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Res. 31754-2023 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 07/12/2023
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber partially granted the amparo and ordered MINAE and SINAC to provide the refuge with infrastructure, materials, and staff for effective surveillance within twelve months; dismissed as to the Ministry of Health and INVU.La Sala declaró parcialmente con lugar el amparo y ordenó al MINAE y al SINAC que en doce meses dotaran al refugio de infraestructura, materiales y personal para la vigilancia efectiva; sin lugar respecto al Ministerio de Salud y el INVU.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber heard an amparo filed by a Spanish citizen on behalf of the Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge against the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) and SINAC. The petitioner argued that deplorable infrastructure, staff shortages, and lack of supplies made it impossible to adequately protect olive ridley turtles and other natural resources, violating the right to a healthy environment. During proceedings, it was confirmed that the operational post in Playa Hermosa had been closed due to deterioration and declared uninhabitable by the Ministry of Health, with a 67% staffing deficit. The Chamber found that the State had failed to provide effective protection to the refuge and partially granted the amparo. It ordered MINAE and SINAC to prepare and execute, within twelve months, a plan to rebuild the infrastructure, supply materials, and provide human resources to ensure effective surveillance and prevent environmental harm. The claim against the Ministry of Health and INVU was dismissed.La Sala Constitucional conoció un recurso de amparo presentado por un ciudadano español a favor del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala contra el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y el SINAC. El recurrente alegó que las pésimas condiciones de infraestructura, la falta de personal y la carencia de insumos imposibilitaban la adecuada protección de la tortuga lora y otros recursos naturales, vulnerando el derecho a un ambiente sano. Durante la tramitación, se verificó que el puesto operativo en Playa Hermosa estaba clausurado por deterioro y declarado inhabitable por el Ministerio de Salud, y que existía una necesidad de personal del 67 %. La Sala determinó que el Estado no había brindado una protección efectiva al refugio, por lo que declaró parcialmente con lugar el recurso. Ordenó al MINAE y al SINAC elaborar y ejecutar, en doce meses, un plan de reconstrucción de la infraestructura, suministrar materiales y recurso humano para garantizar la vigilancia efectiva y prevenir daños ambientales. En cuanto al Ministerio de Salud y el INVU, se declaró sin lugar.
Key excerptExtracto clave
Therefore, this appeal must be granted, since the State has been unable to provide effective protection to the Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge. In this regard, the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) shall coordinate the necessary actions to prepare and execute, within TWELVE MONTHS, a plan to rebuild the national refuge's infrastructure, as well as to supply materials and human resources for the control and protection of the protected area, in order to guarantee effective surveillance, so that environmental crimes can be prevented and addressed, for which the necessary resources must be secured for its implementation.Por lo anterior, se debe declarar con lugar este recurso, toda vez que el Estado no ha sido capaz de brindar una protección efectiva al Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala. En ese sentido, deberá el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) coordinar las acciones necesarias, a fin de que se elabore y ejecute, en el plazo de DOCE MESES, un plan reconstrucción de la infraestructura del refugio nacional, así como, suministrar materiales y recurso humano, para el control y protección de la zona protegida, a fin de que garantice su vigilancia efectiva, de manera tal, se puedan prevenir y atender ilícitos ambientales, para la cual deberá asegurarse la existencia de los recursos necesarios para su cumplimiento.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, únicamente en cuanto al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC)."
"The appeal is partially granted, only with respect to the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC)."
Por tanto
"Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, únicamente en cuanto al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC)."
Por tanto
"Por lo anterior, se debe declarar con lugar este recurso, toda vez que el Estado no ha sido capaz de brindar una protección efectiva al Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala."
"Therefore, this appeal must be granted, since the State has been unable to provide effective protection to the Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge."
Considerando V
"Por lo anterior, se debe declarar con lugar este recurso, toda vez que el Estado no ha sido capaz de brindar una protección efectiva al Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala."
Considerando V
"...la atención del Refugio Nacional requiere de la priorización de actividades para atender las situaciones más impactantes sobre la vida silvestre que habita el área que comprende dicho refugio natural, debido a la falta de recurso humano e insumos."
"...the attention of the National Refuge requires prioritizing activities to address the most impactful situations on the wildlife inhabiting the area of said natural refuge, due to lack of human resources and supplies."
Considerando V
"...la atención del Refugio Nacional requiere de la priorización de actividades para atender las situaciones más impactantes sobre la vida silvestre que habita el área que comprende dicho refugio natural, debido a la falta de recurso humano e insumos."
Considerando V
"En tesis de principio, considero que los casos relacionados con la inactividad de la Administración Pública en la reparación, construcción, modificación o demolición de cualquier obra de infraestructura deben ser desestimados... Sin embargo, cuando de aquella conducta administrativa omisiva se derive alguna violación a otros derechos fundamentales... sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto..."
"In principle, I believe cases related to Public Administration inaction in the repair, construction, modification or demolition of any infrastructure work should be dismissed... However, when such omission results in a violation of other fundamental rights... I do address the merits of the matter..."
Nota del Magistrado Salazar Alvarado
"En tesis de principio, considero que los casos relacionados con la inactividad de la Administración Pública en la reparación, construcción, modificación o demolición de cualquier obra de infraestructura deben ser desestimados... Sin embargo, cuando de aquella conducta administrativa omisiva se derive alguna violación a otros derechos fundamentales... sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto..."
Nota del Magistrado Salazar Alvarado
Full documentDocumento completo
Constitutional Chamber Type of Case: Amparo Action Judgment with Separate Note Relevance Indicators Relevant Judgment Judgment with protected data, in accordance with current regulations Content of Interest:
Type of Content: Majority Vote Branch of Law: 4. GUARANTEE MATTERS Topic: ENVIRONMENT Subtopics:
PROTECTED AREA.
031754-23. THE LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE, EQUIPMENT, AND PERSONNEL CONDITIONS IN THE REFUGIO NACIONAL DE VIDA SILVESTRE PLAY HERMOSA-PUNTA MALA IS QUESTIONED. THE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY AND THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN (SINAC) ARE ORDERED, WITHIN TWELVE MONTHS, TO TAKE THE NECESSARY STEPS SO THAT THE NATIONAL REFUGE HAS THE NECESSARY INFRASTRUCTURE, AS WELL AS THE SUPPLY OF MATERIALS AND HUMAN RESOURCES, FOR THE CONTROL AND PROTECTION OF THE PROTECTED AREA (zona protegida), IN ORDER TO GUARANTEE EFFECTIVE AND PERMANENT SURVEILLANCE, SO THAT ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES CAN BE PREVENTED AND ADDRESSED; FOR WHICH THE EXISTENCE OF THE NECESSARY RESOURCES FOR ITS COMPLIANCE MUST BE ENSURED. RGS12/2023
"(...) V.- Regarding the matter, it should be noted that the petitioner does not expressly state, nor is it proven, that they have filed any complaint before the respondent institutions, nor do they provide evidence to that effect. For this reason, it is not accredited that the petitioner has sought the solution to the problem they claim before such institutions; however, note that, once the current situation of the conditions of said refuge became known, on the occasion of this remedy, the Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito coordinated an inspection visit to the site, together with personnel from the Dirección Regional de la Región Pacífico Central, in order to assess the physical-sanitary conditions of the property. The inspection was carried out on October 30, 2023, in which it was evidenced that the property (operative post) is not being used and that the officials assigned to the Playa Hermosa sector were transferred to the Punta Mala sector, in the Canton of Parrita (outside the jurisdiction of this Área Rectora de Salud), the property located in Playa Hermosa currently being uninhabited, due to an administrative provision of SINAC as established in official letter SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-542-2022. In turn, on October 30, 2023, the Technical Report MS-DRRSPC-DARSG-IT-0323-2023 was issued, signed by Ing. Eduardo Salas Hernández and Bach. Gustavo Azofeifa Brenes, both officials of the Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito, in which the physical-sanitary deficiencies identified during the inspection visit are established and it is recommended to issue a sanitary order declaring the property located in Playa Hermosa as uninhabitable. In addition, it is recommended that, if the operative post is to be enabled in the future, prior to this, a plan must be submitted to the Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito detailing the actions to be executed to correct the deficiencies identified and detailed in Technical Report MS-DRRSPC-DARSG-IT-0323-2023 and that the uninhabitable condition must be maintained until the deficiencies found are corrected. Currently, the Área Rectora de Salud is in the process of notifying the sanitary order, where the property located in the Playa Hermosa sector, Jaco, was declared uninhabitable.
Therefore, it is concluded that there are sufficient elements to consider it proven in this venue that the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Dirección5140 requires urgent intervention by the competent authorities, since precisely the objective of creating the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre is focused on the protection of the sea turtle, which carries out spawning activities, which implies constant threats to the species, such as nest poaching, nest predation; in addition to human activity of illegal wildlife sightings, which creates the need for attention and programming of the protected area (área protegida), in order to also avoid other collateral threats such as illegal tourism, illegal fishing, logging, boat transport and fishing.
That is to say, the creation of the Refuge had as its primary objective the efficient management for the conservation of the natural resources that make up the refuge, specifically, the protection of the nesting beaches, which corresponds to the area (área) where Olive Ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivácea) arrive for spawning and nesting activities.
Therefore, the attention of the Refugio Nacional requires the prioritization of activities to address the most impactful situations on the wildlife that inhabits the area (área) comprising said natural refuge, due to the lack of human resources and supplies. For this reason, the proper course is for the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, in association with the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, as part of the aforementioned state obligation, to coordinate what is pertinent, so that the current situation of the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala is evaluated and the necessary measures are taken to protect the environment and wildlife, in such a way that said protected area (área protegida) can be attended to effectively and reasonably.
Due to the foregoing, this remedy must be granted with merit, since the State has not been capable of providing effective protection to the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala. In that sense, the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía and the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) must coordinate the necessary actions, so that a reconstruction plan for the infrastructure of the national refuge is prepared and executed within TWELVE MONTHS, as well as supply materials and human resources for the control and protection of the protected area (zona protegida), in order to guarantee its effective surveillance, in such a way that environmental crimes can be prevented and addressed, for which the existence of the necessary resources for its compliance must be ensured. (...)
... See more Content of Interest:
Type of Content: Separate Note Branch of Law: 4. GUARANTEE MATTERS Topic: ENVIRONMENT Subtopics:
PROTECTED AREA.
031754-23. THE LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE, EQUIPMENT, AND PERSONNEL CONDITIONS IN THE REFUGIO NACIONAL DE VIDA SILVESTRE PLAY HERMOSA-PUNTA MALA IS QUESTIONED. THE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY AND THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN (SINAC) ARE ORDERED, WITHIN TWELVE MONTHS, TO TAKE THE NECESSARY STEPS SO THAT THE NATIONAL REFUGE HAS THE NECESSARY INFRASTRUCTURE, AS WELL AS THE SUPPLY OF MATERIALS AND HUMAN RESOURCES, FOR THE CONTROL AND PROTECTION OF THE PROTECTED AREA (zona protegida), IN ORDER TO GUARANTEE EFFECTIVE AND PERMANENT SURVEILLANCE, SO THAT ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES CAN BE PREVENTED AND ADDRESSED; FOR WHICH THE EXISTENCE OF THE NECESSARY RESOURCES FOR ITS COMPLIANCE MUST BE ENSURED. RGS12/2023
"(...) VII.- NOTE BY MAGISTRATE SALAZAR ALVARADO. In principle, I consider that cases related to the inactivity of the Public Administration in the repair, construction, modification, or demolition of any infrastructure work should be dismissed, as that omission constitutes a matter of legality, the discussion of which corresponds to the ordinary jurisdiction, before which the interested person can debate their disagreements more broadly. However, when a violation of other fundamental rights protected in this constitutional jurisdiction arises from that omitted administrative conduct, or vulnerable groups are affected, I do proceed to hear the merits of the matter, as this situation constitutes an exception to my position on this matter, as is the case here, where the protection of the safety and physical integrity of the personnel and volunteers working at the surveillance post located in Playa Hermosa -Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala- is at stake, due to the deteriorated and sanitary conditions presented by the infrastructure that houses that educational center. (...)"
... See more Content of Interest:
Type of Content: Majority Vote Branch of Law: 4. GUARANTEE MATTERS Topic: ENVIRONMENT Subtopics:
PROTECTED AREA.
031754-23. THE LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE, EQUIPMENT, AND PERSONNEL CONDITIONS IN THE REFUGIO NACIONAL DE VIDA SILVESTRE PLAY HERMOSA-PUNTA MALA IS QUESTIONED. THE MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY AND THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN (SINAC) ARE ORDERED, WITHIN TWELVE MONTHS, TO TAKE THE NECESSARY STEPS SO THAT THE NATIONAL REFUGE HAS THE NECESSARY INFRASTRUCTURE, AS WELL AS THE SUPPLY OF MATERIALS AND HUMAN RESOURCES, FOR THE CONTROL AND PROTECTION OF THE PROTECTED AREA (zona protegida), IN ORDER TO GUARANTEE EFFECTIVE AND PERMANENT SURVEILLANCE, SO THAT ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES CAN BE PREVENTED AND ADDRESSED; FOR WHICH THE EXISTENCE OF THE NECESSARY RESOURCES FOR ITS COMPLIANCE MUST BE ENSURED. RGS12/2023
"(...) The remedy is partially granted with merit, solely regarding the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía and the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC). Franz Tattenbach Capra and Rafael Gutiérrez Rojas, in their order Minister of Environment and Energy and Executive Director of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), or whoever occupies those positions in their stead, are ordered, within TWELVE MONTHS, to take the necessary steps so that the national refuge has the necessary infrastructure, as well as the supply of materials and human resources, for the control and protection of the protected area (zona protegida), in order to guarantee effective and permanent surveillance, so that environmental damages can be prevented and addressed; for which the existence of the necessary resources for its compliance must be ensured. It is warned that, if the said orders are not obeyed, they could incur the crime of disobedience and that, in accordance with Article 71 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, a prison term of three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, shall be imposed on anyone who receives an order that must be complied with or enforced, issued in an amparo action, and does not comply with it or fails to have it enforced, provided that the crime is not more severely punished. The State is ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts that serve as the basis for this declaration, which shall be liquidated in the execution of the judgment in the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. Regarding the Ministerio de Salud and the INVU, the remedy is dismissed. Magistrate Salazar Alvarado adds a note. Notify. -"
... See more CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE. San José, at nine hours thirty minutes on December seven, two thousand twenty-three.
Amparo action processed in expediente No. 23-010230-0007-CO, filed by [Name62 001], a Spanish citizen, residence ID [Value CED63], on behalf of the REFUGIO NACIONAL DE VIDA SILVESTRE PLAYA HERMOSA-PUNTA MALA, against the MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA.
Whereas:
This lack of personnel has been raised by the Directorate of Protected Wild Areas through official communication SINAC-ACOPAC-DASP-086-2023, which highlights the “Need for personnel for the adequate management of Protected Wild Areas.” While it is true that the number of personnel is not ideal, institutionally, efforts have been made to staff this and the other functional units within the budgetary possibilities and opportunities that have been available, not only by raising the risk but also by taking the necessary steps to avoid losing positions that become vacant and to be able to fill them in a timely manner. In fact, in the last year, two new hires have been made for the Refuge and reinforcement has been achieved through the transfer of an additional official, personnel movements detailed below: • Vargas Rojas Daniela, Position: 502273, Civil Service Technician 1 Class, Specialty Environmental Protection and Management of Conservation Areas (New hire) • Pérez Acuña Christopher Alonso, Position: 381676, Civil Service Technician 1 Class, Specialty Environmental Protection and Management of Conservation Areas (New hire) • Medina Fajardo Sam, Position: 503896, Civil Service Driver 2 Class.
(Transfer of official). We clarify that these officials, to the extent of our possibilities, must perform the following functional activities within the refuge: 1. Prevention, protection, and control of the Focal Management Elements of the refuge. 2. Research and monitoring of the Focal Management Elements of the refuge. 3. Tourist control of refuge visitors. 4. Environmental Education regarding the Focal Management Elements of the refuge 5. Volunteering focused on sea turtle conservation and FMEs 6. Administrative Management of the protected wild area 7. Internal control processes. Currently, the State faces a significant impossibility in hiring for new positions, a situation that has persisted for years, primarily due to the policies that have been developed throughout the Executive Branch and the budget cuts that have been implemented across all institutions. This lack of personnel has been raised by the Directorate of Protected Wild Areas through official communication SINAC-ACOPAC-DASP-086-2023, which highlights the “Need for personnel for the adequate management of Protected Wild Areas.” While it is true that the number of personnel is not ideal, institutionally, efforts have been made to staff this and the other functional units within the budgetary possibilities and opportunities that have been available, not only by raising the risk but also by taking the necessary steps to avoid losing positions that become vacant and to be able to fill them in a timely manner.
In fact, in the last year, two new hires have been made for the Refuge and reinforcement has been achieved through the transfer of an additional official, personnel movements detailed below: • Vargas Rojas Daniela, Position: Placa2102, Civil Service Technician 1 Class, Specialty Environmental Protection and Management of Conservation Areas (New hire) • Pérez Acuña Christopher Alonso, Position: Placa2103, Civil Service Technician 1 Class, Specialty Environmental Protection and Management of Conservation Areas (New hire) • Medina Fajardo Sam, Position: Placa2104, Civil Service Driver 2 Class. (Transfer of official). Supplies The refuge, for its various activities, has field supplies such as GPS devices, forms for incident response, binoculars, cameras, protective equipment, among others, for the officials currently assigned. Due to the salinity to which these supplies are exposed, they must be renewed promptly, or, if there were more personnel, they would currently be insufficient to cope.
In the case of mobile equipment, there is only one 4x4 vehicle and there is no watercraft for attending to the marine area. However, in cases where action has been imperative, vehicle loans have been requested from the Regional Headquarters of this Conservation Area, other nearby functional units of ACOPAC, and, for marine matters, from the National Coast Guard Service, while a definitive solution is sought to provide this functional unit with a vessel.” SECOND: Notwithstanding the foregoing, the administration has carried out the following actions to resolve the weaknesses present in the Refuge: “Due to the situations cited in the preceding points, the administration of the wild area, in coordination with the directorate of protected wild areas of ACOPAC, has managed processes to address the threats to the FMEs of the refuge and the lack of resources and personnel. These actions are described below.
Actions addressing the main threats to the Refuge The refuge has implemented operational plans to manage threats according to the specific times of highest incidence of each one. Among the actions carried out to address threats are: 1. Joint night patrols with officials of the National Coast Guard Service of Caldera and Quepos, with the aim of carrying out prevention, protection, and control actions for the natural resources of the refuge and primarily to prevent the looting of nests and extraction of natural resources. These activities can be seen in official communications: SINAC-ACOPACRNVSPHPM-588-2022, SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-589-2022, and SINAC-ACOPACRNVSPHPM-590-2022 for the months of August, September, and October respectively, where the accompaniment was established, yielding the following results. (a table is inserted). 1. Morning patrols for the implementation of ecological monitoring programs, counting at Punta Mala 480 nests on the beach and collection of 43 olive ridley turtle nests for the hatchery, with 3896 eggs.
Although it is true this is not the total number of nests, given the volume of nesting and even though we rely heavily on volunteer support, it is materially impossible to attend to and relocate all the nests. 2. Execution of research processes, carrying out 5 ecological monitoring projects to determine the conservation status of the main FMEs and the main threats to them, in order to establish management actions for the refuge. 3. Outreach meetings with the main organized groups adjacent to the refuge (fishermen, surfers, tourism operators, guides) to establish a work plan to mitigate the threats to the FMEs. 4. Drafting and preparation of the General Management Plan for the refuge, as it currently lacks one; however, this plan has a high degree of progress as of today. Actions for infrastructure improvement For this particular case, from December 2022 and from the beginning of 2023, alliances were established with Non-Governmental Organizations that have worked hand-in-hand with the ASP, and maintenance was carried out on the post at the Punta Mala operational center.
Through a donation process, the roof covering and deteriorated wooden pieces were replaced, thereby repairing the extremely unsanitary and unsafe conditions present in that building. From this Regional Directorate, this infrastructure case, along with others from ACOPAC, has been under analysis, and given the new directives, this is one of the operational centers being prioritized for inclusion in the project bank, pending sufficient budget for its construction. Furthermore, the refuge administration informs us that there are possibilities for support alliances with NGOs for the rehabilitation of the Playa Hermosa post, once the case of possible contractual breach indicated above is resolved in the corresponding courts. Actions for obtaining personnel As previously indicated, over the last year, the permanent appointment of 2 positions for Technicians in Environmental Protection and Management of Conservation Areas (PAMAC) was achieved to mitigate the activities and schedules to be developed.
Likewise, a Volunteer Plan has been developed to secure support from civil society to attend to the Turtle season and management of the hatchery. Actions for the acquisition of supplies In this area, contributions have been requested through the SINAC provisioning process; however, there was no prior planning in the budget plan prepared in advance, and it has not been possible to acquire the watercraft and other equipment for the functional processes of the ASP, all due to the budget cuts applied by the Ministry of Finance to public institutions, cuts that have significantly affected us from 2019 to date. Given the above, the protected wild area, together with the support of the ACOPAC Directorate of Protected Wild Areas, has carried out multiple actions to improve and execute the management actions corresponding to the refuge. However, due to the limitations set forth in this official communication, all necessary actions have been taken for the mitigation of threats to the focal elements of the refuge within our current possibilities and capacities.” THIRD: Based on this report, it can be concluded that the Central Pacific Conservation Area has carried out all necessary actions within its possibilities and capacities to ensure the correct functioning of the Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge.
However, as with everything, there are areas for improvement in the management and administration of this protected zone, and efforts continue to achieve them. In this sense, it is evident that ACOPAC has been diligent, and in no case has it incurred in the omissions alleged by the appellant in the filing brief. Therefore, the constitutional right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, stipulated in article 50 of our Political Constitution, has not been violated. Regarding the infrastructure problem at the Playa Hermosa operational post, it must be considered that this is due to a contractual breach by the company that was to carry out the repair and maintenance work, a situation which, due to its recent referral to the Executive Secretariat, is currently in the analysis stage prior to its preliminary investigation and the opening of ordinary proceedings in accordance with the regulations.
Thus, once the expediente progresses in the administrative venue and the necessary evidence is gathered, this administration will proceed to assess and carry out the necessary tasks for the repair and maintenance of said operational post so that it may function normally again, with whatever resources and collaboration may be allocated to that item. In conclusion, and in accordance with this report, it is evident that SINAC, through the Central Pacific Conservation Area, has carried out all necessary actions so that the Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge operates optimally, save for some situations pending resolution and points for improvement in the handling and administration of this protected wild area. In this understanding, SINAC has not incurred in the omissions alleged by the appellant in the filing brief, and therefore, the constitutional right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment enshrined in article 50 has not been violated.
Given that, in accordance with article 38 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, the recurso de amparo must be filed together with the evidence for the charge, this administration urges that it be resolved with the evidence provided to the expediente and that attached to this document.” It requests that the recurso be dismissed.
This zone is characterized by being little known; however, Nombre5312 (2012) mentions that coastal turtle species such as the green turtle and the hawksbill use coastal ecosystems as their feeding and development habitats, while olive ridley and leatherback turtles use these spaces for inter-nesting or post-nesting migration. Among the threats faced by sea turtles in marine aggregation zones, one can name incidental fishing, which has likewise been previously recorded in the South Pacific zone by different authors, who estimated captures of up to 15,631 individuals in trawl fishing and 14 individuals per 1,000 hooks in longline fishing. This information is worrisome, since the observation of fishing vessels in the waters off the RNVSPH-PM sector is constant.
Livelihoods associated with ecosystem services Ecosystem services are defined as the benefits that people obtain from ecosystems, and they are essential for human well-being. The RNVSPH-PM, due to its characteristics, offers a great variety of these services, so the surrounding communities are directly benefited from this, since they have shaped their economic and social base on them. A study conducted by Reyes et al. (2015) reflects the existence of 34 easily recognizable and described Ecosystem Services, and mentions that among the main services provided by the RNVSPH-PM are those cultural services related to recreation and tourism, linked mainly to beach and surf activity. To this must be added wildlife watching, which includes watching the nesting activity of sea turtles. These three services have high potential to generate income for the inhabitants of the surrounding communities; however, it is important to clarify that not all of these activities are currently carried out.
Mangroves of the Tusubres River.
The mangroves found in the RNVSPH-PM are located in the lower part of the Tusubres River, covering around 307 ha. Two sections of this mangrove are recognized as wetlands in the National Wetlands Inventory, under the Nombre62 of Estero Los Diegos (Code 529) and Estero Roto (Code 530) (MINAE/SINAC-UICN/ORMA, 1998). These two estuaries/mangroves have varied their cover (cobertura) in the period between 1945 and 2022. The cover of the estuaries/mangroves suffered a decrease in the period between 1945 and 1984 (going from 246 ha to 193 ha), subsequently showing a continuous recovery in the period between 1984 and 2022 (from 193 ha to 307 ha currently), reaching in 2022 the largest area identified to date.
Marine-Coastal Rocky System of the Punta Mala Sector:
Within the RNVSPH-PM, one can find a rocky system made up of an intertidal rocky coast, which extends into the sea to form what is known as a rocky reef. This intertidal and shallow rocky coast is located in the area of the Refuge known as Punta Judas or Punta Mala, which lies within a very extensive abrasion platform, about 4 km long and up to 1 km wide. (a table is added). For greater detail, one can see in Annex II the diagrams of the threat analysis on the EFM using open standards carried out for the refuge.
It is emphasized that the Refuge does not have human communities within its boundaries, but is immediately surrounded by the communities of Esterillos (Este, Oeste and Centro), Quebrada Amarilla, Turrubaritos, Mata Plátano, Pochotal, Playa Hermosa, Higuito, and Quina; communities belonging to the districts of San Juan de Mata, Jacó, and Parrita. These communities exert pressures on the refuge and the EFM, mainly because the refuge is part of the tourism offering for these communities, so its social relevance is directly associated with the employment and economy generated by tourism (SINAC, 2013). In terms of the contribution to employment from tourism activities in the country's planning units, the number of people employed in these activities in 2018 in the Central Pacific is the highest, at 20%, but in the case of the refuge, this activity must represent higher percentages, due to the lack of other employment-generating sources within said area of influence.
Because of the creation objectives of the Protected Wilderness Area and because it is focused on the protection of the sea turtle, we must understand that this species carries out spawning activities during the night, making it necessary to address threats such as nest looting, nest predation, illegal wildlife watching, extraction of cambute and lobster, among others, during these nighttime hours, modifying the schedule of the refuge's staff. This generates the need for nighttime attention and scheduling for such events, while other threats such as illegal tourism, illegal fishing, logging, boat transport, and fishing are addressed during the day. Therefore, addressing the different threats in both schedules has required prioritizing activities to address the most impactful situations on the EFM due to the lack of human resources and supplies, and it has been necessary to count on the collaboration of other entities for the proper approach to the activities to be implemented.
The situation of infrastructure, personnel, and supplies for the staff to do their work within the RNVSPH-PM.
Infrastructure. The refuge has two areas divided into two sectors by the Tusubres River; these sectors are the Punta Mala Sector located in the district of Parrita in the Canton of Parrita and the Playa Hermosa sector in the district of Jaco in the canton of Garabito. Both sectors have different access characteristics, so the management of this requires the need to have two operational posts (puestos operativos), one in each sector.
Playa Hermosa Operational Post The facilities of the operational post of the Playa Hermosa – Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge (RNVSPHPM) located in Playa Hermosa have a series of physical-sanitary and operational situations that affect its proper functioning, among which the following stand out:
1. Functioning problems in the electrical system, causing it not to be used properly, producing failures in the elements and constant short circuits in the installation. 2. Failure of the galvanized iron roof, presenting leaks that affect the rooms and the living room. 3. Failure of operational elements, locks, doors, among others.
This detail can be better appreciated in official communication SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-542-2022, dated July 27, 2022, issued by the Refuge administration; in said communication, the closure of the operational post located in Playa Hermosa was carried out as of July 28, 2022, due to the physical-sanitary situations of the property. Through official communication SINAC-ACOPAC-D-333-2022, dated July 4, 2022, from the director of the Central Pacific Conservation Area, the deterioration is emphasized and the respective closure is established, and I quote: "Likewise, if there are no solutions in the coming days, the administration must close the post and transfer the staff assigned to that sector to the Punta Mala sector for the safety of the staff" (bold and underline not in original). Through official communication SINAC-ACOPAC-DASP-017-2023, dated January 30, 2023, issued to the official Marieta Tencio Olivas of the Institutional Procurement Department of the National System of Conservation Areas by the Directorate of Protected Areas of ACOPAC, she was informed and I quote: "Since August 2022, the transfer of file SINAC-ACOPAC-D-EXP-009-2022 regarding the restoration of the staff house of the Playa Hermosa Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge was made to the Institutional Procurement Department.
To date, there is no knowledge of the progress of the administrative and legal actions for the breach of contract and acceptance of the works carried out in the Protected Wilderness Area. For the Conservation Area, it is important to know the progress of the process and also to consult if, for administrative reasons, repairs to the infrastructure can be managed given that there have been approaches from several key actors and NGOs that are willing to collaborate in the repair and adaptation of the site for use by this ASP." (bold and underline not in original).
Likewise, on May 19, 2023, official communication SINAC-ACOPAC-D-260-2023 is issued in follow-up to the procedure carried out through official communication SINAC-ACOPAC-D-237-2022 sent via email on May 23, 2023, requesting information on the progress of the case. On October 25, 2023, through official communication SINAC-ACOPAC-DASP-196-2023, sent to the Directorate of ACOPAC, a Follow-up is made on file restoration house Playa Hermosa Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge, Directorate1839 . Where it is emphasized that: "To date, there is no response to what was consulted through the previously mentioned communications, and therefore the progress of the administrative and legal actions for the breach of contract and acceptance of the works carried out in the Protected Wilderness Area is unknown. Time passes, and the state of deterioration in which the facilities currently are and their exposure to vandalism for being unoccupied is worrisome." Furthermore, on November 1 of the current year, through official communication SINAC-ACOPAC-D-546-2023, a communication is again addressed to the head of the institutional procurement department, with the aim that good offices be interposed in order to conclude the pending matters in this issue and thus be able to have said infrastructure available.
Parallel to this, on October 30, 2023, refuge officials accompanied personnel from the Rector Health Area of Garabito to inspect the property in question and evaluate the physical-sanitary conditions requested through the filed remedy, pending the corresponding official communication.
Punta Mala Operational Post It is located in the Esterillos sector of the district of Parrita; it is the largest infrastructure the refuge has and where the administrative area is located. The property has undergone several inspections by the Physical Infrastructure Department (DIF) of SINAC, where the damage and deterioration of said property has been evidenced. Through official communication SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-553-2022, dated August 30, 2022, prepared by the refuge administration, the situational state of the infrastructure was indicated, where it was concluded and I quote: "1. The refuge lacks infrastructure suitable for the lodging and permanence of the staff. 2. The acquisition of materials and products for the maintenance and improvement of the infrastructure is required. 3. The transfer of personnel for the realization of the required improvements is required. 4. The facilities are in ruinous, unsanitary, and dangerous states for the permanence of the staff. 5. If interventions are not made, the staff must be relocated to areas suitable for habitation." These staff members must perform the following functional activities within the refuge:
1. Prevention, protection, and control of the Focal Management Elements of the refuge. 2. Research and monitoring of the Focal Management Elements of the refuge. 3. Tourist control of the refuge's visitors. 4. Environmental Education on Focal Management Elements of the refuge. 5. Volunteering focused on the conservation of the sea turtle and EFM. 6. Administrative Management of the protected wilderness area. 7. Internal control processes.
The personnel need gap is obtained through official communication SINAC-ACOPAC-DASP-086-2023 from the Directorate of Protected Wilderness Areas, which has the objective "Need for personnel for the adequate management of the Protected Wilderness Areas." In this communication, the need of the refuge as part of ACOPAC is indicated, and I quote: "Although the majority of the areas mentioned above have personnel, it is not sufficient to adequately manage all the functions, competencies, and activities of each of the functional units, such as tourism attention, prevention, protection, and control actions, volunteering, application of ecological monitoring, among others... (a table is inserted). According to this analysis, there is a high gap, indicating that 16 staff members are required in three programs, with the refuge having a personnel need of 67% for carrying out activities; this impacts the execution of actions on threats to the EFM. Given these deficiencies, the fulfillment of all activities cannot be executed 100%; however, the institution has made all efforts within its reach to provide personnel to this and other functional units, achieving so far this year to provide at least 2 additional staff members to this Protected Wilderness Area, with the understanding that we have not yet reached the minimum necessary personnel for adequate management.
Supplies The refuge for the different activities has field supplies, such as GPS, templates for event attention, binoculars, cameras, protective equipment, among others, for the currently assigned staff; due to the salinity they are exposed to, these supplies must be renewed promptly, or in case of having more personnel, they would currently be insufficient to attend. Regarding mobile equipment, there is only one 4x4 vehicle, and there is no watercraft for attending the marine area; however, on some occasions, incursions have been made with the Coast Guard, and opportunities to do so with NGOs have also arisen.
SECOND: In accordance with the above, the administration has taken the following actions to resolve these deficiencies and problems.
Due to the situations mentioned in the previous points, the administration of the wilderness area, in coordination with the Directorate of Protected Wilderness Areas of ACOPAC, has managed processes to address the threats to the EFM of the refuge, lack of resources, and personnel; these actions are described below.
Actions addressing the main threats to the Refuge The refuge has implemented operational plans to manage threats according to the specific moments of highest incidence of each one; among the actions taken to address threats are:
1. Joint nighttime patrols with officers of the National Coast Guard Service of Caldera and Quepo, with the objective of carrying out prevention, protection, and control actions of the refuge's natural resources and primarily preventing nest looting and extraction of natural resources; these activities can be seen in official communications: SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-588-2022, SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-589-2022, and SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-590-2022 for the months of August, September, and October respectively, where the accompaniment was established, obtaining the following results. 2. For the year 2022, morning patrols were conducted for the implementation of ecological monitoring programs, counting at Punta Mala 480 nests on the beach and collection of 43 olive ridley turtle nests to the hatchery (vivero) with 3,896 eggs; only that quantity could be mobilized due to the lack of infrastructure and personnel for hatchery and beach management. 3.
Until October 9, 2023, morning patrols continued for the implementation of ecological monitoring programs, counting at Punta Mala a total of 462 events on the beach, and 97 olive ridley turtle nests were collected to the hatchery with approximately 9,000 eggs. 4. In the case of Playa Hermosa, ecological monitoring counted a total of 942 events on the beach, and 115 olive ridley turtle nests were collected to the hatchery with approximately 10,000 eggs. 5. Through the official communication of August 30, 2023, issued as SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-070-2023, it was established that: a. The Refuge has submitted to ACOPAC, specifically to the research department, the research requests for: i. Protection of sea turtles. ii. Creating a hatchery as a sea turtle conservation tool; due to climate change, the relocation of nests was required to guarantee their hatching. 1. The hatchery has an average of 120 cubic meters of elevated sand and can hold 300 nests, averaging 30,000 olive ridley turtle eggs per cycle, potentially having two cycles, which would generate a total of 600 nests. iii.
Ecological monitoring project for the nesting beaches, which establishes the beach conditions, the rate of successful, depredated, looted nests, among others. 1. This project, together with the turtle project, generates field data for administrative decision-making based on scientific and technical criteria. 2. This project is carried out through a consultancy and corresponds to a process of alliances and approvals from CRXS. b. The results of this project in the first month of monitoring were the following data: c. 46% of the nests were looted. d. 37% of the nests were depredated. e. Only 16% of the nests were successful. 6. Due to the alarming number of looted and depredated nests, coordination was undertaken with the Environmental Units of the National Coast Guard Service, with which multiple patrols were conducted at various hours of the night and early morning, yielding the following results for the subsequent weeks of monitoring and which have been maintained to date: a. 35% of the nests were looted. b. 28% of the nests were depredated. c. 36% of the nests were successful. d. Looting and predation each decreased by 10%, and nest success increased by 20%; this responds to the constant patrols carried out in the company of the Coast Guard units. 7.
Execution of research processes, carrying out 5 ecological monitoring projects to determine the conservation status of the main EFM and the main threats to them, to establish the refuge's management actions. 8. Outreach meetings with the main organized groups surrounding the refuge (fishermen, Surf, Tourism, guides) to establish a work path to mitigate threats to the EFM. 9. Drafting and preparation of the General Management Plan of the refuge, since it lacks one.
Actions on infrastructure improvement For this particular case, alliances were established with Non-Governmental Organizations that have worked hand in hand with the ASP, and maintenance was achieved at the Punta Mala operational center post, managing through the donation process to change the roof covering and the deteriorated wood pieces, thereby fixing the extreme unsanitary and unsafe conditions that existed in that property. However, this improvement process is ongoing, and it alone will not remedy all the physical-sanitary non-conformities that the property presents, and SINAC must be able to implement a complementary remedial plan to remedy the Punta Mala infrastructure. In the case of the Playa Hermosa sector, we are waiting to have the approval from the Institutional Procurement Department of the National System of Conservation Areas to be able to use and repair it, since we have options with NGOs to maintain said property.
Actions on obtaining personnel During the past year, the permanent appointment of 2 positions of Technicians in Environmental Protection and Management of Conservation Areas (PAMAC) was achieved to mitigate the activities and schedules to be developed. Likewise, the Volunteering Plan has been prepared to have support from civil society to attend the turtle season and hatchery management.
Actions on acquiring supplies In this area, contributions have been requested from the SINAC's allocation process; however, there was no prior planning in the budget plan that was previously prepared, and it has not been possible to acquire aquatic equipment and other goods for the functional processes of the ASP. Given the above, the protected wilderness area, together with the support of the Directorate of Wilderness Areas of ACOPAC, has carried out multiple actions to improve and carry out the management actions corresponding to the refuge; however, due to the limitations described in this official communication, it has not been possible to develop all the necessary actions for mitigating threats to the focal elements of the refuge.
THIRD: It is important to point out that Article 50 of our Magna Carta establishes that the State must procure the greatest well-being for all the country's inhabitants, guaranteeing the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, in respect of the right to the protection of human health derived from the right to life; it being then that the primary objective of the use and protection of the environment is to obtain development and evolution favorable to the human being in harmony with it, in which environmental quality and economic means turn out to be the fundamental parameters for people. In this sense, it is evidenced that SINAC has been diligent, and in no case has incurred in the omissions alleged by the appellant in the filing of the appeal. Therefore, the constitutional right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, stipulated in numeral 50 of our Political Constitution, has not been violated. This administration reaffirms its commitment to the preservation and adequate management of protected wilderness areas, and will continue working on resolving pending matters and implementing improvements in the management of the aforementioned area." It requests that the appeal be dismissed.
Drafted by Judge Hess Herrera; and,
Considering:
The appellant affirms that regarding administrative management, the Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge requires significant support related to infrastructure development and equipping it, as well as personnel development. Currently, the terrible infrastructure conditions, lack of personnel, and the lack of work materials for them complicate the performance of daily tasks and make it impossible to receive volunteers, who are of utmost importance for the conservation of this refuge. The respondent authorities have not only failed in their duty to take urgent actions to solve the serious crisis facing the reserve, but have also omitted to provide the park rangers working in these protected areas with the minimum necessary implements and equipment to confront invaders. Thus, due to the inaction and lack of planning by the respondent authorities, the few park rangers remaining in the reserve find themselves "with their hands tied" to confront illegal hunters who are destroying the State's Natural Heritage.
He indicates that this reserve currently has three park rangers who must protect a total area of 2,742 ha, of which 82% is marine (2,247 ha) and 18% (495 ha) is beaches, wetlands, and forest, and includes the mouth of the Tusubres River, as well as a small terrestrial extension behind the beach. He considers that the omissive conduct of the respondent authorities severely violates the fundamental right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
Of importance for the decision in this matter, the following fact is deemed duly proven, either because it has been accredited or because the respondent has omitted to refer to it according to what was provided in the initial order:
Of importance for resolving this process, the following fact is held as unproven:
SOLE.- That the appellant -prior to filing this appeal- had raised complaints or denouncements before the Rector Health Area of Garabito or any other instance of the Ministry of Health; or that he had filed any complaint before SINAC, or in any other office of the Ministry of Environment and Energy.
In the case under review, the petitioner alleges that, regarding administrative management, the Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge (Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala) requires significant support related to infrastructure development and equipment, as well as concerning the working conditions of its staff. Currently, the extremely poor infrastructure conditions, lack of personnel, and the shortage of work materials for them complicate the performance of daily tasks and make it impossible to receive volunteers, who are critically important for the conservation of this refuge. The respondent authorities have not only failed in their duty to take urgent action to resolve the serious crisis facing the reserve, but have also omitted to provide the park rangers working in these protected areas with the minimum implements and equipment necessary to confront intruders.
Thus, due to the inaction and lack of planning by the respondent authorities, the few park rangers who remain in the reserve find themselves “with their hands tied” to confront illegal hunters who are destroying the State's Natural Heritage, this reserve currently has three park rangers who must protect a total area of 2,742 ha of which 82% is marine (2,247 ha) and 18% (495 ha) consists of beaches, wetlands, and forest, and includes the mouth of the Tusubres River, as well as a small terrestrial extension behind the beach. It considers that the omissive conduct of the respondent authorities severely violates the fundamental right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
Now, from the list of proven facts, it is verified that the post located at Playa Hermosa -Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge (Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala)- was built in 2015; however, given the deterioration it presented and the urgency of providing it with better conditions, through institutional efforts initiated in 2019, procedures began to allocate resources for the remodeling of the RNVSPHPM post in the Playa Hermosa sector, works that started in 2020; however, and as recorded in file SINAC-ACOPAC-D-EXP-009-2022, once the works were completed and the rigorous inspections were carried out by personnel from the SINAC Infrastructure Directorate, it was determined that there was an apparent contractual breach by the company awarded the works, a situation currently under review by the SINAC Executive Secretariat. It is confirmed that on July 4, 2022, through official communication SINAC-ACOPAC-D-333-2022, the director of the Central Pacific Conservation Area (Área de Conservación Pacifico Central) stressed the deterioration of the facilities and established the respective closure, and I quote: “Likewise, if there are no solutions in the coming days, the administration must close the post and transfer the officials assigned to that sector to the Punta Mala sector for the safety of the officials.” In addition to this, on July 27, 2022, through official communication SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-542-2022, issued by the Refuge administration, the operational post located at Playa Hermosa was ordered closed, effective July 28, 2022, due to the physical and sanitary conditions of the property.
Likewise, on August 30, 2022, through official communication SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-553-2022, prepared by the refuge administration, the situational status of the infrastructure was indicated, where it was mentioned: “1. The refuge lacks adequate infrastructure for the lodging and stay of officials. 2. The acquisition of materials and products for the maintenance and improvement of the infrastructure is required. 3. The transfer of personnel is required to carry out the required improvements. 4. The facilities are in a ruinous, unsanitary, and dangerous state for the stay of officials. 5. If interventions are not made, personnel must be relocated to areas suitable for habitation.” The lack of personnel to attend to the facilities of the Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge (Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala) is verified.
V.On this matter, it is pertinent to indicate that the petitioner does not expressly indicate, nor is it proven, that they have filed any complaint before the respondent institutions, nor do they provide evidence in that regard. For this reason, it is not considered accredited that they have sought a solution to the problem they claim from such institutions; however, it should be noted that, once the current situation of the conditions of the referred refuge became known, on the occasion of this appeal, the Garabito Health Governing Area (Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito) coordinated an inspection visit to the site, accompanied by personnel from the Regional Directorate of the Central Pacific Region (Dirección Regional de la Región Pacífico Central), in order to assess the physical-sanitary conditions of the property. The inspection was carried out on October 30, 2023, in which it was evidenced that the property (operational post) is not being used and that the officials assigned to the Playa Hermosa sector were transferred to the Punta Mala sector, in the Canton of Parrita (outside the jurisdiction of this Health Governing Area), with the property located in Playa Hermosa currently being uninhabited, by administrative order of SINAC as established in official communication SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-542-2022.
In turn, on October 30, 2023, Technical Report MS-DRRSPC-DARSG-IT-0323-2023 was issued, subscribed by Eng. Eduardo Salas Hernández and Bach. Gustavo Azofeifa Brenes, both officials of the Garabito Health Governing Area, which establishes the physical-sanitary deficiencies identified during the inspection visit conducted and recommends issuing a sanitary order declaring the property located in Playa Hermosa as uninhabitable. Furthermore, it is recommended that, if in the future it is desired to enable the operational post, prior to this, a plan must be submitted to the Garabito Health Governing Area, detailing the actions to be executed to correct the deficiencies identified and detailed in Technical Report Placa2105, and that the uninhabitable condition must be maintained until the deficiencies found are corrected. Currently, the Health Governing Area is in the process of notifying the sanitary order, where the property located in the Dirección1840 sector was declared uninhabitable.
Therefore, it is concluded that there are sufficient elements to consider it proven in this proceeding that the Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge requires urgent intervention by the competent authorities, because, precisely, the objective of creating the National Wildlife Refuge is focused on the protection of the sea turtle, which carries out spawning activities, implying constant threats to the species, such as nest looting, nest predation; in addition to human activity of illegal wildlife sighting, which generates the need for attention and planning of the protected area, in order to also avoid other collateral threats such as illegal tourism, illegal fishing, logging, boat transportation, and fishing.
That is, the creation of the Refuge had as its primary objective efficient management for the conservation of the natural resources that make up the refuge, specifically, the protection of the nesting beaches, which corresponds to the area where the olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivácea) arrive for spawning and nesting activities.
Therefore, the attention of the National Refuge requires the prioritization of activities to address the most impactful situations on the wildlife that inhabits the area comprising said natural refuge, due to the lack of human resources and supplies. For this reason, the appropriate course is for the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía), in partnership with the National System of Conservation Areas (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación), as part of the aforementioned state obligation, to coordinate what is pertinent, so that the current situation of the Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge (Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala) is evaluated and the necessary measures are taken to protect the environment and wildlife, in such a way that the referred protected area can be effectively and reasonably attended to.
Given the foregoing, this appeal must be granted, as the State has not been capable of providing effective protection to the Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge. In this sense, the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) must coordinate the necessary actions so that, within a period of TWELVE MONTHS, a reconstruction plan for the national refuge's infrastructure is prepared and executed, as well as supplying materials and human resources for the control and protection of the protected area, in order to guarantee its effective surveillance, so that environmental crimes can be prevented and addressed, for which the existence of the necessary resources for its fulfillment must be ensured.
Finally, regarding the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Housing and Urbanism (INVU), the appeal is dismissed.
By virtue of the foregoing, the appropriate course is to grant the appeal filed, as set forth in the operative part of this judgment.
As a matter of principle, I consider that cases related to the inactivity of the Public Administration in the repair, construction, modification, or demolition of any infrastructure work should be dismissed, because such omission constitutes a legality issue, whose discussion corresponds to the ordinary jurisdiction, before which the interested person can debate their disagreements with greater breadth. However, when some violation of other fundamental rights protected in this constitutional jurisdiction derives from that omissive administrative conduct, or vulnerable groups are affected, I do proceed to hear the merits of the matter, as this situation constitutes an exception to my position on this subject, as is the case here, where the protection of the safety and physical integrity of the staff and volunteers working at the surveillance post located at Playa Hermosa -Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge (Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala)- is at stake, due to the conditions of deterioration and sanitary issues presented by the infrastructure that houses that educational center.
The parties are warned that, if any paper document has been provided, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device or one produced by new technologies, these must be withdrawn from the Office within a maximum period of thirty business days, counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material not withdrawn within this period will be destroyed, as provided in the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", approved by the Full Court in Session N° 27-11, of August 22, 2011, article XXVI and published in the Judicial Bulletin N° 19, of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Superior Council of the Judiciary, in Session N° 43-12, held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.
Therefore:
The appeal is partially granted, only with respect to the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC). Franz Tattenbach Capra and Rafael Gutiérrez Rojas, in their order as Minister of Environment and Energy and Executive Director of the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC), or whoever occupies those positions in their stead, are ordered to, within a period of TWELVE MONTHS, arrange what is necessary so that the national refuge has the necessary infrastructure, as well as the supply of materials and human resources, for the control and protection of the protected area, in order to guarantee effective and permanent surveillance, in such a way that environmental damages can be prevented and addressed; for which the existence of the necessary resources for its fulfillment must be ensured. It is warned that, failing to comply with said orders, they could incur the crime of disobedience and that, in accordance with article 71 of the Law on Constitutional Jurisdiction (Ley la Jurisdicción Constitucional), whoever receives an order that must be complied with or enforced, issued in an amparo appeal, and does not comply with it or does not enforce it, shall be punished with imprisonment from three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, provided the crime is not more severely punished.
The State is ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts that serve as the basis for this declaration, which will be liquidated in the execution of the judgment of the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. Regarding the Ministry of Health and the INVU, the appeal is dismissed. Magistrate Salazar Alvarado adds a note. Notify.- Nombre9290 . Acting Presiding Judge Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Ingrid Hess H.
Nombre6376 B.
Aracelly Pacheco S.
Alexandra Alvarado P.
Telephones: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2295-3712 / 2549-1633. Electronic address: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Dirección12 , Dirección13 , 100 mts.Sur de la iglesia del Perpetuo Socorro). Reception of matters for vulnerable groups: Dirección14 , San José, Dirección15 , Dirección16 , calles 19 y 21, Dirección17 Classification prepared by the CONSTITUTIONAL CHAMBER of the Judiciary. Its reproduction and/or distribution for profit is prohibited.
It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 09-02-2026 17:15:07.
Sentencia con nota separada Indicadores de Relevancia Sentencia relevante Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
AREA PROTEGIDA.
031754-23. SE CUESTIONA LA FALTA DE INFRAESTRUCTURA, EQUIPAMIENTO Y CONDICIONES DEL PERSONAL EN EL REFUGIO NACIONAL DE VIDA SILVESTRE PLAY HERMOSA-PUNTA MALA. SE ORDENA AL MINISTRO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA Y DIRECTOR EJECUTIVO DEL SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN (SINAC), PARA QUE EN EL PLAZO DE DOCE MESES, DISPONGAN LO NECESARIO PARA QUE EL REFUGIO NACIONAL CUENTE CON LA INFRAESTRUCTURA NECESARIA, ASÍ COMO, EL SUMINISTRO DE MATERIALES Y RECURSO HUMANO, PARA EL CONTROL Y PROTECCIÓN DE LA ZONA PROTEGIDA, A FIN DE GARANTIZAR LA VIGILANCIA EFECTIVA Y PERMANENTE, DE MANERA TAL, QUE SE PUEDAN PREVENIR Y ATENDER DAÑOS AMBIENTALES; PARA LO CUAL DEBERÁ ASEGURARSE LA EXISTENCIA DE LOS RECURSOS NECESARIOS PARA SU CUMPLIMIENTO. RGS12/2023 “(…) V.- Sobre el particular, conviene indicar que el recurrente no indica, en forma expresa, ni se comprueba que haya presentado denuncia alguna ante las instituciones recurridas, ni aporta prueba en ese sentido.
Razón por la cual, no se tiene por acreditado que haya gestionado ante tales instituciones la solución del problema que reclama y; sin embargo, nótese que, una vez conocida la situación actual de las condiciones del referido refugio, con ocasión del presente recurso, el Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito coordinó una visita de inspección al sitio, en compañía de personal de la Dirección Regional de la Región Pacífico Central, lo anterior con el fin de valorar las condiciones físico-sanitarias del inmueble. La inspección se realizó el 30 de octubre de 2023, en la cual se evidenció que el inmueble (puesto operativo) no está siendo utilizado y que los funcionarios destacados en el sector de Playa Hermosa fueron trasladados hacia el sector de Punta Mala, en el Cantón de Parrita (fuera de la jurisdicción de esta Área Rectora de Salud), encontrándose actualmente inhabitado el inmueble ubicado en Playa Hermosa, lo anterior por disposición administrativa del SINAC según se estableció en el oficio SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-542-2022.
A su vez, el 30 de octubre de 2023, se emite el Informe Técnico MS-DRRSPC-DARSG-IT-0323-2023, suscrito por el Ing. Eduardo Salas Hernández y el Bach. Gustavo Azofeifa Brenes, ambos funcionarios del Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito, en el cual se establecen las deficiencias físico-sanitarias identificadas durante la visita de inspección realizada y se recomienda girar un ordenamiento sanitario donde se declare como inhabitable el inmueble ubicado en Playa Hermosa. Además, se recomienda que, en caso de que a futuro se desee habilitar el puesto operativo, previo a esto, deberá presentarse ante el Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito, un plan en el cual se detallen las acciones a ejecutar para corregir las deficiencias identificadas y detalladas en el Informe Técnico MS-DRRSPC-DARSG-IT-0323-2023 y que la condición de inhabitabilidad debe mantenerse hasta tanto no se corrijan las deficiencias encontradas. Actualmente, el Área Rectora de Salud se encuentra en el proceso de notificación del ordenamiento sanitario, donde se declaró como inhabitable el inmueble ubicado en el sector de Playa Hermosa, Jaco.
Por lo que se concluye que, existen suficientes elementos para tener por probado en esta vía, que el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Dirección5140 requiere una intervención urgente por parte de las autoridades competentes, pues, precisamente el objetivo de la creación del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre se encuentra enfocado en la protección de la tortuga marina, la cual realiza labores de desove, lo que implica constantes amenazas a la especie, tales como saqueo de nidos, depredación de nidos; además de actividad humana de avistamiento ilegal de fauna, lo que genera la necesidad de atención y programación del área protegida, a fin de evitar también otras amenazas colaterales como, turismo ilegal, pesca ilegal, tala, transporte y pesca en bote.
Es decir, que la creación del Refugio, tuvo como objetivo primordial la gestión eficiente para la conservación de los recursos naturales que conforman el refugio, específicamente, la protección de las playas de anidación, que corresponde al área donde llegan las tortugas lora (Lepidochelys olivácea) para las actividades del desove y anidación.
Por lo tanto, la atención del Refugio Nacional requiere de la priorización de actividades para atender las situaciones más impactantes sobre la vida silvestre que habita el área que comprende dicho refugio natural, debido a la falta de recurso humano e insumos. En razón de ello, lo procedente es que el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía en asocio con el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, como parte de la obligación estatal antes expuesta, coordinen lo pertinente, a fin de que se evalúe la situación actual del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala y se tomen las medidas necesarias para proteger el ambiente y la vida silvestre, de tal forma que se puedan atender de manera efectiva y razonable la referida área protegida.
Por lo anterior, se debe declarar con lugar este recurso, toda vez que el Estado no ha sido capaz de brindar una protección efectiva al Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala. En ese sentido, deberá el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) coordinar las acciones necesarias, a fin de que se elabore y ejecute, en el plazo de DOCE MESES, un plan reconstrucción de la infraestructura del refugio nacional, así como, suministrar materiales y recurso humano, para el control y protección de la zona protegida, a fin de que garantice su vigilancia efectiva, de manera tal, se puedan prevenir y atender ilícitos ambientales, para la cual deberá asegurarse la existencia de los recursos necesarios para su cumplimiento. (…)
... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Nota separada Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
AREA PROTEGIDA.
031754-23. SE CUESTIONA LA FALTA DE INFRAESTRUCTURA, EQUIPAMIENTO Y CONDICIONES DEL PERSONAL EN EL REFUGIO NACIONAL DE VIDA SILVESTRE PLAY HERMOSA-PUNTA MALA. SE ORDENA AL MINISTRO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA Y DIRECTOR EJECUTIVO DEL SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN (SINAC), PARA QUE EN EL PLAZO DE DOCE MESES, DISPONGAN LO NECESARIO PARA QUE EL REFUGIO NACIONAL CUENTE CON LA INFRAESTRUCTURA NECESARIA, ASÍ COMO, EL SUMINISTRO DE MATERIALES Y RECURSO HUMANO, PARA EL CONTROL Y PROTECCIÓN DE LA ZONA PROTEGIDA, A FIN DE GARANTIZAR LA VIGILANCIA EFECTIVA Y PERMANENTE, DE MANERA TAL, QUE SE PUEDAN PREVENIR Y ATENDER DAÑOS AMBIENTALES; PARA LO CUAL DEBERÁ ASEGURARSE LA EXISTENCIA DE LOS RECURSOS NECESARIOS PARA SU CUMPLIMIENTO. RGS12/2023 “(…) VII.- NOTA DEL MAGISTRADO SALAZAR ALVARADO. En tesis de principio, considero que los casos relacionados con la inactividad de la Administración Pública en la reparación, construcción, modificación o demolición de cualquier obra de infraestructura deben ser desestimados, por constituir, esa omisión, un tema de legalidad, cuya discusión corresponde a la jurisdicción ordinaria, ante la cual la persona interesada puede debatir, con mayor amplitud, sus disconformidades.
Sin embargo, cuando de aquella conducta administrativa omisiva se derive alguna violación a otros derechos fundamentales tutelados en esta jurisdicción constitucional, o se afecten grupos considerados vulnerables, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto, por constituir esta situación una excepción a mi posición en esta materia, tal y como sucede en este caso, en que está de por medio la tutela de la seguridad e integridad física del personal y voluntarios que laboran el puesto de vigilancia ubicado en playa hermosa -Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala-, debido a las condiciones de deterioro y sanitarias que presenta la infraestructura que alberga a ese centro educativo. (…)” ... Ver más Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
AREA PROTEGIDA.
031754-23. SE CUESTIONA LA FALTA DE INFRAESTRUCTURA, EQUIPAMIENTO Y CONDICIONES DEL PERSONAL EN EL REFUGIO NACIONAL DE VIDA SILVESTRE PLAY HERMOSA-PUNTA MALA. SE ORDENA AL MINISTRO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA Y DIRECTOR EJECUTIVO DEL SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ÁREAS DE CONSERVACIÓN (SINAC), PARA QUE EN EL PLAZO DE DOCE MESES, DISPONGAN LO NECESARIO PARA QUE EL REFUGIO NACIONAL CUENTE CON LA INFRAESTRUCTURA NECESARIA, ASÍ COMO, EL SUMINISTRO DE MATERIALES Y RECURSO HUMANO, PARA EL CONTROL Y PROTECCIÓN DE LA ZONA PROTEGIDA, A FIN DE GARANTIZAR LA VIGILANCIA EFECTIVA Y PERMANENTE, DE MANERA TAL, QUE SE PUEDAN PREVENIR Y ATENDER DAÑOS AMBIENTALES; PARA LO CUAL DEBERÁ ASEGURARSE LA EXISTENCIA DE LOS RECURSOS NECESARIOS PARA SU CUMPLIMIENTO. RGS12/2023 “(…) Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, únicamente en cuanto al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC).
Se ordena a Franz Tattenbach Capra y a Rafael Gutiérrez Rojas, por su orden ministro de Ambiente y Energía y director ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), o a quienes en su lugar ocupen esos cargos, para que en el plazo de DOCE MESES, dispongan lo necesario para que el refugio nacional cuente con la infraestructura necesaria, así como, el suministro de materiales y recurso humano, para el control y protección de la zona protegida, a fin de garantizar la vigilancia efectiva y permanente, de manera tal, que se puedan prevenir y atender daños ambientales; para lo cual deberá asegurarse la existencia de los recursos necesarios para su cumplimiento. Se advierte que, de no acatar las órdenes dichas, podrían incurrir en el delito de desobediencia y que, de conformidad con el artículo 71 de la Ley la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se le impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado.
Se condena al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. En cuanto al Ministerio de Salud y el INVU se declara sin lugar el recurso. El Magistrado Salazar Alvarado pone nota. Notifíquese. -“ ... Ver más SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta minutos del siete de diciembre de dos mil veintitres .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente N° 23-010230-0007-CO, interpuesto por [Nombre62 001], ciudadano español, cédula de residencia [Valor CED63], a favor del REFUGIO NACIONAL DE VIDA SILVESTRE PLAYA HERMOSA-PUNTA MALA, contra el MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA.
Resultando:
Redacta la Magistrada Hess Herrera; y,
Considerando:
El recurrente afirma que en materia de gestión administrativa el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala requiere un importante apoyo relacionado al desarrollo de infraestructura y al equipamiento de este, así como al desarrollo del personal. Actualmente, las pésimas condiciones de infraestructura, falta de personal y la carencia de material de trabajo para los mismos, complican la realización de las labores diarias e imposibilitan el recibo de voluntarios que son de suma importancia para la conservación de este refugio. Las autoridades recurridas no sólo han incumplido su deber de realizar acciones urgentes para solucionar la grave crisis que enfrenta la reserva, sino que han omitido dotar a los guardaparques que laboran en estas áreas protegidas de los implementos y el equipo mínimo necesarios para enfrentar a los invasores. Así las cosas, debido a la inacción y la falta de planificación de las autoridades recurridas, los pocos guardaparques que se mantienen en la reserva se encuentran “atados de manos” para enfrentar cazadores ilegales que están destruyendo el Patrimonio Natural del Estado, Indica que esta reserva cuenta actualmente con tres guardaparques los cuales deben proteger una extensión total de 2.742 ha de las cuales un 82% son marinas (2.247 ha) y 18% (495 ha) son playas, humedales y bosque e incluye la desembocadura del río Tusubres, así como una pequeña extensión terrestre detrás de la playa. Considera que las conductas omisivas de las autoridades recurridas violentan severamente el derecho fundamental a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estima como debidamente demostrado el siguiente hecho, sea porque así ha sido acreditado o bien porque el recurrido haya omitido referirse a ello según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
De importancia para resolver el presente proceso se tiene por indemostrado el siguiente hecho:
ÚNICO.- Que el recurrente -previo a la interposición de este recurso- haya planteado quejas o denuncias ante el Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito o cualquier otra instancia del Ministerio de Salud; o bien que interpusiera alguna denuncia ante el SINAC, o en cualquier otra oficina del Ministro de Ambiente y Energía.
En el caso bajo estudio, el accionante alega que, en materia de gestión administrativa el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala requiere un importante apoyo relacionado al desarrollo de infraestructura y al equipamiento de este, así como en las condiciones en que labora el personal. Actualmente, las pésimas condiciones de infraestructura, falta de personal y la carencia de material de trabajo para los mismos, complican la realización de las labores diarias e imposibilitan el recibo de voluntarios que son de suma importancia para la conservación de este refugio. Las autoridades recurridas no sólo han incumplido su deber de realizar acciones urgentes para solucionar la grave crisis que enfrenta la reserva, sino que han omitido dotar a los guardaparques que laboran en estas áreas protegidas de los implementos y el equipo mínimo necesarios para enfrentar a los invasores.
Así las cosas, debido a la inacción y la falta de planificación de las autoridades recurridas, los pocos guardaparques que se mantienen en la reserva se encuentran “atados de manos” para enfrentar cazadores ilegales que están destruyendo el Patrimonio Natural del Estado, esta reserva cuenta actualmente con tres guardaparques los cuales deben proteger una extensión total de 2.742 ha de las cuales un 82% son marinas (2.247 ha) y 18% (495 ha) son playas, humedales y bosque e incluye la desembocadura del río Tusubres, así como una pequeña extensión terrestre detrás de la playa. Considera que las conductas omisivas de las autoridades recurridas violentan severamente el derecho fundamental a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
Ahora bien del elenco de hechos probados, se comprueba que, el puesto ubicado en playa hermosa -Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala- se construyó en el 2015; no obstante, dado el deterioro que presentaba y la urgencia de dotarlo de mejores condiciones, mediante esfuerzos institucionales iniciados desde el 2019, se empezaron las gestiones para dotarlo de recursos para la remodelación del puesto del RNVSPHPM sector Playa Hermosa, obras que arrancaron en el año 2020; no obstante y tal y como está consignado en el expediente SINAC-ACOPAC-D-EXP-009-2022, una vez concluidas las obras y realizadas las inspecciones de rigor por el personal de la dirección de Infraestructura del SINAC, se determinó que existía en apariencia un incumplimiento contractual, por parte de la empresa a la que se adjudicaron las obras, situación que actualmente se encuentra en estudio en la Secretaría Ejecutiva del SINAC.
Se constata que el 04 de julio de 2022, mediante oficio SINAC-ACOPAC-D-333-2022, el director del Área de Conservación Pacifico Central recalcó el deterioro de las instalaciones y se estableció el respectivo cierre y cito: “Asimismo, de no tener soluciones en los próximos días la administración deberá clausurar el puesto y trasladar a los funcionarios destacados en ese sector hacia el sector de Punta Mala por la seguridad de los funcionarios”. Aunado a ello, el 27 de julio de 2022, mediante el oficio SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-542-2022, emitido por la administración del Refugio, se procedió a efectuar el cierra el puesto operativo ubicado en playa hermosa, a partir del 28 de julio de 2022 debido a las situaciones físico sanitarias del inmueble. Asimismo, el 30 de agosto de 2022, a través del oficio SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-553-2022, elaborado por parte de la administración del refugio se indicó el estado situacional de la infraestructura, donde se mencionó: “1.
El refugio carece de infraestructura apta para el alojamiento y permanencia de los funcionarios. 2. Se requiere la adquisición de materiales y productos para el mantenimiento y mejora de la infraestructura. 3. Se requiere del traslado de personal para la realización de las mejoras requeridas. 4. Las instalaciones se encuentran en estados ruinosos, insalubres y peligrosos para la permanencia de los funcionarios. 5. En caso de no hacer las intervenciones se debe de reubicar al personal a zonas aptas para habitar”. Se verifica la carencia de personal para atender las instalaciones del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala.
V.Sobre el particular, conviene indicar que el recurrente no indica, en forma expresa, ni se comprueba que haya presentado denuncia alguna ante las instituciones recurridas, ni aporta prueba en ese sentido. Razón por la cual, no se tiene por acreditado que haya gestionado ante tales instituciones la solución del problema que reclama y; sin embargo, nótese que, una vez conocida la situación actual de las condiciones del referido refugio, con ocasión del presente recurso, el Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito coordinó una visita de inspección al sitio, en compañía de personal de la Dirección Regional de la Región Pacífico Central, lo anterior con el fin de valorar las condiciones físico-sanitarias del inmueble. La inspección se realizó el 30 de octubre de 2023, en la cual se evidenció que el inmueble (puesto operativo) no está siendo utilizado y que los funcionarios destacados en el sector de Playa Hermosa fueron trasladados hacia el sector de Punta Mala, en el Cantón de Parrita (fuera de la jurisdicción de esta Área Rectora de Salud), encontrándose actualmente inhabitado el inmueble ubicado en Playa Hermosa, lo anterior por disposición administrativa del SINAC según se estableció en el oficio SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-542-2022.
A su vez, el 30 de octubre de 2023, se emite el Informe Técnico MS-DRRSPC-DARSG-IT-0323-2023, suscrito por el Ing. Eduardo Salas Hernández y el Bach. Gustavo Azofeifa Brenes, ambos funcionarios del Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito, en el cual se establecen las deficiencias físico-sanitarias identificadas durante la visita de inspección realizada y se recomienda girar un ordenamiento sanitario donde se declare como inhabitable el inmueble ubicado en Playa Hermosa. Además, se recomienda que, en caso de que a futuro se desee habilitar el puesto operativo, previo a esto, deberá presentarse ante el Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito, un plan en el cual se detallen las acciones a ejecutar para corregir las deficiencias identificadas y detalladas en el Informe Técnico Placa2105 y que la condición de inhabitabilidad debe mantenerse hasta tanto no se corrijan las deficiencias encontradas. Actualmente, el Área Rectora de Salud se encuentra en el proceso de notificación del ordenamiento sanitario, donde se declaró como inhabitable el inmueble ubicado en el sector de Dirección1840 , .
Por lo que se concluye que, existen suficientes elementos para tener por probado en esta vía, que el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala requiere una intervención urgente por parte de las autoridades competentes, pues, precisamente el objetivo de la creación del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre se encuentra enfocado en la protección de la tortuga marina, la cual realiza labores de desove, lo que implica constantes amenazas a la especie, tales como saqueo de nidos, depredación de nidos; además de actividad humana de avistamiento ilegal de fauna, lo que genera la necesidad de atención y programación del área protegida, a fin de evitar también otras amenazas colaterales como, turismo ilegal, pesca ilegal, tala, transporte y pesca en bote.
Es decir, que la creación del Refugio, tuvo como objetivo primordial la gestión eficiente para la conservación de los recursos naturales que conforman el refugio, específicamente, la protección de las playas de anidación, que corresponde al área donde llegan las tortugas lora (Lepidochelys olivácea) para las actividades del desove y anidación.
Por lo tanto, la atención del Refugio Nacional requiere de la priorización de actividades para atender las situaciones más impactantes sobre la vida silvestre que habita el área que comprende dicho refugio natural, debido a la falta de recurso humano e insumos. En razón de ello, lo procedente es que el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía en asocio con el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, como parte de la obligación estatal antes expuesta, coordinen lo pertinente, a fin de que se evalúe la situación actual del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala y se tomen las medidas necesarias para proteger el ambiente y la vida silvestre, de tal forma que se puedan atender de manera efectiva y razonable la referida área protegida.
Por lo anterior, se debe declarar con lugar este recurso, toda vez que el Estado no ha sido capaz de brindar una protección efectiva al Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala. En ese sentido, deberá el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) coordinar las acciones necesarias, a fin de que se elabore y ejecute, en el plazo de DOCE MESES, un plan reconstrucción de la infraestructura del refugio nacional, así como, suministrar materiales y recurso humano, para el control y protección de la zona protegida, a fin de que garantice su vigilancia efectiva, de manera tal, se puedan prevenir y atender ilícitos ambientales, para la cual deberá asegurarse la existencia de los recursos necesarios para su cumplimiento.
Finalmente, en cuanto al Ministerio de Salud y el Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU), se declara sin lugar el recurso.
En mérito de lo expuesto, lo procedente es declarar con lugar el recurso planteado, según se establece en la parte dispositiva de esta sentencia.
En tesis de principio, considero que los casos relacionados con la inactividad de la Administración Pública en la reparación, construcción, modificación o demolición de cualquier obra de infraestructura deben ser desestimados, por constituir, esa omisión, un tema de legalidad, cuya discusión corresponde a la jurisdicción ordinaria, ante la cual la persona interesada puede debatir, con mayor amplitud, sus disconformidades. Sin embargo, cuando de aquella conducta administrativa omisiva se derive alguna violación a otros derechos fundamentales tutelados en esta jurisdicción constitucional, o se afecten grupos considerados vulnerables, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto, por constituir esta situación una excepción a mi posición en esta materia, tal y como sucede en este caso, en que está de por medio la tutela de la seguridad e integridad física del personal y voluntarios que laboran el puesto de vigilancia ubicado en playa hermosa -Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala-, debido a las condiciones de deterioro y sanitarias que presenta la infraestructura que alberga a ese centro educativo.
Se previene a las partes, que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del Despacho en un plazo máximo de treinta días hábiles, contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en Sesión N° 27-11, del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial N° 19, del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la Sesión N° 43-12, celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, únicamente en cuanto al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC). Se ordena a Franz Tattenbach Capra y a Rafael Gutiérrez Rojas, por su orden ministro de Ambiente y Energía y director ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), o a quienes en su lugar ocupen esos cargos, para que en el plazo de DOCE MESES, dispongan lo necesario para que el refugio nacional cuente con la infraestructura necesaria, así como, el suministro de materiales y recurso humano, para el control y protección de la zona protegida, a fin de garantizar la vigilancia efectiva y permanente, de manera tal, que se puedan prevenir y atender daños ambientales; para lo cual deberá asegurarse la existencia de los recursos necesarios para su cumplimiento. Se advierte que, de no acatar las órdenes dichas, podrían incurrir en el delito de desobediencia y que, de conformidad con el artículo 71 de la Ley la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se le impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado.
Se condena al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. En cuanto al Ministerio de Salud y el INVU se declara sin lugar el recurso. El Magistrado Salazar Alvarado pone nota. Notifíquese.- Nombre9290 .
Presidente a.i Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Ingrid Hess H.
Nombre6376 B.
Aracelly Pacheco S.
Alexandra Alvarado P.
Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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