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Res. 31754-2023 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 07/12/2023
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber ordered MINAE and SINAC to provide the refuge, within twelve months, with infrastructure, materials, personnel, and resources for effective and permanent surveillance, while denying the amparo against the Ministry of Health and INVU.La Sala ordenó al MINAE y al SINAC dotar al refugio, en doce meses, de infraestructura, materiales, personal y recursos para una vigilancia efectiva y permanente, y rechazó el amparo respecto del Ministerio de Salud y el INVU.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber partially granted an amparo filed on behalf of the Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge. It found that the protected area required urgent intervention because of deteriorated infrastructure and insufficient staff, materials, and supplies for its surveillance. These deficiencies prevented a reasonable response to threats including theft and predation of turtle nests, unlawful wildlife viewing, illegal fishing and tourism, logging, and other environmental harm. The Chamber concluded that the State had failed to provide effective protection to the refuge, whose primary purpose includes conserving marine-turtle nesting beaches. It ordered MINAE and SINAC to provide, within twelve months, the infrastructure, materials, personnel, and financial resources needed to guarantee effective and permanent surveillance. The State was also ordered to pay costs and damages, to be quantified in administrative-litigation enforcement proceedings. The claim was denied insofar as it concerned the Ministry of Health and the National Institute of Housing and Urban Development (INVU).La Sala Constitucional declaró parcialmente con lugar un amparo promovido en favor del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala. Consideró acreditado que el área protegida requería una intervención urgente debido al deterioro de su infraestructura y a la insuficiencia de personal, materiales e insumos para vigilarla. Estas carencias impedían atender razonablemente amenazas como el saqueo y la depredación de nidos de tortuga, el avistamiento ilegal de fauna, la pesca y el turismo ilegales, la tala y otros daños ambientales. La Sala concluyó que el Estado no había brindado protección efectiva al refugio, cuyo objetivo primordial incluye conservar las playas de anidación de tortugas marinas. Ordenó al MINAE y al SINAC disponer, en doce meses, la infraestructura, los materiales, el recurso humano y los recursos necesarios para garantizar vigilancia efectiva y permanente. Condenó al Estado al pago de costas, daños y perjuicios, pero rechazó el recurso respecto del Ministerio de Salud y el INVU.
Key excerptExtracto clave
It is therefore concluded that sufficient elements exist to deem it proven in these proceedings that the Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge requires urgent intervention by the competent authorities, since the purpose for which the National Wildlife Refuge was created is specifically focused on protecting marine turtles, which come ashore to lay their eggs and are consequently subject to constant threats such as nest theft and nest predation, as well as human activities involving unlawful wildlife viewing. This creates a need for proper attention and planning in the protected area to prevent other related threats, including illegal tourism, illegal fishing, logging, transportation, and fishing from boats. Accordingly, management of the National Refuge requires prioritizing activities that address the circumstances having the greatest impact on the wildlife inhabiting the natural refuge, in view of the shortage of personnel and supplies. The Ministry of Environment and Energy, together with the National System of Conservation Areas, must therefore coordinate the appropriate measures, as part of the State obligation described above, to assess the current condition of the Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge and adopt the measures necessary to protect the environment and wildlife so that the protected area may be managed effectively and reasonably. For these reasons, this amparo must be granted because the State has been unable to provide effective protection to the Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala National Wildlife Refuge. The Ministry of Environment and Energy and the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) must therefore coordinate the necessary actions so that, within TWELVE MONTHS, a plan for reconstructing the national refuge's infrastructure is prepared and implemented, and materials and personnel are supplied for the control and protection of the protected area, thereby guaranteeing effective surveillance so that environmental offenses may be prevented and addressed; the resources needed for compliance must be secured.Por lo que se concluye que, existen suficientes elementos para tener por probado en esta vía, que el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala requiere una intervención urgente por parte de las autoridades competentes, pues, precisamente el objetivo de la creación del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre se encuentra enfocado en la protección de la tortuga marina, la cual realiza labores de desove, lo que implica constantes amenazas a la especie, tales como saqueo de nidos, depredación de nidos; además de actividad humana de avistamiento ilegal de fauna, lo que genera la necesidad de atención y programación del área protegida, a fin de evitar también otras amenazas colaterales como, turismo ilegal, pesca ilegal, tala, transporte y pesca en bote. Por lo tanto, la atención del Refugio Nacional requiere de la priorización de actividades para atender las situaciones más impactantes sobre la vida silvestre que habita el área que comprende dicho refugio natural, debido a la falta de recurso humano e insumos. En razón de ello, lo procedente es que el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía en asocio con el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, como parte de la obligación estatal antes expuesta, coordinen lo pertinente, a fin de que se evalúe la situación actual del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala y se tomen las medidas necesarias para proteger el ambiente y la vida silvestre, de tal forma que se puedan atender de manera efectiva y razonable la referida área protegida. Por lo anterior, se debe declarar con lugar este recurso, toda vez que el Estado no ha sido capaz de brindar una protección efectiva al Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala. En ese sentido, deberá el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) coordinar las acciones necesarias, a fin de que se elabore y ejecute, en el plazo de DOCE MESES, un plan reconstrucción de la infraestructura del refugio nacional, así como, suministrar materiales y recurso humano, para el control y protección de la zona protegida, a fin de que garantice su vigilancia efectiva, de manera tal, se puedan prevenir y atender ilícitos ambientales, para la cual deberá asegurarse la existencia de los recursos necesarios para su cumplimiento.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Es decir, que la creación del Refugio, tuvo como objetivo primordial la gestión eficiente para la conservación de los recursos naturales que conforman el refugio, específicamente, la protección de las playas de anidación, que corresponde al área donde llegan las tortugas lora (Lepidochelys olivácea) para las actividades del desove y anidación."
"In other words, the refuge was created primarily to ensure efficient management for the conservation of its natural resources, specifically the protection of nesting beaches where olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) come to lay their eggs and nest."
Considerando V
"Es decir, que la creación del Refugio, tuvo como objetivo primordial la gestión eficiente para la conservación de los recursos naturales que conforman el refugio, específicamente, la protección de las playas de anidación, que corresponde al área donde llegan las tortugas lora (Lepidochelys olivácea) para las actividades del desove y anidación."
Considerando V
"Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, únicamente en cuanto al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC)."
"The amparo is partially granted, solely with respect to the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC)."
Por tanto
"Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, únicamente en cuanto al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC)."
Por tanto
"Se condena al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo."
"The State is ordered to pay the costs and damages caused by the facts underlying this ruling, which shall be quantified in administrative-litigation enforcement proceedings."
Por tanto
"Se condena al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo."
Por tanto
"Sin embargo, cuando de aquella conducta administrativa omisiva se derive alguna violación a otros derechos fundamentales tutelados en esta jurisdicción constitucional, o se afecten grupos considerados vulnerables, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto, por constituir esta situación una excepción a mi posición en esta materia."
"However, when such administrative inaction results in a violation of other fundamental rights protected by this constitutional jurisdiction, or affects groups considered vulnerable, I do examine the merits because that circumstance constitutes an exception to my position on this matter."
Nota del magistrado Salazar Alvarado
"Sin embargo, cuando de aquella conducta administrativa omisiva se derive alguna violación a otros derechos fundamentales tutelados en esta jurisdicción constitucional, o se afecten grupos considerados vulnerables, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto, por constituir esta situación una excepción a mi posición en esta materia."
Nota del magistrado Salazar Alvarado
Full documentDocumento completo
Document Review SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at nine thirty a.m. on the seventh of December, two thousand twenty-three.
Writ of amparo (recurso de amparo) processed under expediente N° 23-010230-0007-CO, filed by [Nombre62 001], a Spanish citizen, residence identification card [Valor CED63], on behalf of REFUGIO NACIONAL DE VIDA SILVESTRE PLAYA HERMOSA-PUNTA MALA, against the MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA.
Findings of Fact:
By official letter SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-553-2022, dated August 30, 2022, prepared by the refuge administration, the status of the infrastructure was reported as follows: “1. The refuge lacks infrastructure suitable for housing staff and allowing them to remain on site. 2. Materials and supplies must be acquired for the maintenance and improvement of the infrastructure. 3. Staff must be transported to carry out the required improvements. 4. The facilities are in a dilapidated, unsanitary, and dangerous condition for staff occupancy. 5. If the interventions are not carried out, the staff must be relocated to habitable areas.” Refuge Staff: We categorically reject the assertion that the refuge has only 3 staff members …”. “… (table inserted). We clarify that, to the extent permitted by our resources, these staff members must perform the following operational activities within the refuge: 1.
Prevention, protection, and oversight of the refuge’s focal management elements (Elementos Focales de Manejo, EFM). 2. Research and monitoring of the refuge’s focal management elements. 3. Oversight of tourists visiting the refuge. 4. Environmental education concerning the refuge’s focal management elements. 5. Volunteer work focused on the conservation of sea turtles and the EFM. 6. Administrative management of the protected wildlife area (área silvestre protegida, ASP). 7. Internal control processes. For years, the State has faced significant constraints on hiring for new positions, primarily because of policies implemented throughout the Executive Branch and budget cuts imposed across all institutions. This staff shortage was raised by the Dirección de Áreas Silvestre Protegidas in official letter SINAC-ACOPAC-DASP-086-2023, which emphasizes the ‘Need for staff for the proper management of Protected Wildlife Areas.’ Although the number of staff members is not ideal, the institution has made efforts to provide staff for this and the other operational units, within the available budgetary constraints and opportunities, not only by reporting the risk but also by taking the necessary steps to avoid losing positions that become vacant and to fill them in due time and proper form.
Indeed, during the past year, two new staff members were hired for the Refuge, and staffing was further reinforced through the transfer of an additional staff member. These personnel actions are detailed below: • Vargas Rojas Daniela, Position: 502273, Classification: Civil Service Technician 1, Specialty: Environmental Protection and Conservation Area Management (New hire) • Pérez Acuña Christopher Alonso, Position: 381676, Classification: Civil Service Technician 1, Specialty: Environmental Protection and Conservation Area Management (New hire) • Medina Fajardo Sam, Position: 503896, Classification: Civil Service Driver 2. (Staff transfer). We clarify that, to the extent permitted by our resources, these staff members must perform the following operational activities within the refuge: 1. Prevention, protection, and oversight of the refuge’s focal management elements. 2. Research and monitoring of the refuge’s focal management elements. 3.
Oversight of tourists visiting the refuge. 4. Environmental education concerning the refuge’s focal management elements. 5. Volunteer work focused on the conservation of sea turtles and the EFM. 6. Administrative management of the protected wildlife area. 7. Internal control processes. For years, the State has faced significant constraints on hiring for new positions, primarily because of policies implemented throughout the Executive Branch and budget cuts imposed across all institutions. This staff shortage was raised by the Dirección de Áreas Silvestre Protegidas in official letter SINAC-ACOPAC-DASP-086-2023, which emphasizes the ‘Need for staff for the proper management of Protected Wildlife Areas.’ Although the number of staff members is not ideal, the institution has made efforts to provide staff for this and the other operational units, within the available budgetary constraints and opportunities, not only by reporting the risk but also by taking the necessary steps to avoid losing positions that become vacant and to fill them in due time and proper form.
Indeed, during the past year, two new staff members were hired for the Refuge, and staffing was further reinforced through the transfer of an additional staff member. These personnel actions are detailed below: • Vargas Rojas Daniela, Position: Placa2102, Classification: Civil Service Technician 1, Specialty: Environmental Protection and Conservation Area Management (New hire) • Pérez Acuña Christopher Alonso, Position: Placa2103, Classification: Civil Service Technician 1, Specialty: Environmental Protection and Conservation Area Management (New hire) • Medina Fajardo Sam, Position: Placa2104, Classification: Civil Service Driver 2. (Staff transfer). Supplies: For its various activities, the refuge has field supplies for the staff currently assigned there, such as GPS devices, standard forms for responding to incidents, binoculars, cameras, and protective equipment, among others. Because these supplies are exposed to salinity, they must be replaced soon, and if additional staff were assigned, the existing supplies would be insufficient to meet current needs.
Regarding mobile equipment, there is only one 4x4 vehicle and no watercraft for responding within the marine area. Nevertheless, when action has been imperative, vehicles have been borrowed from the Regional Headquarters of this Conservation Area and from other nearby operational units of ACOPAC, while maritime assistance has been requested from the Servicio Nacional de Guardacostas, pending the permanent provision of a vessel to this operational unit.” SECOND: Notwithstanding the foregoing, the administration has taken the following actions to address the weaknesses existing at the Refuge: “Because of the circumstances cited in the preceding points, the protected wildlife area administration, in coordination with the Dirección de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas del ACOPAC, has undertaken processes to address threats to the refuge’s EFM and its lack of resources and staff. These actions are described below.
Actions addressing the Refuge’s principal threats: The refuge has implemented operational plans to manage threats according to the specific periods when each is most prevalent. Actions taken to address threats include: 1. Joint nighttime patrols with officers of the Sistema Nacional de Guardacostas de Caldera y Quepo, for the purpose of preventing harm to, protecting, and overseeing the refuge’s natural resources and, principally, preventing the looting of nests and extraction of natural resources. These activities are documented in official letters SINAC-ACOPACRNVSPHPM-588-2022, SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-589-2022 and SINAC-ACOPACRNVSPHPM-590-2022 for the months of August, September, and October, respectively, in which this assistance was arranged, producing the following results. (table inserted). 1. Morning patrols to implement ecological monitoring programs, during which 480 beach nests were counted at Punta Mala and 43 olive ridley sea turtle nests containing 3896 eggs were collected and transferred to the hatchery.
Although this does not represent all the nests, given the number of nesting events, and even though we rely heavily on volunteers, it is materially impossible to attend to and relocate every nest. 2. Implementation of research processes, including 5 ecological monitoring projects to determine the conservation status of the principal EFM and the principal threats affecting them, in order to establish management actions for the refuge. 3. Outreach meetings with the principal organized groups near the refuge (fishers, surfing, tourism, guides) to establish a course of action for mitigating threats to the EFM. 4. Drafting and preparation of the refuge’s General Management Plan, since it currently lacks one; nevertheless, the plan is substantially complete as of today. Infrastructure improvement actions: In this particular case, beginning in December 2022 and during the early months of 2023, partnerships were established with Non-Governmental Organizations that have worked closely with the ASP, and maintenance was performed on the Punta Mala operational center post.
Through a donation process, the roof covering and deteriorated wooden components were replaced, thereby remedying the extremely unsanitary and unsafe conditions that existed in the building. This Regional Directorate has been reviewing this infrastructure matter, as well as others within ACOPAC. Under the new guidelines, this is one of the operational centers being prioritized for inclusion in the project portfolio, pending sufficient funding for its construction. Furthermore, the refuge administration has informed us of potential support partnerships with NGOs for the rehabilitation of the Palaya Hermosa post once the matter involving the possible contractual breach noted above has been resolved before the appropriate tribunal. Actions to obtain staff: As previously indicated, during the past year, permanent appointments were secured for 2 Environmental Protection and Conservation Area Management Technicians (PAMAC) to support the activities and programs to be carried out.
Likewise, a Volunteer Plan has been prepared to secure civil-society support during turtle season and for management of the hatchery. Actions to acquire supplies: In this area, contributions have been requested through SINAC’s procurement process. However, this need had not been included in the previously prepared budget plan, and it has therefore not been possible to acquire watercraft and other equipment for the ASP’s operational processes. This is entirely due to the budget cuts imposed on public institutions by the Ministerio de Hacienda, cuts that have significantly affected us from 2019 to date. In view of the foregoing, the protected wildlife area, with the support of the Dirección de Áreas Silvestres de ACOPAC, has taken multiple actions to improve and carry out the management activities assigned to the refuge. Nevertheless, because of the limitations described in this official letter, we have taken all actions necessary, within our current resources and capabilities, to mitigate threats to the refuge’s focal elements.” THIRD: Based on this report, it may be concluded that the Área de Conservación Pacífico Central has taken all necessary actions within its resources and capabilities to ensure the proper operation of the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala.
Nevertheless, as in all matters, there are areas in which the management and administration of this protected area may be improved, and efforts to achieve those improvements remain ongoing. Accordingly, the evidence shows that ACOPAC has acted diligently and has not, under any circumstances, committed the omissions alleged by the appellant in the filing initiating the appeal.
Therefore, the constitutional right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, established in numeral 50 of our Constitución Política, has not been violated. Regarding the infrastructure problem affecting the playa Hermosa operational post, it must be taken into account that it is due to a breach of contract (incumplimiento contractual) by the company that was required to perform the repair and maintenance work. Because the matter was recently transferred to the Secretaría Ejecutiva, it is currently under review prior to a preliminary investigation (investigación preliminar) and the initiation of ordinary proceedings (procedimiento ordinario), in accordance with the applicable regulations. Accordingly, once the case file (expediente) progresses through the administrative process (sede administrativa) and the necessary evidence is gathered, the current administration will assess and carry out the work necessary to repair and maintain that operational post so that it may resume normal operations, using such resources and assistance as may be allocated for that purpose.
In conclusion, and in accordance with this report, it is evident that SINAC, through the Área de Conservación Pacífico Central, has taken all necessary actions to ensure that the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa- Punta Mala operates optimally, except for certain matters that remain pending resolution and areas for improvement in the management and administration of this protected wilderness area (área silvestre protegida). In this regard, SINAC has not committed the omissions alleged by the appellant (recurrente) in the filing initiating the action (escrito de interposición del recurso), and therefore the constitutional right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment set forth in numeral 50 has not been violated. Given that, pursuant to artículo 38 of the Ley de Jurisdicción Constitucional, the amparo action (recurso de amparo) must be filed together with the supporting evidence (pruebas de cargo), the current administration requests that the matter be decided on the basis of the evidence submitted to the case file and the evidence attached to this document.” It requests that the action be dismissed.
As of this date, there is no information regarding the progress of the administrative and legal actions arising from the breach of contract and acceptance of the work performed in the Protected Wildlife Area (Área Silvestre Protegida, ASP). It is important for the Conservation Area (Área de Conservación) to know the status of the proceeding and also to inquire whether, for administrative reasons, repairs to the infrastructure may be arranged, given that several key stakeholders and NGOs willing to assist with repairing and adapting the site for use by this ASP have approached us.” (boldface and underlining do not appear in the original) Likewise, on 19 de mayo del 2023, official letter SINAC-ACOPAC-D-260-2023 was issued as a follow-up to the process initiated through official letter SINAC-ACOPAC-D-237-2022, sent by email on 23 de mayo del 2023, requesting information on the progress of the case.
On 25 de octubre de 2023, through official letter SINAC-ACOPAC-DASP-196-2023, sent to the ACOPAC Directorate, follow-up was conducted regarding restoration case file for the house at Refugio Nacional Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa Punta Mala, Directorate 1839. It reiterates that: “As of this date, no response has been received to the inquiries made through the aforementioned official letters, and therefore the progress of the administrative and legal actions arising from the breach of contract and acceptance of the work performed in the Protected Wildlife Area remains unknown. Time is passing, and the current state of deterioration of the facilities and their exposure to vandalism because they are unoccupied are matters of concern.” Furthermore, on 1° de noviembre de los corrientes, through official letter SINAC-ACOPAC-D-546-2023, another communication was sent to the head of institutional procurement, requesting her good offices so that the outstanding matters in this case could be resolved and the infrastructure could consequently be made available for use.
In parallel, on 30 de octubre de 2023, refuge officials accompanied personnel from the Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito so that they could inspect the property in question and assess its physical and sanitary conditions, as requested in the filed appeal, and the corresponding official letter is now awaited. Punta Mala operational station. It is located in the Esterillos sector of the district of Parrita; it is the refuge’s largest facility and houses its administrative area. The property has undergone several inspections by the SINAC Department of Physical Infrastructure (Departamento de Infraestructura Física, DIF), which have documented the damage and deterioration affecting it. Through official letter SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-553-2022, dated 30 de agosto del 2022 and prepared by the refuge administration, the condition of the infrastructure was reported, concluding, and I quote: “1. The refuge lacks infrastructure suitable for accommodating officials and allowing them to remain on site. 2.
Materials and products must be acquired to maintain and improve the infrastructure. 3. Personnel must be transported to carry out the required improvements. 4. The facilities are in a dilapidated, unsanitary, and hazardous condition for officials to remain there. 5. If the interventions are not carried out, the personnel must be relocated to habitable areas.” These officials must perform the following operational activities within the refuge: 1. Prevention, protection, and oversight of the refuge’s Key Conservation Targets (Elementos Focales de Manejo, EFM). 2. Research and monitoring of the refuge’s Key Conservation Targets. 3. Management of tourists visiting the refuge. 4. Environmental education concerning the refuge’s Key Conservation Targets. 5. Volunteer work focused on the conservation of sea turtles and EFM. 6. Administrative management of the Protected Wildlife Area. 7. Internal control processes.
The staffing shortfall was established through official letter SINAC-ACOPAC-DASP-086-2023 from the Directorate of Protected Wildlife Areas, whose purpose is “Staffing needs for the proper management of Protected Wildlife Areas.” This official letter states the refuge’s needs as part of ACOPAC, and I quote: “Although most of the areas mentioned above have personnel, the staffing level is insufficient to properly manage all the functions, responsibilities, and activities of each functional unit, such as serving tourists, prevention, protection, and oversight activities, volunteer work, the implementation of ecological monitoring, among others… (table inserted).” According to this analysis, there is a substantial shortfall, and 16 officials are required across three programs. The refuge has a staffing deficit of 67% for the performance of its activities. This affects the implementation of actions addressing threats to the EFM because, given these deficiencies, not all activities can be performed fully.
Nevertheless, the institution has made every effort within its reach to provide personnel to this and other functional units, managing thus far this year to assign at least 2 additional officials to this Protected Wildlife Area, with the understanding that we have still not reached the minimum staffing level necessary for proper management. Supplies. For its various activities, the refuge has field supplies such as GPS devices, standard forms for responding to incidents, binoculars, cameras, protective equipment, and other items for the officials currently assigned there. Because these supplies are exposed to salinity, they must be replaced soon; moreover, if additional personnel were assigned, the current supplies would be insufficient. Regarding mobile equipment, only one 4x4 vehicle is available, and there is no watercraft for serving the marine area. Nevertheless, operations have occasionally been conducted with Guardacostas, and opportunities have also arisen to conduct them with NGOs.
SECOND: In accordance with the foregoing, the administration has taken the following actions to address these deficiencies and problems. Because of the situations cited in the preceding points, the administration of the Protected Wildlife Area, in coordination with the ACOPAC Directorate of Protected Wildlife Areas, has undertaken processes to address threats to the refuge’s EFM and the shortage of resources and personnel. These actions are described below. Actions addressing the refuge’s principal threats. The refuge has implemented operational plans to manage the threats according to the specific periods when each is most prevalent. Actions taken to address these threats include: 1. Joint nighttime patrols with officers from the Sistema Nacional de Guardacostas de Caldera y Quepo, with the aim of carrying out prevention, protection, and oversight activities concerning the refuge’s natural resources and, primarily, preventing the looting of nests and extraction of natural resources.
These activities are documented in official letters SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-588- 2022, SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-589-2022, and SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-590-2022 for the months of agosto, setiembre, and octubre, respectively, in which the joint support was established and the following results were obtained. 2. During 2022, morning patrols were conducted to implement the ecological monitoring programs, recording 480 nests on the beach at Punta Mala and transferring 43 olive ridley sea turtle nests containing 3896 eggs to the hatchery. Only that number could be transferred because of the lack of infrastructure and personnel to manage the hatchery and beach. 3. Through 9 de octubre de 2023, morning patrols continued for the implementation of the ecological monitoring programs, recording a total of 462 events on the beach at Punta Mala and transferring 97 olive ridley sea turtle nests containing approximately 9000 eggs to the hatchery. 4.
In the case of Playa Hermosa, ecological monitoring recorded a total of 942 events on the beach, and 115 olive ridley sea turtle nests containing approximately 10000 eggs were transferred to the hatchery. 5. Through the official letter dated 30 de agosto de 2023, issued as SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-070-2023, the following was established: a. The Refuge submitted the following research requests to ACOPAC, specifically to its research department: i. Protection of sea turtles. ii. Establishment of a hatchery as a tool for sea turtle conservation, because climate change made it necessary to relocate the nests to ensure that they hatched. 1. The hatchery contains an average of 120 cubic meters of sand, is elevated, and can accommodate 300 nests, representing an average of 30 000 olive ridley sea turtle eggs per cycle. It may accommodate two cycles, for a total of 600 nests. iii. Ecological monitoring project for the nesting beaches, which establishes beach conditions and the rates of successful, predated, and looted nests, among others. 1.
This project, together with the sea turtle project, generates field data for administrative decision-making in accordance with scientific and technical criteria. 2. This project is being conducted through a consulting engagement and forms part of a CRXS partnership and approval process. b. The results of this project during the first month of monitoring were as follows: c. 46 % of the nests were looted. d. 37% of the nests were predated. e. Only 16% of the nests were successful. 6. Because of the alarming number of looted and predated nests, coordination was initiated with the Environmental Units of the Servicio Nacional de Guardacostas, with which multiple patrols and rounds were conducted at various times during the night and early morning. The following results were recorded during the ensuing weeks of monitoring and have been maintained to date: a. 35 % of the nests were looted. b. 28% of the nests were predated. c. 36% of the nests were successful. d. Looting and predation each decreased by 10%, while nest success increased by 20%.
This was attributable to the regular rounds and patrols conducted in the company of Guardacostas units. 7. Implementation of research processes through 5 ecological monitoring projects to determine the conservation status of the principal EFM and the principal threats affecting them, in order to establish the refuge’s management actions. 8. Outreach meetings with the principal organized groups near the refuge (fishers, surfing, tourism, and guides) to establish a work plan for mitigating threats to the EFM. 9. Drafting and preparation of the refuge’s General Management Plan (Plan general de manejo), because it currently lacks one. Infrastructure improvement actions. In this particular case, partnerships were established with Nongovernmental Organizations that have worked closely with the ASP, and maintenance was performed on the Punta Mala operational center station. Through the donation process, the roof covering and deteriorated wooden components were replaced, thereby remedying the extremely unsanitary and unsafe conditions that existed at the property.
However, this improvement process is still underway and, by itself, will not remedy all the property’s physical and sanitary deficiencies. SINAC must also implement a supplementary remedial plan to repair the Punta Mala infrastructure. In the case of the Playa Hermosa sector, approval from the Proveeduría Institucional del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación is awaited so that the property can be used and repaired, since NGOs are available to maintain it.
Personnel recruitment actions During the past year, permanent appointments were secured for 2 Environmental Protection and Conservation Area Management Technicians (Técnicos en Protección Ambiental y Manejo De Áreas De Conservación, PAMAC) to address the activities and programs to be carried out. Likewise, the Volunteer Plan has been prepared in order to obtain support from civil society for the turtle season and management of the hatchery. Supply procurement actions In this area, contributions have been requested through SINAC’s procurement process; however, the necessary advance planning had not been included in the previously prepared budget plan, and it has not been possible to acquire the watercraft equipment and other supplies needed for the operational processes of the protected wildlife area (área silvestre protegida, ASP). In view of the foregoing, the protected wildlife area, with support from ACOPAC’s Directorate of Protected Wildlife Areas, has undertaken multiple measures to improve and carry out the management activities pertaining to the refuge; however, due to the limitations set forth in this official communication, it has not been possible to implement all the measures necessary to mitigate threats to the refuge’s focal elements.
THIRD: It is important to note that Article 50 of our Constitution provides that the State must seek the greatest welfare of all inhabitants of the country, guaranteeing the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, while respecting the right to protection of human health derived from the right to life. Accordingly, the primary objective of the use and protection of the environment is to achieve development and progress favorable to human beings in harmony with the environment, in which environmental quality and economic resources are fundamental parameters for people. In this regard, it is evident that SINAC has acted diligently and has in no instance committed the omissions alleged by the appellant in the filing of the appeal. Therefore, the constitutional right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, established in Article 50 of our Political Constitution, has not been violated.
This administration reaffirms its commitment to the preservation and proper management of protected wildlife areas and will continue working to resolve outstanding matters and implement improvements in the management of the aforementioned area.” It requests that the appeal be dismissed.
Justice Hess Herrera writes the opinion; and,
Considering:
The appellant asserts that, in terms of administrative management (gestión administrativa), the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala requires substantial support related to infrastructure development and equipment, as well as staff development. Currently, the extremely poor infrastructure conditions, staff shortages, and lack of work materials complicate the performance of daily duties and prevent the refuge from receiving volunteers, who are of the utmost importance to its conservation. The respondent authorities have not only failed to fulfill their duty to take urgent action to resolve the serious crisis facing the reserve, but have also failed to provide the park rangers working in these protected areas (áreas protegidas) with the basic implements and equipment necessary to confront trespassers. Thus, because of the respondent authorities’ inaction and lack of planning, the few park rangers remaining at the reserve are “left with their hands tied” when confronting poachers who are destroying the State Natural Heritage (Patrimonio Natural del Estado).
He states that this reserve currently has three park rangers who must protect a total area of 2.742 ha, of which 82% is marine area (2.247 ha) and 18% (495 ha) consists of beaches, wetlands, and forest, and includes the mouth of the río Tusubres, as well as a small land area behind the beach. He considers that the respondent authorities’ omissions severely violate the fundamental right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
The following fact is deemed duly proven and relevant to the decision in this matter, either because it was established as such or because the respondent failed to address it as ordered in the initial ruling:
The following fact, which is relevant to deciding these proceedings, is deemed unproven:
SOLE FACT.- That, before filing this appeal, the appellant had submitted complaints or reports to the Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito or any other office of the Ministerio de Salud, or had filed any report with SINAC or any other office of the Ministro de Ambiente y Energía.
In the case under review, the petitioner alleges that, in terms of administrative management, the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala requires substantial support related to infrastructure development and equipment, as well as improvement of the conditions under which its staff work. Currently, the extremely poor infrastructure conditions, staff shortages, and lack of work materials complicate the performance of daily duties and prevent the refuge from receiving volunteers, who are of the utmost importance to its conservation. The respondent authorities have not only failed to fulfill their duty to take urgent action to resolve the serious crisis facing the reserve, but have also failed to provide the park rangers working in these protected areas with the basic implements and equipment necessary to confront trespassers. Thus, because of the respondent authorities’ inaction and lack of planning, the few park rangers remaining at the reserve are “left with their hands tied” when confronting poachers who are destroying the State Natural Heritage.
This reserve currently has three park rangers who must protect a total area of 2.742 ha, of which 82% is marine area (2.247 ha) and 18% (495 ha) consists of beaches, wetlands, and forest, and includes the mouth of the río Tusubres, as well as a small land area behind the beach. He considers that the respondent authorities’ omissions severely violate the fundamental right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment.
The body of proven facts establishes that the station located at Playa Hermosa—the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala—was built in 2015; however, given its deterioration and the urgent need to provide it with better conditions, institutional efforts initiated in 2019 led to the commencement of arrangements to allocate resources for remodeling the RNVSPHPM station in the Playa Hermosa sector, with the work beginning in 2020. Nevertheless, as recorded in case file SINAC-ACOPAC-D-EXP-009-2022, once the work had been completed and the required inspections had been conducted by staff of the SINAC Infrastructure Directorate, it was determined that there appeared to be a breach of contract by the company awarded the work, a matter currently under review by the SINAC Secretaría Ejecutiva. It is established that on 04 de julio de 2022, by official letter SINAC-ACOPAC-D-333-2022, the director of the Área de Conservación Pacifico Central emphasized the deterioration of the facilities, and their closure was ordered accordingly, as quoted: “Furthermore, if no solutions are found in the coming days, the administration shall close the station and transfer the officials assigned to that sector to the Punta Mala sector for the officials’ safety.” In addition, on 27 de julio de 2022, through official letter SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-542-2022, issued by the Refuge administration, the operational station located at Playa Hermosa was closed effective 28 de julio de 2022 because of the property’s physical and sanitary conditions.
Likewise, on 30 de agosto de 2022, through official letter SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-553-2022, prepared by the Refuge administration, the current condition of the infrastructure was described as follows: “1. The refuge lacks infrastructure suitable for accommodating officials and allowing them to remain there. 2. Materials and products must be acquired to maintain and improve the infrastructure. 3. Personnel must be transferred there to perform the required improvements. 4. The facilities are in a ruinous, unsanitary, and hazardous condition for officials to remain there. 5. If the interventions are not carried out, personnel must be relocated to areas fit for habitation.” The lack of personnel to operate the facilities of the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala is also established.
V.Regarding this matter, it should be noted that the petitioner does not expressly state, nor has it been established, that he filed any complaint with the respondent institutions, and he provides no evidence to that effect. Therefore, it has not been established that he sought a solution to the problem at issue from those institutions; nevertheless, once the current condition of the aforementioned refuge became known in connection with this amparo proceeding (recurso), the Garabito Health Governing Area coordinated an inspection visit to the site, accompanied by personnel from the Regional Directorate of the Central Pacific Region, for the purpose of assessing the physical and sanitary conditions of the property. The inspection was conducted on 30 de octubre de 2023, and established that the property (operational station) is not being used and that the officials assigned to the Playa Hermosa sector were transferred to the Punta Mala sector, in the Cantón de Parrita (outside the jurisdiction of this Health Governing Area).
The property located in Playa Hermosa is currently unoccupied, pursuant to an administrative decision by SINAC, as established in official letter SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-542-2022. In turn, on 30 de octubre de 2023, Technical Report MS-DRRSPC-DARSG-IT-0323-2023 was issued, signed by Eng. Eduardo Salas Hernández and Bach. Gustavo Azofeifa Brenes, both officials of the Garabito Health Governing Area. The report sets forth the physical and sanitary deficiencies identified during the inspection visit and recommends issuing a sanitary order (ordenamiento sanitario) declaring the property located in Playa Hermosa uninhabitable. It further recommends that, should there be a future intention to reopen the operational station, a plan detailing the actions to be carried out to correct the deficiencies identified and detailed in Technical Report Placa2105 must first be submitted to the Garabito Health Governing Area, and that the property must remain uninhabitable until the deficiencies found have been corrected. The Health Governing Area is currently in the process of serving notice of the sanitary order declaring the property located in the Dirección1840 sector uninhabitable, .
It is therefore concluded that there is sufficient evidence to establish in these proceedings that Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala requires urgent intervention by the competent authorities, since the purpose of creating the Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre is specifically focused on protecting sea turtles engaged in egg-laying activities, which entails constant threats to the species, such as nest poaching and nest predation, in addition to human activity involving the illegal observation of wildlife. This creates a need for oversight and management of the protected area (área protegida), in order also to prevent other collateral threats, such as illegal tourism, illegal fishing, logging, transportation, and fishing by boat.
In other words, the primary objective in creating the Refuge was the efficient management of the natural resources comprising it, specifically the protection of the nesting beaches, which are the area to which olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivácea) come for egg-laying and nesting activities.
Accordingly, management of the Refugio Nacional requires prioritizing activities to address the situations having the greatest impact on the wildlife inhabiting the area encompassed by that natural refuge, in view of the lack of personnel and supplies. For that reason, the appropriate course is for the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, in conjunction with the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, as part of the State obligation described above, to coordinate the relevant actions so that the current situation of Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala may be assessed and the measures necessary to protect the environment and wildlife may be adopted, thereby ensuring that the aforementioned protected area can be managed effectively and reasonably.
In light of the foregoing, this amparo proceeding must be granted, since the State has been unable to provide effective protection to Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala. To that end, the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía and the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) shall coordinate the necessary actions so that, within DOCE MESES, a plan for reconstructing the infrastructure of the national refuge is prepared and implemented, and materials and personnel are provided for the control and protection of the protected zone, in order to guarantee effective surveillance so that environmental offenses may be prevented and addressed. The availability of the resources necessary for compliance must be ensured.
Finally, as to the Ministerio de Salud and the Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU), the amparo proceeding is denied.
In view of the foregoing, the appropriate course is to grant the amparo proceeding, as provided in the operative portion (parte dispositiva) of this judgment.
As a matter of principle, I consider that cases concerning the failure of the Public Administration to repair, construct, modify, or demolish any infrastructure project must be dismissed because such an omission is a matter of legality that must be litigated before the ordinary courts, where the interested party may more fully present and litigate any objections. However, when that administrative failure to act gives rise to a violation of other fundamental rights protected within this constitutional jurisdiction, or affects groups considered vulnerable, I do address the merits of the matter, because such circumstances constitute an exception to my position on this issue. That is the situation in this case, which involves safeguarding the safety and physical integrity of the personnel and volunteers who work at the surveillance station located in Playa Hermosa—Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala—due to the deteriorated and unsanitary condition of the infrastructure housing that educational center.
The parties are hereby advised that, if they submitted any paper document, as well as any objects or evidence contained on an additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, or telematic device, or produced using new technologies, such materials must be retrieved from the Court within a maximum period of thirty business days following service of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not retrieved within that period will be destroyed, pursuant to the “Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial,” approved by the Corte Plena in Session N° 27-11, del 22 de agosto del 2011, article XXVI, and published in Boletín Judicial N° 19, del 26 de enero del 2012, as well as pursuant to the resolution approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial in Session N° 43-12, held el 3 de mayo del 2012, article LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The amparo proceeding is partially granted, solely as to the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía and the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC). Franz Tattenbach Capra and Rafael Gutiérrez Rojas, respectively Minister of Ambiente y Energía and Executive Director of the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), or whoever may hold those offices in their stead, are ordered, within DOCE MESES, to make the necessary arrangements to ensure that the national refuge has the required infrastructure, as well as the materials and personnel needed to control and protect the protected zone, in order to guarantee effective and permanent surveillance so that environmental damage may be prevented and addressed; for that purpose, the availability of the resources necessary for compliance must be ensured. They are advised that failure to comply with these orders may constitute the offense of disobedience and that, pursuant to article 71 of the Ley la Jurisdicción Constitucional, any person who receives an order issued in an amparo proceeding that the person must comply with or enforce, and fails to comply with or enforce it, shall be punished by imprisonment for three months to two years or by a fine of twenty to sixty day-fines, provided that the offense is not subject to a more severe penalty.
The State is ordered to pay the legal costs, damages, and losses caused by the events underlying this ruling, which shall be assessed during enforcement of the judgment before the administrative-litigation jurisdiction (jurisdicción de lo contencioso administrativo). As to the Ministerio de Salud and INVU, the amparo proceeding is denied. Justice Salazar Alvarado appends a note. Let notice be served.- Nombre9290 .
Acting President Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Ingrid Hess H.
Nombre6376 B.
Aracelly Pacheco S.
Alexandra Alvarado P.
Telephone numbers: 2549-1500 / 800-SALA-4TA (800-7252-482). Fax: 2295-3712 / 2549-1633. Website: www.poder-judicial.go.cr/salaconstitucional. Address: (Dirección12 , Dirección13 , 100 mts.South of the Perpetuo Socorro church). Filing office for matters involving vulnerable groups: Dirección14 , San José, Dirección15 , Dirección16 , streets 19 and 21, Dirección17
Revisión del Documento SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta minutos del siete de diciembre de dos mil veintitres .
Recurso de amparo que se tramita en expediente N° 23-010230-0007-CO, interpuesto por [Nombre62 001], ciudadano español, cédula de residencia [Valor CED63], a favor del REFUGIO NACIONAL DE VIDA SILVESTRE PLAYA HERMOSA-PUNTA MALA, contra el MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA.
Resultando:
Redacta la Magistrada Hess Herrera; y,
Considerando:
El recurrente afirma que en materia de gestión administrativa el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala requiere un importante apoyo relacionado al desarrollo de infraestructura y al equipamiento de este, así como al desarrollo del personal. Actualmente, las pésimas condiciones de infraestructura, falta de personal y la carencia de material de trabajo para los mismos, complican la realización de las labores diarias e imposibilitan el recibo de voluntarios que son de suma importancia para la conservación de este refugio. Las autoridades recurridas no sólo han incumplido su deber de realizar acciones urgentes para solucionar la grave crisis que enfrenta la reserva, sino que han omitido dotar a los guardaparques que laboran en estas áreas protegidas de los implementos y el equipo mínimo necesarios para enfrentar a los invasores. Así las cosas, debido a la inacción y la falta de planificación de las autoridades recurridas, los pocos guardaparques que se mantienen en la reserva se encuentran “atados de manos” para enfrentar cazadores ilegales que están destruyendo el Patrimonio Natural del Estado, Indica que esta reserva cuenta actualmente con tres guardaparques los cuales deben proteger una extensión total de 2.742 ha de las cuales un 82% son marinas (2.247 ha) y 18% (495 ha) son playas, humedales y bosque e incluye la desembocadura del río Tusubres, así como una pequeña extensión terrestre detrás de la playa. Considera que las conductas omisivas de las autoridades recurridas violentan severamente el derecho fundamental a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
De importancia para la decisión de este asunto, se estima como debidamente demostrado el siguiente hecho, sea porque así ha sido acreditado o bien porque el recurrido haya omitido referirse a ello según lo prevenido en el auto inicial:
De importancia para resolver el presente proceso se tiene por indemostrado el siguiente hecho:
ÚNICO.- Que el recurrente -previo a la interposición de este recurso- haya planteado quejas o denuncias ante el Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito o cualquier otra instancia del Ministerio de Salud; o bien que interpusiera alguna denuncia ante el SINAC, o en cualquier otra oficina del Ministro de Ambiente y Energía.
En el caso bajo estudio, el accionante alega que, en materia de gestión administrativa el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala requiere un importante apoyo relacionado al desarrollo de infraestructura y al equipamiento de este, así como en las condiciones en que labora el personal. Actualmente, las pésimas condiciones de infraestructura, falta de personal y la carencia de material de trabajo para los mismos, complican la realización de las labores diarias e imposibilitan el recibo de voluntarios que son de suma importancia para la conservación de este refugio. Las autoridades recurridas no sólo han incumplido su deber de realizar acciones urgentes para solucionar la grave crisis que enfrenta la reserva, sino que han omitido dotar a los guardaparques que laboran en estas áreas protegidas de los implementos y el equipo mínimo necesarios para enfrentar a los invasores.
Así las cosas, debido a la inacción y la falta de planificación de las autoridades recurridas, los pocos guardaparques que se mantienen en la reserva se encuentran “atados de manos” para enfrentar cazadores ilegales que están destruyendo el Patrimonio Natural del Estado, esta reserva cuenta actualmente con tres guardaparques los cuales deben proteger una extensión total de 2.742 ha de las cuales un 82% son marinas (2.247 ha) y 18% (495 ha) son playas, humedales y bosque e incluye la desembocadura del río Tusubres, así como una pequeña extensión terrestre detrás de la playa. Considera que las conductas omisivas de las autoridades recurridas violentan severamente el derecho fundamental a un ambiente sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.
Ahora bien del elenco de hechos probados, se comprueba que, el puesto ubicado en playa hermosa -Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala- se construyó en el 2015; no obstante, dado el deterioro que presentaba y la urgencia de dotarlo de mejores condiciones, mediante esfuerzos institucionales iniciados desde el 2019, se empezaron las gestiones para dotarlo de recursos para la remodelación del puesto del RNVSPHPM sector Playa Hermosa, obras que arrancaron en el año 2020; no obstante y tal y como está consignado en el expediente SINAC-ACOPAC-D-EXP-009-2022, una vez concluidas las obras y realizadas las inspecciones de rigor por el personal de la dirección de Infraestructura del SINAC, se determinó que existía en apariencia un incumplimiento contractual, por parte de la empresa a la que se adjudicaron las obras, situación que actualmente se encuentra en estudio en la Secretaría Ejecutiva del SINAC.
Se constata que el 04 de julio de 2022, mediante oficio SINAC-ACOPAC-D-333-2022, el director del Área de Conservación Pacifico Central recalcó el deterioro de las instalaciones y se estableció el respectivo cierre y cito: “Asimismo, de no tener soluciones en los próximos días la administración deberá clausurar el puesto y trasladar a los funcionarios destacados en ese sector hacia el sector de Punta Mala por la seguridad de los funcionarios”. Aunado a ello, el 27 de julio de 2022, mediante el oficio SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-542-2022, emitido por la administración del Refugio, se procedió a efectuar el cierra el puesto operativo ubicado en playa hermosa, a partir del 28 de julio de 2022 debido a las situaciones físico sanitarias del inmueble. Asimismo, el 30 de agosto de 2022, a través del oficio SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-553-2022, elaborado por parte de la administración del refugio se indicó el estado situacional de la infraestructura, donde se mencionó: “1.
El refugio carece de infraestructura apta para el alojamiento y permanencia de los funcionarios. 2. Se requiere la adquisición de materiales y productos para el mantenimiento y mejora de la infraestructura. 3. Se requiere del traslado de personal para la realización de las mejoras requeridas. 4. Las instalaciones se encuentran en estados ruinosos, insalubres y peligrosos para la permanencia de los funcionarios. 5. En caso de no hacer las intervenciones se debe de reubicar al personal a zonas aptas para habitar”. Se verifica la carencia de personal para atender las instalaciones del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala.
V.Sobre el particular, conviene indicar que el recurrente no indica, en forma expresa, ni se comprueba que haya presentado denuncia alguna ante las instituciones recurridas, ni aporta prueba en ese sentido. Razón por la cual, no se tiene por acreditado que haya gestionado ante tales instituciones la solución del problema que reclama y; sin embargo, nótese que, una vez conocida la situación actual de las condiciones del referido refugio, con ocasión del presente recurso, el Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito coordinó una visita de inspección al sitio, en compañía de personal de la Dirección Regional de la Región Pacífico Central, lo anterior con el fin de valorar las condiciones físico-sanitarias del inmueble. La inspección se realizó el 30 de octubre de 2023, en la cual se evidenció que el inmueble (puesto operativo) no está siendo utilizado y que los funcionarios destacados en el sector de Playa Hermosa fueron trasladados hacia el sector de Punta Mala, en el Cantón de Parrita (fuera de la jurisdicción de esta Área Rectora de Salud), encontrándose actualmente inhabitado el inmueble ubicado en Playa Hermosa, lo anterior por disposición administrativa del SINAC según se estableció en el oficio SINAC-ACOPAC-RNVSPHPM-542-2022.
A su vez, el 30 de octubre de 2023, se emite el Informe Técnico MS-DRRSPC-DARSG-IT-0323-2023, suscrito por el Ing. Eduardo Salas Hernández y el Bach. Gustavo Azofeifa Brenes, ambos funcionarios del Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito, en el cual se establecen las deficiencias físico-sanitarias identificadas durante la visita de inspección realizada y se recomienda girar un ordenamiento sanitario donde se declare como inhabitable el inmueble ubicado en Playa Hermosa. Además, se recomienda que, en caso de que a futuro se desee habilitar el puesto operativo, previo a esto, deberá presentarse ante el Área Rectora de Salud de Garabito, un plan en el cual se detallen las acciones a ejecutar para corregir las deficiencias identificadas y detalladas en el Informe Técnico Placa2105 y que la condición de inhabitabilidad debe mantenerse hasta tanto no se corrijan las deficiencias encontradas. Actualmente, el Área Rectora de Salud se encuentra en el proceso de notificación del ordenamiento sanitario, donde se declaró como inhabitable el inmueble ubicado en el sector de Dirección1840 , .
Por lo que se concluye que, existen suficientes elementos para tener por probado en esta vía, que el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala requiere una intervención urgente por parte de las autoridades competentes, pues, precisamente el objetivo de la creación del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre se encuentra enfocado en la protección de la tortuga marina, la cual realiza labores de desove, lo que implica constantes amenazas a la especie, tales como saqueo de nidos, depredación de nidos; además de actividad humana de avistamiento ilegal de fauna, lo que genera la necesidad de atención y programación del área protegida, a fin de evitar también otras amenazas colaterales como, turismo ilegal, pesca ilegal, tala, transporte y pesca en bote.
Es decir, que la creación del Refugio, tuvo como objetivo primordial la gestión eficiente para la conservación de los recursos naturales que conforman el refugio, específicamente, la protección de las playas de anidación, que corresponde al área donde llegan las tortugas lora (Lepidochelys olivácea) para las actividades del desove y anidación.
Por lo tanto, la atención del Refugio Nacional requiere de la priorización de actividades para atender las situaciones más impactantes sobre la vida silvestre que habita el área que comprende dicho refugio natural, debido a la falta de recurso humano e insumos. En razón de ello, lo procedente es que el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía en asocio con el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, como parte de la obligación estatal antes expuesta, coordinen lo pertinente, a fin de que se evalúe la situación actual del Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala y se tomen las medidas necesarias para proteger el ambiente y la vida silvestre, de tal forma que se puedan atender de manera efectiva y razonable la referida área protegida.
Por lo anterior, se debe declarar con lugar este recurso, toda vez que el Estado no ha sido capaz de brindar una protección efectiva al Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala. En ese sentido, deberá el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y el Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC) coordinar las acciones necesarias, a fin de que se elabore y ejecute, en el plazo de DOCE MESES, un plan reconstrucción de la infraestructura del refugio nacional, así como, suministrar materiales y recurso humano, para el control y protección de la zona protegida, a fin de que garantice su vigilancia efectiva, de manera tal, se puedan prevenir y atender ilícitos ambientales, para la cual deberá asegurarse la existencia de los recursos necesarios para su cumplimiento.
Finalmente, en cuanto al Ministerio de Salud y el Instituto Nacional de Vivienda y Urbanismo (INVU), se declara sin lugar el recurso.
En mérito de lo expuesto, lo procedente es declarar con lugar el recurso planteado, según se establece en la parte dispositiva de esta sentencia.
En tesis de principio, considero que los casos relacionados con la inactividad de la Administración Pública en la reparación, construcción, modificación o demolición de cualquier obra de infraestructura deben ser desestimados, por constituir, esa omisión, un tema de legalidad, cuya discusión corresponde a la jurisdicción ordinaria, ante la cual la persona interesada puede debatir, con mayor amplitud, sus disconformidades. Sin embargo, cuando de aquella conducta administrativa omisiva se derive alguna violación a otros derechos fundamentales tutelados en esta jurisdicción constitucional, o se afecten grupos considerados vulnerables, sí entro a conocer el fondo del asunto, por constituir esta situación una excepción a mi posición en esta materia, tal y como sucede en este caso, en que está de por medio la tutela de la seguridad e integridad física del personal y voluntarios que laboran el puesto de vigilancia ubicado en playa hermosa -Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Playa Hermosa-Punta Mala-, debido a las condiciones de deterioro y sanitarias que presenta la infraestructura que alberga a ese centro educativo.
Se previene a las partes, que de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, estos deberán ser retirados del Despacho en un plazo máximo de treinta días hábiles, contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en Sesión N° 27-11, del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial N° 19, del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la Sesión N° 43-12, celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara parcialmente con lugar el recurso, únicamente en cuanto al Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y al Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC). Se ordena a Franz Tattenbach Capra y a Rafael Gutiérrez Rojas, por su orden ministro de Ambiente y Energía y director ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación (SINAC), o a quienes en su lugar ocupen esos cargos, para que en el plazo de DOCE MESES, dispongan lo necesario para que el refugio nacional cuente con la infraestructura necesaria, así como, el suministro de materiales y recurso humano, para el control y protección de la zona protegida, a fin de garantizar la vigilancia efectiva y permanente, de manera tal, que se puedan prevenir y atender daños ambientales; para lo cual deberá asegurarse la existencia de los recursos necesarios para su cumplimiento. Se advierte que, de no acatar las órdenes dichas, podrían incurrir en el delito de desobediencia y que, de conformidad con el artículo 71 de la Ley la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se le impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo y no la cumpliere o no la hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado.
Se condena al Estado al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. En cuanto al Ministerio de Salud y el INVU se declara sin lugar el recurso. El Magistrado Salazar Alvarado pone nota. Notifíquese.- Nombre9290 .
Presidente a.i Luis Fdo. Salazar A.
Jorge Araya G.
Ingrid Hess H.
Nombre6376 B.
Aracelly Pacheco S.
Alexandra Alvarado P.
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