Annulment of Arbitral Award for Abstract Damages AwardNulidad de laudo arbitral por condena en abstracto

**Exp. 22-000097-0004-AR** **Res. 000296-F-S1-2026** **FIRST CHAMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE.** San José, at eleven hours four minutes on the nineteenth of February of two thousand twenty-six.

In arbitration proceedings brought by BLOQUES PEDREGAL, S.A. (PEDREGAL), represented by José Rafael Fernández Quesada, against PLANTACIÓN LAS PANTERAS, S.A. (PANTERAS), represented by Eric Alberto Jiménez Trejos, the Centro Internacional de Conciliación y Arbitraje issued Arbitral Award No. 2 at 1:00 p.m. on July 4, 2022. The plaintiff files an action to set aside (recurso de nulidad) against the decision.

**CONSIDERING** **I.-** Bloques Pedregal S.A. initiated arbitration proceedings before the Centro Internacional de Conciliación y Arbitraje against Plantación las Panteras S.A. In said proceeding, it requested a determination that Panteras must comply with all its contractual obligations until the natural term of the contract, including the purchase option, that it compensate Pedregal in the sum of US$279,171.37 with the setoff of payments made being recognized, that the closure of access to the plant carried out in September and December 2019 be declared illegal, that it be compelled to compensate the damages caused on both occasions, and that it bear all the costs of the proceeding, including the expenses of the Centro de Conciliación, the Tribunal's fees, and procedural and personal costs. Alternatively, should the aforementioned claims be rejected, they requested that Panteras honor the purchase option by signing the deed of segregation (escritura de segregación) and sale of the lot, that it pay Pedregal the cost of the work of processing (beneficiamiento) the materials remaining on its land, including those located in the crusher zone (zona del quebrador), and that it likewise cover all the costs of the proceeding in the same terms previously indicated. The defendant answered the complaint and, in general terms, raised the defenses of lack of standing (falta de derecho) and non-performance of contract (contrato no cumplido). The Tribunal composed of Anabelle León Feoli, Mauricio París Cruz, and Diego Baudrit Carrillo, by means of Arbitral Award No. 2 at 1:00 p.m. on July 4, 2022, partially upheld the complaint, ordering the defendant to pay ¢14,678,435.99 for materials that PEDREGAL had to acquire from third parties due to the illegal closures of the plant, plus interest at the basic passive rate of the Banco Central de Costa Rica, calculated from the date of the award until its effective payment. Likewise, they stated, PANTERAS shall pay PEDREGAL the amount of ¢3,322,954.00 for personal costs (attorney's fees including VAT).

**II.-** The appellant argues a single ground for setting aside (nulidad): contradiction of peremptory norms and public policy (contravención de normas imperativas y de orden público), pursuant to the ground provided in article 67.f of Law No. 7727 (Ley de Resolución Alterna de Conflictos y Promoción de la Paz Social -RAC-), violation of article 41 of the Political Constitution, articles 3.1, 3.5, and 62.1 of the Código Procesal Civil (CPC), as well as articles 19, 701, and 702 of the Civil Code. The dispute arises from the terms in point 9.2, under the Tribunal's exclusive drafting, where it was established that the award had to contain a liquidated and enforceable judgment, indicating that issuing generic judgments in the abstract was incompatible with arbitration, save for extraordinary circumstances. Based on this, it was required that claims for damages (daños y perjuicios) be specified in their origin and amount, so that the opposing party could exercise its defense. In the first award, the Tribunal declared the access closures carried out by “Panteras” in September and December 2019 illegal, upholding the principal claim and ordering that the liquidation of damages be carried out in a second award, following demonstration and quantification. In the second phase, the plaintiff formulated differentiated claims for loss of profits (lucro cesante), direct damage (daño directo), non-pecuniary damage (daño moral), loss of opportunity, and loss of the value of money over time, requesting both the declaration of the existence of each compensable item and the determination of its amount. However, the Tribunal concluded that the liquidated amount of the damages was not demonstrated, which is why it rejected all the claims and upheld the defense of lack of standing (falta de derecho), noting in paragraph 92 that “it cannot grant any of the amounts claimed by the plaintiff that are based on this expert evidence,” and in paragraph 113 that, even considering the claim for loss of chance derived from the non-renewal of the contract with CEMEX valid, the problem lay in its quantification. Consequently, in paragraph 164 of the award, it resolved to uphold the defense of lack of standing (falta de derecho) in its entirety. In response, the plaintiff requested clarification as to whether the defense had been upheld regarding the existence of the items of liability or only regarding their quantification. The Tribunal rejected the clarification, indicating that, according to the terms of reference, it could not issue a judgment in the abstract and that doing so would have contradicted both what was established in the document and what was ordered in the first award. Thus, it elevated to the category of illegality the issuance of an award with a judgment in the abstract, since that conclusion is contrary to public policy and non-waivable norms. For its part, article 62.1 of the CPC expressly empowers the Judge or Tribunal to issue a judgment in the abstract when the existence of the damage is demonstrated but not its amount, establishing the basis for its subsequent determination. Articles 3.1 and 3.5 of the same legal body reaffirm that procedural norms are of public policy and cannot be waived or modified by agreement of the parties, not even with judicial authorization. In turn, article 19 of the Civil Code provides for the absolute nullity (nulidad de pleno derecho) of acts contrary to peremptory norms, and article 41 of the Constitution guarantees every person the right to full reparation of the injury. Consequently, neither the terms of reference nor the Tribunal's opinion on the supposed incompatibility of a judgment in the abstract with arbitration can prevail over peremptory and constitutional provisions. The harm lies in the fact that access to the enforcement route is blocked, denying the plaintiff the legally guaranteed compensation.

**III.-** For its part, the Centro Internacional de Conciliación y Arbitraje indicated: “The Tribunal has deliberated extensively on this situation, understanding that the parties entrusted it with a solution to the dispute, and that the objective of the bifurcation of the proceeding was precisely to facilitate the determination of the indemnifications deriving from Award 1. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Tribunal did not find a methodology that would allow it to fix indemnifications in a reasoned manner, mainly for three reasons: 1) Any fixing of an indemnification would imply the issuance of an award with a judgment in the abstract, about which the Tribunal indicated in the Terms of Reference of April 2, 2020 (extrapolated to Phase 2 of the arbitration by Resolution number 23, with prior agreement of the parties): ‘By virtue of the fact that the obligation of the arbitrators in an arbitral proceeding is the issuance of a final and binding award, with the effects of material res judicata (cosa juzgada material) and that the parties must comply without delay (Art. 58 Ley RAC), the arbitral award issued, if it contains a judgment, must be liquidated and enforceable, a generic judgment in the abstract being incompatible with arbitration, save for extraordinary conditions. Therefore, the claims of the complaint and counterclaim, should they contain a request for judgment for damages (daños y perjuicios), must be specified, with the plaintiff needing to state with complete clarity what they consist of, the reason that originates them, and provide an estimate, for purposes of concrete claims.’ 2) The rejection of the indemnifications fixed by expert García is not merely numerical but concerns the calculation methodology, namely: a) Using a quarter of the year 2019 as an average of sales, and b) Using expenses previously determined by PEDREGAL to fix profit. The Tribunal could not establish in the award an alternative to this calculation model without causing a lack of defense (indefensión) to the parties, since it would be an alternative not subject to contradiction, and about which, moreover, the Tribunal does not have sufficient information to carry it out; for example, the case file does not contain PEDREGAL's fixed or variable cost structure, nor its audited financial statements, nor any element that allows the Tribunal to determine, even in the abstract, a calculation methodology. 3. The Tribunal does not find a valid reason to proceed to correct in the award the evidentiary deficiencies of PEDREGAL's case. The burden of proof was on PEDREGAL, which had all the procedural opportunities to present its case and erred in that task, with the Tribunal considering that rectifying these errors would be an improper imbalance in favor of the plaintiff. For that reason, subsidiary claims numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are also rejected.” **IV.-** Before determining what corresponds for the criticism raised, it is pertinent to analyze what this Chamber has indicated regarding the particularities of the action to set aside (recurso de nulidad) provided for the control of arbitral awards. As is of interest, the possibility of reviewing those aspects unfavorable to the appellant within the award has been indicated, when these fall within any of the grounds for setting aside (nulidad) exhaustively contemplated in article 67 of the Ley RAC. In this regard, this Chamber has stated: “[…] the setting aside (nulidad) of the award may only be declared in the following cases: a) when its issuance exceeds the deadline agreed upon by the parties for that decision, b) if it does not cover all aspects submitted to arbitration necessary for its efficacy and validity, c) when it decides on points not submitted to arbitration, d) if it deals with a matter not susceptible to arbitration, e) it violates the principle of due process (debido proceso), f) it was issued contrary to peremptory norms or public policy, and, g) if the Arbitral Tribunal entrusted with resolving the dispute was not competent. Viewed thus, the examination is limited to procedural aspects, hence the award cannot be reviewed on the merits. The only exception, even if indirectly, occurs when an appeal is made based on the grounds in subsections e) and f) of the aforementioned provision 67. However, even with the exceptions, scrutiny is limited to confronting the operative part with the content of due process and the invoked peremptory norms or public policy, respectively, without this Chamber being able to give it new content should it be set aside (in relation, among others, of this Chamber, rulings no. 504 at 11:45 a.m. on June 17, 2004, and no. 154 at 11:05 a.m. on March 3, 2004).” (Judgment No. 1538-2013 at nine hours fifty-five minutes on November 14, 2013). Therefore, the functional competence of this Chamber is limited to certain control scenarios, outside of which examination is prohibited by express legislative provision. It is for this reason, unlike what is regulated for the cassation appeal, that in the case of review of the award, despite the appeal lacking special formalities (only clarity and precision in evidencing the error), this Body is precluded from fostering a new assessment of the merits of what was decided or of the evidence brought to the proceeding, even if it dissents from the criteria expressed in the prior instance, since the choice of the alternative dispute resolution route prevents reexamination of the substantive law applied (see resolutions of this Chamber No. 970-2006 at 2:45 p.m. on December 11, 2006, 751-2007 at nine hours ten minutes on October 19, 2007, 1538 at 9:55 a.m. on November 14, 2013, and 965 at 10:36 a.m. on August 17, 2017). Based on the foregoing, what corresponds for the objection raised must be specified.

**V.-** From the grievance raised by the appellant, this Chamber observes that what is invoked is limited to the ground for setting aside (nulidad) provided in article 67 subsection f) of Law No. 7727, that is, the issuance of an award “contrary to peremptory norms or public policy.” According to the reiterated jurisprudence of this Chamber previously indicated, the control incumbent upon this Chamber regarding arbitral awards is strictly limited to the exhaustive grounds contained in said provision, with review of the merits of the dispute and the evidentiary assessment carried out by the Arbitral Tribunal being improper. The choice of the arbitral route entails for the parties a waiver of the ordinary process and its procedural institutions, which prevents simply transferring the rules inherent to the judicial process to the logic and dynamic of arbitration. In the specific case, the appellant maintains that the Arbitral Tribunal incurred in setting aside (nulidad) by not having issued a judgment in the abstract, despite, as he affirms, article 62.1 of the CPC expressly authorizing the judge to proceed in that manner. However, the invoked norm regulates the ordinary judicial process and does not constitute a mandate of necessary application in an arbitral forum, where the principle of party autonomy (autonomía de la voluntad) and the parties' subjection to the chosen rules and the established terms of reference fully govern. Nevertheless, without prejudice to the CPC having the character of a public policy norm, said affirmation cannot be understood in a decontextualized or extensive manner to the point of distorting the arbitration validly agreed upon by the parties. It is one thing for a dispute to exist in an arbitral forum regarding certain economic aspects and for these to be rejected or upheld in accordance with the claims and evidence provided - as occurred in the present case, in which the Arbitral Tribunal, in strict compliance with article 62.1 of the CPC, fixed a specific and determined amount -, and it is quite another to attempt, in a supposed “enforcement” phase, to convert an already determined judgment into a judgment in the abstract. The Arbitral Tribunal does not have an enforcement-of-judgment phase, nor does it correspond to it to rule on it, since enforcement is a matter that the law attributes to the jurisdictional body once the quantum has been fixed; however, this does not enable the judge to substitute the content of the award or to modify the imposed judgment. Admitting the contrary would imply replacing the good faith agreement that submitting to arbitration entails with a judicial resolution that alters the petition decided and the decision-making powers of the arbitrator, which is not legally admissible. The invoked public policy norm does not authorize leaving what has already been determined in the abstract, but, on the contrary, requires that economic judgments be fixed for their enforcement, so that attempting to modify a specific judgment for an abstract one would be equivalent to altering the award and improperly substituting a final decision, which neither the arbitrator nor the judge can do. Therefore, the decision of the Arbitral Tribunal not to issue judgments in the abstract was precisely due to that procedural delimitation, which cannot be reviewed in an action to set aside (nulidad), since this mechanism does not involve a re-evaluation of the conclusions reached or the incorporation of institutions inherent to the judicial process which the parties, freely and voluntarily, decided not to follow by submitting their conflict to arbitration. Consequently, what actually underlies the appeal is the evidentiary assessment carried out by the Arbitral Tribunal regarding the proof and quantification of damages, which completely escapes the functional competence of this Chamber within the framework of the action to set aside (recurso de nulidad). Therefore, there is no violation of a peremptory norm or public policy that would warrant the annulment of the award. Hence, the appeal filed must be rejected.

**VI.-** By virtue of the foregoing, the action to set aside filed shall be dismissed.

**THEREFORE** The action to set aside (recurso de nulidad) the arbitral award filed is dismissed.

Luis Guillermo Rivas Loaiciga Rocío Rojas Morales Damaris Vargas Vásquez Jorge Leiva Poveda Carlos Guillermo Zamora Campos Digitally Signed Document -- Verification Code --  Telephones: (506) 2295-3658 or 2295-3659, email [email protected] Res. 000296-F-S1-2026 **SALA PRIMERA DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA.** San José, at eleven hours four minutes on the nineteenth of February two thousand twenty-six.

In an arbitration proceeding filed by **BLOQUES PEDREGAL, S.A. (PEDREGAL),** represented by José Rafael Fernández Quesada, against **PLANTACIÓN LAS PANTERAS, S.A. (PANTERAS),** represented by Eric Alberto Jiménez Trejos, the Centro Internacional de Conciliación y Arbitraje issued Arbitral Award No. 2 at 13:00 hours on July 4, 2022. The claimant files an appeal for annulment (recurso de nulidad) against the decision.

**CONSIDERANDO** **I.-** Bloques Pedregal S.A. initiated arbitration proceedings before the Centro Internacional de Conciliación y Arbitraje against Plantación las Panteras S.A. In said proceeding, it requested that it be determined that Panteras must fulfill all its contractual obligations until the natural end of the contract, including the purchase option, that it indemnify Pedregal for the sum of US$279,171.37 recognizing the compensation of payments made, that the closure of access to the plant carried out in September and December 2019 be declared illegal, that it be ordered to compensate for the damages caused on both occasions, and that it bear all the costs of the proceeding, including expenses of the Centro de Conciliación, fees of the Tribunal, procedural costs (costas procesales), and personal costs (costas personales). In the alternative, should the foregoing claims be dismissed, they requested that Panteras honor the purchase option by signing the deed of segregation (escritura de segregación) and sale of the lot, that it pay Pedregal the cost of the beneficiation work on the materials that remain on its land, including those in the crusher zone, and that it also cover all the costs of the proceeding under the same terms previously indicated. The defendant answered the action, and in general terms, raised the defenses of lack of right (falta de derecho) and non-performed contract (contrato no cumplido). The Tribunal composed of Anabelle León Feoli, Mauricio París Cruz, and Diego Baudrit Carrillo, through arbitral award No. 2 at 13:00 hours on July 4, 2022, partially granted the lawsuit, ordering the defendant to pay ¢14,678,435.99 for materials that PEDREGAL had to acquire from third parties due to the illegal closures of the site, plus interest at the basic passive rate (tasa básica pasiva) of the Banco Central de Costa Rica, counted from the date of the award until its effective payment. Likewise, they stated, PANTERAS must pay PEDREGAL the amount of ¢3,322,954.00 for personal costs (costas personales) (attorney's fees with VAT included).

**II.-** The appellant argues a single grievance for annulment, contravention of mandatory and public policy rules (normas imperativas y de orden público), pursuant to the ground provided in article 67.f of Law No. 7727 (Ley de Resolución Alterna de Conflictos y Promoción de la Paz Social -RAC-), violation of article 41 of the Constitución Política, articles 3.1, 3.5, and 62.1 of the Código Procesal Civil (CPC), as well as articles 19, 701, and 702 of the Código Civil. The controversy arises from the terms in point 9.2, under the exclusive drafting of the Tribunal, where it was established that the award had to contain a liquid and enforceable judgment (condena líquida y exigible), indicating that it was incompatible with arbitration to issue generic in abstracto judgments, except in extraordinary circumstances. Based on this, it was required that the claims for damages (daños y perjuicios) be specified in their origin and amount, so that the opposing party could exercise its defense. In the first award, the Tribunal declared the access closures operated by "Panteras" in September and December 2019 illegal, upholding the main claim and ordering that the liquidation of damages be carried out in a second award, upon prior demonstration and quantification. In the second stage, the claimant formulated differentiated claims for loss of profits (lucro cesante), direct damage (daño directo), moral damages (daño moral), loss of opportunity (pérdida de oportunidad), and loss of the time value of money (pérdida del valor del dinero en el tiempo), requesting both the declaration of the existence of each indemnity item and the determination of its amount. However, the Tribunal concluded that the liquid amount of the damages was not demonstrated, which is why it dismissed all claims and upheld the defense of lack of right (falta de derecho), stating in paragraph 92 that "it cannot grant any of the amounts claimed by the plaintiff and that are based on this expert evidence," and in paragraph 113 that, even considering the claim for loss of chance (pérdida de chance) derived from the non-renewal of the contract with CEMEX as valid, the problem lay in its quantification. Consequently, in paragraph 164 of the award, it resolved to uphold the defense of lack of right (falta de derecho) in its entirety. Given this, the plaintiff requested clarification as to whether the defense had been upheld regarding the existence of the liability items or solely regarding their quantification. The Tribunal rejected the clarification indicating that, according to the terms of reference, it could not issue an in abstracto judgment and that doing so would have contravened both what was established in the document and what was ordered in the first award. Thus, it elevated the issuance of an award with an in abstracto judgment to the category of illegality, as that conclusion is contrary to public policy and non-waivable rules (normas de orden público e indisponibles).

For its part, Article 62.1 of the CPC expressly empowers the Judge or Court to issue an abstract award when the existence of the damage is proven, but not its quantum, establishing the bases for its subsequent determination. Articles 3.1 and 3.5 of the same legal body reaffirm that procedural rules are of public order (orden público) and cannot be waived or modified by agreement of the parties, even with judicial authorization. In turn, Article 19 of the Civil Code provides for the nullity by operation of law of acts contrary to mandatory rules, and Article 41 of the Constitution guarantees every person the right to full reparation for damage. Consequently, neither the terms of reference nor the Tribunal's opinion on the alleged incompatibility of an abstract award with arbitration can prevail over mandatory and constitutional provisions. The harm lies in blocking access to the enforcement (ejecución) proceeding, denying the plaintiff the legally guaranteed compensation.

**III.-** For its part, the International Center for Conciliation and Arbitration indicated: *“The Tribunal has deliberated extensively on this situation, understanding that the parties have entrusted it with a solution to the dispute, and that the objective of the bifurcation of the process was precisely to facilitate the determination of the indemnifications deriving from Award 1. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Tribunal did not find a methodology that would allow it to fix indemnifications in a reasoned manner, mainly for three reasons: 1) Any fixing of an indemnification would imply the issuance of an award with an abstract award, regarding which the Tribunal indicated in the Terms of Reference of April 2, 2020 (extrapolated to Phase 2 of the arbitration by Resolution number 23, with prior agreement of the parties): “By virtue of the fact that the obligation of the arbitrators in an arbitration process is the issuance of a final and binding award, with the effects of res judicata (cosa juzgada material) and which the parties must comply with without delay (Art. 58 Ley RAC), the arbitration award issued, if it contains an award, must be liquid and enforceable, a generic abstract award being incompatible with arbitration, except in extraordinary conditions. Therefore, the claims of the lawsuit and the counterclaim, if they contain a request for an award of damages (daños y perjuicios), must be specified, and the plaintiff must clarify with precision what they consist of, the reason that originates them, and give them an estimate, for purposes of specific claims.” 2) The rejection of the indemnifications determined by expert García is not merely numerical but concerns the calculation methodology, namely: a) Having used one quarter of the year 2019 as a sales average, and b) Using expenses previously determined by PEDREGAL to fix the profit. The Tribunal could not establish in the award an alternative to this calculation model without causing defenselessness (indefensión) to the parties, since it would be an alternative not subject to contradictory debate, and on which, furthermore, the Tribunal does not have sufficient information to carry out, for example, PEDREGAL's fixed or variable cost structure does not appear in the case file, nor its audited financial statements, nor any element that allows the Tribunal to determine, even in the abstract, a calculation methodology. 3. The Tribunal does not find a valid reason to correct the evidentiary deficiencies of PEDREGAL's case in the award. The burden of proof was on PEDREGAL, which had all the procedural opportunities to present its case, and erred in that task, the Tribunal considering that correcting these errors would be an improper imbalance in favor of the plaintiff. For that reason, subsidiary claims number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are also rejected.”* **IV.-** Prior to determining what is appropriate for the grievance raised, it is pertinent to analyze what this Chamber has indicated regarding the particularities of the annulment remedy (recurso de nulidad) provided for the review of arbitration awards. In what is of interest, the possibility has been indicated of reviewing those aspects unfavorable to the appellant within the award, when these fall within one of the grounds for annulment exhaustively contemplated in Article 67 of the Ley RAC. In this regard, this Chamber has affirmed: *“[…] the nullity of the award may only be declared in the following cases: a) when its issuance exceeds the deadline agreed by the parties for that ruling, b) if it does not cover all the aspects submitted to arbitration necessary for its effectiveness and validity, c) when it resolves on points not submitted to arbitration, d) if it deals with a matter not susceptible to arbitration, e) if it violates the principle of due process, f) if it was pronounced contrary to mandatory rules or rules of public order, and, g) if the Arbitral Tribunal responsible for resolving the dispute was not competent. Seen this way, the examination is limited to procedural aspects, hence the award cannot be reviewed on the merits. The only exception, even if indirectly, occurs when it is challenged based on the grounds of subparagraphs e) and f) of the aforementioned precept 67. However, even in the face of exceptions, scrutiny is limited to confronting the operative part with the content of due process and the mandatory rules or rules of public order invoked, respectively, without the Chamber being able to give it new content if it is annulled (in relation, among others, from this Chamber, rulings no. 504 of 11:45 a.m. on June 17, 2004 and no. 154 of 11:05 a.m. on March 3, 2004).”* (Judgment No. 1538-2013 of nine hours fifty-five minutes on November 14, 2013). Therefore, the functional competence of this Chamber is circumscribed to certain review grounds, outside of which, examination was prohibited by express provision of the legislator. It is for this reason, unlike what was regulated for the cassation remedy (recurso de casación), in the case of the review of the award, despite the fact that the remedy lacks special formalities (only clarity and precision in evidencing the error) this Body is prevented from fostering a new assessment of the merits of what was decided or of the evidence brought to the process, even if it disagrees with the criteria expressed in the preceding instance, since the choice of the alternative dispute resolution route prevents the re-examination of the substantive law applied (see resolutions of this Chamber No. 970-2006 of 2:45 p.m. on December 11, 2006, 751-2007 of nine hours ten minutes on October 19, 2007, 1538 of 9:55 a.m. on November 14, 2013 and 965 of 10:36 a.m. on August 17, 2017). Based on the foregoing, what is appropriate for the formulated complaint must be specified.

**V.-** From the grievance raised by the appellant, this Chamber observes that what is invoked is circumscribed to the ground for annulment provided for in Article 67, subparagraph f) of Law No. 7727, that is, the issuance of an award “contrary to mandatory rules or rules of public order.” In accordance with the reiterated jurisprudence of this Chamber indicated previously, the review that falls to this Chamber regarding arbitration awards is strictly limited to the exhaustive grounds contained in said numeral, with the review of the merits of the dispute or the evidentiary assessment carried out by the Arbitral Tribunal being improper. **The choice of the arbitration route entails for the parties a waiver of the ordinary process and its procedural institutes**, which prevents directly transferring the rules proper to the judicial process to the logic and dynamics of arbitration. In the specific case, the appellant maintains that the Arbitral Tribunal incurred nullity by not having issued an abstract award, despite the fact that, as it claims, Article 62.1 of the CPC expressly empowers the judge to proceed in that manner. However, the invoked rule regulates the ordinary judicial process and does not constitute a mandate of necessary application in the arbitration venue, where the principle of party autonomy (autonomía de la voluntad) and the parties' subjection to the chosen regulations and the established terms of reference fully apply. Nevertheless, without prejudice to the CPC having the character of a rule of public order, said affirmation cannot be understood in a decontextualized manner or extensively to the point of distorting the arbitration validly agreed upon by the parties. It is one thing for, in the arbitration venue, a dispute to exist over certain economic aspects and for these to be rejected or upheld according to the claims and evidence provided - as occurred in the present case, in which the Arbitral Tribunal, in strict compliance with Article 62.1 of the CPC, fixed a specific and determined amount -, and it is quite another to attempt, in a supposed “enforcement” phase, to convert an already determined award into an abstract award. The Arbitral Tribunal does not have a judgment enforcement phase, nor is it its responsibility to rule on it, since enforcement is a matter that the law attributes to the jurisdictional body once the quantum has been fixed; however, this does not empower the judge to substitute the content of the award or to modify the imposed award. Admitting the contrary would imply replacing the good faith agreement that submitting to arbitration entails with a judicial resolution that alters the resolved petition and the decision-making powers of the arbitrator, which is not legally admissible. The invoked rule of public order does not authorize leaving abstract what has already been determined, but, on the contrary, requires that economic awards be fixed for their enforcement, so that attempting to modify a specific award for an abstract one would be equivalent to altering the award and improperly substituting a final decision, which neither the arbitrator nor the judge can do. Thus, the Arbitral Tribunal's decision not to issue abstract awards responded precisely to that procedural delimitation, which cannot be reviewed in an annulment proceeding, since a reassessment of the conclusions reached nor the incorporation of institutes proper to the judicial process—which the parties, freely and voluntarily, decided not to follow when submitting their conflict to arbitration—does not correspond to this mechanism. Consequently, what actually underlies the remedy is the evidentiary assessment carried out by the Arbitral Tribunal regarding the accreditation and quantification of the damages, which completely escapes the functional competence of this Chamber within the framework of the annulment remedy. Therefore, there is no violation of a mandatory rule or a rule of public order that warrants the annulment of the award. Hence, the formulated remedy must be dismissed.

**VI.-** By virtue of the foregoing, the annulment remedy filed will be declared without merit.

**POR TANTO** The annulment remedy of the arbitration award filed is declared without merit.

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. Resolución Alterna de Conflictos y Promoción de la Paz Social RAC||67 The nullity motion is provided for the control of arbitration awards.

It allows for the review of those aspects of the award that are unfavorable to the appellant, when they fall under one of the grounds for nullity exhaustively listed in rule 67 of the RAC Law. Its examination is limited to procedural aspects, except indirectly, when the grounds in subsections e and f of the same provision are challenged. Given these exceptions, the scrutiny is limited to confronting the decision-making part of the award with the content of due process and the invoked mandatory rules or rules of public order (normas imperativas o de orden público) respectively, without this Chamber being able to give it new content should it be annulled. See resolutions 154-2004, 504-2004 and 1538-2013 of the First Chamber. Therefore, this Chamber is prevented from fostering a new assessment of the merits of what was decided or of the evidence presented in the proceeding, even if it disagrees with the criteria expressed in the previous instance, since the choice of the alternative dispute resolution method prevents the re-examination of the substantive law applied. See resolutions 970-2006, 751-2007, 1538-2013 and 965-2017 of the First Chamber. What truly underlies this appeal is the evidentiary assessment carried out by the Arbitral Tribunal regarding the accreditation and quantification of damages, which falls completely outside the functional competence of this Chamber within the framework of the appeal for annulment (recurso de nulidad). There is, therefore, no violation of a mandatory rule or public order rule that would enable the annulment of the award (decision 296-F-2026).

In the first award, the Tribunal declared the access closures carried out by "Panteras" in September and December 2019 illegal, upholding the main claim and ordering that the liquidation of damages be carried out in a second award, after demonstration and quantification. In the second stage, the plaintiff formulated differentiated claims for lost profits (lucro cesante), direct damage (daño directo), moral damages (daño moral), loss of opportunity (pérdida de oportunidad), and loss of the time value of money (pérdida del valor del dinero en el tiempo), requesting both the declaration of the existence of each compensation item and the determination of its amount. However, the Tribunal concluded that the liquid amount of the damages was not demonstrated, which is why it rejected all the claims and upheld the defense of lack of right (excepción de falta de derecho), noting in paragraph 92 that "it cannot grant any of the amounts sought by the plaintiff that are based on this expert evidence," and in paragraph 113 that, even considering the claim for loss of chance (pérdida de chance) derived from the non-renewal of the contract with CEMEX valid, the problem lay in its quantification. Consequently, in paragraph 164 of the award, it decided to fully uphold the defense of lack of right (excepción de falta de derecho). In response, the plaintiff requested clarification as to whether the defense had been upheld regarding the existence of the liability items or only regarding their quantification. The Tribunal rejected the clarification, indicating that, according to the terms of reference (términos de referencia), it could not issue an abstract condemnation and that doing so would have contravened both what was set forth in the document and what was ordered in the first award. Thus, it elevated the issuance of an award with an abstract condemnation to the category of illegality, since that conclusion is contrary to public policy (orden público) and non-waivable norms. For its part, Article 62.1 of the CPC expressly empowers the Judge or Tribunal to issue an abstract condemnation when the existence of the damage is demonstrated, but not its amount, establishing the bases for its subsequent determination. Articles 3.1 and 3.5 of the same legal body reaffirm that procedural rules are of public policy (orden público) and cannot be waived or modified by agreement of the parties, not even with judicial authorization. In turn, Article 19 of the Civil Code provides for the nullity by operation of law of acts contrary to mandatory norms, and Article 41 of the Constitution guarantees every person the right to full reparation of the damage. Consequently, neither the terms of reference (términos de referencia) nor the Tribunal's opinion on the alleged incompatibility of an abstract condemnation with arbitration can prevail over mandatory and constitutional provisions. The harm lies in blocking access to the enforcement proceeding (vía de ejecución), denying the plaintiff the legally guaranteed compensation.

III.- For its part, the International Center for Conciliation and Arbitration stated: "The Tribunal has deliberated extensively on this situation, understanding that the parties have entrusted it with a solution to the controversy, and that the objective of the bifurcation (bifurcación) of the process was precisely to facilitate the fixing of the compensations arising from Award 1. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Tribunal did not find a methodology that would allow it to fix compensations in a reasoned manner, mainly for three reasons: 1) Any fixation of compensation would imply the issuance of an award with an abstract condemnation, about which the Tribunal indicated in the Terms of Reference of April 2, 2020 (extrapolated to Phase 2 of the arbitration through Resolution number 23, by prior agreement of the parties): 'By virtue of the fact that the obligation of the arbitrators in an arbitration process is the issuance of a definitive and binding award, with the effects of res judicata (cosa juzgada material) and which the parties must comply with without delay (Art. 58 RAC Law), the arbitral award to be issued, if it contains a condemnation, must be liquid and enforceable, a generic abstract condemnation being incompatible with arbitration, except under extraordinary conditions. Therefore, the claims of the complaint and the counterclaim, in the event they contain a request for the condemnation of damages (daños y perjuicios), must be concrete, the plaintiff needing to specify with complete clarity what they consist of, the reason that originates them, and to give them an estimate, for the purposes of concrete claims.' 2) The rejection of the compensations fixed by the expert García is not merely numerical but is one of calculation methodology, namely: a) Having used one quarter of the year 2019 as a sales average, and b) Using expenses previously determined by PEDREGAL to fix the profit. The Tribunal could not fix an alternative to this calculation model in the award without causing defenselessness (indefensión) to the parties, since it would be an alternative not subject to adversarial proceedings, and about which, moreover, the Tribunal does not have sufficient information to carry out—for example, PEDREGAL's fixed or variable cost structure does not appear in the file (expediente), nor do its audited financial statements, nor any element that allows the Tribunal to determine, even in the abstract, a calculation methodology. 3. The Tribunal does not find a valid reason to proceed to correct the evidentiary deficiencies of PEDREGAL's case in the award. The burden of proof was PEDREGAL's, which had all the procedural opportunities to present its case, and it erred in that task, the Tribunal considering that proceeding to correct these errors would be an improper imbalance in favor of the plaintiff. For this reason, the subsidiary claims numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are also rejected." IV.- Before determining what is appropriate for the reproach put forward, it is pertinent to analyze what this Chamber has indicated regarding the particularities of the annulment remedy (recurso de nulidad) provided for the control of arbitral awards. In what is of interest, the possibility of reviewing those aspects unfavorable to the appellant within the award has been indicated, when these fall within any of the annulment grounds (causales de nulidad) that Article 67 of the RAC Law exhaustively contemplates. In this regard, this Chamber has affirmed: "[…] the nullity of the award may only be declared in the following cases: a) when its issuance exceeds the period agreed upon by the parties for that ruling, b) if it does not cover all the aspects submitted to arbitration necessary for its efficacy and validity, c) when it resolves on points not submitted to arbitration, d) if it deals with a subject not susceptible to arbitration, e) if it violates the principle of due process (debido proceso), f) if it is pronounced contrary to mandatory or public policy (orden público) norms, and, g) if the Arbitration Tribunal responsible for resolving the controversy is not competent. Viewed in this way, the examination is limited to procedural aspects, hence the award cannot be reviewed on its merits. The only exception, even if indirectly, occurs when it is challenged based on the grounds of subsections e) and f) of the aforementioned precept 67. However, even in the case of exceptions, the scrutiny is limited to confronting the operative part with the content of due process (debido proceso) and the mandatory or public policy (orden público) norms invoked, respectively, without this Chamber being able to give it a new content in the event of annulment (in relation, among others, of this Chamber, rulings no. 504 of 11 hours 45 minutes of June 17, 2004, and no. 154 of 11 hours 5 minutes of March 3, 2004)." (Judgment No. 1538-2013 of nine hours 55 minutes of November 14, 2013). Therefore, the functional competence of this Chamber is limited to certain control scenarios, outside of which, examination is prohibited by express provision of the legislator. It is for this reason, unlike what is regulated for the cassation appeal (recurso de casación), that when reviewing the award, despite the fact that the remedy lacks special formalities (only clarity and precision in demonstrating the error), this Body is prevented from promoting a new assessment of the merits of what was decided or of the evidence submitted to the process, even if it disagrees with the criteria expressed in the preceding instance, since the choice of the alternative dispute resolution method prevents the re-examination of the substantive law applied (see resolutions of this Chamber Nos. 970-2006 of 14 hours 45 minutes of December 11, 2006, 751-2007 of nine hours 10 minutes of October 19, 2007, 1538 of 9 hours 55 minutes of November 14, 2013, and 965 of 10 hours 36 minutes of August 17, 2017). Based on the foregoing, what is appropriate for the objection formulated must be specified.

V.- From the grievance raised by the appellant, this Chamber observes that what is invoked is limited to the ground for annulment (causal de nulidad) provided in Article 67, subsection f) of Law No. 7727, that is, the issuance of an award "contrary to mandatory or public policy (orden público) norms." According to the reiterated jurisprudence of this Chamber indicated previously, the control that corresponds to this Chamber regarding arbitral awards is strictly limited to the exhaustive grounds contained in said article, the review of the merits of the controversy or the evidentiary assessment carried out by the Arbitration Tribunal being inadmissible. The choice of the arbitration method implies for the parties a waiver of the ordinary process and its procedural institutions, which prevents the direct transfer of the rules proper to the judicial process to the logic and dynamics of arbitration. In the specific case, the appellant maintains that the Arbitration Tribunal incurred nullity by not issuing an abstract condemnation, despite the fact that, as it affirms, Article 62.1 of the CPC expressly empowers the judge to proceed in that manner. However, the invoked norm regulates the ordinary judicial process and does not constitute a mandate of necessary application in arbitration proceedings, where the principle of party autonomy (autonomía de la voluntad) and the submission of the parties to the chosen regulation and the established terms of reference (términos de referencia) fully apply. Nevertheless, without prejudice to the CPC having the character of a public policy (orden público) norm, this affirmation cannot be understood in a decontextualized or extensive manner to the point of distorting the arbitration validly agreed upon by the parties.

It is one thing that, in an arbitral forum, there exists a controversy regarding certain economic elements and that these are rejected or upheld in accordance with the claims and evidence provided—as occurred in the present case, in which the Arbitral Tribunal, in strict compliance with Article 62.1 of the CPC, set a specific and determined amount—and quite another to attempt, in a supposed "enforcement" (ejecución) phase, to convert an already defined award into an abstract award. The Arbitral Tribunal does not have a judgment enforcement (ejecución de sentencia) phase, nor is it for it to rule upon it, since enforcement (ejecución) is a matter that the law assigns to the jurisdictional body once the quantum has been set; however, this does not empower the judge to substitute the content of the award or to modify the imposed judgment. To admit the contrary would imply replacing the good-faith agreement that submitting to arbitration entails with a judicial ruling that alters the resolved prayer for relief and the decisional powers of the arbitrator, which is not legally admissible. The public policy rule invoked does not authorize leaving what has already been determined in the abstract, but, on the contrary, requires that economic awards be fixed for their enforcement (ejecución), such that attempting to modify a concrete award into an abstract one would be equivalent to altering the award and improperly substituting a final decision, something that neither the arbitrator nor the judge may do. Therefore, the Arbitral Tribunal's decision not to issue abstract awards was precisely in accordance with that procedural delimitation, which cannot be reviewed in setting aside (nulidad) proceedings, since this mechanism does not allow for a re-evaluation of the conclusions reached nor the incorporation of institutions specific to the judicial process that the parties, freely and voluntarily, decided not to pursue when submitting their conflict to arbitration. Consequently, what truly underlies the appeal is the evidentiary assessment carried out by the Arbitral Tribunal regarding the accreditation and quantification of damages, which completely escapes the functional competence of this Chamber within the framework of the setting aside (nulidad) appeal. There is, therefore, no violation of a mandatory rule or of public policy that would permit the annulment (anulación) of the award. Hence, the appeal filed must be dismissed.

**VI.-** In light of the foregoing, the setting aside (nulidad) appeal filed will be declared without merit.

**POR TANTO** The setting aside (nulidad) appeal of the arbitral award filed is declared without merit.

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width="163" height="74" alt="" style="-aw-left-pos:0pt; -aw-rel-hpos:column; -aw-rel-vpos:paragraph; -aw-top-pos:0pt; -aw-wrap-type:inline" /></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:10.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Luis Guillermo Rivas Loaiciga</span></p></td><td style="padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:10.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; -aw-import:ignore"> </span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:10.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><img 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" width="162" height="74" alt="" style="-aw-left-pos:0pt; -aw-rel-hpos:column; -aw-rel-vpos:paragraph; -aw-top-pos:0pt; -aw-wrap-type:inline" /></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:10.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Rocío Rojas Morales</span></p></td><td style="padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:10.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; -aw-import:ignore"> </span></p></td><td style="padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:10.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><img 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width="162" height="74" alt="" style="-aw-left-pos:0pt; -aw-rel-hpos:column; -aw-rel-vpos:paragraph; -aw-top-pos:0pt; -aw-wrap-type:inline" /></p><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:10.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Damaris Vargas Vásquez</span></p></td></tr><tr><td style="padding-right:5.4pt; padding-left:5.4pt; vertical-align:top"><p style="margin-top:0pt; margin-bottom:0pt; text-align:center; font-size:10.5pt; background-color:#ffffff"><img 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20220004000864-7969981-1.rtf  Res. 000296-F-S1-2026 SALA PRIMERA DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA. San José, a las once horas cuatro minutos del diecinueve de febrero de dos mil veintiseis .

En proceso arbitral interpuesto por BLOQUES PEDREGAL, S.A. (PEDREGAL), representado por José Rafael Fernández Quesada, en contra de PLANTACIÓN LAS PANTERAS, S.A. (PANTERAS), representado por Eric Alberto Jiménez Trejos, el Centro Internacional de Conciliación y Arbitraje emitió el Laudo Arbitral Nro. 2 de las 13 horas del día 04 de julio de 2022. La parte accionante plantea recurso de nulidad contra lo resuelto.

CONSIDERANDO

I.- Bloques Pedregal S.A. interpuso proceso arbitral ante el Centro Internacional de Conciliación y Arbitraje, en contra de Plantación las Panteras S.A. En dicho proceso solicitó se determine que Panteras debe cumplir con todas sus obligaciones contractuales hasta el término natural del contrato, incluida la opción de compra, que indemnice a Pedregal por la suma de US$279.171,37 reconociéndose la compensación de pagos realizados, se declare ilegal el cierre del acceso a la planta efectuado en septiembre y diciembre de 2019, se le obligue a resarcir los daños ocasionados en ambas ocasiones, y que asuma la totalidad de los costos del proceso, incluyendo gastos del Centro de Conciliación, honorarios del Tribunal, costas procesales y personales. Subsidiariamente, en caso de rechazarse las anteriores pretensiones, solicitaron que Panteras honre la opción de compra firmando en la escritura de segregación y venta del lote, que pague a Pedregal el costo de la labor de beneficiamiento de los materiales que permanecen en su terreno, incluidos los que se encuentran en la zona del quebrador, y que cubra igualmente todos los costos del proceso en los mismos términos antes señalados. La parte accionada contestó la acción, y en términos generales opuso las excepciones de falta de derecho y contrato no cumplido. El Tribunal integrado por Anabelle León Feoli, Mauricio París Cruz y Diego Baudrit Carrillo, mediante laudo arbitral Nro. 2 de las 13 horas del día 04 de julio de 2022, declararon parcialmente con lugar la demanda, condenando a la demandada a pagar ¢14.678.435,99 por concepto de materiales que PEDREGAL debió adquirir a terceros debido a los cierres ilegales del plantel, más los intereses a la tasa básica pasiva del Banco Central de Costa Rica, contados desde la fecha del laudo hasta su pago efectivo. Asimismo, dijeron, PANTERAS deberá pagar a PEDREGAL el monto de ¢3.322.954,00 por costas personales (honorarios de abogado con IVA incluido).

II.- El recurrente argumenta un único agravio de nulidad, contravención de normas imperativas y de orden público, conforme a la causal prevista en el artículo 67.f de la Ley Nro. 7727 (Ley de Resolución Alterna de Conflictos y Promoción de la Paz Social -RAC-), violación del artículo 41 de la Constitución Política, los artículos 3.1, 3.5 y 62.1 del Código Procesal Civil (CPC), así como los artículos 19, 701 y 702 del Código Civil. La controversia surge a partir de los términos en el punto 9.2, bajo redacción exclusiva del Tribunal, donde se estableció que el laudo debía contener condena líquida y exigible, indicando que resultaba incompatible con el arbitraje dictar condenas genéricas en abstracto, salvo circunstancias extraordinarias. Con base en ello, se exigió que las pretensiones de daños y perjuicios se concretaran en su origen y cuantía, a fin de que la parte contraria pudiera ejercer defensa. En el primer laudo, el Tribunal declaró ilegales los cierres de acceso operados por “Panteras” en septiembre y diciembre de 2019, acogiendo la pretensión principal y ordenando que la liquidación de los daños se realizara en un segundo laudo, previa demostración y cuantificación. En la segunda etapa, la actora formuló pretensiones diferenciadas de lucro cesante, daño directo, daño moral, pérdida de oportunidad y pérdida del valor del dinero en el tiempo, solicitando tanto la declaración de existencia de cada rubro indemnizatorio como la determinación de su monto. Sin embargo, el Tribunal concluyó que no se demostró el monto líquido de los daños, razón por la cual rechazó todas las pretensiones y acogió la excepción de falta de derecho, señalando en el párrafo 92 que “no puede conceder ninguno de los montos pretendidos por la actora y que se fundamentan en esta prueba pericial”, y en el párrafo 113 que, aun considerando válida la reclamación por pérdida de chance derivada de la no renovación del contrato con CEMEX, el inconveniente residía en su cuantificación. Consecuentemente, en el párrafo 164 del laudo resolvió acoger la excepción de falta de derecho en forma total. Ante ello, la actora solicitó aclaración sobre si la excepción se había acogido respecto a la existencia de los rubros de responsabilidad o únicamente respecto a su cuantificación. El Tribunal rechazó la aclaración indicando que, según los términos de referencia, no podía dictar condena en abstracto y que hacerlo habría contravenido tanto lo fijado en el documento como lo dispuesto en el primer laudo. Así, elevó a la categoría de ilegalidad la emisión de un laudo con condena en abstracto, pues esa conclusión es contraria a normas de orden público e indisponibles. Por su parte, el artículo 62.1 del CPC faculta expresamente al Juez o Tribunal a condenar en abstracto cuando se demuestra la existencia del daño, pero no su cuantía, estableciendo las bases para su posterior fijación. Los artículos 3.1 y 3.5 del mismo cuerpo legal reafirman que las normas procesales son de orden público y no pueden ser renunciadas o modificadas por acuerdo de las partes ni siquiera con autorización judicial. A su vez, el artículo 19 del Código Civil dispone la nulidad de pleno derecho de los actos contrarios a normas imperativas, y el artículo 41 de la Constitución garantiza a toda persona el derecho a la reparación integral del daño. En consecuencia, ni los términos de referencia ni la opinión del Tribunal sobre la supuesta incompatibilidad de la condena en abstracto con el arbitraje pueden prevalecer sobre disposiciones imperativas y constitucionales. El perjuicio radica en que se bloquea el acceso a la vía de ejecución, negándole a la actora el resarcimiento legalmente garantizado.

III.- Por su parte, el Centro Internacional de Conciliación y Arbitraje indicó: “El Tribunal ha deliberado ampliamente sobre esta situación, entendiendo que las partes le han encomendado una solución a la controversia, y que el objetivo de la bifurcación del proceso fue precisamente facilitar la fijación de las indemnizaciones que derivaran del Laudo 1. No obstante lo anterior, el Tribunal no encontró una metodología que le permitiera fijar indemnizaciones de manera razonada, principalmente por tres motivos: 1) Cualquier fijación de una indemnización implicaría la emisión de un laudo con una condena en abstracto, sobre las que el Tribunal indicó en los Términos de Referencia de 2 de abril de 2020 (extrapolados a la Fase 2 del arbitraje mediante Resolución número 23, previo acuerdo de partes): “En virtud de que la obligación de los árbitros en un proceso arbitral es el dictado de un laudo definitivo y vinculante, con los efectos de cosa juzgada material y que las partes deban cumplir sin demora (Art. 58 Ley RAC), el laudo arbitral que se dicte, de contener una condena, ésta deba ser líquida y exigible, siendo incompatible con el arbitraje una condena genérica en abstracto, salvo condiciones extraordinarias. Por tanto, las pretensiones de la demanda y la reconvención, en caso de contener solicitud para la condena en daños y perjuicios, ésta deberá concretarse, debiendo la actora precisar con toda claridad en qué consisten, el motivo que los origina y darles una estimación, a efectos pretensiones concretas.” 2) El rechazo de las indemnizaciones fijadas del perito García no es meramente numérico, sino es de metodología de cálculo, a saber: a) El haber utilizado un trimestre del año 2019 como promedio de ventas, y b) El utilizar unos gastos previamente determinados por PEDREGAL para fijar la utilidad. El Tribunal no podría fijar en el laudo una alternativa a este modelo de cálculo sin causar indefensión a las partes, ya que sería una alternativa no sujeta a contradictorio, y sobre la que además, el Tribunal no cuenta con la información suficiente para realizar, por ejemplo, no consta en el expediente la estructura de costos fijos o variables de PEDREGAL, ni sus estados financieros auditados, ni ningún elemento que permita al Tribunal determinar, siquiera en abstracto, una metodología de cálculo. 3. No estima el Tribunal una razón válida para entrar a subsanar en el laudo las deficiencias probatorias del caso de PEDREGAL. La carga de la prueba era de PEDREGAL, que tuvo todas las oportunidades procesales para presentar su caso, y erró en esa tarea, considerando el Tribunal que entrar a corregir estos yerros sería un desbalance improcedente a favor de la parte demandante. Por ese motivo, se rechazan también las pretensiones subsidiarias números 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 y 6”.

IV.- Previo a determinar lo que corresponda para el reproche esgrimido, conviene analizar lo señalado por esta Sala en torno a las particularidades del recurso de nulidad previsto para el control de los laudos arbitrales. En lo de interés, se ha indicado la posibilidad de revisar aquellos extremos desfavorables para el recurrente dentro del laudo, cuando estos se encuentren dentro de alguna de las causales de nulidad que en forma taxativa contempla el artículo 67 de la Ley RAC. Al respecto, esta Sala ha afirmado: “[…] la nulidad del laudo solo podrá ser declarada en los siguientes supuestos: a) cuando su dictado sobrepase el plazo acordado por las partes para ese fallo, b) si no abarca todos los aspectos sometidos al arbitraje necesarios para su eficacia y validez, c) cuando resuelva sobre puntos no sometidos a arbitraje, d) si versare sobre un tema no susceptible de arbitraje, e) violare el principio del debido proceso, f) fuere pronunciado contrariando normas imperativas o de orden público, y, g) si el Tribunal Arbitral encargado de resolver la controversia no fuere competente. Visto así, el examen se limita a aspectos procesales, de ahí que el laudo no pueda ser revisado por el fondo. La única salvedad, aún sea de manera indirecta, ocurre cuando se ataca con base en las causales de los incisos e) y f) del referido precepto 67. No obstante, aún ante las excepciones, el escrutinio se limita a confrontar la parte decisoria con el contenido del debido proceso y de las normas imperativas o de orden público invocadas, respectivamente, sin que pueda la Sala darle un contenido nuevo en caso de llegarse a anular (en relación entre otras, de esta Cámara, fallos no. 504 de las 11 horas 45 minutos del 17 de junio de 2004 y no. 154 de las 11 horas 5 minutos del 3 de marzo de 2004).” (Sentencia Nro. 1538-2013 de las nueve horas 55 minutos del 14 de noviembre de 2013). Por tanto, la competencia funcional de esta Cámara se circunscribe a determinados supuestos de control, fuera de los cuales, le fue vedado el examen por disposición expresa del legislador. Es por ello, a diferencia de lo que se reguló para el recurso de casación, tratándose de la revisión del laudo, pese a que el recurso carece de especiales formalidades (únicamente claridad y precisión al evidenciar el yerro) este Órgano está impedido a propiciar una nueva valoración del fondo de lo decidido o de las pruebas allegadas al proceso, aunque disienta de los criterios vertidos en la instancia precedente, pues la elección de la vía alterna de solución de controversias, impide el reexamen del derecho sustantivo aplicado (véase resoluciones de esta Sala Núm. 970-2006 de las 14 horas 45 minutos del 11 de diciembre de 2006, 751-2007 de las nueve horas 10 minutos del 19 de octubre de 2007, 1538 de las 9 horas 55 minutos del 14 de noviembre de 2013 y 965 de las 10 horas 36 minutos del 17 de agosto de 2017). A partir de lo anterior, ha de precisarse lo que corresponde para el reparo formulado.

V.- Del agravio planteado por la parte recurrente, esta Cámara observa que lo invocado se circunscribe a la causal de nulidad prevista en el artículo 67 inciso f) de la Ley Nro. 7727, esto es, el dictado de un laudo “contrariando normas imperativas o de orden público”. Conforme reiterada jurisprudencia de esta Sala indicada con anterioridad, el control que compete a esta Cámara respecto de los laudos arbitrales, se limita estrictamente a las causales taxativas contenidas en dicho numeral, siendo improcedente la revisión del fondo de la controversia ni la valoración probatoria efectuada por el Tribunal Arbitral. La elección de la vía arbitral supone para las partes una renuncia al proceso ordinario y a sus institutos procesales, lo que impide trasladar sin más las reglas propias del proceso judicial a la lógica y dinámica del arbitraje. En el caso concreto, el recurrente sostiene que el Tribunal Arbitral incurrió en nulidad por no haber emitido una condenatoria en abstracto, pese a que, según afirma, el artículo 62.1 del CPC faculta expresamente al juez a proceder de esa manera. Sin embargo, la norma invocada regula el proceso judicial ordinario y no constituye un mandato de aplicación necesaria en sede arbitral, donde rige en plenitud el principio de autonomía de la voluntad y la sujeción de las partes al reglamento escogido y a los términos de referencia fijados. No obstante, sin perjuicio de que el CPC tenga carácter de norma de orden público, dicha afirmación no puede ser entendida de manera descontextualizada ni extensiva hasta el punto de desnaturalizar el arbitraje válidamente pactado por las partes. Una cosa es que, en sede arbitral, exista una controversia sobre determinados extremos económicos y que estos sean rechazados o acogidos conforme a las pretensiones y probanzas aportadas -como ocurrió en el presente caso, en el que el Tribunal Arbitral, en estricto cumplimiento del artículo 62.1 del CPC fijó un monto concreto y determinado-, y otra muy distinta es pretender, en una supuesta fase de “ejecución”, convertir una condena ya determinada en una condena en abstracto. El Tribunal Arbitral no cuenta con una fase de ejecución de sentencia, ni le corresponde pronunciarse sobre ella, pues la ejecución es una materia que la ley atribuye al órgano jurisdiccional una vez que el quantum ha sido fijado, sin embargo, ello no habilita al juez a sustituir el contenido del laudo ni a modificar la condena impuesta. Admitir lo contrario implicaría reemplazar el acuerdo de buena fe que supone acudir al arbitraje por una resolución judicial que altere la petitoria resuelta y las potestades decisorias del árbitro, lo cual no resulta jurídicamente admisible. La norma de orden público invocada no autoriza a dejar en abstracto lo que ya fue determinado, sino, por el contrario, exige que las condenas económicas estén fijadas para su ejecución, de modo que pretender modificar una condena concreta por una abstracta equivaldría a alterar el laudo y sustituir indebidamente una decisión firme, lo que no puede hacerlo ni el árbitro ni el juez. Entonces, la decisión del Tribunal Arbitral de no dictar condenas en abstracto obedeció precisamente a esa delimitación procesal, la cual no puede ser revisada en sede de nulidad, por cuanto no corresponde a este mecanismo una revaloración de las conclusiones alcanzadas ni la incorporación de institutos propios del proceso judicial que las partes, de manera libre y voluntaria, decidieron no seguir al someter su conflicto al arbitraje. En consecuencia, lo que en realidad subyace en el recurso es la valoración probatoria efectuada por el Tribunal Arbitral respecto de la acreditación y cuantificación de los daños, lo cual escapa por completo a la competencia funcional de esta Cámara en el marco del recurso de nulidad. No existe, por tanto, violación de norma imperativa ni de orden público que habilite la anulación del laudo. Por ende, el recurso formulado debe ser rechazado.

VI.- En mérito de lo expuesto, se declarará sin lugar el recurso de nulidad planteado.

POR TANTO

Se declara sin lugar el recurso de nulidad de laudo arbitral interpuesto.

Luis Guillermo Rivas Loaiciga Rocío Rojas Morales Damaris Vargas Vásquez Jorge Leiva Poveda Carlos Guillermo Zamora Campos Documento Firmado Digitalmente -- Código verificador -- 