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Res. 14252-2023 Sala Constitucional · Sala Constitucional · 16/06/2023
OutcomeResultado
The Chamber granted the amparo and referred to the orders in judgment No. 2023-013384 requiring interagency measures against chlorothalonil contamination and safe drinking-water service without using the contaminated sources.La Sala acogió el amparo y remitió a las órdenes del voto n.º 2023-013384 para ejecutar medidas interinstitucionales contra la contaminación por clorotalonil y garantizar agua potable sin utilizar las fuentes contaminadas.
SummaryResumen
The Constitutional Chamber granted an amparo concerning contamination by metabolites of the fungicide chlorothalonil in five springs supplying the communities of Santa Rosa, San Gerardo, and San Isidro de Oreamuno. The contamination required the affected sources to be removed from service and drinking water to be delivered by tanker trucks. Because the Chamber had already decided the same problem in judgment No. 2023-013384, it referred the claimant to the measures ordered there: immediate coordination among the health, agriculture, environment, and water authorities; implementation within six months of the recommendations in the “Chlorothalonil Technical Report”; institutional monitoring of compliance; and continued provision of safe drinking water without using contaminated sources until the Ministry of Health authorizes restoration of ordinary service. The Chamber also ordered the State, AyA, and the Santa Rosa ASADA to pay costs and damages. Justice Garro Vargas disagreed only as to the forum responsible for enforcing the judgment.La Sala Constitucional declaró con lugar el recurso de amparo planteado por la contaminación con metabolitos del fungicida clorotalonil de cinco nacientes que abastecían a las comunidades de Santa Rosa, San Gerardo y San Isidro de Oreamuno. La contaminación obligó a retirar esas fuentes del sistema y a suministrar agua potable mediante tanquetas. Como la Sala ya había resuelto el mismo problema en el voto n.º 2023-013384, remitió al recurrente a las medidas ordenadas allí: coordinación inmediata entre Salud, Agricultura, Ambiente y AyA; ejecución, dentro de seis meses, de las recomendaciones del “Informe Técnico Clorotalonil”; seguimiento institucional de su cumplimiento; y mantenimiento de un abastecimiento seguro sin emplear fuentes contaminadas hasta que el Ministerio de Salud autorice restablecer el servicio ordinario. Además, condenó al Estado, al AyA y a la ASADA de Santa Rosa al pago de costas, daños y perjuicios. La magistrada Garro Vargas discrepó únicamente sobre la sede competente para ejecutar la sentencia.
Key excerptExtracto clave
In view of the foregoing, because this Chamber has already decided to grant the amparo addressing the problems caused by the presence of metabolites of the agrochemical chlorothalonil in the springs supplying the Santa Rosa de Oreamuno ASADA in Cartago, the appropriate course in this proceeding is to grant the amparo and refer the claimant to what was decided there. The amparo is granted. With respect to the legal effects of the favorable portion of this judgment, the claimant is referred to what the Chamber previously ordered in judgment No. 2023-013384 at 1:41 p.m. on June 6, 2023. The State and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers are ordered to pay the costs and damages caused by the facts underlying this declaration, to be assessed during enforcement proceedings before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. The Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago ASADA is likewise ordered to pay the costs and damages caused by the facts underlying this declaration, to be assessed during enforcement proceedings before the civil jurisdiction.En mérito de lo anterior, como los problemas por la presencia de metabolitos del agroquímico Clorotalonil en las nacientes que abastecen a la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, ya esta Sala resolvió declarar con lugar el recurso, de manera que lo que procede en este expediente es acoger el amparo y remitir al recurrente a lo ahí resuelto. Se declara con lugar el recurso. En lo concerniente a los efectos jurídicos de la parte estimatoria de la presente sentencia, se remite al recurrente a lo ya ordenado por la Sala en el voto No. 2023-013384 de las 13:41 horas del 06 de junio de 2023. Se condena al Estado y al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. Asimismo, se condena a la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo civil.
Pull quotesCitas destacadas
"Se declara con lugar el recurso."
"The amparo is granted."
Por tanto
"Se declara con lugar el recurso."
Por tanto
"El recurrente alega que la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago emitió un comunicado a los usuarios del servicio de agua potable el 13 de noviembre de 2022, en el que informó que entre los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2022, se había realizado un análisis de calidad de agua a las 7 nacientes que abastecían al acueducto y en cinco de ellas se había detectado la presencia de metabolitos del agroquímico Clorotalonil."
"The claimant alleges that the Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago ASADA issued a notice to drinking-water users on November 13, 2022, reporting that water-quality testing had been performed on the seven springs supplying the aqueduct between October and November 2022 and that metabolites of the agrochemical chlorothalonil had been detected in five of them."
Considerando I
"El recurrente alega que la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago emitió un comunicado a los usuarios del servicio de agua potable el 13 de noviembre de 2022, en el que informó que entre los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2022, se había realizado un análisis de calidad de agua a las 7 nacientes que abastecían al acueducto y en cinco de ellas se había detectado la presencia de metabolitos del agroquímico Clorotalonil."
Considerando I
"Acusa que a la fecha persiste la problemática de la contaminación, pues no se puede consumir el agua de la conexión directa por tuberías y debe que ser acarreada de manera remota por tanquetas."
"He claims that the contamination problem persists because water from the direct piped connection cannot be consumed and must instead be delivered remotely by tanker trucks."
Considerando I
"Acusa que a la fecha persiste la problemática de la contaminación, pues no se puede consumir el agua de la conexión directa por tuberías y debe que ser acarreada de manera remota por tanquetas."
Considerando I
"En cambio, lo dispuesto por el Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo en materia de ejecución (artículo 155 y siguientes) tiene evidentes ventajas, como la posibilidad de pedir cronogramas, imponer multas, sentar responsabilidades, fiscalizar etapas de cumplimiento, etc."
"By contrast, the enforcement provisions of the Contentious-Administrative Procedural Code (Article 155 et seq.) offer clear advantages, including the ability to require schedules, impose fines, establish responsibility, and supervise stages of compliance."
Considerando III, voto salvado parcial
"En cambio, lo dispuesto por el Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo en materia de ejecución (artículo 155 y siguientes) tiene evidentes ventajas, como la posibilidad de pedir cronogramas, imponer multas, sentar responsabilidades, fiscalizar etapas de cumplimiento, etc."
Considerando III, voto salvado parcial
Full documentDocumento completo
Document Review Res. Nº PHO1926 SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, at nine thirty on dieciseis de junio de dos mil veintitres .
Amparo proceeding (recurso de amparo) filed by [Nombre317 001], identity card [CED168 ], against the INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS, the MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA Y GANADERÍA, the MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA, the MINISTERIO DE SALUD, and the MUNICIPALIDAD DE OREAMUNO.
Background:
Monitoring, Protection, and Conservation Actions: The ASADA shall be responsible for overseeing, promoting, participating in, carrying out, and coordinating actions for the monitoring, protection, preservation, and conservation of water resources, coordinating for such purpose with the Community Systems Submanagement Office, which may seek support from other AyA units, as well as from other related institutions and organizations, as required. d. Monitoring Environmental Alteration of Water Resources: The ASADA shall monitor and control environmental alterations or contamination affecting the assigned water resources, including springs (nacientes) and aquifer recharge areas (áreas de recarga de acuíferos), or those necessary for supplying water for human consumption, and shall report to AyA, MINAE, the Ministry of Health, and the respective Municipality any contamination or potential contamination of waters that are used or could be used for human supply. f. Protection Area (Área de Protección): To the extent possible, the ASADA shall demarcate the protection areas of its water-supply sources in accordance with current legislation and shall endeavor, as a priority, to acquire and carry out conservation and protection actions in those areas.
To determine protection areas, it must first request a technical opinion from AyA, as provided by the General Law of Public Administration and Article 2(c) of the Constitutive Law of AyA.” AyA, in accordance with our powers, is providing support to the Nombre733 so that they may have better information for decision-making; for this purpose, hydrogeological studies must be commissioned, and interinstitutional work is required to prohibit or control the application of this agrochemical because of its significance for water intended for human consumption. Because a large portion of the 200-meter protection areas established by the Water Law is located on private property, the ASADA has been instructed to begin negotiations with the property owners to allow a surveying team to enter and physically demarcate the area with boundary markers, based on georeferenced information. In this manner, violations of these basic protection areas can be more effectively demonstrated and controlled.” Likewise, it must be noted that compliance with restrictions serving the public interest is an obligation of all citizens.
Although regulation by the State is indeed required, each Entity has its defined powers, and neither AyA nor the Asada de Santa Rosa has the authority to prohibit the use of agrochemicals or to deny authorization for construction and crops within the protection areas of the springs in a 200-meter radius, as stipulated in Article 31 of Water Law N° 276. The intervention and actions of these other Entities are therefore required to restore the springs supplying drinking water to citizens in the northern area of Cartago and, in this specific case, to the users of the Asada de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno.
SIXTH: True, with corrections. The technical report submitted in response to this case indicates that, although the public has not been informed whether “corrective actions have been carried out seeking the restoration of aquifers and bodies of water contaminated with the agrochemical Chlorothalonil,” this is because, to date, additional data are required in order to provide a definitive solution regarding information on recharge, protection, and contaminant-transport areas. These data will be obtained by conducting hydrogeological studies at all springs operated by the operating entities in the northern area of Cartago, pursuant to the action plan mentioned in the second fact. AyA, in accordance with our powers, continues to take action, for which we provide the following background regarding the response: It is essential to note that there is currently an Interinstitutional Commission for the safeguarding of water sources used for human consumption located in the Northern Area of the Province of Cartago, composed of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, the Ministry of Environment and Energy (Water Directorate), Local Governments, the National System of Conservation Areas, and the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados.
The Commission’s efforts focus on the following actions, which are included in the preventive and reactive measures work plan: 1. Application of the health-risk assessment instrument for each system (the Ministry of Health is responsible); 2. Implementation of the Water Safety Plan for the Nombre733 of the Dirección94 (each Asada; the Directorate of the UEN Nombre733 and AyA’s Central Eastern Regional Office; and the Ministry of Health are responsible), under way since November 2022 and continuing through May 2023. 3. Safeguarding of the 200-meter protection area (the National System of Conservation Areas, the Asadas, local governments, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, and the Environmental Management UEN of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados are responsible); 4. Sampling of the springs (each of the Asadas, AyA’s National Water Laboratory, and the Ministry of Health are responsible) 5.
Prohibition of chlorothalonil (the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, the Governing Council, and the Legislative Assembly are responsible) 6. Changes in agricultural practices (the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock is responsible) 7. Characterization of the effects on human health caused by the presence of chlorothalonil metabolites (the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, and AyA’s National Water Laboratory are responsible) 8. Changes in land uses (usos de suelo) (the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock and Local Governments are responsible) 9. Non-use of water sources for human consumption (the Asadas, the Ministry of Health, and the Directorate of the Asadas UEN are responsible) 10. Distribution of water by tanker truck (Nombre733 and the Directorate of the Asadas UEN are responsible) 11. Remediation of water sources (MINAE, local governments, the Ministry of Health, and the National Water Laboratory are responsible) 12.
Reopening and care of water sources (the Ministry of Health and AyA’s National Water Laboratory are responsible) In turn, the following chronology and clarifications are provided regarding the actions of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados in coordination with the Interinstitutional Commission: 1. On 17 October 2022, a meeting was held at the National Water Laboratory in Tres Ríos. Representatives of the Ministry of Health (regional and central), the Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas de la Universidad Nacional (IRET-UNA), and the following AyA units attended: the National Water Laboratory, the Central Eastern Regional Office, and the Directorate of the UEN Nombre733 of the Submanagement Office for Delegated Systems. 2. The purpose of the meeting was to establish whether the sources in the district of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno could be used to supply the population of Cipreses de Oreamuno (Minutes of the IRET - LNA - MS Meeting, 17 Oct 2022) 3.
At that meeting, the following agreements were reached, transcribed verbatim from the log sent by email by the Ministry of Health (Minutes of the IRET - LNA – MS - AyA Meeting, 17 Oct 2022): 4. Samples to be collected at the ASADA de Santa Rosa are processed, and delivery of the sampling materials is coordinated. 5. Support and follow-up for sampling at the ASADA de Santa Rosa 6. Delivery of LNA – IRET results reports 7. Internal coordination concerning a possible intervention in the water-supply system. 8. Based on these agreements, sampling is planned for the Nombre733 in the northern area of Cartago to determine the presence of Chlorothalonil metabolites, so that a comprehensive assessment of potential alternative sources can be conducted. The first Asada selected for sampling is Santa Rosa, because it could offer a potential solution for the community of Cipreses. However, to continue the sampling process for all Nombre733 in the northern area of Cartago, the administrative and financial agreement between AyA’s National Water Laboratory and the Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas de la Universidad Nacional (IRET-UNA) must be finalized. 9.
On 18 and 19 October 2022, personnel from AyA’s Central Eastern Regional Office conducted sampling in coordination with the IRET Laboratory at the Universidad Nacional. The sampling focused on the Asada Santa Rosa de Oreamuno and covered its 3 systems and 7 springs. The analyses were conducted at the IRET laboratory, and the results were communicated directly to the Ministry of Health, indicating the presence of chlorothalonil in five of the seven systems of the Asada de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno. 10. The purpose of this sampling was to establish a quality baseline regarding the presence of metabolites of the fungicide Chlorothalonil, in anticipation of a possible interconnection of the Asada de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno systems in the context of the closure of the sources used by the ASADA Cipreses de Oreamuno for human consumption. However, as indicated, the results were negative for five of the seven sources used by the Asada de Santa Rosa. 11.
On 3 November 2022, a meeting was held with the Asada de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno and the Central Eastern ORAC, with support from the Directorate for the Strengthening of Asadas, to explain the context of the precautionary principle (principio precautorio) in relation to possible contamination by the pesticide Chlorothalonil, as indicated by the water-quality analyses of samples collected by AyA’s Central Eastern ORAC and analyzed by IRIET – UNA, which were communicated directly to the Ministry of Health. 12. At the meeting of 3 November 2022, the locations for placing tanks and coordinating water distribution by both tanker trucks and pickup-truck tanks from the Nombre733 in the northern area of Cartago were established, in order to respond to any health order issued by the Ministry of Health. 13. On 4 November 2022, the Ministry of Health issued report MS-DM-9862-2022 and the corresponding health order to the Asada de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno and AyA’s Executive Presidency. 14.
On 4 November 2022, AyA issued a notice based on the Ministry of Health’s health order, informing the public that monitoring of water quality in the Santa Rosa de Oreamuno area had identified degraded residues of the agrochemical Chlorothalonil. Accordingly, as a preventive measure, the public was asked not to use water from the Asada de Santa Rosa water-supply system for human consumption, food preparation, or personal hygiene. It was clarified that water from the water-supply system could be used to operate toilets and for other household cleaning and disinfection activities. (…) 15. The Dirección782 begins AyA’s distribution of water, jointly with the Asada, to the community of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, using the tanker truck and the pickup-truck tanks of the Nombre733 in the northern area of Cartago. 16. On 6 November 2022, the Directorate of the UEN Nombre733 coordinated with the Asada de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno so that the operating entity would inform the public about water distribution, which was done through social-media communications.
(…) 17. On 8 November 2022, the seven water sources in Santa Rosa de Oreamuno were resampled in coordination with the Asada and the Ministry of Health; the samples were delivered to IRIET – UNA for proper analysis.
In turn, labeled buckets are provided to supply the population through water distribution by tanker truck. (…) 18. On 09 de noviembre 2022, the first meeting of the Interinstitutional Commission for the Protection of Water Sources Used for Human Consumption Located in Dirección209 was held, resulting in a preventive and corrective measures plan. 19. Regarding the actions taken by AyA, it should be noted that, based on the demand report prepared by the engineering division of ORAC Central Este and the Engineering Directorate of UEN Asadas, in the case of the population of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, coordination was undertaken with the Asada regarding the logistics for placing pallets and tanks at eighteen strategic points to ensure that the population was supplied. (…) 20. On 14 de noviembre 2022, an interinstitutional meeting was held with the Nombre733 of the northern area of Cartago to develop an action plan for conducting the sampling and implementing the measures required to address the situation.
It was clear that the matter needed to be brought before the higher authorities so that joint agreements could be reached. 21. It was agreed that the requirements would be channeled through the water safety plans (planes de seguridad del agua), promoting a joint development process among the various stakeholders involved in the emergency: municipalities, Asadas, MAG, SINAC, MINAE, and AyA, among others. 22. On 25 de noviembre 2022, the first Water Safety Plan workshop was held with the Nombre733 of the northern area of Cartago, jointly with the Ministerio de Salud, Gobiernos Locales, Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, and Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería. During this session, the methodology and the steps to be followed to protect and safeguard the sources were explained. a) In turn, the Nombre733 of the northern area of Cartago requested that the governing authority conduct hydrogeological studies (estudios hidrogeológicos), which requires the corresponding assessments by UEN Gestión Ambiental and the Presidencia Ejecutiva in order to channel the terms of reference and associated costs.
Updates in this regard will be communicated, as a reasonable period is required to determine the timeline, costs, resources, and responsible parties. b) It is essential to note that, in octubre 2022, sampling was conducted at the seven sources of Asada de Santa Rosa as part of an interinstitutional initiative involving the Ministerio de Salud, the Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas del AyA, and the Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas de la Universidad Nacional (IRET-UNA), with the aim of evaluating the relevant water-quality issues as a potential solution for supplying the community of Cipreses de Oreamuno in response to the harm that this community is also experiencing, which could be addressed by interconnecting the systems of Asada de Santa Rosa, as shown in the attached documents. Therefore, it falls within the authority and responsibility of the Comisión Interinstitucional para el resguardo de las fuentes de agua utilizadas para consumo humano ubicadas en la zona norte de la provincia de Cartago to continue seeking alternatives to resolve the presence of chlorothalonil metabolites (metabolitos de clorotalonil) in five of the seven water sources of Asada de Santa Rosa, given the complexity of the case; this is not the responsibility of the Institute alone.
During the current year, the following support activities have continued: a) The second and third meetings of the Comisión Interinstitucional were held in enero y febrero 2023 to analyze the respective institutional action plans being implemented, as well as the progress made on the agreements mentioned at the beginning of the document. b) The Water Safety Plan workshops have continued. c) On 14 de marzo, a meeting was held with the Junta Directiva and staff to establish dates and activities for addressing the situation. Information will be provided to the ASADA so that it may issue a joint bulletin with MAG concerning good agricultural practices and the importance of following the instructions on the agrochemical label. d) On viernes 17 de marzo, the second laboratory analyses conducted by IRET-UNA were delivered; another sampling for metabolites must be conducted during the dry season and continued at 3-month intervals. e) As of 22 de marzo de 2023, Asada de Santa Rosa continues to provide service for activities other than human consumption, as a measure adopted by the Ministerio de Salud to avoid worsening the public-health crisis. f) On 24 de marzo, an interinstitutional visit will be conducted with the Ministerio de Salud.
Efforts continue to conduct tests using a filtration system that would reduce the contaminant load to the level specified in the Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable, while the other control measures take effect with respect to the application of chlorothalonil in the area and the concentration found in the springs (nacientes) managed by the Nombre733 in question.
LEGAL BASIS AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
AyA, in coordination with the Ministerio de Salud and Asada de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, has conducted the necessary analyses of water quality, carries out monitoring, and verifies that the laboratory analyses performed are accredited in accordance with the provisions of Article 34 of the Ley del Sistema Nacional de Calidad N° 8279. For that reason, the scientific evidence presented internationally concerning the pesticide chlorothalonil has been investigated, and an interinstitutional commission has been formed to address and resolve the case involving both the springs of Asada Cipreses de Oreamuno and those of Asada Santa Rosa de Oreamuno.
Likewise, in accordance with AyA’s authority, monitoring is carried out and, as stated in the technical report submitted, the Comisión Interinstitucional established a work plan because the issue must be viewed “as a country,” given that the use of this agrochemical in agriculture may affect not only the springs in the northern area of Cartago, but also all springs subject to any degree of vulnerability due to farmers’ use of chlorothalonil. It is therefore extremely important that other entities, acting within their respective authority, assess the prohibition of that agrochemical, since neither AyA nor Asada Santa Rosa de Oreamuno has the power to take such action. The protection zones (zonas de protección) within a radius of 200 metros must also be restored under the terms of Article 31 of the Ley de Aguas, and local governments are responsible for prohibiting construction or activities in those areas that place at risk or contaminate the springs used to supply populations.
Therefore, this representative respectfully considers it of utmost importance that the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Servicios Fitosanitario del Estado, Municipalidad de Oreamuno, and Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía take the necessary actions within their respective authority. It bears repeating that AyA’s position is that a ban on the use of this agrochemical must be pursued in order to safeguard the springs and, consequently, to protect health, life, the human right of access to drinking water, and the environment.
It is important that those entities, acting within their respective authority and because these are restrictions in the public interest (limitaciones de interés general), determine the restrictions applicable to private property for the protection of the 200 metros surrounding the springs.
In this regard, it is appropriate to note the ruling of the Sala Primera de la Corte Suprema de Justicia in resolution Nº 04155 – 2019, of 28 de noviembre del 2019, which states:
“III. REGARDING THE RIGHTS TO PRIVATE PROPERTY AND TO A HEALTHY AND ECOLOGICALLY BALANCED ENVIRONMENT: Article 45 of the Constitución Política provides: ‘Property is inviolable; no person may be deprived of their property except for a legally proven public interest and upon prior compensation in accordance with the law. In the event of war or internal unrest, prior compensation is not indispensable. Nevertheless, the corresponding payment shall be made no later than two years after the end of the state of emergency. For reasons of public necessity, the Asamblea Legislativa may, by a vote of two-thirds of all its members, impose restrictions on property in the social interest’ (emphasis not in the original).
Accordingly, restrictions in the social interest (limitaciones de interés social) may be imposed only for reasons of public necessity and must be declared by one-third of the votes of all members of the Asamblea Legislativa. Thus, under the Costa Rican constitutional system, this right must not be regarded as exclusive and unlimited, because the concept of private property has undergone transformations and has yielded to the concept of ‘property as a social function’ (propiedad-función), adopted particularly in Article 45 of the Constitución Política.
In this regard, the Sala Constitucional, in Voto n° 15367-2018 of 9 horas y 20 minutos on 14 de setiembre de 2018, stated: ‘(…) the right to private property is, by definition, not unlimited, since the very essence of the legal system is to establish a system of limits among the various legal positions of all persons. Consequently, the modern conception of the right to property limits its powers and subjects it to duties and obligations that harmonize its exercise with the rights of others (…)’.
It is, however, possible to impose restrictions on the right to property for the purpose of protecting the environment and in support of the provisions of Article 50 of the Constitución Política (see, in this regard, judgments of the Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia numbers 5833-2002 and 1923-2004).
In Voto 4621-2016 of 16 horas y 20 minutos on 5 de abril de 2016, that Chamber established: ‘Article 50 of the Constitution establishes, as a fundamental purpose and essential value of the Costa Rican State, the pursuit of “the greatest well-being of all the country’s inhabitants.” Accordingly, a “healthy and ecologically balanced environment” forms part of the substance of the greatest well-being of all inhabitants and is a cause, purpose, condition, and limit governing the exercise of public powers and authority, not only by the State but also by the Municipalidades. Like the right to property, the object to which the right to the environment applies is external to the integrity of the human person—unlike, for example, the right to life. However, unlike the object of the right to property, the person forms part of and is integrated into the environment. Its protection therefore entails preserving the context essential to human life.
Conduct that has adverse effects on it poses a danger to human existence itself and entails a reduction or loss of the “greatest well-being” of all. Life depends on the environment; therefore, it must be ensured that the conditions guaranteeing life are maintained over time.’ In this regard, some of the administrative measures that may be established entail restrictions and controls on water uses or exploitation (aprovechamientos de agua) and on the various activities affecting water resources (recurso hídrico), provided that they are justified by a public interest. It should be emphasized that such measures do not impair the right to private property, since they constitute a restriction in the social interest that neither deprives that right of its substance nor expands the public domain without prior authorization, but instead defines its essential content.” These consist of a general burden (carga general), aimed in this case at remedying imminent contamination affecting the water resource of a particular area.
One of the essential provisions for protecting water resources is the establishment of a protection zone (zona de protección) to conserve both the resource and its surroundings, for the purpose of protecting the quality and quantity of the water. Along the same lines, section 31 of the Ley de Aguas provides: “(…) the following are declared subject to reservation of ownership (reserva de dominio) in favor of the Nation: a) Lands surrounding drinking-water collection sites or intake points, within a perimeter having a radius of no less than two hundred meters; b) The forest zone that protects or should protect all lands where the infiltration of drinking water occurs, as well as lands containing watersheds and the banks of reservoirs, supply sources, or permanent watercourses (…)”. Accordingly, the legislature clearly declares that lands surrounding drinking-water collection sites or intake points, within a perimeter having a radius of no less than 200 meters, are subject to reservation of ownership in favor of the State, which entails designating a strip of land as part of the public domain.
On this point, it bears repeating that, in environmental matters, the State is constitutionally compelled to safeguard the environment by promoting healthy and ecologically balanced development. IV.- THE SPECIFIC CASE: The first claim raised by the plaintiff’s special judicial representative against the judgment under appeal challenges an erroneous application and interpretation of substantive law. He alleges that his principal’s property, on which the water sources used by the Asada are located, is privately owned. He further states that, under section 7 of the Ley de Tierras y Colonización, “until the State, on its own initiative or at the direction of the Ministerio de Agricultura or the Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario, determines, for reasons of national interest, that lands must remain under its ownership, they shall be deemed inalienable and incapable of acquisition by claim or possession, except for those under private ownership pursuant to valid title.” On that basis, he asserts that the Ley de Tierras y Colonización repeals the Ley de Aguas because it was enacted later and that the former is therefore applicable to this specific case.
He also claims that the ad quem incorrectly assessed section 31 of the Ley de Aguas because, according to the appellant, that provision governs only public wasteland (terrenos baldíos). In this regard, it must be noted that article 7 of the Ley de Tierras y Colonización governs protection zones. However, matters concerning water sources used to supply water for human consumption are specifically governed by article 31 of the Ley de Aguas. The area that is the subject of the recovery-of-title action (acción reivindicatoria)—and this is not a disputed fact—is approximately 2.500 or 3.000 square meters and includes the location of a fence surrounding the spring (naciente) and the collection tanks used to supply the resource to nearby communities. Along the same lines, the appellant is correct in stating that the water intake is located on private property duly registered with the Registro Nacional.
Thus, in the judgment under appeal, the ad quem does not grant the Asada any ownership or possessory right over the disputed area, because it surrounds a spring, a situation in which the provisions of the Ley de Aguas prevail. Furthermore, the imposition of restrictions on private property takes precedence for the purpose of protecting the environment, the water resource, and the right to health, and does not thereby deprive that right of its substance, because in this case the owner may use the property in a manner appropriate to and compatible with the zone in which it is located. It is important to emphasize that the Ministerio de Salud de Guatuso issued health order S-018-2013 of May 28, 2013, requiring the Asociación del Acueducto y Alcantarillado Sanitario del Río Celeste de Guatuso to install a protective fence preventing people or animals from entering the site, because physical and sanitary deficiencies had been identified at the water intake in the disputed area.
Article 268 of the Ley General de Salud provides that every drinking-water supply must be subject to oversight by the Ministerio de Salud, because the quality of the water supplied to the population must be verified, thereby authorizing that body to intervene when a health hazard exists, as in the case under review. It should also be clarified that the ASADAS are private legal entities that act pursuant to an immediate delegation from the Instituto de Acueductos y Alcantarillados –AyA-, under section 2(g) of the Ley Constitutiva del AyA and section 3 of the Reglamento de las Asociaciones Administradoras del Sistema de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, with the primary purpose of protecting the water resource; in other words, they perform a public-service management activity (gestión de servicio público) and are therefore legally authorized to adopt measures for conserving water intakes used to supply the population.
Accordingly, when the Asada constructed the fences in question, it was carrying out a direct instruction from the Ministerio de Salud; consequently, determining whether or not there was any communication between the Asada and the owner of the property is an issue unrelated to these proceedings, since the Ministerio ordered protective action for the disputed area with which the ASADA was required to comply. It should be noted that rights to exploit water resources fall within the jurisdiction of the bodies specifically empowered by the legal system; in this case, that function corresponds to the Asada del Río Celeste de Guatuso. Likewise, regarding the contention that the plaintiff should have been penalized for contaminating the water resource instead of the Asada being authorized to construct the fence, it must be stated that these proceedings are not the proper avenue for disputing the type of sanction imposed by the Ministerio de Salud; moreover, the Asada is a body legally authorized to comply with the order issued for the purpose of protecting the water resource and the right to health.
In view of the foregoing, the appellant’s objections in this regard cannot be sustained, and this Chamber agrees with the Tribunal’s finding that the provision applicable to this case is section 31 of the Ley de Aguas, rather than sections 33 and 34 of the Ley Forestal as the appellant requests, because this is an area subject to reservation of ownership in favor of the State, as it contains a water source used to supply water for human consumption. In another line of argument, the appellant in cassation contends that his principals lost all rights to the 3000 square meters of land they lawfully acquired and that this portion of the property is being awarded to the Asada. In this regard, it should be clarified that, as stated supra, the judgment under appeal does not grant any right of possession or ownership to the Asada. Rather, health order number S-018-2013, issued by the Ministerio de Salud Pública, required the installation of a fence in the area to protect the water resource because physical and sanitary deficiencies had been identified, for the purpose of protecting that resource and its consumers’ right to health.
It should also be noted that the disputed area is outside private commerce (fuera del comercio de los hombres), because it is a zone subject to reservation of public ownership through which an essential public service—namely, the supply of drinking water to a community—is guaranteed. It is also relevant to specify that the plaintiff herself was aware of the construction of a water collection tank when she purchased the property at issue in these proceedings. Furthermore, the Asada de Río Celeste de Guatuso has two water concessions registered with the Registro Nacional, one of which is located on her property (see the second and fourth facts alleged in the complaint). For the foregoing reasons, this Chamber finds no basis for modifying the finding made by the Tribunal in the judgment under appeal.” Along these lines, as a second point for consideration, we shall address the powers of other entities to provide a comprehensive response to the matter before us.
II. POWERS OF OTHER STATE ENTITIES TO ADDRESS THE CASE The matter before us concerns an appeal against AyA, the Asada Santa Rosa, and the Ministerio de Salud. Nevertheless, resolving the case requires the involvement of other institutions, including the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado, and Municipalidad de Oreamuno, because the matter involves the use of an agrochemical permitted in agriculture but not regulated under the Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua. International research, however, contains findings and studies concerning possible contamination of this precious liquid by the agrochemical chlorothalonil (clorotalonil) and, consequently, a potential impact on the population. Based on the precautionary principle (principio precautorio), intervention by these institutions is therefore imperative, since both AyA and the Asada de Santa Rosa lack the authority to prohibit the use of agrochemicals or to withhold authorization for construction and crops within the protection areas of springs having a radius of 200 meters, as provided in article 31 of the Ley de Aguas N° 276.
Intervention and action by these other entities are required to restore the springs supplying drinking water to residents of the northern area of Cartago and, specifically, to users of the Asada de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno. In this regard, the following articles must be taken into consideration: - Articles 5(o) and 30 of Ley N° 7664 “Ley de Protección Fitosanitaria” (…) - Articles 11, 49 and 50 of Ley N° 7788 “Ley de Biodiversidad” (…) - Article 17 of Ley 7317 “Ley de Conservación de Vida Silvestre” (…) - Article 2 of Ley N° 7779 “Ley de Uso, Manejo y Conservación de Suelos” (…) - Articles 1, 2, 4, 59 and 60 of Ley N° 7554 “Ley Orgánica del Ambiente” (…) - Article 5 of Ley Nº 7017 “Ley para la Importación y Control de la Calidad de Agroquímicos” (…) - Articles 1, 3, 7, 213, 239, 240, 241, 244 and section 345(8) of Ley Nº 5395 “Ley General de Salud” (…) - Article 1 and related provisions of Ley Nº 8705 “Ley de Aprobación del Convenio de Rotterdam para la aplicación del Procedimiento de Consentimiento Fundamentado previo a ciertos Plaguicidas y Productos Químicos Peligrosos objeto de Comercio Internacional”, ratified by Decreto Ejecutivo N° 35416 of June 30, 2009 (…) - Articles 1 and 3 of Ley N° 8538 “Ley de aprobación del Convenio de Estocolmo sobre contaminantes orgánicos persistentes”, ratified by article 1 of Decreto Ejecutivo N° 33438 of November 6, 2006 (…) The cited legislation clearly establishes the powers and obligations of MAG and MINAE to prohibit an agrochemical that threatens or poses a risk to public health, which is a constitutional right warranting protection and commitment from the entities comprising the commission, each within the scope of its respective powers.
While it is true that this Honorable Chamber has stated that, when there is insufficient evidence to order the appropriate procedures to prohibit the use of an agrochemical (agroquímico) that may cause harm to health or the environment (see decision N° 19096-2021, dated 27 de agosto del 2021), in a case similar to the one before us, processed under expediente N° 22-015651-0007-CO, the Constitutional Chamber has already issued a ruling on the matter, under N° PHO39 of 04 de noviembre del 2022 (…) Within the framework of compliance with that decision, which is closely related to the case before us, it is necessary to analyze the possibility of prohibiting the use of that agrochemical in the country; nevertheless, any investigations that AyA may conduct within the scope of its authority are limited to that purpose, since determining its prohibition falls within the authority of other Entities, as explained in the cited regulations.
The Constitutional Chamber, in multiple decisions, has addressed the fundamental right to enjoy a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, and the State is responsible for regulating chemical or related substances for agricultural use so that they are used correctly and do not create irreparable risks. In this regard, I hereby cite decision N° 07690-2019 of 03 de mayo del 2019 (…) In connection with the foregoing matter, the Honorable Constitutional Chamber has likewise addressed the regulation of agrochemicals, as may be seen in decision N° 24807-2021, dated 05 de noviembre del 2021 (…) As may be observed, specific powers have been assigned for prohibiting an agrochemical that threatens or creates a risk to the health of the inhabitants, in the case before us through the contamination of the springs (nacientes) used to supply water to the population. In conclusion, as the Honorable Constitutional Chamber may verify, the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados is taking the necessary steps, in coordination with the Asada Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, to provide drinking water to the community, as well as coordinating with other Entities through the interinstitutional commission established to provide a comprehensive solution.
Nevertheless, as explained, the intervention and exercise of the powers and responsibilities of the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado, and Municipalidad de Oreamuno are required. III. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS SET FORTH IN TECHNICAL REPORT GSD- UEN-GAR-2023-00845 REGARDING THE REQUEST: As part of the social-management strategy analysis for the ASADA Cipreses de Oreamuno, which has the same contamination problem at its springs, the Social Management and Citizen Participation team of AyA’s UEN Gestión Ambiental conducted a comprehensive analysis (annex), establishing guidelines for communicating the situation to the public and the steps that the Institutions must take to address the matter. In accordance with the Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua potable, the Ministerio de Salud ordered all Nombre733 to conduct fourth-level analyses (n4) in order to detect the presence of a broad range of agrochemicals used in the area; accordingly, comprehensive monitoring involving accredited analyses is already being conducted in the case of the base agrochemicals.
Because the operating entities have entered into a Delegation Agreement (Convenio de Delegación) with AyA, resource-use projects must be proposed through technical studies financed by the Asadas, for which AyA provides the corresponding technical advice. The process of identifying new sources must have technical support enabling MINAE’s Dirección de Aguas to allocate flow; in addition to identifying the new source, its viability in terms of quantity and quality must be determined. Accordingly, periodic flow gauging (aforos) (flow measurement) must be performed during the dry and rainy seasons (1 year), together with physicochemical and microbiological quality analyses, as well as analyses by AyA’s Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas or IRET-UNA concerning the presence of chlorothalonil derivatives. Additionally, consideration must be given to the need to propose a project for the use and distribution of the flow allocated from a new source, so that the infrastructure may be constructed in accordance with the Regulations.
It should be noted that items 11 and 16 of the action plan submitted under the second section of this document address alternative supply options. Conclusions: In conclusion, as the Ministerio de Salud may verify, the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados is taking the necessary steps, in coordination with the Asada Santa Rosa de Oreamuno and the Asada de Cipreses de Oreamuno, to provide drinking water to the community, as well as coordinating with other Entities through the interinstitutional commission established to provide a comprehensive solution. Nevertheless, as explained, the intervention and exercise of the powers and responsibilities of the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado, and Municipalidad de Oreamuno are required. Recommendations: It is recommended that the Ministerio de Salud request a report from the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería and the Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado concerning the actions required to proceed with the prohibition of chlorothalonil in the country; inform the Municipalidad de Oreamuno of the measures and actions necessary to safeguard the spring protection area (área de protección) within a radius of 200 meters, in connection with the canton’s urban planning and the activities permitted in the area; and inform the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía of the need to protect the springs and for the necessary coordination with the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería to prohibit the agrochemical.” RELIEF SOUGHT (PRETENSIONES) 1.
That the appeal filed against AyA be dismissed, because, as indicated, the necessary steps are being taken, the springs are being monitored, and an interinstitutional commission has been established. 2. That the entity I represent not be ordered to pay damages or costs. 3. I request that the case file be closed,”
Regarding the request of March, 2022, a response was received in October, 2022 from the person in charge of the Centro Nacional Especializado en Agricultura Orgánica, offering the schedule of courses to be taught during the first quarter of 2023. This schedule has been shared with producers in the Zona Norte de Cartago as an option for expanding their knowledge and providing them with tools to address contamination by agrochemicals (agroquímicos), without neglecting the productive focus of their economic activities. It should be noted that this information is shared for motivational and informational purposes; however, there is no possibility of making producers’ participation mandatory. The “Remedial Management Plan to Be Implemented at Water Sources of the ASADA Cipreses de Oreamuno” (“Plan de manejo remedial para implementar en fuentes de agua de la ASADA Cipreses de Oreamuno”) also proposes work to be carried out in stages, with actions and the time required for progress (see Table 2), whose indicators were improved in order to clarify and monitor compliance and progress.
It should be noted that this is a long-term plan (2 or 3 years from its implementation), since the period required for fungicides to cease being detected in the water is lengthy due to the nature of these contaminants and the processes required for the molecules to break down, and because, until agrochemicals are used properly, the decontamination process will not begin. The SFE has worked diligently on preparing the draft proposal for the Executive Decree “Reglamento General para establecer las condiciones de aplicaciones terrestres de agroquímicos,” which is ready for approval by the heads of the institutions involved (Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería and Ministerio de Salud). This regulation is important because there are no national regulations governing ground applications (aplicaciones terrestres) that specify setback distances (distancias de retiro) and requirements based on site conditions, equipment, and the product to be applied.
This instrument will help reduce the risk of accidents arising from ground applications of agrochemicals and the resulting contamination of soils, water, unintended areas, etc. (…) In a third stage, with a two-year timeframe, the actions proposed in Table 2 are intended to include sampling for agrochemical residues in vegetables from at least 80% of the agricultural producers located in groundwater recharge areas (zonas de recarga hídrica). This timeframe takes into account the ordinary budget available to the SFE for conducting agrochemical residue analyses, an amount that has tended to decrease each year and that must cover producers throughout the Región Central Oriental. It is important to mention that the activities and indicators proposed by the Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado do not include the measurement, monitoring, and comparison of data to determine whether water contamination has been mitigated, because determining whether mitigation has occurred requires measurements, and our institutions do not have the operational capacity to perform this activity, as they lack the necessary tools, including the capacity to collect drinking-water samples, laboratories, analyses, or parameters that would permit such measurement.
On 14 de noviembre del año 2022, we actively participated in the discussion forum concerning the situation of the Nombre733 in the Zona Norte de Cartago and the possible threat of agrochemical contamination to water sources used for human consumption. The forum was held at the facilities of the ASADA de Cot de Oreamuno and included the participation of users, residents, AyA personnel, and representatives of the Nombre733 of Paso Ancho, Potrero Cerrado, Cot, Santa Rosa, San Pablo and Cipreses. It should be noted that the Ministerio de Salud (área rectora de salud de Oreamuno, or the corresponding office) did not participate in this forum, although it is an extremely important actor in carrying out these activities. During 2022, together with COBIRRIS-MAG, a campaign was conducted to collect empty agrochemical containers, which were properly delivered for disposal by the Fundación Limpiemos Nuestros Campos; the campaign took place in the areas surrounding ASADA Santa Rosa and Paso Ancho.
In response to official letter MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-0122-2023, official letter OR-COR-008- 2023 was issued, stating that the SFE is not able to develop coordinated actions with performance indicators for measuring, monitoring, and comparing the results obtained through the “Remedial Management Plan to Be Implemented at Water Sources of the ASADA Cipreses de Oreamuno” in order to determine whether contamination has been mitigated or reduced so as to achieve the “remediation” (“saneamiento”) of the water sources, because Costa Rica has no treatments for removing agrochemical contaminants from water; furthermore, chlorothalonil-related metabolites cannot be quantified by any laboratory nationwide, and this type of measurement does not fall within the SFE’s authority. The SFE has been working jointly with the Oficina Regional Central Este del AyA, specifically with expert manager Jeison Romilio Gutiérrez Araya of the Fortalecimiento de ASADAS program, with whom it has begun preparing explanatory bulletins concerning Good Agricultural Practices (Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas), so that the Nombre733 may possess and distribute the information among their users.
For this purpose, it has been deemed important to address topics such as personal protective equipment for the proper use and handling of pesticides (an infographic is available), biobeds and biotables (camas y mesas biológicas) (an infographic is available), the benefits of Good Agricultural Practices (an infographic has already been prepared), pesticide degradation (an infographic is available), the pre-harvest interval between the last application and harvest (periodo de carencia entre la última aplicación y la cosecha) (an infographic is available), advice for preventing cross-contamination in fresh agricultural products (an infographic is available), and calibration of agricultural application equipment (calibración de equipo de aplicación agrícola) (an infographic has already been designed). A list is also available of agrochemical products authorized for use on certain principal crops (potato, cucumber, sweet pepper, celery, lettuce, broccoli and carrot), and additional information is expected to be processed on the basis of the “Guía regional armonizada de Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas basada en riesgo,” prepared by the Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria.” Notwithstanding the foregoing, it is important and vitally relevant to this application for constitutional relief (recurso de amparo) to inform and advise the Sala that the actions being carried out by the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería and the Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado will be those arising directly from the delegation of powers legally established in our legal system—that is, the duties and powers derived from Ley 7064 and Ley 7664—thereby observing the principle of legality (principio de legalidad) set forth in Article 11 of the Constitution and Article 11 of the Ley General de la Administración Pública.
RELIEF SOUGHT (PRETENSIÓN): In view of the foregoing, we request that the Honorable Justices declare this application for constitutional relief against the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería and the Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado to be WITHOUT MERIT, because, within the scope of the powers legally conferred upon the institutions we represent, the institutional strategies and actions that can be undertaken to address the issue forming the subject matter of this application for constitutional relief have been carried out and scheduled.”
Jose Sánchez Redondo, president of the ASADA of Santa Rosa, who is hereby ordered, immediately and verbatim: “… Inform the community of Santa Rosa and the surrounding areas, accurately and assertively, and through as many channels as possible, of the situation affecting ASADA Santa Rosa concerning the metabolites of the pesticide Chlorothalonil and the application of the precautionary principle (principio de precaución), in order to prevent health problems among the population; additionally, clarify that water for human consumption, food preparation, and hygiene will come exclusively from tanker trucks, while water supplied by the aqueduct may be used for flushing toilets and other household cleaning and disinfection activities...” ( sic ) 3. Sanitary order (Orden sanitaria) MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0102-2022 issued to MBA Roberto Guzmán Gutiérrez, Executive President of Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, who is hereby ordered, immediately and verbatim: “…
Provide water to the community of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno immediately, by means of tanker trucks or any other mechanism that ensures the availability of safe water for human consumption…”sic 4. Sanitary order MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0105-2022 issued to MBA Roberto Guzmán Gutiérrez, Executive President of Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, who is hereby ordered, immediately and verbatim: “… Inform the community of Santa Rosa and the surrounding areas, accurately and assertively, and through as many channels as possible, of the situation affecting ASADA Santa Rosa concerning the metabolites of the pesticide Chlorothalonil and the application of the precautionary principle, in order to prevent health problems among the population; additionally, clarify that water for human consumption, food preparation, and hygiene will come exclusively from tanker trucks, while water supplied by the aqueduct may be used for household…” ( sic ) toilets and other cleaning and disinfection activities 5.
Sanitary order MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0108-2022 issued to MBA Roberto Guzmán Gutiérrez, Executive President of Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, who is hereby ordered, immediately and verbatim: “… Submit to the Área Rectora de Salud de Oreamuno a Corrective Action Plan identifying the person responsible for carrying out the activities and a schedule detailing the dates on which the activities will be performed, with short-, medium-, and long-term actions, within a reasonable statutory period, setting forth the steps to be followed to resolve the contamination affecting the ASADA of Santa Rosa, whether through interconnections with other ASADAS, the search for new sources, the implementation of treatment systems, among other measures, as determined by its technical authority for drinking water…” ( sic ) 6. Sanitary order MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0104-2022 issued to MSc. Vladimir Mesén Montenegro, Head of the Oficina Regional Central Este of Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, who is hereby ordered, immediately and verbatim: “…
Provide water to the community of Cipreses de Oreamuno immediately, by means of tanker trucks or any other mechanism that ensures the availability of safe water for human consumption…” ( sic ) 7. Sanitary order MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0107-2022 issued to MSc. Vladimir Mesén Montenegro, Head of the Oficina Regional Central Este of Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, who is hereby ordered, immediately and verbatim: “… Inform the community of Santa Rosa and the surrounding areas, accurately and assertively, and through as many channels as possible, of the situation affecting ASADA Santa Rosa concerning the metabolites of the pesticide Chlorothalonil and the application of the precautionary principle, in order to prevent health problems among the population; additionally, clarify that water for human consumption, food preparation, and hygiene will come exclusively from tanker trucks, while water supplied by the aqueduct may be used for flushing toilets and other household cleaning and disinfection activities…” ( sic ) 8.
Sanitary order MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0103-2022 issued to Eng. Rafael Barboza Topping, Expert Director of UEN Gestión de ASADAS, Subgerencia de Gestión de Sistemas Delegados of Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, who is hereby ordered, immediately and verbatim: “… Provide water to the community of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno immediately, by means of tanker trucks or any other mechanism that ensures the availability of safe water for human consumption…” sic 9. Sanitary order MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0106-2022 issued to Eng. Rafael Barboza Topping, Expert Director of UEN Gestión de ASADAS, Subgerencia de Gestión de Sistemas Delegados of Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, who is hereby ordered, immediately and verbatim: “… Inform the community of Santa Rosa and the surrounding areas, accurately and assertively, and through as many channels as possible, of the situation affecting ASADA Santa Rosa concerning the metabolites of the pesticide Chlorothalonil and the application of the precautionary principle, in order to prevent health problems among the population; additionally, clarify that water for human consumption, food preparation, and hygiene will come exclusively from tanker trucks, while water supplied by the aqueduct may be used for flushing toilets and other household cleaning and disinfection activities…” ( sic ) Furthermore, in response to the notification by email of the laboratory results from Msc. Clemens Rupert, Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), sent last Friday, 17 de marzo del 2023, at 17 hours and 9 minutes, regarding the laboratory analysis reports for the second samples collected from the springs (nacientes) used by the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, which once again show the presence of metabolites of the fungicide Chlorothalonil, this Área Rectora de Salud requested by email dated 20 de marzo del 2023 that Dr. Albin Badilla Mora, Nivel Central del Ministerio de Salud, assess the analysis results and, if necessary, the measures to be taken concerning the matter at hand.
A response was received today, 23 de marzo del 2023, by email, in which Dr. Badilla Mora states verbatim: “… It is important to consider the health and well-being of the population in any situation involving environmental risk. In the case of the Acueducto de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, this is a concern being addressed by the Ministerio, with actions underway because residues of the chemical 1,3- dicarbamoyl-2,4,5,6-tetrachlorobenzene, derived from the pesticide Chlorothalonil, have been found in the water, which has led to the issuance of sanitary orders prohibiting the population from consuming water from several systems of that aqueduct. Furthermore, it is important to note that in the October sampling, Nombre4404 was not affected, but the November results show it to be affected. This situation indicates that the water source is contaminated, and measures must be taken to prevent its consumption by the population.
Accordingly, it is advisable to apply the precautionary principle and take action at the local Área Rectora level so that water from Nombre4404 is not consumed by the population until at least 3 negative samples have been obtained. This is necessary to ensure that the water is safe for human consumption and does not pose a risk to public health. It is important to emphasize that the Ministerio de Salud, as the governing authority (ente rector) for public health matters, must safeguard the health of the population, beginning with prevention. Therefore, it is recommended that coordination be undertaken with the ASADA and AYA to implement water-quality prevention and control measures, as has previously been done in a similar manner with the other springs…” ( sic ) (folios 0343 to 0350, 0352 and 0371 to 0373 = folios 0040 to 0051). In light of the foregoing, this Área Rectora de Salud proceeded to issue and serve three administrative acts (actos administrativos) (folios 0374 to 0382 = folios 0052 to 0060) under the following consecutive numbers: 1.
Sanitary order MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0023-2023 issued to Mr. Jose Sánchez Redondo, president of the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, who is hereby ordered, immediately and verbatim: “… 1) Inform the community through as many means of communication as possible that the drinking-water source Nombre4404, used by the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, must not be used for human consumption, food preparation, or hygiene activities. 2) Coordinate with Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados to ensure that water supplied to the population by tanker trucks or any other means of transportation comes from another source that contains no contaminants. In the absence of information characterizing and identifying health risks associated with the consumption, ingestion, or any other form of contact with the metabolites, water from this source may not be used for human consumption, food preparation, or personal hygiene activities, pursuant to the precautionary principle.
Water from this source may be used for flushing toilets and other household cleaning and disinfection activities. The foregoing is in compliance with the instructions provided by Dr. Albin Badilla Mora in the email entitled Informe laboratorio análisis muestras ASADA Santa Rosa de Oreamuno nov. 2022, dated today, 23 de marzo del 2023, and received by this Área Rectora de Salud at 09:04 hours (attached)…” ( sic ) 2. Sanitary order MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-OS-0024-2023 issued to Eng. Rafael Barboza Topping, Expert Director of UEN Gestión de ASADAS, Subgerencia de Gestión de Sistemas Delegados, and MS-DRRSCE- DARSO-OS-0025-2023 issued to MSc. Vladimir Mesén Montenegro, Head of Oficina Regional Central Este, both of Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, who are hereby ordered, immediately and verbatim: “… 1) Do not use the water source Nombre4404 of the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno to supply the population, by tanker trucks or any other means of transportation, with water used for human consumption, food preparation, or hygiene activities. 2) Coordinate with MR.
JOSE SANCHEZ REDONDO, president of the ASADA of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, to ensure that water supplied to the population by tanker trucks or any other means of transportation comes from another source that contains no contaminants. In the absence of information characterizing and identifying health risks associated with the consumption, ingestion, or any other form of contact with the metabolites, water from this source may not be used for human consumption, food preparation, or personal hygiene activities, pursuant to the precautionary principle. Water from this source may be used for flushing toilets and other household cleaning and disinfection activities. The foregoing is in compliance with the instructions provided by Dr. Albin Badilla Mora in the email entitled Informe laboratorio análisis muestras ASADA Santa Rosa de Oreamuno nov.
2022, dated today, March 23, 2023, received by this Área Rectora de Salud at 09:04 hours (attached)…” (sic) Por tanto, since notification of the aforementioned acts, monitoring activities have been and will continue to be conducted to ensure compliance with those administrative acts (actos administrativos), and the role of coordinating the social stakeholders will be maintained in order to protect the population’s health in connection with the matter at hand. This has been accomplished through various field inspections at the ASADA de Santa Rosa, during which the actions taken by both the water-supply system and the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados have been verified, including the distribution of drinking water by tanker truck and pickup truck to the population served by the ASADA de Santa Rosa; the information provided to the community; and the submission of the estimated-volume report for supplying the community associated with the Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago water-supply system by tanker trucks, under which placement of 19 platforms and 19 tanks at strategic points was coordinated with the ASADA to guarantee the population’s drinking-water supply, as well as the continued operation of the educational centers and the EBAIS de Santa Rosa.
It should be noted that, during implementation of the logistics for distributing water to the community, other Nombre733 provided support in distributing water to the population and ensuring that they would have drinking water. All of the foregoing was documented and described in technical reports MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-IT-0517-2022, MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-IT- 0519-2022, MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-IT-0527-2022, MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-IT-0552-2022, MS-DRRSCE-DARSO- IT-0012-2023 (folios 0229 al 0235, 0245 al 0247, 0282 al 0284, 0310 al 0312 = folios 0061 al 0076). With respect to the FIFTH AND SIXTH POINTS raised by the petitioner, in which MR. [Nombre317 001] states verbatim: “… inaction is presumed on the part of the competent institutions regarding environmental and public-health protection, because they failed to take measures that would have prevented such contamination. Furthermore, it remains unknown whether institutional corrective actions have been taken to remediate the contaminated water sources and guarantee the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment, as provided in Article 50 Constitución Política de Costa Rica.
Consequently, the inhabitants of the communities of Santa Rosa, San Gerardo and San Isidro in the canton of Oreamuno are affected by the contamination of the springs (nacientes), due to the limitations resulting from their inability to use water supplied directly through pipelines by the authorized provider, namely the ASADA de San Gerardo de Oreamuno. At present, he argues, access to drinking water is restricted, and it must be transported from elsewhere in small tanker trucks. They add that ‘It appears that the contamination affecting the springs may have resulted from the failure to apply the legislation in force, which caused harm to public health and the environment. It should also be noted that there is an unknown potential risk of contamination of aquifers (acuíferos) used for human consumption, which could increase the risk posed by contaminated sources if immediate measures are not taken.’” He alleges that no information has been provided regarding corrective actions aimed at restoring aquifers and bodies of water (cuerpos de agua) contaminated with the agrochemical Chlorothalonil.
Moreover, “It is likewise unknown whether the Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA) and the other competent institutions have coordinated efforts to conduct the corresponding hydrogeological studies (estudios hidrogeológicos), through which technical and scientific methods could determine the aquifer-recharge areas (áreas de recarga acuífera) of the springs, thereby enabling their demarcation and active management, with the aim of regulating the activities carried out in those areas in pursuit of the protection of water resources and the environment.” … (sic), regarding which the following is reported: The petitioner’s assertion, insofar as it concerns the responsibilities of the Ministerio de Salud, is entirely false and devoid of any truth, because, ever since the contamination problem involving metabolites of the fungicide Chlorothalonil was detected in samples taken from the springs used by the ASADA de Santa Rosa, a series of actions has been undertaken to safeguard the population’s health.
Particularly noteworthy are the administrative acts requesting that AyA provide the population with drinking water fit for human consumption, pursuant to the precautionary principle (principio precautorio), while allowing subscribers to use water from the water-supply system for flushing toilets and for other household cleaning and disinfection activities. Furthermore, as part of our responsibilities, intervention by the Office of the Minister has been requested through the various management levels of the Ministerio de Salud so that Chlorothalonil may be prohibited. Official letter MS-DRRSCE-DARSO-0912-2022, signed by Dr. Oscar Rodríguez González, Director of the Área Rectora de Salud de Oreamuno, states that the northern area of Cartago is devoted to agriculture and that there is concern that Chlorothalonil metabolites may also be detected in the other water sources of the other Nombre733.
This would make the situation virtually unsustainable for the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, and it is therefore essential that a prohibition on the sale and distribution of this pesticide be considered as soon as possible (folios 0210 al 0211 = folios 0077 al 0078). In addition to the foregoing, agricultural production and the use of these types of products place the groundwater and surface-water sources in these sectors at risk of contamination by the pesticide Chlorothalonil and its metabolites, given its infiltration capacity and the extensive agricultural use of that product. According to the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería in the “Plan de Manejo Remedial para implementar en fuentes de agua de la ASADA Cipreses de Oreamuno,” this molecule is contained in more than 50 commercial products registered in the country and is very widely used, including, for example, on the following crops: celery, broccoli, coffee, onions, sweet peppers, cauliflower, beans, tomatoes, carrots, cabbage, potatoes, among others, many of which are grown in the northern area of the province of Cartago.
Prohibiting this pesticide therefore plays a very important role in the pursuit of short-, medium-, and long-term solutions. (folios expediente ASADA Cipreses 02514 al 02526 = folios 0079 al 0091). Furthermore, through joint work by the Dirección Regional Central Este, represented by Eng. Nelson Artavia Vega, and the Área Rectora de Salud de Oreamuno, represented by Dr. María José Lafuente González, the “Comisión Interinstitucional para el resguardo de las fuentes de agua utilizadas para consumo humano ubicadas en la Zona Norte de la provincia de Cartago” was established. This commission consists of representatives of ORAC Central Este AyA, UEN Gestión Ambiental AyA, Dirección de Agua, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, Comisión para el Ordenamiento y Manejo de la Cuenca Alta del Río Reventazón – COMCURE, Sistema Nacional de Áreas de Conservación del Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía SINAC – MINAE, and Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal – SENASA.
The commission’s objective is to develop a road map and work jointly to address the water-supply systems in the Zona Norte de Cartago, initially those in the cantons of Oreamuno and Alvarado. To date, 6 meetings have been held at one-month intervals, and a Preventive Measures Work Plan and a Reactive Measures Work Plan are already in place, establishing a joint course of action to safeguard the water sources used for human consumption in that area. As an initial phase, implementation is underway of the SERSA Inspection Guides, Forms and Guides for the Water Quality Monitoring Process, and the Water-Supply System Registry, based on the Reglamento para la Calidad del Agua Potable, in the various water-supply systems of the cantons of Oreamuno and Alvarado. In addition, implementation of the Water Safety Plan began on November 29, 2022, with the participation of all commission members, as well as the Municipalidad de Oreamuno, Municipalidad de Alvarado, and the Nombre733 of the sector, carrying out a series of actions that constitute an important pillar in safeguarding water sources and the health of the population supplied by them.
Additionally, pursuant to the agreements adopted at the meeting of the “Comisión Interinstitucional para el resguardo de las fuentes de agua utilizadas para consumo humano ubicadas en la Zona Norte de la provincia de Cartago,” held on February 08, 2023 (folios 0092 al 0093), official letter MS-DRRSCE-URS-0087-2023, signed by Eng. Nelson Artavia Vega and Dr. María José Lafuente González, requested that Dr. Oscar Bermúdez García, Director of the Dirección Regional de Rectoría de la Salud Central Este (folios 0094 al 0096), undertake the following, verbatim: “… Pursuant to the agreements adopted at the meeting of the ‘Comisión Interinstitucional para el resguardo de las fuentes de agua utilizadas para consumo humano ubicadas en la Zona Norte de la provincia de Cartago,’ held on February 08, 2023, you are hereby informed that a considerable number of water springs are registered in the northern area of Cartago by Nombre733 and the municipalities of the area for the supply of water for human consumption (information to be confirmed by AyA and the Dirección de Aguas, although they are estimated to number more than 40).
Given that this area has been characterized by the emerging agricultural and livestock activity that has developed over the years, it may be inferred that the springs are located in an area highly vulnerable to contamination. It is therefore extremely important to have hydrogeological studies to determine, in the first instance, the aquifer-recharge zones and spring-protection areas (áreas de protección de las nacientes), as well as the possible environmental risks to which they are exposed. It is also important to ascertain the current status of the agreement between the Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas and the Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas de la Universidad Nacional (IRET-UNA), and to conduct laboratory analyses of all water sources and the distribution network in the northern area of the province of Cartago, in order to determine whether degradation metabolites of the pesticide Chlorothalonil are present.
Accordingly, in order to standardize criteria, follow the same course of action, and implement the agreements adopted at that meeting, considering also that all the springs are located in the same area, have similar characteristics, and some are very close to one another (less than one kilometer apart), we respectfully request that you use your good offices to: 1. Request the Executive Presidency of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (Eng. Alejandro Guillén Guardia) and the General Management of the Servicio Nacional de Aguas Subterráneas, Riego y Avenamiento (SENARA) (Mr. Osvaldo Quirós Arias), with a copy to the Región Central Oriental del SENARA (Eng. Nombre4405), to jointly conduct hydrogeological studies of all springs used for human consumption located in the Zona Norte de la provincia de Cartago, given that both institutions bear direct responsibility for such studies. 2.
Request from the Executive Presidency of the Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados (Ing. Alejandro Guillén Guardia), with a copy to the ORAC Central Este of AyA (Ing. Vladimir Mesen Montenegro), the existing Technical Studies for all springs (nacientes) used for human consumption located in the Zona Norte of the province of Cartago. 3. Request from the Directorate of the Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas (Dr. Darner Mora Alvarado) the current status of the agreement between that institution and the Laboratorio de Análisis de plaguicidas (LAREP) of the Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas of the Universidad Nacional (IRET- UNA), for conducting analyses of degradation metabolites of the pesticide Chlorothalonil. 4. Request from the Directorate of the Laboratorio Nacional de Aguas (Dr. Darner Mora Alvarado) information on the progress made toward conducting laboratory analyses of the degradation metabolites of the pesticide Chlorothalonil, given that it is extremely important to ascertain the current condition of all springs used for human consumption located in the Zona Norte of the province of Cartago, with respect to the impact of that substance on the water supplied to the population. 5.
Request from the Unidad Hidrológica Caribe of the Dirección de Aguas of MINAE (Ing. Gilberth Octavio Molina) a list of aqueducts and water sources suitable for human consumption located in the cantons of Cartago, Oreamuno, Turrialba and Alvarado, including their updated georeferenced locations. 6. Request support from the Dirección General de Salud in the form of a Toxicology professional, for the purpose of defining the guidelines to be followed in conducting, with support from academia, studies on the effects on human health caused by the consumption of water contaminated with degradation metabolites of the pesticide Chlorothalonil…” ( sic ) In addition to the foregoing, on 14 de diciembre del 2022, through official letter MS-DPRSA-0752- 2022, signed by Ing. Eugenio Androvetto Villalobos, Ing. Ricardo Morales Vargas, Head of the Unidad de Salud Ambiental, and Dr. Albin Badilla Mora, Microbiologist, from the Central Level of the Ministerio de Salud, Dra. Joselyn Chacón Madrigal, former Minister of the Ministerio de Salud, and Licda. Carolina Gallo Chaves, Deputy Minister of the Ministerio de Salud, were informed about the pesticide molecule chlorothalonil, and a ban on chlorothalonil was requested, stating verbatim (folios 0287 al 289 = 0097 al 0099): “…
According to UNDP estimates, Costa Rica has a high level of pesticide consumption, compounded by a weakening of agricultural extension and research services at the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, which creates risks of surface-water and groundwater contamination that may compromise water sources for human consumption. Such events have occurred in Limón and the Zona Norte, with very serious economic and social implications, and the communities of Cipreses and Santa Rosa de Oreamuno must now be added to these contamination events. Chlorothalonil is a molecule capable of producing metabolites once it enters the environment, with a high potential for contamination, and according to EFSA, even when this pesticide is used correctly, it will be capable of contaminating water sources, while insufficient toxicological information is available regarding its metabolites to determine potential health risks.
This is demonstrated by the situations occurring in the aqueducts of Cipreses and Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, where, although chlorothalonil measurements have been conducted, the chemical has not been detected; however, measurements of its metabolites have found high concentrations thereof, demonstrating the potential contamination risk posed by chlorothalonil in water intended for human consumption. With respect to the country’s technical capacity for measuring pesticide residues, Costa Rica is lagging behind, because there is no direct relationship between the registered molecules, their metabolites, and the analytical techniques available to State laboratories for measuring them in surface-water bodies and groundwater. Therefore, this situation becomes hazardous because chlorothalonil metabolites cannot be systematically and routinely included in the drinking-water monitoring activities carried out in the country.
Furthermore, this creates a disadvantage for any remediation and mitigation intervention or plan because measurements cannot be conducted to implement monitoring and compliance indicators. As a final conclusion, following an overall assessment of the risks associated with the use of chlorothalonil, the lack of information concerning toxicity, and the risks of surface-water and groundwater contamination, a recommendation is issued to ban the chlorothalonil molecule; the ban would allow a remediation process to begin for the contaminated sources in Cipreses de Oreamuno and Santa Rosa de Oreamuno, with a view to the future rehabilitation and reopening of the drinking-water sources, as well as to safeguarding, as DIGECA states in its report, the constitutional interests of human health, biodiversity, and the environment, and preventing future contamination. In light of this request to ban the molecule, it is recommended that a coordination process be initiated with the Dirección de Productos de Interés Sanitario (DRPIS) and the senior officials of the Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía and the Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, for the purpose of drafting a decree that will bring about a ban as soon as possible…” ( sic ) With regard to the statements made by the appellant under the SIXTH POINT, which states verbatim: “…
In view of all the foregoing, the Ministerio de Salud has acted within the scope of its capabilities to safeguard water sources and guarantee the fundamental rights to life and health, as well as the well-being of the population, which constitute legally protected interests of public concern that the State is obligated to protect by adopting measures to defend them against any threat or danger. Every person has the basic and inalienable human right of access to drinking water, as an essential resource for life. Likewise, the right to a healthy and ecologically balanced environment must be safeguarded. Your authority is hereby informed of the actions taken to date by the Ministerio de Salud in addressing the matters reported by the appellant, with this agency continuing, within the scope of its capabilities, to fulfill its duties to guarantee drinking water suitable for human consumption in the community of Dirección212 , ”.
Justice Castillo Víquez writes the opinion; and,
Whereas:
I.Subject matter of the amparo appeal (recurso de amparo). The appellant alleges that the ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago issued a notice to drinking-water service users on November 13, 2022, informing them that, between October and November 2022, a water-quality analysis had been conducted on the 7 springs (nacientes) supplying the aqueduct and that metabolites of the agrochemical Chlorothalonil had been detected in five of them. He claims that the contamination problem persists to date, because water from the direct connection through pipelines cannot be consumed and must be transported from a remote location by tanker trucks.
II.Regarding the specific case. In judgment No. 2023-013384 at 13:41 hours on June 06, 2023, when hearing an amparo appeal concerning problems arising from the presence of metabolites of the agrochemical Chlorothalonil in the springs supplying the ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, this Chamber ruled as follows:
“The appeal is granted. It is ordered: 1) that Alexei Carrillo Villegas and Nombre4406, respectively Acting Minister of Health and Acting Director of the Oreamuno Health Governing Area, or whoever holds those offices in their stead, in accordance with the powers granted to them by the legislation in force, immediately establish all appropriate coordination mechanisms with the authorities of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, the Ministry of Environment and Energy, and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, within their respective spheres of authority, so that, within six months from notification of this judgment and in accordance with the parameters established by the Ministry of Health, the recommendations contained in the unnumbered report dated April 14, 2023, issued by the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Environment and Energy, and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, entitled ‘Chlorothalonil Technical Report,’ are adopted and implemented to safeguard the rights to health and life; that such recommendations are followed up on; and that the pertinent measures are issued to ensure their proper and timely implementation; and 2) that Jorge Zapata Arroyo and José Sánchez Redondo, respectively General Manager of the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers and President and judicial and extrajudicial representative of the ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, or whoever holds those offices in their stead, immediately maintain and guarantee the provision of drinking water for human consumption through the appropriate means, without using any of the contaminated water sources for that purpose, and that this arrangement remain in place until the service can be duly restored through the usual means without jeopardizing safety and health, and after prior authorization from the Ministry of Health.
The foregoing is ordered with the warning that failure to comply with this order shall constitute the offense of disobedience and that, pursuant to Article 71 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, anyone who receives an order that must be complied with or enforced, issued in an amparo appeal, and fails to comply with or enforce it shall be sentenced to imprisonment for three months to two years, or a fine of twenty to sixty day-fines, provided that the offense is not subject to a more severe penalty. The State and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers are ordered to pay the legal costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts underlying this ruling, which shall be assessed during enforcement of the judgment before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. Likewise, the ASADA de Dirección783 is ordered to pay the legal costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts underlying this ruling, which shall be assessed during enforcement of the civil judgment.
Justice Salazar Alvarado files a note. Justice Garro Vargas dissents regarding enforcement of the first order in this judgment and, pursuant to Article 56 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, determines that enforcement must take place before the Enforcement Division of the Contentious-Administrative and Civil Court of the Treasury, under the enforcement rules established in Articles 155 et seq. of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code. She likewise orders that a copy of the judgment be forwarded to that court so that proceedings to enforce this ruling may be initiated.” In view of the foregoing, because this Chamber has already ruled that the appeal concerning the problems arising from the presence of metabolites of the agrochemical Chlorothalonil in the springs supplying the ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago should be granted, the proper course in these proceedings is to grant the amparo and refer the appellant to the ruling issued therein.
III.Partial dissenting opinion (voto salvado parcial) of Justice Garro Vargas regarding the operative part of this judgment. Although I agree with the majority of the Chamber that the appeal should be granted, I disagree as to the forum in which the enforcement phase of the matter should be conducted, due to the absence of adequate mechanisms under the rules governing this constitutional jurisdiction for monitoring a judgment involving highly complex technical matters, such as the adoption and implementation of the recommendations contained in the unnumbered report dated April 14, 2023, issued by the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Environment and Energy, and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers, entitled “Chlorothalonil Technical Report,” as well as ensuring the provision of drinking water for human consumption through the appropriate means, without using any of the contaminated water sources for that purpose.
By contrast, the provisions of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code governing enforcement (Article 155 et seq.) offer clear advantages, such as the ability to request schedules, impose fines, determine liability, oversee stages of compliance, and so forth. Therefore, pursuant to Article 56 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, I consider that the enforcement phase should be conducted before the Enforcement Division of the Contentious-Administrative and Civil Court of the Treasury, under the rules governing enforcement of judgments established in that Code.
IV.Documentation submitted to the case file. The parties are advised that, if they have submitted any paper document, as well as any objects or evidence contained on any additional electronic, computer, magnetic, optical, or telematic device, or produced using new technologies, they must retrieve them from the court office within a maximum period of 30 business days from notification of this judgment. Otherwise, any material not retrieved within that period shall be destroyed, pursuant to the “Regulations on Electronic Case Files before the Judiciary,” approved by the Full Court at session No. 27-11 of August 22, 2011, Article XXVI, and published in Judicial Bulletin number 19 of January 26, 2012, as well as the resolution approved by the Superior Council of the Judiciary at session No. 43-12 held on May 3, 2012, Article LXXXI.
Por tanto:
The appeal is granted. Regarding the legal effects of the portion of this judgment granting relief, the appellant is referred to what the Chamber previously ordered in decision No. 2023-013384 at 13:41 hours on June 06, 2023. The State and the Costa Rican Institute of Aqueducts and Sewers are ordered to pay the legal costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts underlying this ruling, which shall be assessed during enforcement of the judgment before the contentious-administrative jurisdiction. Likewise, the ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago is ordered to pay the legal costs, damages, and losses caused by the facts underlying this ruling, which shall be assessed during enforcement of the civil judgment. Justice Garro Vargas dissents regarding enforcement of this judgment and, pursuant to Article 56 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Law, determines that enforcement must take place before the Enforcement Division of the Contentious-Administrative and Civil Court of the Treasury, under the enforcement rules established in Articles 155 et seq. of the Contentious-Administrative Procedure Code. She likewise orders that a copy of the judgment be forwarded to that court so that proceedings to enforce this ruling may be initiated. Let notice be served.
Nombre290 V.
President Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Aracelly Pacheco S.
Jose Roberto Garita N.
1
Revisión del Documento Res. Nº PHO1926 SALA CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las nueve horas treinta minutos del dieciseis de junio de dos mil veintitres .
Recurso de amparo promovido por [Nombre317 001], cédula de identidad [CED168 ], contra el INSTITUTO COSTARRICENSE DE ACUEDUCTOS Y ALCANTARILLADOS, el MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA Y GANADERÍA, el MINISTERIO DE AMBIENTE Y ENERGÍA, el MINISTERIO DE SALUD y la MUNICIPALIDAD DE OREAMUNO.
Resultando:
Redacta el Magistrado Castillo Víquez; y,
Considerando:
I.Objeto del recurso. El recurrente alega que la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago emitió un comunicado a los usuarios del servicio de agua potable el 13 de noviembre de 2022, en el que informó que entre los meses de octubre y noviembre de 2022, se había realizado un análisis de calidad de agua a las 7 nacientes que abastecían al acueducto y en cinco de ellas se había detectado la presencia de metabolitos del agroquímico Clorotalonil. Acusa que a la fecha persiste la problemática de la contaminación, pues no se puede consumir el agua de la conexión directa por tuberías y debe que ser acarreada de manera remota por tanquetas.
II.Sobre el caso concreto. Esta Sala mediante sentencia No. 2023-013384 de las 13:41 horas del 06 de junio de 2023, al conocer un recurso de amparo por los problemas ante la presencia de metabolitos del agroquímico Clorotalonil en las nacientes que abastecen a la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, dispuso lo siguiente:
“Se declara con lugar el recurso. Se ordena: 1) a Alexei Carrillo Villegas y a Nombre4406 , por su orden Ministro a.i. de Salud y Directora a.i. del Área Rectora de Salud de Oreamuno, o a quienes, en su lugar ejerzan esos cargos, para que de conformidad con las potestades que les reconoce la legislación vigente, de inmediato establezcan todas las instancias de coordinación correspondientes con las autoridades del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, del Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía, y del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados, dentro de sus respectivos ámbitos de competencias, para que dentro del plazo de seis meses, contado a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia, y en consonancia con los parámetros establecidos por el Ministerio de Salud, se adopten y ejecuten las recomendaciones del informe sin número de 14 de abril de 2023, emitido por el Ministerio de Salud, el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillado, denominado "Informe Técnico Clorotalonil", para garantizar el derecho a la salud y a la vida de las personas; se brinde seguimiento a tales recomendaciones, y se emitan las actuaciones pertinentes para garantizar su adecuado y oportuno cumplimiento; y 2) a Jorge Zapata Arroyo y José Sánchez Redondo, por su orden Gerente General del Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados y Presidente con representación judicial y extrajudicial de la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, o a quienes, en su lugar ejerzan esos cargos, para que de manera inmediata mantengan y garanticen la prestación del servicio de agua potable para consumo humano mediante las vías que corresponda, sin que se utilice para ello ninguna de las fuentes de agua contaminadas, y que tal situación se mantenga, hasta que el servicio pueda ser debidamente restablecido por los medios habituales sin comprometer la seguridad y la salud, y previa autorización al respecto por parte del Ministerio de Salud.
Lo anterior, bajo apercibimiento de que, de no acatar esta orden, incurrirá en el delito de desobediencia y que de conformidad con el artículo 71 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, se impondrá prisión de tres meses a dos años, o de veinte a sesenta días multa, a quien recibiere una orden que deba cumplir o hacer cumplir, dictada en un recurso de amparo, y no la cumpliere o hiciere cumplir, siempre que el delito no esté más gravemente penado. Se condena al Estado y al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. Asimismo, se condena a la ASADA de Dirección783 al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo civil.
El Magistrado Salazar Alvarado consigna nota. La Magistrada Garro Vargas salva el voto respecto a la ejecución de la primera orden de esta sentencia y, de conformidad con el artículo 56 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, dispone que debe realizarse ante el Área de Ejecución del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, bajo las reglas de ejecución, establecidos en los artículos 155 y siguientes del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. Asimismo, ordena que se le remita copia de la sentencia para que se inicie los procedimientos de ejecución de este fallo” En mérito de lo anterior, como los problemas por la presencia de metabolitos del agroquímico Clorotalonil en las nacientes que abastecen a la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago, ya esta Sala resolvió declarar con lugar el recurso, de manera que lo que procede en este expediente es acoger el amparo y remitir al recurrente a lo ahí resuelto.
III.Voto salvado parcial respecto a la parte dispositiva de esta sentencia de la magistrada Garro Vargas. Si bien coincido con la mayoría de la Sala en que el recurso se debe declarar con lugar, difiero sobre dónde residenciar la fase de ejecución del asunto, debido a la inexistencia de mecanismos adecuados previstos por la normativa que rige esta jurisdicción constitucional para dar seguimiento a una sentencia que reviste aspectos técnicos de gran complejidad, como es la adopción y ejecución de las recomendaciones del informe sin número de 14 de abril de 2023, emitido por el Ministerio de Salud, el Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía y el Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillado, denominado "Informe Técnico Clorotalonil", así como que se garantice la prestación del servicio de agua potable para consumo humano mediante las vías que corresponda, sin que se utilice para ello ninguna de las fuentes de agua contaminadas.
En cambio, lo dispuesto por el Código Procesal Contencioso-Administrativo en materia de ejecución (artículo 155 y siguientes) tiene evidentes ventajas, como la posibilidad de pedir cronogramas, imponer multas, sentar responsabilidades, fiscalizar etapas de cumplimiento, etc. Por ello, de conformidad con lo dispuesto por el artículo 56 de la Ley de Jurisdicción Constitucional, estimo que la fase de ejecución debe realizarse ante el Área de Ejecución del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, bajo las reglas de ejecución de sentencia de dicho Código.
IV.Documentación aportada al expediente. Se previene a las partes que, de haber aportado algún documento en papel, así como objetos o pruebas contenidas en algún dispositivo adicional de carácter electrónico, informático, magnético, óptico, telemático o producido por nuevas tecnologías, éstos deberán ser retirados del despacho en un plazo máximo de 30 días hábiles contados a partir de la notificación de esta sentencia. De lo contrario, será destruido todo aquel material que no sea retirado dentro de este plazo, según lo dispuesto en el "Reglamento sobre Expediente Electrónico ante el Poder Judicial", aprobado por la Corte Plena en sesión No. 27-11 del 22 de agosto del 2011, artículo XXVI y publicado en el Boletín Judicial número 19 del 26 de enero del 2012, así como en el acuerdo aprobado por el Consejo Superior del Poder Judicial, en la sesión No. 43-12 celebrada el 3 de mayo del 2012, artículo LXXXI.
Por tanto:
Se declara con lugar el recurso. En lo concerniente a los efectos jurídicos de la parte estimatoria de la presente sentencia, se remite al recurrente a lo ya ordenado por la Sala en el voto No. 2023-013384 de las 13:41 horas del 06 de junio de 2023. Se condena al Estado y al Instituto Costarricense de Acueductos y Alcantarillados al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo contencioso administrativo. Asimismo, se condena a la ASADA de Santa Rosa de Oreamuno de Cartago al pago de las costas, daños y perjuicios causados con los hechos que sirven de base a esta declaratoria, los que se liquidarán en ejecución de sentencia de lo civil. La magistrada Garro Vargas salva el voto respecto a la ejecución de esta sentencia y, de conformidad con el artículo 56 de la Ley de la Jurisdicción Constitucional, dispone que debe realizarse ante el Área de Ejecución del Tribunal Contencioso Administrativo y Civil de Hacienda, bajo las reglas de ejecución, establecidos en los artículos 155 y siguientes del Código Procesal Contencioso Administrativo. Asimismo, ordena que se le remita copia de la sentencia para que se inicie los procedimientos de ejecución de este fallo. Notifíquese.
Nombre290 V.
Fernando Cruz C.
Paul Rueda L.
Jorge Araya G.
Anamari Garro V.
Aracelly Pacheco S.
Jose Roberto Garita N.
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