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Res. 14252-2023 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 16/06/2023
OutcomeResultado
The amparo is granted, and the petitioner is referred to the orders already issued in ruling 2023-013384, which required implementation of the Informe Técnico Clorotalonil and guaranteed contamination-free drinking water.Se declara con lugar el recurso de amparo y se remite al recurrente a lo ya ordenado en la sentencia 2023-013384, que ordenó ejecutar el Informe Técnico Clorotalonil y garantizar agua potable sin contaminación.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber reviewed an amparo action filed against several public entities regarding the presence of metabolites of the fungicide Clorotalonil in five of the seven springs that supply the ASADA potable water system in Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, Cartago. The petitioner argued institutional inaction and violations of the rights to health and a healthy environment, as the community could not drink piped water and relied on water trucks. The Chamber found it had already issued ruling 2023-013384 on the same issue, where it declared the amparo with place and ordered the Ministry of Health, AyA, MAG, MINAE, and the ASADA to implement the recommendations of the “Informe Técnico Clorotalonil” dated April 14, 2023, guarantee safe drinking water free from contamination, and coordinate interinstitutional solutions. In this ruling, the Chamber again declares the amparo with place and refers the petitioner to what was already ordered in that previous ruling, confirming the award of costs against the State, AyA, and the ASADA. One magistrate issued a dissent regarding enforcement, arguing it should be handled by the Contentious-Administrative Court rather than the Constitutional Chamber itself.La Sala Constitucional conoció un recurso de amparo contra varias instituciones por la presencia de metabolitos del fungicida Clorotalonil en cinco de las siete nacientes que abastecen al acueducto de la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago. El recurrente alegó inacción institucional, afectación al derecho a la salud y al ambiente sano, pues la población no podía consumir agua por tubería y dependía de tanquetas. La Sala constató que ya había emitido la sentencia 2023-013384 sobre el mismo problema, donde declaró con lugar el amparo y ordenó al Ministerio de Salud, AyA, MAG, MINAE y la ASADA ejecutar las recomendaciones del “Informe Técnico Clorotalonil” de 14 de abril de 2023, garantizar agua potable libre de contaminación y coordinar soluciones interinstitucionales. En esta resolución, la Sala declara nuevamente con lugar el recurso y remite al recurrente a lo ya ordenado en aquella sentencia, reiterando la condena en costas al Estado, al AyA y a la ASADA. Una magistrada emitió voto salvado sobre la ejecución de la sentencia, considerando que debería realizarse ante el Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y no en la propia Sala Constitucional.
Key excerptExtracto clave
“The appeal is granted. Regarding the legal effects of the upholding part of this judgment, the petitioner is referred to what was already ordered by the Chamber in ruling No. 2023-013384 of 1:41 p.m. on June 6, 2023. The State and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers are ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts underlying this declaration, to be liquidated in the enforcement phase of the contentious-administrative proceeding. Likewise, the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago is ordered to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts underlying this declaration, to be liquidated in the enforcement phase of the civil proceeding.”“Se declara con lugar el recurso. En lo concerniente a los efectos jurídicos de la parte estimatoria de la presente sentencia, se remite al recurrente a lo ya ordenado por la Sala en el voto No. 2023-013384 de las 13:41 horas del 06 de junio de 2023. Se condena al Estado y al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. Asimismo, se condena a la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo civil.”
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"“Se declara con lugar el recurso. En lo concerniente a los efectos jurídicos de la parte estimatoria de la presente sentencia, se remite al recurrente a lo ya ordenado por la Sala en el voto No. 2023-013384 de las 13:41 horas del 06 de junio de 2023.”"
""The appeal is granted. Regarding the legal effects of the upholding part of this judgment, the petitioner is referred to what was already ordered by the Chamber in ruling No. 2023-013384 of 1:41 p.m. on June 6, 2023.""
Por tanto
"“Se declara con lugar el recurso. En lo concerniente a los efectos jurídicos de la parte estimatoria de la presente sentencia, se remite al recurrente a lo ya ordenado por la Sala en el voto No. 2023-013384 de las 13:41 horas del 06 de junio de 2023.”"
Por tanto
"“Si bien coincido con la mayoría de la Sala en que el recurso se debe declarar con lugar, difiero sobre dónde residenciar la fase de ejecución del asunto, debido a la inexistencia de mecanismos adecuados previstos por la normativa que rige esta jurisdicción constitucional para dar seguimiento a una sentencia que reviste aspectos técnicos de gran complejidad.”"
""While I agree with the majority of the Chamber that the appeal should be granted, I differ on where the enforcement phase of the matter should be located, due to the lack of adequate mechanisms provided by the regulations governing this constitutional jurisdiction to follow up on a judgment that involves highly complex technical aspects.""
Voto salvado parcial de la Magistrada Garro Vargas
"“Si bien coincido con la mayoría de la Sala en que el recurso se debe declarar con lugar, difiero sobre dónde residenciar la fase de ejecución del asunto, debido a la inexistencia de mecanismos adecuados previstos por la normativa que rige esta jurisdicción constitucional para dar seguimiento a una sentencia que reviste aspectos técnicos de gran complejidad.”"
Voto salvado parcial de la Magistrada Garro Vargas
Full documentDocumento completo
(...) II.- On the specific case. This Chamber, through judgment No. 2023-013384 of 13:41 hours on June 6, 2023, when hearing an amparo action regarding the problems due to the presence of metabolites of the agrochemical Chlorothalonil in the springs (nacientes) supplying the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, ordered the following:
“The remedy is granted. It is ordered: 1) to Alexei Carrillo Villegas and Fiorella Fait Wong, in their order Acting Minister of Health and Acting Director of the Health Governing Area (Área Rectora de Salud) of Oreamuno, or to whoever holds those positions in their stead, that in accordance with the powers recognized to them by current legislation, they immediately establish all corresponding coordination instances with the authorities of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, the Ministry of Environment and Energy, and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, within their respective spheres of competence, so that within a period of six months, counted from the notification of this judgment, and in line with the parameters established by the Ministry of Health, the recommendations of the unnumbered report of April 14, 2023, issued by the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Environment and Energy and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, called ‘Chlorothalonil Technical Report’, are adopted and executed, to guarantee the right to health and life of the people; follow-up is provided on such recommendations, and pertinent actions are issued to guarantee their adequate and timely compliance; and 2) to Jorge Zapata Arroyo and José Sánchez Redondo, in their order General Manager of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers and President with judicial and extrajudicial representation of the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, or to whoever holds those positions in their stead, to immediately maintain and guarantee the provision of potable water service for human consumption through the appropriate means, without using any of the contaminated water sources for this purpose, and that this situation be maintained until the service can be duly reestablished through the usual means without compromising safety and health, and with prior authorization from the Ministry of Health.
The foregoing, under warning that, should they fail to comply with this order, they will incur the crime of disobedience and that, in accordance with Article 71 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, imprisonment of three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, will be imposed on anyone who receives an order that must be obeyed or enforced, issued in an amparo action, and does not obey or enforce it, provided the crime is not more severely penalized. The State and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers are condemned to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts serving as the basis for this declaration, which will be liquidated in the enforcement of judgment of the contentious-administrative court. Likewise, the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago is condemned to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts serving as the basis for this declaration, which will be liquidated in the enforcement of judgment of the civil court.
Magistrate Salazar Alvarado records a note. Magistrate Garro Vargas issues a dissenting vote regarding the enforcement of the first order of this judgment and, in accordance with Article 56 of the Law of Constitutional Jurisdiction, orders that it must be carried out before the Enforcement Area of the Contentious-Administrative and Civil Treasury Court, under the enforcement rules established in Article 155 and following of the Contentious-Administrative Procedural Code. Likewise, she orders that a copy of the judgment be sent so that the enforcement procedures of this ruling may commence.” By virtue of the foregoing, since this Chamber has already decided to grant the remedy regarding the problems caused by the presence of metabolites of the agrochemical Chlorothalonil in the springs supplying the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, what is appropriate in this file is to accept the amparo and refer the petitioner to what was resolved therein. (…)
In the records of AyA there is no ASADA in the area in question called “Asada San Gerardo de Oremuno”; likewise, it is necessary to point out that, once contamination by metabolites of the chlorothalonil agrochemical was detected, actions are taken to provide potable water for human consumption by the Santa Rosa de Oreamuno ASADA in coordination with AyA, by supplying it via tanker trucks to various tanks installed for use by the neighbors in the area; in the same sense, technical report GSD-UEN-GAR-2023-00845 states: “The ASADAs that have laboratory analyses where the metabolites were detected are ASADA Cipreses de Oreamuno and ASADA Santa Rosa de Oreamuno; there is no registered ASADA San Gerardo de Oreamuno, because this population is supplied by the Santa Rosa ASADA. While it is true that the communities mentioned are seeing their right to potable water affected, measures are being taken to ensure the availability of this resource during the emergency faced; in the short term, an evaluation of the volume of installed tanks will be carried out, and we will seek to optimize water distribution routes by tanker.
A visit with the Ministry of Health and a professional team from the Subgerencia de Gestión de Sistemas Delegados is planned for Friday, March 24 of this year. Because the agrochemical used is authorized for application throughout the national territory, it is not possible for the Institute to control its use, and it is outside its jurisdiction.” Now, it is necessary to make clear that, within the jurisdiction of AyA and in compliance with the provisions of the Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua, sampling was carried out according to the regulations in force; where from the moment that contamination by metabolites of the chlorothalonil agrochemical is known, a test that is not contemplated in said Regulations, the inter-institutional coordination of the case begins, where it is extremely important to take into consideration the jurisdiction of each Entity, since many fall outside the jurisdiction of AyA, such as the analysis on the prohibition of such agrochemical, since neither AyA nor the Santa Rosa de Oreamuno ASADA have the authority to exercise such action; likewise, the recovery of the protection zones within a radius of 200 meters is required under the terms of Article 31 of the Ley de Aguas, and it is the jurisdiction of local governments not to allow constructions or activities in said zones that put at risk or contaminate the springs used for supplying populations.
In relation to the foregoing regarding the precautionary principle, through resolution No. PHO39 of November 4, 2022, in a similar case in Cipreses de Oreamuno, this honorable Sala Constitucional addressed the issue, stating in this regard: (…) “From the above, it is noted that the principle starts from a reasonable scientific uncertainty together with the threat of serious and irreversible environmental damage. In general terms, a relevant difference between the preventive principle and the precautionary principle lies in the level of knowledge and certainty of the risks that an activity or work causes. While in the former there is such certainty, in the latter what is observed is a state of doubt resulting from scientific information or technical studies. Thus, the Costa Rican State is obligated to adopt measures that guarantee the effective defense and preservation of the environment in accordance with such principles.
Now, such objective obligation does not unavoidably entail a subjective right of individuals to demand, through jurisdictional bodies, that a specific measure be taken, but it does entail the adoption of those that are suitable for protecting that right, in the face of openly negligent attitudes of the authorities, or of physical and legal persons, in accordance with the recognized theory of the horizontal effectiveness of fundamental rights (Drittwirkung der Menschenrechte), among whose procedural manifestations is the amparo against subjects of private law.” FIFTH: It is not true. It must be taken into account that AyA does not operate the potable water supply service in the area, but rather, as the service titleholder, provides technical advice where the ASADAs must comply with the Reglamento de ASADAs and concordant norms regarding the protection of water resources and their environmental management, as stipulated in Article 42 of said regulatory body and issue the corresponding instructions, work that the Institute has performed, as expressed in technical report GSD-UEN-GAR-2023-00845, namely: “The ASADAs are subject to compliance with Reglamento de ASADAs No. 42582-S-MINAE, which in its Article 42 states as follows: “Article 42. - Environmental Management of Water Resources.
The ASADAs shall oversee and participate in the execution of actions for the preservation, conservation, and protection of water resources, as well as the rational use of waters. For this purpose, it must coordinate with the institutions involved in the matter and carry out the following actions: c. Surveillance, Protection, and Conservation Actions: It shall be the responsibility of the ASADA to oversee, promote, participate in, execute, and coordinate actions for the surveillance, protection, preservation, and conservation of water resources, coordinating for this purpose with the Subgerencia Sistemas Comunales, which may rely on other instances of AyA, as well as with other related institutions and organizations, as required. d. Surveillance of environmental alteration of Water Resources: The ASADA shall exercise surveillance and control of environmental alterations or contamination that affect the assigned water resource, including springs and aquifer recharge areas, or those necessary for the supply of water for human consumption, and shall report to AyA, MINAE, the Ministry of Health, and the respective Municipality any contamination or potential contamination of waters used or that could be used for human supply. f. Protection Area: The ASADA, to the extent possible, shall delimit the protection areas of its water supply sources in accordance with current legislation and shall endeavor to acquire and carry out conservation and protection actions for these zones as a priority.
For the determination of protection areas, it must request prior technical criteria from AyA, in accordance with the provisions of the Ley General de la Administración Pública and Article 2, subsection c) of the Ley Constitutiva del AyA.” From AyA, in accordance with our jurisdiction, support is being provided to the ASADAs to be able to have better information for decision-making, which requires the contracting of hydrogeological studies and inter-institutional work to prohibit or control the application of this agrochemical due to its relevance in water for human consumption. Because a large part of the 200-meter protection areas established by the Ley de Aguas are on private property, the ASADA has been instructed to begin negotiations with the property owners to allow the entry of a surveying team to perform the delimitation by physical means (boundary markers) based on georeferenced information.
In this way, the violation of these basic protection areas can be better evidenced and controlled.” Likewise, it is necessary to point out that compliance with limitations of general interest are the obligation of all citizens, and while it is true that there must be regulation by the State, each of the Entities has its defined jurisdiction, being that both AyA and the Santa Rosa ASADA lack the jurisdiction to prohibit the use of agrochemicals and not authorize constructions and crops in the protection areas of the springs within a radius of 200 meters as stipulated in Article 31 of the Ley de Aguas No. 276, requiring the intervention and actions of these other Entities for the recovery of the springs that supply potable water to the citizens of the northern zone of Cartago, in the specific case to the users of the Santa Rosa de Oreamuno ASADA. SIXTH: It is true with adjustments. It emerges from the technical report rendered for the attention of this case that, although the public has not been informed whether “corrective actions have been taken seeking the recovery of aquifers and bodies of water contaminated with the Chlorothalonil agrochemical,” this is because, to date, more data is required to provide a definitive solution, in relation to information on the recharge, protection, and contaminant transit areas, data that will be obtained through the performance of hydrogeological studies on all the springs of the operating entities in the northern zone of Cartago, according to the action plan indicated in fact two.
On behalf of AyA, in accordance with our jurisdiction, actions continue to be taken, for which we provide the following background of attention: It is fundamental to indicate that the Inter-institutional Commission for the safeguarding of water sources used for human consumption located in the Northern Zone of the Province of Cartago currently exists, composed of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Dirección de Aguas), Local Governments, the Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, and the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados. The efforts of this Commission focus on the following actions attached in the work plan of preventive and reactive measures: 1. Application of the sanitary risk assessment instrument for each system (Ministry of Health responsible); 2. Execution of the Water Safety Plan for the ASADAs of the [Direction] (each ASADA responsible; the Dirección de la UEN ASADAs and the Oficina Regional Central Este of AyA; and the Ministry of Health) in process since November 2022 and continuing until May 2023. 3.
Safeguarding the 200 meters of protection area (Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación, the ASADAs, local governments, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, and UEN Gestión Ambiental of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados responsible); 4. Sampling of the springs (each of the ASADAs, the Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas of AyA, and the Ministry of Health responsible); 5. Prohibition of chlorothalonil (Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock; Council of Government, and the Legislative Assembly responsible); 6. Change in agricultural practices (Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock responsible); 7. Characterization of the effects on people's health due to the presence of chlorothalonil metabolites (Ministry of Health; Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock; Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas of AyA responsible); 8. Changes in land use (Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock and Local Governments responsible); 9.
Non-use of water sources for human consumption (ASADAs; Ministry of Health, and Dirección de la UEN Asadas responsible); 10. Water distribution by tanker (ASADAs; Dirección UEN Asadas responsible); 11. Remediation of water sources (MINAE; local governments; Ministry of Health; Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas responsible); 12. Reopening and care of water sources (Ministry of Health and Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas of AyA responsible). In turn, we proceed to present the chronology and clarifications on the actions of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados in coordination with the Inter-institutional Commission: 1. On October 17, 2022, a meeting was held at the Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas in Tres Ríos, with representatives present from the Ministry of Health (regional and central), the Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas of the Universidad Nacional (IRET-UNA), and from AyA: Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas, Oficina Regional Central Este, and Dirección de UEN ASADAs of the Subgerencia de Sistemas Delegados. 2.
The scope of the meeting was to establish the possibility of using the sources of the district of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno to supply the population of Cipreses de Oreamuno (Meeting Minutes IRET - LNA - MS Oct 17, 2022). 3. At said meeting, the following agreements were made, which are transcribed verbatim from the log sent via email by the Ministry of Health (Meeting Minutes IRET - LNA – MS - AyA Oct 17, 2022): 4. Samples collected at the Santa Rosa ASADA are processed, and the delivery of materials for sampling is coordinated. 5. Accompaniment and follow-up of sampling at the Santa Rosa ASADA. 6. Delivery of LNA – IRET result reports. 7. Internal coordination regarding a possible intervention in the water supply system. 8. Based on these agreements, it is planned to carry out sampling in the ASADAs of the northern zone of Cartago to determine the presence of Chlorothalonil metabolites, so that a comprehensive assessment of potential alternative sources can be made.
The first ASADA decided to be sampled is Santa Rosa, given that it could be a possible solution for the community of Cipreses. However, to continue with the sampling process for all ASADAs in the northern zone of Cartago, the administrative and economic agreement between the Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas of AyA and the Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas of the Universidad Nacional (IRET-UNA) must be finalized. 9. On October 18 and 19, 2022, sampling was carried out by staff of the Oficina Regional Central Este of AyA in coordination with the IRET Laboratory at the Universidad Nacional; these were focused on the Santa Rosa de Oreamuno ASADA, covering its 3 systems and 7 springs. The analyses were performed at the IRET laboratory, and the results were communicated directly to the Ministry of Health, indicating the presence of chlorothalonil in five of the seven systems of the Santa Rosa de Oreamuno ASADA. 10.
The objective of these samplings was to have a quality baseline regarding the presence of metabolites of the Chlorothalonil fungicide, with a view to a possible interconnection of the Santa Rosa de Oreamuno ASADA systems in the context of the closure of the sources used by the ASADA Cipreses de Oreamuno for human consumption. However, as indicated, the results were negative for five of the seven sources used by the Santa Rosa ASADA. 11. On November 3, 2022, a meeting was held with the Santa Rosa de Oreamuno ASADA and the ORAC Central Este with support from the Dirección de Fortalecimiento de Asadas, in order to explain the context of the precautionary principle in relation to possible contamination by the Chlorothalonil pesticide, arising from the water quality analyses sampled by the ORAC Central Este of AyA, and analyzed by IRIET – UNA, which were communicated directly to the Ministry of Health. 12.
In the meeting of November 3, 2022, points were established for placing tanks and coordinating the distribution of water both by tankers and through pick-ups of the ASADAs in the northern zone of Cartago, in order to attend to a possible sanitary order from the Ministry of Health. 13. On November 4, 2022, the Ministry of Health issued report MS-DM-9862-2022 and the respective sanitary order to the Santa Rosa de Oreamuno ASADA and the Presidencia Ejecutiva of AyA. 14. On November 4, 2022, a statement was issued by AyA based on the sanitary order of the Ministry of Health, informing the population that, following the monitoring of water quality in the Santa Rosa de Oreamuno sector, degraded residues of the Chlorothalonil agrochemical were identified, and therefore, as a preventive measure, the population is requested not to use the water from the Santa Rosa ASADA aqueduct for human consumption, food preparation, or personal hygiene.
It is clarified that the water from the aqueduct may be used for toilet flushing and other intradomiciliary cleaning and disinfection activities. (…) 15. The [Dirección] begins water distribution by AyA together with the ASADA to the community of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, through the tanker truck and tanks from the pick-ups of the ASADAs in the northern zone of Cartago. 16. On November 6, 2022, the Dirección de la UEN ASADAs coordinates with the Santa Rosa de Oreamuno ASADA, so that through the operating entity the population is informed about the water distribution, which is done through communications on social media. (…) 17. On November 8, 2022, re-sampling of the seven water sources of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno was carried out, in coordination with the ASADA and the Ministry of Health; the samples were delivered to IRIET – UNA for their due analysis. In turn, labeled buckets were delivered for supplying the population through water distribution by tanker truck.
(…) 18. On November 9, 2022, the first meeting of the Inter-institutional Commission for the safeguarding of water sources used for human consumption located in the [Direction] was held, which produced as a work product the plan of preventive and corrective measures. 19. Regarding the actions of AyA, it should be noted that based on the demand report made by the engineering area of the ORAC Central Este and the Dirección de Ingeniería of the UEN Asadas, for the case of the population of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, logistics were coordinated with the ASADA to place the pallets and tanks in eighteen strategic points to ensure supply to the population. (…) 20. On November 14, 2022, an inter-institutional meeting was held with the ASADAs of the northern zone of Cartago, in order to build an action plan to carry out the sampling and the measures required for their attention, where it was clear that the situation needed to be transferred to the superior authorities so that agreements could be reached jointly. 21.
It was agreed that requirements would be channeled through the water safety plans, promoting a joint construction process among the different actors involved in the emergency situation: municipalities, ASADAs, MAG, SINAC, MINAE, and AyA, among others. 22. On November 25, 2022, the first workshop of the Water Safety Plan was held with the ASADAs of the northern zone of Cartago, together with the Ministry of Health, Local Governments, the Ministry of Environment and Energy, as well as the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. In this space, the methodology and the steps to follow for the protection and safeguarding of the sources were explained. a) In turn, the ASADAs of the northern zone of Cartago requested the governing entity to carry out the hydrogeological studies, which requires the respective assessments by UEN Gestión Ambiental and the Presidencia Ejecutiva, in order to channel the terms of reference and associated costs.
Progress in this regard will be communicated, which requires a reasonable period to establish time, costs, resources, and responsible parties. b) It is essential to note that in October 2022, the sampling of the seven sources of the Santa Rosa ASADA was carried out as part of an inter-institutional action between the Ministry of Health, the Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas of AyA, and the Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas of the Universidad Nacional (IRET-UNA), with the objective of assessing the respective quality issues, as a potential solution to supply the community of Cipreses de Oreamuno, in response to the affectation that this community also suffers, and which could be addressed through the interconnection of the Santa Rosa ASADA systems, as stated in the attached documents. Therefore, it is the jurisdiction and responsibility of the Inter-institutional Commission for the safeguarding of water sources used for human consumption located in the northern zone of the province of Cartago to continue the search for alternatives to resolve the presence of chlorothalonil metabolites in five of the seven water sources of the Santa Rosa ASADA, given the complexity of the case, and not solely the Institute.
During the current year, support activities have continued: a) The second and third meetings of the Inter-institutional Commission were held in January and February 2023, in order to analyze the respective institutional action plans being executed, as well as the progress on the agreements mentioned at the beginning of the document. b) Continuity has been given to the Water Safety Plan workshops. c) On March 14, a meeting was held with the Board of Directors and staff to define dates and activities in response to the situation presented. Information will be provided to the ASADA so that it can issue a bulletin jointly with MAG on good agricultural practices and the importance of following the indications on the agrochemical label. d) On Friday, March 17, the second laboratory analyses carried out by IRET-UNA were delivered; it is necessary during the dry season to carry out another metabolite sampling and continue with a frequency of 3 months. e) As of March 22, 2023, the Santa Rosa ASADA maintains the provision of the service for different activities that are not for human consumption, as a measure adopted by the Ministry of Health to avoid aggravating the health crisis. f) On March 24, an Inter-institutional visit will be made with the Ministry of Health.
Efforts continue to be made to carry out tests with a filtration system that allows reducing the contaminant load to the level indicated by the Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable, while the other control measures take effect on the application of Chlorothalonil in the area and the concentration found in the springs managed by the ASADAs in question. LEGAL BASIS AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS I. REGARDING THE ACTIONS CARRIED OUT BY AYA IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS JURISDICTION By AyA, in coordination with the Ministry of Health and the Santa Rosa de Oreamuno ASADA, the necessary analyses on water quality have been carried out, monitoring is conducted, and it is verified that the laboratory analyses performed are accredited in accordance with the provisions of Article 34 of the Ley del Sistema Nacional de Calidad No. 8279. For this reason, the scientific evidence presented internationally on the pesticide Chlorothalonil has been investigated, and an inter-institutional commission has been formed to address and resolve the case, both for the springs of the Cipreses de Oreamuno ASADA and for the Santa Rosa de Oreamuno ASADA.
Likewise, in accordance with AyA's jurisdiction, monitoring is carried out, and according to the statement in the technical report rendered, the Inter-institutional Commission formed a work plan, since the issue must be visualized "as a country," given that the use of the agrochemical in agriculture can not only affect the springs of the northern zone of Cartago but all those that are in some degree of vulnerability due to the use of chlorothalonil by farmers. Therefore, it is extremely important that other Entities, in accordance with their jurisdiction, analyze the prohibition of such agrochemical, since neither AyA nor the Santa Rosa de Oreamuno ASADA have the authority to exercise such action; likewise, the recovery of the protection zones within a radius of 200 meters is required under the terms of Article 31 of the Ley de Aguas, and it is the jurisdiction of local governments not to allow constructions or activities in said zones that put at risk or contaminate the springs used for supplying populations.
Therefore, this representation respectfully considers it of the utmost importance that both the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, the Servicios Fitosanitario del Estado, the Municipality of Oreamuno, and the Ministry of Environment and Energy, according to their jurisdictions, exercise the necessary actions, reiterating that it is AyA's opinion that the prohibition of the use of said agrochemical must be pursued to safeguard the springs and consequently to protect health, life, the human right to access to potable water, and the environment. It is important that said Entities, in accordance with their jurisdiction and because these are limitations of general interest, determine the limitations on private properties to protect the 200-meter radius of the springs. In that sense, it is worth noting what was resolved by the Sala Primera of the Corte Suprema de Justicia in resolution No. 04155 – 2019, of November 28, 2019, which states: "III.
ON THE RIGHTS TO PRIVATE PROPERTY AND TO A HEALTHY AND ECOLOGICALLY BALANCED ENVIRONMENT: Article 45 of the Political Constitution establishes, 'property is inviolable; no one may be deprived of theirs unless for a legally proven public interest, with prior compensation in accordance with the law. In case of war or internal commotion, it is not essential that the compensation be prior. However, the corresponding payment shall be made no later than two years after the state of emergency has ended. For reasons of public necessity, the Legislative Assembly may, by a vote of two-thirds of its total members, impose limitations of social interest on property' (emphasis is not in the original). By virtue of this, the imposition of limitations of social interest only proceeds for reasons of public necessity and must be declared by one-third of the votes of all the deputies of the Legislative Assembly.
Thus, this right, according to the Costa Rican constitutional regime, should not be considered as exclusive and unlimited, given that the concept of private property has undergone transformations and has yielded to the determination of 'property-function,' adopted particularly in canon 45 of the Political Constitution. In this regard, the Sala Constitucional, through vote No. 15367-2018 at 9:20 a.m. on September 14, 2018, mentioned, '(…) the right to private property, by definition, is not unlimited, since the very essence of the legal system is to articulate a system of limits between the different positions of all subjects. For this reason, the modern conception of the right to property limited in its powers, subject to duties and obligations that harmonize its exercise with the rights of another (…)'. Now, there is the possibility of imposing limitations on the right to property, in pursuit of protecting the environment, and in support of what is stipulated by Article 50 of the Political Constitution (in this regard, see the judgments of the Sala Constitucional of the Corte Suprema de Justicia numbers: 5833-2002 and 1923-2004).
Said Chamber in vote 4621-2016 at 4:20 p.m. on April 5, 2016, has established, 'Article 50, constitutional, establishes as the fundamental goal and essential value of the Costa Rican State to procure \"the greatest well-being for all inhabitants of the country.\" In such a way that, the \"healthy and ecologically balanced environment\" forms part of the content of the greatest well-being of all inhabitants, the cause, end, and also condition and limit of the exercise of public powers and jurisdictions, not only of the State but also of the Municipalities. Just like the right to property, the object upon which the right to the environment falls is external to the integrity of the human person (unlike, for example, the right to life), but unlike the object of the right to property, the person forms part of the environment, integrates it, hence its protection implies the conservation of the essential context for human life; a conduct with negative effects on it implies a danger to human existence itself and a reduction or loss of the \"greatest well-being\" of all.
Life depends on the environment; therefore, it must ensure that those conditions that guarantee life are maintained over time'. In this sense, some of the administrative measures that can be established involve restrictions and controls on water uses or exploitations and on the various activities that affect the water resource, provided they justify a public interest. It is worth highlighting that said measures do not disturb the right to private property, as they constitute a limitation of social interest that does not empty said right of content nor expand the public domain without prior authorization, but rather shape its essential content. These consist of a general charge, aimed in this case at correcting imminent contamination that affects the water resource of a specific area. Now, one of the essential provisions in the protection of water resources is the establishment of a protection zone for the conservation of both the resource and its surroundings, with the purpose of protecting the quality and quantity of water.
In that same line of thought, section 31 of the Water Law (Ley de Aguas) stipulates: “(…) the following are declared as a public-domain reserve (reserva de dominio) in favor of the Nation: a) The lands surrounding drinking-water catchment sites or supply intakes, within a perimeter of no less than two hundred meters in radius; b) The forest zone that protects or must protect the set of lands where drinking-water infiltration occurs, as well as those that support watersheds and the margins of reservoirs, supply sources, or permanent watercourses (…)”. In accordance with the foregoing, the legislator is clear in declaring as a public-domain reserve in favor of the State the lands surrounding drinking-water catchment sites or supply intakes, up to a perimeter of no less than 200 meters in radius, which entails the encumbrance of a strip of land to the public domain. And, on this point it is worth reiterating that, in environmental matters, the State is constitutionally compelled to ensure the protection of the environment, pursuing a healthy and ecologically balanced development.
IV.— ON THE SPECIFIC CASE: The first challenge by the special judicial representative of the plaintiff against the appealed judgment is aimed at contesting an erroneous application and interpretation of the substantive legislation. He claims that his client’s property, on which the water sources exploited by the Asada are located, is private in nature. Furthermore, he states that according to section 7 of the Land and Settlement Law (Ley de Tierras y Colonización), “as long as the State, of its own volition or by instruction of the Ministry of Agriculture or the Institute of Agrarian Development (Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario), attending to reasons of national convenience, does not determine that lands must be maintained under its domain, they shall be considered inalienable and not susceptible to acquisition by claim or possession, except those that were under private domain under a legitimate title.” By virtue of that, he mentions that the Land and Settlement Law repeals the Water Law because it is later, and therefore the former is the one that must be applied to the specific case.
Likewise, that the ad quem wrongly assessed section 31 of the Water Law, since according to the appellant, that provision only regulates matters concerning public vacant lands. In this regard, it must be noted that what is established in Article 7 of the Land and Settlement Law regulates protection zones. However, matters relating to water sources for human consumption supply are specifically regulated in Article 31 of the Water Law. Now then, the area over which the action for recovery of possession (acción revindicatoria) is sought (which is not a disputed fact) is approximately 2,500 or 3,000 square meters, which include the location of a fence surrounding the spring (naciente) and the catchment tanks used to supply the corresponding resource to nearby populations. In that same line of thought, the appellant is correct in indicating that the water catchment is located on private property, which is duly registered in the National Registry.
Thus, the ad quem, through the appealed decision, does not grant the Asada any right of ownership or possession over the zone in dispute, because it is surrounding a spring, a case in which the regulation of the Water Law prevails. In addition to that, the imposition of suppression measures on private property prevails for the purpose of protecting the environment, the water resource, and the right to health, and by doing so, it does not empty the content of that right, since, in this case, the titleholder can make use of it in accordance and compatible with the zone where the property is located. It is relevant to highlight that the Ministry of Health of Guatuso issued sanitary order S-018-2013 dated May 28, 2013, for the purpose of having the Río Celeste de Guatuso Potable Water and Sanitary Sewerage Association (Asociación del Acueducto y Alcantarillado Sanitario del Río Celeste de Guatuso) comply with the instruction to erect a protective fence to prevent the access of persons or animals to the site, because physical-sanitary deficiencies were detected at the water catchment in the zone in dispute.
Article 268 of the General Health Law (Ley General de Salud) determines that any drinking-water supply must be subject to the control of the Ministry of Health, since the quality of the water supplied to the population must be verified, which allows that body to intervene in the event of a danger to health, as is the case under study. In turn, it is appropriate to clarify that ASADAS are constituted as private legal persons that act by immediate delegation of the Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillados –AyA–), pursuant to section 2 subsection g) of the Constitutive Law of AyA, and section 3 of the Regulation of the Administrative Associations of Aqueduct and Sewerage Systems, with the primary purpose of protecting the water resource, that is, they carry out a public-service management activity and are therefore legitimized to take the corresponding measures for the conservation of the water catchments for the population’s consumption.
By virtue of that, when the Asada built the corresponding fences, it was executing a direct instruction from the Ministry of Health; thus, the question of whether or not any communication occurred between the Asada and the property owner is a debate outside the proceeding, given that the Ministry issued a protective action for the zone in dispute that had to be complied with by the ASADA. It is worth noting that the rights to exploit water resources are the competence of the bodies specifically empowered by the legal system; in this case, that action corresponds to the Asada of Río Celeste de Guatuso. Likewise, as to the objection by which it is pointed out that a penalty for contamination of the water resource should have been imposed on the plaintiff instead of granting permission to the Asada to build the fence, it must be mentioned that this is not the proper avenue to discuss the type of penalty imposed by the Ministry of Health; in turn, the Asada is a body legitimized to comply with the order issued for the purpose of protecting the water resource and the right to health.
Having explained the foregoing, it must be indicated that the appellant’s objections in that regard are not well-founded, and this Panel shares the criterion expressed by the lower court in relation to the fact that the applicable regulation to the case is section 31 of the Water Law, and not sections 33 and 34 of the Forestry Law (Ley Forestal) as requested by the appellant, because it concerns a public-domain zone in favor of the State, since it is a water source for supplying human consumption. In another line of thought, the cassation appellant argues that his clients lost all rights over the 3,000 square meters of land they acquired under the protection of the law, and that portion of the lot is being granted to the Asada. In this regard, it should be clarified, as indicated supra, that the appealed judgment does not grant a right of possession or ownership in favor of the Asada, because what was ordered by the sanitary order number: S-018-2013, issued by the Ministry of Public Health, was that a fence had to be installed in the zone for protection of the water resource, due to physical-sanitary deficiencies, with the purpose of protecting this resource and the right to health of its consumers.
Furthermore, it is appropriate to indicate that the area in dispute is not within the commerce of men, given that it is a zone subject to a public-domain reserve (reserva de dominio público), through which an essential public service is guaranteed, namely the supply of drinking water to a community. Indeed, it is relevant to specify that the plaintiff herself, at the time of purchasing the property subject to this dispute, was aware of the construction of a water-catchment tank. Likewise, the Asada de Río Celeste de Guatuso has two water concessions registered with the National Registry, one of them being located on her property (see second and fourth facts of the complaint). For the reasons set forth above, this Panel finds no grounds to modify the criterion stated by the lower court in the appealed judgment.” In that line of thought, as a second point of considerations, we take the liberty of referring to the competences of other Entities to be able to provide comprehensive attention to the case before us.
II. ON THE COMPETENCES OF OTHER STATE INSTITUTIONS FOR THE ATTENTION OF THE CASE In the matter before us, the appeal is brought against AyA, the Asada Santa Rosa, and the Ministry of Health; however, to provide a solution to the case, the intervention of other institutions is required, such as the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía), the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería), the State Phytosanitary Service (Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado), and the Municipality of Oreamuno (Municipalidad de Oreamuno), since we are faced with the use of an agrochemical permitted for agriculture, not regulated in the Regulation on Water Quality, but through international research there are findings and studies of possible contamination of the precious liquid by the agrochemical (chlorothalonil) and consequently a potential impact on the population; therefore, based on the precautionary principle, it is imperative that these institutions intervene, given that both AyA and the Asada de Santa Rosa lack the competences to prohibit the use of agrochemicals, to not authorize constructions and crops within the 200-meter-radius protection areas of springs as stipulated in Article 31 of the Water Law No. 276, thus requiring the intervention and actions of these other Entities for the recovery of the springs that supply drinking water to the citizens of the northern zone of Cartago, in the specific case to the users of the Asada de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno.
In that sense, it is necessary to consider the articles: – Articles 5 subsection o), and 30 of Law No. 7664 “Phytosanitary Protection Law” (…) – Articles 11, 49 and 50 of Law No. 7788 “Biodiversity Law” (…) – Article 17 of Law 7317 “Wildlife Conservation Law” (…) – Article 2 of Law No. 7779 “Soil Use, Management and Conservation Law” (…) – Articles 1, 2, 4, 59, 60 of Law No. 7554 “Organic Law of the Environment” (…) – Article 5 of Law No. 7017 “Law on the Import and Quality Control of Agrochemicals” (…) – Articles 1, 3, 7, 213, 239, 240, 241, 244, 345 subsection 8 of Law No. 5395 “General Health Law” (…) – Article 1 and concordant articles of Law No. 8705 “Law Approving the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Pesticides and Chemical Products in International Trade,” ratified by Executive Decree No. 35416 of June 30, 2009 (…) – Articles 1 and 3 of Law No. 8538 “Law Approving the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants,” ratified by Article 1 of Executive Decree No. 33438 of November 6, 2006 (…) The cited regulations are clear in establishing the powers and obligations for the MAG and MINAE to proceed with the prohibition of an agrochemical that threatens or poses a risk to the health of the population, this being a constitutional right that merits protection and commitment from the Entities that make up the commission, each according to its competences.
Although it is true that this honorable Panel has expressed that when there are not sufficient elements to order the corresponding procedures to prohibit the use of an agrochemical that may cause damage to health or the environment (see ruling No. 19096-2021, of August 27, 2021), in the case similar to the one before us, processed under case file No. 22-015651-0007-CO, the Constitutional Chamber (Sala Constitucional) has already issued a pronouncement in that regard, under No. PHO39 of November 4, 2022 (…) Within the framework of compliance with that ruling, which is intimately linked to the case before us, it is necessary to analyze the possibility of prohibiting the use of said agrochemical in the country; given that, notwithstanding the investigations that AyA may carry out within the framework of its competences are limited to that, since determining its prohibition is the responsibility of other Entities as set forth in the cited regulations.
Now then, the Constitutional Chamber, in multiple rulings, has expounded on the fundamental right to a healthy and balanced environment, and that the State is responsible for regulating chemical substances or similar products for agricultural use so that they are used correctly and do not generate irreparable risks; in this regard, I take the liberty of citing ruling No. 07690-2019 of May 3, 2019 (…) Referring to the previous topic, the honorable Constitutional Chamber has also referred to the regulation of agrochemicals, which we can observe in ruling No. 24807-2021, of November 5, 2021 (…) As can be observed, there are defined competences to proceed with the prohibition of an agrochemical that threatens or causes a risk to the health of the inhabitants, in the case before us through the contamination of the springs used to supply water to the population. In conclusion, as the Honorable Constitutional Chamber can verify, the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers (Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados) is carrying out the necessary efforts in coordination with the Asada Santa Rosa de Oreamuno to bring potable water to the community, as well as coordinating with other Entities through the inter-institutional commission formed to provide a comprehensive solution; nevertheless, as has been set forth, the intervention and exercise of actions and competences of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, the Ministry of Environment and Energy, the State Phytosanitary Service, and the Municipality of Oreamuno are required.
III. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS SET FORTH IN TECHNICAL REPORT GSD-UEN-GAR-2023-00845 ON THE PETITION: As an analysis of the social-management strategy, for the case of the ASADA Cipreses de Oreamuno, which has the same contamination problem in its springs, a comprehensive analysis was carried out by the Social Management and Citizen Participation team of the UEN Gestión Ambiental of AyA (annex), by which a guide is determined for communicating to the population the situation that has arisen and the steps that the Institutions must follow to address the issue. The Ministry of Health ordered all Name733, in accordance with the Regulation on the Quality of Drinking Water, to carry out fourth-level (n4) analyses in order to detect the presence of a wide range of agrochemicals used in the zone; therefore, complete monitoring with accredited analyses is already being carried out in the case of the baseline agrochemicals.
Since the operating entities hold the Delegation Agreement with AyA, the development projects must be proposed through the execution of technical studies funded by the Asadas, for which AyA provides the corresponding technical advice. The process for identifying new sources must have technical support that allows the allocation of flow by the Water Directorate (Dirección de Aguas) of MINAE, where, in addition to identifying the new source, its viability must be determined in terms of quantity and quality. In this sense, periodic flow measurements (aforos) must be carried out in the dry and rainy seasons (1 year), physicochemical and microbiological quality analyses, as well as analyses for the presence of chlorothalonil derivatives by the National Water Laboratory (Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas) of AyA or IRET-UNA. Additionally, the need to propose a project for the use and distribution of the allocated flow from a new source must be considered, so that the construction of the infrastructure can be carried out following what is indicated in the Regulations.
It should be noted that points 11 and 16 of the action plan provided in the second point of this document address supply alternatives. Conclusions: In conclusion, as the Ministry of Health can verify, the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers is carrying out the necessary efforts in coordination with the Asada Santa Rosa de Oreamuno and the Asada de Cipreses de Oreamuno to bring potable water to the community, as well as coordinating with other Entities through the inter-institutional commission formed to provide a comprehensive solution; nevertheless, as has been set forth, the intervention and exercise of actions and competences of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, the Ministry of Environment and Energy, the State Phytosanitary Service, and the Municipality of Oreamuno are required. Recommendations: It is recommended that the Ministry of Health request a report from the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock and the State Phytosanitary Service regarding the actions to proceed with the prohibition of chlorothalonil in the country; a report to the Municipality of Oreamuno on the necessary efforts and actions to safeguard the 200-meter-radius protection area of the springs in relation to the urban planning of the canton and the permitted activities in the zone; and a report to the Ministry of Environment and Energy on the need for protection of the springs and the necessary coordination with the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock for the prohibition of the agrochemical.” CLAIMS 1.
That the appeal filed against AyA be dismissed, given that, as indicated, the necessary efforts are being made, and monitoring of the springs is maintained, and an inter-institutional commission has been formed. 2. That my represented party not be ordered to pay damages and losses, nor costs. 3. I request that the file be archived.”
Regarding the request from March 2022, a response was received in October 2022 from the person in charge of the Centro Nacional Especializado en Agricultura Orgánica, offering the program of courses to be taught in the first quarter of 2023, which has been shared with producers in the Zona Norte de Cartago as an option to expand their knowledge and provide tools to address the situation of contamination by agrochemicals, without neglecting the productive focus of their economic activities; it should be noted that this information is shared as motivation and information; however, there is no possibility of making producer participation mandatory. Within the “Plan de manejo remedial para implementar en fuentes de agua de la ASADA Cipreses de Oreamuno,” work has also been proposed in stages, with actions and time required for progress (see Table 2), whose indicators were improved in order to clarify and monitor their fulfillment and advancement.
It should be noted that this plan is long-term (2 or 3 years from its implementation), since the period for not detecting fungicides in the waters is extensive due to the nature of these contaminants and the processes required for the disintegration of the molecules, and because, as long as proper use of agrochemicals is not carried out, the decontamination process will not begin. The SFE has worked arduously on drafting the proposal for the Executive Decree “Reglamento General para establecer las condiciones de aplicaciones terrestres de agroquímicos,” which is ready to be approved by the heads of the involved institutions (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería and Ministerio de Salud); this regulation is important because at the national level there is no regulation on terrestrial applications indicating setback distances and requirements according to site conditions, equipment, and product to be applied; this tool will contribute to reducing the risk levels of accidents from terrestrial applications of agrochemicals, and consequent contamination of soils, waters, random zones, etc. (…) In a third stage, and with a two-year timeframe, from the actions set forth in Table 2, the aim is to carry out sampling of agrochemical residues in vegetables from at least 80% of agricultural producers located in the water recharge zones; this timeframe considers the ordinary budget available to the SFE to conduct agrochemical residue analyses, an amount that has tended to decrease each year and that must cover producers throughout the Región Central Oriental.
It is important to mention that the activities and indicators proposed by the Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado do not include measurement, monitoring, and comparison of data to determine whether mitigation of water contamination occurred, since to know if mitigation occurred it is necessary to carry out a measurement, and this is not an activity that our institutions have the operational capacity to perform, because we do not have the tools such as capacity for drinking water sampling, laboratories, analyses, or parameters that allow such measurement. On November 14, 2022, active participation took place in the discussion about the situation of the Nombre733 of the Zona Norte de Cartago and the possible threat of contamination by agrochemicals to human supply sources, which was held at the facilities of the ASADA de Cot de Oreamuno, and included the participation of users, neighbors, AyA personnel, and representatives of the Nombre733 of Paso Ancho, Potrero Cerrado, Cot, Santa Rosa, San Pablo, and Cipreses; it should be noted that this discussion did not include the participation of the Ministerio de Salud (área rectora de salud de Oreamuno, or corresponding office), which is an extremely important actor for the development of activities.
During 2022, in conjunction with COBIRRIS-MAG, a campaign was carried out to collect empty agrochemical containers, which were properly disposed of for discard by the Fundación Limpiemos Nuestros Campos, and it was carried out in the surroundings of the ASADA Santa Rosa and Paso Ancho. In response to official communication MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-0122-2023, official communication OR-COR-008-2023 was issued, indicating that the SFE does not have the possibility of developing articulated actions with performance indicators in order to measure, monitor, and compare the results obtained with the “Plan de manejo remedial para implementar en fuentes de agua de la ASADA Cipreses de Oreamuno” that determine mitigation or reduction of contamination in order to achieve “sanitation” (saneamiento) of the water sources, since in Costa Rica there are no treatments to eliminate contaminants from agrochemicals in waters, in addition to the fact that the metabolites associated with chlorothalonil cannot be quantified in any laboratory at the national level, and this type of measurement is not within the competencies of the SFE.
The SFE has been working in conjunction with the Oficina Regional Central Este of AyA, specifically with the expert manager Jeison Romilio Gutiérrez Araya of the Fortalecimiento de ASADAS program, with whom the development of explanatory bulletins related to Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas has begun, so that the Nombre733 have and distribute the information among their users, for which it has been determined important to address topics such as: personal protective equipment for the proper use and handling of pesticides (infographic available), biological beds and tables (infographic available), the benefits of Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas (infographic already developed), degradation of pesticides (infographic available), pre-harvest interval between the last application and harvest (infographic available), tips to prevent cross-contamination in fresh agricultural products (infographic available), calibration of agricultural application equipment (infographic already designed); as well as having the list of authorized agrochemical products to be used on some main crops (potato, cucumber, sweet pepper, celery, lettuce, broccoli, and carrot), and the intention is to process more information based on the “Guía regional armonizada de Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas basada en riesgo” developed by the Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria.” Notwithstanding the foregoing, it is important and of vital relevance for this amparo action to inform and communicate to the Court that the actions being carried out by the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería and the Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado will be those that properly derive from the delegation of competencies legally established in our legal system, that is, functions and powers extracted from Ley 7064 and Ley 7664, thereby respecting the principle of legality framed in Article 11 of the Constitution and Article 11 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública.
CLAIM: For the reasons stated, we request the Honorable Magistrates to declare WITHOUT MERIT this amparo action against the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería and against the Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado, since from the scope of the legally established competencies of the institutions we represent, the strategies and actions that can institutionally be carried out to address the problem that is the subject of this amparo action have been implemented and programmed.”
Given the absence of information characterizing and identifying health risks associated with the consumption, ingestion, or any other type of contact with the metabolites, the water from this spring (naciente) may not be used for human consumption, food preparation, and personal hygiene activities as part of a precautionary principle. The use of water from this spring (naciente) may be considered for the operation of toilets and other indoor cleaning and disinfection activities. The foregoing, in compliance with what was indicated by Dr. Albin Badilla Mora in an email called Informe laboratorio análisis muestras ASADA Santa Rosa de Oreamuno nov. 2022, dated today March 23, 2023, received at this Área Rectora de Salud at 09:04 hours (attached)…” ( sic ) Therefore, since the notification of the aforementioned acts, surveillance work has been and will continue to be carried out to monitor compliance with said administrative acts, and the role of guiding the social actors will be maintained in order to protect the health of the population regarding the case at hand; the foregoing through various field inspection visits to the ASADA of Santa Rosa where actions have been corroborated both by the aqueduct and by the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, through the distribution of potable water by tanker truck and pick-up to the population supplied by the ASADA of Santa Rosa, the information provided to the community, the presentation of the volume estimation report for tanker supply for the community associated with the aqueduct of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago where the placement of 19 pallets and 19 tanks at strategic points was coordinated with the ASADA to guarantee the supply of potable water to the population; as well as the continuity of services of the educational centers and the EBAIS of Santa Rosa.
It should be noted that, during the implementation of the logistics for water distribution to the community, other Nombre733 provided support to carry out the water distribution to the population and guarantee that they would have potable water. All of the foregoing was evidenced and described through technical reports MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-IT-0517-2022, MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-IT- 0519-2022, MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-IT-0527-2022, MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-IT-0552-2022, MS-DRRSCE-DARSO- IT-0012-2023 (folios 0229 to 0235, 0245 to 0247, 0282 to 0284, 0310 to 0312 = folios 0061 to 0076). Regarding the FIFTH AND SIXTH POINT raised by the appellant, where it is textually indicated by MR. [Nombre317 001] that: “… inaction is presumed on the part of the competent institutions, in relation to the protection of the environment and public health by not taking measures that would prevent said contamination. Furthermore, it is unknown to date whether corrective institutional actions have been taken for the sanitation of contaminated water sources to guarantee the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, as stated in Article 50 of the Political Constitution of Costa Rica.
Hence, the inhabitants of the towns of Santa Rosa, San Gerardo and San Isidro in the canton of Oreamuno, suffer impact from the contamination of the springs (nacientes), due to the limitations of not being able to use the water from direct connection by pipes from the authorized provider, corresponding to the ASADA of San Gerardo de Oreamuno. Currently, it is argued, the consumption of potable water is restricted, having to be hauled remotely by tankers. They add that “It is foreseen that the contamination suffered by the springs (nacientes) is a condition that could have been the product of the non-application of current legislation, which generated an impact on public health and the environment. It is not omitted to indicate that there is a potential unknown risk of contamination of aquifers used for human consumption, which could increase the risk of contaminated sources if immediate measures are not taken.” He alleges that no information has been provided about corrective actions seeking the recovery of the aquifers and water bodies contaminated with the agrochemical Chlorothalonil.
Even, “It is similarly unknown if the Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA) and other competent institutions have coordinated to carry out the respective hydrogeological studies, in which, through technique and science, the aquifer recharge areas of the springs (nacientes) can be determined, and thus achieve their delimitation and active management, with the objective of regulating the activities that occur in those areas, in search of the protection of the water resource and the environment.” … (sic), for which the following is reported: What was stated by the appellant, regarding what concerns the Ministry of Health, is completely false and devoid of any truth, since, from the moment the contamination problem by the metabolites of the fungicide Chlorothalonil was evidenced in the samples taken from the springs (nacientes) used by the ASADA of Santa Rosa, a series of actions have been carried out to safeguard the health of the population, highlighting the administrative acts where AyA is requested to provide potable water suitable for human consumption to the population, out of precautionary principle; allowing subscribers to consider using the water coming from the aqueduct for the operation of toilets and other indoor cleaning and disinfection activities.
Furthermore, and as part of the responsibility that concerns us, the intervention of the Office has been requested from the different management levels of the Ministry of Health so that the prohibition of Chlorothalonil is enacted. Through official letter MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-0912-2022 signed by Dr. Oscar Rodríguez González, Director of the Área Rectora de Salud of Oreamuno, it is expressed that the northern zone of Cartago is dedicated to agriculture, where there is concern that in the other water sources of the other Nombre733 the presence of Chlorothalonil metabolites is also detected, therefore, the situation would practically become unsustainable for the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, so it would be essential that the prohibition of the sale and distribution of this pesticide be assessed as soon as possible (folios 0210 to 0211 = folios 0077 to 0078). In addition to the above, agricultural production and the use of this type of products put the underground and surface water sources present in these sectors at risk of contamination by the pesticide Chlorothalonil and its metabolites, given its infiltration capacity and the high use of said product in agriculture, given that as indicated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock in the “Plan de Manejo Remedial para implementar en fuentes de agua de la ASADA Cipreses de Oreamuno”, said molecule is found in more than 50 commercial products registered in the country and its use is very broad, where it is permitted for example in the following products: celery, broccoli, coffee, onion, sweet pepper, cauliflower, beans, tomato, carrot, cabbage, potato among others, many of which are cultivated in the northern zone of the province of Cartago; therefore, the prohibition of said pesticide plays a very important role in the search for short, medium, and long-term solutions.
(folios expediente ASADA Cipreses 02514 to 02526 = folios 0079 to 0091). Moreover, through joint work between the Dirección Regional Central Este through Ing. Nelson Artavia Vega and the Área Rectora de Salud of Oreamuno, through Dra. María José Lafuente González, the formation of the “Comisión Interinstitucional para el resguardo de las fuentes de agua utilizadas para consumo humano ubicadas en la Zona Norte de la provincia de Cartago” was proceeded with; said commission is composed of representatives from the ORAC Central Este AyA, UEN Gestión Ambiental AyA, Dirección de Agua, Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Comisión para el Ordenamiento y Manejo de la Cuenca Alta del Río Reventazón – COMCURE, Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación del Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía SINAC – MINAE, Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal – SENASA. The objective of said commission is to lay out the roadmap and work together to address the Aqueducts of the Northern Zone of Cartago, initially with the aqueducts of the cantons of Oreamuno and Alvarado.
To date, 6 meetings have been held at one-month intervals and there is now a Preventive Measures Work Plan and a Reactive Measures Work Plan, which set out a joint work path to safeguard the water sources used for human consumption in said zone. As an initial phase, the implementation of the SERSA Inspection Guides, Forms and guides of the Water Quality Surveillance Process, Registration of the Water Supply System, based on the Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable, is being carried out in the different Aqueducts of the cantons of Oreamuno and Alvarado; and also, the execution of the Water Safety Plan began on November 29, 2022, with the support of all the members of the commission, as well as the Municipalidad de Oreamuno, Municipalidad de Alvarado and the sector Nombre733; carrying out a series of actions as an important pillar for safeguarding the water sources and the health of the supplied population.
Additionally, in accordance with the agreements reached at the meeting of the “Comisión Interinstitucional para el resguardo de las fuentes de agua utilizadas para consumo humano ubicadas en la Zona Norte de la provincia de Cartago”, held on February 8, 2023 (folios 0092 to 0093), the following was textually requested through official letter MS-DRRSCE-URS-0087-2023 signed by Ing. Nelson Artavia Vega and Dra. María José Lafuente González to Dr. Oscar Bermúdez García, Director of the Dirección Regional de Rectoría de la Salud Central Este (folios 0094 to 0096): “… In response to the agreements reached at the meeting of the “Comisión Interinstitucional para el resguardo de las fuentes de agua utilizadas para consumo humano ubicadas en la Zona Norte de la provincia de Cartago”, held on February 8, 2023, we inform you that in the northern zone of Cartago, there is a considerable number of water springs (nacientes) registered by Nombre733 and Municipal ones in the zone for the supply of water for human consumption (information to be confirmed by AyA and the Dirección de Aguas, but it is estimated that they exceed 40).
Given that said zone has been characterized by the incipient agricultural and livestock activity that has developed over the years, it is inferred that the springs (nacientes) are in a highly vulnerable zone due to contamination, so it is of utmost importance to have hydrogeological studies to determine, in the first instance, the aquifer recharge zones and protection areas of the springs (nacientes), as well as possible environmental risks to which they are exposed. Furthermore, it is important to know the current status of the agreement between the Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas and the Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas de la Universidad Nacional (IRET-UNA), as well as to carry out laboratory analyses in all water sources and the distribution network of the northern zone of the province of Cartago, to know if there is a presence of the degradation metabolites of the pesticide Chlorothalonil.
Therefore, in order to unify criteria, follow the same line of action and for the sake of being able to implement the agreements reached at said meeting, along with the fact that all the springs (nacientes) are in the same zone, with similar characteristics, some very close to each other (less than one kilometer away from each other), we request you, most respectfully, to interpose your good offices to: 1. Request the Executive Presidency of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (Ing. Alejandro Guillén Guardia) and the General Management of the Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA) (Mr. Osvaldo Quirós Arias), with a copy to the Región Central Oriental of SENARA (Ing. Nombre4405 ), to jointly carry out the hydrogeological studies of all the springs (nacientes) used for human consumption located in the Northern Zone of the province of Cartago, given that both institutions have direct responsibility for said studies. 2.
Request the Executive Presidency of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (Ing. Alejandro Guillén Guardia), with a copy to the ORAC Central Este of AyA (Ing. Vladimir Mesen Montenegro), for the existing Technical Studies of all the springs (nacientes) used for human consumption located in the Northern Zone of the province of Cartago. 3. Request the Directorate of the Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas (Dr. Darner Mora Alvarado), for the current status of the existing agreement between said institution and the Laboratorio de Análisis de plaguicidas (LAREP) of the Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas de la Universidad Nacional (IRET- UNA), for carrying out analyses of degradation metabolites of the pesticide Chlorothalonil. 4. Request the Directorate of the Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas (Dr. Darner Mora Alvarado), for the progress made to carry out laboratory analyses of the degradation metabolites of the pesticide Chlorothalonil, the foregoing because it is of utmost importance to know the current status of all the springs (nacientes) used for human consumption located in the Northern Zone of the province of Cartago, regarding the impact of said substance on the water supplied to the population. 5.
Request, from the Unidad Hidrológica Caribe of the Dirección de Aguas of MINAE (Ing. Gilberth Octavio Molina), the list of aqueducts and water sources suitable for human consumption, located in the cantons of Cartago, Oreamuno, Turrialba and Alvarado, including their updated geo-referenced location. 6. Request, from the Dirección General de Salud, support from a Toxicology professional, in order to define the guidelines to follow to carry out, with academic support, studies on the effects on human health from the consumption of water contaminated with degradation metabolites of the pesticide Chlorothalonil…” ( sic ) In addition to the above, on December 14, 2022, through official letter MS-DPRSA-0752- 2022 signed by Ing. Eugenio Androvetto Villalobos, Ing. Ricardo Morales Vargas, Head of the Unidad de Salud Ambiental, and Dr. Albin Badilla Mora, Microbiologist, of the Central Level of the Ministry of Health, Dra. Joselyn Chacón Madrigal, former Minister of the Ministry of Health, and Licda. Carolina Gallo Chaves, Vice Minister of the Ministry of Health, were informed about the pesticide molecule chlorothalonil and the prohibition of chlorothalonil was requested, textually indicating (folios 0287 to 289 = 0097 to 0099): “…
According to UNDP estimates, in Costa Rica there is a high consumption of pesticides coupled with a weakening of agricultural extension services and research in the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, which leads to the generation of risks from contamination of surface and groundwater that can compromise water sources for human consumption, events that have occurred in Limón and in the Northern Zone with very high economic and social implications; now the communities of Cipreses and Santa Rosa de Oreamuno are added to these contamination events. Chlorothalonil is a molecule with the capacity to produce metabolites once it enters the environment, with a high contamination potential and according to EFSA, even when this pesticide is used correctly, it will have the capacity to contaminate water sources, and its metabolites do not have sufficient toxicological information to determine potential health risks.
This is demonstrated in the situations occurring in the aqueducts of Cipreses and Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, where despite having carried out measurements of chlorothalonil, the chemical has not been detected; however, when carrying out measurements of its metabolites, high concentrations of the same have been found, demonstrating the potential contamination risk generated by chlorothalonil in waters for human consumption. Regarding the technical capacities for measuring pesticide residues, the country is lagging behind since there is no direct relationship between the registered molecules, their metabolites, and the analysis techniques for their measurement in surface and groundwater bodies by the State laboratories. Therefore, this situation becomes risky as it is not possible to systemically and programmatically include the metabolites of chlorothalonil in the potable water surveillance actions carried out in the country.
Additionally, any intervention or sanitation and mitigation plan becomes disadvantageous due to the impossibility of carrying out measurements to implement monitoring and compliance indicators. As a final conclusion, after a general evaluation of the risks associated with the use of chlorothalonil, the absence of information on toxicity matters, and the risks of contamination of surface and groundwater, a recommendation is issued for the prohibition of the chlorothalonil molecule; with the prohibition, a sanitation process can be initiated for the contaminated sources in Cipreses de Oreamuno and Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, with a view to seeking the rehabilitation and reopening of potable water sources in the future, in addition to safeguarding, as indicated by DIGECA in its report, the constitutional assets of human health, biodiversity, and the environment, as well as avoiding future contamination.
Given this request for prohibition of the molecule, it is recommended to initiate a coordination process with the Dirección de Productos de Interés Sanitario (DRPIS) and the heads of the Ministry of Environment and Energy, as well as the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, in order to draft a decree leading to a prohibition in the shortest possible time…” ( sic ) Regarding what was expressed by the appellant in the SIXTH POINT, where it is textually indicated that: “… For all the foregoing, from the Ministry of Health we have acted within our possibilities, in order to safeguard the water sources and guarantee the fundamental rights to life and health of people, as well as the well-being of the population, which constitute legal assets of public interest that the State is obliged to protect, through the adoption of measures that defend them from any threat or danger. Every person has the basic and inalienable human right of access to potable water, as an essential good for life.
As well as, to ensure the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. It is brought to the knowledge of your authority, the actions taken by the Ministry of Health to date in addressing the complaint made by the appellant, where this office continues to fulfill its duties within its possibilities to guarantee potable water suitable for human consumption in the community of Dirección212 ,”.
Drafted by Judge Castillo Víquez; and,
Considering:
I.Object of the appeal. The appellant alleges that the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago issued a statement to the users of the potable water service on November 13, 2022, in which it informed that between the months of October and November 2022, a water quality analysis had been carried out on the 7 springs (nacientes) that supplied the aqueduct and in five of them the presence of metabolites of the agrochemical Chlorothalonil had been detected. He accuses that to date the contamination problem persists, since the water from the direct connection by pipes cannot be consumed and must be hauled remotely by tankers.
II.On the specific case. This Chamber, through judgment No. 2023-013384 of 13:41 hours on June 6, 2023, upon hearing an amparo appeal for the problems due to the presence of metabolites of the agrochemical Chlorothalonil in the springs (nacientes) that supply the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, ordered the following:
“The appeal is declared granted. It is ordered: 1) to Alexei Carrillo Villegas and to Nombre4406 , in their order Acting Minister of Health and Acting Director of the Área Rectora de Salud of Oreamuno, or to whomever, in their place, holds those positions, to, in accordance with the powers recognized by current legislation, immediately establish all corresponding coordination instances with the authorities of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, the Ministry of Environment and Energy, and the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, within their respective areas of competence, so that within a period of six months, counted from the notification of this judgment, and in accordance with the parameters established by the Ministry of Health, the recommendations of the unnumbered report of April 14, 2023, issued by the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Environment and Energy, and the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillado, called "Informe Técnico Clorotalonil", be adopted and executed, to guarantee the right to health and life of people; follow-up be given to such recommendations, and the pertinent actions be issued to guarantee their adequate and timely compliance; and 2) to Jorge Zapata Arroyo and José Sánchez Redondo, in their order General Manager of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados and President with judicial and extrajudicial representation of the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, or to whomever, in their place, holds those positions, to immediately maintain and guarantee the provision of potable water service for human consumption through the appropriate means, without using any of the contaminated water sources for this purpose, and that such situation be maintained, until the service can be duly reestablished through the usual means without compromising safety and health, and prior authorization in this regard by the Ministry of Health.
The foregoing, under warning that, if you fail to comply with this order, you will incur the crime of disobedience and that, in accordance with article 71 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, a prison sentence of three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty days, shall be imposed on anyone who receives an order that must be complied with or enforced, issued in an amparo appeal, and does not comply with it or have it complied with, provided that the crime is not more severely punished. The State and the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados are condemned to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts that serve as the basis for this declaration, which will be liquidated in the execution of the judgment of the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. Likewise, the ASADA of Dirección783 is condemned to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts that serve as the basis for this declaration, which will be liquidated in the execution of the judgment of the civil jurisdiction.
Judge Salazar Alvarado notes a remark. Judge Garro Vargas dissents with respect to the execution of the first order of this judgment and, in accordance with article 56 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, provides that it must be carried out before the Área de Ejecución del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, under the execution rules established in articles 155 and following of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. Likewise, she orders that a copy of the judgment be sent to initiate the execution procedures of this ruling.” By virtue of the foregoing, as the problems due to the presence of metabolites of the agrochemical Chlorothalonil in the springs (nacientes) that supply the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, this Chamber already resolved to declare the appeal granted, so the appropriate course in this case file is to uphold the amparo and refer the appellant to what was resolved there.
III.Partial dissenting vote with respect to the operative part of this judgment by Judge Garro Vargas. Although I agree with the majority of the Chamber that the appeal should be declared granted, I differ on where to place the execution phase of the matter, due to the lack of adequate mechanisms provided by the regulations governing this constitutional jurisdiction to follow up on a judgment that involves highly complex technical aspects, such as the adoption and execution of the recommendations of the unnumbered report of April 14, 2023, issued by the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Environment and Energy, and the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillado, called "Informe Técnico Clorotalonil", as well as guaranteeing the provision of potable water service for human consumption through the appropriate means, without using any of the contaminated water sources for this purpose.
Instead, the provisions of the Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo regarding execution (article 155 and following) have obvious advantages, such as the possibility of requesting schedules, imposing fines, establishing responsibilities, supervising compliance stages, etc. Therefore, in accordance with the provisions of article 56 of the Ley de Jurisdicción Constitucional, I consider that the execution phase must be carried out before the Área de Ejecución del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, under the judgment execution rules of said Code.
IV.Documentation provided to the case file. The parties are forewarned that, if they have provided any document on paper, as well as objects or evidence contained in any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, telematic device, or produced by new technologies, these must be removed from the office within a maximum period of 30 working days counted from the notification of this judgment. Otherwise, all material that is not removed within this period will be destroyed, as provided in the "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", approved by the Corte Plena in session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, article XXVI and published in Boletín Judicial number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as in the agreement approved by the Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, in session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, article LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The appeal is declared granted. Concerning the legal effects of the upholder part of this judgment, the appellant is referred to what was already ordered by the Chamber in vote No. 2023-013384 of 13:41 hours on June 6, 2023. The State and the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados are condemned to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts that serve as the basis for this declaration, which will be liquidated in the execution of the judgment of the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. Likewise, the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago is condemned to pay the costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts that serve as the basis for this declaration, which will be liquidated in the execution of the judgment of the civil jurisdiction. Judge Garro Vargas dissents with respect to the execution of this judgment and, in accordance with article 56 of the Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, provides that it must be carried out before the Área de Ejecución del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, under the execution rules established in articles 155 and following of the Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. Likewise, she orders that a copy of the judgment be sent to her to initiate the execution procedures of this ruling. Notifíquese.
Nombre290 V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Aracelly Pacheco S.
Jose Roberto Garita N.
1 Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial.
Reproduction and/or distribution for profit is prohibited.
It is a faithful copy of the original - Taken from Nexus.PJ on: 23-02-2026 15:14:45.
Sentencia con Voto Salvado Indicadores de Relevancia Sentencia relevante Sentencias Relacionadas Sentencia con datos protegidos, de conformidad con la normativa vigente Contenido de Interés:
Temas Estrategicos: Ambiental,Der Económicos sociales culturales y ambientales Tipo de contenido: Voto de mayoría Rama del Derecho: 4. ASUNTOS DE GARANTÍA Tema: AMBIENTE Subtemas:
AGUAS. CONTAMINACION.
Tema: SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS Subtemas:
AGUA POTABLE.
Telf5577. AMBIENTE. SERVICIOS PÚBLICOS. SE CUESTIONA LA UTILIZACIÓN DEL FUNGICIDA CLOROTALONIL EN LABORES AGRÍCOLAS, QUE AFECTA EL AGUA EN LAS COMUNIDADES DE OREAMUNO DE CARTAGO. EL ASADA DE SANTA ROSA DE OREAMUNO DIO A CONOCER UN ANÁLISIS DE CALIDAD DE AGUA DE 5 NACIENTES AFECTADAS POR EL AGROQUÍMICO. SE DECLARA CON LUGAR EL RECURSO. EN LO CONCERNIENTE A LOS EFECTOS JURÍDICOS DE LA PARTE ESTIMATORIA DE LA PRESENTE SENTENCIA, SE REMITE AL RECURRENTE A LO YA ORDENADO POR LA SALA EN EL VOTO NO. 2023-013384 DE LAS 13:41 HORAS DEL 06 DE JUNIO DE 2023. VCG07/2023 “(…) II.- Sobre el caso concreto. Esta Sala mediante sentencia No. 2023-013384 de las 13:41 horas del 06 de junio de 2023, al conocer un recurso de amparo por los problemas ante la presencia de metabolitos del agroquímico Clorotalonil en las nacientes que abastecen a la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, dispuso lo siguiente:
“Se declara con lugar el recurso. Se ordena: 1) a Alexei Carrillo Villegas y a Fiorella Fait Wong, por su orden Ministro a.i. de Salud y Directora a.i. del Área Rectora de Salud de Oreamuno, o a quienes, en su lugar ejerzan esos cargos, para que de conformidad con las potestades que les reconoce la legislación vigente, de inmediato establezcan todas las instancias de coordinación correspondientes con las autoridades del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, y del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, dentro de sus respectivos ámbitos de competencias, para que dentro del plazo de seis meses, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, y en consonancia con los parámetros establecidos por el Ministerio de Salud, se adopten y ejecuten las recomendaciones del informe sin número de 14 de abril de 2023, emitido por el Ministerio de Salud, el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillado, denominado "Informe Técnico Clorotalonil", para garantizar el derecho a la salud y a la vida de las personas; se brinde seguimiento a tales recomendaciones, y se emitan las actuaciones pertinentes para garantizar su adecuado y oportuno cumplimiento; y 2) a Jorge Zapata Arroyo y José Sánchez Redondo, por su orden Gerente General del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados y Presidente con representación judicial y extrajudicial de la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, o a quienes, en su lugar ejerzan esos cargos, para que de manera inmediata mantengan y garanticen la prestación del servicio de agua potable para consumo humano mediante las vías que corresponda, sin que se utilice para ello ninguna de las fuentes de agua contaminadas, y que tal situación se mantenga, hasta que el servicio pueda ser debidamente restablecido por los medios habituales sin comprometer la seguridad y la salud, y previa autorización al respecto por parte del Ministerio de Salud.
Lo anterior, bajo apercibimiento de que, de no acatar esta orden, incurrirá en el delito de desobediencia y que de conformidad con el artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo, y no la cumpliere o hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Se condena al Estado y al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. Asimismo, se condena a la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo civil.
El Magistrado Salazar Alvarado consigna nota. La Magistrada Garro Vargas salva el voto respecto a la ejecución de la primera orden de esta sentencia y, de conformidad con el artículo 56 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, dispone que debe realizarse ante el Área de Ejecución del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, bajo las reglas de ejecución, establecidos en los artículos 155 y siguientes del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. Asimismo, ordena que se le remita copia de la sentencia para que se inicie los procedimientos de ejecución de este fallo” En mérito de lo anterior, como los problemas por la presencia de metabolitos del agroquímico Clorotalonil en las nacientes que abastecen a la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, ya esta Sala resolvió declarar con lugar el recurso, de manera que lo que procede en este expediente es acoger el amparo y remitir al recurrente a lo ahí resuelto. (…)” ... Ver más Otras Referencias: Sentencia 13384-23 Contenido de Interés:
Tipo de contenido: Voto salvado Rama del Derecho: 6. LEY DE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL ANOTADA CON JURISPRUDENCIA Tema: 056- Ejecución de sentencias Subtemas:
NO APLICA.
III.Voto salvado parcial respecto a la parte dispositiva de esta sentencia de la magistrada Garro Vargas. Si bien coincido con la mayoría de la Sala en que el recurso se debe declarar con lugar, difiero sobre dónde residenciar la fase de ejecución del asunto, debido a la inexistencia de mecanismos adecuados previstos por la normativa que rige esta jurisdicción constitucional para dar seguimiento a una sentencia que reviste aspectos técnicos de gran complejidad, como es la adopción y ejecución de las recomendaciones del informe sin número de 14 de abril de 2023, emitido por el Ministerio de Salud, el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillado, denominado "Informe Técnico Clorotalonil", así como que se garantice la prestación del servicio de agua potable para consumo humano mediante las vías que corresponda, sin que se utilice para ello ninguna de las fuentes de agua contaminadas.
En cambio, lo dispuesto por el Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo en materia de ejecución (artículo 155 y siguientes) tiene evidentes ventajas, como la posibilidad de pedir cronogramas, imponer multas, sentar responsabilidades, fiscalizar etapas de cumplimiento, etc. Por ello, de conformidad con lo dispuesto por el artículo 56 de la Ley de Jurisdicción Constitucional, estimo que la fase de ejecución debe realizarse ante el Área de Ejecución del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, bajo las reglas de ejecución de sentencia de dicho Código.
VCG07/2023 ... Ver más Res. Nº PHO1926 SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta minutos del dieciseis de junio de dos mil veintitres .
Recurso de amparo promovido por [Nombre317 001], cédula de identidad [CED168 ], contra el INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS, el MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA Y GANADERÍA, el MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA, el MINISTERIO DE SALUD y la MUNICIPALIDAD DE OREAMUNO.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Castillo Víquez; y,
Considerando:
I.Objeto del recurso. El recurrente alega que la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago emitió un comunicado a los usuarios del servicio de agua potable el 13 de noviembre de 2022, en el que informó que entre los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2022, se había realizado un análisis de calidad de agua a las 7 nacientes que abastecían al acueducto y en cinco de ellas se había detectado la presencia de metabolitos del agroquímico Clorotalonil. Acusa que a la fecha persiste la problemática de la contaminación, pues no se puede consumir el agua de la conexión directa por tuberías y debe que ser acarreada de manera remota por tanquetas.
II.Sobre el caso concreto. Esta Sala mediante sentencia No. 2023-013384 de las 13:41 horas del 06 de junio de 2023, al conocer un recurso de amparo por los problemas ante la presencia de metabolitos del agroquímico Clorotalonil en las nacientes que abastecen a la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, dispuso lo siguiente:
“Se declara con lugar el recurso. Se ordena: 1) a Alexei Carrillo Villegas y a Nombre4406 , por su orden Ministro a.i. de Salud y Directora a.i. del Área Rectora de Salud de Oreamuno, o a quienes, en su lugar ejerzan esos cargos, para que de conformidad con las potestades que les reconoce la legislación vigente, de inmediato establezcan todas las instancias de coordinación correspondientes con las autoridades del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, y del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, dentro de sus respectivos ámbitos de competencias, para que dentro del plazo de seis meses, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, y en consonancia con los parámetros establecidos por el Ministerio de Salud, se adopten y ejecuten las recomendaciones del informe sin número de 14 de abril de 2023, emitido por el Ministerio de Salud, el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillado, denominado "Informe Técnico Clorotalonil", para garantizar el derecho a la salud y a la vida de las personas; se brinde seguimiento a tales recomendaciones, y se emitan las actuaciones pertinentes para garantizar su adecuado y oportuno cumplimiento; y 2) a Jorge Zapata Arroyo y José Sánchez Redondo, por su orden Gerente General del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados y Presidente con representación judicial y extrajudicial de la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, o a quienes, en su lugar ejerzan esos cargos, para que de manera inmediata mantengan y garanticen la prestación del servicio de agua potable para consumo humano mediante las vías que corresponda, sin que se utilice para ello ninguna de las fuentes de agua contaminadas, y que tal situación se mantenga, hasta que el servicio pueda ser debidamente restablecido por los medios habituales sin comprometer la seguridad y la salud, y previa autorización al respecto por parte del Ministerio de Salud.
Lo anterior, bajo apercibimiento de que, de no acatar esta orden, incurrirá en el delito de desobediencia y que de conformidad con el artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo, y no la cumpliere o hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Se condena al Estado y al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. Asimismo, se condena a la ASADA de Dirección783 al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo civil.
El Magistrado Salazar Alvarado consigna nota. La Magistrada Garro Vargas salva el voto respecto a la ejecución de la primera orden de esta sentencia y, de conformidad con el artículo 56 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, dispone que debe realizarse ante el Área de Ejecución del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, bajo las reglas de ejecución, establecidos en los artículos 155 y siguientes del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. Asimismo, ordena que se le remita copia de la sentencia para que se inicie los procedimientos de ejecución de este fallo” En mérito de lo anterior, como los problemas por la presencia de metabolitos del agroquímico Clorotalonil en las nacientes que abastecen a la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, ya esta Sala resolvió declarar con lugar el recurso, de manera que lo que procede en este expediente es acoger el amparo y remitir al recurrente a lo ahí resuelto.
III.Voto salvado parcial respecto a la parte dispositiva de esta sentencia de la magistrada Garro Vargas. Si bien coincido con la mayoría de la Sala en que el recurso se debe declarar con lugar, difiero sobre dónde residenciar la fase de ejecución del asunto, debido a la inexistencia de mecanismos adecuados previstos por la normativa que rige esta jurisdicción constitucional para dar seguimiento a una sentencia que reviste aspectos técnicos de gran complejidad, como es la adopción y ejecución de las recomendaciones del informe sin número de 14 de abril de 2023, emitido por el Ministerio de Salud, el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillado, denominado "Informe Técnico Clorotalonil", así como que se garantice la prestación del servicio de agua potable para consumo humano mediante las vías que corresponda, sin que se utilice para ello ninguna de las fuentes de agua contaminadas.
En cambio, lo dispuesto por el Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo en materia de ejecución (artículo 155 y siguientes) tiene evidentes ventajas, como la posibilidad de pedir cronogramas, imponer multas, sentar responsabilidades, fiscalizar etapas de cumplimiento, etc. Por ello, de conformidad con lo dispuesto por el artículo 56 de la Ley de Jurisdicción Constitucional, estimo que la fase de ejecución debe realizarse ante el Área de Ejecución del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, bajo las reglas de ejecución de sentencia de dicho Código.
IV.Documentación aportada al expediente. Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, éstos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión No. 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión No. 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara con lugar el recurso. En lo concerniente a los efectos jurídicos de la parte estimatoria de la presente sentencia, se remite al recurrente a lo ya ordenado por la Sala en el voto No. 2023-013384 de las 13:41 horas del 06 de junio de 2023. Se condena al Estado y al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. Asimismo, se condena a la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo civil. La magistrada Garro Vargas salva el voto respecto a la ejecución de esta sentencia y, de conformidad con el artículo 56 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, dispone que debe realizarse ante el Área de Ejecución del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, bajo las reglas de ejecución, establecidos en los artículos 155 y siguientes del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. Asimismo, ordena que se le remita copia de la sentencia para que se inicie los procedimientos de ejecución de este fallo. Notifíquese.
Nombre290 V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Aracelly Pacheco S.
Jose Roberto Garita N.
1 Clasificación elaborada por SALA CONSTITUCIONALdel Poder Judicial. Prohibida su reproducción y/o distribución en forma onerosa.
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