might have been offered, the fuel supply situation in our country never rose even to the level warranting a declaration of national emergency; nevertheless, it is also evident that such a declaration, had it occurred, would have constituted a less serious state of affairs than a suspension of constitutional guarantees (Article 121, subsection 7, of the Fundamental Charter) or a declaration of a state of national defense (Article 12 of the Constitution), and consequently should have had less harmful implications for the freedoms recognized in the Constitution itself and in the relevant international instruments in force in our country.
To suppose otherwise—that is, that under relatively ordinary circumstances the State has greater latitude to intervene in the sphere of public freedoms than the Constitution allows in more serious cases—is an absurd inconsistency with republican principles and the Costa Rican legal system. Consequently, given the doctrinally indisputable fact that citizens’ freedoms and rights are more vulnerable under such circumstances, constitutional review (control de constitucionalidad) must be exercised with no less extraordinary rigor. The context in which the challenged provision was enacted could well be explained by a desire to take advantage of an international “emergency” related to the energy supply—the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War—to give a veneer of legality to the monopoly that the State had already established in practice. As previously explained, it was a “tailor-made law” (ley sastre) whose specific purpose was to legitimize that act; thus, once again, the “normalization of emergency” appears as the ostensible basis for the final push to remove a lawful activity definitively from the private sphere and consolidate the State’s takeover of it.
The petitioner identifies the following constitutional violations and their legal basis. a) Violation of the economic order of freedom: The petitioner states that our constitutional regime establishes a system of freedom for citizens that entails, among other things, freedom of work, freedom of enterprise, freedom of contract, freedom of choice, and respect for private property. This system proceeds from recognition of: i) The general principle of freedom (Article 28), under which everything not prohibited is permitted to citizens. “Private actions that do not harm morality, public order, or the rights of others” are beyond the reach of the law; likewise, with respect to freedom of enterprise, its exercise cannot be restricted even by law. Freedom is the constitutional rule, and restrictions are therefore exceptional and must be narrowly construed. Thus, citizens need not seek permission to undertake a particular action, and any restrictions established in the interests of the common good must be based on the rights of others, morality, or public order.
By contrast, the Administration and its officials may seek only what the Constitution and laws authorize them to seek. Their actions must therefore be founded on a legal provision—prior legal authorization—and remain bound to the purpose of that provision. In the absence of a provision prohibiting it, private parties may pursue their activities—investing, contracting, and performing—and any prohibition imposed will be valid only insofar as, in the case of private actions, it protects morality, public order, and the rights of others. ii) Freedom of work (Article 56), enterprise (Article 46), and choice (Article 46). By virtue of these rights, citizens may freely choose and pursue their activities. They may decide in which fields and for whom to work, where to undertake business ventures and under what conditions, subject to respect for the legal system. In turn, freedom of industry, agriculture, and commerce, as constitutional case law has repeatedly held, entails freedom of contract—that is, freedom of will (autonomía de la voluntad) and the right to contract, trade freely, and undertake activities in any field that has not lawfully been monopolized by the State.
To be lawful, monopolization must be based on the constitutional purpose of protecting public order and the rights of others; it must respect the essential content of the constitutional right it restricts; the restriction must be expressly stated; and it additionally requires a decision approved by a qualified majority—two-thirds—of the Legislative Assembly. Thus, under the constitutional text, freedom of enterprise is the rule and must be broadly construed, while a statutory monopoly is the exception and must be narrowly construed.
Por tanto, the monopoly may extend only to what the law expressly establishes, provided that it does not entail, in fact or in law, the undermining of freedom of enterprise (libertad de empresa). In the event of doubt or a conflict of laws (conflicto normativo), it must therefore be interpreted in favor of freedom and against restriction (the in dubio pro libertate principle, consistently referenced in the case law of the Constitutional Chamber). Freedom of choice (libertad de elección) presupposes the absence of monopolies or oligopolies created by law that limit the supply of goods and services. To guarantee this right, legislation must favor the free entry of companies into the market so as to maximize the number of companies operating in the market and thereby maximize the possibilities for choice. Freedom of choice also presupposes that legislation will not impose unnecessary market-entry costs that exclude or limit companies’ supply of goods and services.
Freedom of choice presupposes that the participation of companies will be restricted only when they harm morality or public order or cause injury to third parties. iii) Right to property (Derecho de propiedad) (article 45). By virtue of this right, the private-property regime (régimen de propiedad privada) is inviolable. Individual deprivation of the right to property (expropriation (expropiación)) is permitted, for which prior and full compensation is required. Likewise, limitations in the social interest (limitaciones de interés social)—non-expropriatory limitations—may be imposed on property by a qualified majority of the members of the Legislative Assembly. Once again, the constitutional rule is private property, and deprivation or limitation thereof is the exception. iv) Alongside these principles and provisions favoring a market economy, our Constitution establishes principles of social order that must be reconciled with one another and interpreted harmoniously.
The Constitution establishes, for example, the State’s obligation to promote and organize production and the most appropriate distribution of wealth (art. 50). It recognizes the right to work generally (art. 56) and protection against unemployment (arts. 56, 63, and 72). The fewer the restrictions on free competition (libre competencia), the fairer the distribution of wealth, because with greater competition—and fewer monopolies or oligopolies created by law—workers’ wages and business owners’ profits tend to equal their productivity. The evidence compiled in the Economic Freedom Index and other studies shows that workers’ wages grow more when the principles of free competition, freedom of choice, freedom of contract (libertad de contratación), and freedom of entrepreneurship (libertad de emprendimiento) are more fully respected. The best guarantee against unemployment also exists when markets operate under free competition, because employment results from entrepreneurs’ investment in human capital.
If the State limits investment, as occurs with monopolies created by law, investment declines and unemployment consequently rises. This is not ideology, but what both theory (Economics) and empirical evidence demonstrate. From this body of rules, it is clear that the rule—in the legal sense of the term—is the system of free enterprise, freedom of choice, and respect for private property. Limitation thereof is the exception. This is apparent within the constitutional framework, which requires: a prohibition on legally limiting freedom of enterprise (art. 46); a prohibition on legally limiting private actions that do not harm morality, public order, or others, as such actions are “beyond the reach of the law” (art.28); a qualified majority to limit private property (art.45); a qualified majority to establish a public monopoly (art. 46); and freedom of choice (art. 46). The general rule under the Constitution is private operation and freedom of choice, which require no legal authorization by virtue of the principle of freedom.
The legislature obviously may and must regulate private actions, but only to protect the rights of third parties, morality, or public order, and always provided that, in doing so, it complies with substantive due process (debido proceso sustantivo) (which includes the reasonableness and rationality of the implementing rule), the constitutionally established procedures (for example, the requirement of qualified majorities), and respect for the essential content of the constitutional right that it is to regulate. If even one of those principles is absent, the regulation loses its constitutional foundation. “Thus, the Constitution establishes an economic order of freedom (orden económico de libertad) that is essentially reflected in the rights to private property (article 45) and freedom of commerce, agriculture, and industry (article 46)—which in turn presuppose freedom of contract” (decision n.° 3495-92 of November 19, 1992).
The plaintiff states that this Economic Order of Freedom constitutes an insurmountable barrier to legislative authority. Ley n.° 7356, which establishes a monopoly in favor of RECOPE, is inconceivable, irreconcilable, inharmonious, and inconsistent with the Economic Order of Freedom enshrined in the Political Constitution. The monopoly contravenes freedom of commerce, freedom of choice, freedom of contract, and the principle of equality before the law. The Constitution prohibits monopolies because they violate fundamental rights. The monopoly in favor of RECOPE is no exception. The rule in article 46 must be read carefully. First, it prohibits monopolies and acts against free trade. It leaves a narrow opening for the possible creation of monopolies in favor of the State and the municipalities, but, as a matter of sound law, it must be understood that a qualified majority is not enough; the legal order of freedom established by the Constitution must also not be infringed.
The point is elementary: the Economic Order of Freedom that the Chamber itself identified in the Political Constitution requires consistent, coherent, and harmonious rules. To deny it is, in a sense, to deny the entire Constitution, because it breaks the very system upon which the Constitution and its values rest. b) Principles and rules of interpretation violated and distorted: the plaintiff states that, under the principle of constitutional unity (principio de unidad de la Constitución), it must be affirmed that article 46 cannot be interpreted in isolation from article 28, which contains the minimum sphere of freedoms guaranteed to the citizenry. This Chamber has held as much practically from the outset of its existence, stating—for example, in judgments n.° 1635-90, n.° 1195-91, and n.° 272-92, among others—that freedom of commerce may neither be restricted nor limited except within the parameters of article 28.
Through that statement, this High Court established three fundamental premises: I. Freedom of commerce, agriculture, and industry falls within the sphere of private actions and, therefore, is beyond the reach of the law, except to safeguard morality, public order, and the rights of third parties. II. The constitutional guarantee in article 46 has no limitations other than those indicated in article 28 and may not be subject to additional restrictions, not even those originating in ordinary legislation. III.- In defense of these guarantees, the State has a constitutional imperative to combat every monopolistic practice or tendency. The petitioner considers it contradictory for the State to engage in the same practices and tendencies that the Constitution orders it to prevent. This fact alone results in a gross violation of article 46, both in principle and in effect. The resulting reduction in the sphere of freedom is even more serious because the indispensable conditions stipulated in numeral 28 as the maximum limits on individual freedom are absent.
When article 46 is violated, articles 50 and 56 are also violated because limiting freedom of commerce and industry limits investment and, therefore, the right to work and the free choice of work. Let us bear in mind that work is the result of investment. Without investment, no employment is created. Limiting investment produces unemployment. It is not we, the petitioners, who assert that every monopoly limits investment; Economics says so. c) Economic harm and confiscatory effect (Perjuicio patrimonial y confiscatoriedad): the plaintiff states that one consequence of a monopoly created by law is that prices are always higher than those that would prevail if the market were operating under free competition. She reiterates that this is not ideological but is supported by Economics (as a science), both theoretically and empirically. It would make no sense to create a monopoly in order to charge less than the competition.
These higher prices translate into extraordinary revenue for the State, such that the “general interest” may be replaced by the “interest of the State” as the ultimate objective. Or, to use this Chamber’s own expression, “an arbitrary and senseless exercise of political power,” motivated solely by the plundering of the citizenry for the exclusive benefit of the State. In the case of RECOPE, or of any public enterprise operating under a monopoly, this price premium would be equivalent to a tax. The implications of this point cannot be overlooked. In articles 2 and 121, subsection 13, the Constitution establishes legislative approval as the sole lawful means of imposing taxes, reflecting the principle known as “no taxation Without representation (No a los impuestos sin representación).” This principle also encompasses the citizenry’s right to determine public spending, to know how taxes are collected, and to ensure that they are collected through transparent and precise means, as well as the crucial principle of proportionality (principio de proporcionalidad).
The existence of the Regulatory Authority for Public Services (Autoridad Reguladora de los Servicios Públicos, ARESEP) provides no guarantee that the prices offered by monopolies created by law are the prices that would prevail in competitive markets. The prices established by ARESEP are based on the state-owned company’s production costs, and, given the existence of the monopoly, those costs will always be very high because there is no competitive incentive to reduce them and make them efficient. If RECOPE offered prices lower than those that could exist under free competition, neither the monopoly nor ARESEP would be necessary. The existence of ARESEP shows that monopolies tend to charge more than would be charged in markets operating under free competition. She states that this conclusion concerning a monopoly’s price premium and hidden tax is derived from applying the principles of Economics as a science.
In other words, a monopoly in the hands of the State has the same harmful effect for which the constituent authority deemed that private monopolies should be categorically prohibited, which constitutes not only a severe violation of the aforementioned principle of reasonableness (principio de razonabilidad), but also of proportionality, regarding which this Chamber has stated: “…proportionality calls for a necessary comparison between the objective pursued by the act and the type of restriction imposed or sought to be imposed, so that the limitation is not markedly greater than the benefit that it is intended to obtain for the community. Of these last elements, it could be said that the first is based on a qualitative assessment, whereas the second arises from a quantitative comparison of the two objects analyzed.” (Judgment n.° 2011-11697).
Although the penalty of confiscation is categorically prohibited by the Fundamental Charter, any observer must conclude that the amount and extent of the overcharge resulting from the monopoly constitute, in practice, a concealed penalty of confiscation imposed on every citizen who requires some type of hydrocarbon or fuel to exercise any of their fundamental rights, whether to travel, engage in commerce, produce, or work. d) Environmental harm caused by the fuel monopoly: the petitioner (accionante) states that, as if the harm to the general interest of the public in terms of individual and property rights were not enough, she also considers the monopoly established by the challenged law unconstitutional because of the harm it causes to the public’s right to a healthy environment. The extraction, refining, and marketing of petroleum and its derivatives are considered in many circles to be a business with a high environmental impact.
Although this idea has led to many insincere political postures, the reality is that the measures currently in vogue aimed at restricting or eliminating their use have not only been a complete failure, but have produced the opposite effect: artificially “inflating” costs without offering viable alternatives and thereby reinforcing the highly profitable nature of the activity. Research into alternative energy sources, by contrast, is an extremely costly activity with little prospect of returns in the short term. Consequently, it requires a large initial capital investment, which must necessarily be generated from other, far more profitable activities. Thus, private capital participation in the research and development of these sources has proven extremely important internationally. In our country, however, such investment is made impossible by the existence of the state monopoly over the activity.
It is evident that the resources generated by RECOPE S.A. are not reinvested in research of any kind, but are simply used to finance the operations of the innumerable bureaucratic entities that comprise the Costa Rican State. Not a single colón is contributed to the research, identification, or development of energy sources that could reduce Costa Rica’s energy dependence, much less place it at the forefront in this area, despite the abundant boasting by political authorities over the last twenty or thirty years. Moreover, there is no incentive or indication to suppose that this will change spontaneously or that RECOPE S.A. will suddenly make such investments. In reaching this conclusion, she relies on what the science of economics maintains regarding the capacity of government entities to innovate. According to James Buchanan, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics for his public choice theory, which studies the public sector, it has been established that public employees have no incentive to innovate.
In an environment of free competition, innovation is necessary for survival in the market. When there is a monopoly, by contrast, that incentive disappears because there is no one threatening the company’s market share. Buchanan further warns that public employees lack the incentives available to private-sector employees and that, for this reason, the former can never be efficient or innovative. A detailed explanation of why a public enterprise cannot innovate lies beyond the scope of this document. She confines herself to the intuitive ideas of public choice. An adage says that “no one takes better care of what belongs to others than of what is their own.” Yet public officials manage resources that neither belong to them nor were earned through their efforts. Therefore, a public official can never match the sound management—or care—of a private actor who manages resources obtained through their own efforts.
Moreover, as economist Murray Rothbard aptly observed, “[i]nherent in every government operation is a serious and fatal division between ... the provision of a [good or] service and payment for receiving it.” In other words, a public official’s salary is disconnected from their performance. Regardless of how poor a service the public official provides, it will not be reflected in their salary. Given the foregoing, the government employee’s incentive is to exert only the minimum effort and not undertake the extraordinary effort required for innovation. Why would a public employee innovate if their salary will remain the same and they will receive no benefit from doing so? For these reasons, Milton Friedman, another recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics, said: “The great advances of civilization, whether in architecture or painting, in science or literature, in industry or agriculture, have never come from centralized government.” In other words, innovation in the energy sector can come only from a market governed by free competition.
The petitioner therefore concludes that, as long as the fuel monopoly persists in Costa Rica, whether in the hands of RECOPE S.A. or any other company, there will be a vested interest in perpetuating the current fuel-use model indefinitely, and the nation’s energy mix will never take the global lead in clean energy, no matter how “carbon neutral” it claims to be internationally. If the challenged law did not exist or were annulled by this Chamber, there would at least be a possibility that one or more private parties would enter the market and that the resulting profits would be invested in technological innovation and in the research and development of new energy sources. But the state monopoly over the market completely eliminates that possibility. The petitioner considers that, under current conditions, Costa Rica is condemned to remain a mere price taker in the international fuel market and to remain tied to an obsolete energy mix, with expensive, low-quality hydrocarbons and no possibility of developing and obtaining energy from other, cleaner sources.
It goes without saying that the environment is one of the major victims of this energy-sector stagnation. Although she does not believe that the use of hydrocarbons should be prohibited, much less their exploration and extraction within national territory—an idea that merely makes production more expensive and intensifies the country’s dependence on imports without offering any improvement over current conditions or any hopeful transition toward other sources—she does believe that the absurd prohibition on private participation maintained in our country has harmful effects on the environment by eliminating any incentive for innovation and scientific research. Thus, the State’s continued protection of the monopoly becomes unconstitutional because of its results, as it encourages the continuation of a comparatively more polluting model and effectively forecloses the possibility of innovation and the development of alternatives more compatible with the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
She considers that maintaining it in this manner amounts to condemning the country to unsustainable underdevelopment. Based on the foregoing, the petitioner submits the following request for relief (petitoria): she requests that the Chamber declare I.- That law n.° 7356 of 24 de agosto de 1993 is unconstitutional and order its annulment because its content and effects are contrary to the Political Constitution (articles 1, 2, 10, 11, 28, 33, 46, 50, 56, 121, subsection 13, and the rules and principles constituting the economic order of liberty and the republican constitutional system). II.- Consequently, that the monopoly established by that law in favor of Refinadora Costarricense de Petróleo RECOPE S.A. be declared null and without effect, and that free competition and free trade in petroleum products be permitted, all under the reasonable rules and regulations currently in force in accordance with constitutional principles.
The State, through RECOPE S.A., could continue participating in the refining and wholesale marketing of petroleum products, but without monopolies or privileges that undermine equality before the law. III.- If it is considered that legislation predating the legislation challenged here also constitutes implicit approval of the petroleum monopoly, and so as not to render the meaning of constitutional jurisdiction and constitutional law ineffective, she requests that this Chamber likewise declare such legislation unconstitutional.
Justice Castillo Víquez delivers the opinion; and,
WHEREAS:
This Chamber has repeatedly held that an action of unconstitutionality is a proceeding subject to certain formalities which, if not satisfied, preclude a ruling on the merits. Article 75 of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction establishes the admissibility requirements (presupuestos de admisibilidad) for actions of unconstitutionality and governs different situations. The first paragraph requires the existence of a pending matter, whether in judicial proceedings—including habeas corpus or amparo proceedings—or in administrative proceedings—through the procedure for exhausting administrative remedies (agotamiento de la vía administrativa), that is, in the administrative procedure challenging the final act—in which the unconstitutionality of the challenged provision is invoked as a reasonable means of protecting the right or interest alleged to have been infringed in the principal matter.
The second and third paragraphs govern direct actions (acción directa)—for which no underlying matter is required—in the following circumstances: a) when, due to the nature of the matter, there is no individual and direct injury; b) when the action concerns the defense of diffuse interests or interests affecting the community as a whole; and c) when the action is brought by the Procurador General de la República, the Contralor General de la República, the Fiscal General de la República, or the Defensor de los Habitantes. Regarding the requirement of a pending matter, this Chamber stated the following in judgment No. 04190-95, issued at 11:33 on 28 de julio de 1995:
“(…) First, this is an incidental proceeding (proceso de naturaleza incidental), rather than a direct or popular action, which means that a matter must be pending—whether before the courts or in the procedure for exhausting administrative remedies—in order to obtain access to constitutional review, and the action must constitute a reasonable means of protecting the right alleged to have been infringed in the principal matter, such that the Constitutional Court’s ruling will have a positive or negative effect on that pending proceeding because it addresses the constitutionality of the provisions that must be applied in that matter; only by way of exception does the law permit direct access to this avenue—the circumstances set forth in the second and third paragraphs of Article 75 of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction (…)”.
There are also other formalities that must be satisfied, namely: the filing must be authenticated and must expressly identify the challenged provisions, provide proper supporting grounds, and specifically cite the components of the body of constitutional law (bloque de constitucionalidad) alleged to have been infringed (Article 78 of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction). The requirements for standing must also be established through powers of attorney and certifications; the Costa Rican Bar Association stamp fee must be paid (Article 4 of Law No. 3245 of 3 de diciembre de 1963); and a verbatim certification of the filing in which the unconstitutionality of the challenged provisions was invoked in the underlying matter must be submitted (Article 79 of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction).
The petitioner asks this Chamber to declare Law No. 7356 of 24 de agosto de 1993 unconstitutional and order its annulment, because, in its view, it is contrary to Articles 1, 2, 10, 11, 28, 33, 46, 50, 56, and 121, subsection 13), of the Political Constitution. To that end, the petitioner alleges that it has direct standing because, first, it appears in defense of diffuse interests—citing freedom of commerce, freedom of industry, freedom to choose one’s occupation, and the assets of Costa Rican citizens; second, it appears in defense of the collective interest of the association it represents, that is, in defense of the interests of its members and as a representative of consumer interests; and third, it alleges that it has general standing to defend the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
In a precedent similar to the matter before us, this Chamber ruled that the action of unconstitutionality against Law No. 7356 of 24 de agosto de 1993 was inadmissible when based on direct standing arising from the purported defense of diffuse interests. It did so in judgment No. 2022-014869, issued at 10:00 on 29 de junio de 2022, based on the following considerations:
“(…) III.- REGARDING DIFFUSE INTERESTS. In Article 75 of the law governing this jurisdiction, the legislature introduced the possibility of bringing an action based on the defense of diffuse interests in order to broaden and complete the range of means available to citizens to exercise oversight through an action of unconstitutionality. Diffuse interests are a special type of interest whose expression is less concrete and identifiable on an individual basis than a collective interest, but which cannot be so broad and generic as to be confused with the interest recognized in all members of society in safeguarding constitutional legality, because the latter—as has repeatedly been stated—is excluded from the current system of constitutional review. It is therefore an interest distributed among each of the governed, indirect if one wishes, and diffuse, but no less ascertainable for that reason, for the purpose of defending before this Chamber certain constitutional rights of singular importance to the proper and harmonious development of society.
Thus, the key to distinguishing and determining the existence of so-called diffuse interests lies in the special characteristics of these rights themselves, rather than in the particular position regarding them of the persons who may hold those rights, as has been stated in various rulings. In this regard, constitutional case law has found that various rights possess such characteristics, including the environment, cultural heritage, the defense of the country’s territorial integrity, and the proper management of public expenditure, among others.
In this case, the petitioners allege that they appear in defense of diffuse interests and identify freedom of commerce, freedom of industry, freedom to choose one’s occupation, and the assets of Costa Rican citizens as the interests affected. However, these freedoms do not fall within the Chamber’s definition of diffuse interests because their nature does not permit them to be regarded as such. In addition, this Court has held by majority that when a provision is capable of individual application, as clearly occurs in this case, diffuse interests may not be invoked to establish the admissibility of the action. Thus, recently, in Voto N° 2022-011649, issued at 9:20 on 25 de mayo de 2022, this Chamber ruled:
“III.- DIRECT STANDING. The petitioner, in turn, claims to have direct standing because it states that the challenged provision not only infringes the individual fundamental rights of the person it represents, but also violates collective and diffuse rights due to the effects it produces. Nevertheless, this Chamber has held by majority that when the challenged provision is capable of individual application, the defense of diffuse interests may not be invoked to establish the admissibility of the action. Thus, in Voto No. 2021-002185, issued at 12:51 on 3 de febrero de 2021, this Constitutional Court stated:
“(…) II.- Diffuse interests and the petitioners’ standing in the case under consideration. The petitioners state that their standing arises from the defense of diffuse interests regarding the protection of the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. In this regard, it should be noted that, as already mentioned, the circumstances set forth in the second paragraph of Article 75 of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction constitute exceptions to the rule contained in the first paragraph of that same article and must be carefully analyzed in each specific case. A diffuse interest has been understood as an interest related to a right or legal situation of a special and particular nature that may be shared by other persons, with all interested persons forming a defined group or category. Thus, an infringement of that right may affect everyone generally or each person individually, and therefore any member of the community may bring the action to protect the right alleged to have been infringed. On this matter, the Chamber’s settled case law states that:
“It has been held that this is a special type of interest, whose manifestation is less concrete and individually identifiable than that of the collective interest (interés colectivo) just defined in the preceding recital (considerando), but which cannot be so broad and generic as to be confused with the interest recognized in all members of society in safeguarding constitutional legality, since the latter—as has repeatedly been stated—is excluded from the current system of constitutional review. It is therefore an interest distributed among each of the governed, indirect if you will, and diffuse, but no less ascertainable for that reason, for the defense before this Chamber of certain constitutional rights of singular importance to the proper and harmonious development of society. It is the special characteristics of these rights themselves, and not the particular position in relation to them of the persons who may hold them, that provide the key to distinguishing and determining the presence of so-called diffuse interests (intereses difusos), as stated in various decisions, such as decision 03705-93 at fifteen hours on treinta de julio, concerning the right to the environment; decision 05753-93 at fourteen hours forty-five on nueve de noviembre of that same year, concerning the defense of historical heritage; and decision 00980-91 at thirteen thirty on veinticuatro de mayo de mil novecientos noventa y uno, concerning electoral matters.” –see judgment number 360-90- From this definition, it may be concluded that a diffuse interest consists of an eminently subjective element, relating to the ownership or entitlement to the interest, and an objective element, relating to the impact of the protected interest on society, which distinguishes it from other legal situations.
With respect to the former—the subjective element—it is clear that such ownership is dispersed among an unindividualized group of persons who share in the enjoyment of the legally protected interest (bien jurídico) that is the subject of the interest, but whose composition does not consist of an identifiable and ascertainable group of persons with relatively clear boundaries, as occurs with a collective interest. From the objective perspective, it must be clarified that not every “diffuse” interest attains the legal status of a “diffuse interest,” but only those imbued with profound social importance, the assessment of which depends on the circumstances of each case –see, among others, judgments numbers 2006-15960 and 2014-4904-. In this regard, just as it has been stated that such an interest cannot be so broad and generic as to be confused with the right to safeguard constitutional legality—which would entail the tacit establishment of a popular action (acción popular) not provided for in the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional—neither can it be so specific as to permit an individual claim, because in that event standing (legitimación) would arise from that claim –see, among others, judgments numbers 2008-13442, 2009-300 and 2009-9201-.
Examples of such interests include the right to a healthy and harmonious environment, the defense of historical heritage, electoral matters, the defense of the right to health, and the oversight of public funds. Accordingly, in the case under consideration, in which the claimants invoke standing to defend diffuse interests concerning the protection of a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, the appropriate course is to rule as set forth in the following recitals.
(…)
In the action now under consideration, the same claimants challenge the same provisions of Articles 50 and 51 of the Regulations in question, as well as Article 52 of the same instrument. Although, beyond the sustainability of wildlife breeding facilities (zoocriaderos), this action focuses on ex situ conservation and environmental education—which was also raised in that prior action—the fact remains that this Chamber’s determination concerning standing, as set forth in the cited judgment, is fully applicable to this new action. It should be noted that, as the Procuraduría General de la República clearly states and the Ministro de Ambiente y Energía emphatically points out, the challenged provisions are indeed fully capable of individual application and of directly affecting the legal sphere of specific, identifiable persons who engage in a particular activity subject to the regulation established in the Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre and its regulations.
Accordingly, it is clear that, contrary to the asserted defense of diffuse interests, what is at issue is some degree of disagreement with the requirements to which they must submit for the regulation of the activity they perform or intend to perform; as the report of the Ministro de Ambiente y Energía aptly notes, the claimants are directly involved as founders, managers, or employees of various companies connected with the exhibition of wildlife or its promotion for tourism. It is therefore untenable to allege supposed conservation and environmental-education problems in order to invoke the concept of diffuse interests and thereby bring a direct constitutional challenge (acción de inconstitucionalidad), while disregarding the strict admissibility requirements established in the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, as stated in recitals II and III of this decision.
Under this reasoning, and taking into account the identity of the claimants and of the challenged provisions, it is clear that the precedent established by judgment 2018-18563 is fully applicable to the action now under consideration. It must therefore necessarily be concluded that, as on that previous occasion, the claimants lack standing to institute these proceedings, and it is consequently improper to hear and rule on the issues raised. Accordingly, the proper course is to dismiss this action” (the underlining does not appear in the original).
Similarly, in judgment n° 2021-011994 at 16:30 hours on 26 de mayo de 2021, this Chamber held:
“(…) It is reiterated that a diffuse interest cannot be so broad and generic as to be confused with the right to safeguard constitutional legality (which would entail the tacit establishment of a popular action not provided for in the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional); but neither can it be so specific as to permit an individual claim, because in that event standing would arise from that claim (…)”. (see, to the same effect, among others, decisions nro. 2021-025373 at 9:20 hours on 10 de noviembre de 2021 and nro. 2022-007466 at 9:45 hours on 30 de marzo de 2022) In this case, it is clear that this law may cause individual harm that, in turn, may materialize in cases of individual application to specific persons and may directly affect the legal sphere of particular and fully identifiable natural or legal persons who are affected by the existence of the established monopoly and who would be entitled to file the corresponding administrative or judicial claim. Consequently, in accordance with the aforementioned judicial precedents, this Chamber finds that the claimants lack direct standing to bring this action. (…)”. (The emphasis and underlining do not appear in the original).
The foregoing considerations apply to this specific case, since the claimant identifies the following as diffuse interests: freedom of commerce, freedom of industry, freedom to choose one’s occupation, and the property rights of Costa Rican citizens; however, these freedoms do not fall within the definition of diffuse interests established by the Chamber. Moreover, Ley n.° 7356 is capable of individual and direct application; therefore, under this Chamber’s case law, it may not be challenged in defense of diffuse interests. Consequently, in the sub judice, the claimant lacks direct standing based on the defense of diffuse interests.
The claimant also alleges that it appears before this Chamber in defense of collective interests (intereses colectivos), that is, on behalf of the members of the association it represents. On numerous occasions, this Chamber has clarified that the expression “interests (…) concerning the community as a whole,” contained in Article 75, second paragraph, of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, refers to the standing held by an organizational body when it acts as such through its representatives in defense of the rights and interests of the persons comprising its membership base, provided, in addition, that the challenge concerns rules or provisions affecting the core rights or interests that constitute the organization’s raison d’être and unifying factor. This remains so even when, in some cases, the effects of such rules may affect each of its members individually (to similar effect, see judgment n.° 06942-1996 at 09:33 hours on 20 de diciembre de 1996). Upon reviewing the certified copy of the articles of incorporation (acta constitutiva) of the Asociación Consumidores de Costa Rica -CONCORI- (submitted by the claimant), the following are identified as the objectives of that entity:
“ARTICLE FOUR (Objectives of the Association) The objectives of the Asociación Consumidores de Costa Rica are as follows:
A. To safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of consumers nationwide.
B. To encourage consumers’ participation in the defense of their rights.
C. To develop educational programs at the national and local levels on matters of interest to consumers.
D. To guide the national population on rational and sustainable consumption in accordance with the principles of the Ley de Promoción de la Competencia y Defensa Efectiva del Consumidor.
E. To support initiatives by consumer organizations for the implementation of action plans and projects benefiting consumers’ legitimate rights and interests.
F. To encourage existing consumer organizations to participate in the consumer education, guidance, and information process.
G. To keep the national population informed about the provisions in force on the subject and the procedures for enforcing their rights, in accordance with the Ley de Promoción de la Competencia y Defensa Efectiva del Consumidor.
H. To collaborate with public entities on educational campaigns concerning consumer rights.
I.With professional support, to conduct market studies on the production and commercialization of goods and services in order to take action through the appropriate channels when CONCORI detects an irregularity harmful to consumers.
J. To promote training and informational activities of interest to consumers.
K. To promote an atmosphere of harmony between merchants and consumers in order to foster fair, assertive, and mutually supportive relations between them.
L. To encourage support from the State, local governments, NGOs, and other organizations for improving and strengthening the activities of consumer organizations.
M. To seek financial resources for CONCORI’s activities from both public and private entities.
N. To acquire all kinds of property, enter into contracts of every kind, and analyze all types of lawful transactions aimed at achieving its purposes.
O. To promote training, education, guidance, information, advocacy, and organizational activities among consumers.
P. To promote consumer rights nationwide for their collective defense.
Q. Promote the development of a new culture of consumption based on rational criteria and sustainability with nature.
R. Represent the interests of the country’s consumers in the various official decision-making forums, both national and international.” Based on the foregoing, the claimant’s direct corporate standing (legitimación directa corporativa) extends only to representing the collective interests of consumers. Nevertheless, the claimant seeks to challenge Law No. 7356 of August 24, 1993, based on arguments concerning the protection of the interests of merchants and workers, alleging infringement of the right to freely choose one’s occupation, enshrined in Article 56 of the Political Constitution, deterioration of employment conditions and wages, and infringement of freedom of trade or enterprise because other persons are unable to engage in business in the sector monopolized in favor of the State. Consequently, with respect to those allegations, the claimant lacks standing (legitimación) to challenge Law No. 7356 of August 24, 1993, before this Chamber, because they concern matters extending beyond its objectives as an association.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, this Chamber must also address the claimant’s other allegations that do involve the interests of consumers, such as the alleged violation of consumers’ freedom of choice and their right to property and protection against confiscation (no confiscatoriedad). However, its arguments are likewise unavailing for the reasons stated herein.
In summary, the claimant’s allegations concerning the interests of consumers are as follows: i. every monopoly created by law exploits consumers because, in every monopoly, prices are higher than those that would prevail in a freely competitive market; ii. the challenged Law tramples democratic and republican values by arbitrarily restricting consumers’ freedom of choice without, in its view, any public interest being involved; iii. “Economics” holds that every monopoly created by law results, by definition, in the exploitation of consumers and the general public; iv. the quality of the good or service is lower under a monopoly than in a freely competitive market, such that Law No. 7356 threatens the assurance of the quality of the fuels offered to consumers; v. the monopoly established under Law No. 7356 prevents other companies from operating, thereby violating consumers’ freedom of choice; vi. the creation of a monopoly by law has effects contrary to Article 50 of the Political Constitution because, in its view, every monopoly created by law causes a loss of welfare by preventing job creation; and vii. the right to property and protection against confiscation is infringed because, in the claimant’s view, one consequence of a monopoly created by law is that prices are always higher than those that would prevail if the market operated under free competition.
As can be seen with utmost clarity, the claimant’s aforementioned allegations are based on conjecture or assumptions and on generalized, subjective assertions lacking any factual or legal basis demonstrating that, in the specific case of Law No. 7356—that is, through the creation of the “Monopoly in Favor of the State for the Importation, Refining, and Distribution of Petroleum, Fuels, Asphalt, and Naphtha”—consumers’ rights are violated or social welfare is harmed. Although the claimant cites a series of economic theories in support of its arguments against monopolies in general, it has not provided sufficient evidence to substantiate its allegations in this particular case. Consequently, although the claimant has direct corporate standing to act in defense of consumers’ interests, its arguments against Law No. 7356, based on an alleged threat to or infringement of the rights of the group it represents, lack sufficient grounds because it fails to provide precise data or factual evidence supporting its assertions and justifying a substantive review (valoración por el fondo) of its claims by this Chamber. Therefore, the action is inadmissible (improcedente) in this respect.
VI.Next, regarding the claimant’s objection to the existence of a monopoly in favor of the State pursuant to Law No. 7356 of August 24, 1993, on the grounds that it considers the monopoly unjustified and contrary to republican values, it bears reiterating what the Chamber stated in Judgment No. 7044-96 at 10:09 a.m. on December 24, 1996, namely:
“(…) I.- REGARDING THE CLAIMANT’S STANDING. The underlying proceeding (juicio base) for this action is amparo proceeding (recurso de amparo) number 3552-92, which remains pending before this Court. A review of that case file confirms that the decision in this action is indeed a reasonable means of defending the claimant’s right or interest in that proceeding; therefore, the requirements established in Article 75 of the Law governing this jurisdiction are fully satisfied.
II.REGARDING THE MERITS OF THE MATTER.- The claimant alleges that Legislative Decree number 7356, which establishes a monopoly in favor of the State over the importation, refining, and wholesale distribution of petroleum-derived fuels, asphalt, and naphtha and grants administration of that monopoly to the Refinadora Costarricense de Petróleo, is unconstitutional. The complaint is based primarily on the violation of certain principles or rules, expressly or implicitly contained in the Fundamental Charter, that comprise the “economic constitution” and form part of what is known as the “legal order of freedom.” Thus, it is alleged that establishing the fuel monopoly constitutes an illegitimate exercise of legislative powers because it exceeds the existing constitutional framework, which emphasizes citizens’ freedom of action and chooses to impose limits on State intervention in private activities so that such intervention occurs only when imperative for reasons of morality or public order, or to protect the rights of third parties.
III.To analyze and rule on the foregoing, the most appropriate approach is one that conceives of the constitutional review body (contralor de constitucionalidad) as establishing the external boundaries, both formal and substantive, of a broad field within which the branches of government—in this case, the Legislative Assembly—may properly operate. As the representative of RECOPE asserts, this approach is essential in a democratic State in which diverse ideological and political forces converge, all potentially legitimized through the vote to pursue their particular social projects, and in which—as in our case—the constitutional text is the result of a series of compromises and concessions among those forces. The Chamber must therefore determine whether the establishment of the disputed monopoly, under the terms and conditions adopted by the Legislative Assembly, exceeds those external boundaries, whether formal or substantive, and enters the realm of what is constitutionally unacceptable. With regard to the formal aspect of the action, it should be noted that the claimant itself acknowledges that its complaint does not lie there, as it recognizes that the formal requirements established in the Political Constitution for enacting the law at issue were satisfied.
IV.The foregoing shows that the issue lies in matters concerning the substance of the law, in which the claimant believes it has identified a violation of the substantive limits imposed primarily by Articles 1, 11, 28, 46, and 56 of the Political Constitution and by the principles derived both from those provisions and from the “legal order of freedom” that guides our Fundamental Charter. The first of those limits against which the disputed law must be assessed is Constitutional Article 28, which permits the legislature to regulate only private actions that may harm morality, public order, or the rights of third parties. Regarding the concept of private actions that, by their nature, are excluded from State interference, it is not entirely accurate to assert that the monopolized activities—the importation, refining, and wholesale distribution of fuels—are private in kind or nature because, generally speaking, they are simply commercial transactions involving certain economic goods, forming part of the broader category of exchanges of goods and services in a given economy.
In no case are such activities exclusive to private parties, since they may be conducted by private parties through a system of freedom of contract, exchange, and minimal regulation in market economies; by the State in centralized economies; or even—as in most countries—through a combination of both systems, leaving some sectors open to private parties and reserving others for the exclusive action of the State. The point of the foregoing is that the monopolized activities are not necessarily and per se private in nature. Accordingly, under our Constitution, they may validly be entrusted to private parties subject to State oversight, or they may be subject to State intervention, insofar as such intervention is authorized by the Constitution and the laws and is justified in light of the purposes pursued.
V.Furthermore, in comparing the challenged provisions with the concept of public order, which empowers the legislature to restrict, among other things, freedom of trade—allegedly threatened by the creation of the fuel monopoly—the Chamber adopts the reasoning presented by both the Office of the Attorney General (Procuraduría) and the Representative of RECOPE, insofar as they note the enormous importance of petroleum derivatives to the functioning of life in the country. This is true not only economically, where they are practically a fundamental and indispensable component in the conduct of productive activities, but also in relation to public safety, which entails managing and controlling a resource that is hazardous to citizens’ health and lives. Moreover, because the resource is both critical and valuable, it is an ideal target for bringing the country to its knees—through malicious management and control—for the benefit of any type of interest.
Thus, it is not even necessary to examine the concept of public order in greater depth to conclude that it is unquestionably implicated in the importation, refining, and wholesale distribution of petroleum derivatives; one need only imagine what would occur if problems—whether deliberately caused or not—arose in any of the monopolized stages and recognize how disastrous that would be for the country. For these reasons, the Chamber concludes that there is no violation of the constitutional limit imposed on the legislature through the concept of public order, because petroleum-derived fuels—as economic goods—indisputably possess the particular characteristic of being a scarce and vital resource, as explained above. They are therefore a matter of public order and must be strictly controlled by the State and, in some cases, made subject to a monopoly if deemed necessary and appropriate for the country.
VI.Another substantive limitation imposed on the acts of public bodies (in this case, on the legal rules enacted by the Legislative Assembly) consists of the principles of reasonableness, proportionality, and suitability of the means to the end, compliance with which must be reviewed in such acts. It should be noted that this is where the conception of constitutional review (control de constitucionalidad) as a function of demarcating boundaries becomes most relevant, because only under that approach can the apparent intrusion by the body responsible for constitutional review into the respective body’s own sphere of authority and decision-making be resolved. The intrusion is said to be merely apparent because the notion of review of boundaries prevents this jurisdiction from substituting one valid option for another equally valid one, thereby imposing its will in matters of expediency and advisability, which are entirely foreign to it.
What the Chamber may do, however, is analyze the outcome of the exercise of discretion (discrecionalidad) in order to invalidate acts in which that exercise has transgressed the constitutional framework. The task, therefore, is to analyze the Legislative Assembly’s actions, but only to invalidate whatever is constitutionally arbitrary because it exceeds the valid range of options, consisting of all reasonable and proportionate possibilities suitable for the intended purpose. Specifically, the Chamber may declare a legislative provision unconstitutional, for example, because it exceeds the limits of reasonableness or proportionality, or because it is wholly unsuitable for its own intended purpose. It is clear that reviewing the characteristics of reasonableness, proportionality, and suitability for the proposed purpose requires, in part, an assessment of the same elements addressed by the body in exercising its discretion.
The difference, however, lies in the manner in which this is analyzed, since constitutional proceedings merely ascertain whether the challenged measure falls within a valid sphere of action, while leaving untouched the respective body’s discretion to choose among the various valid options.
VII.In the case under review, the State monopoly (monopolio) over the importation, refining, and wholesale distribution of petroleum-derived fuels, asphalt, and naphtha does not exceed the constitutional limits of reasonableness, nor is it disproportionate or wholly disconnected from the intended purpose. This is so because, given the importance of the goods that have been monopolized, it is logical and permissible—in a word, reasonable—for the State to have and exercise the power to assume control over them, as it has done, without this entailing such a serious infringement of freedom of commerce (libertad de comercio) generally as to render the measure unconstitutional. This is because, as correctly noted, in certain situations it may be dangerous or inappropriate to leave certain goods recognized as crucial to the country to market forces or in private hands. Thus, if a qualified majority (mayoría calificada) of parliament deemed it appropriate to protect such goods—particularly these goods—the monopoly established is, among other possible measures, proportionate and suitable for the intended purpose.
It should be noted that the Chamber does not consider whether the most advisable and expedient course was to regulate fuels through the institution of a monopoly, because doing so would clearly constitute an intrusion into the functions of another Branch of Government. It merely rules that, from a constitutional perspective, several possible alternatives exist for resolving the issue presented and that the chosen alternative, insofar as it falls within those boundaries, does not transgress the established limits and is constitutionally valid.
VIII.Only two issues remain to be resolved. The first concerns the allegation that administration of the monopoly has been entrusted to a private company because the Refinadora Costarricense de Petróleo is a corporation (sociedad anónima) governed by private law, according to extensive case law. In resolving this allegation, it must be taken into account that the challenged law creates the monopoly in favor of the State, thereby satisfying the formal content of the constitutional provision, since, beyond that requirement, there is no requirement concerning the manner in which its operation must be organized, provided that it does not in practice entail relinquishment of public powers and authority. This requirement is fully satisfied in view of the controls and restrictions imposed on the company entrusted with the monopoly by its sole owner, the Estado Costarricense. The other issue to be resolved is the claimant’s assertion that entrusting administration of the fuel monopoly to the Refinadora Costarricense de Petróleo is entirely inadvisable because this has been used to impose taxes on Costa Ricans through a lack of control over fuel costs and prices.
However, none of this relates to the challenged law, which neither regulates the imposition of any levy nor establishes anything concerning the manner in which the costs and prices of the monopolized activities must be determined or the purposes for which the revenues must be used. Evidently, the law could never be understood as authorizing conduct outside the law or the legal system generally, which contains mechanisms for overseeing and controlling the operation of public enterprises such as the one cited above.
IX.In conclusion, the legislative decree establishing in favor of the State a monopoly over the importation, refining, and wholesale distribution of petroleum-derived fuels, asphalt, and naphtha is not unconstitutional because it does not exceed the limits established by the principles of reasonableness, proportionality, or suitability for the intended purpose. Likewise, it does not violate Article 28 because this is instead a matter of public order (orden público), given the significance of the good being monopolized, and, in view of that status, it is compatible with the remaining provisions of the Constitución Política. Nor is there any violation of Article 121, subsection 13), because the challenged provisions do not in any way regulate matters concerning taxes, charges, or levies, or establish obligations of any kind for individual citizens.”
In the case at bar (sub judice), the Chamber finds no grounds for departing from its precedent and no public-interest considerations warranting reconsideration of the issue; it therefore dismisses the action on the merits with respect to this claim.
Finally, the claimant alleges that Law No. 7356 of August 24, 1993, is contrary to the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment because, in her view, for as long as the State fuel monopoly remains in place, there will be a vested interest in perpetuating the current fuel-use model indefinitely, and the nation’s energy mix will never be at the global forefront of clean energy. The claimant considers that, if the challenged law did not exist or were struck down by this Chamber, there would at least be a possibility that one or more private parties might participate in the market and that the resulting profits might be invested in technological innovation, research, and the development of new energy sources. With respect to this argument, in Judgment No. 2022-014869, issued at 10:00 a.m. on June 29, 2022, this Chamber ruled as follows:
“(…) As for the right to a healthy environment, the protection of which the claimants invoke as the basis for their standing (legitimación), on the grounds that the challenged Law infringes it, that right is inapplicable in this case. The alleged harm to the environment is related to the inability to invest in and research alternative forms of energy. The claimants’ assertion that RECOPE is responsible for the failure to conduct such research because of its cost is their subjective opinion and is unsupported by any evidence. Whether RECOPE does not invest in researching alternative forms of energy, whether the cost of such research is high, and whether no companies wish or are able to make that investment are all assertions made by the claimants that lack any basis, not only in law but also in fact. For that reason, they cannot be accepted. (…)” In the case under review, this Chamber observes that the claimant commits the same omission identified by the Constitutional Court in the precedent cited above, because her argument is based on assertions lacking factual and legal support. It is therefore improper for this Court to consider the merits of this claim, and this action must likewise be dismissed with respect to this issue.
Based on the foregoing, the action is inadmissible, as is hereby ordered.
We depart from the majority’s position and dissent in this matter because we consider the decision to dismiss this constitutional challenge (acción de inconstitucionalidad) premature. It is beyond dispute that a constitutional challenge is a proceeding “instituted for the purpose of guaranteeing the supremacy of the Constitución Política over rules or other provisions of general application and that, for this very reason, a series of formal requirements must be satisfied so that the Chamber may validly consider the merits of the challenge,” as stated in the extensive case law of this Chamber. However, it is the law itself that prescribes how the various formal requirements and any failure to comply with them must be addressed, as may be seen from the text of Article 80 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, which provides:
“Article 80.- If the formal requirements referred to in the preceding two articles have not been satisfied, the President of the Chamber shall identify by order the omitted requirements and direct that they be satisfied within three days (…)” In this matter, among other requirements, an adequate and sufficient statement of grounds is lacking, as required by Article 78 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional. It is therefore unquestionably necessary to direct the claimant to cure the identified omission. In this regard, we consider that the filing initiating the action (escrito de interposición) contains an improper basis for standing, because it conflates basic legal concepts concerning admissibility and, moreover, mixes admissibility issues with issues going to the merits.
Likewise, it is by no means unnecessary to make clear that, in our view, both the interpretation of Articles 78 and 79 and that of Article 80 itself of the Law governing this jurisdiction must be broad and favorable to those who come before this Chamber, so that access to constitutional justice is not unnecessarily restricted.
The parties are hereby advised that, if they have submitted any document in paper form, as well as objects or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, or telematic device, or produced using new technologies, such items must be collected from the court office within a maximum period of 30 business days from the date of notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not collected within that period will be destroyed, pursuant to the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", approved by the Full Court at session N° 27-11 of August 22, 2011, article XXVI, and published in Judicial Bulletin number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as the resolution approved by the Superior Council of the Judiciary at session N° 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.
THEREFORE:
This action is dismissed on the merits. Justice Rueda Leal and Justice Garro Vargas dissent and order that the notice provided for in article 80 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional be issued.
Fernando Castillo V.
President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
CASE FILE N° 23-030559-0007-CO Telephone numbers: Telf01/ ALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: Telf02 / Telf03. Website: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Dirección01, Dirección02, 100 mts.South of the Perpetuo Socorro church). Filing of matters involving vulnerable groups: Dirección03, San José, Distrito Catedral, Dirección04, streets 19 and 21, Dirección05
Revisión del Documento SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas quince minutos del veintiuno de febrero de dos mil veinticuatro .
Acción de inconstitucionalidad promovida por [Nombre01 001], cédula de identidad n.° [CED01], en su condición de presidenta con facultades de apoderada generalísima sin límite de suma de la ASOCIACIÓN CONSUMIDORES DE COSTA RICA, cédula jurídica n.° CED02, contra la Ley n.° 7356 del 24 de agosto de 1993 que establece el “Monopolio a favor del Estado para la Importación, Refinación y la Distribución al Mayoreo de Petróleo Crudo, sus Combustibles Derivados, Asfaltos y Naftas” y otras normas conexas.
RESULTANDO:
Redacta el Magistrado Castillo Víquez; y,
CONSIDERANDO:
Esta Sala ha señalado, de forma reiterada, que la acción de inconstitucionalidad es un proceso con determinadas formalidades, que, si no se reúnen, imposibilitan pronunciarse sobre el fondo del asunto. En el artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional se establecen los presupuestos de admisibilidad para las acciones de inconstitucionalidad y se regulan situaciones distintas. En el párrafo primero se exige la existencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver, sea en sede judicial –incluyendo los recursos de hábeas corpus o de amparo– o en la administrativa –en el procedimiento de agotamiento de esta vía, sea, en el procedimiento administrativo de impugnación contra el acto final–, en el que se invoque la inconstitucionalidad de la norma cuestionada, como medio razonable de amparar el derecho o interés que se considera lesionado en el asunto principal. En los párrafos segundo y tercero se regula la acción directa –no se requiere del asunto base–, en los siguientes supuestos: a) cuando por la naturaleza del asunto no exista lesión individual y directa; b) se trate de la defensa de intereses difusos o que atañen a la colectividad en su conjunto y c) cuando la acción sea promovida por el Procurador General de la República, el Contralor General de la República, el Fiscal General de la República y el Defensor de los Habitantes. En cuanto a la exigencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver, esta Sala, mediante sentencia n.° 04190-95 de las 11:33 horas del 28 de julio de 1995, señaló lo siguiente:
“(…) En primer término, se trata de un proceso de naturaleza incidental, y no de una acción directa o popular, con lo que se quiere decir que se requiere de la existencia de un asunto pendiente de resolver -sea ante los tribunales de justicia o en el procedimiento para agotar la vía administrativa- para poder acceder a la vía constitucional, pero de tal manera que, la acción constituya un medio razonable para amparar el derecho considerado lesionado en el asunto principal, de manera que lo resuelto por el Tribunal Constitucional repercuta positiva o negativamente en dicho proceso pendiente de resolver, por cuanto se manifiesta sobre la constitucionalidad de las normas que deberán ser aplicadas en dicho asunto; y únicamente por excepción es que la legislación permite el acceso directo a esta vía -presupuestos de los párrafos segundo y tercero del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional (…)”.
Asimismo, existen otras formalidades que deben ser cumplidas, a saber: el escrito de interposición debe estar autenticado y contener una determinación explícita de la normativa impugnada, debidamente fundamentada, con cita concreta de los componentes del bloque de constitucionalidad que se consideren infringidos (artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional). Debe, además, acreditarse las condiciones de legitimación (poderes y certificaciones), procederse al pago del timbre del Colegio de Abogados y Abogadas de Costa Rica (artículo 4 de la Ley n.° 3245 del 3 de diciembre de 1963) y aportarse certificación literal del escrito en el que se invocó la inconstitucionalidad de las normas impugnadas en el asunto base (artículo 79 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional).
La parte accionante solicita que esta Sala declare la inconstitucionalidad de la Ley n.° 7356 del 24 de agosto de 1993 y se ordene su anulación, pues en su criterio es contraria a los artículos 1, 2, 10, 11, 28, 33, 46, 50, 56 y 121, inciso 13), de la Constitución Política. Al efecto, la actora alega ostentar legitimación directa, primero, porque acude en defensa de intereses difusos (menciona la libertad de comercio, libertad de industria, libertad de elección de trabajo y del patrimonio de la ciudadanía costarricense), segundo, acude en defensa del interés colectivo de la asociación que representa, es decir, en defensa de los intereses de sus asociados y en representación de los intereses de los consumidores; tercero, alega tener legitimación general para acudir en defensa del derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
En un precedente similar al que nos ocupa, esta Sala se pronunció sobre la inadmisibilidad de la acción de inconstitucionalidad contra la Ley n.° 7356 del 24 de agosto de 1993, con base en legitimación directa por la supuesta defensa de intereses difusos. Esto, en sentencia n.° 2022-014869 de las 10:00 horas del 29 de junio de 2022, con base en el siguiente orden de consideraciones:
“(…) III.- EN RELACIÓN CON LOS INTERESES DIFUSOS. El legislador introdujo en el artículo 75 de la ley que rige esta jurisdicción, la posibilidad de accionar con sustento en la defensa de intereses difusos, con el fin de ampliar y completar la gama de posibilidades de fiscalización que tienen los ciudadanos por intermedio de una acción de inconstitucionalidad. Los intereses difusos son un tipo especial de interés, cuya manifestación es menos concreta e individualizable que la del interés colectivo, pero que no puede llegar a ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el reconocido a todos los miembros de la sociedad de velar por la legalidad constitucional, ya que éste último -como se ha dicho reiteradamente- está excluido del actual sistema de revisión constitucional. Se trata entonces de un interés distribuido en cada uno de los administrados, mediato si se quiere, y diluido, pero no por ello menos constatable, para la defensa, ante esta Sala, de algunos derechos constitucionales de una singular relevancia para el adecuado y armónico desarrollo de la sociedad.
Son entonces las especiales características de estos derechos por sí mismos y no la particular situación frente a ellos de los sujetos que puedan ostentarlos, la clave para la distinción y determinación de la presencia de los llamados intereses difusos, tal y como se ha manifestado en distintas resoluciones. Al respecto, la jurisprudencia constitucional ha considerado diversos derechos que gozan de tales características, como el medio ambiente, el patrimonio cultural, la defensa de la integridad territorial del país y el buen manejo del gasto público, entre otros.
En este caso, los actores alegan que acuden en defensa de intereses difusos y citan, como afectados, la libertad de comercio, la libertad de industria, la libertad de elección de trabajo y del patrimonio de la ciudadanía costarricense. Sin embargo, estas libertades no encuadran dentro de la definición de intereses difusos que ha hecho la Sala porque su naturaleza no permite considerarlos como tal Adicionalmente, este Tribunal, por mayoría, ha estimado que cuando una norma es susceptible de aplicación individual, como claramente sucede en este caso, no cabe invocar los intereses difusos para admitir la acción. Así, recientemente, en el voto N° 2022-011649 de las 9:20 horas del 25 de mayo de 2022, esta Sala resolvió:
“III.- SOBRE LA LEGITIMACIÓN DIRECTA. El accionante, a su vez, dice ostentar legitimación directa, porque refiere que la norma impugnada no solo lesiona los derechos fundamentales de carácter individual de su representado, sino que vulnera sendos colectivos y difusos, por los efectos que produce. No obstante, esta Sala, por mayoría, ha estimado que cuando la norma que se impugna es susceptible de aplicación individual, no cabe invocar la defensa de intereses difusos para admitir la acción. Así, en el voto n° 2021-002185 de las 12:51 horas del 3 de febrero de 2021 este Tribunal Constitucional señaló lo siguiente:
“(…) II.- Sobre los intereses difusos y la legitimación de los accionantes en el caso bajo estudio. Las accionantes señalan que su legitimación proviene de la defensa de los intereses difusos respecto de la protección al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Al respecto, cabe indicar que, como ya se mencionó, los supuestos del párrafo segundo del artículo 75 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional constituyen excepciones a la regla contenida en el párrafo primero del mismo artículo, que deben ser analizados cuidadosamente en cada caso concreto. El interés difuso ha sido entendido como aquel interés relacionado con un derecho o situación jurídica de naturaleza especial y particular, que puede ser compartido por otras personas, formando todos los interesados un grupo o categoría determinada. Así, la vulneración de ese derecho puede afectar a todos en general o a cada uno en particular, de ahí que cualquier miembro de la colectividad puede interponer la acción para proteger el derecho que se estima lesionado. Sobre el particular, la reiterada jurisprudencia de la Sala indica que:
"Se ha señalado que se trata un tipo especial de interés, cuya manifestación es menos concreta e individualizable que la del colectivo recién definido en el considerando anterior, pero que no puede llegar a ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el reconocido a todos los miembros de la sociedad de velar por la legalidad constitucional, ya que éste último -como se ha dicho reiteradamente- está excluido del actual sistema de revisión constitucional. Se trata pues de un interés distribuido en cada uno de los administrados, mediato si se quiere, y diluido, pero no por ello menos constatable, para la defensa, en esta Sala, de ciertos derechos constitucionales de una singular relevancia para el adecuado y armónico desarrollo de la sociedad. Son las especiales características de éstos derechos por sí mismas y no la particular situación frente a ellos de los sujetos que puedan ostentarlos, la clave para la distinción y determinación de la presencia de los llamados intereses difusos tal y como se manifestado en distintas resoluciones como la 03705-93 de las quince horas del treinta de julio para el derecho al ambiente, la número 05753-93 de las catorce horas cuarenta y cinco del nueve de noviembre de ese mismo año para la defensa del patrimonio histórico y la número 00980-91 de las trece y treinta del veinticuatro de mayo de mil novecientos noventa y uno para la materia electoral." –ver sentencia número 360-90- De esta definición es posible estimar que el interés difuso está conformado por un elemento eminentemente subjetivo, relativo a su pertenencia o titularidad del interés, y otro objetivo, relacionado con la incidencia del bien en la sociedad, que lo distingue de otras situaciones jurídicas.
En relación con el primero -el subjetivo-, es claro que la misma se encuentra difuminada en un grupo humano no individualizado, que coparticipa en el disfrute del bien jurídico objeto del interés, pero cuya conformación no resulta de un conjunto de sujetos identificable, abarcable y de contornos relativamente nítidos, como sí ocurre en el interés colectivo. Y desde la perspectiva objetiva, debe aclararse que no todo interés "difuminado" adquiere la categoría jurídica de "interés difuso", sino únicamente aquellos impregnados de una profunda relevancia social, cuya valoración resulta de las circunstancias de cada caso –ver, entre otras, sentencias números 2006-15960 y 2014-4904-. En este sentido, así como se ha dicho que ese interés no puede ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el derecho a velar por la legalidad constitucional -lo que supondría la instauración tácita de una acción popular no contemplada por la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional-, tampoco puede ser tan concreto que permita el reclamo individual, pues en tal caso, la legitimación derivaría de ese reclamo –ver, entre otras, sentencias números 2008-13442, 2009-300 y 2009-9201-.
Así, ejemplos de tales intereses son el derecho a un ambiente sano y armonioso, la defensa del patrimonio histórico, la materia electoral, la defensa del derecho a la salud y la fiscalización de los fondos públicos. De tal forma, en el caso bajo estudio, donde las accionantes refieren su legitimación respecto de la defensa de intereses difusos en materia de protección a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, lo que corresponde es pronunciarse conforme se indica en los considerandos siguientes.
(…)
En la acción que ahora se conoce, los mismos accionantes cuestionan las mismas normas de los artículos 50 y 51 del Reglamento en cuestión, así como el artículo 52 del mismo instrumento, y si bien, más allá de la sostenibilidad de los zoocriaderos, en esta acción se centran sobre temas de conservación ex situ y educación ambiental -que también fue señalado en aquella acción-, lo cierto es que la misma definición de esta Sala sobre la legitimación, tal como se dispuso en la sentencia de cita, resulta de plena aplicación en esta nueva acción. Nótese que, ciertamente, tal como lo señala claramente la Procuraduría General de la República y de manera enfática lo refiere el Ministro de Ambiente y Energía, la normativa que se cuestiona sí es totalmente susceptible de aplicación individual y de incidir directamente en la esfera jurídica de personas singulares e identificables, que ejercen una determinada actividad, sujeta a la regulación señalada en la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre y su reglamento.
De tal manera, es claro que contrario a la aducida defensa de intereses difusos, lo que se encuentra de por medio es algún grado de inconformidad con la sujeción a que deben someterse para la regulación de la actividad que ejercen o pretenden ejercer ; véase que como bien refiere el informe del Ministro de Ambiente y Energía, los accionantes se encuentran directamente relacionados como fundadores, gerentes o servidores de diversas empresas relacionadas con la exhibición de fauna silvestre o su promoción turística. Así, resulta inviable aducir presuntos problemas de conservación y de educación ambiental, para utilizar la figura de los intereses difusos y promover con ello una acción de inconstitucionalidad directa obviando los estrictos requisitos de admisibilidad señalados en la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, tal como se indicó en los considerandos II y III de esta resolución.
Bajo esta inteligencia, y tomando en consideración la identidad de accionantes y de la normativa cuestionada, es claro que el precedente de la sentencia 2018-18563 resulta plenamente aplicable a esta acción que ahora se conoce, de donde debe necesariamente concluirse que al igual que en aquella anterior ocasión, los accionantes carecen de legitimación para la interposición de este proceso, por lo que resulta improcedente conocer y pronunciarse sobre los aspectos planteados. De tal manera, lo procedente es declarar sin lugar esta acción” (el subrayado no corresponde al original).
En similar sentido, en la sentencia n° 2021-011994 de las 16:30 horas del 26 de mayo de 2021 esta Sala dispuso que:
“(…) Se reitera que el interés difuso no puede ser tan amplio y genérico que se confunda con el derecho a velar por la legalidad constitucional (lo que supondría la instauración tácita de acción popular no contemplada por la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional); pero tampoco puede ser tan concreto que permita el reclamo individual, pues, en tal caso, la legitimación derivaría de ese reclamo (…)”. (véase en este mismo sentido, entre otros, los votos nro. 2021-025373 de las 9:20 horas del 10 de noviembre de 2021 y nro. 2022-007466 de las 9:45 horas del 30 de marzo de 2022) En este caso, es claro que esta ley puede provocar afectaciones individuales que, a su vez, son susceptibles de concretizarse en casos de aplicación individual en cabeza de personas específicas y que pueden incidir directamente en la esfera jurídica de personas singulares y plenamente identificables sea, de aquellas personas física o jurídicas, a quienes les afecte la existencia del monopolio dispuesto, y que estarían habilitadas para plantear la correspondiente reclamación administrativa o judicial. En consecuencia, conforme a los antecedentes jurisprudenciales precitados, esta Sala estima que los accionantes carecen de legitimación directa para plantear esta acción. (…)”. (El destacado y subrayado no corresponde al original).
Las consideraciones precitadas son de aplicación al caso concreto, toda vez que, la parte actora menciona como intereses difusos: la libertad de comercio, la libertad de industria, la libertad de elección de trabajo y del patrimonio de la ciudadanía costarricense; sin embargo, estas libertades no encuadran dentro de la definición de intereses difusos que ha hecho la Sala. De otra parte, la Ley n.° 7356 es susceptible de aplicación individual y directa, de modo que, conforme a la jurisprudencia de esta Sala, no procede su impugnación en defensa de intereses difusos. En consecuencia, en el sub judice, la parte actora carece de legitimación directa sustentada en la defensa de intereses difusos.
La parte actora también alega que acude ante esta Sala en defensa de intereses colectivos, es decir, en representación de los miembros de la asociación que representa. En reiteradas ocasiones, esta Sala ha precisado que, la expresión “intereses (…) que atañen a la colectividad en su conjunto” contenida en el artículo 75, párrafo segundo, de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se refiere a la legitimación que ostenta un cuerpo corporativo, cuando actúa como tal por intermedio de sus representantes, en defensa de los derechos e intereses de las personas que conforman su base asociativa, pero además de lo anterior, siempre y cuando se trate del cuestionamiento de normas o disposiciones que inciden en aquel núcleo de derechos o intereses que constituyen la razón de ser y el factor aglutinante de la agrupación. Esto, incluso, cuando en algunos casos, los efectos de tales normas pudieran repercutir de manera individualizada en cada uno de sus miembros (en similar sentido, véase la sentencia n.° 06942-1996 de las 09:33 horas del 20 de diciembre de 1996). Ahora bien, a partir de la lectura de la copia certificada del acta constitutiva de la Asociación Consumidores de Costa Rica -CONCORI- (aportada por la accionante), se tiene que como objetivos de esa entidad los siguientes:
“ARTÍCULO CUARTO (De los objetivos de la Asociación) Los objetivos de la Asociación Consumidores de Costa Rica son los siguientes:
A. Velar por los derechos e intereses legítimos de los consumidores a nivel nacional.
B. Procurar la participación de los consumidores en la defensa de sus derechos.
C. Desarrollar programas educativos, a nivel nacional y local, sobre temas de interés para el consumidor.
D. Orientar a la población nacional en materia de consumo racional y sostenible, según los principios de la Ley de Promoción de la Competencia y Defensa Efectiva del Consumidor.
E. Apoyar las iniciativas de las organizaciones de consumidores para la ejecución de planes y proyectos de acción en beneficio de los derechos e intereses legítimos del consumidor.
F. Motivar a las organizaciones de consumidores existentes para que se integren al proceso de educación, orientación e información al consumidor.
G. Mantener informada a la población nacional sobre las disposiciones vigentes en la materia y procedimientos para hacer valer sus derechos, de conformidad con la Ley de Promoción de la Competencia y Defensa Efectiva del Consumidor.
H. Colaborar con las campañas de índole educativa que se emprenden sobre los derechos del consumidor conjuntamente con los entes públicos.
I.Realizar con apoyo profesional, estudios de mercado sobre la producción y comercialización de los bienes y servicios, con el fin de accionar en las vías correspondientes cuando se detectara por parte de la CONCORI una anomalía perjudicial para los consumidores.
J. Promover actividades formativas e informativas de interés para los consumidores.
K. Promover un ambiente de armonía entre comerciantes y consumidores, para propiciar relaciones justas, asertivas y solidarias entre ellos.
L. Propiciar el apoyo del Estado, de los gobiernos locales, de las ONG y otras organizaciones, para el mejoramiento y fortalecimiento de las actividades de las organizaciones de consumidores.
M. Procurar recursos financieros para las actividades de CONCORI, tanto de entes públicos como de entes privados.
N. Adquirir toda clase de bienes, celebrar contratos de toda índole y analizar toda especie de operaciones lícitas encaminadas a la consecución de sus fines.
O. Impulsar actividades de capacitación, educación, orientación, información, promoción y organización entre los consumidores.
P. Promover a nivel nacional los derechos del consumidor, para la defensa solidaria de los mismos.
Q. Propiciar el desarrollo de una nueva cultura de consumo, sobre la base de criterios racionales y de sostenibilidad con la naturaleza.
R. Representar los intereses de los consumidores del país en los diferentes foros oficiales de toma de decisiones, tanto nacionales como internacionales.” Con base en lo anterior, se tiene que la legitimación directa corporativa de la accionante únicamente alcanza para representar los intereses colectivos de las personas consumidoras. Pese a lo anterior, la actora pretende impugnar la Ley n.° 7356 del 24 de agosto de 1993 con base en argumentos referidos a la defensa de intereses de comerciantes y trabajadores, pues alega la lesión al derecho a la libre elección del trabajo, consagrado en el artículo 56 de la Constitución Política, y el desmejoramiento de las condiciones de empleo y salarios, así como a la libertad de comercio o de empresa, por la imposibilidad de otros sujetos de emprender en el sector monopolizado en favor del Estado. En consecuencia, en cuanto a dichos alegatos la parte actora carece de legitimación para impugnar la Ley n.° 7356 del 24 de agosto de 1993 ante esta Sala, pues se refiere a aspectos que superan sus objetivos como asociación.
No obstante lo anterior, no omite esta Sala atender a otros alegatos de la parte actora que sí involucran intereses de las personas consumidoras, tales como la alegada violación a la libertad de elección de los consumidores y su derecho al patrimonio y no confiscatoriedad. No obstante, sus argumentos tampoco son de recibo por las razones que aquí se indican.
En síntesis, los alegatos de la actora relacionados con los intereses de quienes consumen son los siguientes: i. todo monopolio creado por ley explota a las personas consumidoras, porque en todo monopolio los precios son más altos que los precios que se tendrían en un mercado de libre competencia; ii. que la Ley impugnada atropella los valores democráticos y republicanos al limitar arbitrariamente la libertad de escoger de las personas consumidoras, sin que en su criterio medie un interés público; iii. que “la Economía” afirma que todo monopolio creado por ley se traduce, por definición, en una explotación hacia el consumidor y a la ciudadanía en general; iv. que la calidad del bien o servicio es menor bajo monopolio que bajo un mercado de libre competencia, de modo que la seguridad de la calidad de los combustibles que se le ofrece al consumidor se ve amenazada con Ley n.° 7356; v. que bajo el monopolio establecido por la Ley n.° 7356 se impide que operen otras empresas, lo que violenta la libertad de elección de las personas consumidoras; vi. que la creación por ley de un monopolio tiene efectos contrarios al artículo 50 de la Constitución Política, ya que, en su criterio, todo monopolio creado por ley ocasiona una pérdida del bienestar al evitar la creación de empleos; y, vii. que se lesiona el derecho a la propiedad y no confiscatoriedad, pues, en criterio de la actora, una de las consecuencias de un monopolio creado por ley es que los precios son siempre más altos que aquellos que prevalecerían si el mercado estuviera operando bajo libre competencia.
Como se puede apreciar con meridiana claridad, los mencionados alegatos de la parte actora se basan en conjeturas o presunciones, afirmaciones generalizadas, subjetivas, sin sustento fáctico o normativo que demuestre que, en el supuesto específico de la Ley n.° 7356, es decir, con la creación del “Monopolio a favor del Estado para la importación, refinación, y distribución de petróleo, combustibles, asfaltos y naftas”, se dé una violación a los derechos de las personas consumidoras o se perjudique el bienestar social. Si bien, la actora menciona una serie de teorías económicas que sustentan sus argumentos en contra de los monopolios en general, lo cierto es que no aporta elementos de juicio suficientes que sustenten sus alegatos para el caso concreto. En consecuencia, si bien la parte actora ostenta legitimación directa corporativa para acudir en defensa de los intereses de las personas consumidoras, lo cierto es que sus argumentos en contra de la Ley n.° 7356, por supuesta amenaza o lesión a los derechos del colectivo que representa, carecen de fundamentación suficiente, en tanto omite brindar datos o elementos fácticos precisos que sostengan sus afirmaciones y justifiquen que esta Sala valore por el fondo sus apreciaciones. Por ende, en cuanto a este aspecto la acción resulta improcedente.
VI.Seguidamente, en cuanto a la inconformidad de la parte accionante con la existencia de un monopolio a favor del Estado conforme a la Ley n.° 7356 del 24 de agosto de 1993, porque considera que esta carece de justificación y es contraria a los valores republicanos, cabe reiterar lo señalado por la Sala en la sentencia n.° 7044-96 de las 10:09 horas de 24 de diciembre de 1996, a saber:
"(…) I.- SOBRE LA LEGITIMACIÓN DEL ACCIONANTE. El juicio base de esta acción lo constituye el recurso de amparo número 3552-92, que se encuentra pendiente de resolver ante esta Sede. Revisado dicho expediente se comprueba que lo que se decida en esta acción sí resulta medio razonable para la defensa del derecho o interés del accionante dentro de tal recurso, por lo que se cumplen a cabalidad los requisitos establecidos en el artículo 75 de la Ley que rige esta jurisdicción.
II.SOBRE EL FONDO DEL ASUNTO.- El accionante acusa de inconstitucional el decreto legislativo número 7356, que establece un monopolio a favor del Estado sobre la importación, refinación, y distribución al mayoreo de combustibles derivados del petróleo, asfaltos y naftas y que concede la administración del citado monopolio a la Refinadora Costarricense de Petróleo. La queja se funda básicamente en la transgresión de ciertos principios o reglas que están contenidos en la Carta Fundamental, sea de forma explícita o implícita, que conforman la "constitución económica" y que es competente de lo que llaman "orden jurídico de libertad". De esa forma, se alega que el establecimiento del monopolio sobre los combustibles, resulta de un ejercicio ilegítimo de las potestades legislativas por exorbitante en relación con el marco constitucional vigente, que acentúa la libertad de actuar de los ciudadanos y opta por imponer valladares a la intervención del Estado en las actividades privadas, de forma que ella ocurra solo cuando es imperativo por razones de moral u orden público o para la defensa de derechos de terceros.
III.Para analizar y resolver sobre lo anterior, el planteamiento más adecuado resulta ser aquel que concibe al contralor de constitucionalidad como un delimitador externo, tanto formal como material, de un amplio campo, dentro del cual pueden desenvolverse con propiedad los órganos de poder (en este caso la Asamblea Legislativa). Tal y como lo afirma el representante de RECOPE, este enfoque resulta imprescindible en un Estado democrático, dentro del cual confluyen variadas fuerzas ideológicas y políticas, todas ellas eventualmente legitimadas mediante el voto, para llevar adelante su particular proyecto social y donde (como es nuestro caso) el texto constitucional es el resultado de una serie de transacciones y renuncias entre tales fuerzas. Se trata entonces de que la Sala analice si el establecimiento del cuestionado monopolio, en los términos y condiciones en que lo hizo la Asamblea Legislativa traspasa dichos límites externos (formales o materiales) y se ubica en la zona de lo constitucionalmente inaceptable. Cabe señalar que en lo que se refiere al aspecto formal de la actuación, el propio accionante reconoce que su queja no radica allí, pues reconoce que se cumplió con los requisitos formales establecidos en la Constitución Política, para la emisión de la ley en cuestión.
IV.Lo expuesto deja ver que el problema radica en los aspectos relacionados con el contenido de la ley, en los cuales se cree encontrar una transgresión de los límites materiales impuestos, fundamentalmente, por los artículos 1, 11, 28, 46 y 56 de la Constitución Política y los principios derivados tanto de dichas normas como del "orden jurídico de libertad" que orienta nuestra Carta Fundamental. El primero de tales límites con el cual ha de confrontarse la ley discutida, es el artículo 28 Constitucional que permite al legislador incursionar únicamente en la regulación de las acciones privadas que puedan dañar la moral, el orden público o los derechos de terceros. Relativo al concepto de acciones privadas excluidas por su naturaleza de la intromisión estatal, no resulta del todo cierto que las actividades monopolizadas (importación, refinación y distribución al mayoreo de combustibles) sean de índole o naturaleza privada, porque, en general, se trata simplemente de operaciones mercantiles con ciertos bienes económicos, que integran el más amplio grupo conformado por los intercambios de bienes y servicios en una economía dada, y que, en ningún caso, son privativos de los sujetos privados, pues bien pueden llevarse a cabo por éstos mediante el sistema de libre contratación, intercambio y regulación mínima (economías de mercado), o por el Estado, (en los casos de economías centralizadas), e incluso -como en la mayoría de los países- mediante una combinación de ambos sistemas, dejando a los particulares unos sectores para su libre acción, y restringiendo otros para la acción exclusiva del Estado.
Con lo anterior quiere establecerse que las actividades monopolizadas no son necesariamente y per se, de naturaleza privada, de manera que a la luz de nuestra Constitución, pueden válidamente ser dejadas a la gestión de particulares con la fiscalización del Estado, o ser objeto de intervención estatal, en el tanto en que ello esté autorizado por la Constitución y las leyes y se justifique de acuerdo a los fines que se persigan.
V.Por otra parte, al confrontar las normas cuestionadas con la noción de orden público que habilita al legislador para restringir, entre otras, la libertad de comercio, supuestamente amenazada por la creación del monopolio de combustibles, la Sala hace suyos los razonamientos expuestos tanto por la Procuraduría como por el Representante de RECOPE, en cuanto hace notar la enorme importancia que los derivados del petróleo tienen en el desenvolvimiento de la vida del país, no sólo en sus aspectos económicos en donde son prácticamente parte fundamental e indispensable para el desarrollo de las actividades productivas, sino en lo relacionado con la seguridad pública, que implica el manejo y control de un recurso peligroso para la salud y la vida de los ciudadanos, amén de que por neurálgico y valioso, resulta blanco idóneo para lograr -mediante su manejo y control malintencionados- la postración del país en beneficio de cualquier tipo de intereses.
Así pues, no es siquiera necesario profundizar mayormente en el concepto de orden público para concluir que éste se haya indudablemente involucrado en la importación, refinación y distribución al por mayor de derivados del petróleo; basta únicamente imaginarse lo que ocurriría si se presentaran problemas -provocados o no- en alguna de las facetas monopolizadas y percatarse de lo desastroso que ello resultaría para el país. Por lo dicho, concluye la Sala que no existe transgresión al límite constitucional establecido al legislador mediante el concepto de orden público, porque es indiscutible que los combustibles derivados del petróleo -en tanto que bienes económicos- tienen una particular característica, cual es la de ser recurso escaso y vital según se explicó, por lo cual resultan de orden público y deben ser controlados estrictamente por el Estado, y en algún caso, ser objeto de monopolio, si se considera necesario y oportuno para el país.
VI.Otro límite de carácter material impuesto a los actos de los órganos públicos (en este caso de las normas jurídicas emitidas por la Asamblea Legislativa) lo constituyen los principios de razonabilidad, proporcionalidad y la adecuación del medio al fin, que debe existir en dichas actuaciones y de los que ha de entrarse a revisar su cumplimiento. Se advierte que es aquí donde cobra mayor relevancia la concepción del contralor de constitucionalidad como una función de demarcación de límites, porque solo bajo ese enfoque puede resolverse la aparente intromisión del órgano encargado de la revisión constitucional, en la esfera de competencia y decisión propias del órgano. Se dice que es sólo aparente porque gracias a la noción del control de los límites, se impide a esta jurisdicción sustituir una opción válida por otra igualmente válida, imponiendo su voluntad en el terreno de la oportunidad y la conveniencia, que le es totalmente ajeno; lo que sí resulta posible para la Sala es analizar el resultado del ejercicio de la discrecionalidad, para deslegitimar actos en los que dicho ejercicio ha transgredido el marco constitucional.
Se trata entonces de analizar lo actuado por la Asamblea Legislativa, pero solamente para invalidar lo que resulte constitucionalmente arbitrario por exceder el conjunto válido de opciones constituido por todas aquellas, las posibilidades razonables, proporcionadas y adecuadas al fin perseguido. En concreto, puede la Sala declarar inconstitucional una norma legislativa, por ejemplo, porque sobrepasa los límites de la razonabilidad, los de la proporcionalidad o bien porque es totalmente inadecuada para el fin que ella misma pretende; claro está que en la revisión de las características de lo razonable, de lo proporcionado y de la adecuación al fin propuesto, hay que ocuparse -en parte- en la valoración de los mismos elementos sobre los que versó el ejercicio de la discreción por parte del órgano, sin embargo, la diferencia estriba en la forma en que esto se analiza, pues en sede constitucional solamente se constata la ubicación de lo impugnado dentro de una zona válida de actuación y se deja intocada la discrecionalidad del órgano respectivo para elegir una entre las varias opciones válidas.
VII.En el caso en estudio el monopolio a favor del Estado, de las actividades de importación, refinación y distribución al mayoreo de combustibles derivados del petróleo, asfaltos y naftas, no excede los límites constitucionales de lo razonable, ni tampoco resulta desproporcionado, así como tampoco se presenta como totalmente desapegado al fin perseguido. Lo anterior resulta así en vista de que -en virtud de la importancia de los bienes que han sido monopolizados- es lógico y admisible (en una palabra: razonable) que el Estado tenga y ejercite la posibilidad de asumir su control -tal y como lo ha hecho- sin que eso implique una transgresión grave a la libertad de comercio en general, que torne inconstitucional lo actuado. Y ello porque como bien se señaló, puede resultar peligroso o inadecuado en ciertas situaciones, dejar librado a las fuerzas del mercado o en manos de particulares, ciertos bienes reconocidos como claves para el país, de manera que si -porque así lo consideró una mayoría calificada del parlamento- decide proteger tales, especialmente esos bienes, el monopolio decretado resulta, (entre otras medidas posibles) proporcionado y adecuado al fin perseguido.
Nótese que no entra la Sala a considerar si lo más conveniente y oportuno es que la regulación de los combustibles se haya hecho mediante el uso de la figura del monopolio, porque eso sería claramente una intrusión en las funciones de otro Poder del Estado; solamente se limita de dictaminar que desde la perspectiva constitucional, para resolver el problema planteado, hay varias alternativas posibles y que la escogida, en tanto se ubica dentro de esos límites no transgrede los fijados y resulta constitucionalmente válida.
VIII.Restan solamente dos cuestiones por resolver: la primera relativa a la denuncia de que se ha entregado la administración del monopolio a una empresa privada en vista de que la Refinadora Costarricense de Petróleo, es una sociedad anónima, regida por el derecho privado, según amplia jurisprudencia. Para resolver esta alegación, debe tomarse en cuenta que la ley cuestionada crea el monopolio en favor del Estado, con lo cual se cumple el contenido formal del precepto constitucional, dado que fuera de tal requisito no existe ninguno en relación con la forma en que debe organizarse su funcionamiento, mientras que no resulte de hecho un desprendimiento de los poderes y competencias públicas, lo cual se cumple a cabalidad con vista de los controles y restricciones a que está sometida la empresa encargada del monopolio por parte de su dueño exclusivo, el Estado Costarricense. La otra cuestión por resolver consiste en que -según lo afirma el accionante- resulta totalmente inconveniente que la administración del monopolio de los combustibles se le otorgue a la Refinadora Costarricense de Petróleo, porque esto ha servido para que se instauren tributos sobre los costarricenses por la vía de la falta de control sobre los costos y los precios del combustible.
Empero, nada de ello tiene relación con la ley cuestionada, que no regula el establecimiento de ninguna contribución, ni tampoco dispone nada sobre la forma en que deberán establecerse tanto costos como precios de las actividades monopolizadas, ni los destinos que han de tener los ingresos, la cual evidentemente no podría entenderse jamás como una autorización para actuaciones al margen de las leyes y en general del ordenamiento jurídico que contiene mecanismos para vigilar y controlar el funcionamiento de empresas públicas como la arriba citada.
IX.En conclusión el decreto legislativo mediante el cual se estableció en favor del Estado el monopolio sobre las actividades de importación, refinación y distribución al mayoreo de combustibles derivados del petróleo, asfaltos y naftas, no es inconstitucional porque no traspasa los limites establecidos por los principios de razonabilidad, proporcionalidad ni adecuación al fin perseguido. Asimismo, tampoco viola el artículo 28 porque más bien se trata de una cuestión de orden público dada la trascendencia del bien que se monopoliza, y dada esa condición, resulta compatible con el resto del articulado de la Constitución Política. Asimismo, no existe violación al artículo 121 inciso 13) porque las normas cuestionadas no regulan en forma alguna materia relativa a impuestos, cargas o tributos, establece obligaciones de algún tipo para los ciudadanos en particular".
En el sub judice, la Sala no encuentra motivos para variar de criterio ni razones de interés público que justifiquen reconsiderar la cuestión, por lo que rechaza por el fondo la acción en cuanto a este extremo.
Finalmente, la actora alega que la Ley n.° 7356 del 24 de agosto de 1993 es contraria al derecho a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado, toda vez que, en su criterio, mientras el monopolio de los combustibles a favor del Estado permanezca, habrá un interés creado en que se perpetúe indefectiblemente el modelo actual de utilización de combustibles y la matriz energética de la nación nunca tomará la vanguardia global en cuanto a energías limpias. Considera la actora que, si la ley impugnada no existiese o fuera anulada por esta Sala, habría al menos la posibilidad de que uno o varios sujetos privados tomasen parte en el mercado y que, el lucro resultante, fuese invertido en innovación tecnológica, investigación y desarrollo de nuevas fuentes de energía. Respecto a tal argumento, en la sentencia n.° 2022-014869 de las 10:00 horas del 29 de junio de 2022, esta Sala se pronunció en el siguiente sentido:
“(…) En cuanto al derecho a un ambiente sano, cuya defensa los actores invocan como sustento de su legitimación, por estimar que la Ley cuestionada lo lesiona, no aplica en este caso. Veamos que el presunto perjuicio al medio ambiente, está relacionado con la imposibilidad de invertir e investigar en formas alternativas de energía. La afirmación de los actores en el sentido de que RECOPE es responsable de que tal investigación no se realice en razón de su costo, es una opinión subjetiva de los actores, que no está apoyada en prueba alguna. Si RECOPE no invierte en investigar en formas alternativas de energía, si el costo de tales investigaciones es alto, si no hay empresas que deseen o puedan hacer esa inversión, son todas afirmaciones que los actores hacen y que carecen de fundamento, no solo jurídico sino también de hecho. Por tal razón, no son de recibo. (…)”.
En el caso en estudio, observa esta Sala que la parte actora incurre en la misma omisión señala por el Tribunal Constitucional en el antecedente precitado, toda vez que, el alegato de la actora se basa en afirmaciones que carecen de sustento fáctico y normativo, por lo que resulta improcedente que este Tribunal conozca por el fondo de este reclamo, de modo que, sobre este aspecto, igualmente, procede rechazar esta acción.
Con base en lo anterior, la acción resulta improcedente, como en efecto se dispone.
Nos separamos del criterio de la mayoría de este Tribunal y salvamos el voto en este asunto, por considerar que la decisión de rechazar esta acción de inconstitucionalidad es prematura. Es incuestionable que la acción de inconstitucionalidad es un proceso, “instaurado con el propósito de garantizar la supremacía de la Constitución Política frente a normas u otras disposiciones de carácter general y que por esa misma razón deben cumplirse un conjunto de formalidades, a efecto de que la Sala pueda válidamente conocer el fondo de la impugnación” como se ha señalado en la amplia jurisprudencia de esta Sala. Sin embargo, es precisamente la propia ley la que ordena el tratamiento que debe darse a las distintas formalidades y a su eventual incumplimiento, como se extrae del texto del artículo 80 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional que señala:
“Artículo 80.- Si no se llenaren las formalidades a que se refieren los dos artículos anteriores, el Presidente de la Sala señalará por resolución, cuáles son los requisitos omitidos y ordenará cumplirlos dentro de tercero día (…)” En este asunto, entre otros requisitos, se echa de menos una fundamentación adecuada y suficiente tal y como lo exige el artículo 78 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, por lo que resulta de incuestionable aplicación la prevención al accionante para que remedie la omisión detectada. En ese sentido, estimamos que el escrito de interposición adolece una incorrecta fundamentación de la legitimación, visto que se confunden conceptos jurídicos básicos de admisibilidad y, además, se entremezcla temas de admisibilidad con otros de fondo.
De igual forma, no sobra en absoluto dejar sentado que –en nuestro criterio- tanto la interpretación de los artículos 78 y 79 como la del propio 80 de la Ley que rige esta jurisdicción, debe ser amplia en beneficio de quienes acuden a esta Sala, de modo que el acceso a la justicia constitucional no resulte innecesariamente limitado.
Se previene a las partes que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión N° 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión N° 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
POR TANTO:
Se rechaza por el fondo esta acción. El magistrado Rueda Leal y la magistrada Garro Vargas salvan el voto y ordenan hacer la prevención del artículo 80 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional.
Fernando Castillo V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Ingrid Hess H.
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